FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Sun, Q Reddy, BV Marquez, M Jena, P Gonzalez, C Wang, Q AF Sun, Q. Reddy, B. V. Marquez, M. Jena, P. Gonzalez, C. Wang, Q. TI Theoretical study on gold-coated iron oxide nanostructure: Magnetism and bioselectivity for amino acids SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID GAMMA-RAY IRRADIATION; SHELL NANOPARTICLES; ENERGY; NANOTECHNOLOGY; BIOMEDICINE; PARTICLES; CLUSTER AB A fundamental understanding of the recent experiments of magnetic separation of amino acids using gold/iron oxide composite nanoparticles is provided for the first time by theoretically studying the interaction of gold-coated iron oxide cluster with sulfur-containing amino acids: cysteine, methionine, and taurine. We find, in agreement with experiments, that the interaction of cysteine is stronger than methionine, the interaction energies being 0.738 and 0.712 eV respectively. These energies are intermediate between van der Waals and covalent bonding and are ideal for effective binding and release in magnetic separation. On the other hand, we find that taurine, which is also a sulfur-containing amino acid, cannot bind to gold-coated iron oxide cluster. This selectivity can be used for the separation of taurine from the other two sulfur-containing amino acids. The present study provides insight on the mechanisms responsible for functionalizing iron oxide nanoparticles and may have far-reaching implications in biomedical research. C1 Philip Morris Inc, Interdisciplinary Network Emerging Sci & Technol, Res Ctr, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Phys, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computat Nanosci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Arizona State Univ, Harrington Dept Bioengn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Sun, Q (reprint author), Philip Morris Inc, Interdisciplinary Network Emerging Sci & Technol, Res Ctr, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. EM qsun@vcu.edu RI Sun, Qiang/C-3574-2012; Subba Reddy, Basireddy/H-9619-2013 NR 30 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD MAR 22 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 11 BP 4159 EP 4163 DI 10.1021/jp067095x PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 147MD UT WOS:000245006200016 ER PT J AU Mamontov, E Vlcek, L Wesolowski, DJ Cummings, PT Wang, W Anovitz, LM Rosenqvist, J Brown, CM Sakai, VG AF Mamontov, E. Vlcek, L. Wesolowski, D. J. Cummings, P. T. Wang, W. Anovitz, L. M. Rosenqvist, J. Brown, C. M. Sakai, V. Garcia TI Dynamics and structure of hydration water on rutile and cassiterite nanopowders studied by quasielastic neutron scattering and molecular dynamics simulations SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID STRONG LIQUID TRANSITION; FORCE-FIELD PARAMETERS; SURFACE-WATER; OXIDE; ADSORPTION; SYSTEMS; MODEL; SPECTROMETER; POTENTIALS; DERIVATION AB Quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) experiments carried out using time-of-flight and backscattering neutron spectrometers with widely different energy resolution and dynamic range revealed the diffusion dynamics of hydration water in nanopowder rutile (TiO2) and cassiterite (SnO2) that possess the rutile crystal structure with the (110) crystal face predominant on the surface. These isostructural oxides differ in their bulk dielectric constants, metal atom electronegativities, and lattice spacings, which may all contribute to differences in the structure and dynamics of sorbed water. When hydrated under ambient conditions, the nanopowders had similar levels of hydration: about 3.5 (OH/H2O) molecules per Ti2O4 surface structural unit of TiO2 and about 4.0 (OH/H2O) molecules per Sn2O4 surface unit of SnO2. Ab initio optimized classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the (110) surfaces in contact with SPC/E water at these levels of hydration indicate three structurally distinct sorbed water layers L-1, L-2, and L-3, where the L-1 species are either associated water molecules or dissociated hydroxyl groups in direct contact with the surface, L-2 water molecules are hydrogen bonded to L-1 and structural oxygen atoms at the surface, and L-3 water molecules are more weakly bound. At the hydration levels studied, L-3 is incomplete compared with axial oxygen density profiles of bulk SPC/E water in contact with these surfaces, but the structure and dynamics of L-1-L-3 species are remarkably similar at full and reduced water coverage. Three hydration water diffusion components, on the time scale of a picosecond, tens of picoseconds, and a nanosecond could be extracted from the QENS spectra of both oxides. However, the spectral weight of the faster components was significantly lower for SnO2 compared to TiO2. In TiO2 hydration water, the more strongly bound L-2 water molecules exhibited slow (on the time scale of a nanosecond) dynamics characterized by super-Arrhenius, "fragile" behavior above 220 K and the dynamic transition to Arrhenius, "strong" behavior at lower temperatures. The more loosely bound L-3 water molecules in TiO2 exhibited faster dynamics with Arrhenius temperature dependence. On the other hand, the slow diffusion component in L-2 hydration water on SnO2, also on the time scale of a nanosecond, showed little evidence of super-Arrhenius behavior or the "fragile"-to-"strong" transition. This observation demonstrates that the occurrence of super-Arrhenius dynamic behavior in surface water is sensitive to the strength of interaction of the water molecules with the surface and the distribution of surface water molecules among the different hydration layers. Analysis of energy transfer spectra generated from the molecular dynamics simulations shows fast and intermediate dynamics in good agreement with the QENS time-of-flight results. Also demonstrated by the simulation is the fast (compared to 1 ns) exchange between the water molecules of the L-2 and L-3 hydration layers. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Spallat Neutron Source, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Indiana Univ, Cyclotron Facil, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Mamontov, E (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Spallat Neutron Source, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM mamontove@ornl.gov RI Mamontov, Eugene/Q-1003-2015; Anovitz, Lawrence/P-3144-2016; Wang, Wei/B-5924-2012; Cummings, Peter/B-8762-2013; Vlcek, Lukas/N-7090-2013; Brown, Craig/B-5430-2009 OI Mamontov, Eugene/0000-0002-5684-2675; Anovitz, Lawrence/0000-0002-2609-8750; Cummings, Peter/0000-0002-9766-2216; Vlcek, Lukas/0000-0003-4782-7702; Brown, Craig/0000-0002-9637-9355 NR 38 TC 81 Z9 83 U1 5 U2 68 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD MAR 22 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 11 BP 4328 EP 4341 DI 10.1021/jp067242r PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 147MD UT WOS:000245006200038 ER PT J AU Peltier, RE Sullivan, AP Weber, RJ Wollny, AG Holloway, JS Brock, CA de Gouw, JA Atlas, EL AF Peltier, R. E. Sullivan, A. P. Weber, R. J. Wollny, A. G. Holloway, J. S. Brock, C. A. de Gouw, J. A. Atlas, E. L. TI No evidence for acid-catalyzed secondary organic aerosol formation in power plant plumes over metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LIQUID SAMPLER PILS; ATMOSPHERE; PARTICLES; GROWTH AB Aircraft-based measurements of the water-soluble fraction of fine PM organic carbon (WSOC) and inorganic salt composition in the Atlanta, GA region were conducted in the summer of 2004. Five notable plumes of SO2, apparently from coal-fired power plants, were intercepted, and had NH4+/ SO42- molar ratios ranging from approximately 0.8 to 1.4 compared to molar ratios near 2 outside of the plumes. Sulfate aerosol concentrations increased from a regional background of 5 - 8 mu g m(-3) to as high as 19.5 mu g m(-3) within these plumes. No increase in WSOC concentrations was observed in plumes compared to out-of-plumes within a WSOC measurement uncertainty of 8%. These measurements suggest that secondary organic aerosol formation via heterogeneous acid-catalyzed reactions within power plant plumes are not likely a significant contributor to the ambient aerosol mass loading in Atlanta and the surrounding region. Because this region is rich in both biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic carbon (VOC), the results may be widely applicable. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Peltier, RE (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM rpeltier@eas.gatech.edu RI Brock, Charles/G-3406-2011; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008 OI Brock, Charles/0000-0002-4033-4668; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826 NR 23 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 21 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 6 AR L06801 DI 10.1029/2006GL028780 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 149ZM UT WOS:000245185400003 ER PT J AU McKeen, S Chung, SH Wilczak, J Grell, G Djalalova, I Peckham, S Gong, W Bouchet, V Moffet, R Tang, Y Carmichael, GR Mathur, R Yu, S AF McKeen, S. Chung, S. H. Wilczak, J. Grell, G. Djalalova, I. Peckham, S. Gong, W. Bouchet, V. Moffet, R. Tang, Y. Carmichael, G. R. Mathur, R. Yu, S. TI Evaluation of several PM2.5 forecast models using data collected during the ICARTT/NEAQS 2004 field study SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID AIR-QUALITY MODELS; AEROSOL DYNAMICS MODEL; REGIONAL AEROSOLS; UNITED-STATES; SIMULATION; URBAN; EQUILIBRIUM; CHEMISTRY; CLIMATE; SYSTEM AB Real-time forecasts of PM2.5 aerosol mass from seven air quality forecast models (AQFMs) are statistically evaluated against observations collected in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada from two surface networks and aircraft data during the summer of 2004 International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT)/New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS) field campaign. The AIRNOW surface network is used to evaluate PM2.5 aerosol mass, the U.S. EPA STN network is used for PM2.5 aerosol composition comparisons, and aerosol size distribution and composition measured from the NOAA P-3 aircraft are also compared. Statistics based on midday 8-hour averages, as well as 24-hour averages are evaluated against the AIRNOW surface network. When the 8-hour average PM2.5 statistics are compared against equivalent ozone statistics for each model, the analysis shows that PM2.5 forecasts possess nearly equivalent correlation, less bias, and better skill relative to the corresponding ozone forecasts. An analysis of the diurnal variability shows that most models do not reproduce the observed diurnal cycle at urban and suburban monitor locations, particularly during the nighttime to early morning transition. While observations show median rural PM2.5 levels similar to urban and suburban values, the models display noticeably smaller rural/urban PM2.5 ratios. The ensemble PM2.5 forecast, created by combining six separate forecasts with equal weighting, is also evaluated and shown to yield the best possible forecast in terms of the statistical measures considered. The comparisons of PM2.5 composition with NOAA P-3 aircraft data reveals two important features: (1) The organic component of PM2.5 is significantly underpredicted by all the AQFMs and (2) those models that include aqueous phase oxidation of SO2 to sulfate in clouds overpredict sulfate levels while those AQFMs that do not include this transformation mechanism underpredict sulfate. Errors in PM2.5 ammonium levels tend to correlate directly with errors in sulfate. Comparisons of PM2.5 composition with the U. S. EPA STN network for three of the AQFMs show that sulfate biases are consistently lower at the surface than aloft. Recommendations for further research and analysis to help improve PM2.5 forecasts are also provided. C1 NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Environm Sci Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Environm Sci Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Global Syst Div, Environm Sci Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Meteorol Serv Canada, Dorval, PQ H9P 1J3, Canada. Univ Iowa, Ctr Global & Reg Environm Res, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, ASMD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Sci & Technol Corp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. RP McKeen, S (reprint author), NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Environm Sci Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM stuart.a.mckeen@noaa.gov RI McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; yu, shaocai/G-7806-2011; grell, georg/B-6234-2015; yu, shaocai/F-1394-2014; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI grell, georg/0000-0001-5214-8742; NR 48 TC 101 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 21 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10S20 DI 10.1029/2006JD007608 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150AM UT WOS:000245188000002 ER PT J AU Parrish, DD Stohl, A Forster, C Atlas, EL Blake, DR Goldan, PD Kuster, WC de Gouw, JA AF Parrish, D. D. Stohl, A. Forster, C. Atlas, E. L. Blake, D. R. Goldan, P. D. Kuster, W. C. de Gouw, J. A. TI Effects of mixing on evolution of hydrocarbon ratios in the troposphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NONMETHANE HYDROCARBONS; RADICAL CONCENTRATIONS; POLLUTION TRANSPORT; SEASONAL-VARIATIONS; RURAL TROPOSPHERE; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; OH CONCENTRATIONS; AIR MASSES; ART.; DISTRIBUTIONS AB Nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) concentration ratios provide useful indicators of tropospheric oxidation and transport processes. However, the influences of both photochemical and mixing processes are inextricably linked in the evolution of these ratios. We present a model for investigating these influences by combining the transport treatment of the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART with an ultrasimple (i.e., constant OH concentration) chemical treatment. Required model input includes NMHC emission ratios, but not ad hoc assumed background NMHC concentrations. The model results give NMHC relationships that can be directly compared, in a statistical manner, with measurements. The measured concentration ratios of the longest-lived alkanes show strong deviations from purely kinetic behavior, which the model nicely reproduces. In contrast, some measured aromatic ratio relationships show even stronger deviations that are not well reproduced by the model for reasons that are not understood. The model-measurement comparisons indicate that the interaction of mixing and photochemical processing prevent a simple interpretation of "photochemical age,'' but that the average age of any particular NMHC can be well defined and can be approximated by a properly chosen and interpreted NMHC ratio. In summary, the relationships of NMHC concentration ratios not only yield useful measures of photochemical processing in the troposphere, but also provide useful test of the treatment of mixing and chemical processing in chemical transport models. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Norwegian Inst Air Res, Dept Reg & Global Pollut Issues, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine & Atmospher Chem, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Parrish, DD (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway R-CSD7, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM david.d.parrish@noaa.gov RI Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; NR 41 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 4 U2 25 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 21 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10S34 DI 10.1029/2006JD007583 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150AM UT WOS:000245188000001 ER PT J AU Chabinyc, ML Toney, MF Kline, RJ McCulloch, I Heeney, M AF Chabinyc, Michael L. Toney, Michael F. Kline, R. Joseph McCulloch, Iain Heeney, Martin TI X-ray scattering study of thin films of poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID FIELD-EFFECT MOBILITY; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; REGIOREGULAR POLY(3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE); EFFECT TRANSISTORS; CRYSTALLINE-STRUCTURE; CHARGE-TRANSPORT; POLYFLUORENE; POLYTHIOPHENE; DIFFRACTION; POLYMERS AB Poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene), PBTTT, is a semiconducting polymer that forms thin film transistors (TFTs) with high field effect mobility on silicon dioxide dielectrics that are treated with alkyltrichlorosilanes (similar to 0.2 to 0.5 cm(2)/V s) but forms TFTs with poor mobility on bare silicon dioxide (< 0.005 cm(2)/V s). The microstructure of spin-coated thin films of PBTTT on these surfaces was studied using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. PBTTT crystallizes with lamellae of pi-stacked polymer chains on both surfaces. The crystalline domains are well-oriented relative to the substrate in the as-spun state and become highly oriented and more ordered with thermal annealing in the liquid crystalline mesophase. Although the X-ray scattering from PBTTT is nearly identical on both surfaces, atomic force microscopy showed that the domain size of the crystalline regions depends on the substrate surface. These results suggest that electrical transport in PBTTT films is strongly affected by the domain size of the crystalline regions and the disordered regions between them. C1 Palo Alto Res Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Synchrotron Res Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NIST, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Merck Chem, Southampton, Hants, England. RP Chabinyc, ML (reprint author), Palo Alto Res Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. EM mchabinyc@parc.com RI Kline, Regis/B-8557-2008; Chabinyc, Michael/E-2387-2011; Heeney, Martin/O-1916-2013 OI Heeney, Martin/0000-0001-6879-5020 NR 49 TC 239 Z9 239 U1 14 U2 99 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 2007 VL 129 IS 11 BP 3226 EP 3237 DI 10.1021/ja0670714 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 145WQ UT WOS:000244896900050 PM 17315871 ER PT J AU Wang, MH AF Wang, Menghua TI Remote sensing of the ocean contributions from ultraviolet to near-infrared using the shortwave infrared bands: simulations SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID WATER-LEAVING RADIANCE; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION ALGORITHM; AEROSOL OPTICAL-THICKNESS; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; ZONE COLOR SCANNER; SEAWIFS OCEAN; SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS; SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; SURFACE-ROUGHNESS; COASTAL AB In the remote sensing of the ocean near-surface properties, it is essential to derive accurate water-leaving radiance spectra through the process of the atmospheric correction. The atmospheric correction algorithm for Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) uses two near-infrared (NIR) bands at 765 and 865 nm (748 and 869 nm for MODIS) for retrieval of aerosol properties with assumption of the black ocean at the NIR wavelengths. Modifications are implemented to account for some of the NIR ocean contributions for the productive but not very turbid waters. For turbid waters in the coastal regions, however, the ocean could have significant contributions in the NIR, leading to significant errors in the satellite-derived ocean water-leaving radiances. For the shortwave infrared (SWIR) wavelengths (1000 nm), water has significantly larger absorption than those for the NIR bands. Thus the black ocean assumption at the SWIR bands is generally valid for turbid waters. In addition, for future sensors, it is also useful to include the UV bands to better quantify the ocean organic and inorganic materials, as well as for help in atmospheric correction. Simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of atmospheric correction for nonabsorbing and weakly absorbing aerosols using the NIR bands and various combinations of the SWIR bands for deriving the water-leaving radiances at the UV (340 nm) and visible wavelengths. Simulations show that atmospheric correction using the SWIR bands can generally produce results comparable to atmospheric correction using the NIR bands. In particular, the water-leaving radiance at the UV band (340 nm) can also be derived accurately. The results from a sensitivity study for the required sensor noise equivalent reflectance, (NE Delta rho), [or the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)] for the NIR and SWIR bands are provided and discussed. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Wang, MH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, E-RA3,Room 102,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM menghua.wang@noaa.gov RI Wang, Menghua/F-5631-2010 OI Wang, Menghua/0000-0001-7019-3125 NR 54 TC 139 Z9 147 U1 2 U2 17 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD MAR 20 PY 2007 VL 46 IS 9 BP 1535 EP 1547 DI 10.1364/AO.46.001535 PG 13 WC Optics SC Optics GA 146PC UT WOS:000244945500022 PM 17334446 ER PT J AU Ma, MM Chernova, NA Toby, BH Zavalij, PY Whittingham, MS AF Ma, Miaomiao Chernova, Natasha A. Toby, Brian H. Zavalij, Peter Y. Whittingham, M. Stanley TI Structural and electrochemical behavior of LiMn0.4Ni0.4Co0.2O2 SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the International-Battery-Association/Hawaii Battery Conference (IBA-HBC 2006) CY JAN 09-12, 2006 CL Hilo, HI SP TIMCAL DE neutron diffraction; lithium battery; Rietveld analysis; magnetism; ordering ID LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES; CATHODE MATERIALS; INSERTION MATERIAL; ELECTRODE MATERIALS; THERMAL-STABILITY; HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS; CHEMICAL DELITHIATION; CO-SUBSTITUTION; PERFORMANCE; SUPEREXCHANGE AB Layered LiMn0.4Ni0.4Co0.2O2 with the alpha-NaFeO2 structure was synthesized by the "mixed hydroxide" method, followed by a high temperature calcination at 800 degrees C giving a single phase material of surface area 5 m(2) g(-1). A combined X-ray/neutron diffraction Rietveld refinement showed that the transition metals in the 3b layer are randomly distributed at room temperature, and that only nickel migrates to the lithium layer and in this case 4.4%. Addition of excess lithium reduces the amount of nickel on the lithium sites. The magnetic susceptibilities of the compounds LiMnyNiyCo1-2yO2 (y=0.5, 0.4, 0.333) follow the Curie-Weiss law above 100 K and are consistent with the presence of Ni2+, Mn4+ and Co3+ cations; their magnetization curves, measured at 5 K and showing a pronounced hysteresis, are also consistent with the nickel content on the lithium sites increasing with decreasing cobalt content. This material shows a stable capacity of 140-170 mA h g(-1) for more than 90 cycles within the voltage window of 2.5-4.4 V The layered rhombohedral structure is maintained as lithium is removed down to at least a lithium content of 0.05; the total volume change on cycling is under 2%. The nickel ions pin the lattice so that MO2 slab sliding to form the IT structure cannot readily occur. The capability of aqueous acids toleach lithium from the lattice decreases with increasing nickel content in the lithium layer; however, the thermal stability of the delithiated compounds increases with cobalt content. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Binghamton, Inst Mat Res, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Whittingham, MS (reprint author), SUNY Binghamton, Inst Mat Res, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA. EM stanwhit@gmail.com RI Zavalij, Peter/H-3817-2012; Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013 OI Zavalij, Peter/0000-0001-5762-3469; Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285 NR 75 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD MAR 20 PY 2007 VL 165 IS 2 BP 517 EP 534 DI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.10.022 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 152NQ UT WOS:000245369100005 ER PT J AU Xu, DH Wang, ZG Douglas, JF AF Xu, Donghua Wang, Zhigang Douglas, Jack F. TI Crystallization-induced fluid flow in polymer melts undergoing solidification SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE; ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION; SPHERULITE GROWTH; NANOCOMPOSITES; MORPHOLOGY C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Chem, CAS Key Lab Engn Plast, Joint Lab Polymer Sci & Mat, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, ZG (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Chem, CAS Key Lab Engn Plast, Joint Lab Polymer Sci & Mat, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. EM zgwang@iccas.ac.cn; jack.douglas@nist.gov RI Wang, Zhigang/F-6136-2010; Xu, Donghua/K-2095-2012 NR 18 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD MAR 20 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1799 EP 1802 DI 10.1021/ma0628174 PG 4 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 145HI UT WOS:000244855500008 ER PT J AU McGuiggan, PM Gee, ML Yoshizawa, H Hirz, SJ Israelachvili, JN AF McGuiggan, P. M. Gee, M. L. Yoshizawa, H. Hirz, S. J. Israelachvili, J. N. TI Friction studies of polymer lubricated surfaces SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-FORCE-MICROSCOPE; MOLECULARLY THIN-FILMS; INTERFACIAL FRICTION; LAYERING TRANSITIONS; ADSORBED POLYMER; DYNAMIC-BEHAVIOR; SOLID-SURFACES; CONFINED FILMS; SHEAR; SLIP AB The shear properties of thin films of polymer melts confined between two molecularly smooth solid surfaces have been measured using a surface forces apparatus (SFA). Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), polybutadiene (PBD), and perfluoropolyether (PFPE) of various molecular masses were studied, including both entangled and nonentangled systems. In all cases, the systems exhibited "smooth" sliding, with no intermittent or stick-slip motion at moderate shear rates (50-500 s(-1)). The coefficients of friction ranged from approximately 0.5 to 0.006, generally decreasing with increasing molecular mass and bulk viscosity for each polymer. The measured friction coefficients were smaller than values measured previously for lower molecular mass molecules such as n-alkanes, which is consistent with the above trend. During sliding, the surfaces remain separated by a thin tenacious polymer film, even at high loads where the minimum surface separation was found to be proportional to the radius of gyration, R-g, for each polymer. The friction coefficients for systems that are not entangled in the bulk are higher than for entangled systems. Shear for entangled systems appears to occur at the wall rather than within the polymer film, resulting in very low friction forces. For each type of polymer studied, one finds a decreasing friction or "effective" viscosity of the confined fluids with increasing (i) molecular mass, (ii) bulk viscosity, and (iii) degree of entanglement. These opposite trends (compared to those of the bulk fluids, including simple hydrocarbon liquids) are due to the effects of the atomically (or molecularly) structured walls on the molecular configurations of the confined fluids, and the increased film thicknesses with increasing molecular mass. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Melbourne, Sch Chem, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 USA. RP McGuiggan, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McGuiggan, Patricia/A-3379-2010 NR 55 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 37 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD MAR 20 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 6 BP 2126 EP 2133 DI 10.1021/ma061750h PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 145HI UT WOS:000244855500049 ER PT J AU Kali, G Georgiou, TK Ivan, B Patrickios, CS Loizou, E Thomann, Y Tiller, JC AF Kali, Gergely Georgiou, Theoni K. Ivan, Bela Patrickios, Costas S. Loizou, Elena Thomann, Yi Tiller, Joerg C. TI Synthesis and characterization of anionic amphiphilic model conetworks based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate: Effects of composition and architecture SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID GROUP-TRANSFER POLYMERIZATION; DUAL-PURPOSE EXTENDER/CROSSLINKER; MOLECULAR THERMODYNAMIC THEORY; ZWITTERIONIC BLOCK-COPOLYMERS; LINKED STAR POLYMERS; POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE); ANTIMICROBIAL COATINGS; MICROPHASE SEPARATION; PEG/PDMS CONETWORKS; SWELLING BEHAVIOR AB A series of amphiphilic conetworks of methacrylic acid (MAA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were synthesized using group transfer polymerization (GTP). The MAA units were introduced via the polymerization of tetrahydropyranyl methacrylate (THPMA), followed by the removal of the protecting tetrahydropyranyl group by acid hydrolysis after network formation. 1,4-Bis(methoxytrimethylsiloxymethylene)cyclohexane (MTSCH) was used as a bifunctional GTP initiator, while ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) served as the cross-linker. Nine of the conetworks were model conetworks, comprising copolymer chains between the cross-links of precise molecular weight and composition. Eight of the model conetworks were based on ABA triblock copolymers, while the ninth was based on a statistical copolymer. The tenth conetwork was not model but randomly cross-linked. The molecular weight and the composition of the linear conetwork precursors were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography and H-1 NMR, respectively, and were found to bear values close to the theoretically expected. FTIR spectroscopic analyses indicated complete polymerization of the EGDMA cross-linker vinyl units and complete hydrolysis of the THPMA units. The degrees of swelling (DS) of all the conetworks were measured in water and in THF as a function of the degree of ionization (DI) of the MAA units. The DSs in water increased with the DI of the MAA units (and the pH), while the DSs in THF presented the opposite trend. Finally, small-angle neutron scattering and atomic force microscopy confirmed nanophase separation in a triblock copolymer-based model conetwork and lack of it in its statistical copolymer counterpart. C1 Univ Cyprus, Dept Chem, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus. Hungarian Acad Sci, Dept Polymer Chem & Mat Sci, Inst Mat & Environm Chem, Chem Res Ctr, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Freiburg, Freiburg Mat Res Ctr, Dept Chem, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. Univ Freiburg, Inst Macromol Chem, Dept Chem, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. RP Patrickios, CS (reprint author), Univ Cyprus, Dept Chem, POB 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus. EM costasp@ucy.ac.cy RI Ivan, Bela/B-8395-2008; Georgiou, Theoni/A-4229-2008; Kali, Gergely/D-5833-2011; Tiller, Joerg/S-2010-2016; OI Georgiou, Theoni/0000-0003-4474-6931; Kali, Gergely/0000-0002-8538-6971; Patrickios , Costas S. /0000-0001-8855-0370 NR 63 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 8 U2 37 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 EI 1520-5835 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD MAR 20 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 6 BP 2192 EP 2200 DI 10.1021/ma062400y PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 145HI UT WOS:000244855500058 ER PT J AU Velders, GJM Andersen, SO Daniel, JS Fahey, DW McFarland, M AF Velders, Guus J. M. Andersen, Stephen O. Daniel, John S. Fahey, David W. McFarland, Mack TI The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Kyoto Protocol; ozone layer; radiative forcing ID STRATOSPHERIC OZONE LOSS; EMISSION SCENARIOS; GREENHOUSE; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; DEPLETION; IMPACT AB The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is a landmark agreement that has successfully reduced the global production, consumption, and emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). ODSs are also greenhouse gases that contribute to the radiative forcing of climate change. Using historical ODSs emissions and scenarios of potential emissions, we show that the ODS contribution to radiative forcing most likely would have been much larger if the ODS link to stratospheric ozone depletion had not been recognized in 1974 and followed by a series of regulations. The climate protection already achieved by the Montreal Protocol alone is far larger than the reduction target of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. Additional climate benefits that are significant compared with the Kyoto Protocol reduction target could be achieved by actions under the Montreal Protocol, by managing the emissions of substitute fluorocarbon gases and/or implementing alternative gases with lower global warming potentials. C1 Netherlands Environm Assessment Agcy, NL-3720 AH Bilthoven, Netherlands. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. DuPont Fluoroprod, Wilmington, DE 19805 USA. RP Velders, GJM (reprint author), Netherlands Environm Assessment Agcy, POB 303, NL-3720 AH Bilthoven, Netherlands. EM guus.velders@mnp.nl RI Daniel, John/D-9324-2011; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; NR 43 TC 138 Z9 144 U1 2 U2 72 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAR 20 PY 2007 VL 104 IS 12 BP 4814 EP 4819 DI 10.1073/pnas.0610328104 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 150YY UT WOS:000245256700011 PM 17360370 ER PT J AU DeLongchamp, DM Kline, RJ Lin, EK Fischer, DA Richter, LJ Lucas, LA Heeney, M McCulloch, I Northrup, JE AF DeLongchamp, Dean M. Kline, R. Joseph Lin, Eric K. Fischer, Daniel A. Richter, Lee J. Lucas, Leah A. Heeney, Martin McCulloch, Iain Northrup, John E. TI High carrier mobility polythiophene thin films: Structure determination by experiment and theory SO ADVANCED MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID FIELD-EFFECT MOBILITY; REGIOREGULAR POLY(3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE); EFFECT TRANSISTORS; CHAIN ORIENTATION; DEPENDENCE; POLYMERS; ORDER; LONG AB The structure within crystalline thin films of a high-carrier-mobility polythiophene is studied with complementary characterization methods and first-principles theory. As shown in the figure, two important structural aspects are revealed: 1) a slip in the face-to-face pi-pi packing, which strongly influences carrier mobility, and 2) the interdigitation of highly trans side chains between vertically adjacent lamellae. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Merck Chem, Southampton SO16 7QD, Hants, England. Palo Alto Res Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. RP DeLongchamp, DM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dean.delongchamp@nist.gov RI Kline, Regis/B-8557-2008; Heeney, Martin/O-1916-2013; Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Heeney, Martin/0000-0001-6879-5020; Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 26 TC 197 Z9 201 U1 6 U2 69 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0935-9648 J9 ADV MATER JI Adv. Mater. PD MAR 19 PY 2007 VL 19 IS 6 BP 833 EP + DI 10.1002/adma.200602651 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 152SM UT WOS:000245382100011 ER PT J AU Michaels, CA AF Michaels, Chris A. TI Mid-infrared imaging with a solid immersion lens and broadband laser source SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MICROSCOPY; SPECTROSCOPY AB The application of hemispherical solid immersion lenses (SILs) is an approach to increasing the spatial resolution attainable with infrared (IR) microscopy. A hemispherical SIL forms an image for which the effective numerical aperture and magnification are increased by a factor of the SIL material index of refraction. A microscope designed for exploration of IR SIL imaging based on a hemispherical ZnSe SIL, an InSb focal plane array detector, and a broadband IR laser source is described. The imaging characteristics of this system are reported, including the spatial resolution improvement achieved in the imaging of organic test samples. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20817 USA. RP Michaels, CA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20817 USA. EM chris.michaels@nist.gov NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 19 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 12 AR 121131 DI 10.1063/1.2716337 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 149GS UT WOS:000245135800031 ER PT J AU Fan, J Migdall, A AF Fan, J. Migdall, A. TI A broadband high spectral brightness fiber-based two-photon source SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID CORRELATED PHOTON PAIRS; MICROSTRUCTURE FIBER; EFFICIENT GENERATION; OPTICAL FIBERS/; CRYSTAL FIBER; AMPLIFIERS; NOISE; GAIN AB After characterizing the Raman scattering in a fused silica polarization-maintaining microstructure optical fiber, we built a fiber-based two-photon light source of high spectral brightness, broad spectral range, and very low noise background at room temperature. The resulting bright low-noise two-photon light can be used for a number of quantum information applications. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Joint Quamtum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Fan, J (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Jfan@nist.gov NR 26 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 10 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD MAR 19 PY 2007 VL 15 IS 6 BP 2915 EP 2920 DI 10.1364/OE.15.002915 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 148LN UT WOS:000245076200015 PM 19532527 ER PT J AU Jacobson, AR Fletcher, SEM Gruber, N Sarmiento, JL Gloor, M AF Jacobson, Andrew R. Fletcher, Sara E. Mikaloff Gruber, Nicolas Sarmiento, Jorge L. Gloor, Manuel TI A joint atmosphere-ocean inversion for surface fluxes of carbon dioxide: 2. Regional results SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID CO2 INVERSIONS; LAND-USE; MODELS; TRANSPORT; EXCHANGE; BALANCE; FOREST; SINKS; PRODUCTIVITY; VARIABILITY AB We report here the results from a coupled ocean-atmosphere inversion, in which atmospheric CO2 gradients and transport simulations are combined with observations of ocean interior carbon concentrations and ocean transport simulations to provide a jointly constrained estimate of air-sea and air-land carbon fluxes. While atmospheric data have little impact on regional air-sea flux estimates, the inclusion of ocean data drives a substantial change in terrestrial flux estimates. Our results indicate that the tropical and southern land regions together are a large source of carbon, with a 77% probability that their aggregate source size exceeds 1 PgC yr(-1). This value is of similar magnitude to estimates of fluxes in the tropics due to land-use change alone, making the existence of a large tropical CO2 fertilization sink unlikely. This terrestrial result is strongly driven by oceanic inversion results that differ from flux estimates based on Delta pCO(2) climatologies, including a relatively small Southern Ocean sink (south of 44 degrees S) and a relatively large sink in the southern temperate latitudes (44 degrees S-18 degrees S). These conclusions are based on a formal error analysis of the results, which includes uncertainties due to observational error transport and other modeling errors, and biogeochemical assumptions. A suite of sensitivity tests shows that these results are generally robust, but they remain subject to potential sources of unquantified error stemming from the use of large inversion regions and transport biases common to the suite of available transport models. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Biogeochem & Pollutant Dynam, Zurich, Switzerland. Univ Leeds, Earth & Biosphere Inst, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. RP Jacobson, AR (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, POB CN710, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM andy.jacobson@noaa.gov RI Gruber, Nicolas/B-7013-2009; OI Gruber, Nicolas/0000-0002-2085-2310; Mikaloff Fletcher, Sara/0000-0003-0741-0320 NR 55 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD MAR 17 PY 2007 VL 21 IS 1 AR GB1020 DI 10.1029/2006GB002703 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 147QE UT WOS:000245016700002 ER PT J AU Jacobson, AR Fletcher, SEM Gruber, N Sarmiento, JL Gloor, M AF Jacobson, Andrew R. Fletcher, Sara E. Mikaloff Gruber, Nicolas Sarmiento, Jorge L. Gloor, Manuel TI A joint atmosphere-ocean inversion for surface fluxes of carbon dioxide: 1. Methods and global-scale fluxes SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID ANTHROPOGENIC CO2; ORGANIC-CARBON; OXYGEN FLUXES; WIND-SPEED; TRANSPORT; MODEL; BUDGET; SINKS; EXCHANGE; SENSITIVITY AB We have constructed an inverse estimate of surface fluxes of carbon dioxide using both atmospheric and oceanic observational constraints. This global estimate is spatially resolved into 11 land regions and 11 ocean regions, and is calculated as a temporal mean for the period 1992-1996. The method interprets in situ observations of carbon dioxide concentration in the ocean and atmosphere with transport estimates from global circulation models. Uncertainty in the modeled circulation is explicitly considered in this inversion by using a suite of 16 atmospheric and 10 oceanic transport simulations. The inversion analysis, coupled with estimates of river carbon delivery, indicates that the open ocean had a net carbon uptake from the atmosphere during the period 1992-96 of 1.7 PgC yr(-1), consisting of an uptake of 2.1 PgC yr(-1) of anthropogenic carbon and a natural outgassing of about 0.5 PgC yr(-1) of carbon fixed on land and transported through rivers to the open ocean. The formal uncertainty on this oceanic uptake, despite a comprehensive effort to quantify sources of error due to modeling biases, uncertain riverine carbon load, and biogeochemical assumptions, is driven down to 0.2 PgC yr(-1) by the large number and relatively even spatial distribution of oceanic observations used. Other sources of error, for which quantifiable estimates are not currently available, such as unresolved transport and large region inversion bias, may increase this uncertainty. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Biogeochem & Pollutant Dynam, Zurich, Switzerland. Univ Leeds, Earth & Biosphere Inst, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. RP Jacobson, AR (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, POB CN710, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM andy.jacobson@noaa.gov RI Gruber, Nicolas/B-7013-2009 OI Mikaloff Fletcher, Sara/0000-0003-0741-0320; Gruber, Nicolas/0000-0002-2085-2310 NR 67 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 EI 1944-9224 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD MAR 17 PY 2007 VL 21 IS 1 AR GB1019 DI 10.1029/2005GB002556 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 147QE UT WOS:000245016700001 ER PT J AU Sarmiento, JL Simeon, J Gnanadesikan, A Gruber, N Key, RM Schlitzer, R AF Sarmiento, J. L. Simeon, J. Gnanadesikan, A. Gruber, N. Key, R. M. Schlitzer, R. TI Deep ocean biogeochemistry of silicic acid and nitrate SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-OCEAN; WORLD OCEAN; IRON; CARBON; NUTRIENT; DIATOMS; EXPORT; CIRCULATION; DISSOLUTION; RATIOS AB Observations of silicic acid and nitrate along the lower branch of the global conveyor belt circulation show that silicic acid accumulation by diatom opal dissolution occurs at 6.4 times the rate of nitrate addition by organic matter remineralization. The export of opal and organic matter from the surface ocean occurs at a Si:N mole ratio that is much smaller than this almost everywhere (cf. Sarmiento et al., 2004). The preferential increase of silicic acid over nitrate as the deep circulation progresses from the North Atlantic to the North Pacific is generally interpreted as requiring deep dissolution of opal together with shallow remineralization of organic matter (Broecker, 1991). However, Sarmiento et al. (2004) showed that the primary reason for the low silicic acid concentration of the upper ocean is that the waters feeding the main thermocline from the surface Southern Ocean are depleted in silicic acid relative to nitrate. By implication, the same Southern Ocean processes that deplete the silicic acid in the surface Southern Ocean must also be responsible for the enhanced silicic acid concentration of the deep ocean. We use observations and results from an updated version of the adjoint model of Schlitzer (2000) to confirm that this indeed the case. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Biogeochem & Pollutant Dynam, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Alfred Wegener Inst, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany. RP Sarmiento, JL (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, POB CN710, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM jls@princeton.edu; jsimeon@princeton.edu; anand.gnanadesikan@noaa.gov; nicolas.gurber@env.ethz.ch; key@princeton.edu; reiner.schlitzer@awi.de RI Gnanadesikan, Anand/A-2397-2008; Gruber, Nicolas/B-7013-2009 OI Gnanadesikan, Anand/0000-0001-5784-1116; Gruber, Nicolas/0000-0002-2085-2310 NR 38 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD MAR 17 PY 2007 VL 21 IS 1 AR GB1S90 DI 10.1029/2006GB002720 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 147QE UT WOS:000245016700003 ER PT J AU Delcroix, T Cravatte, S McPhaden, MJ AF Delcroix, Thierry Cravatte, Sophie McPhaden, Michael J. TI Decadal variations and trends in tropical Pacific sea surface salinity since 1970 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Review ID WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATION; NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EL-NINO; WARM POOL; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; HYDROLOGIC-CYCLE AB The dominant mode of variability in the tropical Pacific is the interannual El Nino-Southern Oscillation phenomenon. More subtle variations are also evident on decadal timescales reminiscent of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). These variations are superimposed on trends that are possibly linked to global climate change. A major impediment for assessing this decadal and longer timescale variability is the shortness of instrumental records. Near-surface salinity has not yet been systematically analyzed for this reason. This article documents and interprets 1970-2003 observed tropical Pacific sea surface salinity (SSS) changes. Given the time/space SSS data availability, the analysis focuses on changes in three key regions, the western Pacific Warm Pool (WP), the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), and the Equatorial Cold Tongue (ECT). A PDO-like signal shows up in these three regions, with some shifts in SSS appearing around the mid-1970s, mid-1990s, and to a lesser extent in 1989-1990. In addition, a clear freshening trend of the order of 0.1 to 0.3 psu per 30 years appears in the WP, SPCZ, and ECT, together with an extension of the low-salinity water surface in the WP and SPCZ. On the basis of available precipitation (P) and evaporation (E) products, and on a survey of the published literature, the PDO-like SSS changes are found to be qualitatively consistent with P and E and/or horizontal and vertical salt advection in the WP and the SPCZ. The repercussions and unsolved issues regarding the SSS decadal changes and freshening trends are discussed. C1 IRD, LEGOS, UMR 5566, F-31400 Toulouse, France. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Delcroix, T (reprint author), IRD, LEGOS, UMR 5566, 14 Ave Ed Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France. EM thierry.delcroix@ird.fr RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016; Delcroix, Thierry/I-6103-2016; Cravatte, Sophie/J-7081-2016 OI Delcroix, Thierry/0000-0002-8850-4865; Cravatte, Sophie/0000-0002-2439-8952 NR 118 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAR 17 PY 2007 VL 112 IS C3 AR C03012 DI 10.1029/2006JC003801 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 147RB UT WOS:000245019000003 ER PT J AU Dayem, KE Noone, DC Molnar, P AF Dayem, Katherine E. Noone, David C. Molnar, Peter TI Tropical western Pacific warm pool and maritime continent precipitation rates and their contrasting relationships with the Walker Circulation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NINO SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; LATE CENOZOIC GEOHISTORY; EL-NINO; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; INDONESIA; PLIOCENE; CLIMATE; MODEL; TELECONNECTIONS; ATMOSPHERE AB The Cenozoic reorganization of islands in the Maritime Continent region of the tropical western Pacific may have increased the amount of land surface area, changed the distribution of sea surface temperature ( SST), and consequently provided a necessary condition for the onset of the Walker Circulation. Precipitation rates over the Maritime Continent, measured with the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission ( TRMM) satellite and generated from the Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation ( CMAP), correlate positively with a variety of measures of the Walker Circulation's strength ( surface easterlies and high-level westerlies over the western Pacific) and hence with La Nina conditions. Similarly measured precipitation rates over the western Pacific warm pool correlate positively with the strength of tropical zonal circulation shifted to the east, and thus a weakened Walker Circulation and stronger El Nino-like conditions. Areas of high precipitation rates correlate with areas of ascent in the atmosphere and with high SST. Condensation associated with precipitation over the warm pool provides about twice the amount of latent heating as that over the Maritime Continent largely because the surface area of the warm pool is about 1.9 times larger than that of the Maritime Continent. These results support the conjecture that tectonic expansion and reorganization of the Maritime Continent may have led to a strengthening of the Walker Circulation, and may be related to a change in tropical Pacific climate from a permanent and zonally uniform ( El Nino-like) state in Pre-Ice Age time to the present day El Nino-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO) state. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Dayem, KE (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM dayem@colorado.edu NR 46 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 16 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D6 AR D06101 DI 10.1029/2006JD007870 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 147QM UT WOS:000245017500008 ER PT J AU Iunin, YL Kabanov, YP Nikitenko, VI Cheng, XM Clarke, D Tretiakov, OA Tchernyshyov, O Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD Chien, CL AF Iunin, Y. L. Kabanov, Y. P. Nikitenko, V. I. Cheng, X. M. Clarke, D. Tretiakov, O. A. Tchernyshyov, O. Shapiro, A. J. Shull, R. D. Chien, C. L. TI Asymmetric domain nucleation and unusual magnetization reversal in ultrathin Co films with perpendicular anisotropy SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FERROMAGNETIC-FILMS; CO/PT MULTILAYERS; PHASE-DIAGRAM AB We report unexpected phenomena during magnetization reversal in ultrathin Co films and Co/Pt multilayers with perpendicular anisotropy. Using magneto-optical Kerr microscopy and magnetic force microscopy we have observed asymmetrical nucleation centers where the reversal begins for one direction of the field only and is characterized by an acute asymmetry of domain-wall mobility. We have also observed magnetic domains with a continuously varying average magnetization, which can be explained in terms of the coexistence of three magnetic phases: up, down, and striped. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Iunin, YL (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia. RI Tretiakov, Oleg/A-2795-2009; Cheng, Xuemei/D-2388-2010; Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013; OI Tretiakov, Oleg/0000-0001-7283-6884; Cheng, Xuemei/0000-0001-6670-4316; Iunin, Yury/0000-0003-2864-9867 NR 33 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 16 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 11 AR 117204 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.117204 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 146UD UT WOS:000244959300062 PM 17501087 ER PT J AU Pe'er, A Shapiro, EA Stowe, MC Shapiro, M Ye, J AF Pe'er, Avi Shapiro, Evgeny A. Stowe, Matthew C. Shapiro, Moshe Ye, Jun TI Precise control of molecular dynamics with a femtosecond frequency comb SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; POPULATION TRANSFER; VIBRATIONAL LEVELS; TIME; PHOTOASSOCIATION; METROLOGY; CHEMISTRY; ATOMS AB We present a general and highly efficient scheme for performing narrow-band Raman transitions between molecular vibrational levels using a coherent train of weak pump-dump pairs of shaped ultrashort pulses. The use of weak pulses permits an analytic description within the framework of coherent control in the perturbative regime, while coherent accumulation of many pulse pairs enables near unity transfer efficiency with a high spectral selectivity, thus forming a powerful combination of pump-dump control schemes and the precision of the frequency comb. Simulations verify the feasibility and robustness of this concept, with the aim to form deeply bound, ultracold molecules. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Chem, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada. Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Chem Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. RP Pe'er, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 34 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 16 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 11 AR 113004 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.113004 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 146UD UT WOS:000244959300025 PM 17501050 ER PT J AU Xie, ZG Gotzinger, S Fang, W Cao, H Solomon, GS AF Xie, Z. G. Gotzinger, S. Fang, W. Cao, H. Solomon, G. S. TI Influence of a single quantum dot state on the characteristics of a microdisk laser SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ONE-ATOM; MICROCAVITY; NANOCAVITY; THRESHOLD; EMISSION; REGIME AB We report a quantum dot microcavity laser with a cw sub-mu W lasing threshold, where a significant reduction of the lasing threshold is observed when a single quantum dot (QD) state is aligned with a cavity mode. The quality factor exceeds 15 000 before the system lases. When no QD states are resonant, below threshold the cavity mode initially degrades with increasing pump power, after which saturation occurs and then the cavity mode recovers. We associate the initial cavity mode spoiling with QD state broadening that occurs with increasing pump power. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Edward L Ginzton Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Stanford Univ, Solid State Photon Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xie, ZG (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM glenn.solomon@nist.gov RI Fang, Wei/B-3794-2010; Cao, Hui/F-4815-2012; Goetzinger, Stephan/C-7396-2013 OI Fang, Wei/0000-0002-6511-3570; NR 24 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 16 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 11 AR 117401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.117401 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 146UD UT WOS:000244959300066 PM 17501091 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, IM Azizov, ND AF Abdulagatov, Ilmutdin M. Azizov, Nazim D. TI Comment on "Densities and apparent molar volumes of concentrated aqueous LiCl solutions at high temperatures and high pressures" by Ilmutdin M. Abdulagatov and Nazim D. Azizov, Chemical Geology 230 (2006) 22-41 - Reply to the comments by Dr. Mao Sh. and Dr. Duan Zh SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE aqueous solution; apparent molar volume; density; lithium chloride; partial molar volume C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geothermal Problems, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala 367003, Russia. Azerbaijan State Oil Acad, Baku 370601, Azerbaijan. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM mangur@xtreem.ru; Nazim_Azizov@yahoo.com NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD MAR 15 PY 2007 VL 238 IS 1-2 BP 137 EP 139 DI 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.10.003 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 147HZ UT WOS:000244995300012 ER PT J AU Van Nostrand, JD Khijniak, TJ Neely, B Sattar, MA Sowder, AG Mills, G Bertsch, PM Morris, PJ AF Van Nostrand, Joy D. Khijniak, Tatiana J. Neely, Benjamin Sattar, M. Abdus Sowder, Andrew G. Mills, Gary Bertsch, Paul M. Morris, Pamela J. TI Reduction of nickel and uranium toxicity and enhanced trichloroethylene degradation to Burkholderia vietnamiensis PR1(301) with hydroxyapatite amendment SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEAVY-METALS; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; URANYL-ION; BIODEGRADATION; IMMOBILIZATION; REMEDIATION; SORPTION; PSEUDOMONADS; GROUNDWATER; KINETICS AB The use of hydroxyapatite (HA) to sequester metals at mixed waste sites may reduce metal toxicity and facilitate microbial degradation of cocontaminant organics. The constitutive trichloroethylene (TCE) degrader, Burkholderia vietnamiensis PR1(301), grew at 34.1 and 1.7 mM Ni at pH 5 and 7, respectively, with 0.01 g mL(-1) HA compared to 17 and 0.85 mM Ni without HA. PR1 grew at 4.2 mM U at pH 5 and 7 with 0.01 g mL(-1) HA compared to 1.1 mM U without HA. A similar decrease in the toxicity of Ni and U in combination was observed with HA. The ability of PR1 to degrade TCE at 0.85, 1.7, and 3.4 mM Ni and at 0.42 and 1.1 mM U was examined. The presence of TCE resulted in a decreased tolerance of PR1 to Ni and U; however, HA facilitated TCE degradation in the presence of Ni and U, effectively doubling the metal concentrations at which TCE degradation proceeded. These studies suggest that metal sequestration via HA amendments may offer a feasible approach to reducing metal toxicity to microorganisms at mixed waste sites, thereby enhancing the degradation of cocontaminant organics. C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Marine Biomed & Environm Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Biostat & Bioinformat, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. US Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. US Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Morris, PJ (reprint author), Med Univ S Carolina, Marine Biomed & Environm Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM morrisp@musc.edu RI Khijniak, Tatiana/D-7346-2014; Van Nostrand, Joy/F-1740-2016 OI Van Nostrand, Joy/0000-0001-9548-6450 NR 41 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 15 PY 2007 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1877 EP 1882 DI 10.1021/es0616581 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 145HE UT WOS:000244855100019 PM 17410778 ER PT J AU Turner, J Overland, JE Walsh, JE AF Turner, John Overland, James E. Walsh, John E. TI An Arctic and Antarctic perspective on recent climate change SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE polar; Arctic; Antarctica; climate ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; SEA-ICE VARIABILITY; SUMMER TEMPERATURES; REANALYSIS PROJECT; AIR-TEMPERATURE; SNOW COVER; HEMISPHERE; TRENDS; PENINSULA; OCEAN AB We contrast recent climatic and environmental changes and their causes in the Arctic and the Antarctic. There are continuing increases in surface temperatures, losses of sea ice and tundra, and warming of permafrost over broad areas of the Arctic, while most of the major increase in Antarctic temperatures is on the Antarctic Peninsula associated with sea ice loss in the Bellingshausen-Amundsen Seas sector. While both natural atmospheric and oceanic variability, and changes in external forcing including increased greenhouse gas concentrations, must be considered in the quest for understanding such changes, the interactions and feedbacks between system components are particularly strong at high latitudes. For the 1950s to date in the Arctic and for 1957 to date in the Antarctic, positive trends in large-scale atmospheric circulation represented by the Arctic oscillation (AO) and Antarctic oscillations (AAO) and the Pacific North American (PNA) pattern contribute to the long-term temperature trends. However, continuing Arctic trends during the last decade of near neutral AO will require alternate explanations. The trend in the AAO since 1950 is larger than expected from natural variability and may be associated with the decrease in stratospheric ozone over Antarctic. The persistence shown in many Arctic and Antarctic Peninsula components of climate and their influence through possible feedback supports continuation of current trends over the next decade. One can expect large spatial and temporal differences, however, from the relative contributions of intrinsic variability, external forcing, and internal feedback/amplifications. It is particularly important to resolve regional feedback processes in future projections based on modeling scenarios. Copyright (C) 2006 Royal Meteorological Society. C1 British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK USA. RP Turner, J (reprint author), British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. EM jtu@bas.ac.uk NR 64 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 3 U2 50 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0899-8418 EI 1097-0088 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD MAR 15 PY 2007 VL 27 IS 3 BP 277 EP 293 DI 10.1002/joc.1406 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 149LB UT WOS:000245147300001 ER PT J AU Ludlow, AD Huang, X Notcutt, M Zanon-Willette, T Foreman, SM Boyd, MM Blatt, S Ye, J AF Ludlow, A. D. Huang, X. Notcutt, M. Zanon-Willette, T. Foreman, S. M. Boyd, M. M. Blatt, S. Ye, J. TI Compact, thermal-noise-limited optical cavity for diode laser stabilization at 1 X 10(-15) SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LINEWIDTH; FREQUENCY; COHERENCE; PHASE AB We demonstrate phase and frequency stabilization of a diode laser at the thermal noise limit of a passive optical cavity. The system is compact and exploits a cavity design that reduces vibration sensitivity. The subhertz laser is characterized by comparison with a second independent system with similar fractional frequency stability (1 X 10(-15) at 1 s). The laser is further characterized by resolving a 2 Hz wide, ultranarrow optical clock transition in ultracold strontium. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ludlow, AD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM ludlow@colorado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Blatt, Sebastian/F-8986-2012 OI Blatt, Sebastian/0000-0003-2466-9967 NR 16 TC 191 Z9 199 U1 6 U2 33 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD MAR 15 PY 2007 VL 32 IS 6 BP 641 EP 643 DI 10.1364/OL.32.000641 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 143MR UT WOS:000244726900020 PM 17308587 ER PT J AU Lyapustin, A Wang, Y Kahn, R Xiong, J Ignatov, A Wolfe, R Wu, A Holben, B Bruegge, C AF Lyapustin, A. Wang, Y. Kahn, R. Xiong, J. Ignatov, A. Wolfe, R. Wu, A. Holben, B. Bruegge, C. TI Analysis of MODIS-MISR calibration differences using surface albedo around AERONET sites and cloud reflectance SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE MODIS; MISR; calibration; AERONET; surface albedo; cloud regression ID ON-ORBIT PERFORMANCE; ANGLE IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER PROBLEM; GREENS-FUNCTION METHOD; OBSERVING SYSTEM; RETRIEVAL; ALGORITHM; SPECTROMETER; CHANNELS AB MODIS and MISR are two Earth Observing System instruments flown onboard the TerTa satellite. Their synergistic use could greatly benefit the broad user community by ensuring a global view of the Earth with high-quality products. A necessary condition for data fusion is radiometric calibration agreement between the two instruments. Earlier studies showed about 3% absolute radiometric difference between MISR and respective MODIS land bands in the visible and near-IR spectrum, which are also used in aerosol and cloud research. This study compared two surface albedo products derived from MODIS and MISR LIB data using the AERONET-based Surface Reflectance Validation Network (ASRVN). The ASRVN shows a positive MISR-MODIS albedo bias of + (0.01-0.03). Cross-sensor calibration inconsistencies were identified as a primary cause of the albedo biases. To establish an independent MODIS-MISR calibration link, top-of-atmosphere MODIS and MISR reflectances were regressed against each other over liquid water clouds. The empirical regression results have been adjusted for the differences in the respective MISR and MODIS spectral responses using radiative transfer simulations. The MISR-MODIS band gain differences for the top-of-atmosphere reflectance estimated with this technique are +6.0% in the Blue, +3.3% in the Green, +2.7% in the Red, and +0.8% in the NIR band. Applying the derived values to rescale the MODIS or MISR LIB data is shown to significantly reduce the cross-sensor ASRVN surface albedo biases. An absolute calibration scale for both sensors could be established based on independent ground-based measurements of the surface albedo at selected AERONET sites. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Lyapustin, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Mail Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Alexei.l.Lyapustin.1@gsfc.nasa.gov RI Ignatov, Alexander/F-5594-2010; Wolfe, Robert/E-1485-2012; Lyapustin, Alexei/H-9924-2014; Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012 OI Ignatov, Alexander/0000-0002-7463-5944; Wolfe, Robert/0000-0002-0915-1855; Lyapustin, Alexei/0000-0003-1105-5739; Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359 NR 42 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAR 15 PY 2007 VL 107 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 12 EP 21 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2006.09.028 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 144XM UT WOS:000244829800003 ER PT J AU Genkova, I Seiz, G Zuidema, P Zhao, GY Di Girolamo, L AF Genkova, Iliana Seiz, Gabriela Zuidema, Paquita Zhao, Guangyu Di Girolamo, Larry TI Cloud top height comparisons from ASTER, MISR, and MODIS for trade wind cumuli SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE trade wind cumulus; cloud top height; ASTER; MISR; MODIS ID PRECIPITATION; RETRIEVAL; AEROSOL; OCEAN AB ASTER stereo and ASTER infrared (IR) retrieved cloud top heights (CTHs) at 90 m spatial resolution are compared to operational Multi-Angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) stereo and MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) thermal IR techniques at I 100 m and 5000 m spatial resolution, respectively. ASTER data availability limits this study to trade wind cumulus clouds only. ASTER IR, MISR stereo and MODIS IR cloud height frequency distributions were derived for 41 trade wind cumulus cloud scenes with no cirrus contamination. All three retrievals produce a bimodal CTH distribution with maxima at 650 and 1500 m. Several scenes are investigated in further details utilizing the ASTER stereo heights. The ASTER stereo-derived CTH frequency distribution is also bimodal and coincides best with a surface-based ceilometer-derived cloud base height distribution, in the sense that it produces the fewest CTH retrievals below the typical lidar-observed cloud base height. Sensitivity to spatial resolution was investigated by degrading ASTER stereo and IR CTH retrievals to the MISR spatial resolution, and also by deriving ASTER stereo heights from degraded radiances. The degraded ASTER stereo CTH retrievals remain bimodal, but showed less high clouds and more lower clouds, whereas the ASTER stereo heights from degraded radiances lose the bimodal structure similarly to the ASTER degraded resolution IR technique. Overall, the stereo technique appears more suitable for retrieving CTH for trade wind cumulus clouds than IR techniques, because it shows less sensitivity to resolution. With either technique CTHs should be produced at the high spatial resolution (finer than 1 km) and with subsampling preferred over spatial averaging, if necessary. Nonetheless, even at a spatial resolution of 1 km (which often exceeds the horizontal size of many trade wind cumulus clouds) both stereo and IR techniques reflect the CTH bimodality characterizing the scenes we studied. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Miami, RSMAS, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Genkova, I (reprint author), NOAA, NESDISS, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53703 USA. EM iliana.genkova@ssec.wisc.edu RI Zuidema, Paquita/C-9659-2013 OI Zuidema, Paquita/0000-0003-4719-372X NR 24 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAR 15 PY 2007 VL 107 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 211 EP 222 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2006.07.021 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 144XM UT WOS:000244829800020 ER PT J AU Johnson, LL Ylitalo, GM Sloan, CA Anulacion, BF Kagley, AN Arkoosh, MR Lundrigan, TA Larson, K Siipola, M Collier, TK AF Johnson, Lyndal L. Ylitalo, Gina M. Sloan, Catherine A. Anulacion, Bernadita F. Kagley, Anna N. Arkoosh, Mary R. Lundrigan, Tricia A. Larson, Kim Siipola, Mark Collier, Tracy K. TI Persistent organic pollutants in outmigrant juvenile chinook salmon from the Lower Columbia Estuary, USA SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review DE chinook salmon; Columbia River; PCBs; DDTs; PAHs ID STURGEON ACIPENSER-TRANSMONTANUS; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS PAHS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT; RAINBOW-TROUT; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY; CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS; WILLAMETTE RIVER; ATLANTIC CROAKER AB Although chemical contaminants are recognized as a potential factor contributing to the salmon declines in the Pacific Northwest, United States, information on contaminant concentrations in threatened and endangered salmon from the Columbia Estuary is limited. In this study we monitored exposure to several persistent organic pollutants [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated bipheryls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and other organochlorine pesticides] in outmigrant juvenile fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) in the Lower Columbia River, and evaluated the potential for adverse effects on salmon and the estuarine food web. Contaminants were measured in whole bodies and stomach contents of subyearling to yearling chinook collected in 2001 and 2002 from sites near the confluence of the Columbia and Willamette Rivers, Longview, and within the lower Estuary. The contaminants detected at highest concentrations in salmon whole bodies were PCBs and DDTs. Average concentrations of PCBs in salmon from the sampling sites ranged from 1300 to 14,000 ng/g lipid, in some cases exceeding the recently estimated threshold for adverse health effects in juvenile salmonids of 2400 ng/g lipid. Average DDT concentrations ranged from 1800 to 27,000 ng/g lipid. These levels are among the highest measured in juvenile salmon from Pacific Northwest estuaries to date. Concentrations of PCBs and DDTs in salmon whole bodies showed no clear spatial gradient from the Willamette/Columbia Confluence to the mouth of the Columbia, but tended to be higher in larger fish and older fish, suggesting a correlation With estuarine residence time. PCBs, DDTs, and PAHs were all found in salmon stomach contents, indicating that prey is a source of exposure. Hatchery feed may have contributed to contaminant body burdens in those fish that were of hatchery origin. Contaminant body burdens in salmon were poorly correlated with contaminant concentrations previously measured in local bed sediments, suggesting that pelagic as well as benthic sources are important in determining salmon exposure. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Portland Dist Off, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Johnson, LL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Lyndal.L.Johnson@noaa.gov NR 118 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAR 15 PY 2007 VL 374 IS 2-3 BP 342 EP 366 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.11.051 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 152LW UT WOS:000245364500015 PM 17306864 ER PT J AU Polikhronidi, NG Stepanov, GV Abdulagatov, IM Batyrova, RG AF Polikhronidi, Nikolai G. Stepanov, Genadii V. Abdulagatov, Illmutdin M. Batyrova, Rabiyat G. TI Thermodynamic study of the n-octane-1-pentanol-sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions in water SO THERMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE adiabatic calorimeter; density; heat capacity; n-octane; 1-pentanol; phase transition; pressure; sodium dodecylsulfate; water ID HEAT-CAPACITY MEASUREMENTS; SOLID PHASE-TRANSITIONS; AQUEOUS SODIUM-SULFATE; NORMAL-BUTANOL-TOLUENE; CRITICAL END-POINT; NITROGEN TETROXIDE; MICRO-EMULSIONS; CRITICAL REGION; VOLUMES; SYSTEM AB The thermodynamic properties, PVTx (T-s, P-s, rho(s)), (partial derivative P/partial derivative T)(vx), and C(v)VTx, of three microemulsions (water + n-octane + sodium dodecylsulfate + 1-pentanol) with composition of solution-1: 0.0777 (H2O):0.6997 (n-C8H18):0.0777 (SDS):0.1449 (1-C5H11OH) mass fraction; solution-2: 0.6220 (H2O):0.1555 (n-C8H18):0.0777 (SDS):0.1448 (1-C5H11OH) mass fraction; and solution-3: 0.2720 (H2O):0.5054 (n-C8H18):0.0777 (SDS):0.1449 (1-C5H11OH) mass fraction were measured. Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) was used as an ionic surfactant, 1-pentanol used as stabilizer (cosurfactant), and n-octane as oil component in aqueous solution. A high-temperature, high-pressure, adiabatic, and nearly constant-volume calorimeter supplemented by quasi-static thermogram technique was used for the measurements. Measurements were made at eight densities (isochores) between 475.87 and 919.03 kg m(-3). The range of temperature was from 275 to 536 K and pressure range was up to 138 bar. Uncertainty of the pressure, density, derivative (partial derivative P/partial derivative T)(vx), and heat capacity measurements are estimated to be 0.25%, 0.02%, 0.12-1.5%, and 2.5%, respectively. Temperatures at liquid-gas phase transition curve, Ts(p), for each measured densities (isochores) were determined using a quasi-static thermogram technique. The uncertainty of the phase transition temperature measurements is about +/- 0.02 K. The effect of temperature, density, and concentration on the heat capacity of the microemulsions is discussed. Along the isochore of 438.40 kg m(-3) at temperatures above 525.44 K for the first solution the precipitation of the solid phase (SDS) was found. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Phys, Makhachkala 367005, Dagestan, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Geothermal Problems, Makhachkala 367003, Dagestan, Russia. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 35 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-6031 J9 THERMOCHIM ACTA JI Thermochim. Acta PD MAR 15 PY 2007 VL 454 IS 2 BP 99 EP 108 DI 10.1016/j.tca.2006.12.014 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 149TF UT WOS:000245168900005 ER PT J AU Stalick, JK Waterstrat, RM AF Stalick, J. K. Waterstrat, R. M. TI The zirconium-platinum phase diagram SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE intermetallics; crystal structure and symmetry; neutron diffraction; phase diagram; Pt alloys; Zr alloys ID EQUIATOMIC COMPOUNDS; TRANSITION; SYSTEMS AB Phase relationships were studied in Pt-rich, near-equiatomic Zr-Pt alloys. The composition range of the previously unreported rhombohedral compound Zr3Pt4, isomorphous with Zr3Pd4 above room temperature, extends to the Zr-rich composition Zr9Pt11 by the formation of lattice vacancies on certain Pt sites. A metastable tetragonal Zr9Pt11 compound is formed, however, when vacancy formation is inhibited. The rhombohedral structure undergoes a displacement transformation on cooling between 90 and 140 degrees C to a low-temperature structure that is presumably triclinic. The orthorhombic compound ZrPt is stable from room temperature to 1590 degrees C where it transforms to a cubic B2-type structure. Structural data are given for the compounds ZrPt, Zr9Pt(11), Zr3Pt4 and Zr7Pt10, and a complete Zr-Pt phase diagram is presented. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stalick, JK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM judith.stalick@nist.gov NR 18 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD MAR 14 PY 2007 VL 430 IS 1-2 BP 123 EP 131 DI 10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.04.055 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 144WD UT WOS:000244826200022 ER PT J AU Enevoldsen, AD Hansen, FY Diama, A Taub, H Dimeo, RM Neumann, DA Copley, JRD AF Enevoldsen, A. D. Hansen, F. Y. Diama, A. Taub, H. Dimeo, R. M. Neumann, D. A. Copley, J. R. D. TI Comparative study of normal and branched alkane monolayer films adsorbed on a solid surface. II. Dynamics SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSIVE MOTIONS; SPECTROMETER; GRAPHITE; NIST AB The dynamics of monolayer films of the n-alkane tetracosane (n-C24H52) and the branched alkane squalane (C30H62) adsorbed on graphite have been studied by quasielastic and inelastic neutron scattering and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Both molecules have 24 carbon atoms along their carbon backbone, and squalane has an additional six methyl side groups symmetrically placed along its length. The authors' principal objective has been to determine the influence of the side groups on the dynamics of the squalane monolayer and thereby assess its potential as a nanoscale lubricant. To investigate the dynamics of these monolayers they used both the disk chopper spectrometer (DCS) and the high flux backscattering spectrometer (HFBS) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. These instruments made it possible to study dynamical processes such as molecular diffusive motions and vibrations on very different time scales: 1-40 ps (DCS) and 0.1-4 ns (HFBS). The MD simulations were done on corresponding time scales and were used to interpret the neutron spectra. The authors found that the dynamics of the two monolayers are qualitatively similar on the respective time scales and that there are only small quantitative differences that can be understood in terms of the different masses and moments of inertia of the two molecules. In the course of this study, the authors developed a procedure to separate out the low-frequency vibrational modes in the spectra, thereby facilitating an analysis of the quasielastic scattering. They conclude that there are no major differences in the monolayer dynamics caused by intramolecular branching. It remains to be seen whether this similarity in monolayer dynamics also holds for the lubricating properties of these molecules in confined geometries. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Chem, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. Univ Missouri, Dept Phys & Astron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Res Reactor Ctr, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Enevoldsen, AD (reprint author), Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Chem, IK 207 DTU, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. EM flemming@kemi.dtu.dk NR 18 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 EI 1089-7690 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAR 14 PY 2007 VL 126 IS 10 AR 104704 DI 10.1063/1.2464092 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 145WD UT WOS:000244895600026 PM 17362078 ER PT J AU Ervens, B Cubison, M Andrews, E Feingold, G Ogren, JA Jimenez, JL DeCarlo, P Nenes, A AF Ervens, Barbara Cubison, Michael Andrews, Elisabeth Feingold, Graham Ogren, John A. Jimenez, Jose L. DeCarlo, Peter Nenes, Athanasios TI Prediction of cloud condensation nucleus number concentration using measurements of aerosol size distributions and composition and light scattering enhancement due to humidity SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETER; HYGROSCOPIC GROWTH; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; DROPLET GROWTH; MEASURED CCN; PARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; MOBILITY; SPECTRA; CARBON AB [1] A cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) closure experiment is carried out using data from the Chebogue Point, Nova Scotia, ground site during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) field experiment in 2004. The number concentration of CCN at five supersaturations (similar to 0.07% to similar to 0.5%) is predicted from measurements of aerosol size distribution, composition, and hygroscopic growth and is compared to measured CCN concentrations. It is shown that CCN can be predicted quite reliably using measured size distributions, a simple aerosol model to derive the solute-to-water mole ratio, and the diameter growth factor g(RH) or the optical growth factor f(RH). The mean error ranges from an overestimate in CCN of <= 5% at high supersaturation to a factor of 2.4 at low supersaturation with regression coefficients r(2) of 0.90 and 0.53, respectively. The poor agreement at low supersaturation is primarily a result of high flow rates in the CCN counter that prevented small particles from growing to detectable sizes. Precise knowledge of the temperature gradient, and flow rates of the instrument, is essential to establish the correct supersaturation, particularly at low supersaturation, where errors translate into a large percentage of the activated number. There may also be some contribution from simplified composition assumptions, e. g., neglecting variability with size and/or mixing state. The mostly oxygenated organic aerosol could be modeled as insoluble, within the above uncertainties, from the point of view of hygroscopicity and activation. The generality of these conclusions will have to be tested at other locations. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Manchester, Sch Earth Atmospher & Environm Sci, Manchester, Lancs, England. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biomol Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Ervens, B (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM barbara.ervens@noaa.gov RI Jimenez, Jose/A-5294-2008; DeCarlo, Peter/B-2118-2008; Ervens, Barbara/D-5495-2013; Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Ogren, John/M-8255-2015; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Jimenez, Jose/0000-0001-6203-1847; DeCarlo, Peter/0000-0001-6385-7149; Ervens, Barbara/0000-0002-6223-1635; Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583; NR 42 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 14 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10S32 DI 10.1029/2006JD007426 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 147QP UT WOS:000245017800001 ER PT J AU Han, ZH Yang, B Kim, SH Zachariah, MR AF Han, Z. H. Yang, B. Kim, S. H. Zachariah, M. R. TI Application of hybrid sphere/carbon nanotube particles in nanofluids SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT; CARBON NANOTUBES; CLASSIFICATION; SIZE AB Previous studies on nanofluids have focused on spherical or long-fibre particles. In this work, a new type of complex nanoparticle-a hybrid sphere/carbon nanotube(CNT) particle, consisting of numerous CNTs attached to an alumina/iron oxide sphere-is proposed for applications in nanofluids. In such hybrid nanoparticles, heat is expected to transport rapidly from one CNT to another through the centre sphere and thus leading to less thermal contact resistance between CNTs when compared to simple CNTs dispersed in fluids. CNTs have an extremely high thermal conductivity, but thermal resistance between the CNTs and the fluid has limited their performance in nanofluids. The proposed hybrid sphere/CNT particles are synthesized by spray pyrolysis followed by catalytic growth of CNTs. The spheres are about 70 nm in diameter on average, and the attached CNTs have a length up to 2 mu m. These hybrid nanoparticles are dispersed to poly-alpha-olefin with sonication and a small amount of surfactants to form stable nanofluids. The thermal conductivity of the fluids has been measured by a 3 omega-wire method over a temperature range 10-90 degrees C. The results indicate that the effective thermal conductivity of the fluids is increased by about 21% at room temperature for particle volume fractions of 0.2%. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, Nanoscale Heat Transfer & Energy Convers Lab, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, Lab Nanoparticle Based Mfg & Metrol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yang, B (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, Nanoscale Heat Transfer & Energy Convers Lab, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM baoyang@umd.edu; mrz@umd.edu RI Han, Zenghu/B-4012-2010 NR 23 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 3 U2 17 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 EI 1361-6528 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD MAR 14 PY 2007 VL 18 IS 10 AR 105701 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/18/10/105701 PG 4 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 150QA UT WOS:000245230100019 ER PT J AU Read, DT Tewary, VK AF Read, D. T. Tewary, V. K. TI Multiscale model of near-spherical germanium quantum dots in silicon SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATOMISTIC SIMULATIONS; STRUCTURAL-PROPERTIES; STRAIN DISTRIBUTIONS; SELF-ORGANIZATION; ISLANDS; NANOSTRUCTURES; GE; SUPERLATTICE; SUBSTRATE; DEFECTS AB Atomic displacements, strains and strain energies in the neighbourhood of near-spherical, coherent Ge 'quantum dots' (QD) in crystalline Si and near a {001} Si surface have been predicted by multiscale modelling, by use of a combination of classical molecular dynamics ( MD) and Green's function (GF) techniques. The model includes the nonlinear effects at the GeSi interface and allows the boundary of the system to be placed outside the two million atom host crystallite. A modified-embedded-atom-model interatomic potential was used for both MD and GF calculations. Dots of four sizes were analysed, ranging in diameter from 1.1 to 6.5 nm. The supercell size was 34.2 nm. Calculations for strains and displacements in the infinite solid were extended to the {001} surface of the semi-infinite solid using the scheme described previously. Atomic displacements in the infinite solid showed trends generally similar to the early estimate of Mott and Nabarro, but differed in detail, especially for the smaller dots. Surface displacements were broadly similar in magnitude and shape to the classic isotropic continuum solution of Mindlin and Cheng. For large ( e. g. 6.5 nm diameter) near-surface dots, the surface displacements are of a magnitude sufficient to be observed by advanced scanned probe microscopy. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Read, DT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM read@boulder.nist.gov NR 49 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 8 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 EI 1361-6528 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD MAR 14 PY 2007 VL 18 IS 10 AR 105402 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/18/10/105402 PG 12 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 150QA UT WOS:000245230100013 ER PT J AU Gorgues, T Menkes, C Aumont, O Dandonneau, Y Madec, G Rodgers, K AF Gorgues, T. Menkes, C. Aumont, O. Dandonneau, Y. Madec, G. Rodgers, K. TI Indonesian throughflow control of the eastern equatorial Pacific biogeochemistry SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OCEAN; IRON; UNDERCURRENT; CIRCULATION; THERMOCLINE; LIMITATION; NITRATE; GROWTH; IMPACT AB Two model simulations were performed to address the influence of the Indonesian throughflow (ITF) on the biogeochemical state of the equatorial Pacific. A simulation where the ITF is open is compared with an experiment where it is closed, and it is first shown that the impacts on the physical circulation are consistent with what has been found in previous modelling studies. In terms of biochemistry, closing the ITF results in increased iron concentration at the origin of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). But the 11Sv of water otherwise transferred to the Indian Ocean remain in the equatorial Pacific, which result in a 30 m deepening of the thermocline/ferricline in the eastern Pacific. This deepening decreases the iron concentration of the equatorial wind driven upwelled water and cancels the iron increase advected by the EUC. The iron decrease of the equatorial upwelled water leads to decrease primary production by 15% along the equator. C1 Univ Paris 06, Lab Oceanog & Climat Expt & Approches Numer, F-75252 Paris, France. Inst Rech Dev, Lab Oceanog & Climat Expt & Approches Numer, Noumea 98848, New Caledonia. Inst Rech Dev, Lab Oceanog & Climat Expt & Approches Numer, F-29280 Plouzane, France. Inst Rech Dev, Lab Oceanog & Climat Expt & Approches Numer, F-75252 Paris, France. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & OCean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Gorgues, T (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, Lab Oceanog & Climat Expt & Approches Numer, Case 100,4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France. EM tglod@lodyc.jussieu.fr RI madec, gurvan/E-7825-2010; Gorgues, Thomas/G-4544-2010; Aumont, Olivier/G-5207-2016; menkes, christophe/H-9085-2016 OI madec, gurvan/0000-0002-6447-4198; Gorgues, Thomas/0000-0003-0091-0314; Aumont, Olivier/0000-0003-3954-506X; menkes, christophe/0000-0002-1457-9696 NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 13 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 5 AR L05609 DI 10.1029/2006GL028210 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 147PS UT WOS:000245015500001 ER PT J AU Matrosov, SY AF Matrosov, Sergey Y. TI Potential for attenuation-based estimations of rainfall rate from CloudSat SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRMM PRECIPITATION RADAR; ALGORITHM AB Attenuation of radar signals in rain increases with frequency while the variability of non-attenuated reflectivity of rainfall diminishes as resonance scattering effects become more pronounced at higher radar frequencies. At mm-wavelength frequencies, attenuation often becomes the dominant factor responsible for apparent reflectivity changes in vertical. This study presents an attenuation-based method to retrieve vertical profiles of rain rate from nadir-pointing W-band (94 GHz) radars. The quantitative assessments of retrieval errors are discussed, and an illustration of the retrievals using measurements from the spaceborne 94 GHz CloudSat radar is shown. As a consistency check, the spaceborne W-band radar retrievals are compared with concurrent estimates from a ground-based weather surveillance radar. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, ESRL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Matrosov, SY (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sergey.matrosov@noaa.gov NR 9 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 13 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 5 AR L05817 DI 10.1029/2006GL029161 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 147PS UT WOS:000245015500007 ER PT J AU Gong, TY Shen, JY Hu, ZB Marquez, M Cheng, ZD AF Gong, Tieying Shen, Jingyi Hu, Zhibing Marquez, Manuel Cheng, Zhengdong TI Nucleation rate measurement of colloidal crystallization using microfluidic emulsion droplets SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID HARD-SPHERE SUSPENSIONS; CRYSTAL-NUCLEATION; KINETICS; GENERATION; PARTICLES; GROWTH; DEVICE; FLOW AB An emulsion crystallization method has been demonstrated to measure the nucleation rate of a thermoresponsive colloidal poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) system. The colloidal PNIPAM suspension was injected into a microfluidic flow-focusing device to generate monodispersed droplets in oil. The temperature was controlled to fine tune the volume fraction of the PNIPAM particles, and the microfluidic flow rate was varied to change the droplet sizes, thus altering the nucleation volume. Using independent droplets, we can isolate the nucleation events to eliminate the interactions among crystallites that existed in bulk or large droplet systems. Therefore, we were able to carry out accurate nucleation rate measurements of colloidal crystals. This emulsion crystallization method is promising for bridging the gap among theories, simulations, and experiments for nucleation kinetics studies. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Artie McFerrin Dept Chem Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Philip Morris Inc, INEST, Grp Postgrad Program, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. Philip Morris Inc, Res Ctr, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. Univ N Texas, Dept Phys, Denton, TX 76203 USA. NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computat Nanosci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Arizona State Univ, Harrington Dept Bioengn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Cheng, ZD (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Artie McFerrin Dept Chem Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM zhengdong.cheng@chemail.tamu.edu NR 31 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 42 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD MAR 13 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 6 BP 2919 EP 2923 DI 10.1021/la063070d PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 142KZ UT WOS:000244650000002 PM 17305378 ER PT J AU Nosonovsky, M AF Nosonovsky, Michael TI Multiscale roughness and stability of superhydrophobic biomimetic interfaces SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID WATER-REPELLENT; SURFACES AB The stability of a composite interface of roughness-induced superhydrophobic surfaces is studied. To have high contact angle and low contact angle hysteresis, superhydrophobic surfaces should be able to form a composite interface with air pockets in the valleys between asperities (pillars). However, the composite interface may be unstable and can be irreversibly transformed into a homogeneous interface. We formulate a stability criterion and analyze the stability of the composite interface for several typical roughness profiles. To resist destabilizing mechanisms, multiscale (hierarchical) roughness is required. Such multiscale roughness is found in natural and artificial superhydrophobic surfaces. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nosonovsky, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8520, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.nosonovsky@nist.gov RI Nosonovsky, Michael/B-2228-2012 NR 29 TC 275 Z9 283 U1 9 U2 100 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD MAR 13 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 6 BP 3157 EP 3161 DI 10.1021/la062301d PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 142KZ UT WOS:000244650000034 PM 17295522 ER PT J AU Epps, TH DeLongchamp, DM Fasolka, MJ Fischer, DA Jablonski, EL AF Epps, Thomas H., III DeLongchamp, Dean M. Fasolka, Michael J. Fischer, Daniel A. Jablonski, Erin L. TI Substrate surface energy dependent morphology and dewetting in an ABC triblock copolymer film SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID THIN POLYMER-FILMS; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS; NETWORK PHASES; CRYSTALLIZATION; INSTABILITIES; TERPOLYMERS; ORIENTATION; INTERFACES AB A gradient combinatorial approach was used to examine the effect of substrate surface energy on the morphology and stability of films of a poly(isoprene-b-styrene-b-ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer that exhibits an alternating gyroid morphology in the bulk. Atomic force microscopy data across our surface energy (water contact angle) library suggest a transformation to predominantly surface parallel lamellae with an antisymmetric ordering. For substrate water contact angles below 70 degrees the film exhibited autophobic dewetting from an adsorbed half-period triblock copolymer monolayer at longer annealing times. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure analysis along gradient specimens indicated that the substrate surface energy governed the composition profile of the monolayer, and this variation in chemical expression was key to whether the film was stable or autophobically dewet. These observations demonstrate that enthalpic interactions, in addition to entropic considerations, can play a major role in autophobic dewetting of block copolymer films. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Bucknell Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Lewisburg, PA 17837 USA. RP Epps, TH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM thepps@udel.edu; mfasolka@nist.gov RI Epps, Thomas/B-7337-2012 NR 53 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 33 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD MAR 13 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 6 BP 3355 EP 3362 DI 10.1021/la062707q PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 142KZ UT WOS:000244650000060 PM 17291017 ER PT J AU Choi, J Wang, NS Reipa, V AF Choi, Jonghoon Wang, Nam Sun Reipa, Vytas TI Photoassisted tuning of silicon nanocrystal photoluminescence SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM DOTS; POROUS SILICON; LUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES; BLUE PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; NANOPARTICLES; SI; HYDROSILYLATION; NANOCLUSTERS; PHOTOPHYSICS; GERMANIUM AB Silicon is a rather inefficient light emitter due to the indirect band gap electronic structure, requiring a phonon to balance the electron momentum during the interband transition. Fortunately, momentum requirements are relaxed in the 1-5 nm diameter Si crystals as a result of quantum confinement effects, and bright photoluminescence (PL) in the UV-vis range is achieved. Photoluminescent Si nanocrystals along with the C- and SiC-based nanoparticles are considered bioinert and may lead to the development of biocompatible and smaller probes than the well-known metal chalcogenide-based quantum dots. Published Si nanocrystal production procedures typically do not allow for the fine control of the particle size. An accepted way to make the H-terminated Si nanocrystals consists of anodic Si wafer etching with the subsequent breakup of the porous film in an ultrasound bath. Resulting H-termination provides a useful platform for further chemical derivatization and conjugation to biomolecules. However, a rather polydisperse mixture is produced following the ultrasonic treatment, leading to the distributed band gap energies and the extent of surface passivation. From the technological point of view, a homogeneous nanoparticle size mixture is highly desirable. In this study, we offer an efficient way to reduce the H-terminated Si nanocrystal diameter and narrow size distribution through photocatalyzed dissolution in a HF/HNO3 acid mixture. Si particles were produced using the lateral etching of a Si wafer in a HF/EtOH/H2O bath followed by sonication in deaerated methanol. Initial suspensions exhibited broad photoluminescence in the red spectral region. Photoassisted etching was carried out by adding the HF/HNO3 acid mixture to the suspension and exposing it to a 340 nm light. Photoluminescence and absorbance spectra, measured during dissolution, show the gradual particle size decrease as confirmed by the photoluminescence blue shift. The simultaneous narrowing of the photoluminescence spectral bandwidth suggests that the dissolution rate varies with the particle size. We show that the Si nanoparticle dissolution rate depends on the amount of light adsorbed by the particle and accounts for the etching rate variation with the particle size. Significant improvement in the PL quantum yield is observed during the acid treatment, suggesting improvement in the dangling bond passivation. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Reipa, V (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Choi, Jonghoon/A-7693-2011; Wang, Nam Sun/E-4253-2016 OI Choi, Jonghoon/0000-0003-3554-7033; NR 38 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 40 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD MAR 13 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 6 BP 3388 EP 3394 DI 10.1021/la062906+ PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 142KZ UT WOS:000244650000064 PM 17295527 ER PT J AU Liew, LA Moreland, J Gerginov, V AF Liew, Li-Anne Moreland, John Gerginov, Vladislav TI Wafer-level filling of microfabricated atomic vapor cells based on thin-film deposition and photolysis of cesium azide SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB The thin-film deposition and photodecomposition of cesium azide are demonstrated and used to fill arrays of miniaturized atomic resonance cells with cesium and nitrogen buffer gas for chip-scale atomic-based instruments. Arrays of silicon cells are batch fabricated on wafers into which cesium azide is deposited by vacuum thermal evaporation. After vacuum sealing, the cells are irradiated with ultraviolet radiation, causing the azide to photodissociate into pure cesium and nitrogen in situ. This technology integrates the vapor-cell fabrication and filling procedures into one continuous and wafer-level parallel process, and results in cells that are optically transparent and chemically pure. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Liew, LA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM liew@boulder.nist.gov NR 13 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 12 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 11 AR 114106 DI 10.1063/1.2712501 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 146UC UT WOS:000244959200115 ER PT J AU Pellegrino, JG Qadri, SB Mahadik, NA Rao, MV Tseng, WF Thurber, R Gajewski, D Guyer, J AF Pellegrino, Joseph G. Qadri, Syed B. Mahadik, Nadeemullah A. Rao, Mulpuri V. Tseng, Wen F. Thurber, Robert Gajewski, Donald Guyer, Jonathan TI Thermal instability and the growth of the InGaAs/AlGaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor system SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSE-REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; TEMPERATURE-MEASUREMENT AB The effects of temperature overshoot during molecular beam epitaxy growth on the transport properties of conventionally and delta-doped pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT) structures have been examined. A diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS)-controlled versus a thermocouple (TC)-controlled, growth scheme is compared. Several advantages of the DRS-grown pHEMTs over the TC-controlled version were observed. Modest improvements in mobility, on the order of 2%-3%, were observed in addition to a 20% reduction in carrier freeze-out for the DRS-grown pHEMTs at 77 K. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 USA, Night Vis Lab, Ft Belvoir, VA 22060 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pellegrino, JG (reprint author), USA, Night Vis Lab, Ft Belvoir, VA 22060 USA. EM qadri@anvil.nrl.navy.mil RI Mahadik, Nadeemullah/C-8551-2009; Guyer, Jonathan/M-5165-2016 OI Guyer, Jonathan/0000-0002-1407-6589 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 12 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 11 AR 113504 DI 10.1063/1.2713165 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 146UC UT WOS:000244959200097 ER PT J AU Lefebvre, KA Noren, DP Schultz, IR Bogard, SM Wilson, J Eberhart, BTL AF Lefebvre, Kathi A. Noren, Dawn P. Schultz, Irvin R. Bogard, Sara M. Wilson, Jacquelyn Eberhart, Bich-Thuy L. TI Uptake, tissue distribution and excretion of domoic acid after oral exposure in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE domoic acid; ASP; amnesic shellfish poisoning; fish; food web transfers; toxic effects; algal toxin; harmful algal bloom; excitotoxicity; uptake; depuration; excretion ID MONKEYS MACACA-FASCICULARIS; SEA LIONS; NEUROTOXICITY; CALIFORNIA; RAT; CLEARANCE; MORTALITY; MICE AB Domoic acid (DA) is a potent neurotoxin naturally produced by some pennate diatom species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. It is well known that during harmful algal blooms fish can accumulate DA in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and act as vectors of the toxin to higher trophic level piscivores, often with severe neurotoxic consequences to the predators. Although neurotoxicity and mass mortality have been observed in vertebrates (i.e. marine mammals and sea birds) feeding on contaminated fish, to date there has been no evidence of neurobehavioral toxicity in the fish vectors themselves. It has been hypothesized that fish may not absorb DA from the digestive tract, thus making them insensitive to dietary consumption of DA. To test this hypothesis, we performed oral gavage exposures followed by a time series of tissue dissections to characterize uptake, depuration, and tissue distribution of DA in fish. Intracoelomic (IC) injection exposures (which bypass the GI tract) were also performed to determine if coho neurons are neurologically susceptible to DA. Excitotoxic symptoms were observed in fish via IC injection at similar toxin levels that have been reported to induce excitotoxic symptoms in intraperitoneal (IP) exposures with mammalian models such as mice, suggesting that fish neurons have a similar sensitivity to DA as other vertebrates. Surprisingly, after oral gavage with ecologically relevant doses of DA, the toxin was detected in plasma collected from the dorsal aorta via a permanent intraarterial catheter within 15 min, yet excitotoxic symptoms were not observed. Additionally, DA was detected in liver, heart, spleen, kidney, muscle, brain and bile. These data indicate that although DA is absorbed from the gut, fish do not exhibit neuroexcitatory effects at maximum ecologically relevant oral doses of DA. Tissue distribution and DA uptake and depuration patterns suggest that a majority of the absorbed toxin is excreted via the kidneys and bile, thereby preventing toxic levels of DA from reaching sensitive nervous tissue. Additionally, greater than 20% of total IC administered DA doses were sequestered in bile within I h of injection in five symptomatic fish, providing evidence for biliary sequestration of the toxin from blood. Here, we comprehensively describe the uptake, depuration, and tissue distribution patterns of DA and propose that renal and biliary processes may serve as primary routes of toxin clearance in fish. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Marine Biotoxins Program, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Marine Mammal Program, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Battelle Pacific NW Div, Marine Sci Lab, Sequim, WA 98352 USA. RP Lefebvre, KA (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Marine Biotoxins Program, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Kathi.Lefebvre@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD MAR 10 PY 2007 VL 81 IS 3 BP 266 EP 274 DI 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.12.009 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 148JA UT WOS:000245069500004 PM 17250904 ER PT J AU Li, T She, CY Liu, HL Montgomery, MT AF Li, Tao She, C. -Y. Liu, Han-Li Montgomery, Michael T. TI Evidence of a gravity wave breaking event and the estimation of the wave characteristics from sodium lidar observation over Fort Collins, CO (41 degrees N, 105 degrees W) SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MESOPAUSE REGION; INVERSION LAYER; TEMPERATURE; MESOSPHERE; TURBULENCE; BREAKDOWN AB On the night of December 3rd, 2004 (UT day 338), we observed a significant acceleration of horizontal wind near 100 km between 0900 and 0915 UT accompanied by a temperature cooling at the same altitude and warming below it. The Lomb spectrum analysis of the raw dataset revealed that a gravity wave with 1.5 hr period was significant between 0500 and 0900 UT, but blurred after 0900 UT, suggesting the transfer of wave energy and momentum from wave field to mean flow. Most likely, this observed phenomenon is due to the breaking of an upward propagating gravity wave with an apparent period of similar to 1.5 hr. Using linear saturation theory and assuming a monochromatic wave packet, we estimated the characteristics of breaking gravity wave, eddy diffusion coefficient, and a simple relation between Prandtl number and turbulence localization measure when the wave is breaking, from the experimentally determined heating rate, horizontal wind acceleration, and background temperature and winds. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Phys, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Meteorol, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL USA. RP Li, T (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Table Mt Facil, 24490 Table Mt Rd,POB 367, Wrightwood, CA 92397 USA. EM taoli@tmf.jpl.nasa.gov RI Liu, Han-Li/A-9549-2008; Li, Tao/J-8950-2014 OI Liu, Han-Li/0000-0002-6370-0704; Li, Tao/0000-0002-5100-4429 NR 17 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 10 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 5 AR L05815 DI 10.1029/2006GL028988 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 145XB UT WOS:000244898000006 ER PT J AU Ge, JJ Qi, JG Lofgren, BM Moore, N Torbick, N Olson, JM AF Ge, Jianjun Qi, Jiaguo Lofgren, Brent M. Moore, Nathan Torbick, Nathan Olson, Jennifer M. TI Impacts of land use/cover classification accuracy on regional climate simulations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID COVER CHARACTERISTICS DATABASE; SURFACE PARAMETERIZATION SIB2; ATMOSPHERIC GCMS; BIOSPHERE MODEL; LANDSCAPE; SENSITIVITY; VEGETATION; RAINFALL; AFRICA; CIRCULATIONS AB Land use/cover change has been recognized as a key component in global change. Various land cover data sets, including historically reconstructed, recently observed, and future projected, have been used in numerous climate modeling studies at regional to global scales. However, little attention has been paid to the effect of land cover classification accuracy on climate simulations, though accuracy assessment has become a routine procedure in land cover production community. In this study, we analyzed the behavior of simulated precipitation in the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) over a range of simulated classification accuracies over a 3 month period. This study found that land cover accuracy under 80% had a strong effect on precipitation especially when the land surface had a greater control of the atmosphere. This effect became stronger as the accuracy decreased. As shown in three follow-on experiments, the effect was further influenced by model parameterizations such as convection schemes and interior nudging, which can mitigate the strength of surface boundary forcings. In reality, land cover accuracy rarely obtains the commonly recommended 85% target. Its effect on climate simulations should therefore be considered, especially when historically reconstructed and future projected land covers are employed. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Geog, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Ctr Global Change & Earth Observ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Int Livestock Res Inst, Nairobi, Kenya. RP Ge, JJ (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Geog, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM gejianju@msu.edu OI Lofgren, Brent/0000-0003-2189-0914 NR 53 TC 40 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 10 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D5 AR D05107 DI 10.1029/2006JD007404 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 145XN UT WOS:000244899200003 ER PT J AU Shirley, EL AF Shirley, Eric L. TI Higher-order boundary-diffraction-wave formulation SO JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS LA English DT Article ID RADIOMETRY AB We consider propagation of radiation through N apertures in series modelled using the Huygens-Kirchhoff Green's function method. We present a method to evaluate the final radiation field using at most N-fold integrals over aperture perimeters instead of the 2N-fold integration over the aperture areas that one might anticipate. This generalizes the boundary-diffraction-wave formulation to higher orders. After deriving a formula for the boundary-diffraction wave at all orders of diffraction, we provide sufficient detail to realize its implementation at first, second and third order. We provide a sample calculation of first-, second- and third-order boundary diffraction waves, discuss ramifications of geometrical blocking effects that complicate boundary-diffraction-wave formulations in general, and indicate three key potential applications of the present work in radiometry. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shirley, EL (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM eric.shirley@nist.gov NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-0340 J9 J MOD OPTIC JI J. Mod. Opt. PD MAR 10 PY 2007 VL 54 IS 4 BP 515 EP 527 DI 10.1080/09500340600959270 PG 13 WC Optics SC Optics GA 140TO UT WOS:000244529800005 ER PT J AU Helton, JS Matan, K Shores, MP Nytko, EA Bartlett, BM Yoshida, Y Takano, Y Suslov, A Qiu, Y Chung, JH Nocera, DG Lee, YS AF Helton, J. S. Matan, K. Shores, M. P. Nytko, E. A. Bartlett, B. M. Yoshida, Y. Takano, Y. Suslov, A. Qiu, Y. Chung, J. -H. Nocera, D. G. Lee, Y. S. TI Spin dynamics of the spin-1/2 Kagome lattice antiferromagnet ZnCu3(OH)(6)Cl-2 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRIANGULAR-LATTICE; ORDER; FLUCTUATIONS AB We have performed thermodynamic and neutron scattering measurements on the S=1/2 kagome lattice antiferromagnet ZnCu3(OH)(6)Cl-2. The susceptibility indicates a Curie-Weiss temperature of theta(CW)similar or equal to-300 K; however, no magnetic order is observed down to 50 mK. Inelastic neutron scattering reveals a spectrum of low energy spin excitations with no observable gap down to 0.1 meV. The specific heat at low-T follows a power law temperature dependence. These results suggest that an unusual spin liquid state with essentially gapless excitations is realized in this kagome lattice system. C1 MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Helton, JS (reprint author), MIT, Dept Phys, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RI Helton, Joel/B-1798-2010; Bartlett, Bart/F-1233-2013; Suslov, Alexey/M-7511-2014; Yoshida, Yasuo/C-3970-2017 OI Bartlett, Bart/0000-0001-8298-5963; Suslov, Alexey/0000-0002-2224-153X; Yoshida, Yasuo/0000-0002-7311-555X NR 29 TC 393 Z9 393 U1 9 U2 81 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 9 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 10 AR 107204 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.107204 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 144JN UT WOS:000244792400050 PM 17358563 ER PT J AU Zhou, H Fu, J Silver, RM AF Zhou, Hui Fu, Joseph Silver, Richard M. TI Time-resolved kinetic Monte-Carlo simulation study on Si (111) etching SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID SURFACE; MORPHOLOGY; NH4F AB In this paper, we have extended the kinetic Monte Carlo simulation method to study the etching dynamics of Si (111) surfaces in NH4F on a time-resolved basis. We have examined the step-flow dynamics of Si (111) etching using various simulation window sizes for a variety of miscut angles and miscut orientations as well as other parameters which affect the formation of etch pits. The simulation results have been compared with published experimental data to derive an absolute time scale. Using the absolute time scale, we have further investigated the evolution of the initial surface morphology under two different miscut configurations. These results have been compared with a previously published experimental study. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Silver, RM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD MAR 8 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 9 BP 3566 EP 3574 DI 10.1021/jp060941j PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 147MB UT WOS:000245006000007 ER PT J AU Petrova, H Lin, CH de Liejer, S Hu, M McLellan, JM Siekkinen, AR Wiley, BJ Marquez, M Xia, YN Sader, JE Hartland, GV AF Petrova, Hristina Lin, Chien-Hua de Liejer, Suzanna Hu, Min McLellan, Joseph M. Siekkinen, Andrew R. Wiley, Benjamin J. Marquez, Manuel Xia, Younan Sader, John E. Hartland, Gregory V. TI Time-resolved spectroscopy of silver nanocubes: Observation and assignment of coherently excited vibrational modes SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SEED-MEDIATED GROWTH; GOLD NANORODS; METAL NANOPARTICLES; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; CDSE NANOCRYSTALS; CHEMICAL-SYNTHESIS; ELASTIC-CONSTANTS; ACOUSTIC PHONONS; SIZE DEPENDENCE; EXCITATION AB The response of single crystal, cubic silver particles to ultrafast laser-induced heating has been examined experimentally and theoretically. The transient absorption traces display clear modulations due to coherently excited vibrational modes. Nanocube samples with edge lengths smaller than 50 nm show a single modulation, whereas samples larger than 50 nm show two vibrational modes. The results are compared to finite element calculations, where the cubes are modeled as having cubic crystal symmetry with the principal axes parallel to the sides of the particle. The action of the laser pulse is treated in two ways, first, as creating a uniform initial strain. In this case the predominant mode excited is the breathing mode. The period of this mode is in reasonable agreement with the vibrational periods measured for the smaller cubes and with the higher frequency modulation observed for the larger cubes. A nonuniform initial strain is also considered, which could arise from nonuniform heating for particles larger than the optical skin depth of the metal. In this case the predominant mode excited is a nontotally symmetric mode. The calculated periods from this analysis are in reasonable agreement with the lower frequency modulations observed for the larger samples. The results from this study show that, to within the accuracy of these measurements, the elastic constants of cubic silver nanoparticles are the same as bulk silver. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Chem & Biochem, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Univ Melbourne, Dept Math & Stat, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NIST, NCTCN Ctr, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Petrova, H (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Chem & Biochem, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RI Wiley, Benjamin/A-7003-2008; Xia, Younan/E-8499-2011 NR 58 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 40 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 EI 1089-7690 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAR 7 PY 2007 VL 126 IS 9 AR 094709 DI 10.1063/1.2672907 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 143QJ UT WOS:000244737400028 PM 17362120 ER PT J AU Tulegenov, AS Wheatley, RJ Hodges, MP Harvey, AH AF Tulegenov, Akyl S. Wheatley, Richard J. Hodges, Matthew P. Harvey, Allan H. TI Intermolecular potential and second virial coefficient of the water-nitrogen complex SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CORRELATED MOLECULAR CALCULATIONS; GAUSSIAN-BASIS SETS; PLUS WATER; COMPRESSED NITROGEN; EXCESS-ENTHALPIES; DEW POINTS; MIXTURES; TEMPERATURES; HYDROGEN; ENERGY AB The authors construct a rigid-body (five-dimensional) potential energy surface for the water-nitrogen complex using the systematic intermolecular potential extrapolation routine. The intermolecular potential is then extrapolated to the limit of a complete basis set. An analytic fit of this surface is obtained, and, using this, the global minimum energy is found. The minimum is located in an arrangement in which N-2 is near the H atom of H2O, almost collinear with the OH bond. The best estimate of the binding energy is 441 cm(-1) (1 cm(-1)approximate to 1.986 43x10(-23) J). The extrapolated potential is then used to calculate the second cross virial coefficient over a wide temperature range (100-3000 K). These calculated second virial coefficients are generally consistent with experimental data, but for the most part the former have smaller uncertainties. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Nottingham, Sch Chem, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. CCLRC, Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Tulegenov, AS (reprint author), Univ Nottingham, Sch Chem, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. EM richard.wheatley@nottingham.ac.uk RI Wheatley, Richard/K-6598-2015 OI Wheatley, Richard/0000-0002-2096-7708 NR 48 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAR 7 PY 2007 VL 126 IS 9 AR 094305 DI 10.1063/1.2446843 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 143QJ UT WOS:000244737400015 PM 17362107 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, H Jaruga, P Leber, D Nyaga, SG Evans, MK Dizdaroglu, M AF Rodriguez, Henry Jaruga, Pawel Leber, Dennis Nyaga, Simon G. Evans, Michele K. Dizdaroglu, Miral TI Lymphoblasts of women with BRCA1 mutations are deficient in cellular repair of 8,5 '-cyclopurine-2 '-deoxynucleosides and 8-hydroxy-2 '-deoxyguanosine SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID OXIDATIVE DNA-DAMAGE; NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION-REPAIR; BREAST-CANCER; HUMAN-CELLS; GENETIC INSTABILITY; BINDING PROTEIN; FEMALE BREAST; MAMMALIAN DNA; FREE-RADICALS; DIETARY-FAT AB Mutations in breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 predispose women to a high risk of these cancers. Here, we show that lymphoblasts of women with BRCA1 mutations who had been diagnosed with breast cancer are deficient in the repair of some products of oxidative DNA damage, namely, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and 8,5'-cyclopurine-2'-deoxynucleosides. Cultured lymphoblasts from 10 individuals with BRCA1 mutations and those from 5 control individuals were exposed to 5 Gy of ionizing radiation to induce oxidative DNA damage and then allowed to repair this damage. DNA samples isolated from these cells were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to measure 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, (5'-S)-8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine, (5'-R)-8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyguanosine, and (5'-S)-8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyguanosine. After irradiation and a subsequent period of repair, no significant accumulation of these lesions was observed in the DNA from control cells. In contrast, cells with BRCA1 mutations accumulated statistically significant levels of these lesions in their DNA, providing evidence of a deficiency in DNA repair. In addition, a commonly used breast tumor cell line exhibited the same effect when compared to a relevant control cell line. The data suggest that BRCA1 plays a role in cellular repair of oxidatively induced DNA lesions. The failure of cells with BRCA1 mutations to repair 8,5'-cyclopurine-2'-deoxynucleosides indicates the involvement of BRCA1 in nucleotide-excision repair of oxidative DNA damage. This work suggest that accumulation of these lesions may lead to a high rate of mutations and to deleterious changes in gene expression, increasing breast cancer risk and contributing to breast carcinogenesis. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Nicholas Copernicus Univ, Coll Med, Dept Clin Biochem, Bydgoszcz, Poland. NIA, Cellular & Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. RP Dizdaroglu, M (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM miral@nist.gov RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 FU Intramural NIH HHS NR 64 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD MAR 6 PY 2007 VL 46 IS 9 BP 2488 EP 2496 DI 10.1021/bi062022p PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 139YE UT WOS:000244468000022 PM 17288454 ER PT J AU Vanderploeg, HA Johengen, TH Lavrentyev, PJ Chen, C Lang, GA Agy, MA Bundy, MH Cavaletto, JF Eadie, BJ Liebig, JR Miller, GS Ruberg, SA McCormick, MJ AF Vanderploeg, H. A. Johengen, T. H. Lavrentyev, P. J. Chen, C. Lang, G. A. Agy, M. A. Bundy, M. H. Cavaletto, J. F. Eadie, B. J. Liebig, J. R. Miller, G. S. Ruberg, S. A. McCormick, M. J. TI Anatomy of the recurrent coastal sediment plume in Lake Michigan and its impacts on light climate, nutrients, and plankton SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID GREAT-LAKES; PHYTOPLANKTON CHLOROPHYLL; CRUSTACEAN ZOOPLANKTON; WINTER; RESUSPENSION; COPEPOD; DISTRIBUTIONS; FLUORESCENCE; CIRCULATION; TURBIDITY AB As part of the Episodic Events Great Lakes Experiment, we sampled total suspended matter (TSM), light climate, nutrients, and plankton along cross-margin transects in southern Lake Michigan during February, March, and April 1998-2000 to capture conditions before, during, and after the occurrence of storm-driven recurrent coastal sediment plumes to define the anatomy of the resuspension events and get insights into their interactions with nutrients and plankton. Variability in timing and strength of winter storms among years led to different timing, intensity, and extent of plumes among years. TSM concentrations in the core of plumes varied between 15 and 30 mg L(-1), and photic depth was reduced to similar to 1 to 2 m, thus potentially seriously limiting phytoplankton growth in plume areas. Total P concentration was highly correlated with TSM and river influence. Chlorophyll concentrations were lower in plume regions than in adjacent areas, in contrast to the relatively constant chlorophyll concentration across the plume predicted by a coupled hydrodynamic and nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton model. Contrary to expectation, protozoan microzooplankton (MZ) biomass was not more abundant in the plume than adjacent waters, but was highest in nearshore areas receiving river inflow. Storms affected horizontal distribution of zooplankton. Because of the lower concentrations of phytoplankton in the plume, the plume over the short term had a negative impact on zooplankton during this food-limiting season. Our results combined with those of other EEGLE studies lead us to conclude that storms and storm-driven plumes had a negative effect on the planktonic food web. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Akron, Dept Biol, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, Dartmouth, MA 02744 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Off Polar Programs, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. RP Vanderploeg, HA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM henry.vanderploeg@noaa.gov; tom.johengen@noaa.gov; peter2@uakron.edu; c1chen@umassd.edu; gregory.lang@noaa.gov; megan.agy@noaa.gov; mbundy@nsf.gov; joann.cavaletto@noaa.gov; brian.eadie@noaa.gov; jim.liebig@noaa.gov; germiller2@comcast.net; steve.ruberg@noaa.gov; michael.mccormick@noaa.gov OI Liebig, James/0000-0002-0433-9066; Ruberg, Steven/0000-0001-8809-5689 NR 46 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAR 6 PY 2007 VL 112 IS C3 AR C03S90 DI 10.1029/2004JC002379 PG 23 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 145XP UT WOS:000244899400001 ER PT J AU Kang, S Vogt, BD Wu, WL Prabhu, VM VanderHart, DL Rao, A Lin, EK Turnquest, K AF Kang, Shuhui Vogt, Bryan D. Wu, Wen-Li Prabhu, Vivek M. VanderHart, David L. Rao, Ashwin Lin, Eric K. Turnquest, Karen TI Characterization of compositional heterogeneity in chemically amplified photoresist polymer thin films with infrared spectroscopy SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID LINE-EDGE-ROUGHNESS; AMPLIFICATION RESISTS; DISSOLUTION; MODEL; ACID; LITHOGRAPHY; PERCOLATION; MICROLITHOGRAPHY AB We demonstrate a general approach to characterize compositional heterogeneity in polymer thin films using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Polymer films with varying degrees of heterogeneity were prepared using a model chemically amplified photoresist where a photoacid catalyzed reaction-diffusion process results in the formation of methacrylic acid (MAA) rich domains. Within these domains, the carboxylic acid groups dimerize through hydrogen bonding. FTIR measurements of the relative fraction of hydrogen-bonded vs free carboxylic groups are used to quantify the degree of compositional heterogeneity. The FTIR data from compositionally homogeneous systems, statistical copolymers, and polymer blends follow the expected linear dependence of the relative hydrogen-bonded fraction with composition. For the chemically amplified photoresist system, the FTIR data deviate substantially from that of the homogeneous distribution. Furthermore, parameters describing the size of the heterogeneity can be determined from a solid sphere model of the deprotected regions catalyzed by the diffusing photoacid. The degree of the spatial heterogeneity varies with changes in the photoacid concentration, reaction conditions, and initial copolymer composition. Increased nonreactive comonomer content decreases the degree of heterogeneity by reducing the hydrogen-bonding efficiency, which is consistent with the dilution of MAA groups. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Prabhu, VM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM vprabhu@nist.gov RI Vogt, Bryan/H-1986-2012 OI Vogt, Bryan/0000-0003-1916-7145 NR 28 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD MAR 6 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 5 BP 1497 EP 1503 DI 10.1021/ma062579c PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 139XX UT WOS:000244467300022 ER PT J AU Zacharia, NS DeLongchamp, DM Modestino, M Hammond, PT AF Zacharia, Nicole S. DeLongchamp, Dean M. Modestino, Miguel Hammond, Paula T. TI Controlling diffusion and exchange in layer-by-layer assemblies SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID POLYELECTROLYTE MULTILAYER FILMS; EXPONENTIALLY GROWING MULTILAYERS; THIN-FILMS; WEAK POLYELECTROLYTES; CHARGE-DENSITY; LINEAR GROWTH; POLYMER-FILMS; IONIZATION; PH; POLY(ETHYLENIMINE) AB Here we present a layer-by-layer (LbL) assembled device architecture that serves as a model heterostructure to study the atypical assembly that can result from the bottom-up combination of multiple multilayers of different compositions. Heterostructure assembly is disrupted by diffusion of linear poly(ethylene imine) (LPEI) within an LPEI/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) polyelectrolyte multilayer and the exchange of LPEI with an aromatic polycation (poly(hexyl viologen) or PXV) that was assembled with PAA in an underlying multilayer. We illustrate this diffusion/exchange mechanism by showing that the assembly of an LPEI/PAA multilayer on to a PXV/PAA multilayer causes the heterostructure film to roughen and become opaque, indicating significant morphological changes. FTIR analysis confirms that LPEI diffuses into the underlying polyelectrolyte multilayer and displaces PXV. Exchange experiments of the constructed PXV/PAA multilayers in the presence of LPEI solutions were completed. Molecular weight dependence on the rate of exchange is shown through the use of high molecular weight LPEI, which is shown to undergo displacement at rates much slower than the time frame of the typical layer adsorption cycle. Finally, we prevent LPEI diffusion by incorporating a thin blocking layer of cross-linked LbL film, resulting in a discrete, compartmentalized multilayer structure. We explain these phenomena by the strength of acid-base interactions between LPEI and PAA, the ability of hydrophilic LPEI molecules to move through a multilayer, and the tendency of weak polyelectrolytes to redistribute their ionization in response to changes in immediate environment. The success of assembling a heterostructured LbL film can be predicted by whether or not the individual component layers grow superlinearly in isolation. Our system provides a model example of LbL assemblies in which interdiffusion destabilizes film growth, and by understanding the mechanism of this destabilization, we are able to control it. C1 MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. MIT, Dept Chem Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP DeLongchamp, DM (reprint author), MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM delongchamp@nist.gov; hammond@mit.edu NR 42 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 4 U2 45 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD MAR 6 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 5 BP 1598 EP 1603 DI 10.1021/ma061080f PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 139XX UT WOS:000244467300035 ER PT J AU Ro, HW Char, K Jeon, EC Kim, HJ Kwon, D Lee, HJ Lee, JK Rhee, HW Soles, CL Yoon, DY AF Ro, Hyun Wook Char, Kookheon Jeon, Eun-chae Kim, Hie-Joon Kwon, Dongil Lee, Hae-Jeong Lee, Jin-Kyu Rhee, Hee-Woo Soles, Christopher L. Yoon, Do Y. TI High-modulus spin-on organosilicate glasses for nanoporous applications SO ADVANCED MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY REFLECTIVITY; THIN-FILMS; COPOLYMERS; POLYMERIZATION; POROSIMETRY; TEMPLATES; BEHAVIOR; SILICA AB Both the modulus and hardness of a conventional methylsilsesquioxane-type organosilicate, typically synthesized from the methyltrimethoxysilane monomer, can be substantially improved by incorporating organic bridging units through additions of the bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane monomer. The microstructural basis for these enhanced properties is described in this Communication. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Chem, Seoul 151747, South Korea. Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Chem & Biol Engn, Seoul 151742, South Korea. Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Seoul 151742, South Korea. Sogang Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Seoul 121742, South Korea. RP Soles, CL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM csoles@nist.gov; dyyoon@snu.ac.kr NR 30 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0935-9648 J9 ADV MATER JI Adv. Mater. PD MAR 5 PY 2007 VL 19 IS 5 BP 705 EP + DI 10.1002/adma.200601528 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 148YA UT WOS:000245112100013 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Levin, I Otani, M Vaudin, MD Cook, LP Cline, J Feenstra, R Holesinger, T AF Wong-Ng, W. Levin, I. Otani, M. Vaudin, M. D. Cook, L. P. Cline, J. Feenstra, R. Holesinger, T. TI Phase relations in the Ba-Y-Cu-O films on SrTiO3 for the ex situ BaF2 process SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID THIN-FILMS; YBCO FILMS; CONDUCTORS AB In situ x-ray diffraction was used to establish the phase relations in high-T-c superconductor Ba-Y-Cu-O films grown on SrTiO3 through the ex situ BaF2 process. These relations differ from bulk equilibrium phase assemblages in the BaO-Y2O3-CuOx system. In particular, BaY2CuO5 (the "green phase"), a common impurity phase in bulk processing, is absent in the films. Because of the absence of this green phase, the compositional stability field of Ba2YCu3O6+x expands considerably as compared to that of the bulk system, resulting in the tie lines Ba2YCu3O6+x-Y2O3 and Ba2YCu3O6+x-Y2Cu2O5. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM winnie.wong-ng@nist.gov RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 5 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 10 AR 102508 DI 10.1063/1.2713124 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 144JG UT WOS:000244791700070 ER PT J AU Huang, Y Ramaswamy, V Soden, B AF Huang, Yi Ramaswamy, V. Soden, Brian TI An investigation of the sensitivity of the clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation to atmospheric temperature and water vapor SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID COOLING RATES; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE MODELS; FEEDBACK; CONTINUUM; DEPENDENCE; ALGORITHM; ACCURATE; MOISTURE; FLUXES AB The rate at which the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) responds to perturbations in temperature and moisture plays a fundamental role in determining climate sensitivity. This study examines the clear-sky OLR sensitivities to temperature and water vapor, as quantified by its partial derivatives (radiative Jacobians). The Jacobians, as computed by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL)'s line-by-line (LBL) radiative transfer model are used to verify the results from the parameterized GFDL GCM (general circulation model) radiation code. The results show that the (1) Jacobians of OLR due to incremental changes in temperature and water vapor are insensitive to different formulations of water vapor continuum absorption and (2) Jacobians of OLR are properly captured by the GCM longwave band approximation. Simulations with the GCM demonstrate that uncertainties in the formulation of continuum absorption have little impact on the climate model simulation of clear-sky OLR changes in response to prescribed sea surface temperature (SST) perturbation. The numerically computed Jacobians of OLR are used to reconstruct the tropical annual mean OLR from the variations of temperature and water vapor over the period 1980-1999. The reconstructed OLR anomaly time series agrees well with that computed explicitly by the GCM. On the basis of this result, it becomes possible to separate out the temperature and water vapor contributions to the OLR variation. The results show that the temperature contribution dominates the water vapor contribution in the lower and middle troposphere, while in the upper troposphere the two contributions largely offset each other. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL USA. RP Huang, Y (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM yi.huang@noaa.gov RI Huang, Yi/A-9387-2008; Huang, Yi/E-9479-2016 OI Huang, Yi/0000-0002-5065-4198 NR 31 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 3 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D5 AR D05104 DI 10.1029/2005JD006906 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 143GN UT WOS:000244708200001 ER PT J AU Yong, RYY Gan, LSH Coble, MD Yap, EPH AF Yong, R. Y. Y. Gan, L. S. H. Coble, M. D. Yap, E. P. H. TI Allele frequencies of six miniSTR loci of three ethnic populations in Singapore SO FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE MiniSTR; allele frequencies; population data; Singapore AB MiniSTR loci has demonstrated to be an effective approach to recover genetic information from degraded sample, due to the improved PCR efficiency of their reduced PCR product sizes. This study investigated the allele frequency of six miniSTR loci, DIS1677, D2S441, D4S2364, DIOS1248, D14S1434 and D22S1045, in three Singapore populations. All loci showed a moderate degree of polymorphism with observed heterozygosity > 0.6 for all three populations. The allele frequencies, forensic parameters and heterozygosity comparison with other CODIS STR in similar populations are presented. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Def Med & Environm Res Inst, DSO Natl Labs, Singapore 117510, Singapore. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yong, RYY (reprint author), Def Med & Environm Res Inst, DSO Natl Labs, 27 Med Dr, Singapore 117510, Singapore. EM ritayong@dso.org.sg RI Coble, Michael/E-7540-2010; Yap, Eric/F-9501-2015; OI Yong, Rita/0000-0002-9770-6565 NR 6 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0379-0738 J9 FORENSIC SCI INT JI Forensic Sci.Int. PD MAR 2 PY 2007 VL 166 IS 2-3 BP 240 EP 243 DI 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.12.014 PG 4 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 147KD UT WOS:000245001000022 PM 16431057 ER PT J AU Engels, P Atherton, C Hoefer, MA AF Engels, P. Atherton, C. Hoefer, M. A. TI Observation of faraday waves in a Bose-Einstein condensate SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS; RESONANCES; GAS AB Faraday waves in a cigar-shaped Bose-Einstein condensate are created. It is shown that periodically modulating the transverse confinement, and thus the nonlinear interactions in the BEC, excites small amplitude longitudinal oscillations through a parametric resonance. It is also demonstrated that even without the presence of a continuous drive, an initial transverse breathing mode excitation of the condensate leads to spontaneous pattern formation in the longitudinal direction. Finally, the effects of strongly driving the transverse breathing mode with large amplitude are investigated. In this case, impact-oscillator behavior and intriguing nonlinear dynamics, including the gradual emergence of multiple longitudinal modes, are observed. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Engels, P (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM engels@wsu.edu OI HOEFER, MARK/0000-0001-5883-6562 NR 17 TC 99 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 2 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 9 AR 095301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.095301 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 141PV UT WOS:000244592100026 PM 17359165 ER PT J AU Flowers-Jacobs, NE Schmidt, DR Lehnert, KW AF Flowers-Jacobs, N. E. Schmidt, D. R. Lehnert, K. W. TI Intrinsic noise properties of atomic point contact displacement detectors SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-ELECTRON TRANSISTOR; TRANSDUCER AB We measure the noise added by an atomic point contact operated as a displacement detector. With a microwave technique, we increase the measurement speed of atomic point contacts by a factor of 500. The measurement is then fast enough to detect the resonant motion of a nanomechanical beam at frequencies up to 60 MHz and sensitive enough to observe the random thermal motion of the beam at 250 mK. We demonstrate a shot-noise limited imprecision of 2.3 fm/root Hz and observe a 78 aN/root Hz backaction force, yielding a total uncertainty in the beam's displacement that is 42 times the standard-quantum limit. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Flowers-Jacobs, NE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM nathan.flowers-jacobs@colorado.edu RI Lehnert, Konrad/B-7577-2009 OI Lehnert, Konrad/0000-0002-0750-9649 NR 18 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 2 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 9 AR 096804 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.096804 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 141PV UT WOS:000244592100047 PM 17359186 ER PT J AU Lin, NJ Bailey, LO Becker, ML Washburn, NR Henderson, LA AF Lin, Nancy J. Bailey, LeeAnn O. Becker, Matthew L. Washburn, Newell R. Henderson, Lori A. TI Macrophage response to methacrylate conversion using a gradient approach SO ACTA BIOMATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE apoptosis; BisGMA; cytotoxicity; real-time RT-PCR; TEGDMA ID HUMAN GINGIVAL FIBROBLASTS; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; IN-VITRO; RESTORATIVE MATERIALS; DENTAL COMPOSITES; CELL-MIGRATION; CYCLIC-AMP; RESIN; MONOMERS; DIMETHACRYLATE AB Incomplete conversion, an ongoing challenge facing photopolymerized methacrylate-based polymers, affects leachables as well as the resulting polymer network. As novel polymers and composites are developed, methods to efficiently screen cell response to these materials and their properties, including conversion, are needed. In this study, an in vitro screening methodology was developed to assess cells cultured directly on cross-linked polymer networks. A gradient in methacrylate double bond conversion was used to increase the experimental throughput. A substrate of 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl] propane (BisGMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was prepared with a conversion ranging from 43.0% to 61.2%. Substrates aged for 7 days had no significant differences in surface roughness or hydrophilicity as a function of conversion. Leachables were detectable for at least 7 days using UV absorption.. but their global cytotoxicity was insignificant after 5 days of aging. Thus, RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells were cultured on aged substrates to evaluate the cell response to conversion, with possible contributions from the polymer network and local leachables. Conversions of 45% and 50% decreased viability (via calcein/ethidium staining) and increased apoptosis (via annexin-V staining). No significant changes (p > 0.05) in tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta gene expression, as measured by quantitative, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, were seen as conversion increased. Thus, conversions greater than 50% are recommended for equimolar BisGMA/TEGDMA. The ability to distinguish cell response as a function of conversion is useful as an initial biological screening platform to optimize dental polymers. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Biomat Grp, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lin, NJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Biomat Grp, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8543, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nancy.lin@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [Y1-DE-1021-04] NR 39 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1742-7061 J9 ACTA BIOMATER JI Acta Biomater. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 3 IS 2 BP 163 EP 173 DI 10.1016/j.actbio.2006.10.001 PG 11 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 144NV UT WOS:000244804000002 PM 17140868 ER PT J AU Slowik, JG Cross, ES Han, JH Davidovits, P Onasch, TB Jayne, JT WilliamS, LR Canagaratna, MR Worsnop, DR Chakrabarty, RK Moosmuller, H Arnott, WP Schwarz, JP Gao, RS Fahey, DW Kok, GL Petzold, A AF Slowik, Jay G. Cross, Eben S. Han, Jeong-Ho Davidovits, Paul Onasch, Timothy B. Jayne, John T. WilliamS, Leah R. Canagaratna, Manjula R. Worsnop, Douglas R. Chakrabarty, Rajan K. Moosmueller, Hans Arnott, William P. Schwarz, Joshua P. Gao, Ru-Shan Fahey, David W. Kok, Gregory L. Petzold, Andreas TI An inter-comparison of instruments measuring black carbon content of soot particles SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL MASS-SPECTROMETER; AERODYNAMIC DIAMETER MEASUREMENTS; LIGHT-ABSORPTION MEASUREMENTS; CAVITY RING-DOWN; PHOTOACOUSTIC INSTRUMENTS; DENSITY CHARACTERIZATION; WAVELENGTH DEPENDENCE; COMBINED MOBILITY; FLAME SOOT; SIZE AB Inter-comparison studies of well-characterized fractal Soot particles were conducted using the following four instruments: Aerosol Mass Spectrometer-Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (AMS-SMPS), Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2), Multi-Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP), and Photoacoustic Spectrometer (PAS). These instruments provided measurements of the refractory mass (AMS-SMPS), incandescent mass (SP2) and optically absorbing mass (MAAP and PAS). The particles studied were in the mobility diameter range from 150 nm to 460 nm and were generated by controlled flames with fuel equivalence ratios ranging between 2.3 and 3.5. The effect of organic coatings (oleic acid and anthracene) on the instrument measurements was determined. For uncoated soot particles, the mass measurements by the AMS-SMPS, SP2, and PAS instruments were in agreement to within 15%, while the MAAP measurement of optically-absorbing mass was higher by similar to 50%. Thin organic coatings (similar to 10 nm) did not affect the instrument readings. A thicker (similar to 50 nm) oleic acid coating likewise did not affect the instrument readings. The thicker (similar to 60 nm) anthracene coating did not affect the readings provided by the AMS-SMPS or SP2 instruments but increased the reading of the MAAP instrument by similar to 20% and the reading of the PAS by similar to 65%. The response of each instrument to the different particle types is discussed in terms of particle morphology and coating material. C1 Boston Coll, Dept Chem, Merkert Chem Ctr 223, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. Desert Res Inst Nevada Syst Higher Educ, Reno, NV USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Droplet Measurement Technol, Boulder, CO USA. Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt Oberpfaffenhofen, Inst Phys Atmosphare, Wessling, Germany. RP Davidovits, P (reprint author), Boston Coll, Dept Chem, Merkert Chem Ctr 223, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. EM paul.davidovits@bc.edu RI Worsnop, Douglas/D-2817-2009; Slowik, Jay/F-4894-2011; Petzold, Andreas/J-2347-2012; schwarz, joshua/G-4556-2013; Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; Moosmuller, Hans/F-8250-2011; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Worsnop, Douglas/0000-0002-8928-8017; Slowik, Jay/0000-0001-5682-850X; Petzold, Andreas/0000-0002-2504-1680; schwarz, joshua/0000-0002-9123-2223; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; NR 58 TC 143 Z9 145 U1 6 U2 59 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 41 IS 3 BP 295 EP 314 DI 10.1080/02786820701197078 PG 20 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150UT UT WOS:000245245800007 ER PT J AU Kamande, MW Ross, D Locascio, LE Lowry, M Warner, IM AF Kamande, Mary W. Ross, David Locascio, Laurie E. Lowry, Mark Warner, Isiah M. TI Simultaneous concentration and separation of coumarins using a molecular micelle in micellar affinity gradient focusing SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ELECTRIC-FIELD GRADIENT; AMINO-ACID ORDER; SURFACTANTS AB We report the use of a molecular micelle for the simultaneous separation and concentration of neutral and hydrophobic analytes using micellar affinity gradient focusing (MAGF). The technique, MAGF, combines the favorable features of micellar electrokinetic chromatography and temperature gradient focusing. The focusing of neutral coumarin analytes was accomplished by the use the molecular micelle, poly(sodium undecenyl sulfate) (poly-SUS). Concentration enhancements of 10-25-fold/min were achieved for focusing of the coumarin dyes. The effect of varying the temperature gradient on the resolution of two of the coumarin dyes was also investigated, demonstrating that improved resolution could be achieved by reducing the steepness of the temperature gradient. In addition, with scanning-mode MAGF (in which the peaks are sequentially scanned past a fixed detection point by varying the buffer counterflow velocity), the use of poly-SUS was shown to produce repeatable and quantitative analyte peaks, making quantitative separations possible with the MAGF technique. Finally, it was shown that peak areas could be increased in scanning MAGF by reducing the scan rate so that the sensitivity of the method can be adjusted as needed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Ross, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.ross@nist.gov RI kistner, kharol/E-6849-2010; Lowry, Mark/E-6102-2010 NR 17 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAR 1 PY 2007 VL 79 IS 5 BP 1791 EP 1796 DI 10.1021/ac0617619 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 140ID UT WOS:000244497300001 PM 17253875 ER PT J AU Isakov, V Venkatram, A Touma, JS Koracin, D Otte, TL AF Isakov, Vlad Venkatram, Akula Touma, Jawad S. Koracin, Darko Otte, Tanya L. TI Evaluating the use of outputs from comprehensive meteorological models in air quality modeling applications SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE prognostic meteorological model; dispersion modeling; model evaluation; tracer experiment; thermal internal boundary layer ID COMPLEX TERRAIN; ETA-MODEL; DISPERSION; SYSTEM; SIMULATIONS; PREDICTION; CALIFORNIA; FORECASTS AB Currently used dispersion models. such as the AMS/EPA Regulatory Model (AERMOD), process routinely available meteorological observations to construct model inputs. Thus, model estimates of concentrations depend on the availability and quality of meteorological observations, as well as the specification of surface characteristics at the observing site. We can be less reliant on these meteorological observations by using outputs from prognostic models, which are routinely run by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The forecast fields are available daily over a grid system that covers all of the United States. These model Outputs can be readily accessed and used for dispersion applications to construct model inputs with little processing. This study examines the usefulness of these outputs through the relative performance of a dispersion model that has input requirements similar to those of AERMOD. The dispersion model was used to simulate observed tracer concentrations from a Tracer Field Study conducted in Wilmington, California in 2004 using four different sources of inputs: (1) onsite measurements', (2) National Weather Service measurements from a nearby airport; (3) readily available forecast model outputs from the Eta Model; and (4) readily available and more spatially resolved forecast model outputs from the MM5 prognostic model. The comparison of the results from these simulations indicate that comprehensive models, such as MM5 and Eta, have the potential of providing adequate meteorological inputs for currently used short-range dispersion models such as AERMOD. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Isakov, V (reprint author), NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM lsakov.Vlad@epa.gov OI Spero, Tanya/0000-0002-1600-0422 NR 27 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 41 IS 8 BP 1689 EP 1705 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.043 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 141ZZ UT WOS:000244619300012 ER PT J AU Malm, WC Pitchford, ML McDade, C Ashbaugh, LL AF Malm, William C. Pitchford, Marc L. McDade, Charles Ashbaugh, Lowell L. TI Coarse particle speciation at selected locations in the rural continental United States SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE coarse particle; speciation; particulate matter; monitoring ID RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; LIGHT-SCATTERING; NATIONAL-PARK; AEROSOL; SULFUR; TRENDS; VISIBILITY; EXTINCTION; PM2.5 AB A few short-term special studies at National Parks have shown that coarse mass (CM) (2.5-10 mu m) may not be just crustal minerals but may consist of a substantial amount (approximate to 40-50%) of carbonaceous material and inorganic salts such as calcium nitrate and sodium nitrate. To more fully investigate the composition of coarse particles, a program of coarse particle sampling and speciation analysis at nine of the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) sites was initiated 19 March 2003 and operated through the year 2004. Only the data for 2004 are reported here. Sites were selected to be representative of the continental United States and were operated according to IMPROVE protocol analytical procedures. Crustal minerals (soil) are the single largest contributor to CM at all but one monitoring location. The average fractional contributions range from a high of 76% at Grand Canyon National Park to a low of 34% at Mount Rainier National Park. The second largest contributor to CM is organic mass, which on an average annual fractional basis is highest at Mount Rainier at 59%. At Great Smoky Mountains National Park, organic mass contributes 40% on average, while at four sites organic mass concentrations contribute between 20% and 30% of the CM. Nitrates are on average the third largest contributor to CM concentrations. The highest fractional contributions of nitrates to CM are at Brigantine National Wildlife Refuge, Great Smoky Mountains, and San Gorgonio wilderness area at 10-12%. Sulfates contribute less than about 5% at all sites. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado State Univ, CIRA, Natl Pk Serv, Air Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Desert Res Inst, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Crocker Nucl Lab, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Malm, WC (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, CIRA, Natl Pk Serv, Air Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM malm@cira.colostate.edu RI Wang, Linden/M-6617-2014 NR 28 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 41 IS 10 BP 2225 EP 2239 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.077 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 147ET UT WOS:000244986900017 ER PT J AU Ping, F Luo, ZX Li, XF AF Ping, Fan Luo, Zhexian Li, Xiaofan TI Effects of salinity on long-term tropical atmospheric and oceanic variability SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE effects of salinity; tropical atmospheric and oceanic variability; ocean thermal forcing ID EQUATORIAL WESTERN PACIFIC; MIXED-LAYER; TOGA-COARE; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; DIURNAL-VARIATIONS; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; WARM POOL; MODEL; PRECIPITATION; CONVECTION AB The effects of salinity on long-term tropical atmospheric and oceanic variability are investigated using a pair of two-dimensional coupled ocean-cloud resolving atmosphere simulations. A zero vertical velocity and a constant zonal wind are imposed in cloud resolving atmosphere model. The experiment with salinity is compared to the experiment without salinity. The model is integrated for 51 days. The comparison between the experiments with and without salinity effects shows negative differences in ocean mixedlayer temperature and precipitable water as well as positive differences in atmospheric temperature. The budgets of ocean mixedlayer heat and atmospheric mass-weighted mean temperature and precipitable water are analyzed. The ocean thermal forcing and thermal entrainment determine the negative difference in the mixed-layer temperature. Surface evaporation and condensation are responsible for the negative precipitable water difference whereas radiative heating and latent heat account for the positive air temperature difference. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms, LACS, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol, Dept Geog, Nanjing, Peoples R China. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Ping, F (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms, LACS, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. EM pingf@mail.iap.ac.cn RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0169-8095 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 84 IS 1 BP 78 EP 83 DI 10.1016/j.atmosres.2006.07.002 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 152ES UT WOS:000245344400008 ER PT J AU Schein, J AF Schein, J. TI An information model for building automation systems SO AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION LA English DT Article DE building automation; direct digital control; energy management system; information model AB An information model of a building automation system (BAS) was created. It encapsulates several views of the system: the device list, network topology, points list, and sequences of operation. The model allows a single persistent representation of a BAS to be maintained from system specification through design to operation and maintenance. It will also allow other applications such as energy simulations, maintenance management systems, and building commissioning applications to extract information about the BAS. The model is not intended to represent control application programs; however, it would be possible to develop a software tool to parse the information model, then create the required configuration database and control application programs as output. The model was tested by creating an experimental implementation based on a BAS installed in a medium-sized office building. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schein, J (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8631,Bldg 226,Room B122, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jeffrey.schein@nist.gov NR 4 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-5805 J9 AUTOMAT CONSTR JI Autom. Constr. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 16 IS 2 BP 125 EP 139 DI 10.1016/j.autcon.2006.07.006 PG 15 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 116PP UT WOS:000242815100001 ER PT J AU Kamat, VR Lipman, RR AF Kamat, Vineet R. Lipman, Robert R. TI Evaluation of standard product models for supporting automated erection of structural steelwork SO AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION LA English DT Article DE automation; CIS/2; construction; computer graphics; emulation; structural steelwork AB Automation is being increasingly explored as a possible solution for safely increasing productivity in structural steelwork erection. A piece of automation equipment has no intrinsic knowledge of the steel erection process. Thus, geometric and spatial member information, and the motion sequences that must be executed to install steel members must both be programmed into the equipment. This research investigates the extent to which the CIMsteel Integration Standards (CIS/2) can support automated steelwork erection. Algorithms to interpret steel member geometry and spatial configuration from CIS/2 files were designed. Then, using inverse kinematics principles from robotics literature, a kinematically smart crane capable of accepting robot-like instructions was implemented in 3D virtual reality. The crane was programmed to utilize the algorithms to automatically extract member information from CIS/2, and to use that information to compile assembly instructions for erecting the structure in the virtual world. Based on the obtained results, it was found that CIS/2 does encapsulate the basic geometry and position and orientation of steel members in a format that, after geo-referencing, can be used to support automated steelwork erection. However, several processing steps are necessary to compute the information needed from the CIS/2 model for the process description of erection needed by the automation equipment. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Comp Integrated Bldg Proc Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kamat, VR (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 2340 GG Brown,2350 Hayward, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM vkamat@umich.edu; robert.lipman@nist.gov NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-5805 J9 AUTOMAT CONSTR JI Autom. Constr. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 16 IS 2 BP 232 EP 241 DI 10.1016/j.autcon.2006.05.001 PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 116PP UT WOS:000242815100010 ER PT J AU McGillivray, DJ Valincius, G Vanderah, DJ Febo-Ayala, W Woodward, JT Heinrich, F Kasianowicz, JJ Losche, M AF McGillivray, Duncan J. Valincius, Gintaras Vanderah, David J. Febo-Ayala, Wilma Woodward, John T. Heinrich, Frank Kasianowicz, John J. Losche, Mathias TI Molecular-scale structural and functional characterization of sparsely tethered bilayer lipid membranes SO BIOINTERPHASES LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; POLYMER-SUPPORTED MEMBRANES; NEUTRON REFLECTIVITY; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; IONIC RESERVOIRS; GOLD SURFACES; FLUID; WATER; ELECTRODES AB Surface-tethered biomimetic bilayer membranes (tethered bilayer lipid membranes (tBLMs)) were formed on gold surfaces from phospholipids and a synthetic 1-thiahexa(ethylene oxide) lipid, WC14. They were characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, neutron reflection (NR), and Fourier-transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (FT-IRRAS) to obtain functional and structural information. The authors found that electrically insulating membranes (conductance and capacitance as low as 1 mu S cm(-2) and 0.6 mu F cm(-2), respectively) with high surface coverage (> 95% completion of the outer leaflet) can be formed from a range of lipids in a simple two-step process that consists of the formation of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and bilayer completion by "rapid solvent exchange." NR provided a molecularly resolved characterization of the interface architecture and, in particular, the constitution of the space between the tBLM and the solid support. In tBLMs based on SAMs of pure WC14, the hexa (ethylene oxide) tether region had low hydration even though FT-IRRAS showed that this region is structurally disordered. However, on mixed SAMs made from the coadsorption of WC14 with a short-chain "backfiller," beta-mercaptoethanol, the submembrane spaces between the tBLM and the substrates contained up to 60% exchangeable solvent by volume, as judged from NR and contrast variation of the solvent. Complete and stable "sparsely tethered" BLMs (stBLMs) can be readily prepared from SAMs chemisorbed from solutions with low WC14 proportions. Phospholipids with unsaturated or saturated, straight or branched chains all formed qualitatively similar stBLMs. (C) 2007 American Vacuum Society. C1 [McGillivray, Duncan J.; Heinrich, Frank; Losche, Mathias] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Phys, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [McGillivray, Duncan J.; Heinrich, Frank; Losche, Mathias] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Valincius, Gintaras] Inst Biochem, LT-08662 Vilnius, Lithuania. [Vanderah, David J.; Febo-Ayala, Wilma] NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Woodward, John T.] NIST, Phys Lab, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Kasianowicz, John J.] NIST, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Losche, M (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Phys, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM quench@cmu.edu RI Heinrich, Frank/A-5339-2010; Losche, Mathias/J-2986-2013; McGillivray, Duncan/B-9819-2009 OI Heinrich, Frank/0000-0002-8579-553X; Losche, Mathias/0000-0001-6666-916X; McGillivray, Duncan/0000-0003-2127-8792 FU NCRR NIH HHS [1 R01 RR14812] NR 52 TC 96 Z9 96 U1 5 U2 54 PU AVS PI RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK PA EDITORIAL OFFICE, 100 PARK DR, STE 105, CALLER BOX 13994, RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27709 USA SN 1559-4106 J9 BIOINTERPHASES JI Biointerphases PD MAR PY 2007 VL 2 IS 1 BP 21 EP 33 DI 10.1116/1.2709308 PG 13 WC Biophysics; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Biophysics; Materials Science GA 309NF UT WOS:000256466800004 PM 20408633 ER PT J AU McDaniel, DP Shaw, GA Elliott, JT Bhadriraju, K Meuse, C Chung, KH Plant, AL AF McDaniel, Dennis P. Shaw, Gordon A. Elliott, John T. Bhadriraju, Kiran Meuse, Curt Chung, Koo-Hyun Plant, Anne L. TI The stiffness of collagen fibrils influences vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; EXTRACELLULAR-MATRIX; THIN-FILMS; TENASCIN-C; IN-VITRO; FIBROBLASTS; PROLIFERATION; CYTOSKELETON; SUBSTRATE; HYDRATION AB Cells receive signals from the extracellular matrix through receptor-dependent interactions, but they are also influenced by the mechanical properties of the matrix. Although bulk properties of substrates have been shown to affect cell behavior, we show here that nanoscale properties of collagen fibrils also play a significant role in determining cell phenotype. Type I collagen fibrils assembled into thin films provide excellent viewing of cells interacting with individual fibrils. Cells can be observed to extensively manipulate the fibrils, and this behavior seems to result in an incompletely spread stellate morphology and a nonproliferative phenotype that is typical of these cells in collagen gels. We show here that thin films of collagen fibrils can be dehydrated, and when seeded on these dehydrated fibrils, smooth muscle cells spread and proliferate extensively. The dehydrated collagen fibrils appear to be similar to the fully hydrated collagen fibrils in topology and in presentation of beta(1) integrin ligation sites, but they are mechanically stiffer. This decrease in compliance of dehydrated fibrils is seen by a failure of cell movement of dehydrated fibrils compared to their ability to rearrange fully hydrated fibrils and from direct measurements by nanoindentation and quantitative atomic force measurements. We suggest that increase in the nanoscale rigidity of collagen fibrils can cause these cells to assume a proliferative phenotype. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SAIC, Arlington, VA USA. RP Plant, AL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM anne.plant@nist.gov RI Chung, KooHyun/O-3042-2013 OI Chung, KooHyun/0000-0002-9092-6784 NR 42 TC 82 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 21 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD MAR 1 PY 2007 VL 92 IS 5 BP 1759 EP 1769 DI 10.1529/biophysj.106.089003 PG 11 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 138PD UT WOS:000244373800030 PM 17158565 ER PT J AU Benz, GW Hoffmayer, ER Driggers, WB Allen, D Bishop, LE Brown, DA AF Benz, George W. Hoffmayer, Eric R. Driggers, William B., III Allen, Dan Bishop, Lougan E. Brown, David A. TI First record of a sleeper shark in the western Gulf of Mexico and comments on taxonomic uncertainty within Somniosus (Somniosus) SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PACIFICUS; SEA AB A sleeper shark, Somniosus (Somniosus) sp., is reported from Alaminos Canyon in the western Gulf of Mexico at a depth of about 2647 m based on observations made using a remotely operated vehicle. This is the first record of a sleeper shark (Somniosus, Somniosidae) from the western Gulf of Mexico and deepest record of any shark from the Gulf of Mexico. Despite claims to the contrary in the literature, no taxonomic character has been identified to date that can be used to unequivocally identify all representatives of Somniosus (Somniosus), and as a result, some species records must be considered dubious. C1 Middle Tennessee State Univ, Dept Biol, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 USA. Univ So Mississippi, Ctr Fisheries Res & Dev, Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Mississippi Labs, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. Chevron Gulf Mexico, Business Unit, Madisonville, LA 70447 USA. Shell EP Europe, NL-9400 HH Assen, Netherlands. RP Benz, GW (reprint author), Middle Tennessee State Univ, Dept Biol, POB 60, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 USA. EM gbenz@mtsu.edu NR 23 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 8 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 80 IS 2 BP 343 EP 351 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 161WE UT WOS:000246046400004 ER PT J AU Love, MS Yoklavich, MM Black, BA Andrews, AH AF Love, Milton S. Yoklavich, Mary M. Black, Bryan A. Andrews, Allen H. TI Age of black coral (Antipathes dendrochristos) colonies, with notes on associated invertebrate species SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DEEP-SEA CORAL; GROWTH; CALIFORNIA; HABITAT AB In 2005, a dead 2.1-m high colony of the Christmas tree black coral, Antipathes dendrochristos Opresko, 2005, was collected from 106 m of water off southern California. Based on growth increment counts, a radiocarbon (C-14) analysis, and an indirect corroboration by lead-210 dating from a second, live colony, the colony was about 140 yrs old when it died. The dead skeleton was heavily colonized by invertebrates with 2554 individuals living on the colony. Corophioid amphipods, sea anemones, brittle stars, and crinoids dominated this assemblage. Thus, along with living colonies, it is arguable that the destruction of dead antipatharian colonies may have as yet unknown effects on a range of deep-water organisms. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Ecol Div, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Calif State Univ, Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. RP Love, MS (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM love@lifesci.ucsb.edu RI Black, Bryan/A-7057-2009; Andrews, Allen/G-3686-2016 OI Andrews, Allen/0000-0002-9001-8305 NR 26 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 8 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 EI 1553-6955 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 80 IS 2 BP 391 EP 399 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 161WE UT WOS:000246046400008 ER PT J AU McBride, RS Richardson, AK AF McBride, Richard S. Richardson, Adam K. TI Evidence of size-selective fishing mortality from an age and growth study of hogfish (Labridae : Lachnolaimlis maximus), a hermaphroditic reef fish SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BLACK-SEA BASS; GULF-OF-MEXICO; PROTOGYNOUS HERMAPHRODITE; FLORIDA-KEYS; CENTROPRISTIS-STRIATA; REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY; LIFE-HISTORY; PISCES; FISHERIES; OTOLITHS AB This study is the first to validate the use of sectioned otoliths to age hogfish, Lachnolaimus maximus (Walbaum, 1792), and it uses this method to age L. maximus from different regions of Florida, U.S.A. Maximum age of fish from the eastern Gulf of Mexico (age 23) was nearly twice the maximum age of fish from south Florida (age 13). Average maximum size (i.e., von Bertalanffy L-infinity) of fish from the eastern gulf (917 mm fork length) was more than twice that of fish from south Florida (428 mm). Instantaneous mortality rates were significantly lower in the eastern gulf (Z = 0.35) than in south Florida (Z = 0.40). Within south Florida, there were significant variations in age, size, and mortality along a gradient: from the western, more inaccessible portions of the Dry Tortugas and the Marquesas Keys, to the eastern, more accessible portions of the Florida Keys (Key Largo-Key West). Maximum age was lowest (9 yrs) between Key Largo and Key West, compared to the Marquesas Keys (11) or the Dry Tortugas (13). Average maximum size was lowest between Key Largo and Key West (336 mm FL), compared to the Marquesas Keys (397) and the Dry Tortugas (651). Total mortality was highest between Key Largo and Key West (Z = 0.48), compared to the Marquesas Keys (0.40), and the Dry Tortugas (0.32). We conclude that the truncated age and size of fish in south Florida, particularly between Key Largo and Key West, were the results of size-selective fishing mortality in this region. Significant size and age differences were also evident between sexes because L. maximus is a sequential hermaphrodite. C1 Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP McBride, RS (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM richard.mcbride@noaa.gov RI McBride, Richard/C-2818-2012 NR 59 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 9 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 80 IS 2 BP 401 EP 417 PG 17 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 161WE UT WOS:000246046400009 ER PT J AU Kleypas, JA Eakin, CM AF Kleypas, Joan A. Eakin, C. Mark TI Scientists' perceptions of threats to Coral Reefs: Results of a survey of Coral Reef researchers SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE-CHANGE AB Prior to the 10(th) International Coral Reef Symposium in Okinawa, Japan, in June 2004, symposium participants and members of the International Society for Reef Studies were surveyed to obtain their opinions about the major threats facing coral reef ecosystems. Responses from 286 participants were analyzed and compared to results obtained in a similar survey conducted in 1993. Respondents tended to rank highest those threats associated with human population growth, coastal development, and overfishing. While coral bleaching was ranked much more highly than in the 1993 survey, about two-thirds of the respondents felt that direct human impacts were worse threats than those associated with global climate change. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Inst Study Soc & Environm, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Kleypas, JA (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Inst Study Soc & Environm, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM kleypas@ucar.edu RI Eakin, C. Mark/F-5585-2010 NR 13 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 20 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 80 IS 2 BP 419 EP 436 PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 161WE UT WOS:000246046400010 ER PT J AU Le Marshall, J Uccellini, L Einaudi, F Colton, M Chang, S Weng, F Uhart, M Lord, S Riishojgaard, LP Phoebus, P Yoe, JG AF Le Marshall, John Uccellini, Louis Einaudi, Franco Colton, Marie Chang, Simon Weng, Fuzhong Uhart, Michael Lord, Stephen Riishojgaard, Lars-Peters Phoebus, Patricia Yoe, James G. TI The joint center for satellite data assimilation SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; PART I; KALMAN FILTER; SOIL-MOISTURE; MODEL; WATER; CLOUDS; SYSTEM; INITIALIZATION AB The joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation (JCSDA) was established by NASA and NOAA in 2001, with Department of Defense (DoD) agencies becoming partners in 2002. The goal of JCSDA is to accelerate the use of observations from Earth- orbiting satellites in operational environmental analysis and prediction models for the purpose of improving weather, ocean, climate, and air quality forecasts and the accuracy of climate datasets. Advanced instruments of current and planned satellite missions do and will increasingly provide large volumes of data related to the atmospheric, oceanic, and land surface state. During this decade, this will result in a five order of magnitude increase in the volume of data available for use by the operational and research weather, ocean, and climate communities. These data will exhibit accuracies and spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions never before achieved. JCSDA will help ensure that the maximum benefit from investment in the space-based global observation system is realized. JCSDA will accelerate the use of satellite data from both operational and experimental spacecraft for weather and climate prediction systems. To this end, the advancement of data assimilation science by JCSDA has included the establishment of the JCSDA Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM), which has continual upgrades to allow for the effective use of current and many future satellite instruments. This and other activity within JCSDA have been supported by both internal and external (generally university based) research. Another key activity within JCSDA has been to lay the groundwork for and to establish common NWP model and data assimilation infrastructure for accessing new satellite data and optimizing the use of these data in operational models. As a result of this activity, common assimilation infrastructure has been established at NOAA and NASA and this will assist in a coordinated and integrated move to four-dimensional assimilation among the partner agencies. This paper discusses the establishment of JCSDA and its mission, goals, and science priorities. It also discusses recent advances made by JCSDA, and planned future developments. C1 NOAA, Ctr Sci, Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Maryland, ESSIC, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, Ctr Sci, NCEP, NWS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GMAO, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Ctr Sci, STAR, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. NOAA, OAR, NOAA Headquarters, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Ctr Sci, EMC, NWS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Le Marshall, J (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Sci, Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM john.lemarshall@noaa.gov RI Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 35 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 88 IS 3 BP 329 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-3-329 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 156AR UT WOS:000245620700010 ER PT J AU Edson, J Crawford, T Crescenti, J Farrar, T Frew, N Gerbi, G Helmis, C Hristov, T Khelif, D Jessup, A Jonsson, H Li, M Mahrt, L McGillis, W Plueddemann, A Shen, L Skyllingstad, E Stanton, T Sullivan, P Sun, J Trowbridge, J Vickers, D Wang, S Wang, Q Weller, R Wilkin, J Williams, AJ Yue, DKP Zappa, C AF Edson, James Crawford, Timothy Crescenti, Jerry Farrar, Tom Frew, Nelson Gerbi, Greg Helmis, Costas Hristov, Tihomir Khelif, Djamal Jessup, Andrew Jonsson, Haf Li, Ming Mahrt, Larry McGillis, Wade Plueddemann, Albert Shen, Lian Skyllingstad, Eric Stanton, Tim Sullivan, Peter Sun, Jielun Trowbridge, John Vickers, Dean Wang, Shouping Wang, Qing Weller, Robert Wilkin, John Williams, Albert J., III Yue, D. K. P. Zappa, Chris TI The coupled boundary layers and air-sea transfer experiment in low winds SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NEW-ENGLAND SHELF; SURFACE-WAVES; OCEAN; MODEL; HEAT; PARAMETERIZATION; CIRCULATION; PREDICTION; ATMOSPHERE; TURBULENCE AB The Office of Naval Research's Coupled Boundary Layers and Air-Sea Transfer (CBLAST) program is being conducted to investigate the processes that couple the marine boundary layers and govern the exchange of heat, mass, and momentum across the air-sea interface. CBLASTLOW was designed to investigate these processes at the low-wind extreme where the processes are often driven or strongly modulated by buoyant forcing. The focus was on conditions ranging from negligible wind stress, where buoyant forcing dominates, up to wind speeds where wave breaking and Langmuir circulations play a significant role in the exchange processes. The field program provided observations from a suite of platforms deployed in the coastal ocean south of Martha's Vineyard. Highlights from the measurement campaigns include direct measurement of the momentum and heat fluxes on both sides of the air-sea interface using a specially constructed Air-Sea Interaction Tower (ASIT), and quantification of regional oceanic variability over scales of O(1-10(4) mm) using a mesoscale mooring array, aircraft-borne remote sensors, drifters, and ship surveys. To our knowledge, the former represents the first successful attempt to directly and simultaneously measure the heat and momentum exchange on both sides of the air-sea interface. The latter provided a 3D picture of the oceanic boundary layer during the month-long main experiment. These observations have been combined with numerical models and direct numerical and large-eddy simulations to investigate the processes that couple the atmosphere and ocean under these conditions. For example, the oceanic measurements have been used in the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) to investigate the 3D evolution of regional ocean thermal stratification. The ultimate goal of these investigations is to incorporate improved parameterizations of these processes in coupled models such as the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) to improve marine forecasts of wind, waves, and currents. C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Marine Sci, Groton, CT 06340 USA. NOAA, ARL, Idaho Falls, ID USA. FPL Energy, Juno Beach, FL USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Athens, GR-10679 Athens, Greece. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. CIRPAS, Monterey, CA USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Edson, J (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Marine Sci, Avery Point,1080 Shennecosset Rd, Groton, CT 06340 USA. EM james.edson@uconn.edu RI Helmis, Costas/A-1304-2008; Shen, Lian/A-3353-2010; Wilkin, John/E-5343-2011; Farrar, John T./F-3532-2012; Shen, Lian/D-5718-2014; Li, Ming/B-3485-2015; Sun, Jielun/H-6576-2015 OI Wilkin, John/0000-0002-5444-9466; Farrar, John T./0000-0003-3495-1990; Li, Ming/0000-0003-1492-4127; Sun, Jielun/0000-0003-3271-7914 NR 33 TC 69 Z9 73 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 88 IS 3 BP 341 EP 356 DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-3-341 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 156AR UT WOS:000245620700011 ER PT J AU Black, PG D'Asaro, EA Drennan, WM French, JR Niiler, PP Sanford, TB Terrill, EJ Walsh, EJ Zhang, JA AF Black, Peter G. D'Asaro, Eric A. Drennan, William M. French, Jeffrey R. Niiler, Pearn P. Sanford, Thomas B. Terrill, Eric J. Walsh, Edward J. Zhang, Jun A. TI Air-sea exchange in hurricanes - Synthesis of observations from the coupled boundary layer air-sea transfer experiment SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE WIND FIELDS; TROPICAL CYCLONES; OCEAN; INTENSITY; STRESS; VERIFICATION; COEFFICIENTS; PREDICTION; LANDFALL; ROLLS AB The Coupled Boundary Layer Air-Sea Transfer (CBLAST) field program, conducted from 2002 to 2004, has provided a wealth of new air-sea interaction observations in hurricanes. The wind speed range for which turbulent momentum and moisture exchange coefficients have been derived based upon direct flux measurements has been extended by 30% and 60%, respectively, from airborne observations in Hurricanes Fabian and Isabel in 2003. The drag coefficient (C-D) values derived from CBLAST momentum flux measurements show C-D becoming invariant with wind speed near a 23 m s(-1) threshold rather than a hurricane-force threshold near 33 m s-(1.) Values above 23 m s(-1) are lower than previous open-ocean measurements. The Dalton number estimates (C-E) derived from CBLAST moisture flux measurements are shown to be invariant with wind speeds up to 30 m s(-1), which is in approximate agreement with previous measurements at lower winds. These observations imply a C-E/C-D ratio of approximately 0.7, suggesting that additional energy sources are necessary for hurricanes to achieve their maximum potential intensity. One such additional mechanism for augmented moisture flux in the boundary layer might be "roll vortex" or linear coherent features, observed by CBLAST 2002 measurements to have wavelengths of 0.9-1.2 km. Linear features of the same wavelength range were observed in nearly concurrent RADARSAT Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery. As a complement to the aircraft measurement program, arrays of drifting buoys and subsurface floats were successfully deployed ahead of Hurricanes Fabian (2003) and Frances (2004) [16 (6) and 38 (14) drifters (floats), respectively, in the two storms]. An unprecedented set of observations was obtained, providing a four-dimensional view of the ocean response to a hurricane for the first time ever. Two types of surface drifters and three types of floats provided observations of surface and sub-surface oceanic currents, temperature, salinity, gas exchange, bubble concentrations, and surface wave spectra to a depth of 200 m on a continuous basis before, during, and after storm passage, as well as surface atmospheric observations of wind speed (via acoustic hydrophone) and direction, rain rate, and pressure. Float observations in Frances (2004) indicated a deepening of the mixed layer from 40 to 120 m in approximately 8 h, with a corresponding decrease in SST in the right-rear quadrant of 3.2 degrees C in 11 h, roughly one-third of an inertial period. Strong inertial currents with a peak amplitude of 1.5 m s(-1) were observed. Vertical structure showed that the critical Richardson number was reached sporadically during the mixed-layer deepening event, suggesting shear-induced mixing as a prominent mechanism during storm passage. Peak significant waves of 11 m were observed from the floats to complement the aircraft-measured directional wave spectra. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Black, PG (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM Peter.Black@noaa.gov RI Zhang, Jun/F-9580-2012; OI Drennan, William/0000-0003-1708-4311 NR 41 TC 222 Z9 231 U1 3 U2 34 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 88 IS 3 BP 357 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-3-357 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 156AR UT WOS:000245620700012 ER PT J AU Roberts, D Lea, RN Martin, KLM AF Roberts, Dale Lea, Robert N. Martin, Karen L. M. TI First record of the occurrence of the California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis, in Tomales Bay, California: A northern extension of the species SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article ID FISHES C1 Point Reyes Natl Seashore, Pt Reyes Stn, CA 94956 USA. Cordell Bank Natl Marine Sanctuary, Pt Reyes Stn, CA 94956 USA. Calif Acad Sci, Dept Ichthyol, San Francisco, CA 94103 USA. Pepperdine Univ, Div Nat Sci, Malibu, CA 90263 USA. RP Roberts, D (reprint author), Point Reyes Natl Seashore, 1 Bear Valley Rd, Pt Reyes Stn, CA 94956 USA. EM dale.roberts@noaa.gov NR 11 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD SPR PY 2007 VL 93 IS 2 BP 107 EP 110 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA 159QR UT WOS:000245881800005 ER PT J AU Turchi, PEA Abrikosov, IA Burton, B Fries, SG Grimvalle, G Kaufman, L Korzhavyi, P Manga, VR Ohno, M Pisch, A Scott, A Zhang, WQ AF Turchi, Patrice E. A. Abrikosov, Igor A. Burton, Benjamin Fries, Suzana G. Grimvalle, Goran Kaufman, Larry Korzhavyi, Pavel Manga, V. Rao Ohno, Munekazu Pisch, Alexander Scott, Andrew Zhang, Wenqing TI Interface between quantum-mechanical-based approaches, experiments, and CALPHAD methodology SO CALPHAD-COMPUTER COUPLING OF PHASE DIAGRAMS AND THERMOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Ringberg Workshop on Thermodynamic Modeling and First-Principles Calculations CY MAR 06-12, 2005 CL Schloss Ringberg, GERMANY ID TRANSITION-METAL ALLOYS; COHERENT-POTENTIAL APPROXIMATION; AB-INITIO CALCULATION; GENERALIZED GRADIENT APPROXIMATION; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL APPROXIMATIONS; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE CALCULATIONS; RANDOM SUBSTITUTIONAL ALLOYS; TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; PHASE-FIELD MODEL; SYSTEM NACL-KCL AB The increased application of quantum-mechanical-based methodologies to the study of alloy stability has required a re-assessment of the field. The focus is mainly on inorganic materials in the solid state. In a first part, after a brief overview of the so-called ab initio methods with their approximations, constraints, and limitations, recommendations are made for a good usage of first-principles codes with a set of qualifiers. Examples are given to illustrate the power and the limitations of ab initio codes. However, despite the "success" of these methodologies, thermodynamics of complex multi-component alloys, as used in engineering applications, requires a more versatile approach presently afforded within CALPHAD. Hence, in a second part, the links that presently exist between ab initio methodologies, experiments, and the CALPHAD approach are examined with illustrations. Finally, the issues of dynamical instability and of the role of lattice vibrations that still constitute the subject of ample discussions within the CALPHAD community are revisited in the light of our current knowledge with a set of recommendations. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. Linkoping Univ, Linkoping, Sweden. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SGF Sci Consultancy, Aachen, Germany. Royal Inst Technol, Stockholm, Sweden. Max Planck Inst Met Res, Stuttgart, Germany. Tech Univ Clausthal, D-3392 Clausthal Zellerfeld, Germany. ENSEEG, LTPCM, St Martin Dheres, France. Univ Leeds, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. Shanghai Inst Ceram, Shanghai 200050, Peoples R China. RP Turchi, PEA (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. EM turchi1@llnl.gov; igor.abrikosov@ifm.liu.se; benjamin.burton@nist.gov; sufries@mf.mpg.de; grimvall@theophys.kth.se; larrykaufman@rcn.com; pavel@mse.kth.se; manga@mf.mpg.de; munekazu.ohno@tu-clausthal.de; alexander.pisch@ltpcm.inpg.fr; a.j.scott@leeds.ac.uk; wqzhang@mail.sic.ac.cn RI Ohno, Munekazu/A-5222-2012; Fries, suzana/A-5280-2013; Zhang, Wenqing/K-1236-2012; Scott, Andrew/H-6321-2016; Korzhavyi, Pavel/B-1944-2017 OI Ohno, Munekazu/0000-0001-5383-412X; Scott, Andrew/0000-0003-4235-6462; Korzhavyi, Pavel/0000-0002-9920-5393 NR 175 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 3 U2 23 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0364-5916 EI 1873-2984 J9 CALPHAD JI Calphad-Comput. Coupling Ph. Diagrams Thermochem. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 31 IS 1 BP 4 EP 27 DI 10.1016/j.calphad.2006.02.009 PG 24 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 136RP UT WOS:000244242100002 ER PT J AU Schmid-Fetzer, R Andersson, D Chevalier, PY Eleno, L Fabrichnaya, O Kattner, UR Sundman, B Wang, C Watson, A Zabdyr, L Zinkevich, M AF Schmid-Fetzer, R. Andersson, D. Chevalier, P. Y. Eleno, L. Fabrichnaya, O. Kattner, U. R. Sundman, B. Wang, C. Watson, A. Zabdyr, L. Zinkevich, M. TI Assessment techniques, database design and software facilities for thermodynamics and diffusion SO CALPHAD-COMPUTER COUPLING OF PHASE DIAGRAMS AND THERMOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Ringberg Workshop on Thermodynamic Modeling and First-Principles Calculations CY MAR 06-12, 2005 CL Schloss Ringberg, GERMANY ID MG-SI SYSTEM; PHASE-DIAGRAM CALCULATION; ALLOYS; EQUILIBRIA; MODEL; MELTS AB The purpose of this article is to give a set of recommendations to producers of assessed thermodynamic data, who may be involved in either the critical evaluation of limited chemical systems or the creation and dissemination of larger thermodynamic databases. Also, it is hoped that reviewers and editors of scientific publications in this field will find some of the information useful. Good practice in the assessment process is essential, particularly as datasets from many different sources may be combined together into a single database. With this in mind, we highlight some problems that can arise during the assessment process and we propose a quality assurance procedure. It is worth mentioning at this point, that the provision of reliable assessed thermodynamic data relies heavily on the availability of high quality experimental information. The different software packages for thermodynamics and diffusion are described here only briefly. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tech Univ Clausthal, D-3392 Clausthal Zellerfeld, Germany. Royal Inst Technol, Stockholm, Sweden. CNRS, INPG, St Martin Dheres, France. Max Planck Inst Eisenforsch GmbH, D-4000 Dusseldorf, Germany. Max Planck Inst Met Res, Stuttgart, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Leeds, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. Polish Acad Sci, Krakow, Poland. RP Schmid-Fetzer, R (reprint author), Tech Univ Clausthal, D-3392 Clausthal Zellerfeld, Germany. EM schmid-fetzer@tu-clausthal.de; davida@mse.kth.se; pierre-yves.chevalier@grenet.fr; eleno@mpie.de; fabri@mf.mpg.de; ursula.kattner@nist.gov; bosse@mse.kth.se; wang@mf.mpg.de; a.watson@leeds.ac.uk; nmzabdyr@imim-pan.krakow.pl; zinkevich@mf.mpg.de RI Eleno, Luiz/G-2382-2012 OI Eleno, Luiz/0000-0002-3117-5116 NR 49 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 27 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0364-5916 J9 CALPHAD JI Calphad-Comput. Coupling Ph. Diagrams Thermochem. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 31 IS 1 BP 38 EP 52 DI 10.1016/j.calphad.2006.02.007 PG 15 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 136RP UT WOS:000244242100004 ER PT J AU Dorval, E Jones, CM Hannigan, R van Montfrans, J AF Dorval, Emmanis Jones, Cynthia M. Hannigan, Robyn van Montfrans, Jacques TI Relating otolith chemistry to surface water chemistry in a coastal plain estuary SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RARE-EARTH-ELEMENTS; SPOT LEIOSTOMUS-XANTHURUS; SNAPPER LUTJANUS-GRISEUS; EARLY LIFE-HISTORY; CHESAPEAKE BAY; CYNOSCION-NEBULOSUS; FISH OTOLITHS; TRACE-METALS; JUVENILE SALMONIDS; STABLE ISOTOPES AB Although laboratory studies confirm that otoliths incorporate trace elements and stable isotopes from surrounding waters, few studies explore the relationship of otolith chemistry to water chemistry in the field and none include a larger suite of environmental tracers, such as rare earth elements. Using spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) as model species, we tested the hypothesis that otoliths record the water chemistry of seagrass habitats in Chesapeake Bay. In summer 2001, we sampled water and juvenile fish in seagrass beds of the bay. Weighted linear regressions showed that [Ba/Ca](otolith) and [La/Ca](otolith) were best predicted by salinity and were modeled as [Ba/Ca](otolith) (mu mol center dot mol(-1)) = -2.25 +/- 0.35 x salinity + 59.47 +/- 7.01) and [La/Ca](otolith) (pmol center dot mol(-1)) = -8.71 +/- 0.65 x salinity + 243.87 +/- 12.52. [Ba/Ca](otolith) increased with [Ba/Ca](water), but the relationship was nonlinear. Salinity did not influence [Mn/Ca](otolith), but this ratio was positively correlated with [Mn/Ca](water). Although the partition coefficient of Sr (D-Sr = 0.23 +/- 0.019) was similar to that in laboratory experiments, [Sr/Ca] in waters and otoliths was decoupled despite equal temperature exposure, suggesting that [Sr/Ca](otolith) concentration may not be a simple function of water composition. However, there was a predictive relationship between [delta O-18](otolith) and [Sr/Ca](water) ([delta O-18](otolith) = 1.18 +/- 0.09 x [Sr/Ca](water) (mmol center dot mol(-1)) - 14.286 +/- 0.78) resulting from mixing between fluvial and oceanic waters. Water chemistry showed mixed values as a proxy for otolith chemistry and may not be a surrogate for otolith chemistry in wide estuaries. C1 Old Dominion Univ, Ctr Quantitat Fisheries Ecol, Dept Ocean Earth & Atmospher Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. Arkansas State Univ, State Univ, AR 72467 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Dorval, E (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM emmanis.dorval@noaa.gov RI Hannigan, Robyn /F-8628-2010 OI Hannigan, Robyn /0000-0003-4782-1124 NR 59 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 4 U2 25 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 64 IS 3 BP 411 EP 424 DI 10.1139/F07-015 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 163UM UT WOS:000246188700004 ER PT J AU Hurst, TP AF Hurst, Thomas P. TI Thermal effects on behavior of juvenile walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma): implications for energetics and food web models SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID EASTERN BERING SEA; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; PREDATION RISK; MARINE FISH; TEMPERATURE; MECHANISMS; SALMON; ENVIRONMENTS; METABOLISM; RESPONSES AB The behavioral responses of fishes to temperature variation have received little attention despite their direct implications to bioenergetics-based models of production and encounter-based models of food web dynamics. Behavioral characteristics of juvenile walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), a pelagic marine zooplanktivore, were examined between 2 and 9 degrees C in large arenas. Routine swim speed, path sinuosity, and schooling cohesiveness of fish in small groups were described from overhead video observations. In a separate experiment, maximum swimming speeds were measured in a recirculating flume. Routine and maximum swimming speeds had contrasting responses to temperature demonstrating a behavioral rather than physiological regulation of activity level. Routine swim speed was 48% faster at 2 degrees C than at 9 degrees C. This result is inconsistent with the assumption of a constant activity multiplier for metabolism incorporated into most bioenergetics models of fish growth. Increased swim speed, along with the reduced path sinuosity observed at low temperatures, may reflect kinetic aspects of habitat selection. Group cohesion increased at low temperatures, with nearest neighbors averaging 32% closer at 2 degrees C than at 9 degrees C. These results demonstrate that representative models of energy flow through marine food webs depend on an improved understanding of the behavioral as well as physiological responses of fishes to thermal variation. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr,Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Hurst, TP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr,Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM thomas.hurst@noaa.gov RI Hurst, Thomas/N-1401-2013 NR 54 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 21 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 64 IS 3 BP 449 EP 457 DI 10.1139/F07-025 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 163UM UT WOS:000246188700007 ER PT J AU Helser, TE Stewart, IJ Lai, HL AF Helser, Thomas E. Stewart, Ian J. Lai, Han-Lin TI A Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis of growth for the genus Sebastes in the eastern Pacific Ocean SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LARGEMOUTH BASS; AGE; ROCKFISH; FISHERIES; POPULATIONS; MODELS; FISH; VARIABILITY; PARAMETERS; CALIFORNIA AB We conducted a meta-analysis of growth for 46 species of the genus Sebastes in the eastern Pacific Ocean using a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate parameters, to investigate growth variability, and to elucidate meaningful biological covariates. Growth in terms of maximum attainable size (L infinity) ranged from 12 to 80 cm, and instantaneous growth rates varied by over an order of magnitude (K; 0.03-0.34 center dot year(-1)). Results from this method also confirm the theoretical, but often untested, view that growth parameters L-infinity and K are negatively correlated among populations or species of fish; Bayesian credibility intervals for correlation ranged from -0.2 to -0.7, with the posterior median of -0.4. The Bayesian hierarchical growth model showed less variability in growth parameters and lower correlations among parameters than those from standard techniques used in population ecology, suggesting that the absolute value of the correlation between L-infinity and K may be lower than the general perception in the ecological literature. Exploration of several covariates revealed that asymptotic size varied positively as a function of the size at 50% maturity. Finally, posterior probability distributions of the hyperparameters from this analysis provide plausible informative priors of growth for stock assessments of data-poor species. C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Helser, TE (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM thomas.helser@noaa.gov NR 61 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 13 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 64 IS 3 BP 470 EP 485 DI 10.1139/F07-024 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 163UM UT WOS:000246188700009 ER PT J AU Pugh, RS Ellisor, MB Moors, AJ Vander Pol, SS Day, R Point, D Becker, PR AF Pugh, R. S. Ellisor, M. B. Moors, A. J. Vander Pol, S. S. Day, R. Point, D. Becker, P. R. TI Current avian projects of the marine environmental specimen bank (marine ESB), Charleston, SC, USA SO CELL PRESERVATION TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Charleston, SC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1538-344X J9 CELL PRESERV TECHNOL JI Cell Preserv. Technol. PD SPR PY 2007 VL 5 IS 1 BP 45 EP 45 PG 1 WC Cell Biology; Medical Laboratory Technology SC Cell Biology; Medical Laboratory Technology GA 162XM UT WOS:000246122800015 ER PT J AU Allen, AJ Thomas, JJ AF Allen, Andrew J. Thomas, Jeffrey J. TI Analysis of C-S-H gel and cement paste by small-angle neutron scattering SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE acceleration; retardation; hydration; calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H); small-angle neutron scattering ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; DOUBLE-CRYSTAL DIFFRACTOMETER; TRICALCIUM SILICATE; PORTLAND-CEMENT; HYDRATING CEMENT; SURFACE-AREA; MICROSTRUCTURE; PERFORMANCE; EVOLUTION; MOISTURE AB The role of small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS) in the characterization of cement is briefly reviewed. The unique information obtainable from SANS analysis of C-S-H gel in hydrating cement is compared with that obtainable by other neutron methods. Implications for the nature of C-S-H gel, as detected by SANS, are considered in relation to current models. Finally, the application of the SANS method to cement paste is demonstrated by analyzing the effects of calcium chloride acceleration and sucrose retardation on the resulting hydrated microstructure. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Allen, AJ (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM andrew.allen@nist.gov; jthomas@northwestern.edu RI Thomas, Jeffrey/B-7103-2009; OI Thomas, Jeffrey/0000-0003-2897-2023 NR 30 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 4 U2 32 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 37 IS 3 BP 319 EP 324 DI 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.09.002 PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 149LR UT WOS:000245148900004 ER PT J AU Beichl, I O'Leary, DP Sullivan, F AF Beichl, Isabel O'Leary, Dianne P. Sullivan, Francis TI Partial solution to last issue's homework assignment - Monte Carlo minimization and counting - one, two, . . . too many SO COMPUTING IN SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Adv Comp Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Program Appl Math, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. IDA Ctr Comp Sci, Bowie, MD USA. RP Beichl, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM isabel.beichl@nist.gov; oleary@cs.umd.edu; fran@super.org NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1521-9615 J9 COMPUT SCI ENG JI Comput. Sci. Eng. PD MAR-APR PY 2007 VL 9 IS 2 BP 99 EP 103 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA 135NF UT WOS:000244159600016 ER PT J AU Miller, MW Williams, DE AF Miller, M. W. Williams, D. E. TI Coral disease outbreak at Navassa, a remote Caribbean island SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE Hermodice carunculata; hurricane; white plague; sponges ID IMPACT AB In November 2004, a high prevalence of coral disease was observed at several sites around Navassa, an uninhabited Caribbean island between Haiti and Jamaica. At least fifteen mounding and foliaceous scleractinian species were affected with 'white disease' signs. Coral disease incidence was observed to be absent in quantitative surveys in 2002, but in 2004 average prevalence (i.e., % of colonies) of active disease ranged up to 15% and an additional 19% prevalence of colonies with patterns of recent mortality consistent with disease. Large and/or Montastraea spp. colonies were disproportionately affected and the anticipated loss of these large, reef-building colonies will impact coral community structure. One or more potential factors may influence the initiation and persistence of disease outbreak conditions at Navassa including recent hurricane disturbance, regional patterns of increasing disease impact in deep or remote Caribbean reefs, or vectoring of disease by the corallivorous worm, Hermodice carunculata. C1 SE Sci Ctr, NOAA Fisheries, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, CIMAS, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Miller, MW (reprint author), SE Sci Ctr, NOAA Fisheries, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM margaret.w.miller@noaa.gov OI Williams, Dana/0000-0002-9660-5359 NR 11 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD MAR PY 2007 VL 26 IS 1 BP 97 EP 101 DI 10.1007/s00338-006-0165-y PG 5 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 151DF UT WOS:000245268300015 ER PT J AU Grober-Dunsmore, R Frazer, TK Lindberg, WJ Beets, J AF Grober-Dunsmore, R. Frazer, T. K. Lindberg, W. J. Beets, J. TI Reef fish and habitat relationships in a Caribbean seascape: the importance of reef context SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE habitat linkages; MPAs; species richness; reef fishes; landscape ecology; seagrass; connectivity ID CORAL-REEF; HAEMULON-FLAVOLINEATUM; EPINEPHELUS-STRIATUS; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS; LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE; BIRD ASSEMBLAGES; MARINE RESERVES; PROTECTED AREAS; NASSAU GROUPER AB Marine protected area (MPA) effectiveness is contingent on understanding key ecological patterns and processes at appropriate spatial scales and may depend upon maintaining critical linkages among essential habitat patches to conserve reef-fish communities. Hypotheses were tested to investigate the importance of habitat linkages in the US Virgin Islands. As expected, reef context (the spatial pattern of surrounding habitat patches) was a strong predictor of reef fish assemblage structure. Specific relationships were functionally consistent with the ecology of the fishes of interest. For example, reefs with large amounts of seagrass nearby harbored the greatest numerical abundance of fishes, particularly mobile invertebrate feeders and the exploited fish families of Haemulidae (grunts) and Lutjanidae (snappers). Species richness for the entire fish community and within these fish groups was also strongly associated with reef context. Furthermore, reef fish mobility influenced how fishes related to reef context. Fish-habitat relationships were detected as far as 1 km from study reefs, suggesting that fish movements result in habitat encounter rates that may influence their patterns of distribution. Consequently, functional habitat connectivity of habitat patches appears important in structuring reef-fish assemblages, and suggests that landscape-scale metrics may provide insights useful to managers in the design of MPAs. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Protected Areas, Ctr Sci Inst, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Marine Sci, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Grober-Dunsmore, R (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Protected Areas, Ctr Sci Inst, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM rikki.dunsmore@noaa.gov NR 87 TC 62 Z9 66 U1 7 U2 58 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4028 EI 1432-0975 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD MAR PY 2007 VL 26 IS 1 BP 201 EP 216 DI 10.1007/s00338-006-0180-z PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 151DF UT WOS:000245268300027 ER PT J AU Grottoli, AG Eakin, CM AF Grottoli, Andrea G. Eakin, C. Mark TI A review of modern coral delta O-18 and Delta C-14 proxy records SO EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE coral; isotope; O-18; C-14; sea surface temperature; paleoceanography ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; SOUTH CHINA SEA; OXYGEN ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA; WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES; TROPICAL PACIFIC; EL-NINO; CLIMATE VARIABILITY AB This paper is a review of published modem coral delta O-18 and Delta C-14 isotopic records that are at least 30 and 20 years long, respectively. The data are presented to show basin-scale trends in both of these proxy records on decadal-to-centennial timescales. The goal was to qualitatively integrate the general inter-annual-to-centennial timescale variability revealed in these data, as well as the statistical and modeling output results that have been produced using these coral records. While many review papers typically include a representative subset of the data available, this review aims to include as much of the available data as possible. In general, coral delta O-18 records show a long-term warming and/or freshening throughout the tropical oceans, and agree with the NOAA Extended Reconstruction Sea Surface Temperature 2 (ERSST) on decadal timescales. hi the western Pacific, it is most likely a freshening of the seawater delta O-18 that dominates the signal. El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability dominates Most delta O-18 records either by varying local seawater temperature or salinity, depending on the regional oceanography/climatology. Outside of the Pacific, ENSO affects seawater temperature and salinity via atmospheric or oceanic teleconnections. Post-bomb coral Delta C-14 records collectively show that the uptake of Delta C-14 has been greatest in gyrewater fed sites, followed in descending order by western boundary current areas, equatorial upwelling regions, and eastern tropical Pacific upwelling sites. These surface waterd C-Delta 14 values indicate the proportion of surface water and/or the residence time of water at the surface at a given location, and can be used to model water mass mixing rates. Such models have only begun to be run and show that the amount of eastern Pacific water entering the central South Pacific increases during El Ninos and that the Indonesian throughflow is supplied year-round by the North Pacific. Comparing ocean circulation models with coral Delta C-14-modelled circulation enables researchers to explore the mechanisms that drive seawater, Delta C-14 variability and fine-tune their models. In addition, our comparison between the rate of coral Delta C-14 increase between 1960 and 1970 and total anthropogenic CO2 uptake rates show general agreement demonstrating the value of coral records in understanding past carbon fluxes. Overall, coral delta O-18 and Delta C-14 proxy records represent natural archives of seawater conditions and are critical for studying the natural variability in local and regional patterns within, and teleconnection patterns between, the tropics, extra-tropics, temperate, and Polar Regions on intra-annual-to-centennial timescales. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ohio State Univ, Sch Earth Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NOAA, Coral Reef Watch, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Grottoli, AG (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Sch Earth Sci, 125 S Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM grottoli.1@osu.edu RI Grottoli, Andrea/C-9736-2009; kohki, sowa/D-2955-2011; Eakin, C. Mark/F-5585-2010 NR 183 TC 87 Z9 91 U1 2 U2 68 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-8252 EI 1872-6828 J9 EARTH-SCI REV JI Earth-Sci. Rev. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 81 IS 1-2 BP 67 EP 91 DI 10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.10.001 PG 25 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 151RJ UT WOS:000245308100002 ER PT J AU Kashian, DR Zuellig, RE Mitchell, KA Clements, WH AF Kashian, Donna R. Zuellig, Robert E. Mitchell, Katharine A. Clements, William H. TI The cost of tolerance: Sensitivity of stream benthic communities to UV-B and metals SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE community; compound disturbance; macroinvertebrates; metabolism; metals; streams; tolerance; ultraviolet radiation; UV-B ID SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; PRIMARY PRODUCERS; MOUNTAIN STREAMS; AQUATIC INSECTS; RISK ASSESSMENT; ORGANIC-CARBON; CLIMATE-CHANGE; HEAVY-METALS; RESPONSES; COLORADO AB The ability to tolerate disturbance is a defense strategy that minimizes the effects of damage to fitness and is essential for sustainability of populations, communities, and ecosystems. Despite the apparent benefits of tolerance, there may be an associated cost that results in a deficiency of a system to respond to additional disturbances. Aquatic ecosystems are often exposed to a variety of natural and anthropogenic disturbances, and the effects of these compound perturbations are not well known. In this investigation, we examine whether tolerance to one stressor, metals, results in a cost of increased sensitivity to an additional stressor, ultraviolet- B ( UV- B) radiation. Heavy metal pollution is recognized as a major environmental problem in Rocky Mountain streams. These high-elevation, typically clear streams may be at particular risk to elevated UVB levels associated with reduced levels of ozone. Microcosm experiments were conducted using natural stream benthic communities collected from a reference site and a site with a long- term history of heavy- metal pollution. Direct and interactive effects of heavy metals and UV- B radiation on structural and functional characteristics of benthic communities were evaluated among four treatments: control, UV- B, metals, and metal and UV- B. Communities from the metal- polluted site were more tolerant of metals but less tolerant to UV- B compared to reference communities. Increased mayfly drift and reduced metabolism in response to metal exposure were observed in reference communities but not in the metal- polluted communities. In contrast to these results, UV- B radiation significantly reduced community metabolism, total macroinvertebrate abundance, and abundances of mayflies, caddisflies, and dipterans from the metal- polluted site, but had no effects on benthic communities from the reference site. ANOSIM results demonstrated that community responses differed among treatments at both sites. Metals had the largest impact on community differences at both sites, while UV- B had greater impacts at the metal- polluted site. This research demonstrates the need to account for potential costs associated with tolerance and that these costs can result in behavioral, structural, and functional impacts to benthic communities. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Kashian, DR (reprint author), Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM dkashian@umich.edu RI Clements, William/N-2686-2016 NR 45 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 46 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 17 IS 2 BP 365 EP 375 DI 10.1890/06-0396 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 157TP UT WOS:000245744200007 PM 17489245 ER PT J AU Tolimieri, N AF Tolimieri, Nick TI Patterns in species richness, species density, and evenness in groundfish assemblages on the continental slope of the US Pacific coast SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE continental slope; depth; evenness; ground fish; latitudinal gradient; species density; species richness ID DEEP-SEA BENTHOS; SEBASTOLOBUS-ALASCANUS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; NORTH-ATLANTIC; BIOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS; BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS; MICROSTOMUS-PACIFICUS; LATITUDINAL GRADIENTS; FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; DOVER SOLE AB For many taxa, diversity, often measured as species richness, decreases with latitude. In this report patterns of diversity ( species richness, species diversity, and evenness) in groundfish assemblages were investigated in relation to depth ( 200 - 1200 m) and latitude ( 33 - 47 degrees N) on the continental slope of the U. S. Pacific coast. The data originated from the 1999 - 2002 upper continental slope groundfish surveys conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service. When the data were pooled across depths, species density and evenness were found to decline with latitude. All three diversity measures declined with depth, with the lowest overall diversity in the 600- to 900-m depth range where longspine thornyhead Sebastolobus altivelis constituted close to 70% of the catch. When latitudinal gradients were examined within four depth zones ( 200 - 300 m, 400 - 500 m, 600 - 900 m, and 1000 - 1200 m) more complex patterns emerged. At depth species richness and evenness were inversely correlated with latitude as longspine thornyhead dominated catches to the north. However, in shallower areas of the slope, species richness and evenness were positively correlated with latitude. Latitudinal patterns of diversity in the deeper zones and when pooled across depths were positively correlated with temperature and broadly consistent with the Ambient Energy hypothesis discussed by Willig et al. [ Annu Rev Ecol System 34: 273 - 309 ( 2003)]. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Tolimieri, N (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM nick.tolimieri@noaa.gov RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 67 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 24 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 2007 VL 78 IS 3 BP 241 EP 256 DI 10.1007/s10641-006-9093-5 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 135YT UT WOS:000244190500012 ER PT J AU Poster, DL Kucklick, JR Schantz, MM Porter, BJ Sander, LC Wise, SA AF Poster, Dianne L. Kucklick, John R. Schantz, Michele M. Porter, Barbara J. Sander, Lane C. Wise, Stephen A. TI New developments in Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for environmental forensics SO ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT PacifiChem Conference 2005 CY DEC 18, 2005 CL Honolulu, HI DE organic contaminants; PAHs; PCBs; chlorinated pesticides; flame retardants; PBDEs; environmental samples; air particulate matter; sediment; biota ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; TRACE ORGANIC-CONSTITUENTS; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; IN-HOUSE DUST; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; MARINE SEDIMENT; CHLORINATED PESTICIDES AB For nearly three decades the National Institute of Standards and Technology (Gaithersburg, MD) has been involved in the development of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for the determination of organic contaminants in environmental matrices. Classes of organic contaminants characterized in these materials include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated pesticides, and most recently, brominated flame retardants (polybrominated diphenyl ethers [PBDEs]). Environmental matrices include fossil fuels, air and diesel particulate matter, house dust, coal tar, sediment, mussel and fish tissue, fish oil, and whale blubber. Recent SRM developments and activities have led to a number of environmental SRMs that are useful for assuring quality of analytical measurements in environmental forensics where source profiling of organic contaminants is often conducted in a range of environmental or biological matrices. Particle-related SRM developments include the issue of a new house dust material (SRM 2585 Organic Contaminants in House Dust), and the recertification of two SRMs: a diesel particulate matter material (SRM 1650b Diesel Particulate Matter) for certified and reference values for 97 PAHs and nitro-PAHs and a river sediment (SRM 1939b PCBs in River Sediment A) for a greater number of PCB congener concentrations relative to its former certification in 1998 as well as for total PCBs. A coal tar SRM (SRM 1597a Complex Mixture of PAHs from Coal Tar) has also been reissued with an expanded range of values for PAHs (including methyl- and dimethyl-substituted PAHs, PAH isomers of molecular mass 302, and polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles [PASH]). The latest biological SRM developments include the issue of a new fish tissue SRM (SRM 1947 Lake Michigan Fish Tissue) and the recertification of a cod liver oil (SRM 1588b Organics in Cod Liver Oil) and a human serum (SRM 1589b PCBs, Pesticides, PBDEs, and Dioxins/Furans in Human Serum). SRM 1588b has values assigned for 124 constituents, and SRM 1589b has values assigned for 88 constituents. An overview of these recent SRM activities is provided in this paper, and selected organic contaminant values in newly developed particulate-related and biological SRMs are presented. The usefulness of these materials for assuring quality in environmental forensic measurements is also discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Poster, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM poster@nist.gov NR 92 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 20 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1527-5922 EI 1527-5930 J9 ENVIRON FORENSICS JI Environ. Forensics PD MAR-JUN PY 2007 VL 8 IS 1-2 BP 181 EP 191 DI 10.1080/15275920601180727 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 152JJ UT WOS:000245358000017 ER PT J AU Bhave, PV Pouliot, GA Zheng, M AF Bhave, Prakash V. Pouliot, George A. Zheng, Mei TI Diagnostic model evaluation for carbonaceous PM2.5 using organic markers measured in the southeastern US SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPREHENSIVE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION; AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER; COMMUNITY MULTISCALE AIR; 1999 SOUTHERN OXIDANTS; UNITED-STATES; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; QUALITY MODEL; GAS-PHASE; AEROSOL; EMISSIONS AB Summertime concentrations of fine particulate carbon in the southeastern United States are consistently underestimated by air quality models. In an effort to understand the cause of this error, the Community Multiscale Air Quality model is instrumented to track primary organic and elemental carbon contributions from fifteen different source categories. The model results are speciated using published source profiles and compared with ambient measurements of 100 organic markers collected at eight sites in the Southeast during the 1999 summer. Results indicate that modeled contributions from vehicle exhaust and biomass combustion, the two largest sources of carbon in the emission inventory, are unbiased across the region. In Atlanta, good model performance for total carbon (TC) is attributed to compensating errors: overestimation of vehicle emissions with underestimations of other sources. In Birmingham, 35% of the TC underestimation can be explained by deficiencies in primary sources. Cigarette smoke and vegetative detritus are not in the inventory, but contribute less than 3% of the TC at each site. After the model results are adjusted for source-specific errors using the organic-marker measurements, an average of 1.6 mu gC m(-3) remain unexplained. This corresponds to 26-38% of ambient TC concentrations at urban sites and up to 56% at rural sites. The most likely sources of unexplained carbon are discussed. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Armospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Bhave, PV (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Armospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM prakash.bhave@noaa.gov RI Bhave, Prakash/L-1958-2013; OI Bhave, Prakash/0000-0002-2573-951X; Pouliot, George/0000-0003-3406-4814 NR 38 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 1 PY 2007 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1577 EP 1583 DI 10.1021/es061785x PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 139XZ UT WOS:000244467500021 PM 17396644 ER PT J AU Arhonditsis, GB Paerl, HW Valdes-Weaver, LM Stow, CA Steinberg, LJ Reckhow, KH AF Arhonditsis, G. B. Paerl, H. W. Valdes-Weaver, L. M. Stow, C. A. Steinberg, L. J. Reckhow, K. H. TI Application of Bayesian structural equation modeling for examining phytoplankton dynamics in the Neuse River Estuary (North Carolina, USA) SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE phytoplankton dynamics; structural equation modeling; Neuse River Estuary; aggregate variability; compositional variability; eutrophication ID COMMUNITY-STRUCTURE; NUTRIENT LIMITATION; BLOOM DYNAMICS; EUTROPHICATION; INDICATORS; ECOSYSTEMS; ENRICHMENT; RESPONSES; PATTERNS; PLANKTON AB We introduce a Bayesian structural equation modeling framework to explore the spatiotemporal phytoplankton community patterns in the Neuse River Estuary (study period 1995-2001). The initial hypothesized model considered the influence of the physical environment (flow, salinity, and light availability), nitrogen (dissolved oxidized inorganic nitrogen, and total dissolved inorganic nitrogen), and temperature on total phytoplankton biomass and phytoplankton community structure. Generally, the model gave plausible results and enabled the identification of the longitudinal role of the abiotic factors on the observed phytoplankton dynamics. River flow fluctuations and the resulting salinity and light availability changes (physical environment) dominate the up-estuary processes and loosen the coupling between nitrogen and phytoplankton. Further insights into the phytoplankton community response were provided by the positive path coefficients between the physical environment and diatoms, chlorophytes, and cryptophytes in the down-estuary sections. The latter finding supports an earlier hypothesis that these three groups dominate the phytoplankton community during high freshwater conditions as a result of their faster nutrient uptake and growth rates and their tolerance on low salinity conditions. The relationship between dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations and phytoplankton community becomes more apparent as we move to the down-estuary sections. A categorization of the phytoplankton community into cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and an assemblage that consists of diatoms, chlorophytes, and cryptophytes provided the best results in the upper and middle segments of the estuary. Finally, the optimal down-estuary grouping aggregates diatoms and chlorophytes, lumps together dinoflagellates with cryptophytes, while cyanobacteria are treated separately. These structural shifts in the temporal phytoplankton community patterns probably result from combined bottom-up and top-down control effects. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Phys & Environm Sci, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada. Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. So Methodist Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Arhonditsis, GB (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Phys & Environm Sci, 1265 Mil Trail, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada. EM georgea@utsc.utoronto.ca RI Arhonditsis, George/C-6980-2009; OI Stow, Craig/0000-0001-6171-7855; Arhonditsis, George/0000-0001-5359-8737 NR 50 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 24 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 72 IS 1-2 BP 63 EP 80 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2006.09.022 PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 145JZ UT WOS:000244862400006 ER PT J AU Manzello, SL Gann, RG Kukuck, SR Prasad, KR Jones, WW AF Manzello, Samuel L. Gann, Richard G. Kukuck, Scott R. Prasad, Kuldeep R. Jones, Walter W. TI An experimental determination of a real fire performance of a non-load bearing glass wall assembly SO FIRE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE glass partition; glass breakage ID ENCLOSURE AB A glass wall assembly was exposed to an intense real-scale compartment fire. The wall assembly consisted of four glass sections, two of which were fitted with tempered double-pane glass and the other two sections were fitted with tempered single-pane glass. At each glass section, temperatures were measured at the exposed face and the unexposed face. Total heat flux gauges were used to measure both the temporal variation of the energy incident on the glass wall and the transmitted energy rate detected through two of the glass sections. Visual and infrared cameras were used to image the unexposed face of each wall assembly during the fire exposure. Results of glass breakage and subsequent glass fall out were compared to studies in the literature for glass sections exposed to compartment fires. The behavior of the glass wall assembly under a fire load is presented. C1 NIST, BFRL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USA, Res Lab, Weapons & Mat Res Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. RP Manzello, SL (reprint author), NIST, BFRL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM samuel.manzello@nist.gov NR 21 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0015-2684 J9 FIRE TECHNOL JI Fire Technol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 43 IS 1 BP 77 EP 89 DI 10.1007/s10694-006-0001-5 PG 13 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 143LR UT WOS:000244724000004 ER PT J AU Polikhronidi, NG Abdulagatov, IM Stepanov, GV Batyrova, RG AF Polikhronidi, N. G. Abdulagatov, I. M. Stepanov, G. V. Batyrova, R. G. TI Isochoric heat capacity measurements for H(2)O+CH(3)OH mixture in the near-critical and supercritical regions SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Article DE adiabatic calorimeter; coexistence curve; critical point; isochoric heat capacity; Krichevskii parameter; methanol; water ID PARTIAL MOLAR VOLUMES; SOLVENTS CRITICAL-POINT; METHANOL PLUS WATER; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; INFINITE-DILUTION; TEMPERATURE-RANGE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; CONSTANT VOLUME; FLUID MIXTURES AB The isochoric heat capacity of two (0.5004 and 0.5014 mole fraction of methanol) H20+CH30H mixtures has been measured in a range of temperatures from 371 to 579 K and densities between 214 and 394 kg m(-3). Measurements were made with a high-temperature, high-pressure, nearly constant-volume adiabatic calorimeter. The measurements were performed in the one- and two-phase regions including the coexistence curve, and in the near-critical and supercritical regions. Temperatures at the phase transition curve T(S)(rho) for each of the measured densities and the critical parameters (T(C) and rho(C)) for the 0.4996H(2)O + 0.5004CH(3)OH mixture were obtained using the method of quasi-static thermograms. The uncertainty of the heat-capacity measurements is estimated to be 2%. Uncertainties of the density, temperature and concentration measurements are estimated to be 0.15%, 15 mK and 5 x 10(-5) mole fraction, respectively. The derived values of the critical parameters, together with published data, were used to calculate the value of the Krichevskii parameter. The near-critical isochoric heat capacity behavior for the 0.4996H(2)O+0.5004CH(3)OH mixture was studied using the principle of isomorphism of the critical phenomena in binary mixtures. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Geothermal Problems, Makhachkala 367030, Dagestan, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Phys, Makhachkala 367003, Dagestan, Russia. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 90 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD MAR 1 PY 2007 VL 252 IS 1-2 BP 33 EP 46 DI 10.1016/j.fluid.2006.12.005 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 151WH UT WOS:000245321100003 ER PT J AU Pothoven, SA Vanderploeg, HA Cavaletto, JF Krueger, DM Mason, DM Brandt, SB AF Pothoven, Steven A. Vanderploeg, Henry A. Cavaletto, Joann F. Krueger, Damon M. Mason, Doran M. Brandt, Stephen B. TI Alewife planktivory controls the abundance of two invasive predatory cladocerans in Lake Michigan SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alewife; Bythotrephes longimanus; Cercopagis pengoi; daily ration; planktivory ID CERCOPAGIS-PENGOI; BYTHOTREPHES-CEDERSTROEMI; FOOD-WEB; ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; GREAT-LAKES; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; DIAPTOMUS-SICILIS; STOMACH CONTENTS; SIZE SELECTION; PREY SELECTION AB 1. We sampled along a nearshore transect (10-m bathymetric contour) in Lake Michigan to determine diet, 24-h feeding periodicity, daily ration and food requirements of an invasive fish, the alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus, relative to zooplankton abundance and production. Our objective was to determine whether the alewife controls the abundance of two invasive, predatory cladocerans, Bythotrephes longimanus and Cercopagis pengoi. 2. Bosminidae was the most abundant prey taxon and Chydoridae, Leptodora, Chironomidae and Bythotrephes were the least abundant. Neither Bythotrephes nor Cercopagis were important prey for small alewives (<= 100 mm). Bythotrephes was eaten by over 50% of large alewives (> 100 mm) and accounted for 10-27% of the diet weight. Cercopagis was eaten by about 30% of the large alewives but only accounted 1% of the diet weight. 3. Food weight in stomachs was highest early in the night for small alewives and lowest at night for large alewives. Chironomidae and large Chydoridae were the preferred prey of small alewives. Bythotrephes and large Chydoridae were the preferred prey for large alewives. 4. Food requirements of alewife were much less than production for most prey taxa, although the consumption of Bythotrephes greatly exceeded production on both dates. Alewives consumed only 3% of Cercopagis production. High selectivity and food requirements of alewife for Bythotrephes, and low selectivity and food requirements for Cercopagis, probably explain the difference in abundance between these two invasive cladocerans at our nearshore site in Lake Michigan. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Pothoven, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 1431 Beach St, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. EM steve.pothoven@noaa.gov OI Mason, Doran/0000-0002-6017-4243; Pothoven, Steven/0000-0002-7992-5422 NR 64 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 52 IS 3 BP 561 EP 573 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01728.x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 134VC UT WOS:000244111400015 ER PT J AU Keim, SM Mays, MZ Parks, B Pytlak, E Harris, RM Kent, MA AF Keim, Samuel M. Mays, Mary Z. Parks, Bruce Pytlak, Erik Harris, Robin M. Kent, Michael A. TI Heat fatalities in Pima county, Arizona SO HEALTH & PLACE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on New Approaches to Researching Environmental Justice CY OCT, 2003 CL Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, CANADA HO Univ British Columbia DE heat; heat fatality; heatstroke; environmental health; immigration; logistic regression ID MORTALITY; WAVE; HEATSTROKE; ILLNESS; STROKE; DEATH AB The most common cause of heat fatalities is environmental exposure during heat waves. Deserts of the southwestern USA are known for temperatures that exceed 32 degrees C for 30 days or more; yet, heat-related fatalities are rare among residents of the region. We compiled data from the National Weather Service and the Office of the Medical Examiner in order to determine the relationship between temperature and occurrence of heat fatalities in Pima County, AZ. Logistic regression indicated that for each degree of increase in temperature (degrees C), there was a 35% increase in the odds of a heat fatality occurring (p < 0.001). (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arizona, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Emergency Med, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA. Univ Arizona, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Family & Community Med, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA. Off Med Examiner, Pima Cty, AZ USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Arizona, Hlth Sci Ctr, Mel & Enid Zuckerman Coll Publ Hlth, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA. Anne Arundel Med Ctr, Annapolis, MD USA. RP Keim, SM (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Emergency Med, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA. EM sam@aemrc.arizona.edu FU NHLBI NIH HHS [5 K30 HL004519-04, K30 HL004519] NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1353-8292 J9 HEALTH PLACE JI Health Place PD MAR PY 2007 VL 13 IS 1 BP 288 EP 292 DI 10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.08.004 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 120ZK UT WOS:000243125500023 PM 16159711 ER PT J AU Wyneken, J Epperly, SP Crowder, LB Vaughan, J Esper, KB AF Wyneken, Jeanette Epperly, Sheryan P. Crowder, Larry B. Vaughan, Jason Esper, Kimberly Blair TI Determining sex in posthatchling loggerhead sea turtles using multiple gonadal and accessory duct characteristics SO HERPETOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE Caretta caretta; cheloniidae; sea turtle; sex determination; sex ratio; testudines ID CARETTA-CARETTA; ERETMOCHELYS-IMBRICATA; INCUBATION DURATIONS; HAWKSBILL TURTLE; RATIOS; TEMPERATURE; DIFFERENTIATION; NESTS AB The sex of young sea turtle is difficult to determine because they lack externally dimorphic characteristics and hetromorphic sex chromosomes, yet internal dimorphic morphology is defined at hatching. We tested the reliability of enine internal gonad and accessory duct characteristics to identify the sex of 558 posthatchling loggerhead sea turtles accurately. We modified existing laproscopic procedures, preciously used to classify the sex of larger sea turtles and other turtle species, for use in posthatchlings. Here we describe our approach and quantify the reliability of our morphological criteria. Sex was verified by histological examinations of gonadal biopsies from a subset of the turtles. We noted seasonal shifts in early gonadal structure so that some characters which were reliable in the summer and fall were not reliable other times of the year. Thus, we confined the analysis to the six characters that were reliable year round: gonad shape, paramesonephric duct size, gonad size, paramesonephric duct lumen presence, paramesomesonephric duct mobility, and gonas attachment. Using discriminant analysis of the biopsy and morphological data, we found high correlations between sex from tissue biopsies and these six morphological characters; this analysis misclassified just 2% of the animals with histological verification. Applying the classification resulted in 2% reclassification. This methodology enables sex ratio assessments in early life stages, which are critical to species recovery efforts. Additionally, sex assignment data are basic to our understanding of patterns and processes directing dimorphic changes of the grounds and their ducts. C1 Florida Atlantic Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. NOAA, Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Duke Univ, Ctr Marine Conservat, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Wyneken, J (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM Jwyncken@fau.edu NR 43 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 11 PU HERPETOLOGISTS LEAGUE PI EMPORIA PA EMPORIA STATE UNIV, DIVISION BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 1200 COMMERCIAL ST, EMPORIA, KS 66801-5087 USA SN 0018-0831 J9 HERPETOLOGICA JI Herpetologica PD MAR PY 2007 VL 63 IS 1 BP 19 EP 30 DI 10.1655/0018-0831(2007)63[19:DSIPLS]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 158UW UT WOS:000245821500003 ER PT J AU Abduraslidova, AA Bazaev, AR Bazaev, EA Abdulagatov, IM AF Abduraslidova, A. A. Bazaev, A. R. Bazaev, E. A. Abdulagatov, I. M. TI The thermal properties of water-ethanol system in the near-critical and supercritical states SO HIGH TEMPERATURE LA English DT Article ID VAPOR AB Experimental p, rho, T, x-data are given for water-ethanol mixtures at temperatures up to 673.15 K, including the saturation curve and the critical and supercritical regions, and at pressures up to 50 MPa for ethanol concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 mole fraction. The data of p, rho, T, x-measurements are used to determine the critical parameters of mixtures. The thermal decomposition of ethanol molecules is observed at a temperature above 623.15 K. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Problems Geothermy, Makhachkala 367003, Dagestan, Russia. US Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Abduraslidova, AA (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Problems Geothermy, Makhachkala 367003, Dagestan, Russia. EM emilbazaev@mail.ru NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 0018-151X EI 1608-3156 J9 HIGH TEMP+ JI High Temp. PD MAR-APR PY 2007 VL 45 IS 2 BP 178 EP 186 DI 10.1134/S0018151X07020071 PG 9 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 160ZI UT WOS:000245983700007 ER PT J AU Chandramouli, R Lee, P AF Chandramouli, Ramaswamy Lee, Philip TI Infrastructure standards for smart ID card deployment SO IEEE SECURITY & PRIVACY LA English DT Article C1 US Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NPIVP, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chandramouli, R (reprint author), US Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NPIVP, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mouli@nist.gov; lee@identityalliance.com NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1540-7993 J9 IEEE SECUR PRIV JI IEEE Secur. Priv. PD MAR-APR PY 2007 VL 5 IS 2 BP 92 EP 96 DI 10.1109/MSP.2007.34 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 152OX UT WOS:000245372400019 ER PT J AU Raman, B Kotseroglou, T Clark, L Lebl, M Gutierrez-Osuna, R AF Raman, Baranidharan Kotseroglou, Theofilos Clark, Lori Lebl, Michal Gutierrez-Osuna, Ricardo TI Neuromorphic processing for optical microbead arrays: Dimensionality reduction and contrast enhancement SO IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE lateral inhibition; machine olfaction; neuromorphic computation; olfactory bulb; optical microbead sensors; sensory convergence ID OLFACTORY NEURONAL NETWORK; ARTIFICIAL NOSE; SENSOR ARRAYS; MODEL; RECOGNITION; BULB AB This paper presents a neuromorphic approach for sensor-based machine olfaction that combines a portable chemical detection system based on microbead array technology with a biologically inspired model of signal processing in the olfactory bulb. The sensor array contains hundreds of microbeads coated with solvatochromic dyes adsorbed in, or covalently attached on, the matrix of various microspheres. When exposed to odors, each bead sensor responds with corresponding intensity changes, spectral. shifts, and time-dependent variations associated with the fluorescent sensors. The bead array responses are subsequently processed using a model of olfactory circuits that capture the following two functions: chemotopic convergence of receptor neurons and center on-off surround lateral interactions. The first circuit performs dimensionality reduction, transforming the high-dimensional microbead array response into an organized spatial pattern (i.e., an odor image). The second circuit enhances the contrast of these spatial patterns, improving the separability of odors. The model is validated on an experimental dataset containing the responses of a large array of microbead sensors to five different analytes. Our results indicate that the model is able to significantly improve the separability between odor patterns, compared to that available from the raw sensor response. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Comp Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Illumina Inc, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. RP Raman, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Sensing Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM braman@nist.gov; theo@selvamedical.com; loriclark@suscom-maine.net; mlebl@illumina.com; rgutier@cs.tamu.edu NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1530-437X EI 1558-1748 J9 IEEE SENS J JI IEEE Sens. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2007 VL 7 IS 3-4 BP 506 EP 514 DI 10.1109/JSEN.2007.891935 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 150OR UT WOS:000245226600030 ER PT J AU Black, PE AF Black, Paul E. TI Greek or Roman? SO IEEE SOFTWARE LA English DT Letter C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Black, PE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM p.black@acm.org NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0740-7459 J9 IEEE SOFTWARE JI IEEE Softw. PD MAR-APR PY 2007 VL 24 IS 2 BP 8 EP 8 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 140SF UT WOS:000244526300002 ER PT J AU Young, WF Kuester, EE Holloway, CL AF Young, William F. Kuester, Edward E. Holloway, Christopher L. TI Optimizing arrays of randomly placed wireless transmitters for receivers located within the array volume SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION LA English DT Article DE ad hoc array; arbitrary array optimization; emergency responder communications; random array ID SCALAR RADIATION; ANTENNA-ARRAYS; OPTIMIZATION; DIRECTIVITY; GAIN AB We investigate the potential of using arbitrarily placed wireless transceivers to increase the probability of maintaining a communication link in an electrically harsh environment. Specifically, we adapt a well-known matrix-based array optimization technique to the case when the transmitting elements exist in a complex environment and the receiver is not in the far-field of the array. Study of array performance in a non-ideal setting represents an important step in determining the feasibility of using this optimization technique for ad hoc wireless arrays within a building. Measures of array performance consist of median values for the directivity or gain, the total power at the receiver location, and the power per transmitter. The simulation results include array performance in the presence of a lossy dielectric corner to study the effects of building floors and walls. Our results show the median of the optimized directivity or gain for the frequencies of interest with simple boundaries is within 3 dB of that for the optimized configuration in free space. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Young, WF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-926X J9 IEEE T ANTENN PROPAG JI IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 55 IS 3 BP 698 EP 706 DI 10.1109/TAP.2007.891555 PN 1 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 146YF UT WOS:000244969900021 ER PT J AU Suehle, JS Cheung, KP Spinelli, A AF Suehle, John S. Cheung, Kin P. Spinelli, Alessandro TI Guest editorial - Introduction to the special issue on the 2006 international reliability physics symposium SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON DEVICE AND MATERIALS RELIABILITY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Politecn Milan, Dipartimento Elettr & Informat, I-20133 Milan, Italy. RP Suehle, JS (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Spinelli, Alessandro/A-5675-2008 OI Spinelli, Alessandro/0000-0002-3290-6734 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1530-4388 J9 IEEE T DEVICE MAT RE JI IEEE Trans. Device Mater. Reliab. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 7 IS 1 BP 50 EP 50 DI 10.1109/TDMR.2007.901137 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 190OC UT WOS:000248067500006 ER PT J AU Gharavi, H Gao, S AF Gharavi, Hamid Gao, Shaoshuai TI 3-D motion estimation using range data SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES 2005) CY OCT 14-16, 2005 CL Xian, PEOPLES R CHINA SP IEEE Intelligent Transportat, Xian Jiaotong Univ, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Univ Arizona, Chinese Acad Sci DE intelligent transport; ladar; laser scanners; object tracking; range image; three-dimensional (3-D) motion estimation; vehicle safety ID IMAGE SEQUENCES; REAL-TIME; FLOW AB Advanced vehicle-based safety and warning systems use laser scanners to measure road geometry (position and curvature) and range to obstacles in order to warn a driver of an impending crash and/or to activate safety devices (air bags, brakes, and steering). In order to objectively quantify the performance of such a system, the reference system must be an order of magnitude more accurate than the sensors used by the warning system. This can be achieved by using high-resolution range images that can accurately perform object tracking and velocity estimation. Currently, this is very difficult to achieve when the measurements are taken from fast moving vehicles. Thus, the main objective is to improve motion estimation, which involves both the rotational and translation movements of objects. In this respect, an innovative recursive motion-estimation technique that can take advantage of the in-depth resolution (range) to perform accurate estimation of objects that have undergone three-dimensional (3-D) translational and rotational movements is presented. This approach iteratively aims at minimizing the error between the object in the current frame and its compensated object using estimated-motion displacement from the previous range measurements. In addition, in order to use the range data on the nonrectangular grid in the Cartesian coordinate, two approaches have been considered: 1) membrane fit, which interpolates the nonrectangular grid to the rectangular grid, and 2) the nonrectangular-grid range data by employing derivative filters and the proposed transformation between the Cartesian coordinates and the sensor-centered coordinates. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is demonstrated for sequences of moving-range images. C1 US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gharavi, H (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gharavi@nist.gov; sago@nist.gov NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1524-9050 EI 1558-0016 J9 IEEE T INTELL TRANSP JI IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 8 IS 1 BP 133 EP 143 DI 10.1109/TITS.2006.883112 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA 146JB UT WOS:000244929200015 ER PT J AU Li, QL Koo, SM Richter, CA Edelstein, MD Bonevich, JE Kopanski, JJ Suehle, JS Vogel, EM AF Li, Qiliang Koo, Sang-Mo Richter, Curt A. Edelstein, Monica D. Bonevich, John E. Kopanski, Joseph J. Suehle, John S. Vogel, Eric M. TI Precise alignment of single nanowires and fabrication of nanoelectromechanical switch and other test structures SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE contact resistance; nanoelectromechanical switch; nanowire alignment; SiNWFET; transfer length method ID WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES; GROWTH; MANIPULATION; SURFACES AB The integration of nanowires and nanotubes into electrical test structures to investigate their nanoelectronic transport properties is a significant challenge. Here, we present a single nanowire manipulation system to precisely maneuver and align individual nanowires. We show that a single nanowire can be picked up and transferred to a predefined location by electrostatic force. Compatible fabrication processes have been developed to simultaneously pattern multiple aligned nanowires by using one level of photolithography. In addition, we have fabricated and characterized representative devices and test structures including nanoelectromechanical switches with large ON/OFF current ratios, bottom-gated silicon nanowire field-effect transistors, and both transfer-length-method and Kelvin test structures. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Kwangwoon Univ, Dept Elect Mat Engn, Seoul 139701, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Li, QL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Qiliang.Li@NIST.GOV; Curt.Richter@NIST.GOV RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008; Li, Qiliang/B-2225-2015 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361; Li, Qiliang/0000-0001-9778-7695 NR 21 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 10 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1536-125X J9 IEEE T NANOTECHNOL JI IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 6 IS 2 BP 256 EP 262 DI 10.1109/TNANO.2007.891827 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 148WW UT WOS:000245109100019 ER PT J AU Poh, N Martin, A Bengio, S AF Poh, Norman Martin, Alvin Bengio, Samy TI Performance generalization in biometric authentication using joint user-specific and sample bootstraps SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article DE biometric authentication assessment; DET; ROC; bootstrap subset AB Biometric authentication performance is often depicted by a detection error trade-off (DET) curve. We show that this curve is dependent on the choice of samples available, the demographic composition and the number of users specific to a database. We propose a two- step bootstrap procedure to take into account the three mentioned sources of variability. This is an extension to the Bolle et al.' s bootstrap subset technique. Preliminary experiments on the NIST2005 and XM2VTS benchmark databases are encouraging, e.g., the average result across all 24 systems evaluated on NIST2005 indicates that one can predict, with more than 75 percent of DET coverage, an unseen DET curve with eight times more users. Furthermore, our finding suggests that with more data available, the confidence intervals become smaller and, hence, more useful. C1 IDIAP Res Inst, CH-1920 Martigny, Switzerland. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Poh, N (reprint author), IDIAP Res Inst, Rue Simplon 4, CH-1920 Martigny, Switzerland. EM norman@idiap.ch; alvin.martin@nist.gov; bengio@idiap.ch NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0162-8828 J9 IEEE T PATTERN ANAL JI IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 29 IS 3 BP 492 EP 498 DI 10.1109/TPAMI.2007.55 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 125CY UT WOS:000243420500010 PM 17224618 ER PT J AU McNutt, TR Hefner, AR Mantooth, HA Berning, D Ryu, SH AF McNutt, Ty R. Hefner, Allen R. Mantooth, H. Alan Berning, David Ryu, Sei-Hyung TI Silicon carbide power MOSFET model and parameter extraction sequence SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE DiMOSFET; silicon carbide (SiC) ID PERFORMANCE AB A compact circuit simulator model is used to describe the performance of a 2-kV, 5-A 4-H silicon carbide (SiC) power DiMOSFET and to perform a detailed comparison with the performance of a Widely used 400-V, 5-A Si power MOSFET. The model's channel current expressions are unique in that they include the channel regions at the corners of the square or hexagonal cells that turn on at lower gate voltages and the enhanced linear region transconductance due to diffusion in the nonuniformly doped channel. It is shown that the model accurately describes the static and dynamic performance of both the Si and SiC devices and that the diffusion-enhanced channel conductance is essential to describe the SiC DiMOSFET on-state characteristics. The detailed device comparisons reveal that both the on-state performance and switching performance at 25 degrees C are similar between the 406-V Si and 2-kV SiC MOSFETs, with the exception that the SiC device requires twice the gate drive voltage. The main difference between the devices is that the SiC has a five times higher voltage rating without an increase in the specific on-resistance. At higher temperatures (above 100 degrees C), the Si device has a severe reduction in conduction capability, whereas the SiC on-resistance is only minimally affected. C1 Univ Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CREE Res, Durham, NC 27703 USA. RP McNutt, TR (reprint author), Northrop Grumman, Adv Mat & Semicond Device Technol Ctr, Compound Semicond Res Grp, Baltimore, MD 21203 USA. NR 14 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0885-8993 J9 IEEE T POWER ELECTR JI IEEE Trans. Power Electron. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 22 IS 2 BP 353 EP 363 DI 10.1109/TPEL.2006.889890 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 149PE UT WOS:000245158200001 ER PT J AU Zha, XF AF Zha, Xuan F. TI A web-enabled open database system for design and manufacturing of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE relational database management system (RDMS); MEMS; manufacturing; design; process database; material database; World Wide Web; integration; open database system ID SILICON-ON-INSULATOR; COLLABORATIVE DESIGN; MATERIAL SELECTION AB This paper presents the development of a web-enabled database system for MEMS design and manufacturing which can provide the networked design and manufacturing services over the Internet. Specifically, the data obtained from various sources for MEMS manufacturing processes/materials are organised as databases by using the relational database management systems (RDBMS), Microsoft Access and MySQL. The database system can be accessed from a Java application as well as an applet. The stand-alone Java application is created using JFC Swing, JDBC and SQL, and the Java applet is subsequently created to enable web functionality. The underlying database is open, extensible through a set of administrator tools or via the web, which gives commercial design and manufacturing facilities the ability to update their own materials, processes and rules. This plays a crucial role in the system for advisory MEMS manufacturing service and concurrent collaborative MEMS design and simulation. The developed database system, e-MEMS Designer @Database, which contains extensive manufacturing or fabrication processes and materials databases for MEMS and microelectronics, is easily incorporated as a sub-system into both the standalone system and the web-enabled MEMS design system, MEMS Designer, which is being developed. The database system can also be updated to create a comprehensive data warehouse and an advisory system for MEMS manufacturing processes/materials selection. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zha, XF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM xfzha@ieee.org NR 44 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER LONDON LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, 6TH FLOOR, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 0268-3768 EI 1433-3015 J9 INT J ADV MANUF TECH JI Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 32 IS 3-4 BP 378 EP 392 DI 10.1007/s00170-005-0336-y PG 15 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA 140EP UT WOS:000244487300015 ER PT J AU Lakshmanan, V Fritz, A Smith, T Hondl, K Stumpf, G AF Lakshmanan, Valliappa Fritz, Angela Smith, Travis Hondl, Kurt Stumpf, Gregory TI An automated technique to quality control radar reflectivity data SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANOMALOUS PROPAGATION; NEURAL-NETWORKS; WSR-88D; ECHOES; IDENTIFICATION; PREDICTION; ALGORITHM AB Echoes in radar reflectivity data do not always correspond to precipitating particles. Echoes on radar may result from biological targets such as insects, birds, or wind-borne particles; from anomalous propagation or ground clutter; or from test and interference patterns that inadvertently seep into the final products. Although weather forecasters can usually identify and account for the presence of such contamination, automated weather-radar algorithms are drastically affected. Several horizontal and vertical features have been proposed to discriminate between precipitation echoes and echoes that do not correspond to precipitation. None of these features by themselves can discriminate between precipitating and nonprecipitating areas. In this paper, a neural network is used to combine the individual features, some of which have already been proposed in the literature and some of which are introduced in this paper, into a single discriminator that can distinguish between "good" and "bad" echoes (i.e., precipitation and nonprecipitation, respectively). The method of computing the horizontal features leads to statistical anomalies in their distributions near the edges of echoes. Also described is how to avoid presenting such range gates to the neural network. The gate-by-gate discrimination provided by the neural network is followed by more holistic postprocessing based on spatial contiguity constraints and object identification to yield quality-controlled radar reflectivity scans that have most of the bad echo removed while leaving most of the good echo untouched. A possible multisensor extension, utilizing satellite data and surface observations, to the radar-only technique is also demonstrated. It is demonstrated that the resulting technique is highly skilled and that its skill exceeds that of the currently operational algorithm. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Lakshmanan, V (reprint author), NSSL, RRDD, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73071 USA. EM lakshman@ou.edu NR 32 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 46 IS 3 BP 288 EP 305 DI 10.1175/JAM2460.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 155RP UT WOS:000245595900003 ER PT J AU Gourley, JJ Tabary, P du Chatelet, JP AF Gourley, Jonathan J. Tabary, Pierre du Chatelet, Jacques Parent TI Empirical estimation of attenuation from differential propagation phase measurements at C band SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLARIMETRIC RADAR MEASUREMENTS; X-BAND; RAIN ATTENUATION; WEATHER RADAR; REFLECTIVITY AB A polarimetric method is devised to correct for attenuation effects at C band on reflectivity Z(H) and differential reflectivity Z(DR) measurements. An operational cross-correlation analysis is used to derive advection vectors and to displace echoes over a 5-min time step. These advected echoes are then compared with observations valid at the same time. The method assumes that the mean change in the intrinsic Z(H) and Z(DR) over a 5-min period when considering 1-2 h of observations over the entire radar umbrella is approximately zero. Correction coefficients are retrieved through the minimization of a cost function that links observed decreases in Z(H) and Z(DR) due to attenuation effects with increases in differential phase shift (Phi(DP)). The retrieved coefficients are consistent with published values for the typical ranges of temperatures and drop sizes encountered at midlatitudes, even when Mie scattering effects are present. Measurements of Z(H) and Z(DR) corrected using retrieved coefficients are compared with raw measurements and to measurements adjusted by mean coefficients found in the literature. The empirical retrieval method shows improvement over using mean correction coefficients based on comparisons of Z(H) from neighboring, unattenuated radars, disdrometer measurements, and analysis of Z(H) and Z(DR) as a function of Phi(DP). C1 Meteo France, Direct Syst Observat, Trappes, France. RP Gourley, JJ (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, Natl Weather Ctr, 120 David L Boren Blvd,Rm 4745, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM jj.gourley@noaa.gov RI Gourley, Jonathan/C-7929-2016 OI Gourley, Jonathan/0000-0001-7363-3755 NR 24 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 46 IS 3 BP 306 EP 317 DI 10.1175/JAM2464.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 155RP UT WOS:000245595900004 ER PT J AU Sosa, ER Landsberg, JH Stephenson, CM Forstchen, AB Vandersea, MW Litaker, RW AF Sosa, Emilio R. Landsberg, Jan H. Stephenson, Christy M. Forstchen, Ann B. Vandersea, Mark W. Litaker, R. Wayne TI Aphanomyces invadans and ulcerative mycosis in estuarine and freshwater fish in Florida SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID RED SPOT DISEASE; MUGIL-CEPHALUS L; MENHADEN BREVOORTIA-TYRANNUS; SYNDROME EUS; ATLANTIC MENHADEN; SEA MULLET; EASTERN AUSTRALIA; FUNGAL PATHOGEN; IDENTIFICATION; LESIONS AB In the spring of 1998, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute received numerous reports of lesioned or ulcerated fish primarily from the St. Lucie Estuary on the southeast coast of Florida, an area known since the late 1970s for lesions of the ulcerative mycosis (UM) type. From these and archived reports, as well as others received from different areas of Florida, we documented that diseased specimens had randomly distributed skin ulcers (usually reddened or hemorrhagic) with raised irregular margins and, in some cases, deeply penetrating hyphae in the surrounding muscle tissue. Since 4998, 256 fish (comprising 19 species) with ulcerative lesions (from 15 different locations) were confirmed with hyphae in fresh squash preparation or by histological evaluation. Squash preparations revealed nonseptate, sparsely branching, thick-walled hyphae; histological sections revealed inycotic granulomas in the dermis that occasionally penetrated into the skeletal muscle. These pathological characteristics were consistent with UM caused by the oomycete Aphanomyces invadans in Southeast Asia, Japan, Australia, and the United States. For specific identification, six isolates from ulcerated fish were cultured and prepared for molecular characterization using established diagnostic methods. Ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis identified three isolates as Aphanomyces invadans, one as the oomycete Achlya bisexualis, and two as the ascomycete Phialemonium dimorphosporum. A more extensive survey of 67 ulcerated skin samples from fish collected between 1998 and 2003 was performed using a polymerase chain reaction assay specific for Aphanomyces invadans. Of these, 26 (38.8%) samples from seven fish species and nine collection locations were positive. Confirmation of UM associated with Aphanomyces invadans represents new host records in Florida for the sheepshead Archosargus probatocephalus, striped mullet Mugil cephalus, white mullet Mugil curema, silver perch Bairdiella chrysoura, black drum Pogonias cromis, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, and American shad Alosa sapidissima. C1 Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Landsberg, JH (reprint author), Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM jan.landsberg@myfwc.com NR 54 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 16 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD MAR PY 2007 VL 19 IS 1 BP 14 EP 26 DI 10.1577/H06-012.1 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 167QT UT WOS:000246466900003 PM 18236628 ER PT J AU Sosa, ER Landsberg, JH Kiryu, Y Stephenson, CM Cody, TT Dukeman, AK Wolfe, HP Vandersea, MW Litaker, RW AF Sosa, Emilio R. Landsberg, Jan H. Kiryu, Yasunari Stephenson, Christy M. Cody, Theresa T. Dukeman, Angela K. Wolfe, Heather P. Vandersea, Mark W. Litaker, R. Wayne TI Pathogenicity studies with the fungi Aphanomyces invadans, Achlya bisexualis, and Phialemonium dimorphosporum: Induction of skin ulcers in striped mullet SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID ULCERATIVE SYNDROME EUS; MYCOSIS; FISH; DISEASE AB Based on isolations from naturally infected fish in Florida, we investigated the role of the fungi Aphanomyces invadans, Achlya bisexualis, and Phialemonium dimorphosporum in the etiology of ulcerative mycosis (UM) in striped mullet Mugil cephalus. We injected healthy striped mullet subcutaneously with secondary zoospores of four oomycete isolates: two concentrations (50 and 115 zoospores/mL) of SJR (an endemic isolate of Aphanomyces invadans in American shad Alosa sapidissima from the St. Johns River); two concentrations each of CAL (25 and 65 zoospores/mL) and ACH (1,400 and 2,000 zoospores/mL; endemic isolates of Aphanomyces invadans and Achlya bisexualis, respectively, in striped mullet from the Caloosahatchee River); and two concentrations of the ascomycete culture MTZ (2,500 and 3,500 zoospores/mL; endemic isolate of P. dimorphosporum from whirligig mullet M. gyrans in the Matanzas Inlet). All fish injected with either concentration of SJR developed granulomatous ulcers after 8 d and died within 21 d. Eighty percent (8/10) of fish injected with the high dose of CAL developed ulcers after 13 d and died within 28 d, but only 30% (3/10) of fish injected with the low dose of CAL developed ulcers. Four of the ulcerated fish died within 28 d, and the remaining fish were terminated after 32 d. Fish injected with zoospores of Aphanomyces invadans developed ulcers that were grossly and histologically similar to those observed in naturally infected striped mullet with UM from several estuaries or rivers in Florida. These hemorrhagic skin ulcers were characterized by myonecrosis and the presence of mycotic granulomas. None of the fish injected with ACH, MTZ, or sterile water developed ulcers. This study fulfilled Koch's postulates and demonstrated that ulcers could be experimentally induced in striped mullet after exposure via injection to secondary zoospores of an endemic Florida strain of Aphanomyces invadans. C1 Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Landsberg, JH (reprint author), Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM jan.landsberg@myfwc.com NR 24 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD MAR PY 2007 VL 19 IS 1 BP 41 EP 48 DI 10.1577/H06-013.1 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 167QT UT WOS:000246466900006 PM 18236631 ER PT J AU Liu, S Xue, M Xu, Q AF Liu, Shun Xue, Ming Xu, Qin TI Using wavelet analysis to detect tornadoes from Doppler radar radial-velocity observations SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NONHYDROSTATIC ATMOSPHERIC SIMULATION; PREDICTION SYSTEM ARPS; DETECTION ALGORITHM; MIGRATING BIRDS; PART II; WSR-88D; IDENTIFICATION; SIGNATURES; SUPPORT; STORMS AB A wavelet-based algorithm is developed to detect tornadoes from Doppler weather radar radial-velocity observations. Within this algorithm, a relative region-to-region velocity difference ( RRVD) is defined based on the scale- and location-dependent wavelet coefficients and this difference represents the relative magnitude of the radial velocity shear between two adjacent regions of different scales. The RRVD fields of an idealized tornado and a realistic tornado from a high-resolution numerical simulation are analyzed first. It is found that the value of RRVD in the tornado region is significantly larger than those at other locations and large values of RRVD exist at more than one scale. This characteristic forms the basis of the new algorithm presented in this work for identifying tornadoes. Different from traditional tornadic vortex signature detection algorithms that typically rely on the velocity difference between adjacent velocity gate pairs at a single spatial scale, the new algorithm examines region-to-region radial wind shears at a number of different spatial scales. Multiscale regional wind shear examination not only can be used to discard a nontornadic vortex signature to reduce the false alert rate of tornado detection but also has the ability of capturing tornadic signatures at various scales for improving the detection and warning. The potential advantage of the current algorithm is demonstrated by applying it to the radar data collected by Oklahoma City, Oklahoma ( KTLX), Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler ( WSR-88D) on 8 May 2003 for a central Oklahoma tornado case. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Lanzhou Univ, Coll Atmospher Sci, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Liu, S (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Room 207,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Shun.Liu@noaa.gov RI Xue, Ming/F-8073-2011 OI Xue, Ming/0000-0003-1976-3238 NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 24 IS 3 BP 344 EP 359 DI 10.1175/JTECH1989.1 PG 16 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150MX UT WOS:000245222000003 ER PT J AU Szczodrak, M Minnett, PJ Nalli, NR Feltz, WF AF Szczodrak, Malgorzata Minnett, Peter J. Nalli, Nicholas R. Feltz, Wayne F. TI Profiling the lower troposphere over the ocean with infrared hyperspectral measurements of the Marine-Atmosphere Emitted Radiance Interferometer SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAHARAN DUST; HEAT FLUXES; RADIATION; HUMIDITY; PROGRAM; LAYER; DESIGN AB Measurements of the spectra of infrared emission from the atmosphere were taken by a Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer ( M-AERI) deployed on the NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown during the Aerosol and Ocean Science Expedition ( AEROSE) in the tropical Atlantic Ocean from 29 February to 26 March 2004. The spectra are used to retrieve profiles of temperature and humidity in the lower troposphere up to a height of 3000 m. The M-AERI retrievals of the atmospheric structure require an initial guess profile. In this work, retrievals obtained from four separate initializations are compared, using 1) radiosondes launched from the Ronald H. Brown, 2) NOAA/NWS/NCEP model reanalyses, 3) ECMWF model analyses, and 4) ECMWF model forecasts. The performance of the M-AERI retrievals for all four first-guess sources is then evaluated against the radiosonde measurements. The M-AERI retrievals initialized using radiosondes reproduce the radiosonde profiles quite well and capture much of the observed vertical structure as should be expected. Of the retrievals initialized with model fields, those obtained using the ECMWF data yielded results closest to the radiosonde observations and enabled detection of the Saharan air layer ( SAL) evident during AEROSE. However, the NCEP reanalysis, as well as the corresponding retrievals, failed to detect the SAL. These results demonstrate the ability of the M-AERI profile retrievals to identify the anomalous humidity distributions in the lower troposphere, but underscore the need for suitable vertical resolution in the first-guess profile used in the retrievals under such conditions. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD USA. Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Szczodrak, M (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM goshka@rsmas.miami.edu RI Nalli, Nicholas/F-6731-2010 OI Nalli, Nicholas/0000-0002-6914-5537 NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 24 IS 3 BP 390 EP 402 DI 10.1175/JTECH1961.1 PG 13 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150MX UT WOS:000245222000006 ER PT J AU Xue, M Liu, S Yu, TY AF Xue, Ming Liu, Shun Yu, Tian-You TI Variational analysis of oversampled dual-doppler radial velocity data and application to the analysis of tornado circulations SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NONHYDROSTATIC ATMOSPHERIC SIMULATION; PREDICTION SYSTEM ARPS; RECURSIVE FILTER; WSR-88D DATA; PART I; RESOLUTION; STORMS; RADARS; FIELDS; MODEL AB For the detection of severe weather phenomena such as tornados, mesocyclones, and strong wind shear, the azimuthal resolution of radial velocity measurements is more important. The typical azimuthal resolutions of 1 for the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler ( WSR-88D) radars and of 2 for the planned Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of Atmosphere ( CASA) radars are not sufficient for this purpose, especially at far ranges. Oversampling is one strategy that can potentially provide more details about the azimuthal structures of flows, and can be achieved by processing raw data at azimuthal increments smaller than the radar beam width. In the presence of dual-Doppler observations, the variational method can be used to effectively recover subbeam width structures from these oversampled data, which, combined with the typically higher range resolutions, can provide high-resolution wind analyses that are valuable for, for example, tornado detection. This idea is tested in this paper using simulated data as well as reprocessed level-I data from a research WSR-88D radar, for model-simulated and actually observed tornadoes, respectively. The results confirm that much more detailed, often subbeam width, flow structures can indeed be recovered through azimuthal oversampling and a properly configured variational analysis, and the detailed flow analysis is expected to significantly improve one's ability in identifying small-scale features such as tornadoes from radial velocity observations. C1 Natl Weather Ctr, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Lanzhou Univ, Coll Atmospher Sci, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Xue, M (reprint author), Natl Weather Ctr, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Suite 2500,120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM mxue@ou.edu RI Xue, Ming/F-8073-2011 OI Xue, Ming/0000-0003-1976-3238 NR 23 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 24 IS 3 BP 403 EP 414 DI 10.1175/JTECH1988.1 PG 12 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150MX UT WOS:000245222000007 ER PT J AU Mattioli, V Westwater, ER Cimini, D Liljegren, JC Lesht, BM Gutman, SI Schmidlin, FJ AF Mattioli, V. Westwater, E. R. Cimini, D. Liljegren, J. C. Lesht, B. M. Gutman, S. I. Schmidlin, F. J. TI Analysis of radiosonde and ground-based remotely sensed PWV data from the 2004 North Slope of Alaska Arctic Winter Radiometric Experiment SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTENSIVE OBSERVATION PERIODS; CHILLED-MIRROR HYGROMETER; GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; WATER-VAPOR MEASUREMENTS; MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS; PRECIPITABLE WATER; GPS METEOROLOGY; TEMPERATURE; PERFORMANCE; TROPOSPHERE AB During 9 March-9 April 2004, the North Slope of Alaska Arctic Winter Radiometric Experiment was conducted at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's ( ARM) "Great White" field site near Barrow, Alaska. The major goals of the experiment were to compare microwave and millimeter wavelength radiometers and to develop forward models in radiative transfer, all with a focus on cold ( temperature from 0 degrees to - 40 degrees C) and dry [ precipitable water vapor ( PWV) < 0.5 cm] conditions. To supplement the remote sensors, several radiosonde packages were deployed: Vaisala RS90 launched at the ARM Duplex and at the Great White and Sippican VIZ-B2 operated by the NWS. In addition, eight dual-radiosonde launches were conducted at the Duplex with Vaisala RS90 and Sippican GPS Mark II, the latter one modified to include a chilled mirror humidity sensor. Temperature comparisons showed a nighttime bias between VIZ-B2 and RS90, which reached 3.5 degrees C at 30 hPa. Relative humidity comparisons indicated better than 5% average agreement between the RS90 and the chilled mirror. A bias of about 20% for the upper troposphere was found in the VIZ-B2 and the Mark II measurements relative to both RS90 and the chilled mirror. Comparisons in PWV were made between a microwave radiometer, a microwave profiler, a global positioning system receiver, and the radiosonde types. An RMS agreement of 0.033 cm was found between the radiometer and the profiler and better than 0.058 cm between the radiometers and GPS. RS90 showed a daytime dry bias on PWV of about 0.02 cm. C1 Univ Perugia, DIEI, I-06125 Perugia, Italy. Sci & Technol Corp, Hampton, VA USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, ESRL Phys Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. CNR, Inst Methodol Environm Anal, Tito, Italy. Argonne Natl Lab, DOE, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Mattioli, V (reprint author), Univ Perugia, DIEI, Via G Duranti 93, I-06125 Perugia, Italy. EM vinia.mattioli@diei.unipg.it RI Cimini, Domenico/M-8707-2013; OI Cimini, Domenico/0000-0002-5962-223X; Lesht, Barry/0000-0003-0801-4290 NR 39 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 24 IS 3 BP 415 EP 431 DI 10.1175/JTECH1982.1 PG 17 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150MX UT WOS:000245222000008 ER PT J AU Tie, X Chandra, S Ziemke, JR Granier, C Brasseur, GP AF Tie, X. Chandra, S. Ziemke, J. R. Granier, C. Brasseur, G. P. TI Satellite measurements of tropospheric column O(3) and NO(2) in eastern and southeastern Asia: Comparison with a global model (MOZART-2) SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ozone and NO(2) in Asia; TOMS/MLS; GOME; MOZART-2 ID 1997-1998 EL-NINO; GOME MEASUREMENTS; UNITED-STATES; OZONE CHANGES; NITROGEN; SENSITIVITY; SIMULATION; ATMOSPHERE; CHEMISTRY; EMISSIONS AB Satellite measurements of tropospheric column O(3) and NO(2) in eastern and southeastern Asia are analyzed to study the spatial and seasonal characteristics of pollution in these regions. Tropospheric column O(3) is derived from differential measurements of total column ozone from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), and stratospheric column ozone from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). The tropospheric column NO(2) is measured by Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME). A global chemical and transport model (Model of Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 2; MOZART-2) is applied to analyze and interpret the satellite measurements. The study, which is based on spring, summer, and fall months of 1997 shows generally good agreement between the model and satellite data with respect to seasonal and spatial characteristics of O(3) and NO(2) fields. The analysis of the model results show that the industrial emission of NO(x) (NO+NO(2)) contributes about 50%-80% to tropospheric column NO(2) in eastern Asia and about 20%-50% in southeastern Asia. The contribution of industrial emission of NO(x) to tropospheric column O(3) ranges from 10% to 30% in eastern Asia. Biomass burning and lightning NO(x) emissions have a small effect on tropospheric O(3) in central and eastern Asia, but they have a significant impact in southeastern Asia. The varying effects of NO(x) on tropospheric column ozone are attributed to differences in relative abundance of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with respect to total nitrogen in the two regions. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Boulder, CO USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. RP Tie, X (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM xxtie@ucar.edu RI Granier, Claire/D-5360-2013 OI Granier, Claire/0000-0001-7344-7995 NR 32 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7764 J9 J ATMOS CHEM JI J. Atmos. Chem. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 56 IS 2 BP 105 EP 125 DI 10.1007/s10874-006-9045-7 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 135XN UT WOS:000244187300001 ER PT J AU Bazaev, AR Abdulagatov, IM Bazaev, EA Abdurashidova, A AF Bazaev, A. R. Abdulagatov, I. M. Bazaev, E. A. Abdurashidova, A. TI (p, v, T, x) measurements of {(1-x)H(2)O+xC(2)H(5)OH} mixtures in the near-critical and supercritical regions SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Review DE apparent molar volume; bubble points; coexistence curve; critical point; dew points; ethanol; excess molar volume; Krichevskii parameter; partial molar volume; saturated density; supercritical mixture; vapour-pressure ID PARTIAL MOLAR VOLUMES; LIQUID-VAPOR-EQUILIBRIUM; NON-ELECTROLYTE MIXTURES; SOLVENTS CRITICAL-POINT; EXCESS GIBBS ENERGIES; ETHANOL PLUS WATER; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; INFINITE-DILUTION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; PVTX MEASUREMENTS AB A constant-volume piezometer immersed in a precision thermostat was used to measure the (p, v, T, x) relationship of three aqueous ethanol mixtures (0.2, 0.5, and 0.8) mole fraction of ethanol in the temperature range from (423.15 to 673.15) K, and at pressures between (0.9 and 51) MPa. This range includes the near-critical and supercritical regions. The measurements were performed in both one- and two-phase regions including the (vapour + liquid) coexistence curve. The total uncertainty of measurements of density, 0.15%, pressure, 0.05%, temperature, 15 mK, and composition, 0.05%. Isochoric and isothermal intersections with the phase boundary were performed to obtain the values of bubble and dew point pressures and densities. The values of the critical parameters (T(C), p(C), and rho(C)) were extracted from the measured (p, v, T, x) relations in the critical region.Excess V(m)(E) apparent phi(V), and partial (V) over bar (infinity)(2)molar volumes were derived using the measured values of density for the mixtures and pure components data. For the water's critical isotherm-isochore (T = 647.1 K and 322.0 kg. m(-3)), the measurements were performed for very dilute mixtures to estimate accurately the values of the Krichevskii parameter. The value of the Krichevskii parameter was also calculated by using the critical-curves data for the mixture and vapour pressure data for the pure solvent (H(2)O). The derived value of the Krichevskii parameter was used to analyze the critical behaviour of the thermodynamic and structural properties of the (H(2)O + C(2)H(5)OH) mixture in terms of the principle of isomorphism of critical phenomena in binary mixtures. The values of the characteristic parameters (K(1),K(2)), temperatures and the characteristic density differences (Delta rho(1), Delta p(2)) were estimated for the (H(2)O + C(2)H(5)OH) mixture by using the critical-curve data and the theory of isomorphism of the critical phenomena in binary mixtures. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geothermal Problems, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala 367030, Dagestan, Russia. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 109 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 39 IS 3 BP 385 EP 411 DI 10.1016/j.jct.2006.08.002 PG 27 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 142KT UT WOS:000244649100005 ER PT J AU Wang, MY Overland, JE Kattsov, V Walsh, JE Zhang, XD Pavlova, T AF Wang, Muyin Overland, James E. Kattsov, Vladimir Walsh, John E. Zhang, Xiangdong Pavlova, Tatyana TI Intrinsic versus forced variation in coupled climate model simulations over the Arctic during the twentieth century SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SURFACE AIR-TEMPERATURE; SPACE-TIME CLIMATE; VARIABILITY; TRENDS AB There were two major multiyear, Arctic-wide (60 degrees-90 degrees N) warm anomalies (> 0.7 degrees C) in land surface air temperature (LSAT) during the twentieth century, between 1920 and 1950 and again at the end of the century after 1979. Reproducing this decadal and longer variability in coupled general circulation models (GCMs) is a critical test for understanding processes in the Arctic climate system and increasing the confidence in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) model projections. This study evaluated 63 realizations generated by 20 coupled GCMs made available for the IPCC Fourth Assessment for their twentieth-century climate in coupled models (20C3M) and corresponding control runs (PIcntrl). Warm anomalies in the Arctic during the last two decades are reproduced by all ensemble members, with considerable variability in amplitude among models. In contrast, only eight models generated warm anomaly amplitude of at least two-thirds of the observed midcentury warm event in at least one realization, but not its timing. The durations of the midcentury warm events in all the models are decadal, while that of the observed was interdecadal. The variance of the control runs in nine models was comparable with the variance in the observations. The random timing of midcentury warm anomalies in 20C3M simulations and the similar variance of the control runs in about half of the models suggest that the observed midcentury warm period is consistent with intrinsic climate variability. Five models were considered to compare somewhat favorably to Arctic observations in both matching the variance of the observed temperature record in their control runs and representing the decadal mean temperature anomaly amplitude in their 20C3M simulations. Seven additional models could be given further consideration. Results support selecting a subset of GCMs when making predictions for future climate by using performance criteria based on comparison with retrospective data. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA USA. Voeikov Main Geophys Observ, St Petersburg, Russia. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK USA. RP Wang, MY (reprint author), JISAO PMEL, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM muyin.wang@noaa.gov RI Zhang, Xiangdong/A-9711-2009; Wang, Muyin/K-4006-2014; Pavlova, Tatiana/D-1456-2016 OI Zhang, Xiangdong/0000-0001-5893-2888; NR 25 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 20 IS 6 BP 1093 EP 1107 DI 10.1175/JCLI4043.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150JG UT WOS:000245211700009 ER PT J AU Bertness, KA Roshko, A Mansfield, LM Harvey, TE Sanford, NA AF Bertness, K. A. Roshko, A. Mansfield, L. M. Harvey, T. E. Sanford, N. A. TI Nucleation conditions for catalyst-free GaN nanowires SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Growth of Nitrides CY JUN 04-07, 2006 CL Linkoping, SWEDEN SP Toyoda Gosei DE nanostructures; molecular beam epitaxy; nitrides; semiconducting III-V materials ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; PLASMA-ASSISTED MBE; ALGAN NANOCOLUMNS; GROWTH; NANOSTRUCTURES AB We have examined the initial steps for catalyst-free growth of GaN nanowires by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on Si (1 1 1) substrates using AlN buffer layers. These wires form spontaneously under high N-to-Ga ratios for a growth temperature range of about 810-830 degrees C. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) shows that part of the GaN forms a "matrix layer" that also grows with the [0 0 0 1] direction perpendicular to the substrate surface. This layer contains small, dense hexagonal pits in which the nanowires nucleate. Using both FESEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM), we identify the pit facets as {1 0 1 2} planes. The nucleation studies show that the use of an AlN buffer layer is essential to the regular formation of the nanowires and matrix layers under our growth conditions. Our typical AlN buffer layer is 40-50 nm thick. We conclude that the nucleation mechanism for nanowires includes formation of nanocolumns in the AlN buffer layer. The propagation of the nanowires in GaN growth appears to be driven by differences in growth rates among crystallographic planes under N-rich conditions. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RP Bertness, KA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Mail Stop 815-04,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. EM bertness@boulder.nist.gov NR 14 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD MAR 1 PY 2007 VL 300 IS 1 BP 94 EP 99 DI 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2006.10.209 PG 6 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 152NM UT WOS:000245368700019 ER PT J AU Williams, ME Moon, KW Boettinger, WJ Josell, D Deal, AD AF Williams, M. E. Moon, K.-W. Boettinger, W. J. Josell, D. Deal, A. D. TI Hillock and whisker growth on sn and SnCu electrodeposits on a substrate not forming interfacial intermetallic compounds SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE interfacial intermetallic compound (IMC); tin whiskers; focused ion beam (FIB) ID TIN WHISKERS; CU AB Intermetallic compound (IMC) formation at the interface between the tin (Sn) plating and the copper (Cu) substrate of electronic components has been thought to produce compressive stress in Sn electrodeposits and cause the growth of Sn whiskers. To determine if interfacial IMC is a requirement for whisker growth, bright Sn and a Sn-Cu alloy were electroplated on a tungsten (W) substrate that does not form interfacial IMC with the Sn or Cu. At room temperature, conical Sn hillocks grew on the pure Sn deposits and Sn whiskers grew from the Sn-Cu alloy electrodeposits. These results demonstrate that interfacial IMC is not required for initial whisker growth. C1 NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Lehigh Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. RP Williams, ME (reprint author), NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM maureen.williams@nist.gov NR 14 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 7 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0361-5235 J9 J ELECTRON MATER JI J. Electron. Mater. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 36 IS 3 BP 214 EP 219 DI 10.1007/s11664-006-0071-7 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 166XB UT WOS:000246413000005 ER PT J AU Ferreira, JG Bricker, SB Simas, TC AF Ferreira, Joao Gomes Bricker, Suzanne B. Simas, Teresa Castro TI Application and sensitivity testing of a eutrophication assessment method on coastal systems in the United States and European Union SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE eutrophication assessment; screening model; pressure; state; response; ASSETS; estuary; coastal zone management ID CLYDE SEA; CHESAPEAKE BAY; TROPHIC STATUS; MODEL; ENRICHMENT; MANAGEMENT; FISHERIES; ESTUARY; PHYTOPLANKTON; SIMULATIONS AB The Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status (ASSETS) screening model has been extended to allow its application to both estuarine and coastal systems. The model, which combines elements of pressure, state and response, was tested on four systems: Maryland Coastal Bays and Long Island Sound in the United States and The Firth of Clyde (Scotland) and Tagus Estuary (Portugal) in the European Union. The overall scores were: Maryland Coastal Bays: Bad; Firth of Clyde: Poor; Tagus Estuary: Good. Long Island Sound was modelled along a timeline, using 1991 data (score: Bad) and 2002 data (score: Moderate). The improvement registered for Long Island Sound is a consequence of the reduction in nutrient loading, and the ASSETS score changed accordingly. The two main areas where developments are needed are (a) In the definition of type-specific ranges for eutrophication parameters, due to the recognition that natural or pristine conditions may vary widely, and the use of a uniform set of thresholds artificially penalizes some systems and potentially leads to misclassification; (b) In the definition and quantification of measures which will result in an improved state through a change in pressures, as well as in the definition of appropriate metrics through which response may be assessed. One possibility is the use of detailed research models where different response scenarios potentially produce changes in pressure and state. These outputs may be used to drive screening models and analyze the suitability of candidate metrics for evaluating management options. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 FCT, DCEA, Ctr Ecol Modelling, Inst Marine Res,IMAR, P-2829516 Monte De Caparica, Portugal. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Ferreira, JG (reprint author), FCT, DCEA, Ctr Ecol Modelling, Inst Marine Res,IMAR, P-2829516 Monte De Caparica, Portugal. EM joao@hoomi.com; suzanne.bricker@noaa.gov; teresa.simas@ecowin.org OI Ferreira, Joao/0000-0001-9614-142X NR 78 TC 46 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 28 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 82 IS 4 BP 433 EP 445 DI 10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.01.003 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 137LW UT WOS:000244295100003 PM 16580121 ER PT J AU Fayer, R Santin, M Dubey, JP Fair, P Bossart, GD AF Fayer, R. Santin, M. Dubey, J. P. Fair, P. Bossart, G. D. TI Protist parasites in bottle-nosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Florida and South Carolina. SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ctr Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Charleston, SC USA. Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Div Marine Mammal Res & Conservat, Ft Pierce, FL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD MAR-APR PY 2007 VL 54 IS 2 BP 39S EP 39S PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 151TB UT WOS:000245312600115 ER PT J AU Mazur, MM Wilson, MT Dougherty, AB Buchheister, A Beauchamp, DA AF Mazur, M. M. Wilson, M. T. Dougherty, A. B. Buchheister, A. Beauchamp, D. A. TI Temperature and prey quality effects on growth of juvenile walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas): a spatially explicit bioenergetics approach SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bioenergetics; energy budgets; food consumption; model evaluation; prey energy content; spatially explicit growth ID SIMULATED WINTER CONDITIONS; WESTERN GULF; DAILY RATION; BODY-SIZE; FOOD-CONSUMPTION; SYSTEMATIC-ERROR; LARGEMOUTH BASS; ENERGY STORES; ALASKA; MODEL AB A bioenergetics model for juvenile age-0 year walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma was applied to a spatially distinct grid of samples in the western Gulf of Alaska to investigate the influence of temperature and prey quality on size-specific growth. Daily growth estimates for 50, 70 and 90 mm standard length (L-S) walleye pollock during September 2000 were generated using the bioenergetics model with a fixed ration size. Similarities in independent estimates of prey consumption generated from the bioenergetics model and a gastric evacuation model corroborated the performance of the bioenergetics model, concordance correlation (r(C)) = 0945, lower 95% CL (transformed) (L-1) = 0834, upper 95% CL (transformed) (L-2) = 0982. P < 0.001. A mean squared error analysis (M-SE) was also used to partition the sources of error between both model estimates of consumption into a mean component (M-C), slope component (S-C). and random component (R-C). Differences between estimates of daily consumption were largely due to differences in the means of estimates (M-C = 0.45) and random sources (R-C = 0.49) of error, and not differences in slopes (S-C = 0.06). Similarly, daily growth estimates of 0.031-0.167 g day(-1) generated from the bioenergetics model was within the range of growth estimates of 0.026-0.190 g day(-1) obtained from otolith analysis of juvenile walleye pollock. Temperature and prey quality alone accounted for 66% of the observed variation between bioenergetics and otolith growth estimates across all sizes of juvenile walleye pollock. These results suggest that the bioenergetics model for juvenile walleye pollock is a useful tool for evaluating the influence of spatially variable habitat conditions on the growth potential of juvenile walleye pollock. (c) 2007 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Akaska Fusheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Aqyuat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Mazur, MM (reprint author), Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Box 357941, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM mazurm@u.washington.edu NR 44 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-1112 EI 1095-8649 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 70 IS 3 BP 816 EP 836 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01344.x PG 21 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 154ZI UT WOS:000245546900011 ER PT J AU Verkouteren, JR AF Verkouteren, Jennifer R. TI Particle characteristics of trace high explosives: RDX and PETN SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th ISADE International Symposium on Analysis and Detection of Explosives CY JUN 06, 2004 CL Ottawa, CANADA SP ISADE DE forensic science; RDX; PETN; explosives; particle sizes; fingerprints; IMS ID SIZE DISTRIBUTION; DETECTION SYSTEMS; FRAGMENTATION; DISTRIBUTIONS; SOILS; MODEL AB The sizes of explosives particles in fingerprint residues produced from C-4 and Semtex-1A were investigated with respect to a fragmentation model. Particles produced by crushing crystals of RDX and PETN were sized by using scanning electron microscopy, combined with image analysis, and polarized light microscopy was used for imaging and identifying explosive particles in fingerprint residues. Crystals of RDX and PETN fragment in a manner that concentrates mass in the largest particles of the population, which is common for a fragmentation process. Based on the fingerprints studied, the particle size to target for improving mass detection in fingerprint residues by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is >= 10 mu m in diameter. Although particles smaller than 10 mu m in diameter have a higher frequency, they constitute < 20% of the total mass. Efforts to improve collection efficiency of explosives particles for detection by IMS, or other techniques, must take into consideration that the mass may be concentrated in a relatively few particles that may not be homogeneously distributed over the fingerprint area. These results are based on plastic-bonded explosives such as C-4 that contain relatively large crystals of explosive, where fragmentation is the main process leading to the presence of particles in the fingerprint residues. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Verkouteren, JR (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr Mailstop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jennifer.verkouteren@nist.gov NR 20 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 27 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 52 IS 2 BP 335 EP 340 DI 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00354.x PG 6 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 138DJ UT WOS:000244343000011 PM 17316229 ER PT J AU Butler, JM Coble, MD AF Butler, John M. Coble, Michael D. TI Commentary on: Coble MD, Butler JM. Characterization of new miniSTR loci to aid analysis of degraded DNA. J forensic sci 2005;50 : 43-53. Authors' response SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Letter C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Technol Biochem Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Armed Forces DNA Identificat Lab, Res Sect, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Butler, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Technol Biochem Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,M-S 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.butler@nist.gov RI Coble, Michael/E-7540-2010; Butler, John/C-7812-2011 NR 4 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 52 IS 2 BP 494 EP 494 DI 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00390.x PG 1 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 138DJ UT WOS:000244343000042 ER PT J AU Hicks, BB AF Hicks, Bruce B. TI On the assessment of atmospheric deposition of sulfur and nitrogen species to the surface of large inland lakes - Lake Champlain SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dry deposition; wet deposition; sulfur; nitrogen; Lake Champlain ID SULFATE; USA AB Early work indicated that wet deposition of radioactive fallout to the water surface of a lake greatly exceeded dry, when calculated as annual averages. To test whether this result also applies to the deposition rates of soluble trace gases from the lower atmosphere, data collected at land sites near Lake Champlain have been used to estimate deposition rates to the lake itself, using an analysis of the wind speed-up factor as an intermediate step. The contribution of dry deposition of the major nitrogen and sulfur chemical species is estimated to have been less than 20% of the total atmospheric deposition. However, this result must not be extrapolated to the watershed in which Lake Champlain resides, since evidence obtained elsewhere indicates that the dry deposition contribution over the entire watershed will likely be similar to the wet. The analysis indicates that for the period from 1992 to 1997 the annual total deposition rates of oxidized nitrogen and sulfur ranged from 300 to 500 tonnes per year and 600 to 1,100 tonnes per year, respectively. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Hicks, BB (reprint author), POB 1510, Norris, TN 37828 USA. EM bbh@metcorps.com NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 33 IS 1 BP 114 EP 121 DI 10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[114:OTAOAD]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 157BA UT WOS:000245692400010 ER PT J AU Rao, YR Schwab, DJ AF Rao, Yerubandi R. Schwab, David J. TI Transport and mixing between the coastal and offshore waters in the great lakes: a review SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE nearshore circulation; coastal boundary layer; coastal exchanges; upwelling; down-welling; thermal bar; episodic events ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; THERMAL STRUCTURE; RIVER PLUME; NEARSHORE CURRENTS; DOWNWELLING EVENTS; ONTARIO; MICHIGAN; ERIE; CIRCULATION; MODEL AB The Laurentian Great Lakes of North America have horizontal scales of hundreds of kilometers and depth scales of hundreds of meters. In terms of coastal dynamics, they behave much like inland seas and exhibit physical processes characteristic of the coastal oceans. The lakes are dynamically similar to the coastal ocean in that their horizontal dimensions are larger than the vertical dimensions, and the principal source of mechanical energy is the wind. The major difference in dynamical processes is that the lakes are enclosed basins and are not connected to the deep ocean. This paper presents an overview of some of the significant aspects of physical processes in the coastal zones of the Great Lakes. The review is based on examples ranging from lake-wide experiments like the International Field Year on the Great Lakes (IFYGL) to several process-oriented coastal boundary layer experiments. The basic circulations in the nearshore zone and coastal boundary layer are summarized. The review concludes with suggestions for future work on the understanding of the physical processes that would have a bearing on lake management in the coastal zones of the Great Lakes. C1 Environm Canada, Natl Water Res Inst, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Rao, YR (reprint author), Environm Canada, Natl Water Res Inst, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. EM Ram.Yerubandi@ec.gc.ca RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012 NR 77 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 24 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 33 IS 1 BP 202 EP 218 DI 10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[202:TAMBTC]2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 157BA UT WOS:000245692400017 ER PT J AU Pothoven, SA Grigorovich, IA Fahnenstiel, GL Balcer, MD AF Pothoven, Steven A. Grigorovich, Igor A. Fahnenstiel, Gary L. Balcer, Mary D. TI Introduction of the Ponto-Caspian bloody-red mysid Hemimysis anomala into the Lake Michigan basin SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE exotic species; biological invasion; mysid; Great Lakes ID RELICTA; IMPACT; ZOOPLANKTON; CRUSTACEA; ABUNDANCE; PATTERNS; INVADER; SARS AB Hemimysis anomala G.O. Sars, 1907, a mysid species native to the Ponto-Caspian region, was discovered during fall 2006 in the Lake Michigan basin. Large numbers of individuals formed aggregations (averaging 1,540 +/- 333 individuals/m(2)) in a shallow docking basin connected to the channel linking Lake Michigan and Muskegon Lake. The population included females (63%), males (35%), and juveniles (2%). The global invasion pattern in H. anomala is similar to that in another Ponto-Caspian peracarid crustacean, Echinogammarus ischnus. As with E. ischnus, the expansion of H. anomala in North America is anticipated. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Muskegon, MI 49411 USA. Wilson Environm Labs Inc, Duluth, MN 55802 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Lake Super Res Inst, Superior, WI 54880 USA. RP Pothoven, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 1431 Beach St, Muskegon, MI 49411 USA. EM steve.pothoven@noaa.gov OI Pothoven, Steven/0000-0002-7992-5422 NR 30 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 12 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 33 IS 1 BP 285 EP 292 DI 10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[285:IOTPBM]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 157BA UT WOS:000245692400023 ER PT J AU Christianson, AD Gardner, JS Kang, HJ Chung, JH Bobev, S Sarrao, JL Lawrence, JM AF Christianson, A. D. Gardner, J. S. Kang, H. J. Chung, J.-H. Bobev, S. Sarrao, J. L. Lawrence, J. M. TI Low temperature behavior of the heavy fermion Ce3Co4Sn13 SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Conference on Magnetism (ICM 2006) CY AUG 20-25, 2006 CL Kyoto, JAPAN SP Int Union Pure & Appl Phys DE heavy fermion; neutron diffraction; inelastic neutron scattering; quantum critical point ID CE; LA AB The compound Ce3Co4Sn13 is an extremely heavy cubic heavy fermion system with a low temperature electronic specific heat of order similar to 4J/mol K-2. If the compound is nonmagnetic, it would be one of the heaviest nonmagnetic Ce-based heavy fermions reported to date and therefore would be expected to lie extremely close to a quantum critical point. However, a broad peak of unknown origin is observed at 0.8K in the specific heat and magnetic susceptibility, suggesting the possibility of antiferromagnetic order. We present neutron diffraction data from polycrystalline samples which do not show any sign of magnetic scattering below 0.8 K. In addition, we present inelastic neutron scattering data from a single crystal sample which is consistent with the 1.2K energy scale for Kondo spin fluctuations determined from specific heat measurements. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Indiana Univ, IUCF, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RP Christianson, AD (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM postfab@googlemail.com RI Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013; christianson, andrew/A-3277-2016 OI christianson, andrew/0000-0003-3369-5884 NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 310 IS 2 BP 266 EP 267 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.10.040 PN 1 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 184TU UT WOS:000247666000026 ER PT J AU Chan, TS Liu, RS Yang, CC Li, WH Lien, YH Huang, CY Lynn, JW AF Chan, T. S. Liu, R. S. Yang, C. C. Li, W.-H. Lien, Y. H. Huang, C. Y. Lynn, J. W. TI Neutron diffraction study of multiferroic Tb0.85Na0.15MnO3-y SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Conference on Magnetism (ICM 2006) CY AUG 20-25, 2006 CL Kyoto, JAPAN SP Int Union Pure & Appl Phys DE neutron diffraction; magnetic properties; manganites; multiferroic; TbMnO3 ID MAGNETIC-STRUCTURE; PEROVSKITES AB The magnetic properties and thermal evolution of Tb0.85Na0.15MnO3-y have been studied by neutron-diffraction experiments. By comparison with the TbMnO3 sample, the results show not only small lattice parameters but also a reduction in correlation length This is strongly correlated to the induced oxygen vacancies in Tb0.85Na0.15MnO3, [y approximate to 0.15(2)]. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Chem, Ctr Nano Storage Res, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Natl Chung Yuan Univ, Dept Phys, Chungli 320, Taiwan. Chinese Culture Univ, Inst Mat Mfg, Taipei 111, Taiwan. Natl Taiwan Univ, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Liu, RS (reprint author), Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Chem, Ctr Nano Storage Res, Taipei 106, Taiwan. EM rsliu@ntu.edu.tw RI Liu, Ru-Shi/A-6796-2010 OI Liu, Ru-Shi/0000-0002-1291-9052 NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 310 IS 2 BP 1151 EP 1153 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.10.483 PN 2 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 184CM UT WOS:000247618700204 ER PT J AU Chang, LJ Terashita, H Schweika, W Chen, YY Gardner, JS AF Chang, L. J. Terashita, H. Schweika, W. Chen, Y. Y. Gardner, J. S. TI HoTbTi2O7, the mixtures of spin ice and spin liquid SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Conference on Magnetism (ICM 2006) CY AUG 20-25, 2006 CL Kyoto, JAPAN SP Int Union Pure & Appl Phys DE frustrated magnetic system; neutron scattering; pyrochlore; spin ice; spin liquid; specific heat; magnetic susceptibility AB Polycrystalline samples of HO2-xTbxTi2O7 (X = 0.5, 1, and 1.5) have been prepared and characterized. No long-range order is observed for HoTbTi2O7 in magnetization and specific heat measurements down to 2K. The low-energy magnetic excitation measurements suggests that HoTbTi2O7 possesses both characteristics of spin ice and spin liquid in the ground state. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Nucl Sci & Technol Dev Ctr, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. Res Ctr Julich, IFF Scattering Methods, D-52425 Julich, Germany. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Bethesda, MD 20889 USA. RP Chang, LJ (reprint author), Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Nucl Sci & Technol Dev Ctr, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. EM ljchang@mx.nthu.edu.tw RI Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013 NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 310 IS 2 BP 1293 EP 1294 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.10.445 PN 2 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 184CM UT WOS:000247618700252 ER PT J AU Yamaura, K Huang, Q Zhang, L Takada, K Baba, Y Nagai, T Matsui, Y Kosuda, K Takayama-Muromachi, E AF Yamaura, K. Huang, Q. Zhang, L. Takada, K. Baba, Y. Nagai, T. Matsui, Y. Kosuda, K. Takayama-Muromachi, E. TI Magnetic properties of the calcium ferrite-type Li0.92Mn2O4 SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Conference on Magnetism (ICM 2006) CY AUG 20-25, 2006 CL Kyoto, JAPAN SP Int Union Pure & Appl Phys DE LiMn2O4; NaMn2O4; CaFe2O4; spin glasses; post spinel ID HIGH-PRESSURE AB Magnetic properties of the calcium ferrite-type Li0.92Mn2O4 are reported. The static susceptibility data reveal a cusp at similar to 10K, suggesting a magnetic glassy transition. Although the crystal structure is essentially different from that of the spinel LiMn2O4, the compound shows a similarity of the frustrated magnetism of the spinel. The probable magnetic frustration of the calcium ferrite-type compound might be due to a freezing of geometrically frustrated Mn magnetic moments in a triangular-like alignment. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Mat Sci, Adv Nano Mat Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Mat Sci, Adv Nano Characterizat Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. Natl Inst Mat Sci, Mat Anal Stn, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. RP Yamaura, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Mat Sci, Adv Nano Mat Lab, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. EM YAMAURA.Kazunari@nims.go.jp RI NAGAI, Takuro/H-2630-2011 NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 4 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 310 IS 2 BP 1578 EP 1580 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.10.599 PN 2 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 184CM UT WOS:000247618700343 ER PT J AU Kepa, H Majkrzak, CF Sipatov, AY Wiren, ZQ Giebultowicz, TM AF Kepa, H. Majkrzak, C. F. Sipatov, A. Yu. Wiren, Z. Q. Giebultowicz, T. M. TI Neutron reflectivity investigations of EuS/PbS superlattices grown on (111) BaF2 substrate SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE magnetic semiconductor; superlattices; polarized neutron reflectivity AB The existence of the pronounced ferromagnetic interlayer correlations in EuS/PbS superlattices grown in the [111] direction on BaF2 substrate has been revealed by unpolarized neutron reflectivity measurements. This is in a stark contrast with the previous findings of antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling in a similar EuS/PbS superlattices grown in the [001] direction on KCl substrate. In order to confirm that the observed FM correlations result from interlayer exchange coupling, rather than from spurious layer magnetization alignment, the in-plane magnetic domain orientation distribution has been investigated with neutron polarization analysis. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. Oregon State Univ, Dept Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Kharkov State Polytechn Univ, UA-310002 Kharkov, Ukraine. RP Kepa, H (reprint author), Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, Ul Hoza 69, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. EM Henryk.Kepa@fuw.edu.pl OI Sipatov, Alexander/0000-0002-2693-2135 NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 310 IS 2 BP 2280 EP 2282 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.10.748 PN 3 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 185ON UT WOS:000247720400136 ER PT J AU Thacker, WC AF Thacker, W. C. TI Estimating salinity to complement observed temperature: 1. Gulf of Mexico SO JOURNAL OF MARINE SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th International Liege Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics CY MAY 03-07, 2004 CL Liege, BELGIUM DE XBT; CTD; regression; data assimilation; HYCOM ID OCEAN MODEL HYCOM; XBT DATA; VERTICAL COORDINATE; REFERENCE PRESSURE; DATA ASSIMILATION; TROPICAL PACIFIC; DYNAMIC HEIGHTS; VARIABILITY; IMPACT AB This paper and its companion [Thacker, W.C., Sindlinger, L., 2007-this issue. Estimating salinity to complement observed temperature: 2. Northwestern Atlantic. Journal of Marine Systems. doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.06.007.] document initial efforts in a project with the goal of developing capability for estimating salinity on a region-by-region basis for the world oceans. The primary motivation for this project is to provide information for correcting salinity, and thus density, when assimilating expendable-bathythermograph (XBT) data into numerical simulations of oceanic circulation, while a secondary motivation is to provide information for calibrating salinity from autonomous profiling floats. Empirical relationships between salinity and temperature, which can be identified from archived conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) data, provide the basis for the salinity estimates. The Gulf of Mexico was chosen as the first region to explore for several reasons: (1) It's geographical separation from the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean makes it a "small ocean" characterised by a deep central basin surrounded by a substantial continental shelf (2) The archives contain a relatively large number of CTD data that can be used to establish empirical relationships. (3) The sharp fronts associated with the Loop Current and its rings, which separate water with different thermal and haline characteristics, pose a challenge for estimating salinity. In spite of the shelf and the fronts, the relationship between salinity and temperature was found to be sufficiently regular that a single empirical model could be used to estimate salinity on each pressure surface for the entire Gulf for all seasons. In and below the thermocline, root-mean-square estimation errors are small less than 0.02 psu for pressures greater than 400 dbar, corresponding to potential density errors of less than 0.015 kg/m(3). Errors for estimates nearer to the surface can be an order of magnitude larger. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Thacker, WC (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM carlisle.thacker@noaa.gov RI Thacker, Carlisle/I-3813-2013 OI Thacker, Carlisle/0000-0002-9285-8826 NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-7963 J9 J MARINE SYST JI J. Mar. Syst. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 65 IS 1-4 BP 224 EP 248 DI 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.06.008 PG 25 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 147LB UT WOS:000245003400014 ER PT J AU Thacker, WC Sindlinger, L AF Thacker, W. C. Sindlinger, L. TI Estimating salinity to complement observed temperature: 2. Northwestern Atlantic SO JOURNAL OF MARINE SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th International Liege Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics CY MAY 03-07, 2004 CL Liege, BELGIUM DE XBT; CTD; regression; data assimilation; HYCOM ID POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE AB This paper addresses the problem of estimating salinity for a large region in the Atlantic Ocean containing the Gulf Stream and its recirculation. Together with Part 1 [Thacker, W.C., 2007-this issue. Estimating salinity to complement observed temperature: 1. Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Marine Systems. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.06.008.] dealing with the Gulf of Mexico, this reports on the first efforts of a project for developing world-wide capability for estimating salinity to complement expendable-bathythermograph (XBT) data. Such estimates are particularly important for this region, where the strong frontal contrasts render the task of assimilating XBT data into numerical models more sensitive to the treatment of salinity. Differences in salinity's co-variability with temperature and with longitude, latitude, and day-of-year from the northwestern part of the region with the Gulf Stream to the southeastern part more characteristic of the Sargasso sea suggested that the region be partitioned to achieve more accurate salinity estimates. In general, accuracies were better in the southeastern sub-region than in the more highly variable northwestern sub-region with root-mean-square estimation errors of 0.15 psu at 25 dbar and 0.02 psu at 300 dbar as compared with 0.35 psu and 0.50 psu, respectively, but in the southeast there was an unexpected error maximum around 1000 dbar where estimates were slightly less accurate than in the northwest. For pressures greater than 1400 dbar root-mean-square errors in both sub-regions were less than 0.02 psu. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Thacker, WC (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM carlisle.thacker@noaa.gov RI Thacker, Carlisle/I-3813-2013 OI Thacker, Carlisle/0000-0002-9285-8826 NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-7963 J9 J MARINE SYST JI J. Mar. Syst. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 65 IS 1-4 BP 249 EP 267 DI 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.06.007 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 147LB UT WOS:000245003400015 ER PT J AU Matsumura, K Suenram, RD Lovas, FJ Tanaka, T AF Matsumura, Keiji Suenram, R. D. Lovas, F. J. Tanaka, Takehiko TI Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy of isotopically substituted diacetylenes: r(s)-structure, quadrupole coupling, and anisotropic nuclear spin-spin interaction (vol 242, pg 120, 2006) SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Correction C1 Seinan Gakuin Univ, Fukuoka 8148511, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Kyushu Univ, Fukuoka 812, Japan. RP Matsumura, K (reprint author), Seinan Gakuin Univ, Fukuoka 8148511, Japan. EM keiji@seinan-gu.ac.jp NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 242 IS 1 BP 76 EP 76 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2007.01.006 PG 1 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 156HR UT WOS:000245639200011 ER PT J AU Rukhin, AL AF Rukhin, Andrew L. TI Estimating common vector parameters in interlaboratory studies SO JOURNAL OF MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE collaborative study; consensus mean; DerSimonian-Laird estimator; Mandel-Paule algorithm; meta-analysis random effects model; (restricted) maximum likelihood estimator AB The primary goal of this work is to extend two methods of random effects models to multiparameter situation. These methods comprise the DerSimonian-Laird estimator, stemming from meta-analysis, and the Mandel-Paule algorithm widely used in interlaboratory studies. The maximum likelihood estimators are also discussed. Two methods of assessing the uncertainty of these estimators are given. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Math & Stat, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rukhin, AL (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Math & Stat, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM rukhin@math.umbc.edu NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0047-259X J9 J MULTIVARIATE ANAL JI J. Multivar. Anal. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 98 IS 3 BP 435 EP 454 DI 10.1016/j.jmva.2006.09.005 PG 20 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 118AF UT WOS:000242913700001 ER PT J AU Saloman, EB AF Saloman, E. B. TI Energy levels and observed spectral lines of krypton, KrI through Kr XXXVI SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Review DE compilation; critically evaluated data; energy levels; Kr; krypton; krypton ions; observed spectral lines; spectra ID I ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; WEIGHTED OSCILLATOR-STRENGTHS; HIGHLY-CHARGED IONS; X-RAY-SPECTRA; NOUVELLES TRANSITIONS INFRAROUGES; HIGH-RESOLUTION MEASUREMENT; FORBIDDEN OPTICAL-LINES; QUANTUM-DEFECT ANALYSIS; PARITY RYDBERG SERIES; LITHIUM-LIKE KRYPTON AB The energy levels and observed spectral lines of the krypton atom, in all stages of ionization for which experimental data are available, have been compiled. Sufficient data were found to generate level and line tables for Kr I-Kr X and Kr XVIII-Kr XXXVI. For Kr XXXV and Kr XXXVI and most of Kr XXXIV theoretical values are compiled for the energy levels. In all of the other stages a few lines, some of which may be only tentative classifications, are reported. In addition for Kr I, separate tables of energy levels are tabulated for the isotopes Kr-86 and Kr-84. Experimental g factors are included for Kr I and Kr II. A value, either experimental, semiempirical, or theoretical, is included for the ionization energy of each ion.(c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Saloman, EB (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM edward.saloman@nist.gov NR 216 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 EI 1529-7845 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD MAR PY 2007 VL 36 IS 1 BP 215 EP 386 DI 10.1063/1.2227036 PG 172 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 140UB UT WOS:000244531100007 ER PT J AU Wheeler, MC Cavicchi, RE Semancik, S AF Wheeler, M. C. Cavicchi, R. E. Semancik, S. TI Tin oxide microsensor arrays as probes for the oscillatory CO oxidation reaction on supported platinum SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID SELF-ORGANIZATION; KINETIC OSCILLATIONS; HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS; SURFACE-REACTION; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; PD(110); MODEL; BISTABILITY; DIFFUSION; SPIRALS AB Micromachined sensor devices, capable of surface temperature control and electrical resistance measurements, have been used to detect and explore the oscillatory reaction of CO oxidation on SnO2-supported platinum films. Synchronization observed between oscillations for physically separated devices in a multielement array is evidence that the oscillations are due to bistable oxidation/reduction states coupled with a mass-transfer and reaction rate effect. In addition to the global synchronization, transient oscillations are observed prior to switching, which suggests that microscale coupling occurs between the individual platinum domains on the support. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wheeler, MC (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RI Wheeler, M Clayton/C-9649-2012 OI Wheeler, M Clayton/0000-0003-1113-1324 NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD MAR 1 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 8 BP 3328 EP 3332 DI 10.1021/jp067173g PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 147MA UT WOS:000245005900020 ER PT J AU Porter, SM Bailey, KM AF Porter, Steven M. Bailey, Kevin M. TI The effect of early and late hatching on the escape response of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) larvae SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SHELIKOF STRAIT; HERRING LARVAE; TIME; AMERICANUS; FLOUNDER; ALASKA; GULF; COD AB Hatching of fish eggs fertilized at the same time occurs over a period of several days. Differences in the escape response of fish larvae during the hatching period have not hitherto been studied. In this study, the escape response of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) larvae over the hatching period was examined. Escape speed, response to multiple touches with a fine probe, response to water currents generated by a predator and predation by euphausiias (Thysanoessa inermis) and amphlpods (Pleusirus secorrus) were measured in the laboratoly. Otolith measurements offield-collected larvae support a broad hatching period;for walleye pollock eggs in the sea similar to that observed in the laboratory. The escape response of walleye pollock larvae was affected by rank in the order of hatching thus with respect to predation, hatching order may affect the survival of larvae in the sea. Early hatching larvae were smaller, less sensitive to tactile stimulation, had a slower weaker escape response and higher laboratory rates of predation mortality than those that hatched later. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Porter, SM (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM steve.porter@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 29 IS 3 BP 291 EP 300 DI 10.1093/plankt/fbm015 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 166HT UT WOS:000246370500006 ER PT J AU Cohen, JH Tester, PA Forward, RB AF Cohen, Jonathan H. Tester, Patricia A. Forward, Richard B., Jr. TI Sublethal effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenza brevis on marine copepod behavior SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RED TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; GYMNODINIUM BREVE; PSP TOXINS; ZOOPLANKTON; BLOOMS; CONSEQUENCES; BREVETOXINS; ENVIRONMENT; DIATOMS AB Apart from grazing interactions, little is known regarding the sublethal effects of Karenia brevis cells on copepod behavior We conducted grazing and mortality experiments with K. brevis cells and brevetoxins (PbTx-2), establishing routes of toxicity for the copepods Acartia tonsa, Temora turbinata and Centropages typicus. Subsequent behavioral experiments determined whether copepod swimming and photobehavior both behaviors involved in predator avoidance, were impaired at sublethal K. brevis and PbTx-2 levels. Copepods variably grazed toxic K. brevis and non-toxic Prorocentrum minimum at bloom concentrations. Although copepods accumulated brevetoxins, significant mortality was only observed in T turbinata at the highest test concentration (1 X 10(7) K. brevis cells L(-1)). Acartia tonsa exhibited minimal sublethal behavioral effects. However, there were significant effects on the swimming and photobehavior of T turbinata and C. typicus at the lowest sublethal concentrations tested (0. 15 mu g PbTx-2 L(-1), I X 105 K. brevis cells L-1). Although physiological incapacitation may have altered copepod behavior, starvation likely played a major role as well. These data suggest that sublethal effects of K. brevis and brevetoxin on copepod behavior occur and predicting the role of zooplankton grazers in trophic transfer of algal toxins requires knowledge of species-specific sublethal effects. C1 Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Div Marine Sci, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Cohen, JH (reprint author), Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Div Marine Sci, 5600 US I N, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. EM cohenjh@eckerd.edu NR 45 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 15 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 29 IS 3 BP 301 EP 315 DI 10.1093/plankt/fbm016 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 166HT UT WOS:000246370500007 ER PT J AU Rhodes, ACE AF Rhodes, Adelaide C. E. TI Dietary effects on carotenoid composition in the marine harpacticoid copepod Nitokra lacustris SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Nitokra lacustris, a euryhaline harpacticoid copepod, was reared on two diets, which varied in composition and relative quantities of carotenoid pigments, and analyzed for differences in tissue carotenoid composition. Carotenoid compositions were analyzed by means of reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Total amounts of unesterified astaxanthin were quantified in the two populations by means of an isocratic HPLC procedure. Carotenoid composition and total astaxanthin content for adult copepods differed between the two diets. Copepod populations fed the live microalga Tetraselmis suesica averaged 696 mu g carotenoids (g dry weight)(-1) and 185 mu g astaxanthin (g dry weight)(-1) while copepod populations fed a formulated diet with high levels of lycopene, beta-carotene and alpha-carotene averaged 24.3 mg carotenoids (g dry weight)(-1) and 650 mu g astaxanthin (g dry weight)(-1). Neither diet contained canthaxanthin or astaxanthin, suggesting that the copepods were synthesizing the astaxanthin from precursor pigments. The absence of canthaxanthin and echinenone coupled with the presence of other intermediary carotenoid pigments suggests that the carotenoid conversion pathway of N. lacustris differs from that described for calanoid copepods and other marine crustaceans. N. lacustris may utilize the beta-carotene -> zeaxanthin -> beta-doradexanthin (adonixanthin) -> astaxanthin pathway of conversion rather than the beta-carotene -> echninenone -> canthaxanthin -> astaxanthin pathway proposed for other copepods. Thus, diets containing higher amounts of beta-carotene and zeaxanthin would be more likely to produce high levels of astaxanthin in this species. C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Rhodes, ACE (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM adelaide.rhodes@noaa.gov NR 51 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 29 SU 1 BP I73 EP I83 DI 10.1093/plankt/fbl068 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA V21PS UT WOS:000208220100008 ER PT J AU Zhao, L Robinson, L Paul, RL Greenberg, RR Miao, SL AF Zhao, L. Robinson, L. Paul, R. L. Greenberg, R. R. Miao, S. L. TI Application of cold neutron prompt-gamma activation analysis in environmental studies of aquatic plants SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PHOSPHORUS; NITROGEN AB This paper describes the use of cold-neutron prompt-gamma activation analysis (CNPGAA) to determine carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the aquatic plant Typha domingensis, commonly known as cattail, during spring and fall seasons. According to studies of the Florida Everglades, cattail replaces sawgrass as a result of nutrient enrichment from farm water runoff. Nutrient enrichment, especially phosphorus, in sediment and the water column can lead to undesirable expansion. Early signs of this expansion are apparent in the Apalachicola River floodplain near Apalachicola, Florida, USA. This research project is designed to use cattails as biomonitors of nutrient enrichment in the lower Apalachicola River floodplain. Determination of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in cattail using cold neutron prompt-gamma activation has been developed in our previous studies at the CNPGAA facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA. The results of numerous field samples, collected from the study area during spring and fall seasons in 2002, will be presented in this paper. C1 Florida A&M Univ, Inst Environm Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. S Florida Water Management Dist, Everglades Dept, W Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA. RP Zhao, L (reprint author), Florida A&M Univ, Inst Environm Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 271 IS 3 BP 777 EP 782 DI 10.1007/s10967-007-0341-8 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 131XV UT WOS:000243906700041 ER PT J AU Hurly, JJ Mehl, JB AF Hurly, John J. Mehl, James B. TI He-4 thermophysical properties: New ab initio calculations SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE helium; second virial; theoretical interatomic potential; thermal conductivity; thermophysical standards; transport properties; viscosity ID CORRELATED GAUSSIAN FUNCTIONS; HELIUM DIMER; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; CROSS-SECTIONS; ADIABATIC APPROXIMATION; DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS; HIGH-ACCURACY; PHASE-SHIFTS; VALUES; GASES AB Since 2000, atomic physicists have reduced the uncertainty of the helium-helium "ab initio" potential; for example, from approximately 0.6% to 0.1% at 4 bohr, and from 0.8% to 0.1% at 5.6 bohr. These results led us to: ( 1) construct a new interatomic potential phi(07), ( 2) recalculate values of the second virial coefficient, the viscosity, and the thermal conductivity of He-4 from 1 K to 10,000 K, and ( 3), analyze the uncertainties of the thermophysical properties that propagate from the uncertainty of phi(07) and from the Born-Oppenheimer approximation of the electron-nucleon quantum mechanical system. We correct minor errors in a previous publication [ J. J. Hurly and M. R. Moldover, J. Res. Nat. Inst. Standards Technol. 105, 667 ( 2000)] and compare our results with selected data published after 2000. The ab initio results tabulated here can serve as standards for the measurement of thermophysical properties. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. KT Consulting Inc, Orcas, WA 98280 USA. RP Hurly, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.hurly@nist.gov; jmehl@rockisland.com NR 38 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 9 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2007 VL 112 IS 2 BP 75 EP 94 DI 10.6028/jres.112.006 PG 20 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 175GH UT WOS:000247001100001 PM 27110456 ER PT J AU Heimbach, CR AF Heimbach, Craig R. TI Cosmic coincidences: Investigations for neutron background suppression SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE background; coincidence; cosmic ray; neutron; muon; special nuclear material AB Two experimental investigations were made in order to reduce background counts in neutron detectors. Each investigation relied upon the fact that neutron background is largely due to cosmic ray interactions with the air and ground. The first attempt was to look at neutron arrival times. Neutron events close in time were taken to have been of a common origin due to cosmic rays. The second investigation was similar, but based on coincident neutron/muon events. The investigations showed only a small effect, not practical for the suppression of neutron background. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Heimbach, CR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM craig.heimbach@nist.gov NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2007 VL 112 IS 2 BP 95 EP 105 DI 10.6028/jres.112.007 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 175GH UT WOS:000247001100002 PM 27110457 ER PT J AU Wagner, RP Nedzelnitsky, V AF Wagner, Randall P. Nedzelnitsky, Victor TI Effect of power line interference on microphone calibration measurements made at or near harmonics of the power line frequency SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acoustic calibrations; acoustic measurements; calibration; electronic instrumentation; microphone calibration; microphone pressure calibration; microphone reciprocity calibration; power line frequency; power line interference; pressure reciprocity calibration of microphones AB The electrical measurements required during the primary calibrations of laboratory standard microphones by the reciprocity method can be influenced by power line interference. Because of this influence, the protocols of international inter-laboratory key comparisons of microphone calibrations usually have not included measurements at power line frequencies. Such interference has been observed in microphone output voltage measurements made with a microphone pressure reciprocity calibration system under development at NIST. This system was configured for a particular type of standard microphone in such a way that measurements of relatively small signal levels, which are more susceptible to the effect of power line interference, were required. This effect was investigated by acquiring microphone output voltage measurement data with the power line frequency adjusted to move the frequency of the interference relative to the center frequency of the measurement system passband. These data showed that the effect of power line interference for this system configuration can be more than one percent at test frequencies harmonically related to the power line frequency. These data also showed that adjusting the power line frequency to separate the interference and test frequencies by as little as 1.0 Hz can reduce the effect of the interference by at least an order of magnitude. Adjustment of the power line frequency could enable accurate measurements at test frequencies that otherwise might be avoided. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wagner, RP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM randall.wagner@nist.gov; victor.nedzelnitsky@nist.gov NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2007 VL 112 IS 2 BP 107 EP 114 DI 10.6028/jres.112.008 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 175GH UT WOS:000247001100003 PM 27110458 ER PT J AU Payne, WV Geist, J AF Payne, W. Vance Geist, Jon TI Low cost digital vibration meter SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE approximate root mean square; cantilever accelerometer; micro electro mechanical system; vibration meter AB This report describes the development of a low cost, digital Micro Electro Mechanical System ( MEMS) vibration meter that reports an approximation to the RMS acceleration of the vibration to which the vibration meter is subjected. The major mechanical element of this vibration meter is a cantilever beam, which is on the order of 500 mu m in length, with a piezoresistor deposited at its base. Vibration of the device in the plane perpendicular to the cantilever beam causes it to bend, which produces a measurable change in the resistance of a piezoresistor. These changes in resistance along with a unique signal-processing scheme are used to determine an approximation to the RMS acceleration sensed by the device. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Payne, WV (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM vance.payne@nist.gov; jon.geist@ieee.org OI Geist, Jon/0000-0001-7749-318X NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2007 VL 112 IS 2 BP 115 EP 128 DI 10.6028/jres.112.009 PG 14 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 175GH UT WOS:000247001100004 PM 27110459 ER PT J AU Viciu, L Huang, Q Morosan, E Zandbergen, HW Greenbaum, NI McQueen, T Cava, RJ AF Viciu, L. Huang, Q. Morosan, E. Zandbergen, H. W. Greenbaum, N. I. McQueen, T. Cava, R. J. TI Structure and basic magnetic properties of the honeycomb lattice compounds Na2Co2TeO6 and Na3Co2SbO6 SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE honeycomb lattice; layered cobalt compounds; antiferromagnetic ordering ID SYSTEM; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; MODEL AB The synthesis, structure, and basic magnetic properties of Na2Co2TeO6 and Na3Co2SbO6 are reported. The crystal structures were determined by neutron powder diffraction. Na2Co2TeO6 has a two-layer hexagonal structure (space group P6(3)22) while Na3Co2SbO6 has a single-layer monoclinic structure (space group C2/m). The Co, Te, and Sb ions are in octahedral coordination, and the edge sharing octahedra form planes interleaved by sodium ions. Both compounds have full ordering of the Co2+ and Te6+/Sb5+ ions in the ab plane such that the Co2+ ions form a honeycomb array. The stacking of the honeycomb arrays differ in the two compounds. Both Na2Co2TeO6 and Na3Co2SbO6 display magnetic ordering at low temperatures, with what appears to be a spin-flop transition found in Na3Co2SbO6. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Delta Inst Technol, Natl Ctr HREM, Dept Nanosci, Delft, Netherlands. RP Viciu, L (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM mviciu@Princeton.edu NR 19 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 6 U2 45 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 180 IS 3 BP 1060 EP 1067 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2007.01.002 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 151KI UT WOS:000245288500034 ER PT J AU Beekman, M Wong-Ng, W Kaduk, JA Shapiro, A Nolas, GS AF Beekman, M. Wong-Ng, W. Kaduk, J. A. Shapiro, A. Nolas, G. S. TI Synthesis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of new framework substituted type II clathrates, Cs8Na16AgxGe136-x (x < 7) SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE clathrate; framework compound; single crystal X-ray diffraction; Ag; Ge ID THERMOELECTRIC APPLICATIONS; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; GE; SI; SILICON; SCATTERING; METALS; RADII; SN AB New inorganic type II clathrates with Ag atoms substituting for framework Ge atoms, Cs8Na16AgxGe136-x (x = 0, 5.9, and 6.7), have been synthesized by reaction of the pure elements at high temperature. Structural refinements have been performed using single crystal X-ray diffraction. The materials crystallize with the cubic type II clathrate crystal structure (space group Fd (3) over barn) with a = 15.49262(9) angstrom, 15.51605(6) angstrom, and 15.51618(9) for x = 0, 5.9, and 6.7, respectively, and Z = 1. The structure is formed by a covalently bonded Ag-Ge framework, in which the Cs and Na atoms are found inside two types of polyhedral cages. Ag substitutes for Ge in the tetrahedrally bonded framework positions, and was found to preferentially occupy the most asymmetric 96g site. The proven ability to substitute atoms for the germanium framework should offer a route to the synthesis of new compositions of type II clathrates, materials that are of interest for potential thermoelectrics applications. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Florida, Dept Phys, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. INEOS Technol, Naperville, IL 60566 USA. RP Nolas, GS (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Dept Phys, 4202 E Fowler Ave,PHY 114, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. EM gnolas@cas.usf.edu RI Beekman, Matt/I-4470-2014 OI Beekman, Matt/0000-0001-9694-2286 NR 35 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 180 IS 3 BP 1076 EP 1082 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2007.01.003 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 151KI UT WOS:000245288500036 ER PT J AU Rukhin, AL AF Rukhin, Andrew L. TI Non-parametric inference for balanced randomization designs SO JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL PLANNING AND INFERENCE LA English DT Article DE accidental bias; clinical trials; load balancing; multinomial trials; normal order statistics; permutation tests; probability generating function; selection bias; Stirling's numbers ID SELECTION BIAS; SEQUENTIAL EXPERIMENTS; RANDOM ALLOCATION AB This paper compares the properties of two balanced randomization schemes which allocate the known number it of subjects among several treatments. According to the first procedure, the so-called truncated multinomial randomization design, the allocation process starts with the uniform distribution, until a treatment receives the prescribed number of subjects, after which this uniform distribution switches to the remaining treatments, and so on. The second scheme, the random allocation rule, selects at random any assignment of the given number of subjects per treatment. The limiting behavior of these two procedures is shown to be quite different in the sense that for the random allocation rule the instant, at which a treatment gets its prescribed number Of Subjects, comes much later (after n - O(1) rather than n - O(root n) subject assignments.) The large sample distribution of standard permutation tests is obtained, and formulas for the accidental bias and for the selection bias of both procedures are derived. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Math & Stat, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rukhin, AL (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Math & Stat, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM rukhin@math.umbc.edu NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3758 J9 J STAT PLAN INFER JI J. Stat. Plan. Infer. PD MAR 1 PY 2007 VL 137 IS 3 BP 967 EP 984 DI 10.1016/j.jspi.2006.06.020 PG 18 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 115AH UT WOS:000242706300026 ER PT J AU Ostrovsky, L Sutin, A Il'inskii, Y Rudenko, O Sarvazyan, A AF Ostrovsky, Lev Sutin, Alexander Il'inskii, Yuri Rudenko, Oleg Sarvazyan, Armen TI Radiation force and shear motions in inhomogeneous media SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID VIBRO-ACOUSTOGRAPHY; FOCUSED ULTRASOUND; ACOUSTICS; PRESSURE; CONTRAST; LESIONS; WAVES AB An action of radiation force induced by ultrasonic beam in waterlike media such as biological tissues (where the shear modulus is small as compared to the bulk compressibility) is considered. A new, nondissipative mechanism of generation of shear displacement due to a smooth (nonreflecting) medium inhomogeneity is suggested, and the corresponding medium displacement is evaluated. It is shown that a linear primary acoustic field in nondissipative, isotropic elastic medium cannot excite a nonpotential radiation force and, hence, a shear motion, whereas even smooth inhomogeneity makes this effect possible. An example is considered showing that the generated displacement pulse can be significantly longer than the primary ultrasound pulse. It is noted that, unlike the dissipative effect, the nondissipative action on a localized inhomogeneity (such as a lesion in a tissue) changes its sign along the beam axis, thus stretching or compressing the focus area. (c) 2007 Acoustical Society of America. C1 NOAA, ESRL, Zel Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Stevens Inst Technol, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. ARTANN Labs Inc, Trenton, NJ 08618 USA. Univ Texas, Appl Res Labs, Austin, TX 78713 USA. Lomonosov Moscow State Univ, Fac Phys, Moscow 119992, Russia. RP Ostrovsky, L (reprint author), NOAA, ESRL, Zel Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OI Ostrovsky, Lev/0000-0003-2233-1305 NR 34 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 121 IS 3 BP 1324 EP 1331 DI 10.1121/1.2532113 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 147VT UT WOS:000245031600006 PM 17407867 ER PT J AU Yuen, MML Nachtigall, PE Breese, M Vlachos, SA AF Yuen, Michelle M. L. Nachtigall, Paul E. Breese, Marlee Vlachos, Stephanie A. TI The perception of complex tones by a false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; HAWAIIAN SPINNER DOLPHINS; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; SIGNATURE WHISTLES; ECHOLOCATION; DIRECTIONALITY; VOCALIZATIONS; MOVEMENT; CALLS; CUE AB Complex tonal whistles are frequently produced by some odontocete species. However, no experimental evidence exists. regarding the detection of complex tones or the discrimination of harmonic frequencies by a marine mammal. The objectives of this investigation were to examine the ability of a false killer whale to discriminate pure tones from complex tones and to determine the minimum intensity level of a harmonic tone required for the whale to make the discrimination. The study was conducted with a. go/no-go modified staircase procedure. The different stimuli were complex tones with a fundamental frequency of 5 kHz with one to five harmonic frequencies. The results from this complex tone discrimination task demonstrated: (1) that the false killer whale was able to discriminate a 5 kHz pure tone from a complex tone with up to five harmonics, and (2) that discrimination thresholds or minimum intensity levels exist for each harmonic combination measured. These results indicate that both frequency level and harmonic content may have contributed to the false killer whale's discrimination of complex tones. (c) 2007 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kailua, HI 96734 USA. RP Yuen, MML (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Reg Off, Suite 1110, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. EM myuen@hawaii.edu NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 121 IS 3 BP 1768 EP 1774 DI 10.1121/1.2436640 PG 7 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 147VT UT WOS:000245031600052 PM 17407913 ER PT J AU Quinn, GD Bradt, RC AF Quinn, George D. Bradt, Richard C. TI On the Vickers indentation fracture toughness test SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BRITTLE MATERIALS; PALMQVIST CRACK; LATERAL CRACKS; CERAMICS; EQUATIONS; STANDARD; HARDNESS; SOLIDS; DAMAGE; FILMS AB The Vickers indentation fracture toughness test, or VIF, is addressed by considering its origins and the numerous equations that have been applied along with the technique to estimate the fracture resistance, or the K-Ic of ceramics. Initiation and propagation of cracks during the VIF test are described and contrasted with the pre-cracking and crack growth for internationally standardized fracture toughness tests. It is concluded that the VIF test technique is fundamentally different than standard fracture toughness tests. The VIF test has a complex three-dimensional crack system with substantial deformation residual stresses and damage around the cracks. The VIF test relates to an ill-defined crack arrest condition as opposed to the rapid crack propagation of the standardized fracture toughness tests. Previously published fracture toughness results employing the VIF technique are reviewed. These reveal serious discrepancies in reported VIF fracture toughness values. Finally, recent fracture resistance measurements by the VIF technique for the Standard Reference Material SRM 2100 are presented. These are compared with standardized test results for the same material. It is concluded that the VIF technique is not reliable as a fracture toughness test for ceramics or for other brittle materials. What the VIF actually measures in terms of fracture resistance cannot be readily defined. It is recommended that the VIF technique no longer be acceptable for the fracture toughness testing of ceramic materials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Met & Mat Sci, Coll Engn, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. RP Quinn, GD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM geoq@nist.gov NR 45 TC 258 Z9 260 U1 16 U2 119 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 90 IS 3 BP 673 EP 680 DI 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01482.x PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 143KM UT WOS:000244720100001 ER PT J AU Phillips, VTJ Donner, LJ Garner, ST AF Phillips, Vaughan T. J. Donner, Leo J. Garner, Stephen T. TI Nucleation processes in deep convection simulated by a cloud-system-resolving model with double-moment bulk microphysics SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERE RADIATIVE FLUXES; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; HOMOGENEOUS ICE NUCLEATION; AMMONIUM-SULFATE PARTICLES; ISCCP DATA SETS; CIRRUS CLOUDS; CLIMATE MODELS; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; CRYSTAL NUCLEATION; PART I AB A novel type of limited double-moment scheme for bulk microphysics is presented here for cloud-systemresolving models (CSRMs). It predicts the average size of cloud droplets and crystals, which is important for representing the radiative impact of clouds on the climate system. In this new scheme, there are interactive components for ice nuclei (IN) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). For cloud ice, the processes of primary ice nucleation, Hallett-Mossop (HM) multiplication of ice particles (secondary ice production), and homogeneous freezing of aerosols and droplets provide the source of ice number. The preferential evaporation of smaller droplets during homogeneous freezing of cloud liquid is represented for the first time. Primary and secondary (i.e., in cloud) droplet nucleation are also represented, by predicting the supersaturation as a function of the vertical velocity and local properties of cloud liquid. A linearized scheme predicts the supersaturation, explicitly predicting rates of condensation and vapor deposition onto liquid (cloud liquid, rain) and ice (cloud ice, snow, graupel) species. The predicted supersaturation becomes the input for most nucleation processes, including homogeneous aerosol freezing and secondary droplet activation. Comparison of the scheme with available aircraft and satellite data is performed for two cases of deep convection over the tropical western Pacific Ocean. Sensitivity tests are performed with respect to a range of nucleation processes. The HM process of ice particle multiplication has an important impact on the domain-wide ice concentration in the lower half of the mixed-phase region, especially when a lack of upper-level cirrus suppresses homogeneous freezing. Homogeneous freezing of droplets and, especially, aerosols is found to be the key control on number and sizes of cloud particles in the simulated cloud ensemble. Preferential evaporation of smaller droplets during homogeneous freezing produces a major impact on ice concentrations aloft. Aerosols originating from the remote free troposphere become activated in deep convective updrafts and produce most of the supercooled cloud droplets that freeze homogeneously aloft. Homogeneous aerosol freezing is found to occur only in widespread regions of weak ascent while homogeneous droplet freezing is restricted to deep convective updrafts. This means that homogeneous aerosol freezing can produce many more crystals than homogeneous droplet freezing, if conditions in the upper troposphere are favorable. These competing mechanisms of homogeneous freezing determine the overall response of the ice concentration to environmental CCN concentrations in the simulated cloud ensemble. The corresponding sensitivity with respect to environmental IN concentrations is much lower. Nevertheless, when extremely high concentrations of IN are applied, that are typical for plumes of desert dust, the supercooled cloud liquid is completely eliminated in the upper half of the mixed phase region. This shuts down the process of homogeneous droplet freezing. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Meteorol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Phillips, VTJ (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Meteorol, 2525 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM vaughanp@hawaii.edu NR 83 TC 87 Z9 90 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 64 IS 3 BP 738 EP 761 DI 10.1175/JAS3869.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150NB UT WOS:000245222400004 ER PT J AU Weaver, C da Silva, A Chin, M Ginoux, P Dubovik, O Flittner, D Zia, A Remer, L Holben, B Gregg, W AF Weaver, Clark da Silva, Arlindo Chin, Mian Ginoux, Paul Dubovik, Oleg Flittner, Dave Zia, Aahmad Remer, Lorraine Holben, Brent Gregg, Watson TI Direct insertion of MODIS radiances in a global aerosol transport model SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; GOCART MODEL; ASSIMILATION; RETRIEVALS; SATELLITE; ALGORITHM; THICKNESS; BRAZIL; SMOKE; SUN AB In this paper results are presented from a simple offline assimilation system that uses radiances from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) channels that sense atmospheric aerosols over land and ocean. The MODIS information is directly inserted into the Goddard Chemistry and Aerosol Radiation Transport model (GOCART), which simulates the following five aerosol types: dust, sea salt, black carbon, organic carbon, and sulfate. The goal is to produce three-dimensional fields of these aerosol types for radiative forcing calculations. Products from this assimilation system are compared with ground-based measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). Insertion of MODIS radiances draws the GOCART model closer to the AERONET AOD. However, there are still uncertainties with surface reflectivity over moderately bright surfaces and with the amount of absorbing aerosol. Also described is the assimilation cycle. The forward model takes the aerosol information from the GOCART model and calculates radiances based on optical parameters of the aerosol type, satellite viewing angle, and the particle growth from relative humidity. Because the GOCART model is driven by previously assimilated meteorology, these forward model radiances can be directly compared with the observed MODIS level-2 radiances. The offline assimilation system simply adjusts the aerosol loading in the GOCART model so that the observed minus forward model radiances agree. Minimal change is made to the GOCART aerosol vertical distribution, size distribution, and the ratio of the five different aerosol types. The loading in the GOCART model is updated with new MODIS observations every 6 h. Since the previously assimilated meteorology provides surface wind speed, radiance sensitivity to wind speed over rough ocean is taken into account. Over land the dark target approach, also used by the MODIS-atmosphere group retrieval, is used. If the underlying land surface is deemed dark enough, the surface reflectances at the 0.47- and 0.66-mu m wavelengths are constant multiples of the observed 2.13-mu m reflectance. Over ocean the assimilation AOD compares well with AERONET, over land less so. The results herein are also compared with AERONET-retrieved single-scattering albedo. This research is part of an ongoing effort at NASA Goddard to integrate aerosols into the Goddard Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) products. C1 Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Climate Sci Branch, Langley, VA USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Oceans & Ice Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Weaver, C (reprint author), Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 613-3, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM weaver@blueberry.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Dubovik, Oleg/A-8235-2009; da Silva, Arlindo/D-6301-2012; Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012 OI Dubovik, Oleg/0000-0003-3482-6460; da Silva, Arlindo/0000-0002-3381-4030; Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; NR 31 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 64 IS 3 BP 808 EP 826 DI 10.1175/JAS3838.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150NB UT WOS:000245222400007 ER PT J AU Johnson, DE Tao, WK Simpson, J AF Johnson, D. E. Tao, W. -K. Simpson, J. TI A study of the response of deep tropical clouds to large-scale thermodynamic forcings. Part II: Sensitivities to microphysics, radiation, and surface fluxes SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RESOLVING MODEL SIMULATIONS; COARE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; LONG-TERM BEHAVIOR; TOGA-COARE; SQUALL LINE; PHASE-III; CUMULUS ENSEMBLES; ICE MICROPHYSICS; SOLAR-RADIATION; GATE AB The Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model is used to examine the sensitivities of multiday 2D simulations of deep tropical convection to surface fluxes, interactive radiation, and ice microphysical processes. The simulations incorporate large-scale temperature, moisture, and momentum forcings, from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) for the period 19-27 December 1992. This study shows that, when surface fluxes are eliminated, the mean simulated atmosphere is much cooler and drier, convection and CAPE are much weaker, precipitation is less, and low-level to midlevel cloudiness is much greater. Surface fluxes using the TOGA COARE flux algorithm are weaker than with the aerodynamic formulation, but closer to the observed fluxes. In addition, trends similar to those noted above for the case without surface fluxes are produced for the TOGA COARE flux case, albeit to a much lesser extent. The elimination of shortwave and longwave radiation is found to have only minimal effects on the mean thermodynamics, convection, and precipitation. However, exclusion of radiation in the model does have a significant impact on cloud temperatures and structure above 200 mb. The removal of ice microphysical processes produces major changes in the structure of the clouds. Much of the liquid water is transported to the upper levels of the troposphere and evaporates, resulting in less mean total surface precipitation. The precipitation primarily occurs in regions of narrow, but intense, convective rainfall bands. The elimination of melting processes (diabatic cooling and conversions to rain) leads to greater (ice) hydrometeor mass below the 0 degrees C level and reduced latent cooling. This, along with weaker vertical cloud mass fluxes, produces a much warmer and moister boundary layer, and a greater mean CAPE. Finally, the elimination of the graupel species has only a small impact on mean total precipitation, thermodynamics, and dynamics of the simulation, but does produce much greater snow mass just above the melting layer. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, EMC,WWB, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Gen Sci Operat, Beltsville, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Johnson, DE (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, EMC,WWB, 206,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM dan.e.johnson@noaa.gov NR 46 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 64 IS 3 BP 869 EP 886 DI 10.1175/JAS3846.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150NB UT WOS:000245222400010 ER PT J AU Austin, J Wilson, J Li, F Vomel, H AF Austin, John Wilson, John Li, Feng Vomel, Holger TI Evolution of water vapor concentrations and stratospheric age of air in coupled chemistry-climate model simulations SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE; MOUNT-PINATUBO; MEAN AGES; OZONE; TRANSPORT; TEMPERATURES; DEHYDRATION; RECOVERY; ERUPTION AB Stratospheric water vapor concentrations and age of air are investigated in an ensemble of coupled chemistry- climate model simulations covering the period from 1960 to 2005. Observed greenhouse gas concentrations, halogen concentrations, aerosol amounts, and sea surface temperatures are all specified in the model as time-varying fields. The results are compared with two experiments (time-slice runs) with constant forcings for the years 1960 and 2000, in which the sea surface temperatures are set to the same climatological values, aerosol concentrations are fixed at background levels, while greenhouse gas and halogen concentrations are set to the values for the relevant years. The time-slice runs indicate an increase in stratospheric water vapor from 1960 to 2000 due primarily to methane oxidation. The age of air is found to be significantly less in the year 2000 run than the 1960 run. The transient runs from 1960 to 2005 indicate broadly similar results: an increase in water vapor and a decrease in age of air. However, the results do not change gradually. The age of air decreases significantly only after about 1975, corresponding to the period of ozone reduction. The age of air is related to tropical upwelling, which determines the transport of methane into the stratosphere. Oxidation of increased methane from enhanced tropical upwelling results in higher water vapor amounts. In the model simulations, the rate of increase of stratospheric water vapor during the period of enhanced upwelling is up to twice the long-term mean. The concentration of stratospheric water vapor also increases following volcanic eruptions during the simulations. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Austin, J (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM john.austin@noaa.gov RI Li, Feng/H-2241-2012 NR 47 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 64 IS 3 BP 905 EP 921 DI 10.1175/JAS3866.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150NB UT WOS:000245222400012 ER PT J AU Weinstock, J Klaassen, GP Medvedev, AS AF Weinstock, J. Klaassen, G. P. Medvedev, A. S. TI Reply to "comments on the gravity wave theory of J. Weinstock concerning dissipation induced by nonlinear effects" SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Letter ID 2-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENCE; MOMENTUM DEPOSITION; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; DIFFUSION; SPECTRA; PARAMETERIZATION; PREDICTABILITY; EVOLUTION C1 York Univ, Dept Earth & Space Sci & Engn, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. RP Klaassen, GP (reprint author), York Univ, Dept Earth & Space Sci & Engn, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. EM gklaass@yorku.ca RI Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Medvedev, Alexander/0000-0003-2713-8977 NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 64 IS 3 BP 1027 EP 1041 DI 10.1175/JAS3865.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150NB UT WOS:000245222400021 ER PT J AU Smith, TD AF Smith, Tim D. TI Science on the scales: The rise of Canadian Atlantic fisheries biology, 1898-1939 SO JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF BIOLOGY LA English DT Book Review C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-5010 J9 J HIST BIOL JI J. Hist. Biol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 40 IS 1 BP 197 EP 199 PG 3 WC Biology; History & Philosophy Of Science SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; History & Philosophy of Science GA 137SX UT WOS:000244313600012 ER PT J AU Ni, Y Chiang, MYM AF Ni, Yong Chiang, Martin Y. M. TI Prediction of elastic properties of heterogeneous materials with complex microstructures SO JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS LA English DT Article DE micromechanics; heterogeneous media; porous media; phase-field method; stiffness ID EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS TENSOR; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; COMPOSITE-MATERIALS; NUMERICAL-METHOD; MODULI; BONE; INCLUSIONS; IDENTIFICATION; SYMMETRY; SCHEME AB The phase-field microclasticity (PFM) is adapted into a homogenization process to predict all the effective elastic constants of three-dimensional heterogeneous materials with complex microstructures. Comparison between the PFM approach and the Hashin-Shtrikman variational approach is also given. Using 3D images of two-phase heterogeneous media with regular and irregular microstructures, results indicate that the PFM approach can accurately take into account the effects of both elastic anisotropy and inhomogeneity of materials with arbitrary microstructure geometry, such as complex porous media with suspended inclusions. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chiang, MYM (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM martin.chiang@nist.gov RI Ni, Yong/B-7077-2008 NR 43 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-5096 J9 J MECH PHYS SOLIDS JI J. Mech. Phys. Solids PD MAR PY 2007 VL 55 IS 3 BP 517 EP 532 DI 10.1016/j.jmps.2006.09.001 PG 16 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Mechanics; Physics GA 184RW UT WOS:000247660600004 ER PT J AU Germer, TA AF Germer, Thomas A. TI Effect of line and trench profile variation on specular and diffuse reflectance from a periodic structure SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION LA English DT Article ID COUPLED-WAVE ANALYSIS; OPTICAL SCATTEROMETRY; GRATINGS; METROLOGY; IMPLEMENTATION AB I model variations in the profile of a silicon grating consisting of parallel lines or trenches by calculating the reflectance of a superstructure in which the profiles are randomly modulated about the nominal profile. I vary the edge positions, the edge profiles, the line heights, and the trench depths and find that the Stokes reflectance can be modified from its nominal value by a relatively large amount, especially in the case of linewidth variations. I find that the reflected field can be approximated by the mean field reflected by a distribution of periodic gratings and that the field does not represent the field from the average profile. In fitting results to more than one modeled parameter, the changes that are observed can be enough to shift the deduced parameter in some cases by more than the rms variation of that parameter. The diffuse reflectance (the nonspecular diffraction efficiency) is found to increase with the variance of the fluctuations. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Germer, TA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM germer@nist.gov NR 12 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1084-7529 J9 J OPT SOC AM A JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. A-Opt. Image Sci. Vis. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 24 IS 3 BP 696 EP 701 DI 10.1364/JOSAA.24.000696 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 139BP UT WOS:000244407300014 PM 17301859 ER PT J AU Spivey, AGV Cundiff, ST AF Spivey, Amelia G. V. Cundiff, Steven T. TI Inhomogeneous dephasing of heavy-hole and light-hole exciton coherences in GaAs quantum wells SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BEATS; RELAXATION; SEMICONDUCTORS; LOCALIZATION; ECHO AB Three-beam time-integrated transient four-wave mixing (TFWM) is used to probe both light-hole (LH) and heavy-hole (HH) exciton coherences in weakly disordered GaAs quantum wells. The period of the quantum beats between the LH and the HH exciton coherences changes as a function of first-second pulse delay. A theoretical model for the TFWM signal, including exciton dephasing rates that vary with frequency across the inhomogeneous linewidth, reproduces the observations. The inclusion of inhomogeneous dephasing also improves the correspondence between theory and experiment when data as a function of both first-second and second-third pulse delays are simultaneously examined. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Spivey, AGV (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 33 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 24 IS 3 BP 664 EP 670 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.24.000664 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 141OI UT WOS:000244587900034 ER PT J AU Teo, SLH Boustany, A Dewar, H Stokesbury, MJW Weng, KC Beemer, S Seitz, AC Farwell, CJ Prince, ED Block, BA AF Teo, Steven L. H. Boustany, Andre Dewar, Heidi Stokesbury, Michael J. W. Weng, Kevin C. Beemer, Shana Seitz, Andrew C. Farwell, Charles J. Prince, Eric D. Block, Barbara A. TI Annual migrations, diving behavior, and thermal biology of Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, on their Gulf of Mexico breeding grounds SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE ARCHIVAL TAGS; YELLOWFIN TUNA; REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY; ELECTRONIC TAGS; HOME RANGE; TEMPERATURE; MOVEMENTS; THERMOREGULATION; FREQUENCY; SEA AB Electronic tags were used to examine the biology of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.) on their breeding grounds in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The hypothesis that movement patterns, diving behavior, and thermal biology change during different stages of the breeding migration was tested. Mature Atlantic bluefin tuna tagged in the western Atlantic and the GOM, were on their breeding grounds from February to June for an average of 39 +/- 11 days. The bluefin tuna experienced significantly warmer mean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) within the GOM (26.4 +/- 1.6 degrees C) than outside the GOM (20.2 +/- 1.9 degrees C). As the bluefin tuna entered and exited the GOM, the fish dove to daily maximum depths of 568 +/- 50 and 580 +/- 144 m, respectively, and exhibited directed movement paths to and from the localized breeding areas. During the putative breeding phase, the bluefin tuna had significantly shallower daily maximum depths (203 +/- 76 m), and exhibited shallow oscillatory dives during the night. The movement paths of the bluefin tuna during the breeding phase were significantly more residential and sinuous. The heat transfer coefficients (K) were calculated for a bluefin tuna in the GOM using the recorded ambient and body temperatures. The K for this fish increased rapidly at the high ambient temperatures encountered in the GOM, and was significantly higher at night in the breeding phase when the fish was exhibiting shallow oscillatory dives. This suggests that the fish were behaviorally and physiologically thermoregulating in the Gulf of Mexico. This study demonstrates that the movement patterns, diving behavior, and thermal biology of Atlantic bluefin tuna change significantly at different stages of the breeding migration and can be used to define spawning location and timing. C1 Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Tuna Res & Conservat Ctr, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA 93940 USA. SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Block, BA (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Tuna Res & Conservat Ctr, 120 Oceanview Blvd, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM bblock@stanford.edu RI Weng, Kevin Chi-Ming/C-4709-2013 OI Weng, Kevin Chi-Ming/0000-0002-7069-7152 NR 58 TC 112 Z9 116 U1 1 U2 43 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 151 IS 1 BP 1 EP 18 DI 10.1007/s00227-006-0447-5 PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 140EA UT WOS:000244485800001 ER PT J AU Schultz, JK Pyle, RL DeMartini, E Bowen, BW AF Schultz, Jennifer K. Pyle, Richard L. DeMartini, Edward Bowen, Brian W. TI Genetic connectivity among color morphs and Pacific archipelagos for the flame angelfish, Centropyge loriculus SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PELAGIC LARVAL DURATION; GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; POPULATION-GROWTH; SPECIES COMPLEX; FISH LARVAE; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; POMACANTHIDAE; HYBRIDIZATION; CONSERVATION AB Color variation is used in taxonomic classification of reef fishes, but it may not reliably indicate evolutionary divergence. In the central Pacific, there are three color morphs of the flame angelfish, Centropyge loriculus: a red morph that occurs primarily in the Hawaiian archipelago, the endemic Marquesan color morph with reduced black markings, and an orange morph that occurs throughout the rest of Oceania. The red and orange morphs co-occur at Johnston Atoll (1,300 km south of Hawai'i), but intermediate forms have not been reported. To determine whether the three color morphs represent distinct evolutionary lineages, we compared 641 base pairs of mitochondrial cytochrome b. Forty-one closely related haplotypes were observed in 116 individuals. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated no significant genetic structure among color morphs (Phi(ST) = 0.011, P = 0.147). Likewise, there was no significant pairwise structure between sampling locations, separated by up to 5,700 km, after a Bonferroni correction (Phi(ST) = 0.000-0.080, P = 0.0130-0.999). Genetic studies in conjunction with larval distribution data indicate that Centropyge species are highly dispersive. While there is a strong geographic component to the distribution of color morphs in C. loriculus, we find no evidence for corresponding genetic partitioning. We do not rule out an adaptive role for color differentiation, but our data do not support emerging species. C1 Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Dept Zool, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. Bernice P Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI 96817 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Schultz, JK (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Dept Zool, POB 1346, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. EM jschultz@hawaii.edu NR 54 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0025-3162 EI 1432-1793 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 151 IS 1 BP 167 EP 175 DI 10.1007/s00227-006-0471-5 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 140EA UT WOS:000244485800015 ER PT J AU Johnston, L Miller, MW AF Johnston, Lyza Miller, Margaret W. TI Variation in life-history traits of the corallivorous gastropod Coralliophila abbreviata on three coral hosts SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 2 SCLERACTINIAN HOSTS; SEX-CHANGE; GROWTH STRIAE; AGE; EVOLUTION; VIOLACEA; SNAILS; PREY; REEF; SIZE AB Coralliophila abbreviata (Lamarck) is a corallivorous gastropod that lives and feeds on several species of scleractinian coral in the Western Atlantic and Caribbean. Previous studies of C. abbreviata have revealed that snails on branching acroporid corals are larger and consume more tissue than those on massive and plating corals. To ascertain whether snail life-history and fitness are differentially affected by the coral host, an analysis of the age structure and female reproductive output of snail populations on three coral host taxa (Acropora palmata, Diploria spp., and Montastraea spp.) was conducted at four shallow (2-7 m depth) reef sites off Key Largo, Florida in June through August, 2004. Snails were, on average, almost twice as large on A. palmata than on Diploria spp. and Montastraea spp., averaging 30.3 mm shell length, compared to 17.2 and 17.6 mm, respectively. Brood size increased as a power function with female shell length. Females on A. palmata were significantly larger than females on the other two hosts and, therefore, produced more offspring per female. The number of growth striae on the inner surface of the operculum was used to estimate snail age. Estimates of growth rate were obtained by fitting the Gompertz growth function to size-at-age plots and mortality was estimated using growth parameters and size-frequency data. The data suggest that C. abbreviata inhabiting A. palmata are larger than on alternative hosts due to a combination of a faster growth rate and longer life-span. The species is believed to be a protandrous hermaphrodite. The timing of sex change varied among hosts; snails on A. palmata changed sex later at larger sizes relative to those on the other two hosts. Based on these results, it seems probable that C. abbreviata has developed reaction norms for life-history traits, allowing snails to adjust and maximize fitness in the different environments associated with various coral hosts. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Johnston, L (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM ljohnston@rsmas.miami.edu NR 45 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 150 IS 6 BP 1215 EP 1225 DI 10.1007/s00227-006-0422-1 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 139TG UT WOS:000244454900018 ER PT J AU Petersen, CH AF Petersen, Christine H. TI Historical demography and contemporary spatial genetic structure of an estuarine crab in the northeast Pacific (Hemigrapsus oregonensis) SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COASTAL UPWELLING JET; CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; DNA POLYMORPHISM; BALANUS-GLANDULA; EASTERN BOUNDARY; CARCINUS-MAENAS; MARINE ANIMALS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SHORE CRAB AB Discrete estuary subpopulations of the mud crab Hemigrapsus oregonensis (Dana, 1851) are connected via larval dispersal. Sequence variation at the mtDNA COI locus was examined in eight populations sampled in 2001-2002 from central California through northern Oregon in the northeast Pacific (36.6-45.8 degrees N) to infer patterns of dispersal and historical connectivity in the region. Strong evidence for persistence since the mid-Pleistocene, with no range truncation resulting from southward shifting temperature isoclines, was provided by a phylogeographic pattern of haplotypes of an older clade distributed throughout the sampled range. A recently derived clade became widespread only north of Cape Blanco after the last glacial maximum. Its clear pattern of restriction to the northern area, in the absence of similarly restricted southern clades, suggests that contemporary dispersal around Cape Blanco is rare (population F-ST = 0.192). Low pairwise differentiation within Oregon and within central California, as well as contrasts between northern and southern groups in the shape of the pairwise mismatch distribution, nucleotide diversity, and Tajima's D suggest that these regions reflect different demographic histories. Potential mechanisms explaining this latitudinal break include contemporary coastal circulation patterns, selection, and ancient patterns of larval dispersal in the California Current. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Petersen, CH (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM christinep@gmail.com NR 79 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 27 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 150 IS 6 BP 1289 EP 1300 DI 10.1007/s00227-006-0442-x PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 139TG UT WOS:000244454900024 ER PT J AU Krahn, MM Herman, DP Matkin, CO Durban, JW Barrett-Lennard, L Burrows, DG Dahlheim, ME Black, N LeDuc, RG Wade, PR AF Krahn, Margaret M. Herman, David P. Matkin, Craig O. Durban, John W. Barrett-Lennard, Lance Burrows, Douglas G. Dahlheim, Marilyn E. Black, Nancy LeDuc, Richard G. Wade, Paul R. TI Use of chemical tracers in assessing the diet and foraging regions of eastern North Pacific killer whales SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE feeding ecology; predation; biopsy sampling; chemical pollution; stable isotopes; fatty acids; organochlorines; brominated diphenyl ethers; Orcinus orca ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; MARINE FOOD-WEB; ORCINUS-ORCA; TROPHIC TRANSFER; STABLE-ISOTOPE; FATTY-ACID; CONTAMINANTS; ORGANOCHLORINES; VARIABILITY; POPULATIONS AB Top predators in the marine environment integrate chemical signals acquired from their prey that reflect both the species consumed and the regions from which the prey were taken. These chemical tracers-stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen; persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations, patterns and ratios; and fatty acid profiles-were measured in blubber biopsy samples from North Pacific killer whales (Orcinus orca) (n = 84) and were used to provide further insight into their diet., particularly for the offshore group, about which little dietary information is available. The offshore killer whales were shown to consume prey species that were distinctly different from those of sympatric resident and transient killer whales. In addition, it was confirmed that the offshores forage as far south as California. Thus, these results provide evidence that the offshores belong to a third killer whale ecotype. Resident killer whale populations showed a gradient in stable isotope profiles from west (central Aleutians) to cast (Gulf of Alaska) that, in part, can be attributed to a shift from off-shelf to continental shelf-based prey. Finally, stable isotope ratio results, supported by field observations, showed that the diet in spring and summer of eastern Aleutian Island transient killer whales is apparently not composed exclusively of Steller sea lions. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA Fisheries, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. N Gulf Ocean Soc, Homer, AK 99603 USA. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Vancouver Aquarium Marine Sci Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6B 3X8, Canada. Monterey Bay Cetacean Project, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA Fisheries, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Krahn, MM (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA Fisheries, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM peggy.krahn@noaa.gov NR 50 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 4 U2 47 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 63 IS 2 BP 91 EP 114 DI 10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.07.002 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 133IP UT WOS:000244006900001 PM 16934324 ER PT J AU Kitts, A da Silva, PP Rountree, B AF Kitts, Andrew da Silva, Patricia Pinto Rountree, Barbara TI The evolution of collaborative management in the Northeast USA tilefish fishery SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Article DE collaborative/decentralized fisheries management; cooperatives; Montauk Tilefish Association AB This paper explores the evolution of collaborative management in the Northeast, US Tilefish fishery. Through proactive participation in the fisheries management process along with their own internal agreements, the Montauk Tilefish Association members have stopped racing to fish and have become resource managers themselves. This paper explores how social networks and trust has helped this group create a management regime that reduces the race to fish, improves safety at sea and provides a more stable and fresh supply of fish to the market. It also examines the role of the council process and policies in the evolution of this collaborative management regime. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Kitts, A (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM andrew.kitts@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-597X J9 MAR POLICY JI Mar. Pol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 31 IS 2 BP 192 EP 200 DI 10.1016/j.marpol.2006.07.002 PG 9 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations GA 130YB UT WOS:000243833800014 ER PT J AU Lauenstein, GG Kimbrough, KL AF Lauenstein, G. G. Kimbrough, K. L. TI Chemical contamination of the Hudson-Raritan Estuary as a result of the attack on the World Trade Center: Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in mussels and sediment SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE World Trade Center; Mytilus edulis; sediments; PAHs; PCBs and Hudson-Raritan Estuary ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; LOWER MANHATTAN; US COAST; TRENDS; ALASKA; INPUT; WATER; PCBS AB The September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center (WTC) resulted in a massive plume of dust and smoke that blanketed lower Manhattan and part of the Hudson-Raritan Estuary (HRE). The NOAA National Status and Trends Mussel Watch Program has long-term monitoring sites in the area and thus had an opportunity to assess the effect of the WTC attack on PAH and PCB contamination of the surrounding estuary. Seven additional sites were added in the Upper HRE to attain higher sampling resolution for comparison with regularly sampled Mussel Watch Project HRE sites. Elevated background levels of PCBs and PAHs in mussel tissue and sediments were high enough before the WTC attack that concentrations were not measurably changed by WTC derived contaminant input. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 IM Syst Grp Inc, Kensington, MD 20895 USA. NOAA, NSC2, Natl Status & Trends Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Kimbrough, KL (reprint author), IM Syst Grp Inc, 3401 Bexhill Pl, Kensington, MD 20895 USA. EM kimani.kimbrough@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 54 IS 3 BP 284 EP 294 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.10.006 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 153YM UT WOS:000245474000016 PM 17113609 ER PT J AU Davidson, M Malone, TC AF Davidson, Margaret Malone, Thomas C. TI Stemming the tide of coastal disasters, part 2 SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Davidson, M (reprint author), NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD SPR PY 2007 VL 41 IS 1 BP 3 EP 4 PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 174DM UT WOS:000246921400001 ER PT J AU Gaynor, J Simiu, E AF Gaynor, John Simiu, Emil TI The NIST-NOAA resilient communities cooperative initiative and its contribution to coastal community resilience SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LANDFALL; RADAR AB Inspired by the development of a collaborative plan on the understanding wildland fires, their interaction with weather and the built environment, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) both within the U.S. Department of Commerce, completed a more comprehensive collaborative plan entitled "Disaster Resilient Communities: A NIST/NOAA Partnership" during the winter of 2006. this plan addresses, in addition to wildland fires, the effects on the built environment of wind (hurricanes, tornadoes, and straight-line thunderstorm-generated winds), storm surge, tsunamis, and earthquakes. Since most of the structural risks appear in coastal areas of the U.S., the plan provides some emphasis on coastal communities. the plan also has two cross-cutting themes: 1) Multi-hazard failure analysis and mitigation and 2) community scale damage forecasting, including loss estimation methodology. this paper provides an overview of the NIST-NOAA plan with a focus on the components of the plan that address issues related to the resiliency of coastal communities. C1 NOAA, Off Weather & Air Qual, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Gaynor, J (reprint author), NOAA, Off Weather & Air Qual, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD SPR PY 2007 VL 41 IS 1 BP 28 EP 34 PG 7 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 174DM UT WOS:000246921400005 ER PT J AU Chao, Y DiGiacomo, PM AF Chao, Yi DiGiacomo, Paid M. TI Development of an ocean forecasting system off the west coast of the United States: Sea level applications SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DATA ASSIMILATION; MODEL; CIRCULATION; FORMULATION AB In the context of continuing development and implementation of global and regional ocean observing systems, we describe here the need and essential ingredients for a coastal ocean forecasting system focused on sea level and associated inundation issues and applications. Such a system must consist of the following key components. 1) satellite and in situ observations, 2) atmospheric forcing, 3) ocean circulation and tide modeling, 4) data assimilation for initialization, 5) forecast error estimation, and 6) data and model management. We describe these components, their continuing development and integrated implementation and application as part of a prototype coastal ocean forecast system for the U.S. West Coast. The multi-scale nested modelling by increasing the spatial resolution of observations. This and other regional ocean forecast systems are complementary and necessary elements of the emerging Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) needed to predict changes in sea level. Building on the increasing maturity of ocean observing and forecasting capabilities, there are a number of significant challenges that require immediate attention, planning and development. These include: 1) further development of models, data assimilation algorithms and information management system, 2) adaptive sampling to reduce uncertainty in ocean forecasting, 3) Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSE) to optimize observing system design, 4) bridging the land-sea boundary and 5) moving from measurements to information in support of management and decision-making. C1 CALTECH, Earth Remote Sensing Sci Sect, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NOAA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Chao, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Earth Remote Sensing Sci Sect, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI DiGiacomo, Paul/F-5584-2010 OI DiGiacomo, Paul/0000-0003-4550-1899 NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD SPR PY 2007 VL 41 IS 1 BP 84 EP 93 PG 10 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 174DM UT WOS:000246921400011 ER PT J AU Ferguson, EE AF Ferguson, Eldon E. TI Mass spectrometry in ionospheric research SO MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE ion chemistry; ionophere ID POSITIVE-ION COMPOSITION; FLOWING AFTERGLOW; REACTION-RATES; NEGATIVE-IONS; ATMOSPHERE EXPLORER; MOLECULE KINETICS; RATE CONSTANT; CLUSTER IONS; POLAR WIND; 300-1800 K AB Mass sectrometry played a key role in the development of the understanding of the earth's ionosphere. Of primary importance was its use for in situ atmospheric measurements of the ion and neutral composition of the atmosphere. Mass spectrometry has also played an essential role in the laboratory measurement of critical ionospheric molecular processes. Examples of both are given. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ferguson, EE (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM eferguson@cmdl.noaa.gov NR 60 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 17 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0277-7037 J9 MASS SPECTROM REV JI Mass Spectrom. Rev. PD MAR-APR PY 2007 VL 26 IS 2 BP 142 EP 149 DI 10.1002/mas.20112 PG 8 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 138GV UT WOS:000244352000002 PM 17099890 ER PT J AU Murphy, DM AF Murphy, Daniel M. TI The design of single particle laser mass spectrometers SO MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE aerosol; inlet; mass spectrometer; laser ID INDIVIDUAL ULTRAFINE PARTICLES; INDUCED ION FORMATION; REAL-TIME ANALYSIS; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; AIRBORNE PARTICLES; AERODYNAMIC LENSES; CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS; ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES; DESORPTION IONIZATION; CONTROLLED DIMENSIONS AB This review explores some of the design choices made with single particle mass spectrometers. Different instruments have used various configurations of inlets, particle sizing techniques, ionization lasers, mass spectrometers, and other components. Systematic bias against non-spherical particles probably exceeds a factor of 2 for all instruments. An ionization laser tradeoff is the relatively poor beam quality and reliability of an excimer laser versus the longer wavelengths and slower response time of an Nd-YAG laser Single particle instruments can make special demands on the speed and dynamic range of the mass spectrometers. This review explains some of the choices made for instruments that were developed for different types of measurements in the atmosphere. Some practical design notes are also given from the author's experience with each section of the instrument. Published 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Murphy, DM (reprint author), Div Chem Sci, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Daniel.M.Murphy@noaa.gov RI Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235; NR 93 TC 95 Z9 98 U1 2 U2 45 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0277-7037 J9 MASS SPECTROM REV JI Mass Spectrom. Rev. PD MAR-APR PY 2007 VL 26 IS 2 BP 150 EP 165 DI 10.1002/mas.20113 PG 16 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 138GV UT WOS:000244352000003 PM 17043988 ER PT J AU Canagaratna, MR Jayne, JT Jimenez, JL Allan, JD Alfarra, MR Zhang, Q Onasch, TB Drewnick, F Coe, H Middlebrook, A Delia, A Williams, LR Trimborn, AM Northway, MJ DeCarlo, PF Kolb, CE Davidovits, P Worsnop, DR AF Canagaratna, M. R. Jayne, J. T. Jimenez, J. L. Allan, J. D. Alfarra, M. R. Zhang, Q. Onasch, T. B. Drewnick, F. Coe, H. Middlebrook, A. Delia, A. Williams, L. R. Trimborn, A. M. Northway, M. J. DeCarlo, P. F. Kolb, C. E. Davidovits, P. Worsnop, D. R. TI Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer SO MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE submicron particles; PM; atmospheric chemistry ID SEMICONTINUOUS PM2.5 SULFATE; OXYGENATED ORGANIC AEROSOLS; PARTICLE-BEAM COLLIMATION; PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; LOWER FRASER VALLEY; LENS-NOZZLE SYSTEM; NEW-YORK-CITY; NUMERICAL CHARACTERIZATION; DENSITY CHARACTERIZATION; DIAMETER MEASUREMENTS AB The application of mass spectrometric techniques to the realtime measurement and characterization of aerosols represents a significant advance in the field of atmospheric science. This review focuses on the aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), an instrument designed and developed at Aerodyne Research, Inc. (ARI) that is the most widely used thermal vaporization AMS. The AMS uses aerodynamic lens inlet technology together with thermal vaporization and electron-impact mass spectrometry to measure the real-time non-refractory (NR) chemical speciation and mass loading as a function of particle size of fine aerosol particles with aerodynamic diameters between similar to 50 and 1,000 nm. The original AMS utilizes a quadrupole mass spectrometer (Q) with electron impact (EI) ionization and produces ensemble average data of particle properties. Later versions employ time-of-flight (ToF) mass spectrometers and can produce full mass spectral data for single particles. This manuscript presents a detailed discussion of the strengths and limitations of the AMS measurement approach and reviews how the measurements are used to characterize particle properties. Results from selected laboratory experiments and field measurement campaigns are also presented to highlight the different applications of this instrument. Recent instrumental developments, such as the incorporation of softer ionization techniques (vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photo-ionization, Li+ ion, and electron attachment) and high-resolution ToF mass spectrometers, that yield more detailed information about the organic aerosol component are also described. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Aerodyne Res Inc, Ctr Aerosol & Cloud Chem, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Manchester, Sch Earth Atmospher & Environm Sci, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. Paul Scherrer Inst, Villigen, Switzerland. SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, Particle Chem Dept, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Boston Coll, Dept Chem, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. RP Canagaratna, MR (reprint author), 45 Manning Rd, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. EM mrcana@aerodyne.com RI Jimenez, Jose/A-5294-2008; DeCarlo, Peter/B-2118-2008; Kolb, Charles/A-8596-2009; Worsnop, Douglas/D-2817-2009; Zhang, Qi/F-9653-2010; Middlebrook, Ann/E-4831-2011; Alfarra, M. Rami/K-2156-2012; Allan, James/B-1160-2010; Coe, Hugh/C-8733-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Jimenez, Jose/0000-0001-6203-1847; DeCarlo, Peter/0000-0001-6385-7149; Worsnop, Douglas/0000-0002-8928-8017; Middlebrook, Ann/0000-0002-2984-6304; Coe, Hugh/0000-0002-3264-1713; Allan, James/0000-0001-6492-4876; Alfarra, Rami/0000-0002-3925-3780 NR 153 TC 724 Z9 743 U1 53 U2 350 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0277-7037 EI 1098-2787 J9 MASS SPECTROM REV JI Mass Spectrom. Rev. PD MAR-APR PY 2007 VL 26 IS 2 BP 185 EP 222 DI 10.1002/mas.20115 PG 38 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 138GV UT WOS:000244352000005 PM 17230437 ER PT J AU de Gouw, J Warneke, C AF de Gouw, Joost Warneke, Carsten TI Measurements of volatile organic compounds in the earths atmosphere using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry SO MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry; atmospheric measurements; volatile organic compounds ID ION FLOW TUBE; TROPICAL RAIN-FOREST; PTR-MS MEASUREMENTS; VARIABILITY-LIFETIME RELATIONSHIP; EDDY COVARIANCE MEASUREMENTS; TRACE GAS MEASUREMENTS; TRANSFER REACTION-TIME; ENGLAND AIR-QUALITY; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; BOUNDARY-LAYER AB Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) allows real-time measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air with a high sensitivity and a fast time response. The use of PTR-MS in atmospheric research has expanded rapidly in recent years, and much has been learned about the instrument response and specificity of the technique in the analysis of air from different regions of the atmosphere. This paper aims to review the progress that has been made. The theory of operation is described and allows the response of the instrument to be described for different operating conditions. More accurate determinations of the instrument response involve calibrations using standard mixtures, and some results are shown. Much has been learned about the specificity of PTR-MS from inter-comparison studies as well the coupling of PTR-MS with a gas chromatographic interface. The literature on this issue is reviewed and summarized for many VOCs of atmospheric interest. Some highlights of airborne measurements by PTR-MS are presented, including the results obtained in fresh and aged forest-fire and urban plumes. Finally, the recent work that is focused on improving the technique is discussed. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP de Gouw, J (reprint author), NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Joost.degouw@noaa.gov RI Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; NR 130 TC 474 Z9 476 U1 30 U2 215 PU WILEY PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0277-7037 EI 1098-2787 J9 MASS SPECTROM REV JI Mass Spectrom. Rev. PD MAR-APR PY 2007 VL 26 IS 2 BP 223 EP 257 DI 10.1002/mas.20119 PG 35 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 138GV UT WOS:000244352000006 PM 17154155 ER PT J AU Zheng, HC Goldner, LS Leuba, SH AF Zheng, Haocheng Goldner, Lori S. Leuba, Sanford H. TI Homebuilt single-molecule scanning confocal fluorescence microscope studies of single DNA/protein interactions SO METHODS LA English DT Review DE scanning confocal fluorescence microscope; nucleosome; Holliday junction; four-way junction DNA; single-molecule dynamics; single-pair fluorescence resonance energy transfer ID RESONANCE ENERGY-TRANSFER; ALTERNATING-LASER EXCITATION; PARA-TERPHENYL CRYSTAL; COLI REP HELICASE; CHROMATIN FIBERS; CONFORMATIONAL DYNAMICS; INDIVIDUAL NUCLEOSOMES; DIFFUSING BIOMOLECULES; SPECTROSCOPIC RULER; STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS AB Many technical improvements in fluorescence microscopy over the years have focused on decreasing background and increasing the signal to noise ratio (SNR). The scanning confocal fluorescence microscope (SCFM) represented a major improvement in these efforts. The SCFM acquires signal from a thin layer of a thick sample, rejecting light whose origin is not in the focal plane thereby dramatically decreasing the background signal. A second major innovation was the advent of high quantum-yield, low noise, single-photon counting detectors. The superior background rejection of SCFM combined with low-noise, high-yield detectors makes it possible to detect the fluorescence from single-dye molecules. By labeling a DNA molecule or a DNA/protein complex with a donor/acceptor dye pair, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) can be used to track conformational changes in the molecule/complex itself, on a single molecule/complex basis. In this methods paper, we describe the core concepts of SCFM in the context of a study that uses FRET to reveal conformational fluctuations in individual Holliday junction DNA molecules and nucleosomal particles. We also discuss data processing methods for SCFM. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med,Inst Canc, Hillman Canc Ctr, Dept Engn,Dept Cell Biol & Physiol, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Leuba, SH (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med,Inst Canc, Hillman Canc Ctr, Dept Engn,Dept Cell Biol & Physiol, 5117 Ctr Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM leuba@pitt.edu FU NCI NIH HHS [K22 CA077871, K22CA077871]; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01GM077872, R01 GM077872] NR 108 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1046-2023 J9 METHODS JI Methods PD MAR PY 2007 VL 41 IS 3 BP 342 EP 352 DI 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.11.008 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 150LV UT WOS:000245219200013 PM 17309845 ER PT J AU Rau, C Crecea, V Richter, CP Peterson, KM Jemian, PR Neuhausler, U Schneider, G Yu, X Braun, V Chiang, TC Robinson, IK AF Rau, C. Crecea, V. Richter, C. -P. Peterson, K. M. Jemian, P. R. Neuhaeusler, U. Schneider, G. Yu, X. Braun, V. Chiang, T. -C. Robinson, I. K. TI Imaging of micro- and nano-structures with hard X-rays SO MICRO & NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MAMMALIAN COCHLEA; ENERGY AB Imaging of micro- and nano-structures of opaque samples is demonstrated using hard X-rays. Two different methods are employed with an instrument recently built at the beamline 34 ID-C at the Advanced Photon Source. In-line phase contrast micro-imaging has been performed with highly coherent radiation. For the characterisation of structures as small as 50 nm, a hard X-ray microscope has been built. These complementary techniques cover a large range of length-scales. C1 [Rau, C.; Crecea, V.; Peterson, K. M.; Jemian, P. R.; Yu, X.; Braun, V.; Chiang, T. -C.] Univ Illinois, Frederick Seitz Mat Res Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Rau, C.] Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Rau, C.] Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Rau, C.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Crecea, V.; Chiang, T. -C.] Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Richter, C. -P.] Northwestern Univ, Feinberg Sch Med, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. [Neuhaeusler, U.] Univ Bielefeld, Fak Phys, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany. [Schneider, G.] BESSY, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. [Robinson, I. K.] UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England. RP Rau, C (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Frederick Seitz Mat Res Lab, 104 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM rau@anl.gov RI Chiang, Tai/H-5528-2011 NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU INST ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY-IET PI HERTFORD PA MICHAEL FARADAY HOUSE SIX HILLS WAY STEVENAGE, HERTFORD SG1 2AY, ENGLAND SN 1750-0443 J9 MICRO NANO LETT JI Micro Nano Lett. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 2 IS 1 BP 1 EP 5 DI 10.1049/mnl:20065060 PG 5 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 255ZY UT WOS:000252698600001 ER PT J AU Araki, H Waples, RS Ardren, WR Cooper, B Blouin, MS AF Araki, Hitoshi Waples, Robin S. Ardren, William R. Cooper, Becky Blouin, Michael S. TI Effective population size of steelhead trout: influence of variance in reproductive success, hatchery programs, and genetic compensation between life-history forms SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE effective population size; genetic compensation; microsatellite; Oncorhynchus mykiss; parentage analysis; salmonid ID N-E/N RATIO; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; SALMON POPULATIONS; EFFECTIVE NUMBER; CENSUS SIZE; SUPPLEMENTATION; GENERATIONS; DIVERSITY; SELECTION; DRIFT AB The effective population size is influenced by many biological factors in natural populations. To evaluate their relative importance, we estimated the effective number of breeders per year (N(b)) and effective population size per generation (N(e)) in anadromous steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Hood River, Oregon (USA). Using demographic data and genetic parentage analysis on an almost complete sample of all adults that returned to the river over 15 years (> 15 000 individuals), we estimated N(b) for 13 run years and N(e) for three entire generations. The results are as follows: (i) the ratio of N(e) to the estimated census population size (N) was 0.17-0.40, with large variance in reproductive success among individuals being the primary cause of the reduction in N(e)/N; (ii) fish from a traditional hatchery program (H(trad): nonlocal, multiple generations in a hatchery) had negative effects on N(b), not only by reducing mean reproductive success but also by increasing variance in reproductive success among breeding parents, whereas no sign of such effects was found in fish from supplementation hatchery programs (H(supp): local, single generation in a hatchery); and (iii) N(b) was relatively stable among run years, despite the widely fluctuating annual run sizes of anadromous adults. We found high levels of reproductive contribution of nonanadromous parents to anadromous offspring when anadromous run size is small, suggesting a genetic compensation between life-history forms (anadromous and nonanadromous). This is the first study showing that reproductive interaction between different life-history forms can buffer the genetic impact of fluctuating census size on N(e). C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Araki, H (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM arakih@science.oregonstate.edu RI Waples, Robin/K-1126-2016 NR 55 TC 79 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 28 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 16 IS 5 BP 953 EP 966 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03206.x PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 136SV UT WOS:000244245300004 PM 17305853 ER PT J AU Nesbitt, DJ Whitney, ES Roberts, M Savage, C AF Nesbitt, D. J. Whitney, E. S. Roberts, M. Savage, C. TI Spectroscopy in slit supersonic jet discharges: fine and hyperfine structure calculations for asymmetric top radicals with multiple nuclear spins SO MOLECULAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LASER MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; DIODE-LASER; ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; GAS-PHASE; SPECTRUM; CH2F; BAND; MICROWAVE AB The combination of shot-noise-limited direct absorption spectroscopy with long-pathlength slit supersonic discharges has proven a powerful general method for obtaining infrared spectra of jet-cooled radicals at 10-20-fold sub-Doppler resolution. In addition to rovibrational characterization, such spectral resolution also provides a novel infrared window into fine (spin rotation) and hyperfine (Fermi contact, dipole-dipole) structure in doublet asymmetric top radicals. This necessitates a detailed treatment of the rovibrational Hamiltonian to account for the inhomogeneous line contours generated by the manifold of transitions only partially resolved even under slit supersonic jet conditions. The present work describes least squares fitting these lineshapes with a detailed Hamiltonian predictor program that reflects contributions from (i) asymmetric top end over end tumbling (NKaKc), (ii) electron spin rotation interactions (Sigma epsilon alpha N alpha S alpha), and (iii) a suite of hyperfine coupling terms (dipole-dipole, Fermi contact and electric quadrupole) between multiple nuclei with non-zero spin. Independent code development and comparison efforts between our results and the Brown group provide crucial verification of the underlying fine/hyperfine predictor program. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Nesbitt, DJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM djn@jila.colorado.edu OI Reber, Melanie/0000-0002-4991-3252 NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0026-8976 J9 MOL PHYS JI Mol. Phys. PD MAR-APR PY 2007 VL 105 IS 5-7 BP 467 EP 475 DI 10.1080/00268970601153381 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 170MM UT WOS:000246667500009 ER PT J AU Wurman, J Richardson, Y Alexander, C Weygandt, S Zhang, PF AF Wurman, Joshua Richardson, Yvette Alexander, Curtis Weygandt, Stephen Zhang, Peng Fei TI Dual-Doppler and single-Doppler analysis of a tornadic storm undergoing mergers and repeated tornadogenesis SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID RADAR OBSERVATIONS; PART I; SUPERCELL THUNDERSTORM; SOUTH-DAKOTA; 1998 SPENCER; VORTEX 95; EVOLUTION; MOBILE; ERRORS; TEXAS AB Dual-Doppler observations with unprecedented finescale spatial and temporal resolution are used to characterize the vector wind field in and near a tornado occurring near Kiefer, Oklahoma, on 26 May 1997. Analyses of the dual-Doppler vector wind fields document in detail, for the first time, several structures associated with the tornado: a proximate updraft region, a rear-flank downdraft wrapping around the tornado, a double gust front structure occluding near the tornado, and a region of enhanced vorticity separated from the tornado that may have been associated with cyclic tornadogenesis. The analyses are compared to conceptual and computer models of tornadic storms. A subsequent tornadogenesis was observed with radar every 18 s, providing a finescale temporal view of the genesis process. The genesis process was complex and the evolution of tornado intensity parameters was not monotonic in time. Low-level rotation contracted and intensified, then broadened, then contracted and intensified a second time to form the tornado. The initial tornadogenesis was coincident with the merger of the main supercell and a much smaller convective storm. This tornado, which was always surrounded by substantial precipitation originating from both storms, began to dissipate just a few minutes after genesis, and the rotation both aloft and near the surface weakened substantially. A second storm merger, with a much larger and supercellular storm, was coincident with a reintensification of the mesocyclone aloft, a new hook echo development, and the genesis of a short-lived tornado. After the dissipation of this second tornado, the merger disrupted the structure of the supercell storm, the hook echo was absorbed, and the mesocyclone dissipated. The current analysis suggests a process in which storm mergers may, in sequence, aid tornadogenesis by enhancing surface convergence, or through another mechanism, but subsequently disrupt the tornado's parent supercell perhaps by cooling the inflow air, with the result being short-lived tornadoes. C1 Ctr Severe Weather Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Wurman, J (reprint author), Ctr Severe Weather Res, 1945 Vassar Circle, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jwurman@cswr.org RI Richardson, Yvette/G-5016-2013; Alexander, Curtis/G-4439-2015; Weygandt, Stephen/E-7497-2015 OI Richardson, Yvette/0000-0002-4495-5074; Alexander, Curtis/0000-0001-7888-609X; NR 62 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 135 IS 3 BP 736 EP 758 DI 10.1175/MWR3276.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150KB UT WOS:000245214600003 ER PT J AU Kong, FY Droegemeier, KK Hickmon, NL AF Kong, Fanyou Droegemeier, Kelvin K. Hickmon, Nicki L. TI Multiresolution ensemble forecasts of an observed tornadic thunderstorm system. part II: Storm-scale experiments SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID NONHYDROSTATIC ATMOSPHERIC SIMULATION; NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; CLOUD MODEL; ARPS; VERIFICATION; MESOSCALE; DYNAMICS; PHYSICS AB In Part 1, the authors used a full physics, nonhydrostatic numerical model with horizontal grid spacing of 24 km and nested grids of 6- and 3-km spacing to generate the ensemble forecasts of an observed tornadic thunderstorm complex. The principal goal was to quantify the value added by fine grid spacing, as well as the assimilation of Doppler radar data, in both probabilistic and deterministic frameworks. The present paper focuses exclusively on 3-km horizontal grid spacing ensembles and the associated impacts on the forecast quality of temporal forecast sequencing, the construction of initial perturbations, and data assimilation. As in Part 1, the authors employ a modified form of the scaled lagged average forecasting technique and use Stage IV accumulated precipitation estimates for verification. The ensemble mean and spread of accumulated precipitation are found to be similar in structure, mimicking their behavior in global models. Both the assimilation of Doppler radar data and the use of shorter (1-2 versus 3-5 h) forecast lead times improve ensemble precipitation forecasts. However, even at longer lead times and in certain situations without assimilated radar data, the ensembles are able to capture storm-scale features when the associated control forecast in a deterministic framework fails to do so. This indicates the potential value added by ensembles although this single case is not sufficient for drawing general conclusions. The creation of initial perturbations using forecasts of the same grid spacing shows no significant improvement over simply extracting perturbations from forecasts made at coarser spacing and interpolating them to finer grids. However, forecast quality is somewhat dependent upon perturbation amplitude, with smaller scaling values leading to significant underdispersion. Traditional forecast skill scores show somewhat contradictory results for accumulated precipitation, with the equitable threat score most consistent with qualitative performance. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Natl Weather Ctr, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Warning Decis Training Branch, Norman, OK USA. RP Hickmon, NL (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Natl Weather Ctr, 120 David L Boren Blvd,Suite 2500, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM fkong@ou.edu NR 29 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 135 IS 3 BP 759 EP 782 DI 10.1175/MWR3323.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150KB UT WOS:000245214600004 ER PT J AU Matthews, S Hacker, JM Cole, J Hare, J Long, CN Reynolds, RM AF Matthews, Stuart Hacker, Joerg M. Cole, Jason Hare, Jeffrey Long, Charles N. Reynolds, R. Michael TI Modification of the atmospheric boundary layer by a small island: observations from Nauru SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID WAKE; CLOUDS; FLOW AB Nauru, a small island in the tropical Pacific, generates cloud plumes that may grow to over 100-km lengths. This study uses observations to examine the mesoscale disturbance of the marine atmospheric boundary layer by the island that produces these cloud plumes. Observations of the surface layer were made from two ships in the vicinity of Nauru and from instruments on the island. The structure of the atmospheric boundary layer over the island was investigated using aircraft flights. Cloud production over Nauru was examined using remote sensing instruments. The diurnal cycles of surface meteorology and radiation are characterized at a point near the west (downwind) coast of Nauru. The spatial variation of surface meteorology and radiation are also examined using surface and aircraft measurements. During the day, the island surface layer is warmer than the marine surface layer and wind speed is tower than over the ocean. Surface heating forces the growth of a thermal internal boundary layer, within which a plume of cumulus clouds forms. Cloud production begins early in the morning over the ocean near the island's lee shore; as heating intensifies during the day, cloud production moves upwind over Nauru. These clouds form a plume that may extend over 100 km downwind of Nauru. Aircraft observations showed that a plume of warm, dry air develops over the island that extends 15-20 km downwind before dissipating. Limited observations suggest that the cloud plume may be sustained farther downwind of Nauru by a pair of convective rolls. Suggestions for further investigation of the cloud plume are made. C1 CSIRO, Ensis Forest Biosecur & Protect, Yarralumla, Australia. Airborne Res Australia, Salisbury S, Australia. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Matthews, S (reprint author), CSIRO, Ensis Forest Biosecur & Protect, Locked Bag 17, Granville, NSW 2142, Australia. EM stuart.matthews@ensisjv.com NR 30 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 135 IS 3 BP 891 EP 905 DI 10.1175/MWR3319.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150KB UT WOS:000245214600011 ER PT J AU Yu, CK Jorgensen, DP Roux, F AF Yu, Cheng-Ku Jorgensen, David P. Roux, Frank TI Multiple precipitation mechanisms over mountains observed by airborne Doppler radar during MAP IOP5 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID COLD-FRONTAL RAINBANDS; MID-LATITUDE CYCLONES; 2001 IMPROVE-2 EVENT; OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; HEAVY PRECIPITATION; WINTER STORM; MESOSCALE; FLOW; CONVECTION AB This study uses airborne Doppler radar measurements from the Special Observing Period of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) to document the detailed airflow and precipitation structure over the mountainous regions near the border of northeastern Italy and Slovenia as a cold frontal system moved eastward and encountered the eastern Alps on 4 October 1999, during MAP IOP5. In contrast to previously documented MAP cases, the environmental conditions associated with this case are characterized by a deep layer of strong convective instability in the lower troposphere and by a cold, northeasterly continental flow coming down from the mountains (the so-called bora wind) along the southeastern Alps. Over the study region, there are two primary mountain barriers: the Julian Alps, oriented roughly west-east with a peak mountain height of similar to 2500 m and a significant variation in terrain height along its length, and the other, the Dinaric Alps, a relatively lower mountain range oriented northwest-southeast, immediately adjacent to the south of the Julian Alps. How these two mountain barriers and the northeasterly continental flow influence the precipitation, and the nature of orographic precipitation developing in a potentially unstable environment, are explicitly addressed. Comprehensive analyses of airborne Doppler radar measurements reveal significant variations of precipitation in terms of its location, intensity, and type over the mountainous region. Particularly, five distinct forcing types of precipitation are evident for this case: slope convergence triggering, upslope triggering, weak slope convergence triggering, gap exit convergence triggering, and slope convergence forced stratiform. These precipitation characteristics are found to be closely related to the environmental thermodynamics, orographic features, and the complicated interactions between the southerly/south-westerly flow, northerly continental flow, and the orography. Details of these important observational aspects are elaborated upon in this paper. C1 Chinese Culture Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Taipei 111, Taiwan. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Boulder, CO USA. UPS, CNRS, Lab Aerol, Toulouse, France. RP Yu, CK (reprint author), Chinese Culture Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, 55 Hwa Kang Rd, Taipei 111, Taiwan. EM yuku@faculty.pccu.edu.tw RI Yu, Cheng-Ku/C-3066-2011; OI Yu, Cheng-Ku/0000-0002-5522-4998 NR 47 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 135 IS 3 BP 955 EP 984 DI 10.1175/MWR3318.1 PG 30 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150KB UT WOS:000245214600015 ER PT J AU Hacker, JP Anderson, JL Pagowski, M AF Hacker, Joshua P. Anderson, Jeffrey L. Pagowski, Mariusz TI Improved vertical covariance estimates for ensemble-filter assimilation of near-surface observations SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC DATA ASSIMILATION; KALMAN FILTER; MODEL AB Strategies to improve covariance estimates for ensemble-based assimilation of near-surface observations in atmospheric models are explored. It is known that localization of covariance estimates can improve conditioning of covariance matrices in the assimilation process by removing spurious elements and increasing the rank of the matrix. Vertical covariance localization is the focus of this work, and two basic approaches are compared: 1) a recently proposed hierarchical filter approach based on sampling theory and 2) a more commonly used fifth-order piecewise rational function. The hierarchical filter allows for dynamic estimates of localization functions and does not place any restrictions on their form. The rational function is optimized for every analysis time of day and for every possible observation and state variable combination. The methods are tested with a column model containing PBL and land surface parameterization schemes that are available in current mesoscale modeling systems. The results are expected to provide context for assimilation of near-surface observations in mesoscale models, which will benefit short-range mesoscale NWP applications. Results show that both the hierarchical and rational, function approaches effectively improve covariance estimates from small ensembles. The hierarchical approach provides localization functions that are irregular and more closely related to PBL structure. Analysis of eigenvalue spectra show that both approaches improve the rank of the covariance matrices, but the amount of improvement is not always directly related to the assimilation performance. Results also show that specifying different localization functions for different observation and state variable combinations is more important than including time dependence. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Boulder, CO USA. RP Hacker, JP (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM hacker@ucar.edu RI pagowski, mariusz/H-4498-2013 OI pagowski, mariusz/0000-0002-7703-0529 NR 27 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 135 IS 3 BP 1021 EP 1036 DI 10.1175/MWR3333.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150KB UT WOS:000245214600018 ER PT J AU Wang, XG Hamill, TA Whitaker, JS Bishop, CH AF Wang, Xuguang Hamill, Thomas A. Whitaker, Jeffrey S. Bishop, Craig H. TI A comparison of hybrid ensemble transform Kalman filter-optimum interpolation and ensemble square root filter analysis schemes SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC DATA ASSIMILATION; ERROR COVARIANCE; ADAPTIVE OBSERVATIONS; VARIATIONAL ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; SINGULAR-VECTOR; ANALYSIS SYSTEM; MODEL-ERROR; PART II; IMPLEMENTATION AB A hybrid ensemble transform Kalman filter (ETKF)-optimum interpolation (OI) analysis scheme is described and compared with an ensemble square root filter (EnSRF) analysis scheme. A two-layer primitive equation model was used under perfect-model assumptions. A simplified observation network was used, and the OI method utilized a static background error covariance constructed from a large inventory of historical forecast errors. The hybrid scheme updated the ensemble mean using a hybridized ensemble and static background-error covariance. The ensemble perturbations in the hybrid scheme were updated by the ETKF scheme. The EnSRF ran parallel data assimilation cycles for each member and serially assimilated the observations. The EnSRF background-error covariance was estimated fully from the ensemble. For 50-member ensembles, the analyses from the hybrid scheme were as accurate or nearly as accurate as those from the EnSRF, depending on the norm. For 20-member ensembles, the analyses from the hybrid scheme were more accurate than analyses from the EnSRF under certain norms. Both hybrid and EnSRF analyses were more accurate than the analyses from the OI. Further reducing the ensemble size to five members, the EnSRF exhibited filter divergence, whereas the analyses from the hybrid scheme were still better than those updated by the OI. Additionally, the hybrid scheme was less prone to spurious gravity wave activity than the EnSRF, especially when the ensemble size was small. Maximal growth in the ETKF ensemble perturbation space exceeded that in the EnSRF ensemble perturbation space. The relationship of the ETKF ensemble variance to the analysis error variance, a measure of a spread-skill relationship, was similar to that of the EnSRF ensemble. The hybrid scheme can be implemented in a reasonably straightforward manner in the operational variational frameworks, and the computational cost of the hybrid is expected to be much less than the EnSRF in the operational settings. C1 NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Naval Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. RP Wang, XG (reprint author), NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Boradway,R-PSD1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM xuguang.wang@noaa.gov RI Wang, Xuguang/C-5458-2013 NR 60 TC 60 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 135 IS 3 BP 1055 EP 1076 DI 10.1175/MWR3307.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150KB UT WOS:000245214600020 ER PT J AU Alpert, JC Kumar, VK AF Alpert, Jordan C. Kumar, V. Krishna TI Radial wind super-obs from the WSR-88D radars in the NCEP operational assimilation system SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MIGRATING BIRDS AB The spatial and temporal densities of Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) raw radar radial wind represent a rich source of high-resolution observations for initializing numerical weather prediction models. A characteristic of these observations is the presence of a significant degree of redundant information imposing a burden on an operational assimilation system. Potential improvement in data assimilation efficiency can be achieved by constructing averages, called super-obs. In the past, transmission of the radar radial wind from each radar site to a central site was confined to data feeds that filter the resolution and degrade the precision. At the central site, super-obs were constructed from this data feed and called level-3 super-obs. However, the precision and information content of the radial wind can be improved if data at each radar site are directly utilized at the highest resolution and precision found at the WSR-88D radar and then transmitted to a central site for processing in assimilation systems. In addition, with data compression from using super-obs, the volume of data is reduced, allowing quality control information to be included in the data transmission. The super-ob product from each WSR-88D radar site is called level-2.5 super-obs. Parallel, operational runs and case studies of the impact of the level-2.5 radar radial wind super-ob on the NCEP operational 12-km Eta Data Assimilation System (EDAS) and forecast system are compared with Next-Generation Weather Radar level-3 radial wind super-obs, which are spatially filtered and delivered at reduced precision. From the cases studied, it is shown that the level-3 super-obs make little or no impact on the Eta data analysis and subsequent forecasts. The assimilation of the level-2.5 super-ob product in the EDAS and forecast system shows improved precipitation threat scores as well as reduction in RMS and bias height errors, particularly in the upper troposphere. In the few cases studied, the predicted mesoscale precipitation patterns benefit from the level-2.5 super-obs, and more so when greater weight is given to these high-resolution/precision observations. Direct transmission of raw (designated as level 2) radar data to a central site and its use are now imminent, but this study shows that the level-2.5 super-ob product can be used as an operational benchmark to compare with new quality control and assimilation schemes. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, EMC, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. QSS Grp Inc, Camp Springs, MD USA. NOAA, NWS, NCEP, NCO, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Alpert, JC (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, EMC, Rm 204,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM jordan.alpert@noaa.gov RI Kumar, V. Krishna/N-9865-2016 OI Kumar, V. Krishna/0000-0002-4455-0843 NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 135 IS 3 BP 1090 EP 1109 DI 10.1175/MWR3324.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150KB UT WOS:000245214600022 ER PT J AU Purser, RJ AF Purser, R. James TI Accuracy considerations of time-splitting methods for models using two-time-level schemes SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID INTEGRATION C1 NOAA, NCEP, WWBG, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Purser, RJ (reprint author), NOAA, NCEP, WWBG, Environm Modeling Ctr, W-NP2,RM 207,Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM jim.purser@noaa.gov NR 13 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 135 IS 3 BP 1158 EP 1164 DI 10.1175/MWR3339.1 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150KB UT WOS:000245214600026 ER PT J AU Gundlach, DJ AF Gundlach, David J. TI Low power, high impact SO NATURE MATERIALS LA English DT News Item ID ORGANIC COMPLEMENTARY CIRCUITS; TRANSISTORS AB Reducing the operating voltage and power consumption of organic-based logic circuits for portable applications is a critical step towards the commercialization of organic electronics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gundlach, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1476-1122 J9 NAT MATER JI Nat. Mater. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 6 IS 3 BP 173 EP 174 DI 10.1038/nmat1856 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 141HZ UT WOS:000244570700007 PM 17330076 ER PT J AU Kang, HJ Dai, PC Campbell, BJ Chupas, PJ Rosenkranz, S Lee, PL Huang, QZ Li, SL Komiya, S Ando, Y AF Kang, Hye Jung Dai, Pengcheng Campbell, Branton J. Chupas, Peter J. Rosenkranz, Stephan Lee, Peter L. Huang, Qingzhen Li, Shiliang Komiya, Seiki Ando, Yoichi TI Microscopic annealing process and its impact on superconductivity in T '-structure electron-doped copper oxides SO NATURE MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; OXYGEN; DEFICIENCY; COMPOUND; PHASE AB High-transition-temperature superconductivity arises in copper oxides when holes or electrons are doped into the CuO2 planes of their insulating parent compounds. Whereas hole doping quickly induces metallic behaviour and superconductivity in many cuprates, electron doping alone is insuffcient in materials such as R2CuO4 (R is Nd, Pr, La, Ce and so on), where it is necessary to anneal an as grown sample in a low-oxygen environment to remove a tiny amount of oxygen in order to induce superconductivity. Here we show that the microscopic process of oxygen reduction repairs Cu deficiencies in the as-grown materials and creates oxygen vacancies in the stoichiometric CuO2 planes, effectively reducing disorder and providing itinerant carriers for superconductivity. The resolution of this long-standing materials issue suggests that the fundamental mechanism for superconductivity is the same for electron- and hole-doped copper oxides. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Cent Res Inst Elect Power Ind, Tokyo 2018511, Japan. RP Kang, HJ (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM hkang@nist.gov; daip@ornl.gov RI Campbell, Branton/A-3990-2008; Li, Shiliang/B-9379-2009; Rosenkranz, Stephan/E-4672-2011; Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012; Ando, Yoichi/B-8163-2013 OI Rosenkranz, Stephan/0000-0002-5659-0383; Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170; Ando, Yoichi/0000-0002-3553-3355 NR 34 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 16 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1476-1122 EI 1476-4660 J9 NAT MATER JI Nat. Mater. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 6 IS 3 BP 224 EP 229 DI 10.1038/nmat1847 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 141HZ UT WOS:000244570700022 PM 17310138 ER PT J AU Andreotti, E Arnaboldi, C de Bernardis, P Beyer, J Brofferio, C Calvo, M Capelli, S Cremonesi, O Enss, C Fiorini, E Fleischmann, A Foggetta, L Galeazzi, M Gallinaro, G Gastaldo, L Gatti, F Giuliani, A Gorla, P Heeger, K Irwin, KD Kelley, R Kilbourne, CA Margesin, B Maruyama, R Masi, S McCammon, D Monfardini, A Nones, C Nucciotti, A Pavan, M Pedretti, M Pergolesi, D Pessina, G Petcov, S Porter, FS Prest, M Previtali, E Repetto, P Ribeiro-Gomez, M Sangiorgio, S Schaeffer, D Sisti, M AF Andreotti, E. Arnaboldi, C. de Bernardis, P. Beyer, J. Brofferio, C. Calvo, M. Capelli, S. Cremonesi, O. Enss, C. Fiorini, E. Fleischmann, A. Foggetta, L. Galeazzi, M. Gallinaro, G. Gastaldo, L. Gatti, F. Giuliani, A. Gorla, P. Heeger, K. Irwin, K. D. Kelley, R. Kilbourne, C. A. Margesin, B. Maruyama, R. Masi, S. McCammon, D. Monfardini, A. Nones, C. Nucciotti, A. Pavan, M. Pedretti, M. Pergolesi, D. Pessina, G. Petcov, S. Porter, F. S. Prest, M. Previtali, E. Repetto, P. Ribeiro-Gomez, M. Sangiorgio, S. Schaeffer, D. Sisti, M. TI MARE, Microcalorimeter Arrays for a Rhenium Experiment: A detector overview SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors CY MAY 21-27, 2006 CL Isola D Elba, ITALY DE neutrino mass; low temperature microcalorimeters ID NEUTRINO MASS EXPERIMENT; BETA-DECAY; SEARCH AB We describe and discuss the features of MARE, an experiment based on arrays of rhenium low temperature microcalorimeters that have the potential to bring the sensitivity to the neutrino mass down to 0.2eV, by studying the beta spectrum of Re-187 (Q-value 2.47 keV). (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Insubria, Dipartimento Fis & Matemat, Insubria, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-20133 Milan, Italy. Univ Milano Bicocca, Dipartimento Fis, Milan, Italy. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Rome, Italy. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, Berlin, Germany. Univ Heidelberg, Kirkhhof Inst Phys, D-6900 Heidelberg, Germany. Univ Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Univ Genoa, Dipartimento Fis, Genoa, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Genoa, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Lab Nazl Gran Sasso, Laquila, Italy. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sezione Padova, Padua, Italy. ITC Irst, Trento, Italy. Scuola Int Super Avanzati, Trieste, Italy. RP Giuliani, A (reprint author), Univ Insubria, Dipartimento Fis & Matemat, Insubria, Italy. EM andrea.giuliani@mib.infn.it RI Porter, Frederick/D-3501-2012; Foggetta, Luca/A-4810-2010; Nucciotti, Angelo/I-8888-2012; Kelley, Richard/K-4474-2012; Gatti, Flavio/K-4568-2013; Gorla, Paolo/B-5243-2014; Sangiorgio, Samuele/F-4389-2014; Maruyama, Reina/A-1064-2013; Margesin, Benno/K-5826-2015; Pergolesi, Daniele/P-8813-2015; Sisti, Monica/B-7550-2013; capelli, silvia/G-5168-2012; OI Porter, Frederick/0000-0002-6374-1119; Foggetta, Luca/0000-0002-6389-1280; Nucciotti, Angelo/0000-0002-8458-1556; Sangiorgio, Samuele/0000-0002-4792-7802; Maruyama, Reina/0000-0003-2794-512X; Margesin, Benno/0000-0002-1120-3968; Pergolesi, Daniele/0000-0002-6231-0237; Sisti, Monica/0000-0003-2517-1909; capelli, silvia/0000-0002-0300-2752; de Bernardis, Paolo/0000-0001-6547-6446; Masi, Silvia/0000-0001-5105-1439; PREST, MICHELA/0000-0003-3161-4454; pavan, maura/0000-0002-9723-7834; Pessina, Gianluigi Ezio/0000-0003-3700-9757 NR 8 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 1 PY 2007 VL 572 IS 1 BP 208 EP 210 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2006.10.198 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 149EI UT WOS:000245129400071 ER PT J AU Pomeroy, JM Grube, H Perrella, AC Sosolik, CE Gillaspy, JD AF Pomeroy, J. M. Grube, H. Perrella, A. C. Sosolik, C. E. Gillaspy, J. D. TI Transport and STM measurements of HCI modified materials SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 22nd International Conference on Atomic Collisions in Solids CY JUL 21-26, 2006 CL Tech Univ Berlin, Berlin, GERMANY HO Tech Univ Berlin DE highly charged ions; scanning tunnelling microscopy; gold; magnetic tunnel junction; tungsten; mica; nano-feature; EBIT ID HIGHLY-CHARGED IONS; SURFACES; SLOW; AFM AB While more than a decade of work has provided glimpses into the physics of highly charged ion (HCI) neutralization on surfaces, two prominent objectives remain unfulfilled: (1) a unified, quantitative model for separating the kinetic energy response of a wide range of materials classes from the effects of HCIs' potential energy effects and (2) insertion of HCI technology(s) as a cost-effective processing tool in a high-volume market sector. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) electron beam ion trap (EBIT) facility has recently incorporated tools for preparing clean, atomically flat surfaces of single crystals from gold to tungsten to silicon and for depositing and patterning thin films that range from high resistivity oxides to transition metals like cobalt and nickel. Current activities are focused on utilizing this unique capability to simultaneously address both of the objectives above by employing technologically important magnetic multi-layer systems to perform transport measurements that provide new insight into the fundamental processes that occur during HCI-surface neutralization. Specifically, we are producing Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs) critical to both magnetic devices and incorporating HCIs in the processing recipe to adjust critical electronic properties that are currently inhibiting their advancement. In return, the electrical response of the tunnel junction to the HCI processing provides a novel approach to performing ensemble measurements of HCI-surface interactions. By varying the construction of the tunnel junction, critical tests of the role of electron density, densities of states and electronic structure in the HCI-surface charge exchange can be performed. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Cornell Univ, Sch Appl & Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USA, Res Lab, Nanoelect Team, Adelphi, MD USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29631 USA. RP Pomeroy, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joshua.pomeroy@nist.gov RI Sosolik, Chad/D-3671-2011 NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD MAR PY 2007 VL 256 IS 1 BP 319 EP 323 DI 10.1016/j.nimb.2006.12.019 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 160RF UT WOS:000245959300063 ER PT J AU Dyment, J Lin, J Baker, ET AF Dyment, Jerome Lin, Jian Baker, Edward T. TI RIDGE-HOTSPOT INTERACTIONS What Mid-Ocean Ridges Tell Us About Deep Earth Processes SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID GALAPAGOS-SPREADING-CENTER; MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; SOUTHWEST INDIAN RIDGE; ICELAND MANTLE PLUME; REYKJANES RIDGE; HOT-SPOT; HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY; GRAVITY-ANOMALIES; CRUSTAL THICKNESS; BENEATH C1 [Dyment, Jerome] Inst Phys Globe, Lab Geosci Marines, CNRS, Paris, France. [Lin, Jian] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Baker, Edward T.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Dyment, J (reprint author), Inst Phys Globe, Lab Geosci Marines, CNRS, Paris, France. EM jdy@ipgp.jussieu.fr RI ipgp, Laboratoire geoscien/F-8471-2010; Dyment, Jerome/A-6788-2011; IPGP, Geosciences Marines/F-8780-2010 FU National Science Foundation; Andrew W. Mellon Foundation; Endowed Fund; NOAA; Office of Ocean Exploration FX The authors appreciate persistent encouragement from Kristen Kusek and Colin Devey and constructive reviews by Tim Henstock, Colin Devey, Chuck Fisher, and Kristen Kusek. J.D. acknowledges many productive discussions with Marcia Maia and Christophe Hemond and the support of CNRS-INSU, IPGP, IFREMER and IPEV. J.L. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Endowed Fund for Innovative Research at WHOI. E.T.B. acknowledges research support from the NOAA VENTS Program and Office of Ocean Exploration. NR 64 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 12 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD MAR PY 2007 VL 20 IS 1 BP 102 EP 115 DI 10.5670/oceanog.2007.84 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 382FC UT WOS:000261589600017 ER PT J AU Payne, MG Deng, L AF Payne, M. G. Deng, L. TI Single photon self-interference via inelastic two-wave mixing in a coherently prepared cold medium SO OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article AB We investigate a coherently prepared cold medium for efficient single-photon inelastic two-wave mixing (ITWM), maximum Fock state entanglement and single photon self-interference. We show the possibility of generating maximally entangled single-photon state, and near 100% conversion efficiency for generating a frequency shifted TWM photon by proper choice of medium length and concentration. In addition, we demonstrate a new type of transparency effect produced by an efficient single photon self-interference, a transparency effect that is very different from the conventional electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) process. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Deng, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lu.deng@nist.gov RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012 NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0030-4018 J9 OPT COMMUN JI Opt. Commun. PD MAR 1 PY 2007 VL 271 IS 1 BP 269 EP 273 DI 10.1016/j.optcom.2006.10.008 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA 133AU UT WOS:000243984800044 ER PT J AU Danshita, I Tsuchiya, S AF Danshita, Ippei Tsuchiya, Shunji TI Stability of Bose-Einstein condensates in a Kronig-Penney potential SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL LATTICE; SUPERFLUID; GAS; DYNAMICS; INSTABILITY; INSULATOR; ARRAYS AB We study the stability of Bose-Einstein condensates with superfluid currents in a one-dimensional periodic potential. By using the Kronig-Penney model, the condensate and Bogoliubov bands are analytically calculated and the stability of condensates in a periodic potential is discussed. The Landau and dynamical instabilities occur in a Kronig-Penney potential when the quasimomentum of the condensate exceeds certain critical values as in a sinusoidal potential. It is found that the onsets of the Landau and dynamical instabilities coincide with the point where the perfect transmission of low energy excitations through each potential barrier is forbidden. The Landau instability is caused by the excitations with small q and the dynamical instability is caused by the excitations with q=pi/a at their onsets, where q is the quasimomentum of excitation and a is the lattice constant. A swallow-tail energy loop appears at the edge of the first condensate band when the mean-field energy is sufficiently larger than the strength of the periodic potential. We find that the upper portion of the swallow-tail is always dynamically unstable, but the second Bogoliubov band has a phonon spectrum reflecting the positive effective mass. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Waseda Univ, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1698555, Japan. Univ Trent, Dipartimento Fis, I-38050 Trento, Italy. CNR, INFM, BEC Ctr, I-38050 Trento, Italy. RP Danshita, I (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM danshita@nist.gov NR 50 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2007 VL 75 IS 3 AR 033612 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.033612 PG 14 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 151YE UT WOS:000245326300167 ER PT J AU Fahy, K Sokell, E O'Sullivan, G Aguilar, A Pomeroy, JM Tan, JN Gillaspy, JD AF Fahy, K. Sokell, E. O'Sullivan, G. Aguilar, A. Pomeroy, J. M. Tan, J. N. Gillaspy, J. D. TI Extreme-ultraviolet spectroscopy of highly charged xenon ions created using an electron-beam ion trap SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID LASER-PRODUCED PLASMAS; GROUND-STATE CONFIGURATIONS; 4D-4F EMISSION RESONANCES; I ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; ENERGY-LEVEL SCHEME; IONIZED XENON; TRANSITION-PROBABILITIES; IMPACT IONIZATION; XE-XXVI; SPECTRA AB Extreme-ultraviolet spectra of xenon ions have been recorded in the 4.5 to 20 nm wavelength region using an electron beam ion trap and a flat field spectrometer. The electron beam energy was varied from 180 eV to 8 keV and radiation from charge states Xe6+ to Xe43+ was observed. Our measured wavelengths were compared to atomic structure calculations using the Cowan suite of codes. We have measured seventeen previously unreported features corresponding to transitions in Xe35+ through to Xe41+ with estimated wavelength uncertainties of +/- 0.003 nm. It was found that for the case of continuous injection of neutral xenon gas a wide range of charge states were always present in the trap but this charge state distribution was greatly narrowed, towards higher charge states, if a sufficiently low gas injection pressure was employed. The energy dependence of spectral lines arising from Xe42+ and Xe43+ revealed enhancement of the total ionization cross sections, due to excitation-autoionization of n=2 electrons to n=3 levels, in the Xe41+ and Xe42+ charge states. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Coll Dublin, Sch Phys, Dublin 4, Ireland. RP Fahy, K (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. OI Sokell, Emma/0000-0002-7063-7205 NR 38 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2007 VL 75 IS 3 AR 032520 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.032520 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 151YE UT WOS:000245326300103 ER PT J AU Gomez, E Aubin, S Sprouse, GD Orozco, LA DeMille, DP AF Gomez, E. Aubin, S. Sprouse, G. D. Orozco, L. A. DeMille, D. P. TI Measurement method for the nuclear anapole moment of laser-trapped alkali-metal atoms SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL DIPOLE TRAP; PARITY NONCONSERVATION; HYPERFINE STRUCTURES; FRANCIUM ISOTOPES; NEUTRAL CURRENT; HEAVY-ATOMS; COLD ATOMS; TRANSITIONS; CESIUM; SHIFTS AB Weak interactions within a nucleus generate a nuclear spin dependent, parity-violating electromagnetic moment, the anapole moment. We analyze a method to measure the nuclear anapole moment through the electric dipole transition it induces between hyperfine states of the ground level. The method requires tight confinement of the atoms to position them at the antinode of a standing wave Fabry-Perot cavity driving the anapole-induced microwave E1 transition. We explore the necessary limits in the number of atoms, excitation fields, trap type, interrogation method, and systematic tests necessary for such measurements in francium, the heaviest alkali. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Gomez, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Sprouse, Gene/C-3397-2009; Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/UMD/H-4494-2011; OI Sprouse, Gene/0000-0002-7526-6490 NR 43 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2007 VL 75 IS 3 AR 033418 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.033418 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 151YE UT WOS:000245326300152 ER PT J AU Chen, Z Bratschitsch, R Carter, SG Cundiff, ST Yakovlev, DR Karczewski, G Wojtowicz, T Kossut, J AF Chen, Z. Bratschitsch, R. Carter, S. G. Cundiff, S. T. Yakovlev, D. R. Karczewski, G. Wojtowicz, T. Kossut, J. TI Electron spin polarization through interactions between excitons, trions, and the two-dimensional electron gas SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM-WELLS; NEGATIVELY CHARGED EXCITONS; DYNAMICS; RELAXATION; COHERENCE; MEMORY AB We use a two-color transient Kerr rotation technique to study the spin dynamics in an n-doped CdTe/Cd(0.85)Mg(0.15)Te quantum well. The dynamics displays the interplay between excitons, trions, and the two-dimensional electron gas. The spin relaxation of individual species is resolved by spectral selection. The spin dynamics are quantitatively described by rate equations involving the spin populations of excitons, trions, and the electron gas. Under resonant excitation of excitons, spin polarization of the electron gas is generated through trion formation, with the spin coherence partially lost through exciton spin relaxation. A maximum hole spin-flip time is observed around the trion resonance, with a rapid decrease for increasing excitation energy. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland. RP Chen, Z (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Carter, Sam/G-4589-2012; Kossut, Jacek/K-9481-2016; Bratschitsch, Rudolf/C-9027-2009; Wojtowicz, Tomasz/A-2887-2017 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; Kossut, Jacek/0000-0001-6165-3169; Bratschitsch, Rudolf/0000-0002-2368-2548; NR 25 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2007 VL 75 IS 11 AR 115320 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.115320 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 151ZK UT WOS:000245329600087 ER PT J AU Cockayne, E AF Cockayne, Eric TI Influence of oxygen vacancies on the dielectric properties of hafnia: First-principles calculations SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID AUGMENTED-WAVE METHOD; GATE DIELECTRICS; SI/SIO2 INTERFACE; OXIDES; CRYSTALLINE; CONSTANT; HFO2; PSEUDOPOTENTIALS; POLARIZATION; DEPOSITION AB First-principles calculations were used to study the effects of neutral and 2+ charged oxygen vacancies on the dielectric properties of crystalline HfO2. In agreement with previous results, the neutral vacancy is more stable on four fold-coordinated site, while the charged vacancy is more stable on a three fold-coordinated site. For both vacancy positions, HfO2 remains insulating whether the vacancy is neutral or in the 2+ charge state. The dynamical matrix, Born effective charges, and electronic dielectric tensor were calculated for each structure. With one oxygen vacancy per 64 oxygen atoms, the static dielectric constant kappa(s) is increased by 1%-2% for neutral vacancies and suppressed by 1%-3% for 2+ charged vacancies, with the larger changes for three fold-coordinated vacancies. The exact result in the case of a charged vacancy depends on how the neutralizing charge necessary for macroscopic charge neutrality is modeled. The increase in kappa(s) for neutral oxygen vacancies arises from an enhancement of the electronic dielectric response due to a pair of electrons occupying an easily polarizable F-center defect state. The suppression in kappa(s) for charged oxygen vacancies is due to phonon hardening, which reduces the ionic response. No evidence is found for characteristic localized phonons induced by oxygen vacancies that could be detected by infrared or Raman spectroscopy. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Ceram Div, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cockayne, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Ceram Div, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 41 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2007 VL 75 IS 9 AR 094103 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.094103 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 151YZ UT WOS:000245328500020 ER PT J AU Matsuda, M Takeda, M Nakamura, M Kakurai, K Oosawa, A Lelievre-Berna, E Chung, JH Ueda, H Takagi, H Lee, SH AF Matsuda, M. Takeda, M. Nakamura, M. Kakurai, K. Oosawa, A. Lelievre-Berna, E. Chung, J. -H. Ueda, H. Takagi, H. Lee, S. -H. TI Spiral spin structure in the Heisenberg pyrochlore magnet CdCr2O4 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ANTIFERROMAGNET; POLARIMETRY; TRANSITION; LIQUID; PHASE AB A frustrated spinel CdCr2O4 undergoes a three-dimensional spin-Peierls transition at T-N=7.8 K from a cubic paramagnetic to a tetragonal Neel state. The Neel state has a spiral magnetic structure with a characteristic wave vector of (0, delta, 1) when the c axis is elongated [J.-H. Chung , Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 247204 (2005)]. Here, we report our spherical neutron polarimetry experiments to investigate the spiral spin structure in detail. Our results indicate that the spins lie in the ac plane perpendicular to the direction of the spiral modulation. We also find that the spiral structure in the ac plane is elliptical with the c component larger by similar to 24% than the a component, suggesting a strong coupling between the magnetic structure and the structural distortion. Unpolarized neutron diffraction under an external magnetic field has also been performed. The magnetic-field dependence suggests the existence of magnetic anisotropy in the Neel state, which is consistent with our previous inelastic studies [J.-H. Chung , Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 247204 (2005)]. C1 JAEA, Quantum Beam Sci Directorate, Tokai, Ibaraki 3191195, Japan. Sophia Univ, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1028554, Japan. Inst Laue Langevin, F-38402 Grenoble 9, France. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778581, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Frontier Sci, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778562, Japan. RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan. Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. RP Matsuda, M (reprint author), JAEA, Quantum Beam Sci Directorate, Tokai, Ibaraki 3191195, Japan. RI Takagi, Hidenori/B-2935-2010; Matsuda, Masaaki/A-6902-2016 OI Matsuda, Masaaki/0000-0003-2209-9526 NR 22 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2007 VL 75 IS 10 AR 104415 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.104415 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 151ZF UT WOS:000245329100060 ER PT J AU Yang, LJ Schweigert, IV Cundiff, ST Mukamel, S AF Yang, Lijun Schweigert, Igor V. Cundiff, Steven T. Mukamel, Shaul TI Two-dimensional optical spectroscopy of excitons in semiconductor quantum wells: Liouville-space pathway analysis SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID FEMTOSECOND CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPIES; COHERENT EXCITATION SPECTROSCOPY; LIGHT-HOLE EXCITONS; MANY-BODY; 4-WAVE-MIXING SPECTROSCOPY; HEAVY-HOLE; VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY; MOLECULAR NANOSTRUCTURES; POLARIZATION DEPENDENCE; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY AB We demonstrate how dynamic correlations of heavy-hole and light-hole excitons in semiconductor quantum wells may be investigated by two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. The coherent response to three femtosecond optical pulses is predicted to yield cross (off-diagonal) peaks that contain direct signatures of many-body two-exciton correlations. Signals generated at various phase-matching directions are compared. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Yang, LJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RI Schweigert, Igor/B-5750-2008; Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 95 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2007 VL 75 IS 12 AR 125302 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.125302 PG 15 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 151ZQ UT WOS:000245330200051 ER PT J AU Near, TJ Kendrick, BJ Detrich, HW Jones, CD AF Near, Thomas J. Kendrick, B. Jacob Detrich, H. William, III Jones, Christopher D. TI Confirmation of neutral buoyancy in Aethotaxis mitopteryx DeWitt (Notothenioidei : Nototheniidae) SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANTARCTIC FISHES; DEMERSAL FISH; PERCIFORMES; LIFE; SEA AB Aethotaxis mitopteryx is a nototheniid species with a circum-Antarctic distribution in the Southern Ocean. We present new locality records, buoyancy measurements, and morphometric data on five A. mitopteryx specimens collected from the Bransfield Strait. Our analyses demonstrate that A. mitopteryx is neutrally buoyant. This result lends additional support to the hypothesis that neutral buoyancy has a single evolutionary origin in Notothenioidei. Food items in these specimens consisted entirely of krill (Euphausia sp.), and all specimens were sexually immature. We present morphometric data from these five specimens and compare to the holotype specimen, which is the only A. mitopteryx specimen collected in the Ross Sea. C1 Yale Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Northeastern Univ, Dept Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US Antarctic Marine Living Resources Program, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Near, TJ (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. EM thomas.near@yale.edu NR 29 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 30 IS 4 BP 443 EP 447 DI 10.1007/s00300-006-0201-y PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 134PK UT WOS:000244095100006 ER PT J AU Cloud, J AF Cloud, John TI The 200th anniversary of the survey of the coast SO PROLOGUE-QUARTERLY OF THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Cloud, J (reprint author), NOAA, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ARCHIVES RECORDS ADMINISTRATION PI WASHINGTON PA TRUST FUND BOARD, WASHINGTON, DC 20408 USA SN 0033-1031 J9 PROLOGUE JI Prologue PD SPR PY 2007 VL 39 IS 1 BP 24 EP 33 PG 10 WC History SC History GA 157IM UT WOS:000245712200005 ER PT J AU Lam, H Deutsch, EW Eddes, JS Eng, JK King, N Stein, SE Aebersold, R AF Lam, Henry Deutsch, Eric W. Eddes, James S. Eng, Jimmy K. King, Nichole Stein, Stephen E. Aebersold, Ruedi TI Development and validation of a spectral library searching method for peptide identification from MS/MS SO PROTEOMICS LA English DT Article DE peptide identification by MS/MS; spectral library; spectral similarity; targeted proteomics ID TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PROTEIN IDENTIFICATION; SHOTGUN PROTEOMICS; DATABASE; SENSITIVITY; ALGORITHMS; REPOSITORY; SEQUENCES AB A notable inefficiency of shotgun proteomics experiments is the repeated rediscovery of the same identifiable peptides by sequence database searching methods, which often are time-consuming and error-prone. A more precise and efficient method, in which previously observed and identified peptide MS/MS spectra are catalogued and condensed into searchable spectral libraries to allow new identifications by spectral matching, is seen as a promising alternative. To that end, an open-source, functionally complete, high-throughput and readily extensible MS/MS spectral searching tool, SpectraST, was developed. A high-quality spectral library was constructed by combining the high-confidence identifications of millions of spectra taken from various data repositories and searched using four sequence search engines. The resulting library consists of over 30 000 spectra for Saccharomyces cerewsiae. Using this library, SpectraST vastly outperforms the sequence search engine SEQUEST in terms of speed and the ability to discriminate good and bad hits. A unique advantage of SpectraST is its full integration into the popular Trans Proteornic Pipeline suite of software, which facilitates user adoption and provides important functionalities such as peptide and protein probability assignment, quantification, and data visualization. This method of spectral library searching is especially suited for targeted proteomics applications, offering superior performance to traditional sequence searching. C1 ETH, Inst Mol Syst Biol, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. Inst Syst Biol, Seattle, WA USA. Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Zurich, Fac Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. RP Aebersold, R (reprint author), ETH, Inst Mol Syst Biol, HPT E 78,Wolfgang Pauli Str,16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. EM aebersold@imsb.biol.ethz.ch RI Eddes, James/F-1670-2011; Eng, Jimmy/I-4202-2012; Eng, Jimmy/C-6556-2017; Lam, Henry/D-8629-2011 OI Eng, Jimmy/0000-0001-6352-6737; Eng, Jimmy/0000-0001-6352-6737; Lam, Henry/0000-0001-7928-0364 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HV-28179] NR 45 TC 237 Z9 240 U1 3 U2 27 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1615-9853 J9 PROTEOMICS JI Proteomics PD MAR PY 2007 VL 7 IS 5 BP 655 EP 667 DI 10.1002/pmic.200600625 PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 149PH UT WOS:000245158500002 PM 17295354 ER PT J AU Takacs, E Tokesi, K Tawara, H Verzani, CJ Hohl, T Gillaspy, JD Palinkas, J AF Takacs, Endre Tokesi, Karoly Tawara, Hiro Verzani, Christopher J. Hohl, Timea Gillaspy, J. D. Palinkas, Jozsef TI Target dependence of charge exchange X-rays SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Conference on Elementary Processes in Atomic Systems CY AUG 31-SEP 02, 2005 CL Univ Miskole, Miskole, HUNGARY SP Univ Miskole, Dept Phys, European Phys Soc HO Univ Miskole ID ELECTRON-CAPTURE; CROSS-SECTIONS; COLLISIONS; IONS; IONIZATION; EMISSION; COMETS; ATOM; HYDROGEN; IMPACT AB This paper describes our finding that in slow collisions of Kr27+ projectiles With neutral Ne, Ar and O-2 atoms/molecules there is a significant target dependence in the spectra of X-rays originating from electron capture. We also present results of a classical trajectory Monte-Carlo (CTMC) calculation that quantifies the different initial electronic state (n,l) distributions of the captured electrons for these three target gasses. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Debrecen, Expt Phys Dept, Debrecen, Hungary. Hungarian Acad Sci ATOMKI, Nucl Res Inst, Debrecen, Hungary. Max Planck Inst Nucl Phys, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Univ Connecticut, Dept Phys, Storrs, CT USA. RP Takacs, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM etakacs@atomki.hu RI Palinkas, Jozsef/B-2993-2011 NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 76 IS 3 BP 617 EP 620 DI 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2006.01.031 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 129PV UT WOS:000243742300054 ER PT J AU DeRose, PC Early, EA Kramer, GW AF DeRose, Paul C. Early, Edward A. Kramer, Gary W. TI Qualification of a fluorescence spectrometer for measuring true fluorescence spectra SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID ACCURACY; STANDARDS; FLUOROMETRY AB New analytical methods using fluorescence detection are becoming increasingly quantitative and require easy-to-use material standards for fluorometer qualification and method validation. NIST is responding to this need by developing and producing such standards. Reported here is the first step in this process, which is to qualify a research-grade fluorescence spectrometer for measuring true fluorescence spectra of reference material candidates. "True" spectra are defined here as those with fluorescence intensity, either relative or absolute as required, and wavelength both being reported with high accuracy and known precision, after wavelength has been calibrated and corrections for excitation intensity and detection system response have been applied. The uncertainties determined in relative and absolute intensity-corrected fluorescence spectra using both calibrated source (CS)- and calibrated detector (CD)-based methods were compared. The CS-based method gave uncertainties, typically about +/- 5% for relative spectral correction, that were about half that of the CD-based method for determining both relative and absolute spectral correction factors. Absolute spectral correction factors can be determined using either method without knowing the optical geometry of the instrument. The absolute spectral correction factors were found to have much larger uncertainties than the corresponding relative correction factors with uncertainties for the CS-based method of +/- 10% to +/- 15% being typical and +/- 20% or more not being uncommon, particularly for excitation and emission wavelengths below 400 nm. Uncertainties arising from detection system nonlinearity and instrument polarization ratios were also explored. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP DeRose, PC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 45 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 78 IS 3 AR 033107 DI 10.1063/1.2715952 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 151WE UT WOS:000245320800009 PM 17411178 ER PT J AU Gostnell, C Yoos, LT AF Gostnell, Caleb Yoos, L. T. TI Test and evaluation of interferometric sonar technology - Integrating phase differencing bathymetric sonar into suite of tools used for nautical charting hydrographic surveying SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Off Coast Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Gostnell, C (reprint author), NOAA, Off Coast Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPASS PUBLICATIONS, INC PI ARLINGTON PA 1501 WILSON BLVD., STE 1001, ARLINGTON, VA 22209-2403 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 48 IS 3 BP 23 EP 27 PG 5 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 172DW UT WOS:000246785300004 ER PT J AU Lu, FC Liao, CC Juang, HMH AF Lu, Fang-Chuan Liao, Chi-Chang Juang, Hann-Ming Henry TI Revisiting horizontal diffusion of perturbations over terrain for NCEP RSM SO TERRESTRIAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE horizontal diffusion; numerical method; regional spectral modeling ID REGIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL; GLOBAL FORECAST SYSTEM; 2-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENCE; EQUATIONS; NMC AB The perturbation in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Regional Spectral Model (RSM) is defined by the difference between the RSM and its outer model, such as the NCEP global model, on the same given coordinate surfaces. This perturbation is dominated by the difference between terrains of the RSM and the global model if model terrain exists over the domain. After being transformed into spectral space, this difference in terrains is characterized by two distinct groups of coefficients i.e., long-wave and short-wave groups. The long-wave group is considerably larger in amplitude than the short-wave group, and considered to be the cause of error in horizontal diffusion of perturbations on sigma surfaces. A higher order of diffusion and diffusion without long waves on sigma surfaces with perturbations are formulated to investigate the possibility of using diffusion on sigma surfaces. In a typical case, erroneous circulation occurred when fourth-order diffusion on a sigma surface was used; however, reasonable circulation was simulated with second-order diffusion on the pressure surface. Nevertheless, diffusion on a pressure surface is a non-economical method in spectral modeling. The results of sixth- and eighth-order horizontal diffusions of perturbations and no-diffusion on the group of long waves for all orders (second, fourth, sixth, and eighth) on sigma surfaces did not show erroneous circulations. Thus, diffusions greater than and equal to sixth-order diffusions and no-diffusion on a long-wave group can be implemented into NCEP RSM as an economical computation as it leads to an absence of erroneous circulation comparable to diffusion on pressure surfaces. C1 Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modelling Ctr, Washington, DC USA. Nan Jeon Inst Technol, Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn, Tainan, Taiwan. Natl Def Univ, Chung Cheng Inst Technol, Taoyen, Taiwan. RP Juang, HMH (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modelling Ctr, Washington, DC USA. EM Henry.Juang@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU CHINESE GEOSCIENCE UNION PI TAIPEI PA PO BOX 23-59, TAIPEI 10764, TAIWAN SN 1017-0839 J9 TERR ATMOS OCEAN SCI JI Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 18 IS 1 BP 67 EP 83 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 159MV UT WOS:000245871100005 ER PT J AU Kaplan, IC Cox, SP Kitchell, JF AF Kaplan, Isaac C. Cox, Sean P. Kitchell, James F. TI Circle hooks for Pacific longliners: Not a panacea for marlin and shark bycatch, but part of the solution SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID RECONSTRUCTING ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS; SHANK J HOOKS; PELAGIC ECOSYSTEM; FISHING METHODS; CAUGHT; MORTALITY; SURVIVAL; FISHERY; OCEAN AB Blue marlin Makaira nigricans, striped marlin Tetrapturus audax, and pelagic sharks (e.g., blue shark Prionace glauca) are commonly caught as bycatch by longline fisheries in the central North Pacific Ocean. Recently, concern has increased about depletion of these species. Modifications in longline gear may offer one solution. Here. we test the use of circle hooks, rather than the conventional tuna-style hooks, on longlines using an ecosystem model of the central North Pacific Ocean. The simulations considered span a range of reasonable circle hook catchability and Survival rates for released fish. The results suggest that if circle hooks have higher catchability than the Currently used tuna-style hooks, switching to circle hooks depletes marlin biomass by 25-40% and shark biomass by 15-35% over 30 years. However. these depletions do not occur if circle hook catchability is equal to or lower than that of tuna-style hooks. When the effects of catch-and-release requirements for marlins and sharks were also considered. we found that regardless of assumptions about circle hook catchability and survival rates, a combined policy of using circle hooks and releasing sharks and marlins leads to net increases in marlin and shark abundance. The simulations show a trade-off between the abundance of marlins and sharks and their prey items, yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares and small blue sharks. There is also evidence of trophic trade-offs between yellowfin tuna and small blue sharks and their prey, small scombrids (Auxis spp.) and mahi mahi Coryphaena hippurus. The results illustrate the importance of understanding catchability and survival rates for circle hooks compared with those for tuna-style hooks and encourage further research in this area. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Sch Resource & Environm Management, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RP Kaplan, IC (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM isaac.kaplan@noaa.gov RI Cox, Sean/I-5374-2012 NR 36 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 136 IS 2 BP 392 EP 401 DI 10.1577/T05-301.1 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 154SC UT WOS:000245526900008 ER PT J AU White, DK Swanson, C Young, PS Cech, JJ Chen, ZQ Kavvas, ML AF White, David K. Swanson, Christina Young, Paciencia S. Cech, Joseph J., Jr. Chen, ZhiQiang Kavvas, M. Levent TI Close encounters with a fish screen II: Delta smelt behavior before and during screen contact SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; SALMON AB Fish screens reduce entrainment losses of fish at water diversions, but little is known about the behavior of individual fish near these structures, including the likelihood, consequences, and mechanics of involuntary screen contact. Recent studies using a large, laboratory-based flume, the Fish Treadmill, have shown that such contact can result in injury, stress, and mortality. We investigated key aspects of screen contact events using videotape records of Fish Treadmill experiments. We quantitatively described precontact behavior, impact velocity and angle, contact duration, distance traveled, and velocity of delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus while in contact with the screen, and related these responses to postexperiment injuries and mortality. Immediately prior to contact, delta smelt generally exhibited positive rheotaxis and moderate swimming velocity (mean +/- SD = 20.2 +/- 9.7 cm/s). Most fish impacted the screen broadside (within 40 degrees of parallel to the screen) and tail first. Impact velocity generally increased as water velocity increased; however, at water velocities greater than 25 cm/s, impact velocity decreased with increases in fish swimming velocity and was less than the water velocity measured near the screen. Mean contact duration was short (< 1 s) and decreased with increasing water velocity. Distance traveled in contact with the screen was not related to flow, but the velocity at which fish were dragged along the screen surface increased with increases in water velocity. Only impact velocity affected injury rates and severity; injuries increased with increases in the velocity of the flow vector normal to the screen (approach velocity). Combined with previous Fish Treadmill results for delta smelt and other species, these findings suggest a mechanism for screen contact- and flow-related injuries and mortality, provide additional support for fish screen criteria designed to limit screen contacts, and demonstrate the value of experimental approaches that integrate hydraulic design with physiological and behavioral responses of fish. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Rosa, CA 95404 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife & Fish & Conservat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Aquat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP White, DK (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 777 Sonoma Ave,Suite 325, Santa Rosa, CA 95404 USA. EM david.k.white@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 136 IS 2 BP 528 EP 538 DI 10.1577/T05-323.1 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 154SC UT WOS:000245526900023 ER PT J AU Jiao, NZ Zhang, Y Zeng, YH Gardner, WD Mishonov, AV Richardson, MJ Hong, N Pan, DL Yan, XH Jo, YH Chen, CTA Wang, PX Chen, YT Hong, HS Bai, Y Chen, XH Huang, BQ Deng, H Shi, Y Yang, DC AF Jiao, Nianzhi Zhang, Yao Zeng, Yonghui Gardner, Wilford D. Mishonov, Alexey V. Richardson, Mary Jo Hong, Ning Pan, Delu Yan, Xiao-Hai Jo, Young-Heon Chen, Chen-Tung Arthur Wang, Pinxian Chen, Yiyu Hong, Huasheng Bai, Yan Chen, Xihan Huang, Bangqin Deng, Hong Shi, Yang Yang, Dechao TI Ecological anomalies in the East China Sea: Impacts of the three gorges dam? SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Three Gorges Dam (TGD); East China Sea (ECS); Yangtze River; community structure; microbial diversity; biological response ID NORTH PACIFIC-OCEAN; STATION-ALOHA; EL-NINO; PICOPLANKTON; BACTERIA; WATER; PHYTOPLANKTON; DYNAMICS; ATLANTIC; ESTUARY AB In this study, we examined possible impacts of the Yangtze River Three Gorges Dam (TGD), the world largest hydroelectric construction, on the adjacent marine ecosystem of the East China Sea (ECS) during its initial water storage period. The TGD filled the first one-third of its storage capacity of 39 billion m(3) in 10 days in June 2003, causing an abrupt reduction in the river flow into the ECS. Noticeable changes in the microbial community structure including pico-sized autotrophs, heterotrophic bacteria and microbial diversity in the estuary and the ECS were observed 2 months later. Although causes for these changes could be multiple, the sudden decrease of river runoff and an ensuing intrusion of ECS ocean currents were postulated to be among the major ones. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Xiamen Univ, State Key Lab Marine Environm Sci, Xiamen 361005, Peoples R China. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, NOAA, NESDIS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. SOA Second Inst Oceanog, Hangzhou 310012, Peoples R China. Univ Delaware, Inst Marine Geol & Chem, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Tongji Univ, Natl Key Lab Marine Geol Sci, Shanghai 200092, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Hydrobiol, Beijing 100085, Peoples R China. NSFC, Beijing 100085, Peoples R China. RP Jiao, NZ (reprint author), Xiamen Univ, State Key Lab Marine Environm Sci, Xiamen 361005, Peoples R China. EM jiao@xmu.edu.cn RI Zeng, Yonghui/C-5663-2008; Hong, HS/G-3347-2010; Shi, Y/G-3964-2010; Huang, BQ/G-4588-2010; Mishonov, Alexey/F-3211-2011; Chen, Chen-Tung Arthur/C-8901-2011; Gardner, Wilford/E-2579-2012; Bai, Yan/C-7370-2015 OI Zeng, Yonghui/0000-0001-7483-5017; Mishonov, Alexey/0000-0002-2958-8747; NR 28 TC 79 Z9 89 U1 5 U2 52 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1287 EP 1293 DI 10.1016/j.watres.2006.11.053 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 149UD UT WOS:000245171400015 PM 17296216 ER PT J AU Parker, MW Kress, SW Golightly, RT Carter, HR Parsons, EB Schubel, SE Boyce, JA McChesney, GJ Wisely, SM AF Parker, Michael W. Kress, Stephen W. Golightly, Richard T. Carter, Harry R. Parsons, Elizabeth B. Schubel, Susan E. Boyce, Jennifer A. McChesney, Gerard J. Wisely, Samantha M. TI Assessment of social attraction techniques used to restore a Common Murre colony in central California SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Common Murre; social attraction; restoration; seabird; Devil's Slide Rock; California; alcid; Uria aalge ID GUILLEMOT URIA-AALGE; CONSPECIFIC REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; HABITAT SELECTION; PHILOPATRY; DENSITY; ISLAND AB Colonial seabirds such as alcids often do not rapidly recolonize former breeding habitat following extirpation of nesting colonies. Social attraction (e.g., use of decoys, recorded vocalizations and mirrors) artificially stimulates nesting by providing social cues that encourage colonization. Common Murres (Uria aalge) stopped breeding at Devil's Slide Rock, San Mateo County, California following the 1986 Apex Houston oil spill. Natural recolonization did not occur between 1987 and 1995. Common Murres began regular visits to Devil's Slide Rock within 24 hours of social attraction equipment installation in January 1996 and six pairs nested by June 1996. Over 90% of murre observations were in decoy plots in contrast to control plots and outside of plots where few murre observations occurred. Significantly more murre presences versus absences were recorded in low density decoy plots and these birds most often frequented open areas (aisles) within decoy clusters. Significantly larger groups of murres visited high density decoy plots and aisle sub-plots. Murre densities were significantly greater within 30 cm of mirrors. Five of six nests were within 60 cm of mirrors. Nests coincided with areas where prior nesting and last pre-1996 attendance had been concentrated. Rapid breeding response combined with recent nonbreeding attendance suggests that the first colonists may have been surviving breeders from the original colony or young produced at the rock prior to the oil spill. The initial recolonization event and continued restoration efforts have prompted further colony growth to 190 pairs nesting by 2004. This study suggests that social stimuli can limit natural colonization of otherwise suitable habitat. C1 Natl Audubon Soc, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Wildlife, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Newark, CA 94560 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Restorat Ctr, Long Beach, CA 90802 USA. RP Parker, MW (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Red Rock Lakes Natl Wildlife Refuge, 27820 Southside Centennial Rd, Lima, MT 59739 USA. EM gerry_mcchesney@fws.gov NR 41 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 14 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD MAR PY 2007 VL 30 IS 1 BP 17 EP 28 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2007)030[0017:AOSATU]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 162MX UT WOS:000246093100003 ER PT J AU Schmidt, JI Hoef, JMV Bowyer, RT AF Schmidt, Jennifer I. Hoef, Jay M. Ver Bowyer, R. Terry TI Antler size of Alaskan moose Alces alces gigas: effects of population density, hunter harvest and use of guides SO WILDLIFE BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Alaska; antler size; density dependence; harvest; guides; moose ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; SOUTHERN MULE DEER; SEXUAL SEGREGATION; RED DEER; CERVUS-ELAPHUS; LIFE-HISTORY; BODY-MASS; BIGHORN RAMS; FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY; REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT AB Moose Alces alces gigas in Alaska, USA, exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism, with adult males possessing large, elaborate antlers. Antler size and conformation are influenced by age, nutrition and genetics, and these bony structures serve to establish social rank and affect mating success. Population density, combined with anthropogenic effects such as harvest, is thought to influence antler size. Antler size increased as densities of moose decreased, ostensibly a density-dependent response related to enhanced nutrition at low densities. The vegetation type where moose were harvested also affected antler size, with the largest-antlered males occupying more open habitats. Hunts with guides occurred in areas with low moose density, minimized hunter interference and increased rates of success. Such hunts harvested moose with larger antler spreads than did non-guided hunts. Knowledge and abilities allowed guides to satisfy demands of trophy hunters, who are an integral part of the Alaskan economy. Heavy harvest by humans was also associated with decreased antler size of moose, probably via a downward shift in the age structure of the population resulting in younger males with smaller antlers. Nevertheless, density-dependence was more influential than effects of harvest on age structure in determining antler size of male moose. Indeed, antlers are likely under strong sexual selection, but we demonstrate that resource availability influenced the distribution of these sexually selected characters across the landscape. We argue that understanding population density in relation to carrying capacity (K) and the age structure of males is necessary to interpret potential consequences of harvest on the genetics of moose and other large herbivores. Our results provide researchers and managers with a better understanding of variables that affect the physical condition, antler size, and perhaps the genetic composition of populations, which may be useful in managing and modelling moose populations. C1 Idaho State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, US Dept Commerce, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Bowyer, RT (reprint author), Idaho State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. EM fsjis@uaf.edu; jay.verhoef@noaa.gov; bowyterr@isu.edu OI Ver Hoef, Jay/0000-0003-4302-6895 NR 109 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 4 U2 41 PU WILDLIFE BIOLOGY PI RONDE PA C/O JAN BERTELSEN, GRENAAVEJ 14, KALO, DK-8410 RONDE, DENMARK SN 0909-6396 EI 1903-220X J9 WILDLIFE BIOL JI Wildlife Biol. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 13 IS 1 BP 53 EP 65 DI 10.2981/0909-6396(2007)13[53:ASOAMA]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 172UY UT WOS:000246831200007 ER PT J AU Lenhart, JL Fischer, D Sambasivan, S Lin, EK Wu, WL Guerrero, DJ Wang, YB Puligadda, R AF Lenhart, Joseph L. Fischer, Daniel Sambasivan, Sharadha Lin, Eric K. Wu, Wen-Li Guerrero, Douglas J. Wang, Yubao Puligadda, Rama TI Understanding deviations in lithographic patterns near interfaces: Characterization of bottom anti-reflective coatings (BARC) and the BARC-resist interface SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE anti-reflective coating; photolithography; footing; undercutting; BARC; photoresist; lithography; interface ID CHEMICALLY AMPLIFIED RESISTS; GLASS-TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; ULTRATHIN POLYMER-FILMS; THERMAL-PROPERTIES; NETWORK FILMS; THIN-FILMS; THICKNESS; DENSITY AB Interactions between a bottom anti-reflective coating (BARC) and a photoresist can critically impact lithographic patterns. For example, a lithographic pattern can shrink or spread near a BARC interface, a process called undercutting or footing respectively, due to incompatibility between the two materials. Experiments were conducted on two industrial BARC coatings in an effort to determine the impact of BARC surface chemistry on the footing and undercutting phenomena. The BARC coatings were characterized by near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), contact angle measurements, and neutron and X-ray reflectivity. Contact angle measurement using a variety of fluids showed that the fluid contact angles were independent of the type of BARC coating or the BARC processing temperature. NEXAFS measurements showed that the surface chemistry of each BARC was also independent of the processing temperature. These results suggest that acid-base interactions at the BARC-resist interface are not the cause of the footing-undercutting phenomena encountered in lithographic patterns. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20874 USA. RP Lenhart, JL (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800 MS0888, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM jllenha@sandia.gov NR 44 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD FEB 28 PY 2007 VL 253 IS 9 BP 4166 EP 4175 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.09.022 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 144NE UT WOS:000244802300011 ER PT J AU Kazil, J Lovejoy, ER Jensen, EJ Hanson, DR AF Kazil, J. Lovejoy, E. R. Jensen, E. J. Hanson, D. R. TI Is aerosol formation in cirrus clouds possible? SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE FORMATION; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; EXPERIMENTAL THERMODYNAMICS; STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL; PACIFIC-OCEAN; MIDLATITUDES; NUCLEATION; H2SO4; NORTHERN AB The recent observation of ultrafine aerosol particles in cirrus clouds has raised the question whether aerosol formation within cirrus clouds is possible, and if so, what mechanisms are involved. We have developed an aerosol parcel model of neutral and charged H2SO4/H2O aerosol processes, including nucleation from the gas phase and loss onto cirrus ice particles. Laboratory thermodynamic data for sulfuric acid uptake and loss by small neutral and charged clusters are used, allowing for a reliable description of both neutral and charged nucleation down to the very low temperatures occurring in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The model implements a first order scheme for resolving the aerosol size distribution within its geometric size sections, which efficiently suppresses numerical diffusion. We operate the model offline on trajectories generated with a detailed 1D cirrus model which describes ice crystal nucleation, deposition growth, vertical advection of ice crystals and water vapor, and ice crystal sedimentation. In this paper we explore the possibility of aerosol formation within non-convective cirrus clouds and draw conclusions for aerosol formation in anvil cirrus. We find that sulfate aerosol formation within cirrus clouds can proceed even at high ice surface area concentrations, and depends strongly on the size of the cirrus ice crystals and on the surface area concentration of preexisting aerosol particles. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NRC Res Associateship Programs, Washington, DC USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Augsburg Coll, Minneapolis, MN USA. RP Kazil, J (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM jan.kazil@noaa.gov RI Kazil, Jan/B-7652-2013 OI Kazil, Jan/0000-0003-3271-2451 NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD FEB 28 PY 2007 VL 7 BP 1407 EP 1413 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 143HY UT WOS:000244712500003 ER PT J AU Pietsch, TW Orr, JW AF Pietsch, Theodore W. Orr, James Wilder TI Phylogenetic relationships of deep-sea anglerfishes of the suborder Ceratioidei (Teleostei : Lophiiformes) based on morphology SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID WORLDS SMALLEST VERTEBRATE; PACIFIC-OCEAN; GENUS; PISCES; SYSTEMATICS; DIMORPHISM; REVISION; FISHES; TETRAODONTIFORMES; OGCOCEPHALIDAE AB Phylogenefic relationships of the I I families and 35 genera of deep-sea anglerfishes of the lophiiform suborder Ceratioidei, characterized most strikingly by an extreme sexual dimorphism that extends to all taxa, were analyzed on the basis of 71 morphological characters applicable to metamorphosed females. All characters were treated as unordered and unweighted, and were polarized by outgroup comparison with taxa of the lophiiform suborders Lophioidei, Antennarioidei, Chaunacoidei, and Ogcocephaloidei. The analysis produced five equally parsimonious trees, with a total length of 153, a consistency index of 0.5560, and a retention index of 0.7952. Lack of resolution was totally attributed to a single family, the relatively poorly understood Oneirodidae, containing 16 genera and 65 species, nearly 40% of all recognized ceratioids. Monophyly for the Ceratioidei was confirmed and all ceratioid genera were placed in currently recognized monophyletic families. Sister families Centrophrynidae and Ceratiidae were found to be basal in position relative to all other ceratioids. The Himantolophidae, Diceratiidae, and Melanocetidae diverge next in sequential step-wise fashion, the latter family forming the sister group of all remaining ceratioids. The integrity of the Thaumatichthyidae to include both Lasiognathus and Thaumatichthys was maintained, this family forming the sister group of the Oneirodidae. Contrary to its basal position in most all previously proposed hypotheses, the Caulophrynidae was found to be deeply embedded within the suborder, forming the sister group of a monophyletic assemblage containing the Gigantactinidae, Neoceratiidae, and Linophrynidae. Sister families Gigantactinidae and Neoceratiidae were found to form the sister group of the Linophtynidae. A second analysis, with characters of metamorphosed males and larvae added to the matrix, resulted in a collapse of several of the deeper nodes of the tree (because of incomplete sampling; males are unknown for eight of the 30 ceratioid genera available for analysis, and larvae are unknown for nine), producing 352 equally parsimonious trees with a total length of 202. Mapping modes of reproduction on the resulting trees reaffirmed the hypothesis that sexual parasitism has evolved independently more than once within the suborder and perhaps as many as seven times. Whether facultative parasitism and temporary attachment of males to females are precursors to obligate parasitism, or the former are more derived states of the latter, remains unknown. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Coll Ocean & Fishery, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Pietsch, TW (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Coll Ocean & Fishery, Campus Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM twp@u.washington.edu; James.Orr@noaa.gov NR 76 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 11 U2 38 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS HERPETOLOGISTS PI CHARLESTON PA UNIV CHARLESTON, GRICE MARINE LABORATORY, 205 FORT JOHNSON RD, CHARLESTON, SC 29412 USA SN 0045-8511 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD FEB 28 PY 2007 IS 1 BP 1 EP 34 PG 34 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 141YK UT WOS:000244614900001 ER PT J AU Kossin, JP Knapp, KR Vimont, DJ Murnane, RJ Harper, BA AF Kossin, J. P. Knapp, K. R. Vimont, D. J. Murnane, R. J. Harper, B. A. TI A globally consistent reanalysis of hurricane variability and trends SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONES; INTENSITY; INCREASE AB Recently documented trends in the existing records of hurricane intensity and their relationship to increasing sea surface temperatures suggest that hurricane intensity may be increasing due to global warming. However, it is presently being argued that the existing global hurricane records are too inconsistent to accurately measure trends. As a first step in addressing this debate, we constructed a more homogeneous global record of hurricane intensity and found that previously documented trends in some ocean basins are well supported, but in others the existing records contain trends that may be inflated or spurious. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Bermuda Inst Ocean Sci, Risk Predict Initiat, Garrett Pk, MD 20896 USA. Syst Engn Australia Pty Ltd, Bridgeman Downs, Qld 4035, Australia. RP Kossin, JP (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM kossin@ssec.wisc.edu; ken.knapp@noaa.gov; dvimont@wisc.edu; rick.murnane@bbsr.edu; seng@uq.net.au RI Kossin, James/D-3929-2011; Knapp, Kenneth/E-9817-2011; Kossin, James/C-2022-2016 OI Kossin, James/0000-0003-0461-9794 NR 24 TC 154 Z9 158 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 28 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 4 AR L04815 DI 10.1029/2006GL028836 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 143FZ UT WOS:000244706800008 ER PT J AU Wylie, BK Fosnight, EA Gilmanov, TG Frank, AB Morgan, JA Haferkamp, MR Meyers, TP AF Wylie, Bruce K. Fosnight, Eugene A. Gilmanov, Tagir G. Frank, Albert B. Morgan, Jack A. Haferkamp, Marshall R. Meyers, Tilden P. TI Adaptive data-driven models for estimating carbon fluxes in the Northern Great Plains SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE carbon flux; grassland ecosystems; Northern Great Plains; data-driven models; piece-wise regression models; net ecosystem exchange ID TEMPERATE GRASSLAND; DIOXIDE FLUXES; SOIL-MOISTURE; UNITED-STATES; ECOSYSTEM RESPIRATION; INTERANNUAL VARIATION; AMERICAN GRASSLANDS; VEGETATION; EXCHANGE; SURFACE AB Rangeland carbon fluxes are highly variable in both space and time. Given the expansive areas of rangelands, how rangelands respond to climatic variation, management, and soil potential is important to understanding carbon dynamics. Rangeland carbon fluxes associated with Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) were measured from multiple year data sets at five flux tower locations in the Northern Great Plains. These flux tower measurements were combined with 1-km(2) spatial data sets of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), temperature, precipitation, seasonal NDVI metrics, and soil characteristics. Flux tower measurements were used to train and select variables for a rule-based piece-wise regression model. The accuracy and stability of the model were assessed through random cross-validation and cross-validation by site and year. Estimates of NEE were produced for each 10-day period during each growing season from 1998 to 2001. Growing season carbon flux estimates were combined with winter flux estimates to derive and map annual estimates of NEE. The rule-based piece-wise regression model is a dynamic, adaptive model that captures the relationships of the spatial data to NEE as conditions evolve throughout the growing season. The carbon dynamics in the Northern Great Plains proved to be in near equilibrium, serving as a small carbon sink in 1999 and as a small carbon source in 1998, 2000, and 2001. Patterns of carbon sinks and sources are very complex, with the carbon dynamics tilting toward sources in the drier west and toward sinks in the east and near the mountains in the extreme west. Significant local variability exists, which initial investigations suggest are likely related to local climate variability, soil properties, and management. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 USGS, SAIC, Ctr Earth Resources Observat & Sci, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. USDA ARS, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. Air Resources Lab, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Fosnight, EA (reprint author), USGS, SAIC, Ctr Earth Resources Observat & Sci, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM fosnight@usgs.gov RI Wylie, Bruce/H-3182-2014 OI Wylie, Bruce/0000-0002-7374-1083 NR 78 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD FEB 28 PY 2007 VL 106 IS 4 BP 399 EP 413 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2006.09.017 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 138HH UT WOS:000244353200001 ER PT J AU Hanisco, TF Moyer, EJ Weinstock, EM St Clair, JM Sayres, DS Smith, JB Lockwood, R Anderson, JG Dessler, AE Keutsch, FN Spackman, JR Read, WG Bui, TP AF Hanisco, Thomas F. Moyer, E. J. Weinstock, E. M. St. Clair, J. M. Sayres, D. S. Smith, J. B. Lockwood, R. Anderson, J. G. Dessler, A. E. Keutsch, F. N. Spackman, J. R. Read, W. G. Bui, T. P. TI Observations of deep convective influence on stratospheric water vapor and its isotopic composition SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERE EXCHANGE; NASA ER-2; ART.; TRANSPORT; TROPOPAUSE; MIDLATITUDES; AIRCRAFT; PLUMES; RATIOS; SYSTEM AB In situ observations of H2O and HDO in the midlatitude stratosphere are used to evaluate the role of convection in determining the stratospheric water budget. The observations show that water vapor in the overworld stratosphere (potential temperature > 380 K) is isotopically heavier than expected. Measurements in an airmass with anomalously high concentrations of water vapor show isotopic water signatures that are characteristic of evaporated ice lofted from the troposphere during convective storms. Observed H2O and HDO concentrations in the plume of enhanced water and in the background stratosphere suggest that extratropical convection can account for a significant fraction of the observed water vapor in the summertime overworld stratosphere above the mid-North American continent. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Hanisco, TF (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM hanisco@huarp.harvard.edu RI Keutsch, Frank/B-2391-2012; Dessler, Andrew/G-8852-2012 OI Dessler, Andrew/0000-0003-3939-4820 NR 29 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 27 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 4 AR L04814 DI 10.1029/2006GL027899 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 143FY UT WOS:000244706600001 ER PT J AU Han, JT Kim, S Karim, A AF Han, Joong Tark Kim, Sangcheol Karim, Alamgir TI UVO-tunable superhydrophobic to superhydrophilic wetting transition on biomimetic nanostructured surfaces SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID NANOTUBE FILMS; LOTUS LEAF; WATER; WETTABILITY; NANOPARTICLES; FABRICATION; MULTILAYER; TOPOGRAPHY; ROUGHNESS; COATINGS AB A novel strategy for a tunable sigmoidal wetting transition from superhydrophobicity to superhydrophilicity on a continuous nanostructured hybrid film via gradient UV-ozone (UVO) exposure is presented. Along a single wetting gradient surface (40 mm), we could visualize the superhydrophobic (theta(H2O) > 165 degrees and low contact angle hysteresis) transition (165 degrees > theta(H2O) > 10 degrees) and superhydrophilic (theta(H2O) < 10 degrees within 1 s) regions simply through the optical images of water droplets on the surface. The film is prepared through layer-by-layer assembly of negatively charged silica nanoparticles (11 nm) and positively charged poly(allylamine hydrochloride) with an initial deposition in a fractal manner. The extraordinary wetting transition on chemically modified nanoparticle layered surfaces with submicrometer- to micrometer-scale pores represents a competition between the chemical wettability and hierarchical roughness of surfaces as often occurs in nature (e.g., lotus leaves, insect wings, etc). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Karim, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alamgir.karim@nist.gov NR 42 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 3 U2 43 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD FEB 27 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 5 BP 2608 EP 2614 DI 10.1021/la0629072 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 136UD UT WOS:000244248700052 PM 17269808 ER PT J AU Buckles, EL Lowenstine, LJ DeLong, RL Melin, SR Vittore, RK Wong, HN Ross, GL St Leger, JA Greig, DJ Duerr, RS Gulland, FMD Stott, JL AF Buckles, Elizabeth L. Lowenstine, Linda J. DeLong, Robert L. Melin, Sharon R. Vittore, Regina K. Wong, Hong-Nei Ross, Gately L. St Leger, Judith A. Greig, Denise J. Duerr, Rebecca S. Gulland, Frances M. D. Stott, Jeffery L. TI Age-prevalence of Otarine Herpesvirus-1, a tumor-associated virus, and possibility of its sexual transmission in California sea lions SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE California sea lion; Zalophus californianus; gammaberpesvirus; epidemiology; Otarine Herpesvirus-1 (OtHV-1) ID SARCOMA-ASSOCIATED HERPESVIRUS; ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; METASTATIC CARCINOMA; INFECTION; HUMAN-HERPESVIRUS-8; GAMMAHERPESVIRUS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; TOXICITY; ORIGIN AB Otarine Herpesvirus-1 (OtHV-1) is a gammaherpesviruis routinely detected in urogenital tumor tissues of adult sea lions dying during rehabilitation, To investigate the epidemiology of this virus and guide the development of a mathematical model of its role in the multifactorial etiology of cancer in California sea lions, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of an OtHV-1 specific fragment of the DNA polymerase gene was used to look for evidence of OtHV-1 infection in urogenital and pharyngeal swabs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of sea lions of different ages. Samples were also examined from pregnant females and their late term in utero or aborted fetuses to investigate potential for vertical transmission. Prevalence of infection in 72 adult females was 22%, whereas it was 46% in 52 adult males, and was significantly lower in 120 juvenile animals (6%). OtHV-1 DNA was most often detected in the lower reproductive tract of the adult animals, especially the males, and rarely in the pharynx or urogenital tract of juvenile animals. These data suggest sexual transmission may an important route of transmission. Additional studies are required to confirm this mode of transmission. Additionally, the virus was detected in a single prematurely born pup, suggesting the possibility of perinatal transmission. No indication of a PBMC associated viremia was evident in adults using standard PCR or in juveniles using standard and real time PCR. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. SeaWorld San Diego, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. Marin Headlands, Marine Mammal Ctr, Sausalito, CA 94965 USA. RP Buckles, EL (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM elb36@cornell.edu NR 21 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD FEB 25 PY 2007 VL 120 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.10.002 PG 8 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 138PJ UT WOS:000244374400001 PM 17208394 ER PT J AU White, AB Darby, LS Senff, CJ King, CW Banta, RM Koermer, J Wilczak, JM Neiman, PJ Angevine, WM Talbot, R AF White, A. B. Darby, L. S. Senff, C. J. King, C. W. Banta, R. M. Koermer, J. Wilczak, J. M. Neiman, P. J. Angevine, W. M. Talbot, R. TI Comparing the impact of meteorological variability on surface ozone during the NEAQS (2002) and ICARTT (2004) field campaigns SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TRAJECTORY CLUSTER-ANALYSIS; EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; BOUNDARY-LAYER DEPTH; PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY; DEFINE PERIODS; PROFILER; PATTERNS; WINDS AB This paper investigates linkages between weather, climate, and air quality that contributed to the large difference in the number of ozone exceedances encountered in the northeastern United States (U.S.) during 2002 and 2004. Major air quality research field campaigns were conducted in the northeast during July and August of each year. Both the 2002 New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS-02) and the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation 2004 field study (ICARTT-04) had research components focused on regional air quality. The primary environmental difference between the two field campaigns was the underlying climatic conditions. The July - August period in 2002 was much sunnier, warmer, and drier than normal. In contrast, the July - August period in 2004 was cloudier, cooler, and much wetter than normal. We conclude that these extreme climatic conditions were the underlying cause for the significant difference in the number of ozone exceedances that occurred during NEAQS-02 and ICARTT-04. We rule out the impact of other meteorological processes as the primary cause of this difference. We gauge horizontal transport using surface and upper air wind observations collected on Appledore Island (ADI), off the coast of New Hampshire and Maine, along with back trajectories based solely on wind observations collected by profiler networks deployed for each study. The wind conditions that favor pollutant transport to the northeast were more prevalent in 2004 than in 2002, yet the number of ozone exceedances in 2004 was more than a factor of three less than in 2002. Neither was daytime boundary layer mixing the cause for this discrepancy. Unlike other parts of the U. S. where poor air quality is generally associated with shallow boundary layers, in New England the boundary layers were deeper on high-ozone days than on clean days because the same sunny, warm, and dry conditions that favor boundary layer ozone production also produce deeper boundary layers. Both field campaigns were synoptically active. Lulls in synoptic activity explained most of the high-ozone events observed in 2002, whereas even an extended lull in synoptic activity during the summer of 2004 did not produce a single high-ozone day. C1 Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Plymouth State Univ, Chem Earth Atmospher & Phys Sci Dept, Plymouth, NH 03264 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP White, AB (reprint author), Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM allen.b.white@noaa.gov RI Angevine, Wayne/H-9849-2013; Senff, Christoph/I-2592-2013; White, Allen/A-7946-2009; Darby, Lisa/A-8037-2009; Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Angevine, Wayne/0000-0002-8021-7116; Darby, Lisa/0000-0003-1271-0643; NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 23 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10S14 DI 10.1029/2006JD007590 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 140BL UT WOS:000244477100002 ER PT J AU Boyd, MM Ludlow, AD Blatt, S Foreman, SM Ido, T Zelevinsky, T Ye, J AF Boyd, Martin M. Ludlow, Andrew D. Blatt, Sebastian Foreman, Seth M. Ido, Tetsuya Zelevinsky, Tanya Ye, Jun TI Sr-87 lattice clock with inaccuracy below 10(-15) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY STANDARDS; MICROWAVE; TIME AB Aided by ultrahigh resolution spectroscopy, the overall systematic uncertainty of the S-1(0)-P-3(0) clock resonance for lattice-confined Sr-87 has been characterized to 9x10(-16). This uncertainty is at a level similar to the Cs-fountain primary standard, while the potential stability for the lattice clocks exceeds that of Cs. The absolute frequency of the clock transition has been measured to be 429 228 004 229 874.0(1.1) Hz, where the 2.5x10(-15) fractional uncertainty represents the most accurate measurement of a neutral-atom-based optical transition frequency to date. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Boyd, MM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Blatt, Sebastian/F-8986-2012 OI Blatt, Sebastian/0000-0003-2466-9967 NR 32 TC 145 Z9 148 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 23 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 8 AR 083002 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.083002 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 139GQ UT WOS:000244420700023 PM 17359093 ER PT J AU Jiang, KJ Deng, L Payne, MG AF Jiang, K. J. Deng, L. Payne, M. G. TI Observation of quantum destructive interference in inelastic two-wave mixing SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; NONLINEAR FREQUENCY-CONVERSION; MULTI-PHOTON IONIZATION; PHASE-CONJUGATION; ATOMIC-HYDROGEN; GENERATION; COHERENCE; FIELDS; XENON; ENHANCEMENT AB Using room-temperature Rb-87 atoms we demonstrate a quantum destructive interference between two one-photon excitation pathways in an inelastic two-wave mixing scheme that corresponds to the "strong-storage and weak-retrieval" of an optical field. This destructive interference is fundamentally different from the usual electromagnetically induced transparency because it is critically dependent on the generation and propagation of a wave-mixing field. We also show that contrary to the common belief, the maximum atomic coherence in general does not lead to the maximum mixing-wave conversion efficiency. C1 NIST, Elect & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CAS, Ctr Cold Atom Phys, Wuhan Inst Phys & Math, Wuhan 200062, Peoples R China. RP Jiang, KJ (reprint author), NIST, Elect & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lu.deng@nist.gov RI Jiang, Kaijun/F-2712-2014 OI Jiang, Kaijun/0000-0003-3126-4335 NR 30 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 23 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 8 AR 083604 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.083604 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 139GQ UT WOS:000244420700030 PM 17359100 ER PT J AU Spielman, IB Phillips, WD Porto, JV AF Spielman, I. B. Phillips, W. D. Porto, J. V. TI Mott-insulator transition in a two-dimensional atomic Bose gas SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TONKS-GIRARDEAU GAS; LONG-RANGE ORDER; OPTICAL LATTICES; ULTRACOLD ATOMS; BOSONIC ATOMS; SUPERFLUID AB Cold atoms in periodic potentials are versatile quantum systems for implementing simple models prevalent in condensed matter theory. Here we realize the 2D Bose-Hubbard model by loading a Bose-Einstein condensate into an optical lattice, and study the resulting Mott insulator. The measured momentum distributions agree quantitatively with theory (no adjustable parameters). In these systems, the Mott insulator forms in a spatially discrete shell structure which we probe by focusing on correlations in atom shot noise. These correlations show a marked dependence on the lattice depth, consistent with the changing size of the insulating shell expected from simple arguments. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Spielman, IB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ian.spielman@nist.gov NR 27 TC 253 Z9 254 U1 2 U2 23 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 23 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 8 AR 080404 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.080404 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 139GQ UT WOS:000244420700004 PM 17359074 ER PT J AU Atkinson, R Baulch, DL Cox, RA Crowley, JN Hampson, RF Hynes, RG Jenkin, ME Rossi, MJ Troe, J AF Atkinson, R. Baulch, D. L. Cox, R. A. Crowley, J. N. Hampson, R. F. Hynes, R. G. Jenkin, M. E. Rossi, M. J. Troe, J. TI Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume III - gas phase reactions of inorganic halogens SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS; LASER FLASH-PHOTOLYSIS; ABSOLUTE RATE CONSTANTS; PLUS CLO REACTION; RADICAL REACTION-KINETICS; CHLORINE OXIDE RADICALS; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE KINETICS; PRODUCT BRANCHING RATIO; CODATA TASK GROUP; SELF-REACTION AB This article, the third in the series, presents kinetic and photochemical data evaluated by the IUPAC Subcommittee on Gas Kinetic Data Evaluation for Atmospheric Chemistry. It covers the gas phase and photochemical reactions of inorganic halogen species, which were last published in J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, in 2000 (Atkinson et al., 2000), were updated on the IUPAC website in 2003 and are updated again in the present evaluation. The article consists of a summary sheet, containing the recommended kinetic parameters for the evaluated reactions, and five appendices containing the data sheets, which provide information upon which the recommendations were made. C1 Univ Cambridge, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EP, England. Univ Calif Riverside, Statewide Air Pollut Res Ctr, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Leeds, Sch Chem, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Max Planck Inst Chem, Div Atmospher Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Lucas Hts Sci & Technol Ctr, CSIRO Energy Technol, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Environm Sci & Technol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England. EPFL, Lab Pollut Atmospher, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. EPFL, Sol LPAS ENAC, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Univ Gottingen, Inst Phys Chem, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. RP Cox, RA (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Dept Chem, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EP, England. EM rac26@cam.ac.uk RI ROSSI, Michel J./C-7878-2013 OI ROSSI, Michel J./0000-0003-3504-695X NR 424 TC 141 Z9 143 U1 11 U2 73 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD FEB 22 PY 2007 VL 7 BP 981 EP 1191 PG 211 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 138XO UT WOS:000244396800003 ER PT J AU Tedesco, K Thunell, R Astor, Y Muller-Karger, F AF Tedesco, Kathy Thunell, Robert Astor, Yrene Muller-Karger, Frank TI The oxygen isotope composition of planktonic foraminifera from the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela: Seasonal and interannual variations SO MARINE MICROPALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cariaco Basin; planktonic foraminifera; oxygen isotopes; depth habitats ID DEEP-WATER FLUXES; NORTH-ATLANTIC; CARIBBEAN SEA; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; LAST DEGLACIATION; TROPICAL ATLANTIC; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SARGASSO SEA; CARBON; SEDIMENT AB Material collected during a three-year sediment trapping experiment in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela (January 1997 to December 1999) is used to examine both temporal and inter-species variability in the oxygen isotope composition of planktonic foraminifera. Specifically, this study compares the oxygen isotope composition of six species of planktonic foraminifera (Globigerinoides ruber (pink), Globigerina bulloides, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, Orbulina universa, Globorotalia menardii and Globorotalia crassaformis) with the climatology and hydrography of the region, and evaluates the application of each species for use in paleoceanographic reconstructions. The isotope results are consistent with known depth habitats for all six species. The lowest delta O-18 values (-1 to -2 parts per thousand) were measured on G. ruber (pink) and G. bulloides, two species that live in the surface mixed layer. Values for deeper-dwelling species such as N. dutertrei, G. menardii and G. crassaformis are higher, predominantly ranging from 0 to -0.5 parts per thousand. Temperature estimates derived using species-specific paleotemperature equations indicate that G. ruber (pink) accurately estimates sea surface temperatures (SSTs) throughout the year, while G. bulloides temperature estimates are similar to measured surface temperatures only during the upwelling season (January-April). For the remainder of the year, the delta O-18-derived temperatures for G. bulloides typically are lower than the measured SST. Although the maximum flux of all species occurs during upwelling, the flux-weighted annual mean isotopic composition of the six species indicates that only G. bulloides is biased towards this season. Therefore, we conclude that the sediment delta O-18 record of G. ruber (pink) is most suitable for estimating past values of mean annual SST, while G. bulloides provides information on conditions during spring upwelling. The depth of calcification of N. dutertrei varies seasonally in response to changes in the depths of the thermocline and chlorophyll maximum. As a result, the delta O-18 difference between G. ruber (pink) and N. dutertrei provides an estimate of the annual surface to thermocline temperature gradient in the basin. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Fdn La Salle Ciencias Nat, Estac Invest Marinas Margarita, Porlamar 6301, Venezuela. Univ S Florida, Sch Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Tedesco, K (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Program Off, 1100 Wayne Ave,Suite 1210, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM kathy.tedesco@noaa.gov; thunell@geol.sc.edu; carib@marine.usf.edu NR 60 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8398 J9 MAR MICROPALEONTOL JI Mar. Micropaleontol. PD FEB 22 PY 2007 VL 62 IS 3 BP 180 EP 193 DI 10.1016/j.marmicro.2006.08.002 PG 14 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 138VZ UT WOS:000244392700003 ER PT J AU Anderson, NA Richter, LJ Stephenson, JC Briggman, KA AF Anderson, Neil A. Richter, Lee J. Stephenson, John C. Briggman, Kimberly A. TI Characterization and control of lipid layer fluidity in hybrid bilayer membranes SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SUPPORTED PHOSPHOLIPID-BILAYERS; SUM-FREQUENCY SPECTROSCOPY; RAMAN SPECTRAL PARAMETERS; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; MAIN PHASE-TRANSITION; GOLD SURFACES; PLANAR MEMBRANES; NONLINEAR OPTICS; BEHAVIOR; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE AB The main gel-to-liquid-crystal (LC) phase transition temperature, T(m), of the distal lipid layer in hybrid bilayer membranes (HBMs) under water was investigated using vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy (VSFS). VSFS has unique sensitivity to order/disorder transitions in the lipid acyl chains and can determine T(m) for the lipid monolayers in HBMs. We recently reported the observation that T(m) is raised and the transition width is broadened for the overlying phospholipid monolayer in HBM systems formed on densely packed crystalline self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as compared to that of vesicles in solution. In this report, we establish that T(m) for the lipid layer of HBMs can be controlled by proper choice of the SAM underlayer. The SAM underlayer of the HBM was systematically altered by using an alkane thiol, a saturated thiolipid, a mixed SAM of a saturated lipid-pyridine disulfide, and finally a mixed SAM of an unsaturated lipid-pyridine disulfide. T(m) was measured for two different chain length saturated phosphatidylcholine lipid overlayers on these SAMs. The values obtained show that T(m) of the lipid layer of HBMs is sensitive to the composition and/or packing density of molecules in the underlying SAM. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Dept Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Briggman, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Dept Phys, 100 Bur Dr MS8443, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kbriggma@nist.gov RI Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 62 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 4 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD FEB 21 PY 2007 VL 129 IS 7 BP 2094 EP 2100 DI 10.1021/ja066588c PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 136EW UT WOS:000244206400057 PM 17263532 ER PT J AU Cai, M Stoudt, MR Levine, LE Dickinson, JT AF Cai, M. Stoudt, M. R. Levine, L. E. Dickinson, J. T. TI A combined study of surface roughness in polycrystalline aluminium during uniaxial deformation using laser-induced photoemission and confocal microscopy SO PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE LA English DT Article ID PHOTOSTIMULATED EXOELECTRON EMISSION; PLASTIC-DEFORMATION; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; WORK FUNCTION; ENHANCED PHOTOEMISSION; TENSILE DEFORMATION; ELECTRON-EMISSION; GRAIN-SIZE; ALLOYS; METALS AB A new technique integrating measurements obtained by photo-stimulated electron (PSE) emission and scanning laser confocal microscopy (SLCM) has been developed to characterize the deformation of commercially pure aluminium in uniaxial plastic strain. Real time, in situ PSE signals provide details about the evolution and propagation rates of surface events during the deformation process. High-resolution SLCM measurements yield details describing the relative magnitude and spatial distribution of the surface features. During homogeneous deformation, uniform generation of surface area produces a monotonic increase in PSE intensity whereas necking induces a saturation condition. Analysis of the surface area created by the deformation revealed that the rate of generation correlates well with the PSE intensity. The consistencies in the data acquired with these two techniques signify that they yield complementary information and that the combination provides essential details about the deformation process in a material with low hardness such as an aluminium alloy. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Stoudt, MR (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stoudt@nist.gov NR 57 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1478-6435 J9 PHILOS MAG JI Philos. Mag. PD FEB 21 PY 2007 VL 87 IS 6 BP 907 EP 924 DI 10.1080/14786430601003882 PG 18 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA 135JX UT WOS:000244151000007 ER PT J AU Parsons, JF Greenhagen, BT Shi, K Calabrese, K Robinson, H Ladner, JE AF Parsons, James F. Greenhagen, Bryan T. Shi, Katherine Calabrese, Kelly Robinson, Howard Ladner, Jane E. TI Structural and functional analysis of the pyocyanin biosynthetic protein PhzM from Pseudomonas aeruginosa SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID METHYLTRANSFERASE; FLUORESCENS; MECHANISM; INFECTION; PRODUCTS; PIGMENTS; COMPLEX AB Pyocyanin is a biologically active phenazine produced by the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is thought to endow P. aeruginosa with a competitive growth advantage in colonized tissue and is also thought to be a virulence factor in diseases such as cystic fibrosis and AIDS where patients are commonly infected by pathogenic Pseudomonads due to their immunocompromised state. Pyocyanin is also a chemically interesting compound due to its unusual oxidation-reduction activity. Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, the precursor to the bioactive phenazines, is synthesized from chorismic acid by enzymes encoded in a seven-gene cistron in P. aeruginosa and in other Pseudomonads. Phenzine-1-carboxylic acid is believed to be converted to pyocyanin by the sequential actions of the putative S-adenosylmethionine-dependent N-methyltransferase PhzM and the putative flavin-dependent hydroxylase PhzS. Here we report the 1.8 A crystal structure of PhzM determined by single anomalous dispersion. Unlike many methyltransferases, PhzM is a dimer in solution. The 36 kDa PhzM polypeptide folds into three domains. The C-terminal domain exhibits the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold typical of small molecule methyltransferases. Two smaller N-terminal domains form much of the dimer interface. Structural alignments with known methyltransferases show that PhzM is most similar to the plant O-methyltransferases that are characterized by an unusual intertwined dimer interface. The structure of PhzM contains no ligands, and the active site is open and solvent-exposed when compared to structures of similar enzymes. In vitro experiments using purified PhzM alone demonstrate that it has little or no ability to methylate phenzine-1-carboxylic acid. However, when the putative hydroxylase PhzS is included, pyocyanin is readily produced. This observation suggests that a mechanism has evolved in P. aeruginosa that ensures efficient production of pyocyanin via the prevention of the formation and release of an unstable and potentially deleterious intermediate. C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, NIST, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Parsons, JF (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, NIST, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM parsonsj@umbi.umd.edu; ladner@umbi.umd.edu FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI067530, R01 AI067530, R01 AI067530-01A1] NR 29 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD FEB 20 PY 2007 VL 46 IS 7 BP 1821 EP 1828 DI 10.1021/bi6024403 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 135OC UT WOS:000244161900012 PM 17253782 ER PT J AU Sarkar, SK Kababya, S Vega, S Cohen, H Woicik, JC Frenkel, AI Hodes, G AF Sarkar, Shaibal K. Kababya, Shifi Vega, Shimon Cohen, Hagai Woicik, Joseph C. Frenkel, Anatoly I. Hodes, Gary TI Effects of solution pH and surface chemistry on the postdeposition growth of chemical bath deposited PbSe nanocrystalline films SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID LEAD SELENIDE FILMS; SPECTRA AB Chemical bath deposited PbSe films were subjected to postdeposition treatment with aqueous (typically 0.25-0.5 M) KOH. For films deposited using a citrate complex, this treatment resulted in dissolution of surface lead oxides (seen from XPS and EXAFS measurements) and growth of the nanocrystals (from ca. 5 to as much as 20 nm, measured by XRD and TEM) by an Ostwald ripening mechanism and formation of a porous network. For films deposited using KOH-complexed Pb, this growth did not occur. The latter films are made up of PbSe crystals (ca. 4 nm) embedded in an amorphous matrix of lead oxide. Successful etching of the crystallite surface passivation is found to be critical for the growth progress. While the KOH treatment removed most of this matrix, the individual crystals of PbSe still remained passivated with a surface where Pb was apparently bonded to both O and Se. With use of a concentrated KOH solution (3 M) for long periods of time (> 1 h), this surface could be removed and crystal growth occurred to give a network of PbSe crystals several tens of nanometers in size. This study, besides explaining the very different chemical behaviors of the two types of PbSe films, demonstrates the important role of what appear to be small differences in surface chemistries in determining the chemical properties of nanocrystals. C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Mat & Interfaces, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Chem Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Chem Res Support, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Yeshiva Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10016 USA. RP Hodes, G (reprint author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Mat & Interfaces, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. EM gary.hodes@weizmann.ac.il RI Frenkel, Anatoly/D-3311-2011 OI Frenkel, Anatoly/0000-0002-5451-1207 NR 12 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD FEB 20 PY 2007 VL 19 IS 4 BP 879 EP 888 DI 10.1021/cm060628u PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 135OB UT WOS:000244161800033 ER PT J AU Krayzman, V Levin, I Woicik, JC AF Krayzman, Victor Levin, Igor Woicik, Joseph C. TI Local structure of displacively disordered pyrochlore dielectrics SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID BI2O3-ZNO-NB2O5 CUBIC PYROCHLORE; RAY-ABSORPTION SPECTRA; CRYSTAL-CHEMISTRY; OXIDE PYROCHLORES; BZN; RELAXATION AB Local cation environments in the pyrochlore dielectrics A(2)B(2)O(6)O' = (Bi,M)(2)(M,Nb)(2)O6O' (M = Zn, Fe) were determined from the extended X-ray absorption fine structure. The A cations and O' ions are displaced from their ideal positions, yielding the effective (4 + 2 + 2) coordination for the A cations. The A-cation displacements are directed toward a pair of the framework O atoms; the specific displacement directions are determined by the nature of the A cations (i.e., Bi, Zn, Fe) and the local Nb/Zn (or Nb/Fe) B-site configurations. Local correlations among the atomic displacements and both [A(4)O'] and [A(2)B(2)O] configurations provide near-ideal bond valence sums for all constituent species in these pyrochlore structures. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Levin, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM igor.levin@nist.gov RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 NR 25 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 EI 1520-5002 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD FEB 20 PY 2007 VL 19 IS 4 BP 932 EP 936 DI 10.1021/cm062429g PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 135OB UT WOS:000244161800041 ER PT J AU Stolzenburg, M Marshall, TC Rust, WD Bruning, E MacGorman, DR Hamlin, T AF Stolzenburg, Maribeth Marshall, Thomas C. Rust, W. David Bruning, Eric MacGorman, Donald R. Hamlin, Timothy TI Electric field values observed near lightning flash initiations SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID AIR BREAKDOWN; THUNDERSTORM; CHARGE; MECHANISM; REGIONS AB From a dataset of about 250 soundings of electric field ( E), nine were adversely affected by lightning. These soundings are interpreted as ending near lightning initiation locations. Scaled to standard pressure, the largest observed E was 626 kV m(-1) and the largest estimated E was 929 kV m(-1). E exceeded runaway breakdown threshold, RBth, by factors of 1.1 - 3.3 before each flash, and overvoltages were 1.4 - 4.3. Seven cases had rapid E increases ( rates of 11 - 100 kV m(-1) s(-1)) in the few seconds before the flash, and in three the maximum E occurred 3 s or more before the flash. A tenth sounding with E > RBth for 38 s had subsequent lightning initiate 2 km from the balloon; one channel came within 400 m, but the flash and large E did not adversely affect the instruments. The findings suggest that E > RBth is a necessary condition for lightning initiation, but it is not sufficient. C1 Univ Mississippi, Dept Phys & Astron, University, MS 38677 USA. NOAA, Dept Commerce, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Space & Remote Sensing Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Stolzenburg, M (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Phys & Astron, University, MS 38677 USA. EM mstolzen@olemiss.edu OI Stolzenburg, Maribeth/0000-0001-8773-8101; MacGorman, Donald/0000-0002-2395-8196 NR 21 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 20 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 4 AR L04804 DI 10.1029/2006GL028777 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 140AK UT WOS:000244474200006 ER PT J AU Murphy, DM Cziczo, DJ Hudson, PK Thomson, DS AF Murphy, D. M. Cziczo, D. J. Hudson, P. K. Thomson, D. S. TI Carbonaceous material in aerosol particles in the lower stratosphere and tropopause region SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID LASER MASS-SPECTROMETRY; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; SULFURIC-ACID; NORTHERN MIDLATITUDES; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; WATER-VAPOR; INSTRUMENT; TRANSPORT; LARAMIE AB The Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry (PALMS) instrument has measured the composition of single particles in the lower stratosphere. The average fraction of carbonaceous material in the stratospheric particles decreased rapidly above the tropopause. The decrease in the average carbon content was mostly associated with a sharp increase in the bottom 2 km of the stratosphere in the frequency of fairly pure sulfate particles both with or without meteoric metals. The low potassium content of the fairly pure sulfate particles is used to show that they were formed in the stratosphere and were not tropospheric particles that had lost organics because of oxidation. Of the tropospheric carbonaceous-sulfate particles found in the stratosphere, the mass spectra had similar patterns from the upper troposphere to the maximum altitude sampled, about 19 km. A reduction in the carbon to sulfate ratio in tropospheric particles was only apparent above about 440 K potential temperature. This implies that carbon compounds can remain for months in particles larger than about 300 nm. Despite the slow rate, these data do not exclude rapid heterogeneous reactions of organics in the particles with OH or other radicals. There was no evidence of significant transfer of semivolatile organics between particles in the stratosphere. However, particles that originated in the stratosphere acquired small amounts of carbon when they were transported to the tropopause. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Eidgenossische TH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA USA. RP Murphy, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. EM daniel.m.murphy@noaa.gov RI Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235; NR 31 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 23 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 20 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D4 AR D04203 DI 10.1029/2006JD007297 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 140BD UT WOS:000244476300003 ER PT J AU Lehr, WJ AF Lehr, William J. TI My natural gas bias SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Emergency Response Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Lehr, WJ (reprint author), NOAA, Emergency Response Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Bill.Lehr@noaa.gov NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD FEB 20 PY 2007 VL 140 IS 3 BP 411 EP 411 DI 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.10.048 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 144CK UT WOS:000244772700001 PM 17254703 ER PT J AU Zhu, L Meier, D Boger, Z Montgomery, C Semancik, S DeVoe, DL AF Zhu, L. Meier, D. Boger, Z. Montgomery, C. Semancik, S. DeVoe, D. L. TI Integrated microfluidic gas sensor for detection of volatile organic compounds in water SO SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL LA English DT Article DE integrated microfluidics; microhotplate; gas sensor; volatile organic compounds; water monitoring ID SOLVENT-EXTRACTION; TIN OXIDE; TEMPERATURE; IDENTIFICATION AB A polymer microfluidic system for monitoring of volatile organic compounds diluted in water is presented. The sensor platform employs silicon-based microhotplate gas sensors as active detection elements, using a silicon-in-plastic microfabrication technology to enable integration of individual sensor chips into a larger polymer microfluidic substrate. The fabrication process provides seamless fluidic and electrical interconnects between the silicon and polymer substrates. The chemical monitoring system is designed to sample a water source, extract solvent present within the aqueous sample into the vapor phase, and direct the solvent vapor past the integrated gas sensor for analysis. Design, fabrication, and characterization of a prototype system is described, and results from illustrative measurements performed using methanol, toluene, and 1,2-dichloroethane in water are presented. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ind Neural Syst Ltd, OPTIMAL, IL-84243 Beer Sheva, Israel. RP DeVoe, DL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM ddev@eng.umd.edu RI DeVoe, Don/A-2891-2011 OI DeVoe, Don/0000-0002-7740-9993 NR 27 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-4005 J9 SENSOR ACTUAT B-CHEM JI Sens. Actuator B-Chem. PD FEB 20 PY 2007 VL 121 IS 2 BP 679 EP 688 DI 10.1016/j.snb.2006.03.023 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 140ZI UT WOS:000244545100043 ER PT J AU Beebe, JM Kushmerick, JG AF Beebe, Jeremy M. Kushmerick, James G. TI Nanoscale switch elements from self-assembled monolayers on silver SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CONDUCTANCE; CIRCUITS AB Au/molecule/Ag junctions are shown to behave as voltage-controlled two-state switches. In the open state, the current-voltage behavior is consistent with a metal-molecule-metal tunnel junction. At a negative bias threshold, silver filaments bridge the gap between the two electrodes, resulting in direct metal-metal contact and an increase in current of several orders of magnitude. Under positive bias, the filaments dissolve, returning the switch to an open state. Switching rates of up to approximate to 10 kHz have been observed. Because the only required components are silver and a self-assembled monolayer, this switch element can be incorporated into a wide array of device architectures. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Beebe, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM james.kushmerick@nist.gov RI Kushmerick, James/C-2882-2008 NR 18 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 19 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 8 AR 083117 DI 10.1063/1.2696653 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 139GP UT WOS:000244420600083 ER PT J AU Fang, W Cao, H Solomon, GS AF Fang, W. Cao, H. Solomon, G. S. TI Control of lasing in fully chaotic open microcavities by tailoring the shape factor SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID STADIUM LASER-DIODES; CAVITIES AB The authors demonstrate experimentally that lasing in a semiconductor microstadium can be optimized by controlling its shape. Under spatially uniform optical pumping, the first lasing mode in a GaAs microstadium with large major-to-minor-axis ratio usually corresponds to a high-quality scar mode consisting of several unstable periodic orbits. Interference of waves propagating along the constituent orbits may minimize light leakage at particular major-to-minor-axis ratio. By making stadium of the optimum shape, the authors are able to maximize the mode quality factor and align the mode frequency to the peak of the gain spectrum, thus minimizing the lasing threshold. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Stanford Univ, Solid State Photon Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Fang, W (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. EM wei.fang@nist.gov RI Fang, Wei/B-3794-2010; Cao, Hui/F-4815-2012 OI Fang, Wei/0000-0002-6511-3570; NR 14 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 19 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 8 AR 081108 DI 10.1063/1.2535692 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 139GP UT WOS:000244420600008 ER PT J AU Schwindt, PDD Lindseth, B Knappe, S Shah, V Kitching, J Liew, LA AF Schwindt, Peter D. D. Lindseth, Brad Knappe, Svenja Shah, Vishal Kitching, John Liew, Li-Anne TI Chip-scale atomic magnetometer with improved sensitivity by use of the M-x technique SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RUBIDIUM VAPOR MAGNETOMETER; CELLS AB The fabrication and performance of a miniature optically pumped atomic magnetometer constructed with microfabricated components are discussed. This device measures the spin precession frequency of Rb-87 atoms to determine the magnetic field by use of the M-x technique. It has a demonstrated sensitivity to magnetic fields of 5 pT/Hz(1/2) for a bandwidth from 1 to 100 Hz, nearly an order of magnitude improvement over our previous chip-scale magnetometer. The 3 dB bandwidth has also been increased to 1 kHz by reconfiguring the miniature vapor cell heater. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Schwindt, PDD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM kitching@boulder.nist.gov NR 14 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 19 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 8 AR 081102 DI 10.1063/1.2709532 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 139GP UT WOS:000244420600002 ER PT J AU Polyakov, SV Migdall, AL AF Polyakov, Sergey V. Migdall, Alan L. TI High accuracy verification of a correlated-photon-based method for determining photoncounting detection efficiency SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-EFFICIENCY; TIME AB We have characterized an independent primary standard method to calibrate detection efficiency of photon-counting detectors based on two-photon correlations. We have verified this method and its uncertainty by comparing it to a substitution method using a conventionally calibrated transfer detector tied to a national primary standard detector scale. We obtained a relative standard uncertainty for the correlated-photon method of 0.18 % (k=1) and for the substitution method of 0.17 % (k=1). From a series of measurements we found that the two independent calibration techniques differ by 0.14(14)%, which is within the established uncertainty of comparison. We believe this is the highest accuracy characterization and independent verification of the correlated- photon method yet achieved. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Polyakov, SV (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM sergey.polyakov@nist.gov; migdall@nist.gov NR 30 TC 70 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD FEB 19 PY 2007 VL 15 IS 4 BP 1390 EP 1407 DI 10.1364/OE.15.001390 PG 18 WC Optics SC Optics GA 142WV UT WOS:000244682500001 PM 19532370 ER PT J AU Evan, AT Heidinger, AK Vimont, DJ AF Evan, Amato T. Heidinger, Andrew K. Vimont, Daniel J. TI Arguments against a physical long-term trend in global ISCCP cloud amounts SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SOLAR-RADIATION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; 2 DECADES; DATASET; SURFACE; COVER AB The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) multi-decadal record of cloudiness exhibits a well-known global decrease in cloud amounts. This downward trend has recently been used to suggest widespread increases in surface solar heating, decreases in planetary albedo, and deficiencies in global climate models. Here we show that trends observed in the ISCCP data are satellite viewing geometry artifacts and are not related to physical changes in the atmosphere. Our results suggest that in its current form, the ISCCP data may not be appropriate for certain long-term global studies, especially those focused on trends.'' C1 Univ Wisconsin, Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Evan, AT (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, 1215 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM atevan@wisc.edu RI Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010 OI Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X NR 17 TC 116 Z9 117 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 17 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 4 AR L04701 DI 10.1029/2006GL028083 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 138KS UT WOS:000244362100001 ER PT J AU Lee, C Schwab, DJ Beletsky, D Stroud, J Lesht, B AF Lee, Cheegwan Schwab, David J. Beletsky, Dmitry Stroud, Jonathan Lesht, Barry TI Numerical modeling of mixed sediment resuspension, transport, and deposition during the March 1998 episodic events in southern Lake Michigan SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID WAVE PREDICTION MODEL; CIRCULATION; DYNAMICS; CURRENTS; FLOW; BED AB [ 1] A two-dimensional sediment transport model capable of simulating sediment resuspension of mixed ( cohesive plus noncohesive) sediment is developed and applied to quantitatively simulate the March 1998 resuspension events in southern Lake Michigan. Some characteristics of the model are the capability to incorporate several floc size classes, a physically based settling velocity formula, bed armoring, and sediment availability limitation. Important resuspension parameters were estimated from field and laboratory measurement data. The model reproduced the resuspension plume ( observed by the SeaWIFS satellite and field instruments) and recently measured sedimentation rate distribution ( using radiotracer techniques) fairly well. Model results were verified with field measurements of suspended sediment concentration and settling flux ( by ADCPs and sediment traps). Both wave conditions and sediment bed properties ( critical shear stress, fine sediment fraction, and limited sediment availability or source) are the critical factors that determine the concentration distribution and width of the resuspension plume. The modeled sedimentation pattern shows preferential accumulation of sediment on the eastern side of the lake, which agrees with the observed sedimentation pattern despite a predominance of particle sources from the western shoreline. The main physical mechanisms determining the sedimentation pattern are ( 1) the two counter-rotating circulation gyres producing offshore mass transport along the southeastern coast during northerly wind and ( 2) the settling velocity of sediment flocs which controls the deposition location. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab Battelle, Marine Sci Lab, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. Univ Michigan, SNRE, CILER, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Stat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Lee, C (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab Battelle, Marine Sci Lab, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. EM leecheeg@battelle.org RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012; OI Lesht, Barry/0000-0003-0801-4290; Beletsky, Dmitry/0000-0003-4532-0588 NR 47 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD FEB 17 PY 2007 VL 112 IS C2 AR C02018 DI 10.1029/2005JC003419 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 138NT UT WOS:000244370100001 ER PT J AU Stone, MB Broholm, C Reich, DH Schiffer, P Tchernyshyov, O Vorderwisch, P Harrison, N AF Stone, M. B. Broholm, C. Reich, D. H. Schiffer, P. Tchernyshyov, O. Vorderwisch, P. Harrison, N. TI Field-driven phase transitions in a quasi-two-dimensional quantum antiferromagnet SO NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; SINGLET GROUND-STATE; MAGNETIC-FIELD; HEISENBERG-MODEL; SPIN-GAP; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; LINEAR-CHAIN; TLCUCL3; SYSTEMS AB We report magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, and neutron scattering measurements as a function of applied magnetic field and temperature to characterize the S = 1/2 quasi-two-dimensional (2D) frustrated magnet piperazinium hexachlorodicuprate (PHCC). The experiments reveal four distinct phases. At low temperatures and fields the material forms a quantum paramagnet with a 1 meV singlet triplet gap and a magnon bandwidth of 1.7 meV. The singlet state involves multiple spin pairs some of which have negative ground state bond energies. Increasing the field at low temperatures induces 3D long-range antiferromagnetic order at 7.5 Tesla through a continuous phase transition that can be described as magnon Bose-Einstein condensation. The phase transition to a fully polarized ferromagnetic state occurs at 37 Tesla. The ordered antiferromagnetic phase is surrounded by a renormalized classical region. The crossover to this phase from the quantum paramagnet is marked by a distinct anomaly in the magnetic susceptibility which coincides with closure of the finite temperature singlet-triplet pseudo gap. The phase boundary between the quantum paramagnet and the Bose-Einstein condensate features a finite temperature minimum at T = 0.2 K, which may be associated with coupling to nuclear spin or lattice degrees of freedom close to quantum criticality. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Stone, MB (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM stonemb@ornl.gov; broholm@jhu.edu RI Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011; Schiffer, Peter/F-3227-2011; Stone, Matthew/G-3275-2011; OI Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892; Stone, Matthew/0000-0001-7884-9715; Schiffer, Peter/0000-0002-6430-6549; Harrison, Neil/0000-0001-5456-7756 NR 71 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 12 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1367-2630 J9 NEW J PHYS JI New J. Phys. PD FEB 16 PY 2007 VL 9 AR 31 DI 10.1088/1367-2630/9/2/031 PG 32 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 138YH UT WOS:000244398700003 ER PT J AU Ashby, N Heavner, TP Jefferts, SR Parker, TE Radnaev, AG Dudin, YO AF Ashby, N. Heavner, T. P. Jefferts, S. R. Parker, T. E. Radnaev, A. G. Dudin, Y. O. TI Testing local position invariance with four cesium-fountain primary frequency standards and four NIST hydrogen masers SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC CLOCKS; SHIFT; PTB AB We report the most sensitive tests to date of the assumption of local position invariance (LPI) underlying general relativity, based on a 7 yr comparison of cesium and hydrogen atomic clocks (frequency standards). The latest results place an upper limit that is over 20 times smaller than the previous most sensitive tests; this is consistent with the null shift predicted by LPI. The result is based on precise comparisons of frequencies of four hydrogen masers maintained by NIST, with four independent Cs fountain clocks-one at NIST and three in Europe-as the Sun's gravitational potential at Earth's surface varies due to Earth's orbital eccentricity. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Frequency Stand Lab, Moscow 117924, Russia. RP Ashby, N (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM ashby@boulder.nist.gov RI Dudin, Yaroslav/E-3447-2010 NR 14 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 16 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 7 AR 070802 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.070802 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 136UT UT WOS:000244250300013 PM 17359010 ER PT J AU Fortier, TM Ashby, N Bergquist, JC Delaney, MJ Diddams, SA Heavner, TP Hollberg, L Itano, WM Jefferts, SR Kim, K Levi, F Lorini, L Oskay, WH Parker, TE Stalnaker, JE AF Fortier, T. M. Ashby, N. Bergquist, J. C. Delaney, M. J. Diddams, S. A. Heavner, T. P. Hollberg, L. Itano, W. M. Jefferts, S. R. Kim, K. Levi, F. Lorini, L. Oskay, W. H. Parker, T. E. Stalnaker, J. E. TI Precision atomic spectroscopy for improved limits on variation of the fine structure constant and local position invariance SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS; FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS; TIME-VARIATION; LASER; HG-199(+); NIST-F1 AB We report tests of local position invariance and the variation of fundamental constants from measurements of the frequency ratio of the 282-nm Hg-199(+) optical clock transition to the ground state hyperfine splitting in Cs-133. Analysis of the frequency ratio of the two clocks, extending over 6 yr at NIST, is used to place a limit on its fractional variation of < 5.8x10(-6) per change in normalized solar gravitational potential. The same frequency ratio is also used to obtain 20-fold improvement over previous limits on the fractional variation of the fine structure constant of vertical bar alpha/alpha vertical bar < 1.3x10(-16) yr(-1), assuming invariance of other fundamental constants. Comparisons of our results with those previously reported for the absolute optical frequency measurements in H and Yb-171(+) vs other Cs-133 standards yield a coupled constraint of -1.5x10(-15) similar to 0.5 and Ra-C > similar to 1100, a second form of instability develops, in which convection is confined to the lower layer. The analysis of marginal stability for layers with very different viscosities shows further that two modes of oscillatory instability exist, depending on the value of B. For B < 0.275, the entire lower layer is unstable, and wavelengths of perturbations that grow fastest are much larger than its thickness. For B > 0.275, only the bottom of the lower layer is buoyant, and instability occurs by its penetrating the upper part of the lower layer; the wavelengths of the perturbations that grow fastest are much smaller than those for B < 0.275, and the maximum frequency of oscillatory instability is much larger than that for B < 0.275. Oscillations in the laboratory experiments show that the heights to which plumes of the lower fluid rise into the upper one increase with the Rayleigh number. Moreover, in the finite-amplitude regime, the oscillation is not symmetrical. Plumes that reach maximum heights fall quickly, folding on themselves and entraining some of the upper fluid. Hence oscillatory convection provides a mechanism for mixing the fluids. Applied to the Earth, these results bear on the development of continental lithosphere, whose mantle part is chemically different from the underlying asthenosphere. As shown by the laboratory experiments and stability analysis, the lithosphere can be mechanically stable and in thermal equilibrium such that heat supplied by small-scale convection at the top of the asthenosphere is conducted through it. The lithosphere seems to have developed in a state near that of instability with different thicknesses depending on its intrinsic buoyancy. It may have grown not only by chemical differentiation during melting, but also by oscillatory convection entraining chemically denser material from the asthenosphere. C1 Inst Phys Globe, F-75252 Paris 05, France. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Jaupart, C (reprint author), Inst Phys Globe, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France. RI Claude, Jaupart/J-7016-2012 OI Claude, Jaupart/0000-0001-7961-0538 NR 59 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0022-1120 EI 1469-7645 J9 J FLUID MECH JI J. Fluid Mech. PD FEB 10 PY 2007 VL 572 BP 433 EP 469 DI 10.1017/S0022112006003521 PG 37 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 139MA UT WOS:000244434700021 ER PT J AU Herndon, SC Zahniser, MS Nelson, DD Shorter, J McManus, JB Jimenez, R Warneke, C de Gouw, JA AF Herndon, Scott C. Zahniser, Mark S. Nelson, David D., Jr. Shorter, Joanne McManus, J. Barry Jimenez, Rodrigo Warneke, Carsten de Gouw, Joost A. TI Airborne measurements of HCHO and HCOOH during the New England Air Quality Study 2004 using a pulsed quantum cascade laser spectrometer SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CONTINUOUS-WAVE; NITRIC-OXIDE; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; FORMIC-ACID; ISOPRENE; EMISSIONS; SPECTROSCOPY AB Atmospheric mixing ratios of formaldehyde and formic acid have been measured from the NOAA WP-3 aircraft during the New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS) of July and August 2004 using a newly developed quantum cascade laser (QCL) spectrometer operating at a wavelength of 5.6 mm. The laser operates in pulsed mode with thermoelectric cooling. The detection is based on direct absorption in a compact 76-m multiple pass absorption cell. The laser is swept over a 0.5 cm(-1) spectral region containing multiple lines of both HCHO and HCOOH. Absolute concentrations are retrieved by simultaneous spectral fitting routines with a detection limit (2 sigma) for HCHO of 0.3 parts in 10 9 (ppbv) with an averaging time of 60 s under stable flight conditions. HCHO mixing ratios in the range from 0.3 to 5 ppb were encountered during flight conditions. Some of the highest mixing ratios of HCHO were observed over heavily vegetated areas of Florida during the test flights where the ratios of HCHO to methacrolein and methyl vinyl ketone, measured by proton transfer mass spectroscopy, are consistent with formaldehyde production by isoprene oxidation. The highest mixing ratios of HCOOH, up to 10 ppbv, were observed in an aged forest fire plume encountered over northern Canada, in which ratios of HCOOH/CO are greater than previous observations, while the ratios of HCHO/CO are less than previous reports from forest fire plumes. Observations of HCHO/CO and HCOOH/CO in urban plumes are indicative of a mixture of sources from direct emissions and secondary oxidation of anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbons. The ability to measure both HCHO and HCOOH simultaneously is of value in assessing the oxidation mechanisms of atmospheric hydrocarbons and secondary organic aerosol formation and oxidation. C1 Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Herndon, SC (reprint author), Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. EM herndon@aerodyne.com RI Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; JIMENEZ, Rodrigo/0000-0002-8665-9484 NR 56 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 10 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10S03 DI 10.1029/2006JD007600 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 136DS UT WOS:000244203400002 ER PT J AU Nowak, JB Neuman, JA Kozai, K Huey, LG Tanner, DJ Holloway, JS Ryerson, TB Frost, GJ McKeen, SA Fehsenfeld, FC AF Nowak, J. B. Neuman, J. A. Kozai, K. Huey, L. G. Tanner, D. J. Holloway, J. S. Ryerson, T. B. Frost, G. J. McKeen, S. A. Fehsenfeld, F. C. TI A chemical ionization mass spectrometry technique for airborne measurements of ammonia SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TRANSFORM INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; NITRIC-ACID; SAVANNA FIRES; TRACE GASES; ACETIC-ACID; EMISSIONS; NH3; AIRCRAFT; SYSTEM; TROPOSPHERE AB A chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) utilizing protonated acetone dimer ion chemistry to measure gas-phase ammonia (NH3) from the NOAA WP-3D aircraft is described. The average sensitivity determined from in-flight standard addition calibrations ranged from 2.6 to 5 ion counts s(-1) pptv(-1), depending on flow conditions, for 1 MHz of reagent ion signal. The instrument time response was determined to be 5 s from the 2 e-folding signal decay time after removal of a standard addition calibration. The instrumental background varied from flight to flight ranging from 0.5 to 1.3 ppbv. The variability between successive background measurements ranged from 50 pptv to 100 pptv. Total uncertainty for the 5 s data was conservatively estimated to be +/-(30% +/- 125 pptv). Two NH3 sources were sampled during the New England Air Quality Study-Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation (NEAQS-ITCT) 2004 campaign, one urban and one agricultural. During the 25 July flight, enhancements in NH3 mixing ratios were coincident with enhancements in CO, NOx, and SO2 mixing ratios downwind of New York City. The NH3 mixing ratios in the urban outflow plume ranged from 0.4 to 1 ppbv, or enhancements of 0.2 to 0.8 ppbv above local background. During the 15 August flight, NH3 mixing ratios were enhanced 0.3 to 0.45 ppbv above local background directly downwind of an agricultural area northeast of Atlanta, Georgia. The NH3 CIMS instrument has shown the ability to measure sub-ppbv NH3 levels at high time resolution from an aircraft. C1 NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Harvey Mudd Coll, Dept Math, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. RP Nowak, JB (reprint author), NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Nowak, John/B-1085-2008; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Neuman, Andy/A-1393-2009; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Nowak, John/0000-0002-5697-9807; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; Neuman, Andy/0000-0002-3986-1727; NR 43 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 36 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 10 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10S02 DI 10.1029/2006JD007589 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 136DS UT WOS:000244203400001 ER PT J AU Thompson, AM Witte, JC Smit, HGJ Oltmans, SJ Johnson, BJ Kirchhoff, VWJH Schmidlin, FJ AF Thompson, Anne M. Witte, Jacquelyn C. Smit, Herman G. J. Oltmans, Samuel J. Johnson, Bryan J. Kirchhoff, Volker W. J. H. Schmidlin, F. J. TI Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) 1998-2004 tropical ozone climatology: 3. Instrumentation, station-to-station variability, and evaluation with simulated flight profiles SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; CATHODE SOLUTIONS; COLUMN OZONE; WAVE-ONE; ATLANTIC; TRENDS; OSCILLATION; POLLUTION; PARADOX AB The Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) project has collected more than 3000 ozone profiles from 14 tropical and subtropical sites using balloon-borne electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesondes flown with standard radiosondes. Published analysis of ozonesonde precision from SHADOZ profiles measured in 1998-2000 revealed that variations in ozonesonde technique might cause small station-to-station biases in the total ozone measurement. We present further evaluation of imprecisions and accuracy based on 1998-2004 SHADOZ data, results from laboratory simulations of ozonesonde flights, and a revised back-scattered ultraviolet algorithm, the TOMS version 8, 2004 release. The laboratory studies used standard ECC ozonesondes in a flight simulation chamber to evaluate techniques used at SHADOZ stations. Ozone deviations from a standard ozone instrument in the chamber tests resemble those of SHADOZ station data relative to a SHADOZ-defined climatological reference. Certain systematic variations in SHADOZ ozone profiles are accounted for by differences in solution composition, data processing, and instrument manufacturer. When SHADOZ total ozone column amounts are compared to the new TOMS algorithm, discrepancies between sonde and satellite decline 1-2 percentage points on average, compared to version 7 TOMS. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Res Ctr Julich, Inst Chem & Dynam Geosphere, Julich, Germany. NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, INPE CP 515, Lab Ozonio, Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Thompson, AM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM anne@met.psu.edu; witte@gavial.gsfc.nasa.gov; h.smit@fz-juelich.de; samuel.j.oltmans@noaa.gov; bryan.johnson@noaa.gov; kir@dge.inpe.br; fjs@osb1.wff.gsfc.gov RI Smit, Herman/J-2397-2012; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014 OI Smit, Herman/0000-0002-2268-4189; Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920 NR 35 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 9 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D3 AR D03304 DI 10.1029/2005JD007042 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 136DP UT WOS:000244203100002 ER PT J AU Verma, S Boucher, O Reddy, MS Upadhyaya, HC Le Van, P Binkowski, FS Sharma, OP AF Verma, Sunita Boucher, O. Reddy, M. S. Upadhyaya, H. C. Le Van, P. Binkowski, F. S. Sharma, O. P. TI Modeling and analysis of aerosol processes in an interactive chemistry general circulation model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ANTHROPOGENIC SULFATE AEROSOLS; GLOBAL 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; TROPOSPHERIC SULFUR CYCLE; COMMUNITY CLIMATE MODEL; CLOUD-WATER; CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; PARTICULATE MATTER; TRANSPORT MODEL; NATIONAL CENTER AB An "online'' aerosol dynamics and chemistry module is included in the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique general circulation model (LMDZ), so that the chemical species are advected at each dynamical time step and evolve through chemical and physical processes that have been parameterized consistently with the meteorology. These processes include anthropogenic and biogenic emissions, over 50 gas/aqueous phase chemical reactions, transport due to advection, vertical diffusion and convection, dry deposition and wet scavenging. We have introduced a size-resolved representation of aerosols which undergo various processes such as coagulation, nucleation and dry and wet scavenging. The model considers 16 prognostic tracers: water vapor, liquid water, dimethyl sulfide (DMS), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), dimethyl sulphoxide ( DMSO), methanesulphonic acid (MSA), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon ;monoxide ( CO), nitric acid (HNO3), ozone (O-3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sulfate mass and number for Aitken and accumulation modes. The scheme accounts for two-way interactions between tropospheric chemistry and aerosols. The oxidants and chemical species fields that represent the sulfate aerosol formation are evolved interactively with the model dynamics. A detailed description on the coupled climate-chemistry interactive module is presented with the evaluation of chemical species in winter and summer seasons. Aqueous phase reactions in cloud accounted for 71% of sulfate production rate, while only 45% of the sulfate burden in the troposphere is derived from in-cloud oxidation. C1 Indian Inst Technol, Ctr Atmospher Sci, New Delhi, India. Univ Sci & Technol Lille, CNRS, Opt Atmospher Lab, Villeneuve Dascq, France. NOAA Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Ecole Normale Super, Meteorol Dynam Lab, Paris, France. Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. RP Verma, S (reprint author), Indian Inst Technol, Ctr Atmospher Sci, New Delhi, India. RI Boucher, Olivier/J-5810-2012; Boucher, Olivier/K-7483-2012 OI Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769 NR 85 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 9 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D3 AR D03207 DI 10.1029/2005JD006077 PG 29 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 136DP UT WOS:000244203100001 ER PT J AU Obrecht, JM Wild, RJ Antezza, M Pitaevskii, LP Stringari, S Cornell, EA AF Obrecht, J. M. Wild, R. J. Antezza, M. Pitaevskii, L. P. Stringari, S. Cornell, E. A. TI Measurement of the temperature dependence of the Casimir-Polder force SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MU-M; RANGE; ATOMS AB We report on the first measurement of a temperature dependence of the Casimir-Polder force. This measurement was obtained by positioning a nearly pure Rb-87 Bose-Einstein condensate a few microns from a dielectric substrate and exciting its dipole oscillation. Changes in the collective oscillation frequency of the magnetically trapped atoms result from spatial variations in the surface-atom force. In our experiment, the dielectric substrate is heated up to 605 K, while the surrounding environment is kept near room temperature (310 K). The effect of the Casimir-Polder force is measured to be nearly 3 times larger for a 605 K substrate than for a room-temperature substrate, showing a clear temperature dependence in agreement with theory. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Trent, Dipartimento Fis, I-38050 Trento, Italy. CNR INFM BEC Ctr, I-38050 Trento, Italy. PL Kapitza Phys Problems Inst, Moscow 119334, Russia. RP Obrecht, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM john.obrecht@colorado.edu RI Wild, Robert/I-1963-2013; Antezza, Mauro/L-9392-2013; OI Wild, Robert/0000-0002-4800-5172; Antezza, Mauro/0000-0003-4540-5864; Stringari, Sandro/0000-0002-5960-0612 NR 28 TC 235 Z9 237 U1 1 U2 25 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 9 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 6 AR 063201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.063201 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 134XJ UT WOS:000244117400020 PM 17358936 ER PT J AU Diddams, SA Hollberg, L Mbele, V AF Diddams, Scott A. Hollberg, Leo Mbele, Vela TI Molecular fingerprinting with the resolved modes of a femtosecond laser frequency comb SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID BROAD-BAND CONTINUUM; WAVELENGTH DEMULTIPLEXER; SPECTROSCOPY; OSCILLATOR; PULSES AB The control of the broadband frequency comb(1) emitted from a mode-locked femtosecond laser has permitted a wide range of scientific and technological advances - ranging from the counting of optical cycles for next-generation atomic clocks(1,2) to measurements of phase-sensitive high-field processes(3). Aunique advantage of the stabilized frequency comb is that it provides, in a single laser beam, about a million optical modes with very narrow linewidths(4) and absolute frequency positions known to better than one part in 10(15) (ref. 5). One important application of this vast array of highly coherent optical fields is precision spectroscopy, in which a large number of modes can be used to map internal atomic energy structure and dynamics(6,7). However, an efficient means of simultaneously identifying, addressing and measuring the amplitude or relative phase of individual modes has not existed. Here we use a high-resolution disperser(8,9) to separate the individual modes of a stabilized frequency comb into a two-dimensional array in the image plane of the spectrometer. We illustrate the power of this technique for high-resolution spectral fingerprinting of molecular iodine vapour, acquiring in a few milliseconds absorption images covering over 6 THz of bandwidth with high frequency resolution. Our technique for direct and parallel accessing of stabilized frequency comb modes could find application in high-bandwidth spread-spectrum communications with increased security, high-resolution coherent quantum control, and arbitrary optical waveform synthesis(10) with control at the optical radian level. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. CSIR, NML, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Phys, ZA-2050 Wits, South Africa. RP Diddams, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sdiddams@boulder.nist.gov RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 22 TC 325 Z9 327 U1 11 U2 104 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD FEB 8 PY 2007 VL 445 IS 7128 BP 627 EP 630 DI 10.1038/nature05524 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 133UM UT WOS:000244039400039 PM 17287805 ER PT J AU Jacox, ME Thompson, WE AF Jacox, Marilyn E. Thompson, Warren E. TI Infrared spectroscopy and photochemistry of NCCN+ and CNCN+ trapped in solid neon SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DISSOCIATIVE ELECTRON-ATTACHMENT; VIBRATIONAL-SPECTRA; GAS-PHASE; PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; ROVIBRATIONAL ANALYSIS; ABSORPTION-SPECTRA; DIISOCYANOGEN CNNC; MATRIX-ISOLATION; BAND SYSTEMS; ISOCYANOGEN AB When a Ne:NCCN sample is codeposited at 4.3 K with neon atoms that have been excited in a microwave discharge, the infrared and near infrared spectra of the resulting deposit include a prominent peak at 1799.5 cm(-1), previously assigned to nu(3) of NCCN+, and several new absorptions at higher frequencies which are contributed by combination bands of ground-state NCCN+. The exposure of the deposit to near infrared and red light results in the appearance of two new absorptions which are attributed to CNCN+. The reverse isomerization occurs when the sample is exposed to near ultraviolet radiation, but the two new absorptions are regenerated upon subsequent irradiation with near infrared and red light. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jacox, ME (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD FEB 7 PY 2007 VL 126 IS 5 AR 054308 DI 10.1063/1.2433945 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 133WM UT WOS:000244044600017 PM 17302478 ER PT J AU Baker, JD Thompson, PM AF Baker, Jason D. Thompson, Paul M. TI Temporal and spatial variation in age-specific survival rates of a long-lived mammal, the Hawaiian monk seal SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Hawaiian monk seal; life history; survival; senescence; spatial variability; temporal variability ID TRICHECHUS-MANATUS-LATIROSTRIS; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; MCMURDO SOUND; LEPTONYCHOTES-WEDDELLII; MONACHUS-SCHAUINSLANDI; MARKED ANIMALS; FUR SEALS; SENESCENCE; ANTARCTICA; ABUNDANCE AB Estimates of variability in pinniped survival rates are generally based on observations at single sites, so it is not certain whether observed rates represent the whole population. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of spatio-temporal variation in age-specific survival rates for endangered Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) based on capture-recapture analyses of more than 85% of the pups weaned in this population over the last two decades. Uniquely, these data have been collected from six subpopulations, encompassing all major breeding sites across its 1800 km long core range. Analyses of individual subpopulations revealed similar patterns in age-specific survival, characterized by the relatively low survival rates from weaning to 2 years of age, intermediate rates to 4 years of age, and then by relatively high 'mature' survival rates until 17 years of age, after which a senescent decline was observed. Juvenile, subadult and adult survival rates all varied significantly over time. Trends in survival among subpopulations were coherent with their relative geographical positions, suggesting regional structuring and connectedness within the archipelago. Survival rates for different age classes tended to be positively correlated, suggesting that similar factors may influence the survival for seals of all ages. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Aberdeen, Sch Biol Sci, Cromarty IV11 8YJ, Ross, Scotland. RP Baker, JD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM jason.baker@noaa.gov RI Thompson, Paul /B-6742-2009 OI Thompson, Paul /0000-0001-6195-3284 NR 41 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 33 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 EI 1471-2954 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD FEB 7 PY 2007 VL 274 IS 1608 BP 407 EP 415 DI 10.1098/rspb.2006.3737 PG 9 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 124FV UT WOS:000243354100013 PM 17164205 ER PT J AU Lee, W Ni, SL Deng, JJ Kim, BS Satija, SK Mather, PT Esker, AR AF Lee, Woojin Ni, Suolong Deng, Jianjun Kim, Byoung-Suhk Satija, Sushil K. Mather, Patrick T. Esker, Alan R. TI Telechelic poly(ethylene glycol)-POSS amphiphiles at the air/water interface SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID AIR-WATER-INTERFACE; POLYHEDRAL OLIGOMERIC SILSESQUIOXANE; BREWSTER-ANGLE MICROSCOPY; VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES; TRISILANOLISOBUTYL-POSS; OXIDE) MONOLAYERS; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; BLENDS; NANOCOMPOSITES; FILMS AB Combining two non-surface-active building blocks, oligomeric poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and a completely hydrophobic polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) cage, creates amphiphilic telechelic polymers (POSS-PEG-POSS), which exhibit surface activity at the air/water (A/W) interface. POSS moieties serve as the hydrophobic groups for hydrophilic PEG chains of different number-average molar mass (1, 2, 3.4, 8, and 10 kg mol(-1)). For short PEG chains (1, 2, and 3.4 kg mol(-1)), insoluble monolayers form, whereas POSS end groups were not sufficiently hydrophobic to keep higher molar mass hydrophilic PEG blocks (8 and 10 kg mol(-1)) at the A/W interface. Thermodynamic analyses of the 1, 2, and 3.4 kg mol(-1) POSS-PEG-POSS via surface pressure-area per monomer isotherms indicate that the POSS end groups reside at the A/W interface and that the PEG chains are squeezed into the subphase with increasing surface pressure. This conclusion is supported by X-ray reflectivity studies on Y-type Langmuir-Blodgett multilayer films which reveal a double-layer structure with a double-layer spacing of about 3.52 nm. These findings provide a strategy for producing new surface active species from non-surface-active precursors. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Chem, Macromol & Interfaces Inst, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Chem Engn, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Univ Connecticut, Polymer Program, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Macromol Sci & Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Esker, AR (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Chem, Macromol & Interfaces Inst, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM aesker@vt.edu RI Kim, Byoung-Suhk/K-1573-2015 OI Kim, Byoung-Suhk/0000-0001-8070-3424 NR 47 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 5 U2 36 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD FEB 6 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 3 BP 682 EP 688 DI 10.1021/ma0618171 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 131AI UT WOS:000243839700038 ER PT J AU Kline, RJ DeLongchamp, DM Fischer, DA Lin, EK Heeney, M McCulloch, I Toney, MF AF Kline, R. Joseph DeLongchamp, Dean M. Fischer, Daniel A. Lin, Eric K. Heeney, Martin McCulloch, Iain Toney, Michael F. TI Significant dependence of morphology and charge carrier mobility on substrate surface chemistry in high performance polythiophene semiconductor films SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; POLYMERS AB The authors report a significant dependence of the morphology and charge carrier mobility of poly(2,5-bis(3-dodecylthiophene-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (pBTTT) films on the substrate surface chemistry upon heating into its liquid crystal phase. In contrast with films on bare silicon oxide surfaces, pBTTT films on oxide functionalized with octyltrichlorosilane exhibit substantial increases in the lateral dimensions of molecular terraces from nanometers to micrometers, increased orientational order, and higher charge carrier mobility. The large-scale crystallinity of this polymer plays an important role in the high carrier mobility observed in devices, but renders it more sensitive to substrate surface chemistry than other conjugated polymers. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Merck Chem, Southampton S016 7QD, Hants, England. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP DeLongchamp, DM (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joe.kline@nist.gov; deand@nist.gov RI Kline, Regis/B-8557-2008; Heeney, Martin/O-1916-2013 OI Heeney, Martin/0000-0001-6879-5020 NR 14 TC 87 Z9 87 U1 4 U2 45 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 5 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 6 AR 062117 DI 10.1063/1.2472533 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 135OG UT WOS:000244162300056 ER PT J AU Liang, C Lee, KF Medic, M Kumar, P Hadfield, RH Nam, SW AF Liang, Chuang Lee, Kim Fook Medic, Milja Kumar, Prem Hadfield, Robert H. Nam, Sae Woo TI Characterization of fiber-generated entangled photon pairs with superconducting single-photon detectors SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID DISPERSION-SHIFTED FIBER AB We demonstrate the suitability of fiber-generated entangled photon pairs for practical quantum communications in the telecom band by measuring their properties with superconducting single-photon detectors that produce negligible dark counts. The photon pairs are created in approximately 5-ps duration windows at 50 MHz rate while the detectors are operated in ungated free running mode. We obtain a coincidence to accidental- coincidence ratio > 80 with raw photon-counting data, i.e., without making any post-measurement corrections. Using a previously demonstrated counter-propagating scheme we also produce polarization-entangled photon pairs at 50-MHz rate, which in coincidence detection directly yield two-photon interference with a fringe visibility > 98%. C1 Northwestern Univ, Ctr Photon Commun & Comp, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Liang, C (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Ctr Photon Commun & Comp, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. EM liang@ece.northwestern.edu RI Kumar, Prem/B-6691-2009; Hadfield, Robert/L-8081-2013 OI Hadfield, Robert/0000-0002-8084-4187 NR 12 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD FEB 5 PY 2007 VL 15 IS 3 BP 1322 EP 1327 DI 10.1364/OE.15.001322 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 142WS UT WOS:000244682200064 PM 19532362 ER PT J AU Li, XF Zheng, WH Pichel, WG Zou, CZ Clemente-Colon, P AF Li, Xiaofeng Zheng, Weizhong Pichel, William G. Zou, Cheng-Zhi Clemente-Colon, Pablo TI Coastal katabatic winds imaged by SAR SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; BOUNDARY-LAYER; OCEAN; SATELLITE; SURFACE; SEA; FRONTS; ABOARD; ROLLS; MODEL AB Sea surface imprints of coastal katabatic winds are observed on a RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) standard mode image off the U. S. west coast taken on January 21, 2003. The katabatic wind pattern is shown in the SAR image as a striking finger-like bright-dark region that mirrors the coastal mountain topography. We simulate the low-level atmospheric circulation using the numerical weather model MM5 with a triply nested-grid technique. The model simulation reproduces the finger-like katabatic wind pattern at the SAR imaging time. Katabatic wind is strongest in the morning when the surface temperature gradient between ocean and land reaches a maximum. The sea surface wind simulated by the MM5 model and that derived from the calibrated SAR normalized radar cross section are in good agreement. The katabatic wind variation along the coastline is between 5 - 8 ms(-1), and the longest wind finger stretches over 20 km offshore. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Ctr Sci, IMSG, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Natl Ice Ctr, Washington, DC 20395 USA. RP Li, XF (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Ctr Sci, IMSG, ERA-3,Room 102,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM xiaofeng.li@noaa.gov RI Zou, Cheng-Zhi/E-3085-2010; Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010; Pichel, William/F-5619-2010; Li, Xiaofeng/B-6524-2008 OI Pichel, William/0000-0001-6332-0149; Li, Xiaofeng/0000-0001-7038-5119 NR 29 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 3 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 3 AR L03804 DI 10.1029/2006GL028055 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 133VE UT WOS:000244041200003 ER PT J AU Boyd, PW Jickells, T Law, CS Blain, S Boyle, EA Buesseler, KO Coale, KH Cullen, JJ de Baar, HJW Follows, M Harvey, M Lancelot, C Levasseur, M Owens, NPJ Pollard, R Rivkin, RB Sarmiento, J Schoemann, V Smetacek, V Takeda, S Tsuda, A Turner, S Watson, AJ AF Boyd, P. W. Jickells, T. Law, C. S. Blain, S. Boyle, E. A. Buesseler, K. O. Coale, K. H. Cullen, J. J. de Baar, H. J. W. Follows, M. Harvey, M. Lancelot, C. Levasseur, M. Owens, N. P. J. Pollard, R. Rivkin, R. B. Sarmiento, J. Schoemann, V. Smetacek, V. Takeda, S. Tsuda, A. Turner, S. Watson, A. J. TI Mesoscale iron enrichment experiments 1993-2005: Synthesis and future directions SO SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID ATLANTIC BLOOM EXPERIMENT; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOM; FERTILIZATION EXPERIMENT; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; DUST; LIMITATION; BIOMASS; GROWTH AB Since the mid-1980s, our understanding of nutrient limitation of oceanic primary production has radically changed. Mesoscale iron addition experiments (FeAXs) have unequivocally shown that iron supply limits production in one-third of the world ocean, where surface macronutrient concentrations are perennially high. The findings of these 12 FeAXs also reveal that iron supply exerts controls on the dynamics of plankton blooms, which in turn affect the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and sulfur and ultimately influence the Earth climate system. However, extrapolation of the key results of FeAXs to regional and seasonal scales in some cases is limited because of differing modes of iron supply in FeAXs and in the modern and paleo-oceans. New research directions include quantification of the coupling of oceanic iron and carbon biogeochemistry. C1 Univ Otago, Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res NIWA, Ctr Chem & Phys Oceanog, Dept Chem, Dunedin, New Zealand. Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. NIWA, Wellington, New Zealand. Lab Oceanog & Biogeochim, F-16288 Marseille 09, France. MIT, Dept Earth Atmosphere & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. Royal Netherlands Inst Sea Res, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands. Univ Libre Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Univ Laval, Dept Biol Quebec Ocean, Ste Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England. Univ Southampton, Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Ctr Ocean Sci, St John, NF A1C 5S7, Canada. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Ocean Res Inst, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. RP Boyd, PW (reprint author), Univ Otago, Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res NIWA, Ctr Chem & Phys Oceanog, Dept Chem, Dunedin, New Zealand. EM pboyd@alkali.otago.ac.nz RI Cullen, John/B-6105-2008; blain, stephane/F-6917-2010; Follows, Michael/G-9824-2011; Harvey, Mike/A-5354-2010; Boyd, Philip/J-7624-2014; Owens, Nicholas/B-6639-2015 OI Cullen, John/0000-0002-7740-0999; blain, stephane/0000-0002-5234-2446; Harvey, Mike/0000-0002-0979-0227; Boyd, Philip/0000-0001-7850-1911; Owens, Nicholas/0000-0003-4245-5858 NR 55 TC 632 Z9 658 U1 40 U2 350 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD FEB 2 PY 2007 VL 315 IS 5812 BP 612 EP 617 DI 10.1126/science.1131669 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 131YR UT WOS:000243909400033 PM 17272712 ER PT J AU Wu, H Hartman, MR Udovic, TJ Rush, JJ Zhou, W Bowman, RC Vajo, JJ AF Wu, Hui Hartman, Michael R. Udovic, Terrence J. Rush, John J. Zhou, Wei Bowman, Robert C., Jr. Vajo, John J. TI Structure of the novel ternary hydrides Li(4)Tt(2)D (Tt = Si and Ge) SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B-STRUCTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID X-RAY; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; POWDER DIFFRACTION; PHASE; SYSTEM; RINGS; ND AB The crystal structures of newly discovered Li4Ge2D and Li4Si2D ternary phases were solved by direct methods using neutron powder diffraction data. Both structures can be described using a Cmmm orthorhombic cell with all hydrogen atoms occupying Li-6-octahedral interstices. The overall crystal structure and the geometry of these interstices are compared with those of other related phases, and the stabilization of this novel class of ternary hydrides is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Nucl Engn & Radiat Hlth Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. LLC, HRL Labs, Malibu, CA 90265 USA. RP Wu, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM huiwu@nist.gov RI Wu, Hui/C-6505-2008; Zhou, Wei/C-6504-2008 OI Wu, Hui/0000-0003-0296-5204; Zhou, Wei/0000-0002-5461-3617 NR 25 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0108-7681 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR B JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B-Struct. Sci. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 63 BP 63 EP 68 DI 10.1107/S0108768106046465 PN 1 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 140QQ UT WOS:000244521100008 PM 17235195 ER PT J AU Choi, WB Li, L Luzin, V Neiser, R Gnaupel-Herold, T Prask, HJ Sampath, S Gouldstone, A AF Choi, W. B. Li, L. Luzin, V. Neiser, R. Gnaupel-Herold, T. Prask, H. J. Sampath, S. Gouldstone, A. TI Integrated characterization of cold sprayed aluminum coatings SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE cohesion; ductility; brittle coatings ID RESIDUAL-STRESS; INDENTATION; DEPOSITION; PARTICLES; CERAMICS; VELOCITY AB Cold spray (CS) technology is a recent development for producing dense, oxide-free metallic and cermet coatings with attributes not achievable by established atmospheric thermal spray (TS) techniques. Little or no thermal component (i.e. high temperature) is introduced in the CS process; deposit formation relies mainly on dynamic compaction as particles impact the substrate. In this paper, we discuss and evaluate the relationships between the microstructure, properties and residual stresses in CS Al coatings, combining indentation, dilatometry, resistivity measurements and neutron diffraction techniques. In addition, we provide mechanistic arguments for the evolution of such characteristics with post-deposit annealing. (c) 2006 Acta Materialia, Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Appl Syst & Mat Sci Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Gouldstone, A (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Mat Sci & Engn, Heavy Engn 130, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM bubbleraft@gmail.com OI Gnaupel-Herold, Thomas/0000-0002-8287-5091 NR 28 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 29 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 55 IS 3 BP 857 EP 866 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2006.09.006 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 167EX UT WOS:000246435100009 ER PT J AU Gao, RS Schwarz, JP Kelly, KK Fahey, DW Watts, LA Thompson, TL Spackman, JR Slowik, JG Cross, ES Han, JH Davidovits, P Onasch, TB Worsnop, DR AF Gao, R. S. Schwarz, J. P. Kelly, K. K. Fahey, D. W. Watts, L. A. Thompson, T. L. Spackman, J. R. Slowik, J. G. Cross, E. S. Han, J. -H. Davidovits, P. Onasch, T. B. Worsnop, D. R. TI A novel method for estimating light-scattering properties of soot aerosols using a modified single-particle soot photometer SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB A Single-Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) detects black refractory or elemental carbon (EC) in particles by passing them through an intense laser beam. The laser light heats EC in particles causing them to vaporize in the beam. Detection of wavelength-resolved thermal radiation emissions provides quantitative information on the EC mass of individual particles in the size range of 0.2-1 mu m diameter. Non-absorbing particles are sized based on the amount of light they scatter from the laser beam. The time series of the scattering;signal of a non-absorbing particle is a Gaussian, because the SP2 laser is in the TEM00 mode. Information on the scattering properties of externally and internally mixed EC particles as detected by the SP2 is lost in general, because each particle changes size, shape, and composition as it passes through the laser beam. Thus, scattered light from a sampled EC particle does not yield a full Gaussian waveform. A method for determining the scattering properties of EC particles using a two-element avalanche photodiode (APD) is described here. In this method, the Gaussian scattering function is constructed from the leading edge of the scattering signal (before the particle is perturbed by the laser), the Gaussian width, and the location of the leading edge in the beam derived from the two-element APD signal. The method allows an SP2 to determine the scattering properties of individual EC particles as well as the EC mass. Detection of polystyrene latex spheres, well-characterized EC particles with and without organic coatings, and Mie scattering calculations are used to validate the method. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Boston Coll, Dept Chem, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167 USA. Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. RP Gao, RS (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, 325 Broadway,R-CSD6, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM rushan.gao@noaa.gov RI Worsnop, Douglas/D-2817-2009; Slowik, Jay/F-4894-2011; schwarz, joshua/G-4556-2013; Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; Watts, Laurel/G-4532-2013; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Worsnop, Douglas/0000-0002-8928-8017; Slowik, Jay/0000-0001-5682-850X; schwarz, joshua/0000-0002-9123-2223; Watts, Laurel/0000-0002-0834-3329; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; NR 12 TC 88 Z9 91 U1 7 U2 38 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 41 IS 2 BP 125 EP 135 DI 10.1080/02786820601118398 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 140TJ UT WOS:000244529300003 ER PT J AU Schantz, MM Thomas, JB Poster, DL Sander, LC Wise, SA AF Schantz, Michele M. Thomas, Jeanice Brown Poster, Dianne L. Sander, Lane C. Wise, Stephen A. TI New solution standard reference materials for organic constituents SO AMERICAN LABORATORY LA English DT Article ID PCB MIXTURES; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology makes available a variety of solution standard reference materials that are useful for validating the chromatographic separations step, spiking samples, studying analytic recoveries, and determining response factors for organic constituents. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schantz, MM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Michele.schantz@nist.gov NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT SCIENTIFIC COMMUN INC PI SHELTON PA PO BOX 870, 30 CONTROLS DRIVE, SHELTON, CT 06484-0870 USA SN 0044-7749 J9 AM LAB JI Am. Lab. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 39 IS 3 BP 30 EP + PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 142HZ UT WOS:000244641400005 ER PT J AU Mahoney, CM Fahey, AJ Gillen, G AF Mahoney, Christine M. Fahey, Albert J. Gillen, Greg TI Temperature-controlled depth profiling of poly(methyl methacrylate) using cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry. 1. Investigation of depth profile characteristics SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID POLYMER SURFACES; TOF-SIMS; BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE PROBE; LB-LAYERS; BOMBARDMENT; FILMS; EMISSION; BEAMS; C-60; AR+ AB Secondary ion mass spectrometry employing an SF5+ polyatomic primary ion source was used to depth profile poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at a series of temperatures ranging from -75 degrees C to 125 degrees C, where the primary glass transition for PMMA occurs at 105 degrees C. The depth profile characteristics (e.g., interface widths, sputter rates, damage accumulation factors, normalized intensities, and overall secondary ion stability or constancy) were monitored as a function of temperature. It was found that, at low temperatures, the quality of the depth profiles improved considerably, having decreased damage accumulation, higher normalized intensities, and decreased interface widths, particularly at -75 degrees C. Higher temperatures were correlated with increased sputter rates. However, the improvements in interfacial widths and decreased damage accumulation were not as prevalent as observed at low temperatures. The importance of glass transition temperature (T-g) on the depth profile characteristics was also apparent. The resulting PMMA depth profile characteristics were compared with that of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), considered to be one of the more successful cases of polymer depth profiling (very low damage accumulation, high sputter rates, small interface widths). The measured interface widths and damage accumulation factors in PMMA characterized at low temperatures were comparable to PLA at room temperature. These results indicate that temperature is an important parameter in the sputtering of polymeric materials and should be optimized. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mahoney, CM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM christine.mahoney@nist.gov RI Fahey, Albert/C-5611-2015 NR 33 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD FEB 1 PY 2007 VL 79 IS 3 BP 828 EP 836 DI 10.1021/ac061356h PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 131AK UT WOS:000243839900002 ER PT J AU Mahoney, CM Fahey, AJ Gillen, G Xu, C Batteas, JD AF Mahoney, Christine M. Fahey, Albert J. Gillen, Greg Xu, Chang Batteas, James D. TI Temperature-controlled depth profiling of poly(methyl methacrylate) using cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry. 2. Investigation of sputter-induced topography, chemical damage, and depolymerization effects SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; THIN-FILMS; BOMBARDMENT; SIMS; PMMA; PROBE; BEAM AB Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) thin films (similar to 150 nm) on silicon were bombarded with SF5+ polyatomic primary ion projectiles at -75 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 125 degrees C. The crater bottoms were then characterized using a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). AFM results indicated increased sputter-induced topography formation in the order of -75 degrees C < 125 degrees C < 25 degrees C, consistent with earlier SIMS depth profile results which illustrated optimum depth profile characteristics at low temperatures and less favorable characteristics at room temperature.(1) XPS results indicated that there was a significant amount of C remaining at the crater bottom at 25 degrees C, suggesting that there is a large amount of organic material remaining despite the loss in characteristic PMMA secondary ion signal in the SIMS depth profile. Specifically, C/Si ratios increased in the following order: -75 degrees C < 125 degrees C < 25 degrees C, consistent with the trend in topography observed in the AFM results. High-resolution C(1s) spectra of the PMMA film indicated a decrease in the O-CO component with sputtering at both -75 degrees C and 25 degrees C. However, there was very little change in the C(1s) spectra in samples sputtered at 125 degrees C. This was determined to be a result of ion-induced depolymerization which is expected to occur at higher temperatures in PMMA. Residual gas analysis (RGA) gave results that were consistent with this hypothesis, showing increased amounts of PMMA monomer at higher temperatures. Principle components analysis (PCA) of SIMS spectra showed increased PMMA secondary ion intensities coupled with increased O signal in PMMA sputtered at 125 degrees C. Conversely, SIMS spectra acquired in the sputtered PMMA at -75 degrees C, and to a smaller degree at 25 degrees C, showed increased C signals, decreased O intensities, and the appearance of peaks indicative of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, all consistent with increased chemical damage. Overall, these results indicate that while there is increased damage occurring at -75 degrees C, there is still a significant improvement in the depth profile characteristics. It is concluded that the enhancement in low-temperature depth profiles in PMMA results mainly from the changes in the physical properties of the PMMA at low temperatures, yielding a significant reduction in sputter-induced topgraphy. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mahoney, CM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM christine.mahoney@nist.gov RI Fahey, Albert/C-5611-2015; Batteas, James/D-4144-2015 OI Batteas, James/0000-0002-6244-5000 NR 22 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD FEB 1 PY 2007 VL 79 IS 3 BP 837 EP 845 DI 10.1021/ac061357+ PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 131AK UT WOS:000243839900003 ER PT J AU Wilson, DK Ostashev, VE Collier, SL Symons, NP Aldridge, DF Marlin, DH AF Wilson, D. Keith Ostashev, Vladimir E. Collier, Sandra L. Symons, Neill P. Aldridge, David F. Marlin, David H. TI Time-domain calculations of sound interactions with outdoor ground surfaces SO APPLIED ACOUSTICS LA English DT Article DE outdoor sound propagation; noise barriers; turbulence ID POROUS-MEDIA; FINITE-DIFFERENCE; FLOW RESISTIVITY; PROPAGATION; IMPEDANCE; SIMULATION; EQUATIONS; MODELS; BOUNDARY AB A time-domain formulation for sound propagation in rigid-frame porous media, including waveform attenuation and dispersion, is developed. The new formulation is based on inversion of the relaxation functions from a previous model [Wilson DK, Ostashev VE, Collier SL. J Acoust Soc Am 2004; 116:1889-92], thereby casting the convolution integrals in a form amenable to numerical implementation. Numerical techniques are developed that accurately implement the relaxational equations and transparently reduce to previous results in low- and high-frequency limits. The techniques are demonstrated on calculations of outdoor sound propagation involving hills, barriers, and ground surfaces with various material properties. We also compare the relaxation formulation to a widely applied phenomenological model developed by Zwikker and Kosten. The two models can be made equivalent if the resistance constant, structure constant, and compression modulus in the ZK model are allowed to be weakly frequency dependent. But if the ZK parameters are taken to be constant, as is typically the case, the relaxation model provides more accurate calculations of attenuation by acoustically soft porous materials such as snow, gravel, and forest litter. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Phys, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. USA, Res Lab, AMSRD, ARL,C1,EE, Adelphi, MD 20783 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Geophys, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. USA, Res Lab, AMSRD, ARL,C1,EE, White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002 USA. RP Wilson, DK (reprint author), USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, 72 Lyme Rd, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. EM d.keith.wilson@erdc.usace.army.mil RI Wilson, D. Keith/A-4687-2012 OI Wilson, D. Keith/0000-0002-8020-6871 NR 27 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0003-682X J9 APPL ACOUST JI Appl. Acoust. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 68 IS 2 BP 173 EP 200 DI 10.1016/j.apacoust.2005.10.004 PG 28 WC Acoustics SC Acoustics GA 131GD UT WOS:000243855700003 ER PT J AU Pibida, L Nafee, SS Unterweger, M Hammond, MM Karam, L Abbas, MI AF Pibida, L. Nafee, S. S. Unterweger, M. Hammond, M. M. Karam, L. Abbas, M. I. TI Calibration of HPGe gamma-ray detectors for measurement of radioactive noble gas sources SO APPLIED RADIATION AND ISOTOPES LA English DT Article DE germanium detectors; gamma-ray spectrometry; data analysis; efficiency measurements; gas spheres ID ABSOLUTE PHOTOPEAK EFFICIENCY; SELF-ABSORPTION AB Measurements of radioactive noble gases are routinely made with gamma-ray spectrometers. This work describes the calibration of high purity germanium detectors provided by the full-energy-peak efficiency as a function of the gamma-ray energy. A comparison of measured efficiency values with a new, simplified method based on a direct mathematical method is given here. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. Univ Alexandria, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Alexandria 21121, Egypt. RP Pibida, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8462, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. EM leticia.pibida@nist.gov RI Nafee, Sherif/J-6067-2012; OI Abbas, Mahmoud Ibrahim/0000-0002-5256-0734 NR 11 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-8043 J9 APPL RADIAT ISOTOPES JI Appl. Radiat. Isot. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 65 IS 2 BP 225 EP 233 DI 10.1016/j.apradiso.2006.07.002 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 128PO UT WOS:000243670300011 PM 16945546 ER PT J AU Choquette, SJ Etz, ES Hurst, WS Blackburn, DH Leigh, SD AF Choquette, Steven J. Etz, Edgar S. Hurst, Wilbur S. Blackburn, Douglas H. Leigh, Stefan D. TI Relative intensity correction of Raman spectrometers: NIST SRMs 2241 through 2243 for 785 nm, 532 nm, and 488 nm/514.5 nm excitation SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE Standard Reference Material (R); Raman intensity standard; intensity calibration; optical filters; Raman spectroscopy; luminescence; intensity correction; spectral irradiance ID INSTRUMENT RESPONSE FUNCTION; DEPTH RESOLUTION; CALIBRATION; STANDARDS; MICROSCOPY; GLASSES AB Standard Reference Materials (R) SRMs 2241 through 2243 are certified spectroscopic standards intended for the correction of the relative intensity of Raman spectra obtained with instruments employing laser excitation wavelengths of 785 nm, 532 nm, or 488 nnt/514.5 nm. These SRMs each consist of an optical glass that emits a broadband luminescence spectrum when illuminated with the Raman excitation laser. The shape of the luminescence spectrum is described by a polynomial expression that relates the relative spectral intensity to the Raman shift with units in wavenumber (cm(-1)). This polynomial, together with a measurement of the luminescence spectrum of the standard, can be used to determine the spectral intensity-response correction, which is unique to each Raman system. The resulting instrument intensity-response correction may then be used to obtain Raman spectra that are corrected for a number of, but not all, instrument-dependent artifacts. Peak area ratios of the intensity-corrected Raman spectrum of cyclohexane are presented as an example of a methodology to validate the spectral intensity calibration process and to illustrate variations that can occur in this measurement. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Choquette, SJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM steven.choquette@nist.gov NR 23 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 17 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 61 IS 2 BP 117 EP 129 DI 10.1366/000370207779947585 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 137CJ UT WOS:000244270100001 PM 17331302 ER PT J AU Zheng, J Swall, JL Cox, WM Davis, JM AF Zheng, Junyu Swall, Jenise L. Cox, William M. Davis, Jerry M. TI Interannual variation in meteorologically adjusted ozone levels in the eastern United States: A comparison of two approaches SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ozone trends; dynamic linear model; generalized additive model; meteorological adjustment; principal components analysis ID TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; MODEL; TRENDS AB Assessing the influence of abatement efforts and other human activities on ozone levels is complicated by the atmosphere's changeable nature. Two statistical methods, the dynamic linear model (DLM) and the generalized additive model (GAM), are used to estimate ozone trends in the eastern United States and to adjust for meteorological effects. The techniques and resulting estimates are compared and contrasted for four monitoring locations chosen through principal components analysis to represent regional patterns of ozone concentrations. After adjustment for meteorological influence, overall downward trends are evident at all four locations from 1997 to 2004. The results indicate that the two methods' estimates of ozone changes agree well. When such estimates are needed quickly, or when many similar, but separate analyses are required, the ease of implementation and relative simplicity of the GAMs are attractive. The DLMs are much more flexible, readily addressing such issues as autocorrelation, the presence of missing values, and estimation of long-term trends or cyclical patterns. Implementation of DLMs, however, is typically more difficult, and especially in the absence of an experienced practitioner, they may be better reserved for in-depth analyses. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Atmospher Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Air Qual Assessment Div, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Swall, JL (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Jenise.Swall@noaa.gov OI Swall, Jenise/0000-0001-8728-5771 NR 20 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 41 IS 4 BP 705 EP 716 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.09.010 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 133OT UT WOS:000244022900003 ER PT J AU Draxler, RR AF Draxler, Roland R. TI Demonstration of a global modeling methodology to determine the relative importance of local and long-distance sources SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE global dispersion model; long-range transport; Krypton-85; Savannah river plant; ACURATE; HYSPLIT ID TRANSPORT MODEL; KR-85; (85)KRYPTON; DISPERSION; CHEMISTRY AB A global three-dimensional (3D) transport-dispersion model was used to simulate Krypton-85 (Kr-85) background concentrations at five sampling locations along the US cast coast during 1982-1983. The samplers were established to monitor the 85Kr plume downwind of the Savannah river plant (SRP), a nuclear fuel reprocessing facility. The samplers were located 300-1000 km downwind of the SRP. In the original analyses of the measurements, a constant background concentration, representing an upper-limit and different for each sampling station, was subtracted from the measurements to obtain the part of the measurement representing the SRP plume. The use of a 3D global model, which includes all major Kr-85 sources worldwide, was able to reproduce the day-to-day concentration background variations at the sampling locations with correlation coefficients of 0.36-0.46. These 3D model background predictions, without including the nearby SRP source, were then subtracted from the measured concentrations at each sampler, the result representing the portion of the measurement that can be attributed to emissions from the SRP. The revised plume estimates were a factor of 1.3-2.4 times higher than from the old method using a constant background subtraction. The greatest differences in the SRP plume estimates occurred at the most distant sampling stations. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Labs, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Draxler, RR (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Labs, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM roland.draxler@noaa.gov NR 19 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 41 IS 4 BP 776 EP 789 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.052 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 133OT UT WOS:000244022900009 ER PT J AU Brooks, HE Anderson, AR Riemann, K Ebbers, I Flachs, H AF Brooks, Harold E. Anderson, Aaron R. Riemann, Kathrin Ebbers, Irina Flachs, Heather TI Climatological aspects of convective parameters from the NCAR/NCEP reanalysis SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Conference on Severe Storms (ECSS 2004) CY NOV, 2004 CL Leon, SPAIN DE thunderstorms; tornadoes; forecasting; climate ID SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AB Annual cycles of convectively important atmospheric parameters have been computed for a variety of from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)/National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) global reanalysis, using 7 years of reanalysis data. Regions in the central United States show stronger seasonality in combinations of thermodynamic parameters than found elsewhere in North America or Europe. As a result, there is a period of time in spring and early summer when climatological mean conditions are supportive of severe thunderstorms. The annual cycles help in understanding the large-scale processes that lead to the combination of atmospheric ingredients necessary for strong convection. This, in turn, lays groundwork for possible changes in distribution of the environments associated with possible global climate change. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, FRDD, Natl Weather Ctr, NSSL, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. No Illinois Univ, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. RP Brooks, HE (reprint author), NOAA, FRDD, Natl Weather Ctr, NSSL, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM Harold.Brooks@noaa.gov NR 11 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0169-8095 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 83 IS 2-4 BP 294 EP 305 DI 10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.08.005 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 142BB UT WOS:000244622400017 ER PT J AU Setvak, M Rabin, RM Wang, PK AF Setvak, Martin Rabin, Robert M. Wang, Pao K. TI Contribution of the MODIS instrument to observation of deep convective stonns and stratospheric moisture detection in GOES and MSG imagery SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Conference on Severe Storms (ECSS 2004) CY NOV, 2004 CL Leon, SPAIN DE convective storms; cloud top microphysics; stratospheric moisture; MODIS; SEVIRI; MSG; GOES ID SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; TOP; STORMS; THUNDERSTORM; METEOSAT; PLUMES AB Past studies based on the NOAA/AVHRR and GOES I-M imager instruments have documented the link between certain storm top features referred to as the "cold-U/V" shape in the 10-12 mu m IR band imagery and plumes of increased 3.7/3.9 mu m band reflectivity. Later, similar features in the 3.7/3.9 gm band have been documented in the AVHRR/3 1.6 mu m band imagery. The present work focuses on storm top observations utilizing the MODIS data. The MODIS instrument (available onboard NASA's EOS Terra and Aqua satellites) provides image data with significantly better geometrical resolution (in some of its bands) and broader range of spectral bands as compared to that from AVHRR/3 observations. One of the goals of this study is to evaluate the contribution of this new instrument to observations of convective storm tops. Besides the cloud top features linked to storm top microphysics and morphology, the paper also addresses the possibility of detection of lower stratospheric water vapor above cold convective storm tops. This issue is explored utilizing MODIS as well as GOES and MSG imagery. In addition, the paper discusses an alternative interpretation of the "cold-U/V" patterns at the top of intense storms by a mechanism of "plume masking" as suggested by some of the observations. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CHMI, Satellite Dept, CZ-14306 Prague 4, Czech Republic. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Setvak, M (reprint author), CHMI, Satellite Dept, Sabatce 17, CZ-14306 Prague 4, Czech Republic. EM setvak@chmi.cz NR 22 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0169-8095 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 83 IS 2-4 BP 505 EP 518 DI 10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.09.015 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 142BB UT WOS:000244622400035 ER PT J AU Harcourt, RG Kingston, JJ Cameron, MF Waas, JR Hindell, MA AF Harcourt, R. G. Kingston, J. J. Cameron, M. F. Waas, J. R. Hindell, M. A. TI Paternity analysis shows experience, not age, enhances mating success in an aquatically mating pinniped, the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) SO BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AND SOCIOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE paternity; Weddell seal; mating success; polygyny; experience ID MCMURDO-SOUND; HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS; GREY SEAL; UNDERWATER VOCALIZATIONS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; PHOCA-VITULINA; ELEPHANT SEALS; HARBOR SEALS; FUR SEALS AB For polygynous mammals with no paternal care, the number of offspring sired is often the sole measure of male reproductive success. The potential for polygyny is highest when resources or other environmental factors such as restricted breeding sites force females to aggregate. In these circumstances, males compete intensely for females and mating success may vary greatly among males, further intensifying selection for those traits that confer an advantage in reproduction. Hence, determinants of male success in competition for females are likely to be under strong sexual selection. Paternity analysis was used in conjunction with measures of age, site fidelity, and behavior during the breeding season to assess variance in male breeding success in Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) breeding at Turtle Rock, McMurdo Sound (77.727S, 166.85E) between 1997 and 2000. Paternity could be assigned to 177 pups at relaxed or 80% confidence level or 111 pups at strict or 95% confidence levels. Weddell seals at Turtle Rock show a modest degree of polygyny with the greatest number of pups sired by any individual male in a single season equalling 5 or similar to 10% of the pups born. Over four consecutive years, most (89.2%) males sired at least one pup. In a generalized linear model (GLM), age and the age first seen at the study site as an adult were unrelated to mating success, but adult experience, either site-specific or elsewhere in McMurdo Sound, over the reproductive life span of males explained nearly 40% of variance in total mating success with 80% confidence and 24% of variance at 95% confidence. While learning where females are likely to be may enhance male reproductive success, aquatic mating reduces the ability of males to monopolize females, and thereby increases equity in mating success. C1 Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Marine Mammal Res Grp, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Waikato, Dept Biol Sci, Hamilton, New Zealand. Univ Tasmania, Dept Zool, Antarct Wildlife Res Unit, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. RP Harcourt, RG (reprint author), Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Marine Mammal Res Grp, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. EM rharcour@gse.mq.edu.au RI Sinclair, Jennifer/C-4625-2008; Hindell, Mark/C-8368-2013; Hindell, Mark/K-1131-2013; OI Hindell, Mark/0000-0002-7823-7185 NR 56 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 4 U2 24 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0340-5443 J9 BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL JI Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 61 IS 4 BP 643 EP 652 DI 10.1007/s00265-006-0294-x PG 10 WC Behavioral Sciences; Ecology; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 128HS UT WOS:000243649400016 ER PT J AU Elliott, JT Woodward, JT Umarji, A Mei, Y Tona, A AF Elliott, John T. Woodward, John T. Umarji, Anita Mei, Ying Tona, Alessandro TI The effect of surface chemistry on the formation of thin films of native fibrillar collagen SO BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE collagen structure; protein adsorption; surface modification; AFM; micropatterning; smooth muscle cells ID PROTEIN ADSORPTION; ADSORBED COLLAGEN; MODEL SURFACES; PROLIFERATION; ORGANIZATION; FIBRONECTIN; MONOLAYERS; ADHESION; REORGANIZATION; CONTACT AB In this study, we used well-defined, homogeneous, gradient and patterned substrates to explore the effects of surface chemistry on the supramolecular structure of adsorbed type 1 collagen. Type 1 collagen (320 mu g/mL) was allowed to adsorb onto self-assembled CH3-, COOH-, NH2- and OH-terminated alkylthiolate monolayers at 37 degrees C. Atomic force microscopy, ellipsometry and phase microscopy indicated that large supramolecular collagen fibril structures (approximately 200 rim in diameter, several microns long) assembled only at the hydrophobic CH3-terminated surfaces. By varying the surface energy using a mixture of OH- and CH3-terminated thiols during monolayer formation, we found that large fibril assembly occurred at surfaces with a water contact angle above 83, but not on surfaces with a water contact angle below 63 degrees. Examining a surface with a linear hydrophobicity gradient revealed that the assembly of large collagen fibrils requires a hydrophobic surface with a water contact angle of at least 78 degrees. Collagen fibril density increased over a narrow range of surface energy and reached near-maximum density on surfaces with a water contact angle of 87 degrees. These studies confirm that the supramolecular structure of adsorbed collagen is highly dependent on the underlying substrate surface chemistry. We can take advantage of this dependency to pattern areas of fibrillar and non-fibrillar collagen on a single surface. Morphology studies with vascular smooth muscle cells indicated that only collagen films formed on hydrophobic substrates mimicked the biological properties of fibrillar collagen gels. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SAIC, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Elliott, JT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jelliott@nist.gov NR 27 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9612 J9 BIOMATERIALS JI Biomaterials PD FEB PY 2007 VL 28 IS 4 BP 576 EP 585 DI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.09.023 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 120CE UT WOS:000243060400002 PM 17049596 ER PT J AU Morris, V Yu, TW Joseph, E Armstrong, R Fitzgerald, R Karim, R Liang, XZ Min, Q AF Morris, V. Yu, T-W Joseph, E. Armstrong, R. Fitzgerald, R. Karim, R. Liang, X. -Z. Min, Q. TI The NOAA Center for Atmospheric Sciences (NCAS) - Programs and achievements SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT News Item C1 Howard Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, NOAA, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR 00708 USA. Univ Texas, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. Jackson State Univ, Jackson, MS 39217 USA. Univ Illinois, Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. SUNY Albany, Albany, NY 12222 USA. RP Morris, V (reprint author), Howard Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, NOAA, HURB-1,1840 7th St NW, Washington, DC 20059 USA. EM vmorris@howard.edu NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 88 IS 2 BP 141 EP 146 DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-2-141 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 145RG UT WOS:000244881600007 ER PT J AU Rink, T Menzel, WP Antonelli, P Whittaker, T Baggett, K Gumley, L Huang, A AF Rink, Tom Menzel, W. Paul Antonelli, Paolo Whittaker, Tom Baggett, Kevin Gumley, Liam Huang, Allen TI Introducing HYDRA - A multispectral data analysis toolkit SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MODIS AB A freeware-based multispectral data analysis tool kit for satellite data has been developed to assist research and development of remote-sensing applications as well as education and training of remote-sensing scientists; it is called HYDRA-HYper-spectral data viewer for Development of Research Applications. HYDRA provides a fast and flexible interface that allows users to explore and visualize relationships between radiances (or reflectances and brightness temperatures) and wavelength (or wavenumber) using spectra diagrams, cross sections, scatter plots, multichannel combinations, and color enhancements on a pixel-by-pixel basis with full access to the underlying metadata of location and time. HYDRA enables interrogation of multispectral (and hyperspectral) fields of data so that a) pixel location and spectral measurement values can be easily displayed; b) spectral channels can be combined in linear functions and the resulting images displayed; c) false color images can be constructed from multiple channel combinations; d) scatter plots of spectral channel combinations can be viewed; e) pixels in images can be found in scatter plots, and vice versa; f) transects of measurements can be displayed; and g) soundings of temperature and moisture as well as spectra from selected pixels can be compared. The World Meteorological Organization has added HYDRA to its Virtual Laboratory for Satellite Training and Data Utilization to enable research with satellite data and to enhance training capabilities. The Virtual Laboratory is designed to provide the instructors and students with a set of easy-to-use tools for creating and conducting training sessions. HYDRA is now part of this international tool kit. This paper describes some of the procedures for displaying multispectral data using HYDRA and presents some examples with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) data. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Satellite & Informat Serv, ORA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI USA. RP Menzel, WP (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Satellite & Informat Serv, ORA, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM Paul.Menzel@noaa.gov RI Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011 OI Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 88 IS 2 BP 159 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-2-159 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 145RG UT WOS:000244881600015 ER PT J AU Warner, T Benda, P Swerdlin, S Knievel, J Argenta, E Aronian, B Balsley, B Bowers, J Carter, R Clark, P Clawson, K Copeland, J Crook, A Frehlich, R Jensen, M Liu, YB Mayor, S Meillier, Y Morley, B Sharman, R Spuler, S Storwold, D Sun, JZ Weil, J Xu, M Yates, A Zhang, Y AF Warner, Thomas Benda, Paul Swerdlin, Scott Knievel, Jason Argenta, Edward Aronian, Bryan Balsley, Ben Bowers, James Carter, Roger Clark, Pamela Clawson, Kirk Copeland, Jeff Crook, Andrew Frehlich, Rod Jensen, Michael Liu, Yubao Mayor, Shane Meillier, Yannick Morley, Bruce Sharman, Robert Spuler, Scott Storwold, Donald Sun, Juanzhen Weil, Jeffrey Xu, Mei Yates, Al Zhang, Ying TI The Pentagon shield field program - Toward critical infrastructure protection SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID URBAN-ENVIRONMENT; BOUNDARY-LAYER; LIDAR; MODEL; TEMPERATURE; TURBULENCE; WIND AB The Pentagon, and its 25,000+ occupants, represents a likely target for a future terrorist attack using chemical, biological, or radiological material released into the atmosphere. Motivated by this, a building-protection system, called Pentagon Shield, is being developed and deployed by a number of government, academic, and private organizations. The system consists of a variety of data-assimilation and forecast models that resolve processes from the mesoscale to the city scale to the building scale, and assimilate meteorological and contaminant data that are measured by remote and in situ sensors. This paper reports on a field program that took place in 2004 in the area of the Pentagon, where the aim was to provide meteorological data and concentration data from tracer releases, and to support the development and evaluation of the system. In particular, the results of the field program are being used to improve our understanding of urban meteorological processes, verify the overall effectiveness of the operational building protection system, and verify the skill of the component meteorological, and transport and dispersion, modeling systems. Based on the experience gained in this project, it will be more straightforward to develop similar systems to protect other high-profile facilities against the accidental or intentional release of hazardous material into the atmosphere. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, RAL, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Pentagon Force Protect Agcy, Arlington, VA USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. USA, Dugway, UT USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Field Res Div, Idaho Falls, ID USA. USA, Res Lab, Adelphi, MD USA. RP Warner, T (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, RAL, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM warner@ucar.edu RI Clawson, Kirk/C-5910-2016 OI Clawson, Kirk/0000-0002-8789-9607 NR 18 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 88 IS 2 BP 167 EP 176 DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-2-167 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 145RG UT WOS:000244881600016 ER PT J AU Turner, DD Vogelmann, AM Austin, RT Barnard, JC Cady-Pereira, K Chiu, JC Clough, SA Flynn, C Khaiyer, MM Liljegren, J Johnson, K Lin, B Long, C Marshak, A Matrosov, SY McFarlane, SA Miller, M Min, Q Minnis, F O'Hirok, W Wang, Z Wiscombe, W AF Turner, D. D. Vogelmann, A. M. Austin, R. T. Barnard, J. C. Cady-Pereira, K. Chiu, J. C. Clough, S. A. Flynn, C. Khaiyer, M. M. Liljegren, J. Johnson, K. Lin, B. Long, C. Marshak, A. Matrosov, S. Y. McFarlane, S. A. Miller, M. Min, Q. Minnis, F. O'Hirok, W. Wang, Z. Wiscombe, W. TI Thin liquid water clouds - Their importance and our challenge SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-LAYER CLOUDS; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING LIDAR; GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS; IN-SITU; MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; OPTICAL-THICKNESS; RETRIEVALS; RADAR; SURFACE; MODELS AB Many of the clouds important to the Earth's energy balance, from the Tropics to the Arctic, contain small amounts of liquid water. Longwave and shortwave radiative fluxes are very sensitive to small perturbations of the cloud liquid water path (LWP), when the LWP is small (i.e., < 100 g m(-2); clouds with LWP less than this threshold will be referred to as "thin"). Thus, the radiative properties of these thin liquid water clouds must be well understood to capture them correctly in climate models. We review the importance of these thin clouds to the Earth's energy balance, and explain the difficulties in observing them. In particular, because these clouds are thin,, potentially mixed phase, and often broken (i.e., have large 3D variability), it is challenging to retrieve their microphysical properties accurately. We describe a retrieval algorithm intercomparison that was conducted to evaluate the issues involved. The intercomparison used data collected at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site and included 18 different algorithms to evaluate their retrieved LWP, optical depth, and effective radii. Surprisingly, evaluation of the simplest case, a single-layer meteorological, and transport and dispersion, modeling systems. Based on the experience gained in this project, it will be more straightforward to develop similar systems to protect other high-profile facilities against the accidental or intentional release of hazardous material into the atmosphere. (Page 167) overcast stratocumulus, revealed that huge discrepancies exist among the various techniques, even among different algorithms that are in the same general classification. This suggests that, despite considerable advances that have occurred in the field, much more work must be done, and we discuss potential avenues for future research. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. AS&M, Hampton, VA USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. SUNY Albany, Albany, NY 12222 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Assoc Univ Inc, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Turner, DD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM dturner@ssec.wisc.edu RI McFarlane, Sally/C-3944-2008; Wang, Zhien/F-4857-2011; Wiscombe, Warren/D-4665-2012; Chiu, Christine/E-5649-2013; Marshak, Alexander/D-5671-2012; Vogelmann, Andrew/M-8779-2014 OI Wiscombe, Warren/0000-0001-6844-9849; Chiu, Christine/0000-0002-8951-6913; Vogelmann, Andrew/0000-0003-1918-5423 NR 56 TC 106 Z9 107 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 88 IS 2 BP 177 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-2-177 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 145RG UT WOS:000244881600017 ER PT J AU Comstock, JM d'Entremont, R DeSlover, D Mace, GG Matrosov, SY McFarlane, SA Minnis, P Mitchell, D Sassen, K Shupe, MD Turner, DD Wang, Z AF Comstock, Jennifer M. d'Entremont, Robert DeSlover, Daniel Mace, Gerald G. Matrosov, Sergey Y. McFarlane, Sally A. Minnis, Patrick Mitchell, David Sassen, Kenneth Shupe, Matthew D. Turner, David D. Wang, Zhien TI An intercomparison of microphysical retrieval algorithms for upper-tropospheric ice clouds SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DISCRETE-ORDINATE-METHOD; VISIBLE OPTICAL DEPTH; CIRRUS CLOUDS; WATER-CONTENT; RADAR MEASUREMENTS; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE; MILLIMETER RADAR; INFRARED RADIOMETER; COMBINED LIDAR AB The large horizontal extent, with its location in the cold upper troposphere, and ice composition make cirrus clouds important modulators of the Earth's radiation budget and climate. Cirrus cloud microphysical properties are difficult to measure and model because they are inhomogeneous in nature and their ice crystal size distribution and habit are not well characterized. Accurate retrievals of cloud properties are crucial for improving the representation of cloud-scale processes in large-scale models and for accurately predicting the Earth's future climate. A number of passive and active remote sensing retrieval algorithms exist for estimating the microphysical properties of upper-tropospheric clouds. We believe significant progress has been made in the evolution of these retrieval algorithms in the last decade; however, there is room for improvement. Members of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program Cloud Properties Working Group are involved in an intercomparison of optical depth (tau) and ice water path in ice clouds retrieved using ground-based instruments. The goals of this intercomparison are to evaluate the accuracy of state-of-the-art algorithms, quantify the uncertainties, and make recommendations for their improvement. Currently, there are significant discrepancies among the algorithms for ice clouds with very small optical depths (tau < 0.3) and those with 1 < tau < 5. The good news is that for thin clouds (0.3 < tau < 1), the algorithms tend to converge. In this first stage of the intercomparison, we present results from a representative case study, compare the retrieved cloud properties with aircraft and satellite measurements, and perform a radiative closure experiment to begin gauging the accuracy of these retrieval algorithms. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV USA. Univ Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. Univ Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Comstock, JM (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999,MSIN K9-24, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM jennifer.comstock@pnl.gov RI McFarlane, Sally/C-3944-2008; Wang, Zhien/F-4857-2011; Minnis, Patrick/G-1902-2010; Shupe, Matthew/F-8754-2011 OI Minnis, Patrick/0000-0002-4733-6148; Shupe, Matthew/0000-0002-0973-9982 NR 73 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 88 IS 2 BP 191 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-2-191 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 145RG UT WOS:000244881600018 ER PT J AU Verlinde, J Harrington, JY McFarquhar, GM Yannuzzi, VT Avramov, A Greenberg, S Johnson, N Zhang, G Poellot, MR Mather, JH Turner, DD Eloranta, EW Zak, BD Prenni, AJ Daniel, JS Kok, GL Tobin, DC Holz, R Sassen, K Spangenberg, D Minnis, P Tooman, TP Ivey, MD Richardson, SJ Bahrmann, CP Shupe, M DeMott, PJ Heymsfield, AJ Schofield, R AF Verlinde, J. Harrington, J. Y. McFarquhar, G. M. Yannuzzi, V. T. Avramov, A. Greenberg, S. Johnson, N. Zhang, G. Poellot, M. R. Mather, J. H. Turner, D. D. Eloranta, E. W. Zak, B. D. Prenni, A. J. Daniel, J. S. Kok, G. L. Tobin, D. C. Holz, R. Sassen, K. Spangenberg, D. Minnis, P. Tooman, T. P. Ivey, M. D. Richardson, S. J. Bahrmann, C. P. Shupe, M. DeMott, P. J. Heymsfield, A. J. Schofield, R. TI The mixed-phase Arctic cloud experiment SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID POLAR PATHFINDER DATASET; RADIATION PROPERTIES; ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION; RESOLVING SIMULATIONS; BOUNDARY-LAYERS; STRATUS CLOUDS; DOPPLER RADAR; RECENT TRENDS; ICE CRYSTALS; BEAUFORT SEA AB The Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M-PACE) was conducted from 27 September through 22 October 2004 over the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility (ACRF) on the North Slope of Alaska. The primary objectives were to collect a dataset suitable to study interactions between microphysics, dynamics, and radiative transfer in mixed-phase Arctic clouds, and to develop/evaluate cloud property retrievals from surface- and satellite-based remote sensing instruments. Observations taken during the 1977/98 Surface Heat and Energy Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) experiment revealed that Arctic clouds frequently consist of one (or more) liquid layers precipitating ice. M-PACE sought to investigate the physical processes of these clouds by utilizing two aircraft (an in situ aircraft to characterize the microphysical properties of the clouds and a remote sensing aircraft to constraint the upwelling radiation) over the ACRF site on the North Slope of Alaska. The measurements successfully documented the microphysical structure of Arctic mixed-phase clouds, with multiple in situ profiles collected in both single- and multilayer clouds over two ground-based remote sensing sites. Liquid was found in clouds with cloud-top temperatures as cold as -30 degrees C, with the, coldest cloud-top temperature warmer than -40 degrees C sampled by the aircraft. Remote sensing instruments suggest that ice was present in low concentrations, mostly concentrated in precipitation shafts, although there are indications of light ice precipitation present below the optically thick single-layer clouds. The prevalence of liquid down to these low temperatures potentially could be explained by the relatively low measured ice nuclei concentrations. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ N Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Measurement Techol Inc, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. Serv & Mat Inc, Hampton, VA USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Verlinde, J (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM verlinde@meteo.psu.edu RI Schofield, Robyn/A-4062-2010; Prenni, Anthony/A-6820-2011; DeMott, Paul/C-4389-2011; Daniel, John/D-9324-2011; Heymsfield, Andrew/E-7340-2011; Minnis, Patrick/G-1902-2010; Shupe, Matthew/F-8754-2011; Johnson, Nathaniel/L-8045-2015; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Schofield, Robyn/0000-0002-4230-717X; McFarquhar, Greg/0000-0003-0950-0135; DeMott, Paul/0000-0002-3719-1889; Minnis, Patrick/0000-0002-4733-6148; Shupe, Matthew/0000-0002-0973-9982; Johnson, Nathaniel/0000-0003-4906-178X; NR 49 TC 143 Z9 143 U1 5 U2 39 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 88 IS 2 BP 205 EP 221 DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-2-205 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 145RG UT WOS:000244881600019 ER PT J AU Salazar, W Sardina, V de Cortina, J AF Salazar, Walter Sardina, Victor de Cortina, Jon TI A hybrid inversion technique for the evaluation of source, path, and site effects employing S-wave spectra for subduction and upper-crustal earthquakes in El Salvador SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID AMPLIFICATION; GEOLOGY; SURFACE; MOTION AB We propose a hybrid inversion analysis (HIA) technique aimed at incorporating earthquakes from different seismogenic sources in one single inversion scheme. The application of this technique provides estimations of the source, path, and site effects at 23 strong-motion stations in El Salvador, Central America. The strong-motion dataset comprises 404 triaxial accelerograms corresponding to 63 subduction and upper-crustal earthquakes with Ms magnitudes between 3.0 and 7.8. Application of the HIA technique reveals: (1) good matching of the estimated source spectra with those derived from the 0)2 point source model; (2) rapid and low attenuation patterns characterizing the upper-crustal volcanic belt and subduction zone, respectively; and (3) soil transfer functions characterized by amplification ratios larger than those derived from spectral ratio techniques by a factor of two. Reference-site-dependent techniques yield similar soil transfer functions at all stations, whereas the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio technique yields similar results at sites characterized by clearly predominant peaks. C1 Univ Centroamer Jose Simeon Canas, San Salvador, El Salvador. Natl Weather Serv, Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ewa Beach, HI 96706 USA. RP Salazar, W (reprint author), Univ Centroamer Jose Simeon Canas, AP 01-168, San Salvador, El Salvador. NR 42 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 97 IS 1 SI S BP 208 EP 221 DI 10.1785/012060076 PN B PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 136BP UT WOS:000244197900016 ER PT J AU Beckman, BR Gadberry, B Parkins, P Cooper, KA Arkush, KD AF Beckman, Brian R. Gadberry, Brad Parkins, Paul Cooper, Kathleen A. Arkush, Kristen D. TI State-dependent life history plasticity in Sacramento River winter-run chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): interactions among photoperiod and growth modulate smolting and early male maturation SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID EARLY SEXUAL-MATURATION; CALIFORNIA CENTRAL VALLEY; ATLANTIC SALMON; SALAR L; FACTOR-I; SEAWATER ADAPTABILITY; ATPASE ACTIVITY; OCEAN-TYPE; SIZE; SMOLTIFICATION AB An experiment was performed to determine the relative effects of photoperiod at emergence and growth rate on smolting pattern and early male maturation rate in Sacramento River (California, USA) winter-run chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) (listed as endangered under the US Endangered Species Act). Fry were ponded on the same day but at three different points in the seasonal photoperiod cycle (using artificial lighting) spanning the natural range of emergence timing in this population. Significant increases in gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity and seawater survival were found during March and April in all treatments, similar to yearling smolting patterns found in many salmonids. Fish that emerged early and grew at a relatively high rate also demonstrated signs of smolting in August-November. Male maturation was growth dependent, with HiFeed groups maturing at a rate double that found in LoFeed groups. Male maturation was also photoperiod dependent with a linear relation found between emergence date and rate of male maturation. These results demonstrate that individual life history pattern was variable and dependent on emergence timing and growth rate. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Bodega Marine Lab, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA. RP Beckman, BR (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Brian.Beckman@NOAA.gov NR 73 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 5 U2 27 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 64 IS 2 BP 256 EP 271 DI 10.1139/F07-001 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 149BF UT WOS:000245120900009 ER PT J AU Jech, JM Michaels, WL AF Jech, J. Michael Michaels, William L. TI A multifrequency method to classify and evaluate fisheries acoustics data (vol 63, pg 2225, 2006) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Correction C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Jech, JM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM michael.jech@noaa.gov NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 64 IS 2 BP 386 EP 386 DI 10.1139/F07-009 PG 1 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 149BF UT WOS:000245120900019 ER PT J AU Rea, LD Rosen, DAS Trites, AW AF Rea, L. D. Rosen, D. A. S. Trites, A. W. TI Utilization of stored energy reserves during fasting varies by age and season in Steller sea lions SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID HYDROGEN-ISOTOPE-DILUTION; MIROUNGA-ANGUSTIROSTRIS PUPS; ARCTOCEPHALUS-GAZELLA PUPS; BODY-COMPOSITION CHANGES; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; FUR SEALS; PROTEIN CATABOLISM; METABOLIC-RATE; HARBOR SEALS; CALLORHINUS-URSINUS AB Nine captive Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776), 1.75-6 years of age) were fasted for 7-14 d to test the effect of short-term fasting on changes in body mass and body condition. Trials were repeated during both the summer breeding season and the nonbreeding season in seven animals to elucidate whether there was a seasonal component to the ability of Steller sea lions to adapt to limited food resources. Mean percent mass loss per day was higher during the breeding season in juveniles (1.8% +/- 0.2%center dot d(-1)) than in subadults (1.2% +/- 0.1%center dot d(-1)), but there were no significant age-related differences during the nonbreeding season (juveniles, 1.5% +/- 0.3%center dot d(-1); subadults, 1.7% +/- 0.3%center dot d(-1)). A decrease in the rate of mass loss occurred after the first 3 d of fasting only in subadults during the breeding season. Percent total body lipid ranged from 11% to 28% of total body mass at the initiation of fasting trials. Animals with lower initial percent total body lipid exhibited higher subsequent rates of mass loss and a lower percentage of tissue catabolism derived from lipid reserves. There was no evidence of metabolic adaptation to fasting in juveniles, which suggests that juvenile sea lions would be more negatively impacted by food limitation during the breeding season than would subadults. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Dept Biol, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Univ British Columbia, Marine Mammal Res Unit, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Rea, LD (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, Alaska Marine Mammal Res Unit, 245 ONeill Bldg, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM lorrie_rea@fishgame.state.ak.us NR 62 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 85 IS 2 BP 190 EP 200 DI 10.1139/Z06-204 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 155PI UT WOS:000245590000006 ER PT J AU Bullard, JW Stutzman, PE AF Bullard, Jeffrey W. Stutzman, Paul E. TI Analysis of CCRL proficiency cements 151 and 152 using the virtual cement and concrete testing laboratory (vol 8, pg 1548, 2006) SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Correction C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bullard, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM bullard@nist.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 37 IS 2 BP 291 EP 292 DI 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.11.014 PG 2 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 141MS UT WOS:000244583500021 ER PT J AU DerSimonian, R Kacker, R AF DerSimonian, Rebecca Kacker, Raghu TI Random-effects model for meta-analysis of clinical trials: An update SO CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL TRIALS LA English DT Article DE clinical trials; meta-analysis; random effects model; restricted maximum likelihood; variance components ID MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; VARIANCE AB The random-effects model is often used for meta-analysis of clinical studies. The method explicitly accounts for the heterogeneity of studies through a statistical parameter representing the inter-study variation. We discuss several iterative and non-iterative alternative methods for estimating the inter-study variance and hence the overall population treatment effect. We show that the leading methods for estimating the inter-study variance are special cases of a general method-of-moments estimate of the inter-study variance. The general method suggests two new two-step methods. The iterative estimate is statistically optimal and it can be easily calculated on a spreadsheet program, such as Microsoft Excel, available on the desktop of most researchers. The two-step methods approximate the optimal iterative method better than the earlier one-step non-iterative methods. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NIAID, Biostat Res Branch, Div Clin Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Math & Comp Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP DerSimonian, R (reprint author), NIAID, Biostat Res Branch, Div Clin Res, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM DerSimonian@nih.gov NR 18 TC 556 Z9 572 U1 2 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1551-7144 J9 CONTEMP CLIN TRIALS JI Contemp. Clin. Trials PD FEB PY 2007 VL 28 IS 2 BP 105 EP 114 DI 10.1016/j.cct.2006.04.004 PG 10 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 129GH UT WOS:000243716100001 PM 16807131 ER PT J AU Marra, J Trees, CC O'Reilly, JE AF Marra, John Trees, Charles C. O'Reilly, John E. TI Phytoplankton pigment absorption: A strong predictor of primary productivity in the surface ocean SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article DE assimilation number; Ross Sea; Arabian Sea; Equatorial Pacific; package effect; biogeochemical provinces; absorption; quantum yield ID NATURAL PHYTOPLANKTON; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; SIZE STRUCTURE; CELL-SIZE; CHLOROPHYLL; VARIABILITY; WATERS; SEA; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; COEFFICIENTS AB Over a range of trophic conditions in the ocean, we argue that variations in productivity are more closely related to variations in phytoplankton absorption than to variations in the cblorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration. Our analysis suggests that environmental variability is expressed through the absorption properties of phytoplankton pigments rather than their quantity, and that productivity normalized to absorption is relatively invariant in the world ocean. The relationship between primary productivity and phytoplankton absorption makes possible a more direct approach to the estimation of ocean productivity from satellite sensors. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Hydrol Opt & Remote Sensing, San Diego, CA 92120 USA. NOAA, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Marra, J (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM marra@ldeo.columbia.edu; ctrees@chors.sdsu.edu; Jay.O'Reilly@noaa.gov NR 54 TC 58 Z9 62 U1 3 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 EI 1879-0119 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 54 IS 2 BP 155 EP 163 DI 10.1016/j.dsr.2006.12.001 PG 9 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 144XC UT WOS:000244828700001 ER PT J AU Pangle, KL Peacor, SD Johannsson, OE AF Pangle, Kevin L. Peacor, Scott D. Johannsson, Ora E. TI Large nonlethal effects of an invasive invertebrate predator on zooplankton population growth rate SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bosmina longirostris; Bythotrephes; Daphnia; Great Lakes; invasive species; nonlethal effects; predation; predator-prey interactions; trait-mediated indirect interaction; vertical migration ID MEDIATED INDIRECT INTERACTIONS; LAKE-MICHIGAN; BYTHOTREPHES-LONGIMANUS; VERTICAL MIGRATION; FOOD-WEB; ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES; PREY INTERACTIONS; DAPHNIA; BEHAVIOR; PLANKTIVORES AB We conducted a study to determine the contribution of lethal and nonlethal effects to a predator's net effect on a prey's population growth rate in a natural setting. We focused on the effects of an invasive invertebrate predator, Bythotrephes longimanus, on zooplankton prey populations in Lakes Michigan and Erie. Field data taken at multiple dates and locations in both systems indicated that the prey species Daphnia mendotae, Daphnia retrocurva, and Bosmina longirostris inhabited deeper portions of the water column as Bythotrephes biomass increased, possibly as an avoidance response to predation. This induced migration reduces predation risk but also can reduce birth rate due to exposure to cooler temperatures. We estimated the nonlethal (i.e., resulting from reduced birth rate) and lethal (i.e., consumptive) effects of Bythotrephes on D. mendotae and Bosmina longirostris. These estimates used diel field survey data of the vertical gradient of zooplankton prey density, Bythotrephes density, light intensity, and temperature with growth and predation rate models derived from laboratory studies. Results indicate that nonlethal effects played a substantial role in the net effect of Bythotrephes on several prey population growth rates in the field, with nonlethal effects on the same order of magnitude as or greater ( up to 10-fold) than lethal effects. Our results further indicate that invasive species can have strong nonlethal, behaviorally based effects, despite short evolutionary coexistence with prey species. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Great Lakes Lab Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. RP Pangle, KL (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, 13 Nat Sci Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM pangleke@msu.edu NR 48 TC 112 Z9 114 U1 0 U2 65 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD FEB PY 2007 VL 88 IS 2 BP 402 EP 412 DI 10.1890/06-0768 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 156SA UT WOS:000245668400014 PM 17479758 ER PT J AU Proffitt, KM Garrott, RA Rotella, JJ Siniff, DB Testa, JW AF Proffitt, Kelly M. Garrott, Robert A. Rotella, Jay J. Siniff, Donald B. Testa, J. Ward TI Exploring linkages between abiotic oceanographic processes and a top-trophic predator in an Antarctic ecosystem SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Antarctica; El Nino southern oscillation; sea-ice extent; climatic variation; Weddell seal; Leptonychotes weddellii ID SOUTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; MCMURDO-SOUND; WEDDELL SEALS; WEANING MASS; LEPTONYCHOTES-WEDDELLII; MIROUNGA-LEONINA; OCEAN CLIMATE; ICE EXTENT; ROSS SEA AB Climatic variation affects the physical and biological components of ecosystems, and global-climate models predict enhanced sensitivity in polar regions, raising concern for Antarctic animal populations that may show direct responses to changes in sea-ice distribution and extent, or indirect responses to changes in prey distribution and abundance. Here, we show that over a 30-year period in the Ross Sea, average weaning masses of Weddell seals, Leptonychotes weddellii, varied strongly among years and were correlated to large-scale climatic and oceanographic variations. Foraging success of pregnant seals (reflected by weaning mass the following pupping season) increased during summers characterized by reduced sea-ice cover and positive phases of the southern oscillation. These results demonstrate a correlation between environmental variation and an important life history characteristic (weaning mass) of an Antarctic marine mammal. Understanding the mechanisms that link climatic variation and animal life history characteristics will contribute to understanding both population dynamics and global climatic processes. For the world's most southerly distributed mammal species, the projected trend of increasing global climate change raises concern because increasing sea-ice trends in the Ross Sea sector of Antarctica will likely reduce populations due to reduced access to prey as expressed through declines in body condition and reproductive performance. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Proffitt, KM (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, 310 Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM kproffitt@montana.edu NR 58 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD FEB PY 2007 VL 10 IS 1 BP 119 EP 126 DI 10.1007/s10021-006-9003-x PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 171WL UT WOS:000246766000011 ER PT J AU Collins, RJ Hadfield, RH Fernandez, V Nam, SW Buller, GS AF Collins, R. J. Hadfield, R. H. Fernandez, V. Nam, S. W. Buller, G. S. TI Low timing jitter detector for gigahertz quantum key distribution SO ELECTRONICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-PHOTON DETECTOR; DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEM; CRYPTOGRAPHY AB A superconducting single-photon detector based on a niobium nitride nanowire is demonstrated in an optical-fibre-based quantum key distribution test bed operating at a clock rate of 3.3 GHz and a transmission wavelength of 850 nm. The low jitter of the detector leads to significant reduction in estimated quantum bit error rate and a resultant improvement in secrecy efficiency compared to previous estimates made by use of silicon single-photon avalanche detectors. C1 Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Engn & Phys Sci, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Collins, RJ (reprint author), Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Engn & Phys Sci, David Brewster Bldg, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland. EM rjc2@hw.ac.uk RI Hadfield, Robert/L-8081-2013; Collins, Robert/C-8548-2014; OI Hadfield, Robert/0000-0002-8084-4187; Collins, Robert/0000-0003-1100-5299; Buller, Gerald/0000-0003-0441-2830 NR 15 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 9 PU INST ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY-IET PI HERTFORD PA MICHAEL FARADAY HOUSE SIX HILLS WAY STEVENAGE, HERTFORD SG1 2AY, ENGLAND SN 0013-5194 J9 ELECTRON LETT JI Electron. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 2007 VL 43 IS 3 BP 180 EP 182 DI 10.1049/el:20073748 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 194AX UT WOS:000248317400030 ER PT J AU Shackman, JG Ross, D AF Shackman, Jonathan G. Ross, David TI Counter-flow gradient electrofocusing SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Review DE conductivity gradient focusing; counteracting chromatographic electrophoresis; electric-field gradient focusing; sample concentration; temperature-gradient focusing ID ELECTRIC-FIELD GRADIENT; COUNTERBALANCED CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN-GENOME-PROJECT; SAMPLE STACKING; 2ND KIND; MICROFLUIDIC ELECTROCAPTURE; TRANSIENT ISOTACHOPHORESIS; CONDUCTIVITY GRADIENTS; PROTEIN-PURIFICATION AB Counter-flow gradient electrofocusing techniques are methods whereby a combination of electrophoresis and a bulk solution counter-flow is used to accumulate or focus analytes at stationary points along a separation column. This review first describes the various forms of counter-flow gradient electrofocusing that have been demonstrated in the literature and then compares figures of merit for counter-flow focusing methods and conventional CE methods. In an effort to compare the concentration enhancement of the various focusing techniques against each other, as well. as of stacking methods, the parameter of analyte-accumulation velocity is introduced and employed to normalize the efficacy of the techniques. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ross, D (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.ross@nist.gov NR 99 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 3 U2 29 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD FEB PY 2007 VL 28 IS 4 BP 556 EP 571 DI 10.1002/elps.200600592 PG 16 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 148GJ UT WOS:000245062300011 PM 17304494 ER PT J AU Ahmed, M Boonchuwongse, P Dechboon, W Squires, D AF Ahmed, Mahfuzuddin Boonchuwongse, Pongpat Dechboon, Waraporn Squires, Dale TI Overfishing in the Gulf of Thailand: policy challenges and bioeconomic analysis SO ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID FISHERIES COMANAGEMENT; LICENSE LIMITATION; COMMON PROPERTY; PROGRAMS; MODEL AB This paper estimates maximum sustainable yield and maximum economic yield from Schaefer and Fox surplus production bioeconomic models to find evidence of biological and economic overfishing, and their consequences in Gulf of Thailand demersal fisheries. The paper examines alternative policy instruments to reduce overfishing. The discussion emphasizes strengthening fishery management for implementing limited access, and a combination of co-management, and decentralization of fisheries management. The use of license fees that serves as a double dividend tax to reduce fishing effort and fund monitoring and enforcement has been proposed as one of the possible economic instruments. C1 WorldFish Ctr, Policy Res & Impact Assessment, Bayan Lepas 11960, Penang, Malaysia. Minist Agr & Cooperat, Dept Fisheries, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. So Marine Fisheries Dev Ctr, SMDEC, Songkhla 90000, Thailand. NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Ahmed, M (reprint author), WorldFish Ctr, Policy Res & Impact Assessment, Jalan Batu Maung, Bayan Lepas 11960, Penang, Malaysia. EM m.ahmed@cgiar.org; pongpatb@fisheries.go.th; SMDEC@hatyai.inet.co.th; dsquires@ucsd.edu NR 59 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 1355-770X EI 1469-4395 J9 ENVIRON DEV ECON JI Environ. Dev. Econ. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 12 BP 145 EP 172 DI 10.1017/S1355770X06003433 PN 1 PG 28 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 138DI UT WOS:000244342900008 ER PT J AU Melrose, DC Oviatt, CA Berman, MS AF Melrose, D. Christopher Oviatt, Candace A. Berman, Mark S. TI Hypoxic events in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, during the summer of 2001 SO ESTUARIES AND COASTS LA English DT Article ID OXYGEN DEPLETION; SOUND AB Bottom water hypoxic events were observed in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island during the summer of 2001 using a towed sensor, vertical casts at fixed stations, and continuous monitoring buoys. This combination of approaches allowed for both extensive spatial and temporal sampling. Oxygen concentrations below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) acute hypoxia criterion of 2.3 mg l(-1) were observed in the northern parts of Narragansett Bay, including the Providence River. We estimate 39% of the area of the Providence River was affected by acute hypoxia between July and September 2001. All other regions experienced only small areas of acute hypoxia (< 5%), and no acute hypoxia was observed from Quonset Point south. The area encompassing oxygen concentrations below the EPA chronic hypoxia criterion of 4.8 mg l(-1) was much more extensive in the upper half of Narragansett Bay, sometimes covering the majority of the region, though it is unclear whether exposure to concentrations below this criterion persisted long enough to significantly affect marine species in these areas. Vertical profiles of dissolved oxygen typically exhibited a mid water oxygen minimum near the pycnocline, followed by a slight increase in oxygen with depth. The surface waters above the pycnocline were typically supersaturated with oxygen. The northern portions of the Bay where the most extensive hypoxia was observed corresponded to the regions with both the greatest thermohaline stratification, the highest nutrient inputs, and the highest primary productivity. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Melrose, DC (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, S Ferry Rd, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM melrose@gso.uri.edu NR 18 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 1559-2723 J9 ESTUAR COAST JI Estuaries Coasts PD FEB PY 2007 VL 30 IS 1 BP 47 EP 53 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 149GD UT WOS:000245134200006 ER PT J AU Shaw, GA Kramar, J Pratt, J AF Shaw, G. A. Kramar, J. Pratt, J. TI SI-traceable spring constant calibration of microfabricated cantilevers for small force measurement SO EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS LA English DT Article DE atomic force microscopy; nanotechnology; calibration; mechanical engineering ID INSTRUMENTED INDENTATION; MICROSCOPE CANTILEVERS; METROLOGY; AFM; NANOINDENTATION AB A variety of methods exist to measure the stiffness of microfabricated cantilever beams such as those used as mechanical sensors in atomic force microscopy (AFM). In order for AFM to be used as a quantitative small force measurement tool, these methods must be validated within the International System of Units (SI). To this end, two different contact techniques were used to calibrate the spring constant of a cantilever beam. First, a dynamic indentation-based method was used to measure the spring constant of a rectangular cantilever beam. These results were then compared against an SI-traceable spring constant measurement from an electrostatic force balance (EFB). The measurements agree within experimental uncertainty and within 2% for spring constants greater than 2 N/m. The use of this cantilever beam as a transfer artifact for in situ AFM cantilever calibration was then evaluated in comparison to the thermal calibration method. Excellent agreement is seen between these techniques, establishing the consistency of the thermal and dynamic indentation methods with SI-traceable contact cantilever calibration for the rectangular cantilever geometry tested. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shaw, GA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gordon.shaw@nist.gov NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0014-4851 J9 EXP MECH JI Exp. Mech. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 47 IS 1 BP 143 EP 151 DI 10.1007/s11340-006-9394-9 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 135XH UT WOS:000244186700013 ER PT J AU Monaco, ME Friedlander, AM Caldow, C Christensen, JD Rogers, C Beets, J Miller, J Boulon, R AF Monaco, M. E. Friedlander, A. M. Caldow, C. Christensen, J. D. Rogers, C. Beets, J. Miller, J. Boulon, R. TI Characterising reef fish populations and habitats within and outside the US Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument: a lesson in marine protected area design SO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE conservation; coral reefs; marine protected areas; marine reserves; reef fish; US Virgin Islands ID ECOSYSTEMS AB Marine protected areas are an important tool for management of marine ecosystems. Despite their utility, ecological design criteria are often not considered or feasible to implement when establishing protected areas. In 2001, the Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument (VICRNM) in St John, US Virgin Islands was established by Executive Order. The VICRNM prohibits almost all extractive uses. Surveys of habitat and fishes inside and outside of the VICRNM were conducted in 2002-2004. Areas outside the VICRNM had significantly more hard corals, greater habitat complexity, and greater richness, abundance and biomass of reef fishes than areas within the VICRNM. The administrative process used to delineate the boundaries of the VICRNM did not include a robust ecological characterisation of the area. Because of reduced habitat complexity within the VICRNM, the enhancement of the marine ecosystem may not be fully realised or increases in economically important reef fishes may take longer to detect. C1 NOAA, Biogeog Team, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. US Geol Survey, Caribbean Field Stn, St John, VI USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Marine Sci, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Natl Pk Serv, St John, VI USA. RP Monaco, ME (reprint author), NOAA, Biogeog Team, 1305 East West Highway,SSMC4,9th Floor,N-SCI1, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM mark.monaco@noaa.gov NR 18 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0969-997X EI 1365-2400 J9 FISHERIES MANAG ECOL JI Fisheries Manag. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 14 IS 1 BP 33 EP 40 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 123KP UT WOS:000243295100004 ER PT J AU Courtney, DL Severin, KP AF Courtney, Dean L. Severin, Kenneth P. TI Validation of otolith increment daily periodicity in captive juvenile sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) experimentally immersed in strontium chloride (SrCl2) SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sablefish; otolith microstructure; daily age; accuracy; precision ID GROWTH; AGE; ATLANTIC; PISCES; MARK AB We used a chemical marking experiment to validate the daily periodicity of otolith increment deposition in juvenile sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria. The sagittal otoliths of 26 live juvenile sablefish were marked twice by immersion in saltwater baths containing elevated levels of strontium chloride (SrCl2) during June-August of their first year of life (age 0). The number of otolith increments detected between strontium bands from three readings (median 15-20) was compared to the number of days between marking events (15-17 days). Median discrepancies between otolith increment counts and days between strontium bands were small (mean 1.1, S.E. 0.81, n = 20) and suggest that otolith increment counts from age 0 juvenile sablefish may provide a useful proxy for daily age. However, median discrepancies in June (mean 4.7, S.E. 0.65, n = 9 otoliths) were significantly (*P <= 0.05) higher than those in July (mean -1.8, S.E. 0.40, n = 6) and August (mean -1.8, S.E. 0.66, n = 5). Increment banding patterns were more difficult to identify in otoliths marked in June (mean sablefish size 84.9 mm FL) because of changes in the structure of the sagittae associated with the formation of accessory primordia. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Adv Instrumentat Lab, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Courtney, DL (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM dean.courtney@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 83 IS 2-3 BP 246 EP 252 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2006.10.013 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 131DA UT WOS:000243847200013 ER PT J AU Vaughan, DS Shertzer, KW Smith, JW AF Vaughan, Douglas S. Shertzer, Kyle W. Smith, Joseph W. TI Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus) in the US Gulf of Mexico: Fishery characteristics and biological reference points for management SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE biological reference points; Brevoortia patronus; fishery management; gulf menhaden; stock assessment ID ATLANTIC MENHADEN; STOCK ASSESSMENT; RECRUITMENT; POPULATION; CATCH AB Gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus, plays a key ecological role in the northern Gulf of Mexico and supports the second largest commercial fishery by weight in the United States. Here we describe that fishery and propose biological reference points (BRPs) for its management. The BRPs represent targets and limits of both fishing mortality rate (F) and population fecundity ( P), where target is defined as the management goal, and limit, a value to be avoided (F < F-Limit and Psi > Psi(Limit)). We assess stock status relative to the BRPs by fitting a statistical catch-age model to fishery-dependent and fishery-independent data spanning 1964-2004. Results indicate that in the terminal year neither limit reference point is exceeded (F-2004/F-Limit, = 0.75 and Psi(2004)/Psi(Limit) = 1.86). Of possible concern, however, is a recent increase in fishing mortality and decrease in population fecundity. With these trends, terminal values exceed their targets (F-2004/F-Target = 1.16 and Psi(2004)/Psi(Target) = 0.93), although by little relative to uncertainty in the estimates. Sensitivity analyses show these results are robust to model assumptions. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Vaughan, DS (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM Doug.Vaughan@noaa.gov NR 48 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 83 IS 2-3 BP 263 EP 275 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2006.10.002 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 131DA UT WOS:000243847200015 ER PT J AU Sigler, MF Csepp, DJ AF Sigler, Michael F. Csepp, David J. TI Seasonal abundance of two important forage species in the North Pacific Ocean, Pacific herring and walleye pollock SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE forage fish; Pacific herring; walleye pollock; seasonality; ecology ID EASTERN BERING SEA; EULACHON THALEICHTHYS-PACIFICUS; EXTINCTION CROSS-SECTION; LIONS EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; AUKE BAY; FISH; PATTERNS; HARENGUS AB Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) and walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) are important forage species in the North Pacific Ocean, but their seasonal abundance patterns are poorly known. During three consecutive years of monthly acoustic surveys in Lynn Canal, southeastern Alaska, large schools of herring dominated during winter and were present in a 60-km long submarine gully; this gully appears to provide critical winter habitat for herring when their prey are less available and energy expenditure must be reduced. The salient change in pollock distribution is a shift from shallow waters during summer to deeper waters during winter, such that shallow (< 40 m) waters are nearly devoid of pollock during winter. The shift presumably occurs in response to the build-up of secondary productivity during summer and predator avoidance during winter. The seasonal changes in herring abundance drove seasonal changes in predator abundance, as Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) preyed upon the winter aggregation of herring. Such seasonal links likely serve an important role in structuring trophic relationships in the North Pacific Ocean ecosystem. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Sigler, MF (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM Mike.Sigler@noaa.gov; Dave.Csepp@noaa.gov NR 37 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 83 IS 2-3 BP 319 EP 331 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2006.10.007 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 131DA UT WOS:000243847200020 ER PT J AU Gilman, E Brothers, N Kobayashi, DR AF Gilman, Eric Brothers, Nigel Kobayashi, Donald R. TI Comparison of three seabird bycatch avoidance methods in Hawaii-based pelagic longline fisheries SO FISHERIES SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE albatross; bycatch; Hawaii; longline fishery; seabird ID PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT C1 Blue Ocean Inst, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Marine Ecol & Technol Consultant, Kettering, Tasmania 7155, Australia. US NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Isl fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Technol Sydney, Dept Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia. RP Gilman, E (reprint author), Blue Ocean Inst, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM egilman@blueocean.org NR 11 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER TOKYO PI TOKYO PA 1-11-11 KUDAN-KITA, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 102-0073, JAPAN SN 0919-9268 J9 FISHERIES SCI JI Fish. Sci. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 73 IS 1 BP 208 EP 210 DI 10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01321.x PG 3 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 131KR UT WOS:000243868200027 ER PT J AU Peterson, EE Theobald, DM Hoef, JMV AF Peterson, Erin E. Theobald, David M. Hoef, Jay M. Ver TI Geostatistical modelling on stream networks: developing valid covariance matrices based on hydrologic distance and stream flow SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE functional distance; geographical information system; geostatistical model; hydrologic distance; streams ID WATER; CONNECTIVITY; LANDSCAPES; ESTUARIES AB 1. Geostatistical models based on Euclidean distance fail to represent the spatial configuration, connectivity, and directionality of sites in a stream network and may not be ecologically relevant for many chemical, physical and biological studies of freshwater streams. Functional distance measures, such as symmetric and asymmetric hydrologic distance, more accurately represent the transfer of organisms, material and energy through stream networks. However, calculating the hydrologic distances for a large study area remains challenging and substituting hydrologic distance for Euclidean distance may violate geostatistical modelling assumptions. 2. We provide a review of geostatistical modelling assumptions and discuss the statistical and ecological consequences of substituting hydrologic distance measures for Euclidean distance. We also describe a new family of autocovariance models that we developed for stream networks, which are based on hydrologic distance measures. 3. We describe the geographical information system (GIS) methodology used to generate spatial data necessary for geostatistical modelling in stream networks. We also provide an example that illustrates the methodology used to create a valid covariance matrix based on asymmetric hydrologic distance and weighted by discharge volume, which can be incorporated into common geostatistical models. 4. The methodology and tools described supply ecologically meaningful and statistically valid geostatistical models for stream networks. They also provide stream ecologists with the opportunity to develop their own functional measures of distance and connectivity, which will improve geostatistical models developed for stream networks in the future. 5. The GIS tools presented here are being made available in order to facilitate the application of valid geostatistical modelling in freshwater ecology. C1 CSIRO Math & Informat Sci, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. Colorado State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Recreat & Tourism, Ft Collins, CO USA. Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA USA. RP Peterson, EE (reprint author), CSIRO Math & Informat Sci, 120 Meiers Rd, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. EM erin.peterson@csiro.au RI Whitford, Linda/C-2470-2009; Peterson, Erin/D-2360-2009; OI Ver Hoef, Jay/0000-0003-4302-6895 NR 46 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 52 IS 2 BP 267 EP 279 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01686.x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 125WG UT WOS:000243473600006 ER PT J AU Stevens, RC Soelberg, SD Eberhart, BTL Spencer, S Wekell, JC Chinowsky, TM Trainer, VL Furlong, CE AF Stevens, Richard C. Soelberg, Scott D. Eberhart, Bich-Thuy L. Spencer, Sylvester Wekell, John C. Chinowsky, T. M. Trainer, Vera L. Furlong, Clement E. TI Detection of the toxin domoic acid from clam extracts using a portable surface plasmon resonance biosensor SO HARMFUL ALGAE LA English DT Article DE amnesic shellfish poisoning; biosensor; domoic acid; surface plasmon resonance ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; SENSOR; IMMUNOASSAY; SHELLFISH; TOXICITY AB The amnesic shellfish poison domoic acid is produced by marine algae of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. We have developed a portable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor system for the detection of domoic acid. Because of concerns with domoic acid contamination of shellfish, there is a need for rapid field quantification of toxin levels in both shellfish and seawater. Antibodies were raised against domoic acid and affinity purified. These antibodies were used to develop competition- and displacement-based assays using a portable six-channel SPR system developed in our laboratories. Standard curves for detection of domoic acid in phosphate buffered saline and in diluted clam extracts analyzed by the competition-based SPR assay demonstrated a limit of detection of 3 ppb (10 nM) and a quantifiable range from 4 to 60 ppb (13-200 nM). Comparison of analyses for domoic acid levels in Pacific razor clams, Siliqua patula, containing moderate to high levels of domoic acid by the standard HPLC analysis protocol and the SPR-based assay gave an excellent correlation. This same technology should also function for detection of domoic acid in concentrated algal extracts or high dissolved levels in seawater. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Univ Washington, Div Med Genet, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Genome Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Elect Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Furlong, CE (reprint author), Univ Washington, Div Med Genet, Dept Med, Box 357720, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM clem@u.washington.edu NR 38 TC 45 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-9883 J9 HARMFUL ALGAE JI Harmful Algae PD FEB PY 2007 VL 6 IS 2 BP 166 EP 174 DI 10.1016/j.hal.2006.08.001 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 138WS UT WOS:000244394600002 ER PT J AU Desrosiers, MF Fattibene, P Le, F AF Desrosiers, M. F. Fattibene, P. Le, F. TI An absorbed dose map of bone tissue treated with a radiopharmaceutical in vivo SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE dose, absorbed; electrons; radiopharmaceuticals; dosimetry AB A beagle humerus treated with 166 Ho-chelate radiopharmaceutical in vivo was examined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dosimetry. The bone was sectioned and the absorbed dose to each bone fragment was determined by additive re-irradiation of the bone tissue with calibrated doses of gamma radiation. The measured doses ranged from 4.3 Gy to 62 Gy. The highest doses were recorded in the predominately trabecular bone tissue and the lowest doses in the predominately cortical bone tissue. The mean absorbed dose for the entire bone was 17 Gy. The data from 50 bone fragments were combined to create an absorbed dose map of the interior bone surface. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ist Super Sanita, Dept Technol & Hlth, I-00161 Rome, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-00161 Rome, Italy. RP Desrosiers, MF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM marcd@nist.gov RI fattibene, paola/E-9041-2015 OI fattibene, paola/0000-0002-8204-0414 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 92 IS 2 BP 176 EP 178 DI 10.1097/01.HP.0000238604.67236.05 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 125LN UT WOS:000243443500009 PM 17220719 ER PT J AU Caskey, LL Riedel, RR Costa-Pierce, B Butler, J Hurlbert, SH AF Caskey, Lucille L. Riedel, Ralf R. Costa-Pierce, Barry Butler, John Hurlbert, Stuart H. TI Population dynamics, distribution, and growth rate of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) in the Salton Sea, California, with notes on bairdiella (Bairdiella icistia) and orangemouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus) SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE saline lake; age; growth; fish die-offs; fishery; sulfide; anoxia ID SOUTH-AFRICA; HARTBEESPOORT-DAM; FISH; CICHLIDAE; PISCES; LAKE; MICROECOSYSTEMS; SALINITY; BIOLOGY; PETERS AB The Salton Sea is a highly saline lake that has long supported sportfishery and large populations of fish-eating birds. A study was initiated in 1999 to assess the status of orangemouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus), bairdiella (Bairdiella icistia) and tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus x O. urolepis). Multimesh (50 x 2 m) gillnets were set at nine stations in 1999, ten stations in 2000 and six stations in 2002. These stations were sampled every two months in 1999, every three months in 2000 and once in 2002. O. mossambicus was the most abundant of the four species, with a maximum mean catch per unit effort (CPUE) 13.8 kg net(-1) h(-1) or 29.9 fish net(-1) h(-1) being observed at the river mouth stations in August 1999. From spring to summer, tilapia CPUE increased at nearshore and river mouth stations and decreased at pelagic stations, apparently reflecting migration away from midlake areas in response to anoxia or hypoxia caused by periodic springtime overturn events in deep waters. Tilapia catches in nearshore, river mouth and pelagic habitats were 83 and 60% males in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Tilapia catches in rivers in August 1999 averaged only 6% male. During 1999-2000, the tilapia population consisted essentially of only the 1995 and 2000 year classes. Harsh conditions at the Salton Sea have led to erratic reproduction and survival rates and unstable age structures for its resident fishes. Massive parasite infestations of fry and physiological stressors such as anoxia, high sulfide levels, high salinity and high and low temperatures are potential causes of the irregular recruitment and periodic dieoffs of tilapia. The abundance of all fish species declined over the years of study. Between 1999 and 2002, the late summer mean CPUEs for tilapia, bairdiella and orangemouth corvina at four nearshore stations dropped from 16 fish to 0.02 fish, from 4.7 fish net to 0.23 fish, and from 0.08 fish to 0.02 fish, respectively. During 2000-2003, parallel declines occurred in estimated numbers of adult fish involved in mass mortality events at the Sea. The boom-and-bust dynamics of tilapia and other fish populations in the Sea have major consequences for fish-eating bird populations, for other components of the ecosystem, and for the recreational value of the lake. C1 San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. San Diego State Univ, Ctr Inland Waters, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. MASGC Consortium, Ocean Springs, MS 39566 USA. NOAA, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Caskey, LL (reprint author), San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. EM lucyandjohncaskey@yahoo.com NR 46 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 4 U2 19 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD FEB PY 2007 VL 576 BP 185 EP 203 DI 10.1007/s10750-006-0301-2 PG 19 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 120MR UT WOS:000243089500015 ER PT J AU Fuks, L AF Fuks, Losif TI Diffraction corrections to fields specularly reflected by a smooth 2-D surface (vol 54, pg 2703, 2006) SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION LA English DT Correction C1 Zel Technol LLC, Hampton, VA 23669 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Fuks, L (reprint author), Zel Technol LLC, Hampton, VA 23669 USA. EM iosif.fuks@noaa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-926X J9 IEEE T ANTENN PROPAG JI IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 55 IS 2 BP 514 EP 514 DI 10.1109/TAP.2006.889998 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 136ZJ UT WOS:000244262300038 ER PT J AU Holloway, CL Kuester, EF AF Holloway, Christopher L. Kuester, Edward F. TI Closed-form expressions for the current densities on the ground planes of asymmetric stripline structures SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY LA English DT Article DE asymmetric stripline; current density; ground plane; microstrip line; printed circuit board (PCB); signal integrity ID CONDUCTOR LOSS; MICROSTRIP LINE AB In this paper, closed-form expressions for the current density on the ground planes of an asymmetric stripline structure are derived. The derivation utilizes image theory in order to obtain a suitable quasi-static Green's function for this asymmetric geometry. For the special case of a symmetric stripline geometry and the limiting case of a microstrip line, it is demonstrated that the results obtained here reduce to previously derived results. As expected, it is illustrated that the current densities on the ground planes of an arbitrary asymmetric stripline are bounded by the current distribution of a symmetric stripline and that of a microstrip line. The validity of the analytical results is investigated by comparing to numericahy obtained results. Finally, expressions are presented for the total ground-plane currents as fractions of the total current on the signal trace. C1 US Dept Commerce, Electromagnet Div, Boulder Labs, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Holloway, CL (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Electromagnet Div, Boulder Labs, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM holloway@boulder.nist.gov NR 23 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9375 J9 IEEE T ELECTROMAGN C JI IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 49 IS 1 BP 49 EP 57 DI 10.1109/TEMC.2006.890219 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 142SB UT WOS:000244669100006 ER PT J AU Mateu, J Booth, JC Schima, SA AF Mateu, Jordi Booth, James C. Schima, Susan A. TI Frequency tuning and spurious signal generation at microwave frequencies in ferroelectric SrTiO3 thin-film transmission lines SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE ferroelectric thin films; frequency tuning; microwave measurements; nonlinear effects AB This paper evaluates the RF tuning and the microwave nonlinear response of SrTiO3 thin films by measuring the third harmonies and third-order intermodulation (IMD) products of several coplanar waveguide transmission lines fabricated directly on SrTiO3 thin-film samples. From these measurements, we obtained the distributed nonlinear capacitance per unit length as a function of RF bias voltage C(V-rf) using an accurate equivalent circuit to model the spurious signal generation. A unique value of C(V-rf) is used to describe the third-harmonic generation at frequencies 3(f1) and 3(f2), and the IMD products at frequencies 2(f1) + f(2) and 2(f2) + f(1), where f(1) and f(2) represent the fundamental frequencies of the two-tone excitation signal. We compare C(V-rf) with the distributed nonlinear capacitance measured as a function of the dc-bias voltage C(V-dc) and obtain excellent agreement at 50 and 76 K. From these results, we conclude that full tunability can be achieved on nanosecond time scales, and that spurious signals generated in SrTiO3 ferroelectric transmission lines at microwave frequencies can be modeled based on dc-biased measurements. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Mateu, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jmateu@boulder.nist.gov; booth@boulder.nist.gov; sschima@boulder.nist.gov OI Mateu, Jordi/0000-0001-9833-9966 NR 13 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 55 IS 2 BP 391 EP 396 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2006.889346 PN 2 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 137AS UT WOS:000244265800007 ER PT J AU McGee, JA Howe, DA AF McGee, Jennifer A. Howe, David A. TI TheoH and Allan deviation as power-law noise estimators SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY STABILITY AB A spectral interpretation using the frequency sensitivity of the Allan variance (Avar) and Theo-Hybrid (TheoH) is used to determine f(alpha) noise, or "power-law noise." TheoH has narrower chi-square confidence than Avar; consequently, ThieoH provides significantly better determination of f(alpha) noise types at long term. Furthermore, TheoH has even narrower confidence than chi-square. Because the algorithms used to calculate these confidence intervals are computationally intensive, we have constructed an empirical formula that approximates confidence intervals as the percent error for TheoH. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO USA. RP McGee, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. EM mcgeeja@boulder.nist.gov NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0885-3010 J9 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR JI IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control PD FEB PY 2007 VL 54 IS 2 BP 448 EP 452 DI 10.1109/TUFFC.2007.260 PG 5 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 132CY UT WOS:000243920900026 PM 17328343 ER PT J AU Polikhronidi, NG Abdulagatov, IM Stepanov, GV Batyrova, RG AF Polikhronidi, N. G. Abdulagatov, I. M. Stepanov, G. V. Batyrova, R. G. TI Isochoric heat-capacity measurements for pure methanol in the near-critical and supercritical regions SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE adiabatic calorimeter; coexistence curve; critical amplitude; critical exponents; critical point; crossover equation of state; isochoric heat capacity; methanol; quasi-static thermograms ID VAPOR PHASE-TRANSITIONS; AQUEOUS SODIUM-SULFATE; CRITICAL END-POINT; YANG-YANG RELATION; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; LIQUID-VAPOR; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ISING-MODEL; CONFLUENT SINGULARITIES; NITROGEN TETROXIDE AB Isochoric heat-capacity measurements for pure methanol are presented as a function of temperature at fixed densities between 136 and 750 kg . m(-3). The measurements cover a range of temperatures from 300 to 556 K. The coverage includes the one- and two-phase regions, the coexistence curve, the near-critical, and the supercritical regions. A high-temperature, high-pressure, adiabatic, and nearly constant-volume calorimeter was used for the measurements. Uncertainties of the heat-capacity measurements are estimated to be 2 - 3% depending on the experimental density and temperature. Temperatures at saturation, T-S(rho), for each measured density (isochore) were measured using a quasi-static thermogram technique. The uncertainty of the phase-transition temperature measurements is 0.02 K. The critical temperature and the critical density for pure methanol were extracted from the saturated data (T-S, rho(S)) near the critical point. For one near-critical isochore (398.92 kg . m(-3)), the measurements were performed in both cooling and heating regimes to estimate the effect of thermal decomposition ( chemical reaction) on the heat capacity and phase-transition properties of methanol. The measured values of C-V and saturated densities (T-S, rho(S)) for methanol were compared with values calculated from various multiparametric equations of state (EOS) (IUPAC, Bender-type, polynomial-type, and nonanalytical-type), scaling-type ( crossover) EOS, and various correlations. The measured C-V data have been analyzed and interpreted in terms of extended scaling equations for the selected thermodynamic paths ( critical isochore and coexistence curve) to accurately calculate the values of the asymptotical critical amplitudes (A(0)(+/-) and B-0). C1 Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Phys, Makhachkala 367005, Dagestan, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Geothermal Problems, Makhachkala 367003, Dagestan, Russia. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 74 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 28 IS 1 BP 163 EP 193 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0164-4 PG 31 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 154GR UT WOS:000245495400013 ER PT J AU Bazaev, AR Abdulagatov, IM Bazaev, EA Abdurashidova, A AF Bazaev, A. R. Abdulagatov, I. M. Bazaev, E. A. Abdurashidova, A. TI PVT measurements for pure ethanol in the near-critical and supercritical regions SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE coexistence curve; critical point; equation of state; ethanol; saturated density; vapor pressure ID VAPOR-LIQUID-EQUILIBRIUM; ORGANIC OXYGEN COMPOUNDS; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; CRITICAL-TEMPERATURES; ALIPHATIC-ALCOHOLS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ELEVATED PRESSURES; BINARY-SYSTEMS; X MEASUREMENTS AB The PVT properties of pure ethanol were measured in the near-critical and supercritical regions. Measurements were made using a constant-volume piezometer immersed in a precision thermostat. The uncertainty of the density measurements was estimated to be 0.15%. The uncertainties of the temperature and pressure measurements were, respectively, 15 mK and 0.05%. Measurements were made along various near-critical isotherms between 373 and 673 K and at densities from 91.81 to 497.67 kg . m(-3). The pressure range was from 0.226 to 40.292 MPa. Using two-phase PVT results, the values of the saturated-liquid and -vapor densities and the vapor pressure for temperatures between 373.15 and 513.15 K were obtained by means of an analytical extrapolation technique. The measured PVT data and saturated properties for pure ethanol were compared with values calculated from a fundamental equation of state and correlations, and with experimental data reported by other authors. The values of the critical parameters (T-C,P-C,rho(C)) were derived from the measured values of saturated densities and vapor pressure near the critical point. The derived values of the saturated densities near the critical point for ethanol were interpreted in term of the "complete scaling" theory. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Geothermal Problems, Makhachkala 367003, Dagestan, Russia. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 81 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 12 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 28 IS 1 BP 194 EP 219 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0158-2 PG 26 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 154GR UT WOS:000245495400014 ER PT J AU Mountain, RD AF Mountain, Raymond D. TI Molecular dynamics calculation of the viscosity of xenon gas SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Green-Kubo; molecular dynamics; viscosity; xenon ID THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; CORRESPONDING STATES; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; VIRIAL-COEFFICIENTS; SIMULATION; LIQUID; POTENTIALS; DEPENDENCE; PRESSURES AB The density variation of the viscosity of xenon gas is determined using molecular dynamics simulation with a semi-empirical pair potential fit to low-density gas properties. The gas states ranged in density from 0.37 to 7.62 mol .dm(-3), and varied in temperature from 240 -591 K. The simulation results match the kinetic-theory predictions for the model potential at the lowest density, and systematically lie below the experimental values for higher densities. This indicates the need for many-body interactions to accurately predict the viscosity of xenon gas at even moderate densities. An operational criterion for identifying the density region where kinetic theory is appropriate is proposed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mountain, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rmountain@nist.gov NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 28 IS 1 BP 259 EP 267 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0162-6 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 154GR UT WOS:000245495400017 ER PT J AU Yang, S Ding, X Zheng, D Li, Q AF Yang, Song Ding, X. Zheng, D. Li, Q. TI Depiction of the variations of great plains precipitation and its relationship with tropical central-eastern Pacific SST SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; NORTH-AMERICAN PRECIPITATION; UNITED-STATES DROUGHT; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; US PRECIPITATION; SUMMER DROUGHT; HEAT-WAVE; MONSOON; CLIMATE; ENSO AB Several advanced analysis tools are applied to depict the time-frequency characteristics of the variations of Great Plains (GP) precipitation and its relationship with tropical central-eastern Pacific Ocean sea surface temperature (SST). These tools are advantageous because they reveal the detailed features of the dominant time scales of precipitation variations, the combined effects of multiscale oscillating signals on the intensity of precipitation, and the variations of SST-precipitation relationships in time and frequency domains. The variability of GP precipitation is characterized by strong annual and semiannual signals, which have the most stable oscillating frequencies and the largest amplitudes. However, nonseasonal signals, which are less oscillatory and have smaller amplitudes and more variable frequencies with time, also contribute significantly to precipitation variability and may modify the seasonal cycle of GP precipitation. The phase of these nonseasonal signals is in phase (out of phase) with that of seasonal signals during the periods of heavy (deficient) precipitation. Significant correlations exist between GP precipitation and Nino-3.4 SST, and the strongest relationship appears when the SST leads the precipitation by 1 month. The GP precipitation increases (decreases) during El Nino (La Nina) episodes. Significant relationships appear on semiannual and annual time scales in the 1950s and on interannual time scales in the 1910s, 1940s, and 1980s. A particularly significant relationship appears on biennial time scales in the 1980s. The revealed SST-precipitation relationship is strongly seasonally dependent, with the greatest significance in summer. Warming of tropical central-eastern Pacific SST weakens the overlying easterly trade winds and strengthens the northward moisture supply from Central America through the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Plains. This dominant SST influence prevails in all seasons. However, the moisture transport from the southwest coast and the Gulf of California also contributes to the variability of GP precipitation in September-November, December-February, and March-May. In June-August, the increase in GP precipitation is caused by convergence between anomalous northerly flow over the northern plains, associated with the warming in the northeastern Pacific, and southerly flow over the southern plains, associated with the warming in the tropical central-eastern Pacific. C1 NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Land Surveying & Geoinformat, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Astrogeodynam Res, Shanghai, Peoples R China. China Meteorol Adm, Natl Climate Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Yang, S (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd,Rm 605, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM song.yang@noaa.gov RI Yang, Song/B-4952-2009; Ding, Xiaoli/K-4596-2013 OI Ding, Xiaoli/0000-0002-5733-3629 NR 57 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 46 IS 2 BP 136 EP 153 DI 10.1175/JAM2455.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 141LZ UT WOS:000244581400002 ER PT J AU Matrosov, SY Clark, KA Kingsmill, DE AF Matrosov, Sergey Y. Clark, Kurt A. Kingsmill, David E. TI A polarimetric radar approach to identify rain, melting-layer, and snow regions for applying corrections to vertical profiles of reflectivity SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID X-BAND; PRECIPITATION; WSR-88D AB This article describes polarimetric X-band radar-based quantitative precipitation estimations (OPE) under conditions of low freezing levels when, even at the lowest possible elevation angles, radar resolution volumes at longer ranges are in melting-layer or snow regions while it rains at the ground. A specifically adjusted vertical-profile-of-reflectivity (VPR) approach is introduced. The mean VPR is constructed based on the range-height indicator scans, and the effects of smoothing of brightband (BB) features with range are accounted for. A principal feature of the suggested QPE approach is the determination of the reflectivity BB boundaries and freezing-level heights on a beam-by-beam basis using the copolar correlation coefficient rho(hv), which is routinely available from the X-band radar measurements. It is shown that this coefficient provides a robust discrimination among the regions of rain, melting hydrometeors, and snow. The freezing-level estimates made using rho(hv), were within 100-200 m from the corresponding estimates of the 0 degrees isotherm heights from radiosonde soundings. The suggested VPR approach with the polarimetric determination of the reflectivity BB boundaries was used for OPE during the wintertime deployment of the NOAA X-band radar as part of the 2006 Hydrometeorological Test Bed (HMT-06) field experiment in the California Sierra Nevada foothills. It is shown that this approach noticeably improves radar-rainfall accumulation estimates. The use of the HMT-06 mean X-band reflectivity-rain-rate (Z(eh)-R) relation resulted in an approximately 65% relative standard deviation of radar estimates from the surface rain gauges if no VPR adjustments were made. Applying the VPR approach with polarimetric detection of the melting layer resulted in reduction of the corresponding relative standard deviation by about a factor of 2. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Matrosov, SY (reprint author), R-PSD2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sergey.matrosov@noaa.gov NR 19 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 46 IS 2 BP 154 EP 166 DI 10.1175/JAM2508.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 141LZ UT WOS:000244581400003 ER PT J AU Zumpfe, DE Horel, JD AF Zumpfe, Daniel E. Horel, John D. TI Lake-breeze fronts in the Salt Lake Valley SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICAN MONSOON; BOUNDARY-LAYER; UNITED-STATES; FLOWS; MODEL; CIRCULATIONS; ENVIRONMENT; TURBULENCE; PATTERNS; CAMPAIGN AB Winds at the Salt Lake City International Airport (SLC) during the April-October period from 1948 to 2003 have been observed to shift to the north (up-valley direction) between late morning and afternoon on over 70% of the days without precipitation. Lake-breeze fronts that develop as a result of the differential heating between the air over the nearby Great Salt Lake and that over the lake's surroundings are observed at SLC only a few times each month. Fewer lake-breeze fronts are observed during late July-early September than before or after that period. Interannual fluctuations in the areal extent of the shallow Great Salt Lake contribute to year-to-year variations in the number of lake-breeze frontal passages at SLC. Data collected during the Vertical Transport and Mixing Experiment (VTMX) of October 2000 are used to examine the structure and evolution of a lake-breeze front that moved through the Salt Lake Valley on 17 October. The onset of upslope and up-valley winds occurred within the valley prior to the passage of the lake-breeze front. The lake-breeze front moved at roughly 3 in s(-1) up the valley and was characterized near the surface by an abrupt increase in wind speed and dewpoint temperature over a distance of 3-4 km. Rapid vertical mixing of aerosols at the top of the 600-800-m-deep boundary layer was evident as the front passed. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Univ Utah, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Reg Predict, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Zumpfe, DE (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, 135 S 1460 E,Rm 819, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM jhorel@met.utah.edu NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 46 IS 2 BP 196 EP 211 DI 10.1175/JAM2449.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 141LZ UT WOS:000244581400006 ER PT J AU Rantschler, JO McMichael, RD Castillo, A Shapiro, AJ Egelhoff, WF Maranville, BB Pulugurtha, D Chen, AP AF Rantschler, J. O. McMichael, R. D. Castillo, A. Shapiro, A. J. Egelhoff, W. F., Jr. Maranville, B. B. Pulugurtha, D. Chen, A. P. TI Effect of 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metal doping on damping in permalloy thin films SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FERROMAGNETIC-RESONANCE LINEWIDTH; SPIN-WAVE RELAXATION; ULTRATHIN FILMS; DOPANTS; HEADS; NOISE; NM AB The effect of doping on the magnetic damping parameter of Ni80Fe20 is measured for 21 transition metal dopants: Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, and Au. For most of the dopants, the damping parameter increases linearly with dopant concentration. The strongest effects are observed for the 5d transition metal dopants, with a maximum of 7.7x10(-3) per atomic percent osmium. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Houston, Ctr Nanomagnet Syst, Houston, TX 77204 USA. George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RP Rantschler, JO (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rmcmichael@nist.gov RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 34 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD FEB 1 PY 2007 VL 101 IS 3 AR 033911 DI 10.1063/1.2436471 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 136UR UT WOS:000244250100108 ER PT J AU Shaw, JM Falco, CM AF Shaw, Justin M. Falco, Charles M. TI Structure, spin dynamics, and magnetic properties of annealed nanoscale Fe layers on GaAs SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FILMS; GAAS(001); GROWTH; INTERDIFFUSION; ANISOTROPIES; SUBSTRATE; EVOLUTION; PHASE AB We performed a detailed study of the effect of annealing (at temperatures up to 300 degrees C) on 0.2-3.0 nm thick epitaxial Fe layers deposited on GaAs(001). Using Brillouin light scattering, we studied the magnetic properties and spin dynamics of these layers and found a strong correlation between magnetic properties and the structure and chemical properties, as measured with electron diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy, and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. We found that significant changes in crystallinity and microstructure occur with annealing. Specifically, annealing of the thinnest layers results in the formation of a discontinuous magnetic layer with increased crystal order. At slightly larger thicknesses, faceted pits form in the Fe layer. This change in structure results in an earlier transition to a ferromagnetic phase, the creation of an additional higher frequency spin-wave mode, and a reduction in the magnetic uniaxial anisotropy constant. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Arizona, Coll Opt Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Shaw, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM justin.shaw@nist.gov RI Shaw, Justin/C-1845-2008 OI Shaw, Justin/0000-0003-2027-1521 NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD FEB 1 PY 2007 VL 101 IS 3 AR 033905 DI 10.1063/1.2433713 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 136UR UT WOS:000244250100102 ER PT J AU Cao, CY Jarva, K Ciren, P AF Cao, Changyong Jarva, Kenneth Ciren, Pubu TI An improved algorithm for the operational calibration of the high-resolution infrared radiation sounder SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Radiance data from the High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) have been used routinely in both direct radiance assimilation for numerical weather prediction and climate change detection studies. The operational HIRS calibration algorithm is critical for producing accurate radiance to meet the user's needs, and it has significant impacts on products at all levels. Since the HIRS does not calibrate every scan line, the calibration coefficients between calibration cycles have to be interpolated based on a number of assumptions. In the more than 25-yr history of operational HIRS calibration, several interpolation methods have been used and, unfortunately, depending on which method is used, these algorithms can produce HIRS level 1b radiance data with significant differences. By analyzing the relationship between the instrument self-emission and gain change during filter temperature fluctuations, in this paper a significant flaw in the previous operational calibration algorithm (version 3) is identified. This caused calibration errors greater than 0.5 K and periodically degraded the HIRS radiance data quality of NOAA-15, - 16, and - 17 between 1998 and 2005. A new HIRS calibration algorithm (version 4) is introduced to improve the calibration accuracy, along with better indicators for instrument noise in the level 1b data. The new algorithm has been validated in parallel tests before it became operational at NOAA/National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS). Test results show that significant improvements in calibration accuracy can be achieved especially for NOAA-15/HIRS. Several areas of further calibration improvements are also identified. The new algorithm has been used for all operational satellites at NOAA/NESDIS since 28 April 2005. C1 NOAA, NESDIS Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Sci & Technol Corp, Greenbelt, MD USA. QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Cao, CY (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, 5200 Auth Rd,WWB,Rm 712, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM changyong.cao@noaa.gov RI Cao, Changyong/F-5578-2010; Ciren, Pubu/E-6542-2011 NR 7 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 24 IS 2 BP 169 EP 181 DI 10.1175/JTECH2037.1 PG 13 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 137EW UT WOS:000244276800004 ER PT J AU Kent, EC Woodruff, SD Berry, DI AF Kent, Elizabeth C. Woodruff, Scott D. Berry, David I. TI Metadata from WMO publication no. 47 and an assessment of voluntary observing ship observation heights in ICOADS SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIR-FLOW DISTORTION; ESTIMATING CLIMATIC TRENDS; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS; MERCHANT SHIPS; CFD MODEL; PART II; ERRORS; SST; COADS AB It is increasingly recognized that metadata can significantly improve the quality of scientific analyses and that the availability of metadata is particularly important for the study of climate variability. The International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) contains in situ observations frequently used in climate studies, and this paper describes the ship metadata that are available to complement ICOADS. This paper highlights the metadata available in World Meteorological Organization Publication No. 47 that include information on measurement methods and observation heights. Changing measurement methods and heights are known to be a cause of spurious change in the climate record. Here the authors focus on identifying measurement heights for air temperature and wind speed and also give information on SST measurement depths. C1 Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England. NOAA, OAR Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Kent, EC (reprint author), Natl Oceanog Ctr, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England. EM elizabeth.c.kent@noc.soton.ac.uk RI Berry, David/C-1268-2011; Kent, Elizabeth/C-1281-2011 OI Kent, Elizabeth/0000-0002-6209-4247 NR 61 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 EI 1520-0426 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 24 IS 2 BP 214 EP 234 DI 10.1175/JTECH1949.1 PG 21 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 137EW UT WOS:000244276800008 ER PT J AU Wu, CC Wu, ST Dryer, M Fry, CD Berdichevsky, D Smith, Z Detman, T AF Wu, Chin-Chun Wu, S. T. Dryer, M. Fry, C. D. Berdichevsky, D. Smith, Z. Detman, T. TI The evolution of shocks near the surface of Sun during the epoch of Halloween 2003 SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Huntsville Workshop on Challenges to Modeling the Sun-Earth System CY OCT 18-22, 2004 CL Huntsville, AL DE interplanetary shock; solar flare; coronal mass ejection; geomagnetic storm ID SLOW SHOCKS; SOLAR-WIND; HELIOSPHERE AB We use a one-dimensional, time-dependent adaptive grid MHD code to study the evolution of shocks (both slow and fast shocks) from the surface of the Sun through the heliosphere. In order to achieve the goal, we track a specific solar event's plasma and magnetic field output as it propagates into interplanetary space with a possible geoeffective consequence. We have chosen the famous event of the October/November ("Halloween 2003") epoch which produced two of the largest geomagnetic storms during solar cycle 23, followed by the arrivals of the shocks at Earth. These two geomagnetic storms are associated with two of these flares (X17/4B and X10/2B). Accordingly, four separate pressure pulses, at the appropriate times and with different strengths and duration, determined via a trial and error procedure, are introduced on the Sun to mimic the four flares. The results show that the simulated solar wind velocity temporal profiles successfully matched the observations at L1. The propagation speed of shock waves near the Sun also matched with the CME observations of SOHO/LASCO. The major objective, to demonstrate the detailed nature of interacting shocks and some of their products after origination from closely spaced solar events, is achieved. The evolution of both slow and fast shocks is also discussed in detail. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alabama, CSPAR, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China. NOAA, Space Environm Lab Ctr, SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. L 3 Commun EER Syst Inc, Largo, MD 20774 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wu, CC (reprint author), Univ Alabama, CSPAR, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM wuc@cspar.uah.edu; wus@cspar.uah.edu; murray.dryer@noaa.gov; gfry@expi.com; dberdich@pop600.gsfc.nasa.gov; Zdenka.Smith@noaa.gov; Thomas.detman@noaa.gov RI xue, yansheng/A-9712-2012 NR 19 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 69 IS 1-2 BP 91 EP 100 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2006.07.014 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 141CC UT WOS:000244553100012 ER PT J AU Fry, CD Detman, TR Dryer, M Smith, Z Sun, W Deehr, CS Akasofu, SI Wu, CC McKenna-Lawlor, S AF Fry, C. D. Detman, T. R. Dryer, M. Smith, Z. Sun, W. Deehr, C. S. Akasofu, S. -I. Wu, C. -C. McKenna-Lawlor, S. TI Real-time solar wind forecasting: Capabilities and challenges SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Huntsville Workshop on Challenges to Modeling the Sun-Earth System CY OCT 18-22, 2004 CL Huntsville, AL DE solar wind; space weather; interplanetary shock; forecasting ID MODEL; DISTURBANCES; PREDICTIONS; SIMULATION; ARRIVALS; SHOCKS; EARTH; SMEI AB A user-friendly, real-time, observation-driven system for forecasting solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field conditions is described. The forecast system presently uses the Hakamada-Akasofu-Fry (version 2) kinematic solar wind model to predict, in real-time, solar wind conditions in the heliosphere, including at the location of Mars, and beyond. Properly characterizing and predicting this region of the space environment are essential steps towards improving the accuracy of "downstream" space weather models used to forecast the space radiation environment and geomagnetic activity. Representative modeling results are presented and the conclusion is made that uncertainty in determining the physical parameters needed for model inputs from real-time solar observations is the biggest factor limiting the accuracy of solar wind models used for space weather analysis and prediction. Future directions include extending the forecast system via a hybrid approach to include 3D MHD modeling. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. NOAA, SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alabama, CSPAR, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Natl Univ Ireland, Space Technol Ireland, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland. RP Fry, CD (reprint author), Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. EM gfry@expi.com RI xue, yansheng/A-9712-2012 NR 20 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 69 IS 1-2 BP 109 EP 115 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2006.07.024 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 141CC UT WOS:000244553100014 ER PT J AU Frenkel, M AF Frenkel, Michael TI From molecular insights and chemical technologies to communications and expert systems: A few short thermodynamic stories SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE calorimetry communications; conformational analysis; data equilibria; expert systems; thermodynamics ID THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA; XML-BASED APPROACH; CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS; CATALYTIC CONVERSION; DATA COMPILATIONS; PLASTIC CRYSTALS; CYCLOHEXANOL; STORAGE; CUBANE; ALKYLCYCLOHEXANOLS AB This Hugh M. Huffman Memorial Award Lecture illustrates the power of phenomenological and statistical thermodynamics and the unique role of thermochemical data by a variety ofstudies in very diverse scientific and industrial fields ranging from conformational analysis to optimization of high-tech space and mass-scale chemical technologies and from data communications to data expert systems for chemical process design. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Frenkel, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM frenkel@boulder.nist.gov NR 81 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 39 IS 2 BP 169 EP 191 DI 10.1016/j.jct.2006.07.029 PG 23 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 141MF UT WOS:000244582100001 ER PT J AU Stouffer, RJ Seidov, D Haupt, BJ AF Stouffer, Ronald J. Seidov, Dan Haupt, Bernd J. TI Climate response to external sources of freshwater: North Atlantic versus the Southern Ocean SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; GLACIAL CLIMATE; BIPOLAR SEESAW; SIMULATIONS; SURFACE; ANTARCTICA; GREENLAND; MELTWATER; HEINRICH AB The response of an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) to perturbations of freshwater fluxes across the sea surface in the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean is investigated. The purpose of this study is to investigate aspects of the so-called bipolar seesaw where one hemisphere warms and the other cools and vice versa due to changes in the ocean meridional overturning. The experimental design is idealized where 1 Sv (1 Sv equivalent to 10(6) m(3) s(-1)) of freshwater is added to the ocean surface for 100 model years and then removed. In one case, the freshwater perturbation is located in the Atlantic Ocean from 50 degrees to 70 degrees N. In the second case, it is located south of 60 degrees S in the Southern Ocean. In the case where the North Atlantic surface waters are freshened, the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) and associated northward oceanic heat transport weaken. In the Antarctic surface freshening case, the Atlantic THC is mainly unchanged with a slight weakening toward the end of the integration. This weakening is associated with the spreading of the fresh sea surface anomaly from the Southern Ocean into the rest of the World Ocean. There are two mechanisms that may be responsible for such weakening of the Atlantic THC. First is that the sea surface salinity (SSS) contrast between the North Atlantic and North Pacific is reduced. And, second, when freshwater from the Southern Ocean reaches the high latitudes of the North Atlantic Ocean, it hinders the sinking of the surface waters, leading to the weakening of the THC. The spreading of the fresh SSS anomaly from the Southern Ocean into the surface waters worldwide was not seen in earlier experiments. Given the geography and climatology of the Southern Hemisphere where the climatological surface winds push the surface waters northward away from the Antarctic continent, it seems likely that the spreading of the fresh surface water anomaly could occur in the real world. A remarkable symmetry between the two freshwater perturbation experiments in the surface air temperature (SAT) response can be seen. In both cases, the hemisphere with the freshwater perturbation cools, while the opposite hemisphere warms slightly. In the zonally averaged SAT figures, both the magnitude and the pattern of the anomalies look similar between the two cases. The oceanic response, on the other hand, is very different for the two freshwater cases, as noted above for the spreading of the SSS anomaly and the associated THC response. If the differences between the atmospheric and oceanic responses apply to the real world, then the interpretation of paleodata may need to be revisited. To arrive at a correct interpretation, it matters whether or not the evidence is mainly of atmospheric or oceanic origin. Also, given the sensitivity of the results to the exact details of the freshwater perturbation locations, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, a more realistic scenario must be constructed to explore these questions. C1 Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Stouffer, RJ (reprint author), Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM ronald.stouffer@noaa.gov NR 45 TC 54 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB 1 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 3 BP 436 EP 448 DI 10.1175/JCLI4015.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 134OP UT WOS:000244093000004 ER PT J AU Charlton, AJ Polvani, LM Perlwitz, J Sassi, F Manzini, E Shibata, K Pawson, S Nielsen, JE Rind, D AF Charlton, Andrew J. Polvani, Lorenzo M. Perlwitz, Judith Sassi, Fabrizio Manzini, Elisa Shibata, Kiyotaka Pawson, Steven Nielsen, J. Eric Rind, David TI A new look at stratospheric sudden warmings. Part II: Evaluation of numerical model simulations SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; CHEMISTRY-CLIMATE MODELS; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; DOUBLED CO2 CLIMATE; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; WAVE ACTIVITY; OZONE LOSSES; OSCILLATION AB The simulation of major midwinter stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) in six stratosphere-resolving general circulation models (GCMs) is examined. The GCMs are compared to a new climatology of SSWs, based on the dynamical characteristics of the events. First, the number, type, and temporal distribution of SSW events are evaluated. Most of the models show a lower frequency of SSW events than the climatology, which has a mean frequency of 6.0 SSWs per decade. Statistical tests show that three of the six models produce significantly fewer SSWs than the climatology, between 1.0 and 2.6 SSWs per decade. Second, four process-based diagnostics are calculated for all of the SSW events in each model. It is found that SSWs in the GCMs compare favorably with dynamical benchmarks for SSW established in the first part of the study. These results indicate that GCMs are capable of quite accurately simulating the dynamics required to produce SSWs, but with lower frequency than the climatology. Further dynamical diagnostics hint that, in at least one case, this is due to a lack of meridional heat flux in the lower stratosphere. Even though the SSWs simulated by most GCMs are dynamically realistic when compared to the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, the reasons for the relative paucity of SSWs in GCMs remains an important and open question. C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, New York, NY USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Clin Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Bologna, Italy. Meteorol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Charlton, AJ (reprint author), Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England. EM a.j.charlton@reading.ac.uk RI Perlwitz, Judith/B-7201-2008; Manzini, Elisa/H-5760-2011; Charlton-Perez, Andrew/F-4079-2010; Pawson, Steven/I-1865-2014; OI Perlwitz, Judith/0000-0003-4061-2442; Charlton-Perez, Andrew/0000-0001-8179-6220; Pawson, Steven/0000-0003-0200-717X; Sassi, Fabrizio/0000-0002-9492-7434 NR 43 TC 76 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB 1 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 3 BP 470 EP 488 DI 10.1175/JCLI3994.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 134OP UT WOS:000244093000006 ER PT J AU Li, SL Robinson, WA Hoerling, MP Weickmann, KM AF Li, Shuanglin Robinson, Walter A. Hoerling, Martin P. Weickmann, Klaus M. TI Dynamics of the extratropical response to a tropical Atlantic SST anomaly SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES; SEA-ICE ANOMALIES; ATMOSPHERIC RESPONSE; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; WINTER CIRCULATION; NONLINEARITY; VARIABILITY; MODEL; SCALE; TELECONNECTIONS AB Previous atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) experiments revealed that atmospheric responses to a tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) were asymmetric with respect to the sign of the SSTA. A positive SSTA produced a south-north dipole in geopotential heights, much like the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), while a negative SSTA yielded an eastward-propagating wave train, with the northern lobe of the NAO absent. Here these height responses are decomposed into components that are symmetric or antisymmetric with respect to the sign of the SSTA. The symmetric, or notionally linear, component is a nearly south-north dipole projecting on the NAO, while the antisymmetric, or notionally nonlinear, component is a different dipole. Experiments with a diagnostic linear baroclinic model (LBM) suggest that both components are maintained primarily by transient-eddy forcing. Dynamical mechanisms for the formation of the two components are explored using the LBM and a nonlinear barotropic vorticity equation model (BVM). Transient-eddy feedback is sufficient to explain the linear response. The NAO-like linear response occurs when the initial heating induces transient-eddy forcing in the exit of the Atlantic jet. The structure of the background absolute vorticity in this region is such that this transient-eddy forcing induces a nearly north-south dipole in anomalous geopotential heights. When the nonlinear self-interaction of this transient-induced low-frequency perturbation is included in the BVM, the dipole axis tilts to the east or west, resulting in a response that is nonlinear about the sign of the forcing. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Li, SL (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Int Res Ctr, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. EM shuanglin.li@mail.iap.ac.cn RI Robinson, Walter/I-3782-2012 OI Robinson, Walter/0000-0002-6669-7408 NR 37 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB 1 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 3 BP 560 EP 574 DI 10.1175/JCLI4014.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 134OP UT WOS:000244093000012 ER PT J AU Stevens, BG Swiney, KM AF Stevens, Bradley G. Swiney, Katherine M. TI Hatch timing, incubation period, and reproductive cycle for captive primiparous and multiparous red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus SO JOURNAL OF CRUSTACEAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LITHODES-AEQUISPINUS ANOMURA; LARVAL RELEASE; ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE; EVOLUTIONARY BETS; BRACHYURAN CRABS; EMBRYO MASSES; OXYGEN; CRUSTACEA; DECAPODA; ALASKA AB Adolescent and mature female red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus were captured by scuba divers and held in seawater tanks at the Kodiak Fisheries Research Center at ambient temperatures. Over three separate years, we monitored dates of embryo extrusion, timing and length of the hatching period, duration of embryological developmental, total degree-days, and volume and number of larvae released on a daily basis. Primiparous females extruded their embryos on a mean date of 3 February, two months prior to extrusion by multiparous crab. Mean hatching date for primiparous females occurred 16 days prior to that of multiparous females in 2001, and 12 days earlier ill 2003. Primiparous females required a mean of 365 days and 2601 degree-days for complete embryonic development, whereas multiparous females required significantly less time, with a mean of 328 d, and 2482 degree-days. Although multiparous females were significantly larger than primiparous females, there was no significant difference between reproductive types in the time required for complete hatching (mean 32 days), total volume (mean 308 mL) or number of larvae released (mean 106, 884). Multiparous female crabs held in filtered or unfiltered (raw) seawater showed no differences in hatch timing, hatching days, or volume released. Virtually all larvae (91-95%) were released in the 4 hour period between 1800 and 2200 hours, and 50% were released in the first half-hour of darkness. Extended hatching exhibited by red king crabs is not synchronous with the occurrence of planktonic food sources, but may be an adaptation to the uncertainty of food availability. Shorter development times for multiparous embryos are necessary to complete the reproductive cycle prior to obligatory molting before extruding the next batch of eggs. This information was incorporated into a conceptual model of the first 3 years of reproduction for red king crab. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak Fisheries Res Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Stevens, BG (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak Fisheries Res Ctr, 301 Res Ct, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. EM bstevens@umassd.edu; katherine.swiney@noaa.gov NR 46 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU CRUSTACEAN SOC PI SAN ANTONIO PA 840 EAST MULBERRY, SAN ANTONIO, TX 78212 USA SN 0278-0372 J9 J CRUSTACEAN BIOL JI J. Crustac. Biol. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 27 IS 1 BP 37 EP 48 DI 10.1651/S-2663.1 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 134ZB UT WOS:000244122300006 ER PT J AU Sulikowski, JA Driggers, WB Ford, TS Boonstra, RK Carlson, JK AF Sulikowski, J. A. Driggers, W. B., III Ford, T. S. Boonstra, R. K. Carlson, J. K. TI Reproductive cycle of the blacknose shark Carcharhinus acronotus in the Gulf of Mexico SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blacknose shark; Carcharhinidae; elasmobranch; reproduction ID WESTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC; RHIZOPRIONODON-TERRAENOVAE RICHARDSON; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; LIFE-HISTORY; LEUCORAJA-OCELLATA; GONAD DEVELOPMENT; FINETOOTH SHARK; SHARPNOSE SHARK; COASTAL WATERS; WINTER SKATE AB The reproductive periodicity of blacknose sharks Carcharhinus acronotus in the northern Gulf of Mexico was determined by examining reproductive tissues from specimens collected monthly from 2002 to 2005. Monthly changes in shell gland mass, right ovary mass and ovarian follicle diameter were assessed for 74 mature females. Temporal changes in testes mass, testes width and proportion of mature spermatocysts were examined for 64 mature males. Trends in female reproductive tissues suggested an annual peak in reproductive activity during June and July, while trends in male variables suggested an annual reproductive peak during May and June. Although male and female reproductive activity peaked in different months, a strong synchronicity existed between the proportion of mature spermatocysts and the diameter of the largest ovarian follicle. Based on these results, the mating season of blacknose sharks lasts from mid-May to July in the Gulf of Mexico. Maximum embryo sizes were observed in May, which suggested that partition occurs during late May or early June. Results indicate that blacknose sharks have a clearly defined annual cycle in the Gulf of Mexico. This conclusion is further supported by the complete absence of gravid females without vitellogenic ovarian follicles among all mature females examined. C1 Univ Florida, Florida Museum Nat Hist, Florida Program Shark Res, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Mississippi Labs, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. Panama City Lab, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP Sulikowski, JA (reprint author), Univ New England, Ctr Marine Sci, 11 Hills Beach Rd, Biddeford, ME 04005 USA. EM jsulikowski@une.edu NR 42 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 70 IS 2 BP 428 EP 440 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01314.x PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 132XR UT WOS:000243976700008 ER PT J AU Moss, JH Beauchamp, DA AF Moss, J. H. Beauchamp, D. A. TI Functional response of juvenile pink and chum salmon: effects of consumer size and two types of zooplankton prey SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chum salmon; copepods; functional response; mysids; pink salmon ID KOKANEE ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION; PLANKTIVOROUS FISH; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; FORAGING MODEL; GROWTH-RATE; BODY SIZE; PREDATION; MORTALITY; LAKE AB Feeding rate experiments were conducted for pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha fry [mean fork length (L-F) 39 mm], juveniles (103-104 mm L-F) and juvenile chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta (106-107 mm L-F). Fishes were presented with small copepod (Tisbi sp.) or larger mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia) prey at varying densities ranging from 1 to 235 prey l(-1) in feeding rate experiments conducted at water temperatures ranging from 10.5 to 12.0 degrees C under high light levels and low turbidity conditions. Juvenile pink and chum salmon demonstrated a type II functional response to mysid and copepod prey. Mysid prey was readily selected by both species whereas the smaller bodied copepod prey was not. When offered copepods, pink salmon fry fed at a higher maximum consumption rate (2.5 copepods min(-1)) than larger juvenile pink salmon (0.4 copepods min(-1)), whereas larger juvenile chum salmon exhibited the highest feeding rate (3.8 copepods min(-1)). When feeding on mysids, the maximum feeding rate for larger juvenile pink (12.3 mysids min(-1)) and chum (11.5 mysids min(-1)) salmon were similar in magnitude, and higher than feeding rates on copepods. Functional response models parameterized for specific sizes of juvenile salmon and zooplankton prey provide an important tool for linking feeding rates to ambient foraging conditions in marine environments, and can enable mechanistic predictions for how feeding and growth should respond to spatial-temporal variability in biological and physical conditions during early marine life stages. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, US Geol Survey, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Moss, JH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Hwy, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM jamal.moss@noaa.gov NR 49 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 70 IS 2 BP 610 EP 622 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01340.x PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 132XR UT WOS:000243976700022 ER PT J AU Hooker, S Mueller, J Kostelecky, C Womer, K AF Hooker, S. Mueller, J. Kostelecky, C. Womer, K. TI Fatigue resistant miniature piezoceramic actuators SO JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT MATERIAL SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Congress on Biomimetics, Artificial Muscles, and Nano-Bio CY DEC 05-08, 2004 CL Albuquerque, NM DE piezoelectric ceramic; multilayer; microstructure; sintering temperature; cyclic fatigue ID CERAMICS; BEHAVIOR; SIZE; PZT AB Piezoelectric ceramics are desirable actuator materials for many biomedical applications due to their ability to generate precise, controlled motion with applied voltage. Herein, we report the fabrication of miniature piezoceramic actuators and their subsequent performance testing under high electric fields. Actuators were produced by tape casting sub-micrometer lead zirconate titanate (PZT) powder, followed by electroding, laminating, and dicing to form multilayer devices. The resulting devices consisted of ten active PZT layers, each of which was approximate to 50 mu m thick. To evaluate the effect of microstructure on performance, the components were heated to seven different temperatures ranging from 1175 to 1325 degrees C and held at each temperature for 24 min. Fatigue resistance was determined by monitoring changes in polarization during continuous cyclic operation. Actuators sintered at lower temperatures possessed smaller grains and exhibited improved fatigue resistance. In these specimens, polarization decreased by < 15% compared to more than 50% for devices processed at higher temperatures. These results indicate that sintering control can be effectively used to minimize performance degradation, improve reliability, and promote long-term stability. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Synkera Technol, Longmont, CO 80501 USA. RP Hooker, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM shooker@boulder.nist.gov NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 1045-389X J9 J INTEL MAT SYST STR JI J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 18 IS 2 BP 153 EP 157 DI 10.1177/1045389X06063460 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 135JL UT WOS:000244149800008 ER PT J AU Pitman, RL Perryman, WL Leroi, D Eilers, E AF Pitman, Robert L. Perryman, Wayne L. LeRoi, Don Eilers, Erik TI A dwarf form of killer whale in Antarctica SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE aerial photogrammetry; Antarctica; Cetacea; dwarf form; killer whale; morphometrics; Orcinus orca ID AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY; DOLPHIN AB In the early 1980s, 2 groups of Soviet scientists independently described 1, possibly 2 new dwarf species of killer whales (Orcinus) from Antarctica. We used aerial photogrammetry to determine total length (TL) of 221 individual Type C killer whales-a fish-eating ecotype that inhabits dense pack ice-in the southern Ross Sea in January 2005. We confirmed it as one of the smallest killer whales known: TL of adult females (with calves) averaged 5.2 m +/- 0.23 SD (n = 33); adult males averaged 5.6 +/- 0.32 m (n = 65), with the largest measuring 6.1 m. Female Type A killer whales-offshore mammal-eaters-from Soviet whaling data in the Southern Ocean were approximately 1-2 m longer, and males were 2-3 m (up to 50%) longer (maximum length 9.2 m). Killer whale communities from the North Atlantic and in waters around Japan also appear to support both a smaller, inshore, fish-eating form and a larger, offshore, mammal-eating form. We suggest that, at least in Antarctica, this degree of size dimorphism could result in reproductive isolation between sympatric ecotypes, which is consistent with hypotheses of multiple species of killer whales in the Southern Ocean. C1 NOAA, Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Pitman, RL (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM robert.pitman@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 33 Z9 41 U1 5 U2 29 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 88 IS 1 BP 43 EP 48 DI 10.1644/06-MAMM-A-118R1.1 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 142BK UT WOS:000244623500005 ER PT J AU Vickery, MCL Nilsson, WB Strom, MS Nordstrom, JL DePaola, A AF Vickery, Michael C. L. Nilsson, William B. Strom, Mark S. Nordstrom, Jessica L. DePaola, Angelo TI A real-time PCR assay for the rapid determination of 16S rRNA genotype in Vibrio vulnificus SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE vibrio vulnificus; real-time PCR; 16S rRNA ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; POLYMORPHIC DNA ANALYSIS; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; AP-PCR; GENES; IDENTIFICATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; POLYMERASE; SEQUENCES AB In a terminal restriction fragment polymorphism (T-RFLP) study, we recently reported a significant association between the type B 16S rRNA gene and clinical strains of Vibrio vulnificus associated with the consumption of raw oysters. In the present study we describe a real-time PCR assay for the rapid determination of the 16S rRNA type of V vulnificus isolates. This assay was used to reexamine the 16S rRNA gene type in the strains studied previously by T-RFLP and additional isolates from selected sources. Analyses revealed that 15 of the strains (10 environmental and 5 clinical) previously found to be 16S rRNA type A actually appear to possess both the type A and B genes. The presence of both alleles was confirmed by cloning and sequencing both gene types from one strain. To our knowledge, this is the first report of 16S rRNA sequence heterogeneity within individual strains of V vulnificus. The findings confirm the T-RFLP data that 16S rRNA type may be a useful marker for determining the clinical significance of V. vulnificus in disease in humans and cultured eels. The real-time PCR assay is much more rapid and less resource-intensive than T-RFLP, and should facilitate further study of the occurrence and distribution of the 16S rRNA genotypes of V vulnificus. These studies should provide more definitive estimates of the risks associated with this organism and may lead to a better understanding of its virulence mechanism(s). (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US FDA, Fishery Res Branch, Gulf Coast Seafood Lab, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Nordstrom, JL (reprint author), US FDA, Fishery Res Branch, Gulf Coast Seafood Lab, POB 158,1 Iberville, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. EM michael.vickery@cepheid.com; jessica.nordstrom@fda.hhs.gov NR 43 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD FEB PY 2007 VL 68 IS 2 BP 376 EP 384 DI 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.02.018 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 138SK UT WOS:000244382400025 PM 17070612 ER PT J AU Lee, S Wallis, TM Moreland, J Kabos, P Lee, YC AF Lee, Simone Wallis, T. Mitch Moreland, John Kabos, Pavel Lee, Y. C. TI Asymmetric dielectric trilayer cantilever probe for calorimetric high-frequency field imaging SO JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE curvature; high-frequency imaging; microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) cantilever; radio-frequency (RF) probe ID STRESS SILICON-NITRIDE; MAGNETIC-FIELD; OPTIMIZATION; SENSORS AB Multimaterial, microelectromechanical systems-based cantilever probes were developed for high-frequency magnetic field imaging. The basic configuration of the probe consists of a cantilever beam fabricated using surface micromachining and bulk micromachining techniques with dielectric silicon nitride and silicon oxide materials on a silicon wafer. A gold patterned metallization at the tip of the cantilever provides a source of eddy current heating due to the perpendicular component of the high-frequency magnetic field. This thermally absorbed power is converted to mechanical deflection by a multimaterial trilayer cantilever system. The deflection is measured with a beam-bounce optical technique employed in atomic force microscopy systems. We discuss the modeling, design, fabrication, and characterization of these field imaging probes. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Engn Mech, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lee, S (reprint author), FormFactor Inc, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM SLee2@Form-Factor.com; kabos@boulder.nist.gov; leeyc@colorado.edu NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1057-7157 J9 J MICROELECTROMECH S JI J. Microelectromech. Syst. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 16 IS 1 BP 78 EP 86 DI 10.1109/JMEMS.2006.885849 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 139LW UT WOS:000244434300011 ER PT J AU Houk, P Bograd, S van Woesik, R AF Houk, Peter Bograd, Steven van Woesik, Robert TI The transition zone chlorophyll front can trigger Acanthaster planci outbreaks in the Pacific Ocean: Historical confirmation SO JOURNAL OF OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Acanthaster planci; outbreaks; causes; Pacific Ocean; transition zone chlorophyll front ID OF-THORNS STARFISH; ECHINODERMATA; RECRUITMENT; SIMULATION; ASTEROIDEA; PREDATION; DYNAMICS; ECOLOGY; GROWTH; CORALS AB We hypothesize that the North Pacific transition zone chlorophyll front (TZCF) can episodically deliver enhanced phytoplankton levels that are linked to the emergence of adult populations of the coral eating starfish Acanthaster planci. In some years, the seasonally migrating TZCF bathes the northwest Hawaiian Islands with chlorophyll-a rich waters during the winter months that coincide with peak starfish spawning and provide ideal conditions for A. planci larval survival. We found significant relationships between starfish populations in the North Pacific and the southernmost latitude of the TZCF, chlorophyll-a concentrations, sea surface temperature, and Ekman transport indices since 1967. We propose that TZCF-triggered primary outbreaks are followed by secondary outbreaks throughout the region, in accordance with the surface currents and separated by a sequential time lag. Our historical confirmation suggests outbreaks are predictable, which has immediate coral reef conservation and management consequences. C1 Florida Inst Technol, Dept Biol Sci, Melbourne, FL 32935 USA. NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Div Environm Res, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM peterhouk@deq.gov.mp NR 32 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 15 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158-0083, JAPAN SN 0916-8370 J9 J OCEANOGR JI J. Oceanogr. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 63 IS 1 BP 149 EP 154 DI 10.1007/s10872-007-0013-x PG 6 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 120BV UT WOS:000243059400013 ER PT J AU Harrison, DE Carson, M AF Harrison, D. E. Carson, Mark TI Is the world ocean warming? Upper-ocean temperature trends: 1950-2000 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; PACIFIC-OCEAN; NORTH PACIFIC; ATLANTIC; DEPTH AB Subsurface temperature trends in the better-sampled parts of the World Ocean are reported. Where there are sufficient observations for this analysis, there is large spatial variability of 51-yr trends in the upper ocean, with some regions showing cooling in excess of 3 degrees C, and others warming of similar magnitude. Some 95% of the ocean area analyzed has both cooled and warmed over 20-yr subsets of this period. There is much space and time variability of 20-yr running trend estimates, indicating that trends over a decade or two may not be representative of longer-term trends. Results are based on sorting individual observations in World Ocean Database 2001 into 1 degrees x 1 degrees and 2 degrees x 2 degrees bins. Only bins with at least five observations per decade for four of the five decades since 1950 are used. Much of the World Ocean cannot be examined from this perspective. The 51-yr trends significant at the 90% level are given particular attention. Results are presented for depths of 100, 300, and 500 m. The patterns of the 90% significant trends are spatially coherent on scales resolved by the bin size. The vertical structure of the trends is coherent in some regions, but changes sign between the analysis depths in a number of others. It is suggested that additional attention should be given to uncertainty estimates for basin average and World Ocean average thermal trends. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Harrison, DE (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM d.e.harrison@noaa.gov RI Harrison, Don/D-9582-2013 NR 18 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 EI 1520-0485 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 37 IS 2 BP 174 EP 187 DI 10.1175/JPO3005.1 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 141DP UT WOS:000244558000005 ER PT J AU Lindstrom, RM Zeisler, R Greenberg, RR AF Lindstrom, R. M. Zeisler, R. Greenberg, R. R. TI Accuracy and uncertainty in radioactivity measurement for NAA SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON-ACTIVATION; DEAD-TIME; SPECTROMETRY; TRACEABILITY; LOSSES; INAA; IRI AB The basic assumptions of activation analysis are that the induced radioactivity is proportional to the amount of analyte, and that the quantity of radioactivity can be related simply to the number of counts observed. Quantitative measurement of activity (and of its uncertainty) is not always simple, especially when accuracy better than a few percent is sought. Recent work with Ge-77 and As-76 has demonstrated that the accuracy of half-lives in the literature is sometimes insufficient. Despite these and other problems, quantitative understanding and documentation of uncertainties can be accomplished, providing demonstrable quality assurance and supporting claims of traceability to the Systeme International. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lindstrom, RM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM richard.lindstrom@nist.gov NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 271 IS 2 BP 311 EP 315 DI 10.1007/s10967-007-0209-y PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 113VY UT WOS:000242627300009 ER PT J AU Stoner, AW Spencer, ML Ryer, CH AF Stoner, Allan W. Spencer, Mara L. Ryer, Clifford H. TI Flatfish-habitat associations in Alaska nursery grounds: Use of continuous video records for multi-scale spatial analysis SO JOURNAL OF SEA RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Flatfish Ecology CY OCT 20-25, 2005 CL Kyoto, JAPAN DE habitat complexity; sediment; rock sole; generalized additive models; GIS ID GENERALIZED ADDITIVE-MODELS; WINTER FLOUNDER; BERING-SEA; PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; ESTIMATING ABUNDANCE; JUVENILE FLATFISHES; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; ROCK SOLE; FISHES; AREA AB Flatfish distributions have traditionally been described in terms of depth, temperature, and sediment characteristics, but other environmental variables may be important depending upon spatial scale. Surveys for age-0 northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) were conducted in five near-shore nursery sites at Kodiak Island, Alaska, using a towed camera sled integrated with navigational data. The continuous record of fish density and habitat features made possible a spatially comprehensive analysis of fish-habitat associations at several spatial scales, ranging from tens of kilometres to less than I in. A combination of multivariate statistical interpretation and geographic information systems (GIS) revealed that the distribution of juvenile rock sole was associated with environmental variables and spatial scales that are not normally detectable with usual flatfish- and habitat-sampling methods (i.e., trawls and grabs). Generalized additive models (GAM) incorporating habitat variables determined from video provided large improvements over models using only the traditional variables such as depth and sediment type. At the broadest (regional) scale of analysis, combinations of sediment composition, surface bedform, temperature, and density of worm tubes provided the best model for rock sole density. Within-nursery variation in fish density was modelled best with depth, habitat structural complexity created by emergent fauna and macroalgae, and worm tube density. At the microhabitat scale (< I in), there was little evidence of direct contact between rock sole and structures such as shell or algae. Rather, they were loosely associated on a scale tens of metres. This study showed that spatially comprehensive surveys can be conducted with towed camera systems and without the need for sediment grab samples. This approach yields detailed habitat information for fishes and the opportunity for landscape analysis of spatial patterns that will be important in conserving critical habitats for flatfishes and other fish species. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Stoner, AW (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM al.stoner@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1101 J9 J SEA RES JI J. Sea Res. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 57 IS 2-3 BP 137 EP 150 DI 10.1016/j.seares.2006.08.005 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 142GC UT WOS:000244636400006 ER PT J AU Abookire, AA Bailey, KM AF Abookire, Alisa A. Bailey, Kevin M. TI The distribution of life cycle stages of two deep-water pleuronectids, Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus) and rex sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus), at the northern extent of their range in the Gulf of Alaska SO JOURNAL OF SEA RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Flatfish Ecology CY OCT 20-25, 2005 CL Kyoto, JAPAN DE life cycle; larval transport; spawning; pleuronectids; Microstomus pacificus; Glyptocephalus zachirus; Gulf of Alaska ID HIPPOGLOSSOIDES-ELASSODON; REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY; NURSERY AREA; GROWTH; FLATFISHES; TRANSPORT; JUVENILE; OREGON; RECRUITMENT; ABUNDANCE AB Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus) and rex sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus) are both commercially valuable, long-lived pleuronectids that are distributed widely throughout the North Pacific. While their ecology and life cycle have been described for southern stocks, few investigations have focused on these species at higher latitudes. We synthesized historical research survey data among critical developmental stages to determine the distribution of life cycle stages for both species in the northern Gulf of Alaska (GOA). Bottom trawl survey data from 1953 to 2004 (25 519 trawls) were used to characterize adult distribution during the nonspawning and spawning seasons, ichthyoplankton data from 1972 to 2003 (10776 tows) were used to determine the spatial and vertical distribution of eggs and larvae, and small-meshed shrimp trawl survey data from 1972 to 2004 (6536 trawls) were used to characterize areas utilized by immature stages. During the non-spawning season, adult Dover sole and rex sole were widely distributed from the inner shelf to outer slope. While both species concentrated on the continental slope to spawn, Dover sole spawning areas were more geographically specific than rex sole. Although spawned in deep water, eggs of both species were found in surface waters near spawning areas. Dover sole larvae did not appear to have an organized migration from offshore spawning grounds toward coastal nursery areas, and our data indicated facultative settling to their juvenile habitat in winter. Rex sole larvae progressively moved cross-shelf toward shore as they grew from April to September, and larvae presumably settled in coastal nursery areas in the autumn. In contrast with studies in the southern end of their range, we found no evidence in the GOA that Dover or rex sole have pelagic larval stages longer than nine months;, however, more sampling for large larvae is needed in winter offshore of the continental shelf as well as sampling for newly settled larvae over the shelf to verify an abbreviated pelagic larval stage for both species at the northern end of their range. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Abookire, AA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 301 Res Court, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. EM alisa.abookire@noaa.gov RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 35 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1101 J9 J SEA RES JI J. Sea Res. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 57 IS 2-3 BP 198 EP 208 DI 10.1016/j.seares.2006.08.004 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 142GC UT WOS:000244636400012 ER PT J AU Apel, JR Ostrovsky, LA Stepanyants, YA Lynch, JF AF Apel, John R. Ostrovsky, Lev A. Stepanyants, Yury A. Lynch, James F. TI Internal solitons in the ocean and their effect on underwater sound SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Review ID STRATIFIED SHEAR-FLOW; SOLITARY WAVES; LARGE-AMPLITUDE; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; ROTATING OCEAN; SHALLOW-WATER; COASTAL ZONE; WIND-WAVES; GENERATION; SURFACE AB Nonlinear internal waves in the ocean are discussed (a) from the standpoint of soliton theory and (b) from the viewpoint of experimental measurements. First, theoretical models for internal solitary waves in the ocean are briefly described. Various nonlinear analytical solutions are treated, commencing with the well-known Boussinesq and Korteweg-de Vries equations. Then certain generalizations are considered, including effects of cubic nonlinearity, Earth's rotation, cylindrical divergence, dissipation, shear flows, and others. Recent theoretical models for strongly nonlinear internal waves are outlined. Second, examples of experimental evidence for the existence of solitons in the upper ocean are presented; the data include radar and optical images and in situ measurements of wave forms, propagation speeds, and dispersion characteristics. Third, and finally, action of internal solitons on sound wave propagation is discussed. This review paper is intended for researchers from diverse backgrounds, including acousticians, who may not be familiar in detail with soliton theory. Thus, it includes an outline of the basics of soliton theory. At the same time, recent theoretical and observational results are described which can also make this review useful for mainstream oceanographers and theoreticians. (c) 2007 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Zel Technol NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Apel, JR (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. OI Ostrovsky, Lev/0000-0003-2233-1305 NR 75 TC 85 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 17 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 EI 1520-8524 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 121 IS 2 BP 695 EP 722 DI 10.1121/1.2395914 PG 28 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 134VW UT WOS:000244113500001 PM 17348494 ER PT J AU Rankin, S Oswald, J Barlow, J Lammers, M AF Rankin, Shannon Oswald, Julie Barlow, Jay Lammers, Marc TI Patterned burst-pulse vocalizations of the northern right whale dolphin, Lissodelphis borealis SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SIGNATURE WHISTLES; COMMUNICATION; CALLS AB Vocalizations from the northern right whale dolphin, Lissodelphis borealis, were recorded during a combined visual and acoustic shipboard survey of cetacean populations off the west coast of the United States. Seven of twenty single-species schools of L. borealis produced click and pulsed vocalizations. No whistles were detected during any of the encounters. Clicks associated with burst-pulse vocalizations were lower in frequency and shorter in duration than clicks associated with echolocation. All burst-pulse sounds were produced in a series containing 6-18 individual burst-pulses. These burst-pulse series were stereotyped and repeated. A total of eight unique burst-pulse series were detected. Variation in the temporal characteristics of like units compared across repeated series was less than variation among all burst-pulses. These stereotyped burst-pulse series may play a similar communicative role as do stereotyped whistles found in other delphinid species. (c) 2007 Acoustical Society of America. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. RP Rankin, S (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 9604 La Jolla Shore Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NR 26 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 121 IS 2 BP 1213 EP 1218 DI 10.1121/1.2404919 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 134VW UT WOS:000244113500049 PM 17348542 ER PT J AU Holt, MM Schusterman, RJ AF Holt, Marla M. Schusterman, Ronald J. TI Spatial release from masking of aerial tones in pinnipeds SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID FREE-FIELD; HARBOR SEAL; ANGULAR SEPARATION; BINAURAL UNMASKING; SIGNAL-FREQUENCY; CRITICAL RATIOS; PURE-TONES; NOISE; LOCALIZATION; THRESHOLDS AB In most masking experiments, target signals and sound intended to mask are located in the same position. Spatial release from masking (SRM) occurs when signals and maskers are spatially separated, resulting in detection improvement relative to when they are spatially co-located. In this study, SRM was investigated in a harbor seal, who naturally lacks pinnae, and California sea lion, who possesses reduced pinnae. Subjects had to detect aerial tones at 1, 8, and 16 kHz in the presence of octave bands of white noise centered at the tone frequency. While the masker occurred in front of the subject (0 degrees), the tone occurred at 0, 45, or 90 degrees in the horizontal plane. Unmasked thresholds were also measured at these angles to determine sensitivity differences based on source azimuth. Compared to when signal. and masker where co-located, masked thresholds were lower by as much as 19 and 12 dB in the harbor seal and sea lion, respectively, when signal and masker were separated. Masked threshold differences of the harbor seal were larger than those previously measured under water. Performance was consistent with some measurements collected on terrestrial animals but differences between subjects at the highest frequency likely reflect variations in pinna anatomy. (c) 2007 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Holt, MM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM marla.holt@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 121 IS 2 BP 1219 EP 1225 DI 10.1121/1.2404929 PG 7 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 134VW UT WOS:000244113500050 PM 17348543 ER PT J AU Godin, OA AF Godin, Oleg A. TI Emergence of the acoustic Green's function from thermal noise SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID AMBIENT NOISE; FLUCTUATIONS; OCEAN; FIELD AB The fluctuation-dissipation theorem is used to show how acoustic Green's functions corresponding to sound propagation in opposite directions between any two given points can be extracted from time series of thermal noise recorded at these points. The result applies to arbitrarily inhomogeneous, moving or motionless fluids with time-independent parameters, and demonstrates that the two-point correlation function of thermal noise contains as much information about the environment as can be obtained acoustically by placing transceivers at the two points. (c) 2007 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, DSRC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Godin, OA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Maid Code RPSD,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM oleg.godin@noaa.gov RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149 NR 27 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 EI 1520-8524 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 121 IS 2 BP EL96 EP EL102 DI 10.1121/1.2430764 PG 7 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 134VW UT WOS:000244113500061 PM 17348553 ER PT J AU Reff, A Eberly, SI Bhave, PV AF Reff, Adam Eberly, Shelly I. Bhave, Prakash V. TI Receptor modeling of ambient particulate matter data using positive matrix factorization: Review of existing methods SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID RESOLVED CARBON FRACTIONS; FACTOR-ANALYTIC MODELS; NEW-YORK-CITY; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL; SOURCE IDENTIFICATION; FINE PARTICLES; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; MULTILINEAR ENGINE; ATLANTA AEROSOL AB Methods for apportioning sources of ambient particulate matter (PM) using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) algorithm are reviewed. Numerous procedural decisions must be made and algorithmic parameters selected when analyzing PM data with PMF. However, few publications document enough of these details for readers to evaluate, reproduce, or compare results between different studies. For example, few studies document why some species were used and others not used in the modeling, how the number of factors was selected, or how much uncertainty exists in the solutions. More thorough documentation will aid the development of standard protocols for analyzing PM data with PMF and will reveal more clearly where research is needed to help future analysts select from the various possible procedures and parameters available in PMF. For example, research likely is needed to determine optimal approaches for handling data below detection limits, ways to apportion PM mass among sources identified by PMF, and ways to estimate uncertainties in the solution. The review closes with recommendations for documenting the methodological details of future PMF analyses. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Reff, A (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Mail Code E243-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Reff.Adam@epa.gov RI Bhave, Prakash/L-1958-2013 OI Bhave, Prakash/0000-0002-2573-951X NR 71 TC 197 Z9 208 U1 10 U2 101 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1096-2247 EI 2162-2906 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 57 IS 2 BP 146 EP 154 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 135DN UT WOS:000244134400002 PM 17355075 ER PT J AU Riviere, G Orlanski, I AF Riviere, G. Orlanski, I. TI Characteristics of the Atlantic storm-track eddy activity and its relation with the North Atlantic Oscillation SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE; WAVE; VARIABILITY; PATTERNS; BREAKING; SYSTEMS; GROWTH; TRENDS; DECAY; FLOW AB This study focuses on feedbacks of the high-frequency eddy activity onto the quasi-stationary circulation, particularly with regard to the North Atlantic Oscillation ( NAO). The methodology consists of analyzing NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data and sensitivity runs from a high-resolution nonhydrostatic regional model. Consistent with recent studies, results show that the jet displacement characteristic of the NAO phenomenon depends strongly on the dynamics of the synoptic-scale waves and the way they break. Positive and negative phases of the NAO are closely related to anticyclonic and cyclonic wave breaking, respectively. Indeed, the high-frequency momentum flux whose sign is directly related to the type of wave breaking is correlated with the NAO index over the Atlantic. The peak of the momentum flux signal precedes that of the NAO by a few days suggesting that wave breaking is triggering NAO events. Two examples illustrate the significant impact of single storms, in particular those occurring in the east coast of the United States. The wave breaking at the end of their life cycle can suddenly change the NAO index in few days, and as the return to equilibrium takes generally a longer time, it can even affect the sign of the NAO during an entire month. An important issue determining the NAO phase is related to upstream effects. By considering a domain extending from the eastern Pacific to western Europe and by forcing the regional model with real data at the western boundary, sensitivity runs show that the right sign of the NAO index can be recovered. It indicates that waves coming from the eastern Pacific are crucial for determining the NAO phase. According to their spatial scales and frequencies when they reach the Atlantic domain, they can break one way or another and push the Atlantic jet equatorward or poleward. Synoptic waves with periods between 5 and 12 days break anticyclonically whereas those with periods between 2 and 5 days break both anticyclonically and cyclonically with a predominance for cyclonic wave breaking. Another crucial factor concerns surface effects. Cyclonic wave breaking in the upper levels is strongly connected with an explosive cyclonic development at the surface accompanied by strong surface moisture fluxes whereas such an explosive growth is not present in the anticyclonic wave breaking case. Finally, it is proposed that these results are not only useful for explaining the intraseasonal variations of the NAO but would serve also as a basis for understanding its interannual and interdecadal variations. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Riviere, G (reprint author), Meteo France, CNRM, GMAP, RECYF, 42 Ave Coriolis, F-31057 Toulouse, France. EM gwendal.riviere@meteo.fr NR 24 TC 113 Z9 120 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 64 IS 2 BP 241 EP 266 DI 10.1175/JAS3850.1 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 137EU UT WOS:000244276600001 ER PT J AU Schecter, DA Montgomery, MT AF Schecter, David A. Montgomery, Michael T. TI Waves in a cloudy vortex SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RAPIDLY ROTATING VORTICES; SIMULATED TROPICAL CYCLONE; HURRICANE-LIKE VORTICES; ROSSBY-WAVES; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; SPIRAL BANDS; PART I; 2-DIMENSIONAL VORTEX; INTENSITY CHANGES; INVISCID FLUIDS AB This paper derives a system of equations that approximately govern small-amplitude perturbations in a nonprecipitating cloudy vortex. The cloud coverage can be partial or complete. The model is used to examine moist vortex Rossby wave dynamics analytically and computationally. One example shows that clouds can slow the growth of phase-locked counter-propagating vortex Rossby waves in the eyewall of a hurricane-like vortex. Another example shows that clouds can ( indirectly) damp discrete vortex Rossby waves that would otherwise grow and excite spiral inertia-gravity wave radiation from a monotonic cyclone at high Rossby number. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Meteorol, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL USA. RP Schecter, DA (reprint author), NW Res Associates, 14508 NE 20th St, Bellevue, WA 98007 USA. EM schecter@nwra.com NR 60 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 64 IS 2 BP 314 EP 337 DI 10.1175/JAS3849.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 137EU UT WOS:000244276600004 ER PT J AU Phillips, VTJ Pokrovsky, A Khain, A AF Phillips, Vaughan T. J. Pokrovsky, Andrei Khain, Alexander TI The influence of time-dependent melting on the dynamics and precipitation production in maritime and continental storm clouds SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC ICE PARTICLES; MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; EXPLICIT MICROPHYSICS MODEL; SUPERCOOLED LIQUID WATER; 500 MU-M; CUMULUS CLOUD; WIND-TUNNEL; PART II; RADAR OBSERVATIONS; STRATIFORM CLOUDS AB Simulations of one maritime and four continental observed cases of deep convection are performed with the Hebrew University Cloud Model that has spectral bin microphysics. The maritime case is from observations made on 18 September 1974 during the Global Atmospheric Research Program's Atlantic Tropical Experiment ( GATE). The continental storm cases are those of summertime Texas clouds observed on 13 August 1999, and green-ocean, smoky, and pyro-clouds observed during the Large-Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia-Smoke, Aerosols, Clouds, Rainfall, and Climate ( LBA-SMOCC) campaign on 1-4 October 2002. Simulations have been performed for these cases with a detailed melting scheme. This scheme allows calculation of liquid water fraction within each mass bin for the melting of graupel, hail, snowflakes, and crystals, as well as alteration of the sedimentation velocity of ice particles in the course of their melting. The results obtained with the detailed melting scheme are compared with corresponding results from simulations involving instantaneous melting at the freezing ( 0 degrees C) level. The detailed melting scheme allows penetration of ice from the freezing level down into the boundary layer by distances ranging from a few hundred meters for the numerous, smaller particles to similar to 1.5 km for the largest particles, which are much scarcer. In these simulations, most of the mass of ice falling out melts over this short distance of a few hundred meters. The deepening and intensification of the layer of latent cooling enhances the convective destabilization of the troposphere. This effect is especially pronounced under continental conditions, causing significant changes in the accumulated rain amount. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. RP Phillips, VTJ (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, OAR, Dept Commerce, Princeton Forrestal Campus,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM vaughan.phillips@noaa.gov NR 50 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 64 IS 2 BP 338 EP 359 DI 10.1175/JAS3832.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 137EU UT WOS:000244276600005 ER PT J AU Wang, JJ Li, XF Carey, LD AF Wang, Jian-Jian Li, Xiaofan Carey, Lawrence D. TI Evolution, structure, cloud microphysical, and surface rainfall processes of monsoon convection during the South China Sea monsoon experiment SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON; SQUALL-LINE SYSTEM; TROPICAL CONVECTION; OCEANIC CONVECTION; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; TOGA COARE; PHASE-III; PRECIPITATION; MODEL AB A two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulation is combined with dual-Doppler and polarimetric radar analysis to study the evolution, dynamic structure, cloud microphysics, and rainfall processes of monsoon convection observed during the South China Sea ( SCS) summer monsoon onset. Overall, the model simulations show many similarities to the radar observations. The rainband associated with the convection remains at a very stable position throughout its life cycle in the northern SCS. The reflectivity pattern exhibits a straight upward structure with little tilt. The positions of the convective, transition, and stratiform regions produced by the model are consistent with the observations. The major difference from the observations is that the model tends to overestimate the magnitude of updraft. As a result, the maximum reflectivity generated by the model appears at an elevated altitude. The surface rainfall processes and associated thermodynamic, dynamic, and cloud microphysical processes are examined by the model in terms of surface rainfall, temperature and moisture perturbations, circulations, and cloud microphysical budget. At the preformation and dissipating stages, although local vapor change and vapor convergence terms are the major contributors in determining rain rate, they cancel each other out and cause little rain. The vapor convergence/divergence is closely related to the lower-tropospheric updraft/subsidence during the early/late stages of the convection. During the formation and mature phases, vapor convergence term is in control of the rainfall processes. Meanwhile, water microphysical processes are dominant in these stages. The active vapor condensation process causes a large amount of raindrops through the collection of cloud water by raindrops. Ice microphysical processes including riming are negligible up to the mature phase but are dominant during the weakening stage. Cloud source/sink terms make some contributions to the rain rate at the formation and weakening stages, while the role of surface evaporation term is negligible throughout the life cycle of the convection. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Ctr Earth Sci & Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD USA. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX USA. RP Wang, JJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM jjwang@agnes.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 NR 43 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 64 IS 2 BP 360 EP 380 DI 10.1175/JAS3852.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 137EU UT WOS:000244276600006 ER PT J AU Stroud, CA Nenes, A Jimenez, JL DeCarlo, PF Huffman, JA Bruintjes, R Nemitz, E Delia, AE Toohey, DW Guenther, AB Nandi, S AF Stroud, Craig A. Nenes, Athanasios Jimenez, Jose L. DeCarlo, Peter F. Huffman, J. Alex Bruintjes, Roelof Nemitz, Eiko Delia, Alice E. Toohey, Darin W. Guenther, Alex B. Nandi, Sreela TI Cloud activating properties of aerosol observed during CELTIC SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CONDENSATION NUCLEI; HYGROSCOPIC PROPERTIES; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; STRATOCUMULUS CLOUDS; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; DROPLET ACTIVATION; MASS-SPECTROMETER; SURFACE-TENSION; AMAZON BASIN; MEASURED CCN AB Measurements of aerosol size distribution, chemical composition, and cloud condensation nuclei ( CCN) concentration were performed during the Chemical Emission, Loss, Transformation, and Interactions with Canopies ( CELTIC) field program at Duke Forest in North Carolina. A kinetic model of the cloud activation of ambient aerosol in the chamber of the CCN instrument was used to perform an aerosol-CCN closure study. This study advances prior investigations by employing a novel fitting algorithm that was used to integrate scanning mobility particle sizer ( SMPS) measurements of aerosol number size distribution and aerosol mass spectrometer ( AMS) measurements of the mass size distribution for sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and organics into a single, coherent description of the ambient aerosol in the size range critical to aerosol activation ( around 100-nm diameter). Three lognormal aerosol size modes, each with a unique internally mixed composition, were used as input into the kinetic model. For the two smaller size modes, which control CCN number concentration, organic aerosol mass fractions for the defined cases were between 58% and 77%. This study is also unique in that the water vapor accommodation coefficient was estimated based on comparing the initial timing for CCN activation in the instrument chamber with the activation predicted by the kinetic model. The kinetic model overestimated measured CCN concentrations, especially under polluted conditions. Prior studies have attributed a positive model bias to an incomplete understanding of the aerosol composition, especially the role of organics in the activation process. This study shows that including measured organic mass fractions with an assumed organic aerosol speciation profile ( pinic acid, fulvic acid, and levoglucosan) and an assumed organic aerosol solubility of 0.02 kg kg(-1) still resulted in a significant model positive bias for polluted case study periods. The slope and y intercept for the CCN predicted versus CCN observed regression was found to be 1.9 and -180 cm(-3), respectively. The overprediction generally does not exceed uncertainty limits but is indicative that a bias exists in the measurements or application of model. From this study, uncertainties in the particle number and mass size distributions as the cause for the model bias can be ruled out. The authors are also confident that the model is including the effects of growth kinetics on predicted activated number. However, one cannot rule out uncertainties associated with poorly characterized CCN measurement biases, uncertainties in assumed organic solubility, and uncertainties in aerosol mixing state. Sensitivity simulations suggest that assuming either an insoluble organic fraction or external aerosol mixing were both sufficient to reconcile the model bias. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci & Chem & Biomol Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Stroud, CA (reprint author), 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. EM craig.stroud@ec.gc.ca RI Toohey, Darin/A-4267-2008; Jimenez, Jose/A-5294-2008; DeCarlo, Peter/B-2118-2008; Huffman, J. Alex/A-7449-2010; Nemitz, Eiko/I-6121-2012; Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008 OI Toohey, Darin/0000-0003-2853-1068; Jimenez, Jose/0000-0001-6203-1847; DeCarlo, Peter/0000-0001-6385-7149; Huffman, J. Alex/0000-0002-5363-9516; Nemitz, Eiko/0000-0002-1765-6298; Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288 NR 48 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 64 IS 2 BP 441 EP 459 DI 10.1175/JAS3843.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 137EU UT WOS:000244276600010 ER PT J AU Jiang, XN Lau, NC Held, IM Ploshay, JJ AF Jiang, Xianan Lau, Ngar-Cheung Held, Isaac M. Ploshay, Jeffrey J. TI Mechanisms of the great plains low-level jet as simulated in an AGCM SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; WATER VAPOR TRANSPORT; BOUNDARY-LAYER; DIURNAL-VARIATIONS; SLOPING TERRAIN; NORTH AMERICA; MODEL; PRECIPITATION; CLIMATOLOGY; CONVECTION AB A model diagnosis has been performed on the nocturnal Great Plains low-level jet ( LLJ), which is one of the key elements of the warm season regional climate over North America. The horizontal-vertical structure, diurnal phase, and amplitude of the LLJ are well simulated by an atmospheric general circulation model ( AGCM), thus justifying a reevaluation of the physical mechanisms for the formation of the LLJ based on output from this model. A diagnosis of the AGCM data confirms that two planetary boundary layer ( PBL) processes, the diurnal oscillation of the pressure gradient force and of vertical diffusion, are of comparable importance in regulating the inertial oscillation of the winds, which leads to the occurrence of maximum LLJ strength during nighttime. These two processes are highlighted in the theories for the LLJ proposed by Holton ( 1967) and Blackadar ( 1957). A simple model is constructed in order to study the relative roles of these two mechanisms. This model incorporates the diurnal variation of the pressure gradient force and vertical diffusion coefficients as obtained from the AGCM simulation. The results reveal that the observed diurnal phase and amplitude of the LLJ can be attributed to the combination of these two mechanisms. The LLJ generated by either Holton's or Blackadar's mechanism alone is characterized by an unrealistic meridional phase shift and weaker amplitude. It is also shown that the diurnal phase of the LLJ exhibits vertical variations in the PBL, more clearly at higher latitudes, with the upper PBL wind attaining a southerly peak several hours earlier than the lower PBL. The simple model demonstrates that this phase tilt is due mainly to sequential triggering of the inertial oscillation from upper to lower PBL when surface cooling commences after sunset. At lower latitudes, due to the change of orientation of prevailing mean wind vectors and the longer inertial period, the inertial oscillation in the lower PBL tends to be interrupted by strong vertical mixing in the following day, whereas in the upper PBL, the inertial oscillation can proceed in a low-friction environment for a relatively longer duration. Thus, the vertical phase tilt initiated at sunset is less evident at lower latitudes. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, USDOC, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Jiang, XN (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, USDOC, POB 308,201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM xianan.jiang@noaa.gov RI Jiang, Xianan/A-2283-2012 NR 42 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 64 IS 2 BP 532 EP 547 DI 10.1175/JAS3847.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 137EU UT WOS:000244276600015 ER PT J AU Williams, R Leaper, R Zerbini, AN Hammond, PS AF Williams, Rob Leaper, Russell Zerbini, Alexandre N. Hammond, Philip S. TI Methods for investigating measurement error in cetacean line-transect surveys SO JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM LA English DT Article ID ABUNDANCE; DISTANCE AB Line-transect estimates of abundance generally assume that distances and angles to animals are measured without error. Biased distance measurements will lead to corresponding bias in abundance estimates. Efforts to address this have been made, but measuring distance to cetaceans at sea remains problematic. Four distance-estimation experiments were conducted to explore relationships between estimated and measured distance, Heteroscedasticity was found in all four cases. Preliminary evidence suggested that an observer differed in the ability to judge distance to fixed, continuously-visible cues and ephemeral, cetacean cues, which calls into the question the common practice of using marker buoys as cetacean proxies in distance-estimation experiments. Two studies found visual estimates to be positively biased, and two studies found reticule measurements to be negatively biased. Suitable correction factors were developed to address systematic bias from visual estimates, but these varied widely among observers and were sometimes non-linear. Errors in three studies showed positive skew, suggesting that ranges were overestimated to a larger degree than they were underestimated. if reticule and photogrammetric measurements yield log-normally distributed errors generally, then a least-squares regression will always overstimate the correction factor, underestimate range, and overestimate abundance. Photogrammetric methods to measure range to cetaceans performed well, and their use is encouraged. When measurements cannot be made to all sightings, however, it is recommended that experiements be conducted that generate sufficient sample size (of the target species, across typical survey conditions, and beyond the maximum range that most estimates will be made during the survey) to assess error distributions, examine evidence for non-linearity, and to consider inter-observer differences. Distance experiments, and training on survey protocols, and be conducted using ships of opportunity prior to the beginning of a dedicated survey, which would improve observer efficiency while reducing the costs of dedicated vessel time. C1 Univ St Andrews, Gatty Marine Lab, Sea Mammal Res Unit, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland. IFAW, London SE1 7UD, England. NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Williams, R (reprint author), Pearse Isl,Box 193, Alert Bay, BC V0N 1A0, Canada. EM rmcw@st-andrews.ac.uk RI Zerbini, Alexandre/G-4138-2012; OI Williams, Rob/0000-0001-7496-453X NR 27 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 13 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0025-3154 J9 J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK JI J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 87 IS 1 SI SI BP 313 EP 320 DI 10.1017/S0025315407055154 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 149JH UT WOS:000245142700041 ER PT J AU Kato, H Rodell, M Beyrich, F Cleugh, H van Gorsel, E Liu, HZ Meyers, TP AF Kato, Hiroko Rodell, Matthew Beyrich, Frank Cleugh, Helen van Gorsel, Eva Liu, Huizhi Meyers, Tilden P. TI Sensitivity of land surface simulations to model physics, land characteristics, and forcings, at four CEOP sites SO JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article ID DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; RIVER-BASIN EXPERIMENT; SOIL WETNESS PROJECT; PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES; MULTICRITERIA METHODS; WATER FLUXES; ETA-MODEL; PHASE; CLIMATE; PRECIPITATION AB Numerical land surface models (LSMs) are abundant and in many cases highly sophisticated, yet their output has not converged towards a consensus depiction of reality. Addressing this matter is complicated by the huge number of possible combinations of input land characteristics, forcings, and physics packages available. The Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) and its sister project the Land Information System (LIS) have made it straightforward to test a variety of configurations with multiple LSMs. In order to compare the impacts of the choice of LSM, land cover, soil, and elevation information, and precipitation and downward radiation forcing datasets on simulated evapotranspiration, sensible heat flux, and top layer soil moisture, a set of experiments was designed which made use of high quality, physically coherent, 1-year datasets from four reference sites of the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) initiative. As in previous studies, it was shown that the LSM itself is generally the most important factor governing output. Beyond that, evapotranspiration seems to be most sensitive to precipitation, land cover, and radiation (in that order); sensible heat flux is most sensitive to radiation, precipitation, and land cover; and soil moisture is most sensitive to precipitation, soil, and land cover. Various seasonal and model specific dependencies and other caveats are discussed. Output fields were also compared with observations in order to test whether the LSMs are capable of simulating an observed reality given a plausible set of inputs. In general, that potential was fair for evapotranspiration, good for sensible heat flux but problematic given its strong sensitivity to the inputs, and poor for soil moisture. The results emphasize that improving the LSMs themselves, and not just the inputs, will be essential if we hope to model land surface water and energy processes accurately. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Richard Assmann Observatorium, Meteorol Observatorium Lindenberg, DWD, D-15848 OT Lindenberg, Germany. CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Rodell, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Code 614-3, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Matthew.Rodell@nasa.gov RI van Gorsel, Eva/A-1699-2012; Rodell, Matthew/E-4946-2012; Wang, ZF/D-7202-2012; Cleugh, Helen/B-3591-2014; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 OI van Gorsel, Eva/0000-0002-9939-7217; Rodell, Matthew/0000-0003-0106-7437; Wang, ZF/0000-0002-7062-6012; NR 42 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 11 PU METEOROLOGICAL SOC JPN PI TOKYO PA C/O JPN METEOROL AGENCY 1-3-4 OTE-MACHI, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 100-0004, JAPAN SN 0026-1165 J9 J METEOROL SOC JPN JI J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 85A BP 187 EP 204 DI 10.2151/jmsj.85A.187 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 163FM UT WOS:000246144200010 ER PT J AU Simiu, E AF Simiu, Emil TI "Generalized Pareto methods for wind extremes. Useful tool or mathematical mirage?" by Ian Harris SO JOURNAL OF WIND ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL AERODYNAMICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Simiu, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM emil.simiu@nist.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6105 J9 J WIND ENG IND AEROD JI J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 95 IS 2 BP 133 EP 136 DI 10.1016/j.jweia.2006.05.002 PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 127XD UT WOS:000243618700004 ER PT J AU Rey, AM Satija, II Clark, CW AF Rey, A. M. Satija, I. I. Clark, Ch. W. TI Noise correlations of fermions and hard core bosons in a quasi-periodic potential SO LASER PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INSULATOR-TRANSITION; ULTRACOLD ATOMS; LOCALIZATION; SYSTEMS AB We use Hanbury-Brown-Twiss interferometry (HBTI) to study various quantum phases of hard core bosons (HCBs) and ideal fermions confined in a one-dimensional quasi-periodic (QP) potential. For HCBs, the QP potential induces a cascade of Mott-like band-insulator phases in the extended regime, in addition to the Mott insulator, Bose glass, and superfluid phases. At critical filling factors, the appearance of these insulating phases is heralded by a peak to dip transition in the interferogram, which reflects the fermionic aspect of HCBs. On the other hand, ideal fermions in the extended phase display various complexities of incommensurate structures such as devil's staircases and Arnold tongues. In the localized phase, the HCB and the fermion correlations are identical except for the sign of the peaks. Finally, we demonstrate that HBTI provides an effective method to distinguish Mott and glassy phases. C1 Inst Theoret Atom Mol & Opt Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Phys, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Rey, AM (reprint author), Inst Theoret Atom Mol & Opt Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM arey@cfa.harvard.edu RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1054-660X EI 1555-6611 J9 LASER PHYS JI Laser Phys. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 17 IS 2 BP 205 EP 210 DI 10.1134/S1054660X07020260 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 137OA UT WOS:000244300700026 ER PT J AU Iigaya, K Konabe, S Danshita, I Nikuni, T AF Iigaya, K. Konabe, S. Danshita, I. Nikuni, T. TI Instability of Bose-Einstein condensates moving in optical lattices SO LASER PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GAS; SUPERFLUID AB We investigate the Landau damping of Bogoliubov excitations in a dilute Bose gas moving in an optical lattice at a finite temperature. Using a 1D tight-binding model, we explicitly obtain the Landau damping rate, the sign of which determines the stability of the condensate. We find that the sign changes at a certain velocity, which is exactly the same as the critical velocity determined by the Landau criterion of superfluidity. This coincidence reveals the microscopic mechanism of the Landau instability. C1 Waseda Univ, Dept Phys, Sch Sci & Engn, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1698555, Japan. Tokyo Univ Sci, Dept Phys, Fac Sci, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1628601, Japan. US Dept Commerce, Technol Adm, Phys Lab, Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Iigaya, K (reprint author), Waseda Univ, Dept Phys, Sch Sci & Engn, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1698555, Japan. EM iigaya@kh.phys.waseda.ac.jp RI Konabe, Satoru/F-7029-2010 NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 1054-660X J9 LASER PHYS JI Laser Phys. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 17 IS 2 BP 215 EP 220 DI 10.1134/S1054660X07020284 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 137OA UT WOS:000244300700028 ER PT J AU Hays, GC Marshall, GJ Seminoff, JA AF Hays, Graeme C. Marshall, Greg J. Seminoff, Jeff A. TI Flipper beat frequency and amplitude changes in diving green turtles, Chelonia mydas SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LEATHERBACK TURTLES; SEA-TURTLE; DERMOCHELYS-CORIACEA; BRUNNICHS GUILLEMOTS; BUOYANCY CONTROL; PENGUINS; BEHAVIOR; STROKE; DEPTH; PHYSIOLOGY AB Using a turtle-borne camera system, changing flipper beat frequency and amplitude were measured in five diving green turtles (Chelonia mydas Linnaeus 1758) in the Bahia de los Angeles, Mexico (28 degrees 58'N, 113 degrees 33'W). These observations were made between June and August 2002. Turtles worked hardest (i.e., had the highest flipper beat frequency and amplitude) at the start of descents when positive buoyancy is predicted to oppose their forward motion. During the later part of descents, turtles worked less hard in line with opposing buoyancy forces being reduced. For example, flipper beat frequency declined from about 60-80 beats min(-1) at the start of descent to around 25-40 beats min(-1) after 30 s of the descent. At the start of ascents the flipper beat frequency was around 30 beats min(-1), lower than on descent, and declined as the ascent progressed with often passive gliding for the final few meters to the surface. This pattern of effort during diving appears to apply across a range of marine reptiles, birds and mammals suggesting that graded effort during descent and ascent is an optimum solution to minimising the cost of transport during diving. C1 Univ Wales Swansea, Inst Environm Sustainabil, Swansea SA2 8PP, W Glam, Wales. Natl Geog Televis, Nat Hist Unit, Washington, DC 20036 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Hays, GC (reprint author), Univ Wales Swansea, Inst Environm Sustainabil, Swansea SA2 8PP, W Glam, Wales. EM g.hays@swan.ac.uk NR 23 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 150 IS 5 BP 1003 EP 1009 DI 10.1007/s00227-006-0412-3 PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 128LF UT WOS:000243658500025 ER PT J AU Zerbini, AN Waite, JM Durban, JW LeDuc, R Dahlheim, ME Wade, PR AF Zerbini, Alexandre N. Waite, Janice M. Durban, John W. LeDuc, Rick Dahlheim, Marilyn E. Wade, Paul R. TI Estimating abundance of killer whales in the nearshore waters of the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands using line-transect sampling SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHEASTERN BERING SEA; SEQUENTIAL MEGAFAUNAL COLLAPSE; EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; ORCINUS-ORCA; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; ADJACENT WATERS; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; CALIFORNIA WATERS; POPULATIONS AB Killer whale (Orcinus orca Linnaeus, 1758) abundance in the North Pacific is known only for a few populations for which extensive longitudinal data are available, with little quantitative data from more remote regions. Line-transect ship surveys were conducted in July and August of 2001-2003 in coastal waters of the western Gulf of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. Conventional and Multiple Covariate Distance Sampling methods were used to estimate the abundance of different killer whale ecotypes, which were distinguished based upon morphological and genetic data. Abundance was calculated separately for two data sets that differed in the method by which killer whale group size data were obtained. Initial group size (IGS) data corresponded to estimates of group size at the time of first sighting, and post-encounter group size (PEGS) corresponded to estimates made after closely approaching sighted groups. 'Resident'-type (fish-eating) killer whales were more abundant than the 'transient'-type (mammal-eating). Abundance estimates of resident killer whales (991 [95% CI = 379-2,585] [IGS] and 1,587 [95% CI = 608-4,140] [PEGS]), were at least four times greater than those of the transient killer whales (200 [95% CI = 81-488] [IGS] and 251 [95% CI = 97-644] whales [PEGS]). The IGS estimate of abundance is preferred for resident killer whales because the estimate based on PEGS data may show an upward bias. The PEGS estimate of abundance is likely more accurate for transients. Residents were most abundant near Kodiak Island in the northern Gulf of Alaska, around Umnak and Unalaska Islands in the eastern Aleutians, and in Seguam Pass in the central Aleutians. This ecotype was not observed between 156 and 164 degrees W, south of the Alaska Peninsula. In contrast, transient killer whale sightings were found at higher densities south of the Alaska Peninsula between the Shumagin Islands and the eastern Aleutians. Only two sightings of 'offshore'-type killer whales were recorded during the surveys, one northeast of Unalaska Island and the other south of Kodiak Island. These are the first estimates of abundance of killer whale ecotypes in the Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula area and provide a baseline for quantifying the role of these top predators in their ecosystem. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Zerbini, AN (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM azerbini@u.washington.edu RI Zerbini, Alexandre/G-4138-2012 NR 62 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 17 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 150 IS 5 BP 1033 EP 1045 DI 10.1007/s00227-006-0347-8 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 128LF UT WOS:000243658500028 ER PT J AU Orji, NG Dixson, RG AF Orji, N. G. Dixson, R. G. TI Higher order tip effects in traceable CD-AFM-based linewidth measurements SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Nanoscale 2006 Seminar CY APR, 2006 CL Swiss Fed Off Metrol, Bern, SWITZERLAND SP EUROMET, Nanometrol Grp, German Nanotechnol Competence Ctr HO Swiss Fed Off Metrol DE critical dimension atomic force microscope; linewidth; tip effects; uncertainty ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; CMOS TECHNOLOGY NODE; SURFACE RECONSTRUCTION; NANOMETER UNCERTAINTY; REFERENCE METROLOGY; SPECIFICATIONS; METHODOLOGIES; CALIBRATION AB In critical dimension atomic force microscopy (CD-AFM), a major source of uncertainty is due to the tip. Measurements made using a CD-AFM tip show an apparent broadening of the feature width. Usually, the linewidth can be approximately corrected if the tip width is known. In addition to tip width broadening, tip-shape-dependent effects-also known as higher order tip effects-are a contributor to the uncertainty of CD-AFM linewidth measurements. These are especially important for undercut features and samples with relatively large sidewall roughness. In this paper, we examine the different types of CD-AFM higher order tip effects within the context of a reference measurement system and present a procedure for estimating some of these contributions with an uncertainty of less than 1.5 nm. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Int SEMATECH Mfg Initiat, Austin, TX 78741 USA. RP Orji, NG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ngorji@nist.gov NR 19 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 7 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 18 IS 2 BP 448 EP 455 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/18/2/S17 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 129KP UT WOS:000243728700018 ER PT J AU Foecke, T Iadicola, MA Lin, A Banovic, SW AF Foecke, T. Iadicola, M. A. Lin, A. Banovic, S. W. TI A method for direct measurement of multiaxial stress-strain curves in sheet metal SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ALUMINUM; STEEL AB A method has been developed that allows measurement of stress-strain curves for sheet metal being deformed in multiaxial tension. The strain state is imposed using a modification of the Marciniak in-plane biaxial stretching test. Resulting stresses are measured using a modified Xray diffraction (XRD) residual stress measurement system. This system is flexible enough to allow spatial mapping of in-plane stress and measurement of stresses at specific locations of interest on the sample, such as developing localizations. Results are presented correlating measurements on a thin strip of AA5182 with data from standard uniaxial tension test. Also presented are experimentally determined curves for this material in balanced biaxial tension in both the rolling and transverse directions. C1 NIST, Div Met, Dept Commence, Technol Adm, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Foecke, T (reprint author), NIST, Div Met, Dept Commence, Technol Adm, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM tfoecke@nist.gov NR 19 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 8 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 38A IS 2 BP 306 EP 313 DI 10.1007/s11661-006-9044-y PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 157EX UT WOS:000245702500011 ER PT J AU Larson, DR Paulter, NG AF Larson, Donald R. Paulter, Nicholas G., Jr. TI A measurement of propagation delay SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB A measurement method and associated uncertainty analysis have been developed for the measurement of propagation or group delay in electrical transmission lines and optical fibres. The measurement method and uncertainty analysis were applied to measurements of optical fibre delay lines that introduce tens of microseconds of delay (1 km, 2 km and 4 km fibre lengths) and trombone lines that introduce sub-nanosecond delays. For the measurement method described here, uncertainties in the measured delay are as low as 90 fs (95% confidence interval) for a propagation delay of 660 ps and less than 200 ps ( 95% confidence interval) for a propagation delay of 20 mu s. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Larson, DR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Mailstop 8102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD FEB PY 2007 VL 44 IS 1 BP 64 EP 68 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/44/1/009 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 138NV UT WOS:000244370300009 ER PT J AU Yu, DH Weiss, M Parker, TE AF Yu, Dai-Hyuk Weiss, Marc Parker, Thomas E. TI Uncertainty of a frequency comparison with distributed dead time and measurement interval offset SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB A theory is presented for estimating the uncertainty of a frequency comparison in the presence of distributed dead time or measurement interval offset using an extension of the method of Douglas and Boulanger (1997 Proc. 11th European Frequency and Time Forum pp 345-9). The uncertainties due to the distributed dead time and lumped dead time with mixed power law noise type are calculated and compared. It is shown that the use of distributed measurements of frequencies can greatly reduce the uncertainty as compared with that of lumped measurements. When a measurement interval offset is present, two different methods are possible for the frequency estimation and uncertainty evaluation. We compare and discuss the different results for the different methods. C1 Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Taejon 305600, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Yu, DH (reprint author), Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, POB 102, Taejon 305600, South Korea. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD FEB PY 2007 VL 44 IS 1 BP 91 EP 96 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/44/1/014 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 138NV UT WOS:000244370300014 ER PT J AU Weickmann, K Berry, E AF Weickmann, Klaus Berry, Edward TI A synoptic-dynamic model of subseasonal atmospheric variability SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE WINTER; AXIAL ANGULAR-MOMENTUM; COUPLED EQUATORIAL WAVES; LINEAR BAROCLINIC WAVES; LIFE-CYCLES; PART I; INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS; TELECONNECTION PATTERNS; TROPICAL CONVECTION; UPPER TROPOSPHERE AB A global synoptic - dynamic model (GSDM) of subseasonal variability is proposed to provide a framework for real-time weather - climate monitoring and to assist with the preparation of medium-range ( e. g., week 1 - 3) predictions. The GSDM is used with a regional focus over North America during northern winter. A case study introduces the time scales of the GSDM and illustrates two circulation transitions related to eastward-moving wave energy signals and their connection to remote tropical forcing. Global and zonal atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) is used to help define the synoptic evolution of the GSDM components and to link regional synoptic variations with physical processes like the global mountain and frictional torque. The core of the GSDM consists of four stages based on the Madden - Julian oscillation (MJO) recurrence time. Additionally, extratropical behaviors including teleconnection patterns, baroclinic life cycles, and similar to monthly oscillations provide intermediate and fast time scales that are combined with the quasi-oscillatory ( 30 - 70 day) MJO to define multiple time-/space-scale linear relationships. A unique feature of the GSDM is its focus on global and regional circulation transitions and the related extreme weather events during periods of large global AAM tendency. C1 NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Dodge City, KS USA. RP Weickmann, K (reprint author), NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, R-PSD1,325 Broadway,DSRC 1D125, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM klaus.weickmann@noaa.gov NR 63 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 135 IS 2 BP 449 EP 474 DI 10.1175/MWR3293.1 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 134RU UT WOS:000244102400013 ER PT J AU Hu, M Xue, M AF Hu, Ming Xue, Ming TI Impact of configurations of rapid intermittent assimilation of WSR-88D radar data for the 8 May 2003 Oklahoma City tornadic thunderstorm case SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ENSEMBLE KALMAN FILTER; NONHYDROSTATIC ATMOSPHERIC SIMULATION; SINGLE-DOPPLER OBSERVATIONS; PREDICTION SYSTEM ARPS; SIMPLE ADJOINT METHOD; MODEL INITIAL FIELDS; LEVEL-II DATA; PART II; MICROPHYSICAL RETRIEVAL; SUPERCELL THUNDERSTORM AB Various configurations of the intermittent data assimilation procedure for Level-II Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler radar data are examined for the analysis and prediction of a tornadic thunderstorm that occurred on 8 May 2003 near Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Several tornadoes were produced by this thunderstorm, causing extensive damages in the south Oklahoma City area. Within the rapidly cycled assimilation system, the Advanced Regional Prediction System three-dimensional variational data assimilation (ARPS 3DVAR) is employed to analyze conventional and radar radial velocity data, while the ARPS complex cloud analysis procedure is used to analyze cloud and hydrometeor fields and adjust in-cloud temperature and moisture fields based on reflectivity observations and the preliminary analysis of the atmosphere. Forecasts for up to 2.5 h are made from the assimilated initial conditions. Two one-way nested grids at 9- and 3-km grid spacings are employed although the assimilation configuration experiments are conducted for the 3-km grid only while keeping the 9- km grid configuration the same. Data from the Oklahoma City radar are used. Different combinations of the assimilation frequency, in-cloud temperature adjustment schemes, and the length and coverage of the assimilation window are tested, and the results are discussed with respect to the length and evolution stage of the thunderstorm life cycle. It is found that even though the general assimilation method remains the same, the assimilation settings can significantly impact the results of assimilation and the subsequent forecast. For this case, a 1-h-long assimilation window covering the entire initial stage of the storm together with a 10-min spinup period before storm initiation works best. Assimilation frequency and in-cloud temperature adjustment scheme should be set carefully to add suitable amounts of potential energy during assimilation. High assimilation frequency does not necessarily lead to a better result because of the significant adjustment during the initial forecast period. When a short assimilation window is used, covering the later part of the initial stage of storm and using a high assimilation frequency and a temperature adjustment scheme based on latent heat release can quickly build up the storm and produce a reasonable analysis and forecast. The results also show that when the data from a single Doppler radar are assimilated with properly chosen assimilation configurations, the model is able to predict the evolution of the 8 May 2003 Oklahoma City tornadic thunderstorm well for up to 2.5 h. The implications of the choices of assimilation settings for real-time applications are discussed. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Natl Weather Ctr, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73072 USA. RP Hu, M (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Natl Weather Ctr, Suite 2500,120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM mxue@ou.edu RI Xue, Ming/F-8073-2011; Hu, Ming/E-7141-2015 OI Xue, Ming/0000-0003-1976-3238; NR 36 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 135 IS 2 BP 507 EP 525 DI 10.1175/MWR3313.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 134RU UT WOS:000244102400015 ER PT J AU Toth, M Lobo, CJ Knowles, WR Phillips, MR Postek, MT Vladar, AE AF Toth, Milos Lobo, Charlene J. Knowles, W. Ralph Phillips, Matthew R. Postek, Michael T. Vladar, Andras E. TI Nanostructure fabrication by ultra-high-resolution environmental scanning electron microscopy SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BEAM-INDUCED DEPOSITION; GOLD NANOSTRUCTURES; VACUUM; SI(100); VAPOR; GAS AB Electron beam induced deposition (EBID) is a maskless nanofabrication technique capable of surpassing the resolution limits of resist-based lithography. However, EBID fabrication of functional nanostructures is limited by beam spread in bulk substrates, substrate charging, and delocalized film growth around deposits. Here, we overcome these problems by using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) to perform EBID and etching while eliminating charging artifacts at the nanoscale. Nanostructure morphology is tailored by slimming of deposits by ESEM imaging in the presence of a gaseous etch precursor and by pre-etching small features into a deposit (using a stationary or a scanned electron beam) prior to a final imaging process. The utility of this process is demonstrated by slimming of nanowires deposited by EBID, by the fabrication of gaps (between 4 and 7 nm wide) in the wires, and by the removal of thin films surrounding such nanowires. ESEM imaging provides a direct view of the slimming process, yielding process resolution that is limited by ESEM image resolution (similar to 1 nm) and surface roughening occurring during etching. C1 FEI Co, Newburyport, MA 01950 USA. Univ Technol Sydney, Microstruct Anal Unit, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Toth, M (reprint author), FEI Co, 29 Water St 216-217, Newburyport, MA 01950 USA. EM milos.toth@fei.com RI Toth, Milos/B-5917-2013; Lobo, Charlene/B-3977-2013; Lobo, Charlene/G-5003-2011; OI Toth, Milos/0000-0003-1564-4899; Lobo, Charlene/0000-0002-2746-1363; Lobo, Charlene/0000-0002-2746-1363; Phillips, matthew/0000-0003-1522-9281 NR 34 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 7 IS 2 BP 525 EP 530 DI 10.1021/nl062848c PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 136EX UT WOS:000244206500055 PM 17298020 ER PT J AU Houston, TG Changnon, SA AF Houston, Tamara G. Changnon, Stanley A. TI Freezing rain events: a major weather hazard in the conterminous US SO NATURAL HAZARDS LA English DT Article DE freezing rain; freezing rain events; associated weather conditions; regional differences ID CONTIGUOUS UNITED-STATES; CLIMATOLOGY; DRIZZLE AB Freezing rain (FZRA) is well documented as a major weather hazard, producing damage to structures, the environment, and humans, and delaying various operations such as transportation. Assessing the risk of freezing rain events requires information for various areas of the nation about the frequency, duration, and intensity of these events along with the associated weather conditions that affect the damage caused by freezing rain. This includes temperatures (dry and wet bulb), the amount of precipitation, and winds during freezing rain. The purpose of this work was to develop a national and regional climatology of freezing rain events in the US for the period of 1928-2001 to addresses these conditions. C1 NOAA Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Houston, TG (reprint author), NOAA Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM Tamara.Houston@noaa.gov NR 14 TC 14 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0921-030X J9 NAT HAZARDS JI Nat. Hazards PD FEB PY 2007 VL 40 IS 2 BP 485 EP 494 DI 10.1007/s11069-006-9006-0 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 122WL UT WOS:000243258000007 ER PT J AU Jeffrey, W AF Jeffrey, William TI Increased funding vital to competitiveness initiative SO NATURE LA English DT Letter C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jeffrey, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD FEB 1 PY 2007 VL 445 IS 7127 BP 484 EP 484 DI 10.1038/445484b PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 131KI UT WOS:000243867300019 PM 17268450 ER PT J AU Wiebe, CR Janik, JA MacDougall, GJ Luke, GM Garrett, JD Zhou, HD Jo, YJ Balicas, L Qiu, Y Copley, JRD Yamani, Z Buyers, WJL AF Wiebe, C. R. Janik, J. A. MacDougall, G. J. Luke, G. M. Garrett, J. D. Zhou, H. D. Jo, Y. -J. Balicas, L. Qiu, Y. Copley, J. R. D. Yamani, Z. Buyers, W. J. L. TI Gapped itinerant spin excitations account for missing entropy in the hidden-order state of URu2Si2 SO NATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON SUPERCONDUCTOR URU2SI2; MAGNETIC EXCITATIONS; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; ANTIFERROMAGNETISM; FLUCTUATIONS; DYNAMICS; SYSTEM AB Many correlated electron materials, such as high-temperature superconductors(1), geometrically frustrated oxides(2) and low-dimensional magnets(3,4), are still objects of fruitful study because of the unique properties that arise owing to poorly understood many-body effects. Heavy-fermion metals(5) - materials that have high effective electron masses due to those effects - represent a class of materials with exotic properties, ranging from unusual magnetism, unconventional superconductivity and 'hidden' order parameters(6). The heavy-fermion superconductor URu2Si2 has held the attention of physicists for the past two decades owing to the presence of a 'hidden-order' phase below 17.5 K. Neutron scattering measurements indicate that the ordered moment is 0.03 mu(B), much too small to account for the large heat-capacity anomaly at 17.5 K. We present recent neutron scattering experiments that unveil a new piece of this puzzle - the spin-excitation spectrum above 17.5 K exhibits well-correlated, itinerant-like spin excitations up to at least 10 meV, emanating from incommensurate wavevectors. The large entropy change associated with the presence of an energy gap in the excitations explains the reduction in the electronic specific heat through the transition. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Phys, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada. McMaster Univ, Brockhouse Inst Mat Res, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. CNR, Chalk River Labs, CNBC, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. RP Wiebe, CR (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Phys, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. EM cwiebe@magnet.fsu.edu RI Balicas, Luis/A-3110-2008; yamani, zahra/B-7892-2012; Luke, Graeme/A-9094-2010; Zhou, Haidong/O-4373-2016; OI Luke, Graeme/0000-0003-4762-1173; MacDougall, Gregory/0000-0002-7490-9650 NR 25 TC 126 Z9 126 U1 3 U2 28 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1745-2473 J9 NAT PHYS JI Nat. Phys. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 3 IS 2 BP 96 EP 100 DI 10.1038/nphys522 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 141DR UT WOS:000244558300013 ER PT J AU Van Doornik, DM Teel, DJ Kuligowski, DR Morgan, CA Casillas, E AF Van Doornik, Donald M. Teel, David J. Kuligowski, David R. Morgan, Cheryl A. Casillas, Edmundo TI Genetic analyses provide insight into the early ocean stock distribution and survival of juvenile coho salmon off the coasts of Washington and Oregon SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID COLUMBIA RIVER PLUME; HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX VARIATION; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; MARINE SURVIVAL; SOCKEYE-SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON; MICROSATELLITE AB Estimating the stock proportions of mixed-stock fishery samples by means of genetic stock identification has played an important role in the management of salmon fisheries. In addition, stock identification of individual fish has applications for population studies, forensic cases, and management issues. We examined 11 microsatellite DNA loci in 84 populations of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch sampled at 78 locations from southern British Columbia to northern California to construct a database of microsatellite allele frequencies. We then evaluated the applicability of the database for estimating stock proportions in a mixed fishery and assigning individuals to their regions of origin. The loci were highly polymorphic: observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.754 to 0.943. Using genetic distance calculations, we identified six major geographic regions and 15 smaller subregions into which the populations grouped. Computer simulations and a sample of 143 coho salmon with known origins showed that the database was sufficient to make accurate stock proportion estimates to the 15 subregions. For the sample of fish with known origins, individual assignments to region of origin were 82.5% accurate for all samples and 97.8% accurate for those where P was greater than 0.95. We used the database to estimate stock proportions and densities of 2,344 coho salmon sampled over eight summers in a juvenile marine ecology study conducted off the coasts of Washington and Oregon. Columbia River juveniles were caught at higher densities than coastal fish throughout the summer. Fish from Columbia River and coastal sources were captured both north and south of their points of sea entry in early summer and at higher densities than in late summer. September catch of Columbia River juveniles was correlated with adult abundance in the following year, indicating that year-class strength for this stock is largely set during the first summer in the ocean. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Manchester Res Lab, Port Orchard, WA 98366 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Van Doornik, DM (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Manchester Res Lab, 7305 E Beach Dr, Port Orchard, WA 98366 USA. EM don.vandoornik@noaa.gov NR 63 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 27 IS 1 BP 220 EP 237 DI 10.1577/M06-130.1 PG 18 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 151PC UT WOS:000245301700021 ER PT J AU Thorpe, MJ Hudson, DD Moll, KD Lasri, J Ye, J AF Thorpe, Michael J. Hudson, Darren D. Moll, Kevin D. Lasri, Jacob Ye, Jun TI Cavity-ringdown molecular spectroscopy based on an optical frequency comb at 1.45-1.65 mu m SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-SENSITIVITY; BAND; LASERS AB Optical frequency comb-based cavity-ringdown spectroscopy has recently enabled high-sensitivity absorption detection of molecules over a broad spectral range. We demonstrate an improved system based on a mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser source centered at 1.5 mu m, resulting in a spectrometer that is inexpensive, simple, and robust. It provides a very large spectral bandwidth (1.45 - 1.65 mu m) for investigation of a wide variety of molecular absorptions. Strong molecular absorptions at 1.5 urn allow for detection at sensitivities approaching the 1 part in 10(9) volume level. We provide a detailed description of our spectrometer and present measurements of the rovibrational spectra for CO, NH3, and C2H2 with an absorption sensitivity of 2 X 10(-8) cm(-1) Hz(-1/2) per detection channel. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Thorpe, MJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 12 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 17 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 2007 VL 32 IS 3 BP 307 EP 309 DI 10.1364/OL.32.000307 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 137FR UT WOS:000244278900035 PM 17215954 ER PT J AU Mellish, AS Kjaergaard, N Julienne, PS Wilson, AC AF Mellish, Angela S. Kjaergaard, Niels Julienne, Paul S. Wilson, Andrew C. TI Quantum scattering of distinguishable bosons using an ultracold-atom collider SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID RELAXATION RATES; RB-87 ATOMS AB We describe an implementation of a magnetic collider for investigating cold collisions between ultracold atomic clouds in different spin states, and we use this to study scattering involving both even- and odd-order partial waves. Our method relies on the axial asymmetry of a double-well magnetic trap to selectively prepare the spin state in each cloud. We measure the energy dependence of s, p, and d partial-wave phase shifts in collisions up to 300 mu K between Rb-87 atoms in the 5S(1/2),F=1,m(F)=-1 and 5S(1/2),F=2,m(F)=1 states. C1 Univ Otago, Dept Phys, Dunedin, New Zealand. Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Danish Natl Res Fdn, Ctr Quantum Opt, QUANTOP, Copenhagen, Denmark. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mellish, AS (reprint author), Univ Otago, Dept Phys, Dunedin, New Zealand. RI Kjaergaard, Niels/B-1806-2008; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Kjaergaard, Niels/0000-0002-7830-9468; Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB PY 2007 VL 75 IS 2 AR 020701 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.020701 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 140UN UT WOS:000244532300005 ER PT J AU Seaman, BT Kramer, M Anderson, DZ Holland, MJ AF Seaman, B. T. Kramer, M. Anderson, D. Z. Holland, M. J. TI Atomtronics: Ultracold-atom analogs of electronic devices SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; OPTICAL LATTICES; COLD ATOMS; MATTER WAVES; TRANSITION; SUPERFLUID; INSULATOR; ARRAYS AB Atomtronics focuses on atom analogs of electronic materials, devices, and circuits. A strongly interacting ultracold Bose gas in a lattice potential is analogous to electrons in solid-state crystalline media. As a consequence of the gapped many-body energy spectrum, cold atoms in a lattice exhibit insulatorlike or conductorlike properties. P-type and N-type material analogs are created by introducing impurity sites into the lattice. Current through an atomtronic wire is generated by connecting the wire to an atomtronic battery which maintains the two contacts at different chemical potentials. The design of an atomtronic diode with a strongly asymmetric current-voltage curve exploits the existence of superfluid and insulating regimes in the phase diagram. The atom analog of a bipolar junction transistor exhibits large negative gain. Our results provide the building blocks for more advanced atomtronic devices and circuits such as amplifiers, oscillators, and fundamental logic gates. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Seaman, BT (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 43 TC 110 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 EI 1094-1622 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB PY 2007 VL 75 IS 2 AR 023615 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.023615 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 140UN UT WOS:000244532300120 ER PT J AU Tiesinga, E Anderlini, M Arimondo, E AF Tiesinga, E. Anderlini, M. Arimondo, E. TI Determination of the scattering length of the a (3)Sigma(+) potential of (RbCs)-Rb-87 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID SPECTROSCOPY; COLLISIONS; CESIUM; ATOMS; LI-7 AB We have determined the scattering length of the a (3)Sigma(+) potential of (RbCs)-Rb-87 based on experimental observations from the literature and the known value for the long-range dispersion coefficient. Our analysis uses quantum defect theory and analytical solutions of the Schrodinger equation for a van der Waals potential. We find that the scattering length is either 700(-300)(+700)a(0) or (176 +/- 2)a(0) with more confidence associated with the first value, where a(0)=0.052 92 nm is the Bohr radius. An independent value of the van der Waals coefficient could not be determined and the best theoretically determined C-6 value was used. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Fis, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. RP Tiesinga, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB PY 2007 VL 75 IS 2 AR 022707 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.022707 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 140UN UT WOS:000244532300075 ER PT J AU Baek, B Dresselhaus, PD Benz, SP AF Baek, B. Dresselhaus, P. D. Benz, S. P. TI Thermal stability of Nb/a-NbxSi1-x/Nb Josephson junctions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID VOLTAGE STANDARDS; TRANSPORT; ARRAYS AB We study the dissipative dynamics of a qubit that is afflicted by classical random telegraph noise and is subject to dynamical decoupling. We derive exact formulas for the qubit dynamics at arbitrary working points in the limit of infinitely strong control pulses (bang-bang control), and we investigate in great detail the efficiency of the dynamical decoupling techniques for both Gaussian and non-Gaussian (slow) noise at qubit pure dephasing and at optimal point. We demonstrate that control sequences can be successfully implemented as diagnostic tools to infer spectral properties of a few fluctuators interacting with the qubit. The analysis is extended in order to include the effect of noise in the pulses, and we give upper bounds on the noise levels that can be tolerated in the pulses while still achieving an efficient dynamical decoupling performance. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Baek, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM burm.baek@nist.gov NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2007 VL 75 IS 5 AR 054514 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.054514 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 140UQ UT WOS:000244532600084 ER PT J AU Lo, CS Tanwar, KS Chaka, AM Trainor, TP AF Lo, Cynthia S. Tanwar, Kunaljeet S. Chaka, Anne M. Trainor, Thomas P. TI Density functional theory study of the clean and hydrated hematite (1(1)over-bar02) surfaces SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ALPHA-AL2O3 0001 SURFACE; METAL-OXIDES; WATER-ADSORPTION; ALPHA-FE2O3; PB(II); DIFFRACTION; TRANSITION; REACTIVITY; INTERFACES; MOLECULES AB The structures of the clean and hydrated hematite alpha-Fe2O3 (1 (1) over bar 02) surfaces were investigated using density functional theory, and the free energies of the surfaces in chemical equilibrium with water were calculated as a function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure using ab initio thermodynamics. At 298.15 K, the predicted lowest-energy surface, in equilibrium with 20 Torr H2O has a stoichiometry of (H2O)(2)-X-(HO)(2)-Fe-2-O-2-R, where X denotes a vacancy of an atomic layer of Fe and R represents the bulk stoichiometric repeat (Fe2O3). This surface stoichiometry results in three types of (hydr)oxo functional groups: Fe-OH2,Fe-2-OH, and Fe-3-O. At temperatures above 435 K, maintaining equilibrium with the same water partial pressure, the predicted lowest-energy stoichiometry is (HO)(2)-(HO)(2)-Fe-2-O-2-Fe-2-O-2-R, consistent with water dissociated on the stoichiometric bulk termination. These results suggest that the experimentally observed surface termination is highly sensitive to thermal annealing and water reaction. Furthermore, differences in protonation states or the surface hydroxyl groups are shown to lead to large differences in energetic stability and layer relaxations of the oxide substrate. Prediction of the stable surface termination and its dependence on environmental variables such as water, O-2, and thermal treatment provide a base line for understanding surface reactivity. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Lo, CS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8380, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Lo, Cynthia/B-5441-2008 OI Lo, Cynthia/0000-0003-2873-4869 NR 70 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 24 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2007 VL 75 IS 7 AR 075425 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.075425 PG 15 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 140UY UT WOS:000244533400111 ER PT J AU Mallett, JJ Svedberg, EB Vaudin, MD Bendersky, LA Shapiro, AJ Egelhoff , WF Moffat, TP AF Mallett, J. J. Svedberg, E. B. Vaudin, M. D. Bendersky, L. A. Shapiro, A. J. Egelhoff, W. F., Jr. Moffat, T. P. TI Electrodeposited epitaxial Fe100-xCox films on n-GaAs (100) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID FE-CO ALLOYS AB The electrodeposition of epitaxial cube-on-cube Fe100-xCox films onto (100)-oriented n-GaAs from ferrous ammonium sulfate solutions containing various concentrations of cobalt sulfate is described. The cobalt composition in a series of 400-nm-thick films was found to vary in proportion to the concentration of cobalt sulfate in the electrolyte and six compositions in the range from 0 to 74% were deposited. Epitaxial (100)-oriented bcc films were produced throughout this range, as suggested by symmetrical x-ray diffraction and confirmed by x-ray pole figure measurements. Rocking curve measurements yielded data that could be fitted to the sum of a Lorentzian and a Gaussian, corresponding to the (200) Fe100-xCox planes and to a residual contribution from GaAs (400), respectively. The full width at half maximum obtained for the film Lorentzians varied from 0.44 degrees to 0.90 degrees and was apparently uncorrelated with composition. X-ray (211) pole figure measurements revealed a high degree of twinning of the (100) bcc Fe100-xCox consistent with a recent study of Fe films electrodeposited on n-GaAs. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mallett, JJ (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2007 VL 75 IS 8 AR 085304 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.085304 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 140VC UT WOS:000244533800034 ER PT J AU Russo, PL Wiebe, CR Uemura, YJ Savici, AT MacDougall, GJ Rodriguez, J Luke, GM Kaneko, N Eisaki, H Greven, M Vajk, OP Ono, S Ando, Y Fujita, K Kojima, KM Uchida, S AF Russo, P. L. Wiebe, C. R. Uemura, Y. J. Savici, A. T. MacDougall, G. J. Rodriguez, J. Luke, G. M. Kaneko, N. Eisaki, H. Greven, M. Vajk, O. P. Ono, S. Ando, Yoichi Fujita, K. Kojima, K. M. Uchida, S. TI Muon spin relaxation study of superconducting Bi2Sr2-xLaxCuO6+delta SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article DE x ID MAGNETIC PENETRATION DEPTH; HIGH-TC SUPERCONDUCTORS; C CUPRATE SUPERCONDUCTORS; ZERO-TEMPERATURE LIMIT; SUPERFLUID DENSITY; VORTEX-STATE; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; PHASE; DEPENDENCE; FIELD AB We have performed transverse-field (TF) and zero-field (ZF) mu SR measurements of Bi2Sr2-xLaxCuO6+delta (Bi2201) systems with x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 1.0, using ceramic specimens with modest c-axis alignment and single-crystal specimens. The absence of static magnetic order has been confirmed in underdoped (x=0.6) and optimally doped (x=0.4) systems at T=2 K, while only a very weak signature towards static magnetism has been found at T=2 K in the x=1.0 system, which is a lightly hole-doped nonsuperconducting insulator. In the superconducting (x=0.6, 0.4, and 0.2) systems, the relaxation rate sigma in TF-mu SR, proportional to n(s)/m(*) (superconducting carrier density and effective mass), followed a general trend found in other cuprate systems in a plot of T-c vs n(s)/m(*)(T -> 0). Assuming the in-plane effective mass m(*) for Bi2201 to be comparable to three to four times the bare electron mass m(e) as found in La2-xSrxCuO4 (LSCO) and YBa2Cu3O7-delta (YBCO) systems, we obtain n(s)similar to 0.15-0.2 per Cu for the x=0.4 Bi2201 system. This carrier density is much smaller than the Hall number n(Hall)similar to 10 per Cu obtained at T < 1.6 K in high magnetic fields (40-60 T) along the c axis applied to suppress superconductivity. The present results of the superfluid density (n(s)/m(*)) in Bi2201 are compared with those from other cuprate systems, including YBCO systems with very much reduced T-c < 20 K studied by microwave, H-c1, and inductance methods. Additional muon-spin-relaxation (mu SR) measurements have been performed on a single-crystal specimen of Bi2201 (x=0.4) in a high transverse magnetic field of 5 T parallel to the c axis, in order to search for the field-induced muon spin relaxation recently found in LSCO and some other high-temperature superconducting cuprate (HTSC) systems well above T-c. The nearly temperature-independent and very small relaxation rate observed in Bi2201 above T-c rules out a hypothesis that the field-induced relaxation is directly proportional to the magnitude of the Nernst coefficient, which is a measure of the strength of dynamic superconductivity. We also describe a procedure for angular averaging of sigma in mu SR measurements using ceramic specimens with modest alignment of c-axis orientations, together with the neutron-scattering results obtained for determining the orientation distribution of microcrystallites in the present ceramic specimens. C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10027 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8P 4N3, Canada. Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CRIEPI, Tokyo 2018511, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1138656, Japan. RP Uemura, YJ (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, 538 W 120th St, New York, NY 10027 USA. EM tomo@lorentz.phys.columbia.edu RI Luke, Graeme/A-9094-2010; Ando, Yoichi/B-8163-2013; Savici, Andrei/F-2790-2013; OI Ando, Yoichi/0000-0002-3553-3355; Savici, Andrei/0000-0001-5127-8967; Luke, Graeme/0000-0003-4762-1173 NR 95 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2007 VL 75 IS 5 AR 054511 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.054511 PG 14 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 140UQ UT WOS:000244532600081 ER PT J AU Wu, H Zhou, W Udovic, TJ Rush, JJ Yildirim, T Huang, Q Bowman, RC AF Wu, H. Zhou, W. Udovic, T. J. Rush, J. J. Yildirim, T. Huang, Q. Bowman, R. C., Jr. TI Structure and interstitial deuterium sites of beta-phase ZrNi deuteride SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS; SORPTION CRYOCOOLERS; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; SPACE APPLICATIONS; H SYSTEM; HYDRIDE; DEGRADATION; OCCUPATION; HYDROGEN; GROWTH AB beta-ZrNiD1-x (for x approximate to 0.1, near the beta-gamma phase boundary) was found to possess a triclinic P1 structure as determined by high-resolution neutron powder diffraction. This is very different from the widely accepted orthorhombic and distorted orthorhombic Cmcm structures previously proposed. In contrast to the single type of D site associated with these latter structures, the true beta-ZrNiD1-x structure contains two crystallographically distinct interstitial D sites: "Zr4Ni2" octahedral sites and "Zr-4" tetrahedral sites, alternately ordered along the a direction. From first-principles calculations, the total energy of the P1 structure was found to be approximate to 0.24 eV per unit cell lower than Cmcm-symmetry ZrNiD and could be rationalized in terms of different D local-bonding configurations and metal-deuterium interactions. Resultant phonon calculations based on this structure were also consistent with the measured neutron vibrational spectrum. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wu, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM huiwu@nist.gov RI Wu, Hui/C-6505-2008; Zhou, Wei/C-6504-2008; yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 OI Wu, Hui/0000-0003-0296-5204; Zhou, Wei/0000-0002-5461-3617; NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2007 VL 75 IS 6 AR 064105 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.064105 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 140UU UT WOS:000244533000018 ER PT J AU Zarestky, JL Moze, O Lynn, JW Chen, Y Lograsso, TA Schlagel, DL AF Zarestky, J. L. Moze, O. Lynn, J. W. Chen, Y. Lograsso, T. A. Schlagel, D. L. TI Spin-wave dispersion in magnetostrictive Fe-Ga alloys: Inelastic neutron scattering measurements SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID IRON-GALLIUM ALLOYS; LATTICE-PARAMETERS; MAGNETIC EXCITATIONS; SI ALLOYS; BCC FE; MAGNETOELASTICITY; MARTENSITE; CRYSTALS; POINT AB Fe-Ga alloys of appropriate Ga concentration and heat treatment show a very large enhancement in the tetragonal magnetostriction over that of pure alpha-Fe [lambda(100)(Fe-Ga)similar to 15 lambda(100)(Fe)]. In order to gain further understanding of the extraordinary magnetoelastic characteristics of this system, the spin dynamics of two of these alloys, Fe1-xGax (x=0.160 and 0.225), were studied using inelastic neutron scattering techniques. The correlation of the spin-wave dispersion curve with the lattice constant and atomic radii of solute is examined for this and other Fe alloys. C1 Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Mat & Engn Phys Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Modena, Dipartimento Fis, I-41100 Modena, Italy. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Zarestky, JL (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Mat & Engn Phys Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2007 VL 75 IS 5 AR 052406 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.052406 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 140UQ UT WOS:000244532600012 ER PT J AU Goebel, ME Lipsky, JD Reiss, CS Loeb, VJ AF Goebel, Michael E. Lipsky, Jessica D. Reiss, Christian S. Loeb, Valerie J. TI Using carapace measurements to determine the sex of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOUTH GEORGIA; FUR SEALS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; MACARONI PENGUINS; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; FEEDING ECOLOGY; PREDATORS; GROWTH; NETS; DIET AB Krill (Euphausia superba) carapace measurements (length and width; mm) collected from plankton tows in the South Shetland Islands (SSI), Antarctica are used to test the generality of a common discriminant function developed to reconstruct krill length frequencies in Antarctic fur seal diets for the area surrounding South Georgia (SG). Total length and sex ratio of krill in the SSI were overestimated by 5.6 and 154%, respectively, when the SG allometric equations were applied to 3 years (2003-2005) of data. These errors arise and increase as a result of krill population dynamics, specifically recruitment that contributes large proportions of immature krill, misclassified as males by the SG discriminant function. We develop sex-specific regression models based on separate discriminant functions that provide significantly better discriminatory power. However, our analysis indicates that reconstructions of krill sex ratio and length composition in the ocean environment are less reliable in years when the ratio of immature to mature krill is high. For the SSI area, five out of 14 years (35.7%) surveyed (1992-2005) had proportions of immature to mature adult krill >= 0.50. C1 NOAA, Antarctic Ecosyst Res Div, NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. RP Goebel, ME (reprint author), NOAA, Antarctic Ecosyst Res Div, NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM mike.goebel@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 30 IS 3 BP 307 EP 315 DI 10.1007/s00300-006-0184-8 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 136HH UT WOS:000244212700006 ER PT J AU Gharavi, H Prasad, V Ioannou, P AF Gharavi, Hamid Prasad, Venkatesh Ioannou, Petros TI Scanning advanced automobile technology SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE LA English DT Article DE automated highway systems; automobiles; automobile safety; intelligent transportation systems (ITS); intelligent vehicles; road vehicles; vehicle electronics; vehicle software vehicle communications AB This introductory article overviews the progress of electrical, electronics, software, and other relevant technologies that shape the modern automobile. Some of these technologies are described in more detail in the articles that comprise this special issue. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ford Motor Co, Dearborn, MI 48121 USA. Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Gharavi, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9219 J9 P IEEE JI Proc. IEEE PD FEB PY 2007 VL 95 IS 2 BP 328 EP 333 DI 10.1109/JPROC.2006.888380 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 155HN UT WOS:000245568600002 ER PT J AU Foreman, SM Holman, KW Hudson, DD Jones, DJ Ye, J AF Foreman, Seth M. Holman, Kevin W. Hudson, Darren D. Jones, David J. Ye, Jun TI Remote transfer of ultrastable frequency references via fiber networks SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Review ID MODE-LOCKED LASER; DISPERSION-COMPENSATING FIBER; SUBFEMTOSECOND TIMING JITTER; INTENSITY-RELATED DYNAMICS; ENVELOPE-OFFSET FREQUENCY; TI-SAPPHIRE LASER; OPTICAL FREQUENCY; PHASE NOISE; FEMTOSECOND-LASER; MICROWAVE SIGNALS AB Three distinct techniques exist for distributing an ultrastable frequency reference over optical fibers. For the distribution of a microwave frequency reference, an amplitude-modulated continuous wave (cw) laser can be used. Over kilometer-scale lengths this approach provides an instability at 1 s of similar to 3x10(-14) without stabilization of the fiber-induced noise and similar to 1x10(-14) with active noise cancellation. An optical frequency reference can be transferred by directly transmitting a stabilized cw laser over fiber and then disseminated to other optical and microwave regions using an optical frequency comb. This provides an instability at 1 s of 2x10(-14) without active noise cancellation and 3x10(-15) with active noise cancellation [Recent results reduce the instability at 1 s to 6x10(-18).] Finally, microwave and optical frequency references can be simultaneously transmitted using an optical frequency comb, and we expect the optical transfer to be similar in performance to the cw optical frequency transfer. The instability at 1 s for transfer of a microwave frequency reference with the comb is similar to 3x10(-14) without active noise cancellation and < 7x10(-15) with active stabilization. The comb can also distribute a microwave frequency reference with root-mean-square timing jitter below 16 fs integrated over the Nyquist bandwidth of the pulse train (similar to 50 MHz) when high-bandwidth active noise cancellation is employed, which is important for remote synchronization applications.(c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Foreman, SM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM foreman@jila.colorado.edu; ye@jila.colorado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Jones, David/F-5859-2017 NR 143 TC 174 Z9 183 U1 2 U2 52 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 EI 1089-7623 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 78 IS 2 AR 021101 DI 10.1063/1.2437069 PG 25 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 140UG UT WOS:000244531600001 PM 17578096 ER PT J AU Woodcraft, AL Ade, PAR Bintley, D House, JS Hunt, CL Sudiwala, RV Doriese, WB Duncan, WD Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Ullom, JN Audley, MD Ellis, MA Holland, WS MacIntosh, M Dunare, CC Parkes, W Walton, AJ Kycia, JB Halpern, M Schulte, E AF Woodcraft, Adam L. Ade, Peter A. R. Bintley, Dan House, Julian S. Hunt, Cynthia L. Sudiwala, Rashmi V. Doriese, William B. Duncan, William D. Hilton, Gene C. Irwin, Kent D. Reintsema, Carl D. Ullom, Joel N. Audley, Michael D. Ellis, Maureen A. Holland, Wayne S. MacIntosh, Mike Dunare, Camelia C. Parkes, William Walton, Anthony J. Kycia, Jan B. Halpern, Mark Schulte, Eric TI Electrical and optical measurements on the first SCUBA-2 prototype 1280 pixel submillimeter superconducting bolometer array SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID ASTRONOMY; DESIGN; MULTIPLEXER; TELESCOPE; SYSTEM AB SCUBA-2 is a submillimeter camera being built for the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii. Bringing CCD style imaging to the submillimeter for the first time, with over 10 000 pixels, it will provide a revolutionary improvement in sensitivity and mapping speed. We present results of the first tests on a prototype 1280 pixel SCUBA-2 subarray; the full instrument will be made up of eight such subarrays. The array is made up of transition edge sensor (TES) detectors, with Mo/Cu bilayers as the sensing element. To keep the number of wires reasonable, a multiplexed readout is used. Unlike previous TES arrays, an in-focal plane multiplexer configuration is used, in which the multiplexing elements are located beneath each pixel. To achieve the required performance, the detectors are operated at a temperature of approximately 120 mK. We describe the results of a basic electrical and optical characterization of the array, demonstrating that it is fully operational. Noise measurements were made on several pixels and gave a noise equivalent power below 2.5x10(-17) W HZ(-0.5), within the requirements for SCUBA-2. The construction of the testbed used to carry out these measurements is also described. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Cardiff Wales, Cardiff Sch Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF24 3AA, Wales. NIST, Quantum Sensor Project, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Scottish Microelect Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada. Raytheon Vis Syst, Goleta, CA 93117 USA. RP Woodcraft, AL (reprint author), Royal Observ, United Kingdom Astron Technol Ctr, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland. RI Walton, Anthony/A-1550-2010; Walton, Anthony/B-9108-2009 NR 21 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 78 IS 2 AR 024502 DI 10.1063/1.2436839 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 140UG UT WOS:000244531600036 PM 17578131 ER PT J AU Iadicola, MA Shaw, JA AF Iadicola, M. A. Shaw, J. A. TI An experimental method to measure initiation events during unstable stress-induced martensitic transformation in a shape memory alloy wire SO SMART MATERIALS & STRUCTURES LA English DT Article ID THERMOMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR; NITI; DEFORMATION AB An experimental configuration is demonstrated that captures features of the initiation of unstable stress-induced transformation in a shape memory alloy (SMA). The apparatus uses circulating fluids through the grips and a heat sink and thermoelectric devices to control the temperature profile of a specimen within a mechanical testing machine. The configuration can be used to restrict the initiation of phase transformation to a small region of interest of the free length, while permitting full-field optical tracking, infrared imaging, use of laser extensometry, and monitoring of load and extension. In this way, some longstanding difficulties in the measurement of thermo-mechanical phenomena in SMA wire have been resolved. The size of initiation stress peaks can be accurately measured for both transformation directions without changing the wire geometry, the temperature of a region of interest can be selected over a wide range, and imaging can be performed for multiple loading cycles and for events that occur from static to near dynamic rates. The motivation for this work is to produce high quality data for use in calibrating numerical models that study thermo-mechanical coupling during unstable transformation behavior. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Iadicola, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0964-1726 J9 SMART MATER STRUCT JI Smart Mater. Struct. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 16 IS 1 BP S155 EP S169 DI 10.1088/0964-1726/16/1/S16 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA 131WS UT WOS:000243903300017 ER PT J AU Rukhin, AL AF Rukhin, Andrew L. TI Randomization with non-uniform allocations: fulfillment time distributions and bias properties SO STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE accidental bias; clinical trials; load balancing; multinomial trials; probability generating function; selection bias; spacings ID SELECTION BIAS; SEQUENTIAL EXPERIMENTS; DESIGN AB This article compares the properties of two balanced randomization schemes with several treatments under non-uniform allocation probabilities. According to the first procedure, the so-called truncated multinomial randomization design, the process employs a given allocation distribution, until a treatment receives its quota of subjects, after which this distribution switches to the conditional distribution for the remaining treatments, and so on. The second scheme, the random allocation rule, selects at random any legitimate assignment of the given number of subjects per treatment. The behavior of these two schemes is shown to be quite different: the truncated multinomial randomization design's assignment probabilities to a treatment turn out to vary over the recruitment period, and its accidental bias can be large, whereas the random allocation rule's this bias is bounded. The limiting distributions of the instants at which a treatment receives the given number of subjects is shown to be that of weighted spacings for normal order statistics with different variances. Formulas for the selection bias of both procedures are also derived. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Math & Stat, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rukhin, AL (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Math & Stat, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. EM rukhin@math.umbc.edu NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0233-1888 J9 STATISTICS JI Statistics PD FEB PY 2007 VL 41 IS 1 BP 11 EP 29 DI 10.1080/02331880601107122 PG 19 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 146IB UT WOS:000244926600002 ER PT J AU Toman, B AF Toman, Blaza TI Bayesian approaches to calculating a reference value in key comparison experiments SO TECHNOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE Bayes hierarchical models; combining probability distributions; inter-laboratory experiments; uncertainty and quantifications ID PROBABILITY-DISTRIBUTIONS; STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; UNCERTAINTY; MODEL AB International experiments called key comparisons pose an interesting statistical problem: estimation of a quantity called a reference value. This estimator can take many possible forms; so far, none has been accepted as a standard. Recently, this topic has received much inter-national attention. In this article it is argued that a fully Bayesian approach to this problem is compatible with the current practice of metrology and can be used to create models for the varied properties and assumptions of these experiments. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Toman, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 732 N WASHINGTON ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1943 USA SN 0040-1706 EI 1537-2723 J9 TECHNOMETRICS JI Technometrics PD FEB PY 2007 VL 49 IS 1 BP 81 EP 87 DI 10.1198/00401706000000273 PG 7 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 132PK UT WOS:000243954500008 ER PT J AU Quinn, PK Shaw, G Andrews, E Dutton, EG Ruoho-Airola, T Gong, SL AF Quinn, P. K. Shaw, G. Andrews, E. Dutton, E. G. Ruoho-Airola, T. Gong, S. L. TI Arctic haze: current trends and knowledge gaps SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Review ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; BIOGENIC SULFUR AEROSOL; LONG-TERM DECREASE; RADIATION BUDGET; CLIMATE-CHANGE; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL; SEASONAL-VARIATIONS AB Trend analyses were performed on several indicators of Arctic haze using data from sites located in the North American, Norwegian, Finnish and Russian Arctic for the spring months of March and April. Concentrations of nonseasalt (nss) SO4 = in the Canadian, Norwegian and Finnish Arctic were found to have decreased by 30-70% from the early 1990s to present. The magnitude of the decrease depended on location. The trend in nss SO4 = at Barrow, Alaska from 1997 to present, is unclear. Measurements at Barrow of light scattering by aerosols show a decrease of about 50% between the early 1980s and the mid-1990s for both March and April. Restricting the analysis to the more recent period of 1997 to present indicates an increase in scattering of about 50% during March. Aerosol NO3- measured at Alert, Canada has increased by about 50% between the early 1990s and 2003. Nss K+ and light absorption, indicators of forest fires, have a seasonal maximum during the winter and spring and minimum during the summer and fall at both Alert and Barrow. Based on these data, the impact of summertime forest fire emissions on low-altitude surface sites within the Arctic is relatively small compared to winter/spring emissions. Key uncertainties about the impact of long range transport of pollution to the Arctic remain including the certainty of the recent detected trends; sources, transport and trends of soot; and radiative effects due to complex interactions between aerosols, clouds and radiation in the Arctic. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, GMD, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Finnish Meteorol Inst, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Meteorol Serv Canada, Air Qual Res Branch, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. RP Quinn, PK (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM patricia.k.quinn@noaa.gov RI Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 116 TC 200 Z9 208 U1 7 U2 82 PU CO-ACTION PUBLISHING PI JARFALLA PA RIPVAGEN 7, JARFALLA, SE-175 64, SWEDEN SN 0280-6509 EI 1600-0889 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 59 IS 1 BP 99 EP 114 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00238.x PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 128TH UT WOS:000243681100009 ER PT J AU Peacor, SD Bence, JR Pfister, CA AF Peacor, Scott D. Bence, James R. Pfister, Catherine A. TI The effect of size-dependent growth and environmental factors on animal size variability SO THEORETICAL POPULATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE individual variation; model; size variation; growth depensation; individual-based; bioenergetics; von Bertalanffy; indeterminate growth; putter balance equation ID INDIVIDUAL-BASED MODEL; EVERGLADES PYGMY SUNFISH; BODY-SIZE; STRUCTURED POPULATIONS; INDETERMINATE GROWTH; ONTOGENIC GROWTH; COMPETITION; DENSITY; ECOLOGY; DISTRIBUTIONS AB The origin of variation in animal growth rate and body size is not well understood but central to ecological and evolutionary processes. We develop a relationship that predicts the change in relative body size variation within a cohort will be approximately equal to the relative change in mean per unit size growth rate, when only size-dependent factors affect growth. When modeling cohort growth, relative size variation decreased, remained unchanged, or increased, as a function of growth rate-size scaling relationships, in a predictable manner. We use the approximation to predict how environmental factors (e.g., resource level) affect body size variation, and verified these predictions numerically for a flexible growth model using a wide range of parameter values. We also explore and discuss the assumptions underlying the approximation. We find that factors that similarly affect mean growth rate may differently affect size variation, and competition may increase body size variation without changing size-independent relationships. We discuss implications of our results to the choice of growth equations used in models where body size variation is an important variable or output. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Peacor, SD (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM peacor@msu.edu RI Bence, James/E-5057-2017 OI Bence, James/0000-0002-2534-688X NR 63 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0040-5809 EI 1096-0325 J9 THEOR POPUL BIOL JI Theor. Popul. Biol. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 71 IS 1 BP 80 EP 94 DI 10.1016/j.tpb.2006.08.005 PG 15 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 133OH UT WOS:000244021700009 PM 17056078 ER PT J AU Fuks, I Charnotskii, M Godin, OA AF Fuks, I. Charnotskii, M. Godin, O. A. TI Statistics of travel time and intensity of two first arrivals of short pulses backscattered by a rough 3D surface SO WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA LA English DT Article ID EARLIEST ARRIVALS; SPECULAR POINTS; SEA-SURFACE; SIGNALS; OCEAN AB The time history of a pulse backscattered by a rough surface contains information about the position of the surface and the properties of the scatterers. This information is utilized successfully in a number of remote sensing techniques ranging from echo sounding of the ocean bottom to medical ultrasonics and satellite altimetry. In the current paper, statistical properties of backscattered waves are considered in a geometrical optics approximation. The probing pulse duration is assumed to be sufficiently short so that signals backscattered in the vicinity of individual specular points on a rough surface do not overlap in time. Theoretical results previously obtained for a 2D problem [I. M. Fuks and O. A. Godin, 2005, Waves in Random and Complex Media, 14, 539-562; M. I. Charnotskii and I. M. Fuks, 2005, Waves in Random and Complex Media, 15, 451-467] are extended to wave scattering by 3D rough surfaces by following a mathematical approach developed in stochastic geometry. Predictions of an asymptotic theory are verified against results of Monte-Carlo simulations. Probability density functions of travel times and intensities of the first and second arrivals of the backscattered wave are quantified in terms of statistical moments of roughness assuming normal distribution of elevations. It is found that, as in the 2D case, the travel time and the intensity are strongly correlated; on average, the earlier a signal arrives, the smaller is its intensity. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Fuks, I (reprint author), Zel Technol, Boulder, CO USA. EM losif.Fuks@noaa.gov RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011; Charnotskii, Mikhail/A-7193-2013 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149; Charnotskii, Mikhail/0000-0002-8315-8254 NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1745-5030 J9 WAVE RANDOM COMPLEX JI Waves Random Complex Media PD FEB PY 2007 VL 17 IS 1 BP 9 EP 27 DI 10.1080/17455030600798855 PG 19 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 143JQ UT WOS:000244717900002 ER PT J AU Stensrud, DJ Yussouf, N AF Stensrud, David J. Yussouf, Nusrat TI Reliable probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts from a short-range ensemble forecasting system SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID PREDICTION SYSTEM; RADAR RAINFALL; WARM-SEASON; PROGRAM; MODEL; BIAS AB A simple binning technique is developed to produce reliable 3-h probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts (PQPFs) from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) multimodel short-range ensemble forecasting system obtained during the summer of 2004. The past 12 days' worth of forecast 3-h accumulated precipitation amounts and observed 3-h accumulated precipitation amounts from the NCEP stage-II multisensor analyses are used to adjust today's 3-h precipitation forecasts. These adjustments are done individually to each of ensemble members for the 95 days studied. Performance of the adjusted ensemble precipitation forecasts is compared with the raw ( original) ensemble predictions. Results show that the simple binning technique provides significantly more skillful and reliable PQPFs of rainfall events than the raw forecast probabilities. This is true for the base 3-h accumulation period as well as for accumulation periods up to 48 h. Brier skill scores and the area under the relative operating characteristics curve also indicate that this technique yields skillful probabilistic forecasts. The performance of the adjusted forecasts also progressively improves with the increased accumulation period. In addition, the adjusted ensemble mean QPFs are very similar to the raw ensemble mean QPFs, suggesting that the method does not significantly alter the ensemble mean forecast. Therefore, this simple postprocessing scheme is very promising as a method to provide reliable PQPFs for rainfall events without degrading the ensemble mean forecast. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Ctr, NSSL FRDD, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Stensrud, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Ctr, NSSL FRDD, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM david.stensrud@noaa.gov OI Yussouf, Nusrat/0000-0003-4998-1770 NR 31 TC 32 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 22 IS 1 BP 3 EP 17 DI 10.1175/WAF968.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 138ZN UT WOS:000244401900001 ER PT J AU Tennant, WJ Toth, Z Rae, KJ AF Tennant, Warren J. Toth, Zoltan Rae, Kevin J. TI Application of the NCEP ensemble prediction system to medium-range forecasting in South Africa: New products, benefits, and challenges SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; PROBABILISTIC FORECASTS; HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION; ECMWF; SKILL; VARIABILITY; WEATHER; SIZE AB The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Ensemble Forecasting System (EFS) is used operationally in South Africa for medium-range forecasts up to 14 days ahead. The use of model-generated probability forecasts has a clear benefit in the skill of the 1-7-day forecasts. This is seen in the forecast probability distribution being more successful in spanning the observed space than a single deterministic forecast and, thus, substantially reducing the instances of missed events in the forecast. In addition, the probability forecasts generated using the EFS are particularly useful in estimating confidence in forecasts. During the second week of the forecast the EFS is used as a heads-up for possible synoptic-scale events and also for predicting average weather conditions and probability density distributions of some elements such as maximum temperature and wind. This paper assesses the medium-range forecast process and the application of the NCEP EFS at the South African Weather Service. It includes a description of the various medium-range products, adaptive bias-correction methods applied to the forecasts, verification of the forecast products, and a discussion on the various challenges that face researchers and forecasters alike. C1 S African Weather Serv, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Tennant, WJ (reprint author), S African Weather Serv, Private Bag X097, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. EM warren.tennant@weathersa.co.za RI Toth, Zoltan/I-6624-2015 OI Toth, Zoltan/0000-0002-9635-9194 NR 33 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 22 IS 1 BP 18 EP 35 DI 10.1175/WAF979.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 138ZN UT WOS:000244401900002 ER PT J AU Jones, MS Colle, BA Tongue, JS AF Jones, Matthew S. Colle, Brian A. Tongue, Jeffrey S. TI Evaluation of a mesoscale short-range ensemble forecast system over the northeast United States SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; CONVECTIVE PARAMETERIZATION; MULTISEASON VERIFICATION; PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; CLUSTER-ANALYSIS; NEW-ENGLAND; MODEL; MM5; RESOLUTION AB A short-range ensemble forecast system was constructed over the northeast United States down to 12-km grid spacing using 18 members from the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5). The ensemble consisted of 12 physics members with varying planetary boundary layer schemes and convective parameterizations as well as seven different initial conditions (ICs) [ five National Centers for Environmental Prediction ( NCEP) Eta-bred members at 2100 UTC and the 0000 UTC NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS) and Eta runs]. The full 18-member ensemble ( ALL) was verified at the surface for the warm (May-September 2003) and cool ( October 2003-March 2004) seasons. A randomly chosen subset of seven physics (PHS) members at each forecast hour was used to quantitatively compare with the seven IC members. During the warm season, the PHS ensemble predictions for surface temperature and wind speed had more skill than the IC ensemble and a control ( shared PHS and IC member) run initialized 12 h later (CTL12). During the cool and warm seasons, a 14-day running-mean bias calibration applied to the ALL ensemble (ALLBC) added 10%-30% more skill for temperature, wind speed, and sea level pressure, with the ALLBC far outperforming the CTL12. For the 24-h precipitation, the PHS ensemble had comparable probabilistic skill to the IC ensemble during the warm season, while the IC subensemble was more skillful during the cool season. All ensemble members had large diurnal surface biases, with ensemble variance approximating ensemble uncertainty only for wind direction. Selection of ICs was also important, because during the cool season the NCEP-bred members introduced large errors into the IC ensemble for sea level pressure, while none of the subensembles ( PHS, IC, or ALL) outperformed the GFS-MM5 for sea level pressure. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Inst Terr & Planetary Atmospheres, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Upton, NY USA. RP Colle, BA (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Inst Terr & Planetary Atmospheres, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM brian.colle@stonybrook.edu NR 39 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 22 IS 1 BP 36 EP 55 DI 10.1175/WAF973.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 138ZN UT WOS:000244401900003 ER PT J AU Tuleya, RE DeMaria, M Kuligowski, RJ AF Tuleya, Robert E. DeMaria, Mark Kuligowski, Robert J. TI Evaluation of GFDL and simple statistical model rainfall forecasts for US landfalling tropical storms SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID CYCLONES; SEASON; IMPACT; SHEAR; DECAY AB To date, little objective verification has been performed for rainfall predictions from numerical forecasts of landfalling tropical cyclones. Until 2001, digital output from the operational version of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) hurricane forecast model was available only on a 1 grid. The GFDL model was rerun or reanalyzed for 25 U. S. landfalling tropical cyclones from 1995 to 2002 to obtain higher resolution (1/3) output. Several measures of forecast quality were used to evaluate the predicted rainfall from these runs, using daily rain gauge data as ground truth. The overall quality was measured by the mean error and bias averaged over all the gauge sites. An estimate of the quality of the forecasted pattern was obtained through the correlation coefficient of the model versus gauge values. In addition, more traditional precipitation verification scores were calculated including equitable threat and bias scores. To evaluate the skill of the rainfall forecasts, a simple rainfall climatology and persistence (R-CLIPER) model was developed, where a climatological rainfall rate is accumulated along either the forecasted or observed storm track. Results show that the R-CLIPER and GFDL forecasts had comparable mean absolute errors of similar to 0.9 in. ( 23 mm) for the 25 cases. The GFDL model exhibited a higher pattern correlation with observations than R-CLIPER, but still only explained similar to 30% of the spatial variance. The GFDL model also had higher equitable threat scores than R-CLIPER, partially because of a low bias of R-CLIPER for rainfall amounts larger than 0.5 in. ( 13 mm). A large case-to-case variability was found that was dependent on both synoptic conditions and track error. C1 SAIC, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. NOAA, NCEP, EMC, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Ft Collins, CO USA. NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Tuleya, RE (reprint author), SAIC, 768 W 52nd St, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. EM robert.tuleya@noaa.gov RI Kuligowski, Robert/C-6981-2009; DeMaria, Mark/F-5583-2010 OI Kuligowski, Robert/0000-0002-6909-2252; NR 19 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 22 IS 1 BP 56 EP 70 DI 10.1175/WAF972.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 138ZN UT WOS:000244401900004 ER PT J AU Knaff, JA Zehr, RM AF Knaff, John A. Zehr, Raymond M. TI Reexamination of tropical cyclone wind-pressure relationships SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC; BOUNDARY-LAYER JETS; AIRCRAFT RECONNAISSANCE; PART I; VARIABILITY; HURRICANES; INTENSITY; PROFILES; DYNAMICS; IMAGERY AB Tropical cyclone wind-pressure relationships are reexamined using 15 yr of minimum sea level pressure estimates, numerical analysis fields, and best-track intensities. Minimum sea level pressure is estimated from aircraft reconnaissance or measured from dropwindsondes, and maximum wind speeds are interpolated from best-track maximum 1-min wind speed estimates. The aircraft data were collected primarily in the Atlantic but also include eastern and central North Pacific cases. Global numerical analyses were used to estimate tropical cyclone size and environmental pressure associated with each observation. Using this dataset ( 3801 points), the influences of latitude, tropical cyclone size, environmental pressure, and intensification trend on the tropical cyclone wind-pressure relationships were examined. Findings suggest that latitude, size, and environmental pressure, which all can be quantified in an operational and postanalysis setting, are related to predictable changes in the wind-pressure relationships. These factors can be combined into equations that estimate winds given pressure and estimate pressure given winds with greater accuracy than current methodologies. In independent testing during the 2005 hurricane season ( 524 cases), these new wind-pressure relationships resulted in mean absolute errors of 5.3 hPa and 6.2 kt compared with the 7.7 hPa and 9.0 kt that resulted from using the standard Atlantic Dvorak wind-pressure relationship. These new wind-pressure relationships are then used to evaluate several operational wind pressure relationships. These intercomparisons have led to several recommendations for operational tropical cyclone centers and those interested in reanalyzing past tropical cyclone events. C1 Colorado State Univ, CIRA, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Knaff, JA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, CIRA, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM knaff@cira.colostate.edu RI Knaff, John /F-5599-2010 OI Knaff, John /0000-0003-0427-1409 NR 32 TC 101 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 22 IS 1 BP 71 EP 88 DI 10.1175/WAF965.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 138ZN UT WOS:000244401900005 ER PT J AU Thompson, RL Mead, CM Edwards, R AF Thompson, Richard L. Mead, Corey M. Edwards, Roger TI Effective storm-relative helicity and bulk shear in supercell thunderstorm environments SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SIMULATED CONVECTIVE STORMS; VERTICAL WIND SHEAR; NONLINEAR PROPAGATION; CLIMATOLOGY; BUOYANCY; MOTION; CYCLE; CAPE AB A sample of 1185 Rapid Update Cycle ( RUC) model analysis ( 0 h) proximity soundings, within 40 km and 30 min of radar-identified discrete storms, was categorized by several storm types: significantly tornadic supercells (F2 or greater damage), weakly tornadic supercells (F0-F1 damage), nontornadic supercells, elevated right-moving supercells, storms with marginal supercell characteristics, and nonsupercells. These proximity soundings served as the basis for calculations of storm-relative helicity and bulk shear intended to apply across a broad spectrum of thunderstorm types. An effective storm inflow layer was defined in terms of minimum constraints on lifted parcel CAPE and convective inhibition (CIN). Sixteen CAPE and CIN constraint combinations were examined, and the smallest CAPE ( 25 and 100 J kg(-1)) and largest CIN (-250 J kg(-1)) constraints provided the greatest probability of detecting an effective inflow layer within an 835-supercell subset of the proximity soundings. Effective storm-relative helicity (ESRH) calculations were based on the upper and lower bounds of the effective inflow layer. By confining the SRH calculation to the effective inflow layer, ESRH values can be compared consistently across a wide range of storm environments, including storms rooted above the ground. Similarly, the effective bulk shear (EBS) was defined in terms of the vertical shear through a percentage of the "storm depth," as defined by the vertical distance from the effective inflow base to the equilibrium level associated with the most unstable parcel ( maximum theta(e) value) in the lowest 300 hPa. ESRH and EBS discriminate strongly between various storm types, and between supercells and nonsupercells, respectively. C1 Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK 73072 USA. RP Thompson, RL (reprint author), Storm Predict Ctr, 120 David L Boren Blvd,Suite 2300, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM richard.thompson@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 22 IS 1 BP 102 EP 115 DI 10.1175/WAF969.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 138ZN UT WOS:000244401900007 ER PT J AU Gaffin, DM AF Gaffin, David M. TI Foehn winds that produced large temperature differences near the southern Appalachian Mountains SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID WAVES AB A 30-yr (1971-2000) study was conducted to 1) determine the typical characteristics and synoptic conditions of foehn wind events that produced large temperature differences near the southern Appalachian Mountains and 2) further examine those events that produced dewpoint rises. Foehn wind events were identified on both the western and eastern sides of the southern Appalachians by comparing temperatures between a station immediately adjacent to the southern Appalachians ( foehn station) and two nearby stations located farther from the mountains (nonfoehn station). A foehn wind event occurred when the following criteria were met: the daily maximum or minimum temperature at the foehn station was at least 3 degrees C (similar to 5 degrees F) higher than the nonfoehn station, winds of at least 2.5 m s(-1) (similar to 5 kt) at the foehn station must have been from a downslope direction, and warming of at least 3 degrees C (similar to 5 degrees F) must have occurred during the period of downslope winds. Foehn wind events on the western side typically occurred as southeasterly winds developed ahead of a low pressure system over the mid-Mississippi River valley, while foehn wind events on the eastern side were typically the result of northwesterly winds behind the passage of a shallow cold front. The relatively warm 850-hPa air mass, which was only a couple of degrees cooler than the surface temperatures, was likely the source region of the foehn winds on both sides, although additional flow through gaps likely contributed to the less than theoretically possible warming observed at the foehn stations. Composite soundings of the foehn wind events revealed a vertical temperature and wind profile that was conducive to large-amplitude mountain wave formation, especially on the western side of the southern Appalachians. An interesting ( and possibly unique) finding observed with these southern Appalachian foehn wind events ( compared with other documented foehn wind events) was the rise in surface dewpoints at the foehn stations during nearly three-fourths of the events on the western side and around one-third of the events on the eastern side. A comparison of the dewpoint-rise composites to the composites from all foehn wind events near the southern Appalachians revealed that the rise in surface dewpoints was mainly the result of a drier initial surface air mass ( compared with the 850-hPa air mass) and not necessarily a more moist 850-hPa air mass. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Morristown, TN 37814 USA. RP Gaffin, DM (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, 5974 Commerce Blvd, Morristown, TN 37814 USA. EM david.gaffin@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 22 IS 1 BP 145 EP 159 DI 10.1175/WAF970.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 138ZN UT WOS:000244401900010 ER PT J AU Ellrod, GP Bailey, AA AF Ellrod, Gary P. Bailey, Andrew A. TI Assessment of aircraft icing potential and maximum icing altitude from geostationary meteorological satellite data SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; CLOUD; CLASSIFICATION; GENERATION; ALGORITHM; IMAGERY; WINDOW; TOP; FOG AB A satellite product that displays regions of aircraft icing potential, along with corresponding cloud-top heights, has been developed using data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite ( GOES) imager and sounder. The icing product, referred to as the Icing Enhanced Cloud-top Altitude Product ( ICECAP), is created hourly for the continental United States and southern Canada, and is color coded to show cloud-top altitudes in 1.9-km ( 6000 ft) intervals. Experimental ICECAP images became routinely available on the Internet during the spring of 2004. Verification of separate ICECAP components ( imager icing potential and sounder cloud-top heights) using aircraft pilot reports (PIREPs) indicates that the product provides useful guidance on the spatial coverage and maximum altitude of current icing conditions, but not icing intensity, stratification, or minimum altitude. The imager icing potential component of ICECAP was compared with the operational 40-km resolution National Weather Service (NWS) current icing potential and NWS Airman's Meteorological Advisories via the NOAA Real-Time Verification System, while GOES cloud-top heights were compared with altitudes of moderate or greater icing from PIREPs. Benefits and deficiencies of the GOES icing product are discussed. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD USA. Raytheon Informat Solut, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Ellrod, GP (reprint author), POB 240, Granby, CT 06035 USA. EM gary.ellrod@gmail.com NR 39 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 22 IS 1 BP 160 EP 174 DI 10.1175/WAF984.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 138ZN UT WOS:000244401900011 ER PT J AU Langford, AO Schofield, R Daniel, JS Portmann, RW Melamed, ML Miller, HL Dutton, EG Solomon, S AF Langford, A. O. Schofield, R. Daniel, J. S. Portmann, R. W. Melamed, M. L. Miller, H. L. Dutton, E. G. Solomon, S. TI On the variability of the Ring effect in the near ultraviolet: understanding the role of aerosols and multiple scattering SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ROTATIONAL RAMAN-SCATTERING; FRAUNHOFER LINES; DAY SKY; ABSORPTION-MEASUREMENTS; PLANETARY-ATMOSPHERES; SKYLIGHT POLARIZATION; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; OPTICAL DEPTH; FILLING-IN; SPECTRA AB The "filling-in" (FI) of Fraunhofer lines, often referred to as the Ring effect, was examined using measurements of near ultraviolet sunlight scattered from the zenith sky above Boulder, Colorado during July and August 2005. The FI of the 344.1 nm Fe I line was directly determined by comparing direct sun and cloud-free zenith sky spectra recorded on the same day. The results, obtained over solar zenith angles (SZA) from 20 degrees to 70 degrees, are compared to the predictions of a simple rotational Raman Scattering (RRS) spectral model. The measured FI was found to be up to 70% greater than that predicted by first-order molecular scattering with a much stronger SZA dependence. Simultaneously measured aerosol optical depths and Monte Carlo calculations show that the combination of aerosol scattering and second-order molecular scattering can account for these differences, and potentially explain the contradictory SZA dependences in previously published measurements of FI. These two scattering processes also introduce a wavelength dependence to FI that complicates the fitting of diffuse sunlight observations in differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS). A simple correction to improve DOAS retrievals by removing this wavelength dependence is described. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Langford, AO (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM andrew.o.langford@noaa.gov RI Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Langford, Andrew/D-2323-2009; Schofield, Robyn/A-4062-2010; Daniel, John/D-9324-2011; Miller, Henry/D-7628-2013 OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; Langford, Andrew/0000-0002-2932-7061; Schofield, Robyn/0000-0002-4230-717X; Miller, Henry/0000-0002-7155-8314 NR 47 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 31 PY 2007 VL 7 BP 575 EP 586 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 133EK UT WOS:000243995000001 ER PT J AU Wilson, RJ Neumann, GA Smith, MD AF Wilson, R. John Neumann, Gregory A. Smith, Michael D. TI Diurnal variation and radiative influence of Martian water ice clouds SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; MARS; ATMOSPHERE; TIDES; CYCLE AB We have identified regions in the Martian tropics with anomalously warm nighttime surface temperatures. The seasonal evolution of these anomalies is strongly correlated with the waxing and waning of the tropical cloud belt that is most prominent during Northern Hemisphere summer. We attribute the anomalies to enhanced downward infrared radiation from water ice clouds. The close agreement with spatial maps of atmospheric extinction derived from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter radiometry strongly supports this interpretation. We show that a Mars general circulation model simulation with radiatively active water ice clouds is able to reasonably match the observed spatial pattern and amplitude of the surface temperature anomaly. The nighttime clouds are most prominent in the Tharsis and Arabia regions and are thicker ( optical depth similar to 1) and more extensive than daytime clouds. Our cloud retrievals are the first to spatially map the nighttime clouds and provide an estimate of their thermal influence. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wilson, RJ (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM john.wilson@noaa.gov RI Smith, Michael/C-8875-2012; Neumann, Gregory/I-5591-2013 OI Neumann, Gregory/0000-0003-0644-9944 NR 17 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 31 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 2 AR L02710 DI 10.1029/2006GL027976 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 133VB UT WOS:000244040900002 ER PT J AU Richardson, MS DeMott, PJ Kreidenweis, SM Cziczo, DJ Dunlea, EJ Jimenez, JL Thomson, DS Ashbaugh, LL Borys, RD Westphal, DL Casuccio, GS Lersch, TL AF Richardson, Mathews S. DeMott, Paul J. Kreidenweis, Sonia M. Cziczo, Daniel J. Dunlea, Edward J. Jimenez, Jose L. Thomson, David S. Ashbaugh, Lowell L. Borys, Randolph D. Westphal, Douglas L. Casuccio, Gary S. Lersch, Traci L. TI Measurements of heterogeneous ice nuclei in the western United States in springtime and their relation to aerosol characteristics SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID FLOW DIFFUSION CHAMBER; ASIAN DUST EVENTS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MINERAL DUST; PARTICLE CONCENTRATION; CIRRUS CLOUDS; CRYSTAL-FACE; SAHARAN DUST; ART.; STORMS AB [1] The second Ice Nuclei Spectroscopy (INSPECT-II) campaign was conducted at Storm Peak Laboratory in northwestern Colorado in April and May 2004. The physical and chemical characteristics of springtime atmospheric aerosols, including those which act as heterogeneous ice nuclei (IN), were investigated. The ice formation activity of submicron particles was measured with a continuous-flow diffusion chamber. The concentrations of heterogeneous ice nuclei ([IN]) active at -15 to -50 degrees C and water supersaturations -25% < SSw < 0 typically ranged from 1 to 10 std 1(-1). Aerosol mass spectrometry measurements indicated that the composition of IN had much higher contributions from mineral dust/fly ash and metallic particle types compared to ambient particles of similar sizes. While IN concentration and composition measurements are similar to observations from the same site during INSPECT-I in November 2001, there was considerably more variability in [IN] during INSPECT-II associated with periods of sporadically high [IN]. A relation of [IN] to concentrations of larger particles was noted; however, the predictive utility of such a relationship proved limited during non-dust-related increases in accumulation mode number concentrations. We conclude that the observed high variability and extremes in [IN] during spring are attributable primarily to variations in airborne dust concentrations and that the [IN] observed in spring 2004 represent lower bounds on the expected [IN] at SPL in the spring. On the basis of modeled dust vertical profiles, strong impacts of dust on [IN] might be expected at the higher altitudes of cold clouds. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Earth SystRes Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Crocker Nucl Lab, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, Storm Peak Lab, Reno, NV 89506 USA. USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. RJ Lee Grp Inc, Monroeville, PA USA. RP Richardson, MS (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM mattr@chem.atmos.colostate.edu RI Jimenez, Jose/A-5294-2008; DeMott, Paul/C-4389-2011; Ashbaugh, Lowell/G-3661-2011; Richardson, Mathews/H-4882-2013; Richardson, Matt/B-4271-2015; Kreidenweis, Sonia/E-5993-2011 OI Jimenez, Jose/0000-0001-6203-1847; DeMott, Paul/0000-0002-3719-1889; Richardson, Matt/0000-0001-6841-9770; Kreidenweis, Sonia/0000-0002-2561-2914 NR 56 TC 96 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 31 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D2 AR D02209 DI 10.1029/2006JD007500 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 133VG UT WOS:000244041400002 ER PT J AU Suntsov, AV AF Suntsov, Andrey V. TI Brotulotaenia (Teleostei : Ophidiiformes) larval development revisited: An apparently new type of mimetic resemblance in the epipelagic ocean SO RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference CY MAY 16-21, 2005 CL Taipei, TAIWAN DE brotulotaenia; mimetic resemblance; Batesian mimicry; epipelagic ocean; fish larvae; Ophidiiformes ID IMPERFECT MIMICRY; FEEDING-HABITS; FISH; EXTERILIUM; EVOLUTION; PLUMAGE; CRYPSIS; PETREL; PREY; SIZE AB Numerous examples of the mimicry of inanimate objects by living animals have been well-documented, mainly in the terrestrial realm. The epipelagic ocean, with its cover-deficient properties would seem to be a less suitable habitat for the development of such defensive strategies. Thus, the main tactic utilized by many planktonic organisms, including fish larvae, is to become virtually transparent. Despite the recent descriptions of the early life history of the ophidiid species Brotulotaenia nielseni, the form-function relationships during early ontogeny of this rare deep-sea species have never been addressed. The recent find of a larval B. nielseni in near-perfect condition allowed further observations on its morphology which led to a hypothesis regarding its mimetic resemblance to a bird feather, an apparently new defense strategy in the pelagic environment. In this paper, I approach the unusual Bauplan of larval Brotulotaenia from a functional morphology standpoint and show how a suite of larval features facilitates the resemblance to an inanimate model, thus offering possible protection against visual predators. The numerous similarities between the hypothesized model (bird feather) and the mimic (fish larva), as well as certain basic requirements for the development of such a mimetic resemblance are reviewed and discussed. C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Suntsov, AV (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM andrey.suntsov@noaa.gov NR 53 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL UNIV SINGAPORE, SCHOOL BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES PI SINGAPORE PA DEPT ZOOLOGY, KENT RIDGE, SINGAPORE 0511, SINGAPORE SN 0217-2445 J9 RAFFLES B ZOOL JI Raffles Bull. Zool. PD JAN 31 PY 2007 SU 14 BP 177 EP 186 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 137PB UT WOS:000244303400023 ER PT J AU Zhang, R Delworth, TL Held, IM AF Zhang, Rong Delworth, Thomas L. Held, Isaac M. TI Can the Atlantic Ocean drive the observed multidecadal variability in Northern Hemisphere mean temperature? SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE; SIMULATION; MODELS; SEA AB While the Northern Hemisphere mean surface temperature has clearly warmed over the 20th century due in large part to increasing greenhouse gases, this warming has not been monotonic. The departures from steady warming on multidecadal timescales might be associated in part with radiative forcing, especially solar irradiance, volcanoes, and anthropogenic aerosols. It is also possible that internal oceanic variability explains a part of this variation. We report here on simulations with a climate model in which the Atlantic Ocean is constrained to produce multidecadal fluctuations similar to observations by redistributing heat within the Atlantic, with other oceans left free to adjust to these Atlantic perturbations. The model generates multidecadal variability in Northern Hemisphere mean temperatures similar in phase and magnitude to detrended observations. The results suggest that variability in the Atlantic is a viable explanation for a portion of the multidecadal variability in the Northern Hemisphere mean temperature record. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Zhang, R (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, 201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM Rong.Zhang@noaa.gov RI Delworth, Thomas/C-5191-2014; Zhang, Rong/D-9767-2014 OI Zhang, Rong/0000-0002-8493-6556 NR 12 TC 142 Z9 144 U1 2 U2 25 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 30 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 2 AR L02709 DI 10.1029/2006GL028683 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 133VA UT WOS:000244040800006 ER PT J AU Yang, S Zhang, H Hsu, SM AF Yang, Seungho Zhang, Huan Hsu, Stephen M. TI Correction of random surface roughness on colloidal probes in measuring adhesion SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID CONTACT; SIZE; FORCES; PARTICLES; FRICTION; SILICON AB Atomic force microscopes (AFM) are commonly used to measure adhesion at nanoscale between two surfaces. To avoid uncertainties in the contact areas between the tip and the surface, colloidal probes have been used for adhesion measurements. We measured adhesion between glass spheres and silicon (100) surface using colloidal probes of different radii under controlled conditions (relative humidity of < 3%, temperature of 25 +/- 1 degrees C). Results showed that the adhesion forces did not correlate with the radii of the spheres as suggested by elastic contact mechanics theories. Surface roughness and random surface features were found on the surfaces of the colloidal probes. We evaluated various roughness parameters, Rumpf and Rabinovich models, and a load-bearing area correction model in an attempt to correct for the roughness effects on adhesion, but the results were unsatisfactory. We developed a new multiscale contact model taking into account elastic as well as plastic deformation in a successive contacting mode. The new model was able to correct for most of the surface roughness features except for surface ridges with sharp angular features, limited by the spherical asperity assumption made in the model. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hsu, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stephen.hsu@nist.gov NR 26 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JAN 30 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 3 BP 1195 EP 1202 DI 10.1021/la0622828 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 128UK UT WOS:000243684100038 PM 17241032 ER PT J AU Meier, DC Evju, JK Boger, Z Raman, B Benkstein, KD Martinez, CJ Montgomery, CB Semancik, S AF Meier, D. C. Evju, J. K. Boger, Z. Raman, B. Benkstein, K. D. Martinez, C. J. Montgomery, C. B. Semancik, S. TI The potential for and challenges of detecting chemical hazards with temperature-programmed microsensors SO SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL LA English DT Article DE chemical gas microsensor; metal oxide; chemical warfare agent; toxic industrial chemical; conductance; interference ID WARFARE AGENTS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MICROHOTPLATE PLATFORMS; PATTERN-RECOGNITION; NEURAL-NETWORK; SENSORS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; IDENTIFICATION; SURFACE; SYSTEM AB Several recent demonstrations of the abilities of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS)-based microsensor technology to detect hazardous compounds and their simulants in a variety of background conditions are presented. In each case, two pairs of conductometric metal oxide sensors (TiO2 and SnO2) produced via chemical vapor deposition are operated using temperature-programmed sensing (TPS). NIST microdevices can utilize this operating mode to sample a wide operating temperature range (50 degrees C-480 degrees C) in a very short time (< 15 s). The voluminous databases generated by this method can be analyzed using signal processing techniques, such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), to provide actionable outputs. Several examples are presented: cyclohexyl methyl methylphosphonate (CMMP), a simulant for cyclosarin (GF), is detected at concentrations ranging from 700 pmol/mol to 90 nmol/mol in air backgrounds ranging from 0% relative humidity (RH) to 70% RH. The chemical warfare agents (CWAs) tabun (GA), sarin (GB), and sulfur mustard (1413) are detected at 25 nmol/mol in dry air, humidified air (40% RH), and diesel fume-laden air (3.5% saturation). Finally, a selection of five toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) and one chemical warfare simulant (CWS) are measured at immediate danger to life and health (IDLH) and permissible exposure limit (PEL) levels in an array of backgrounds, including seven different interferences, each at three concentration levels (from 0.1% to 2.0% saturation), with humidity ranging from 50% RH to 90% RH, and ambient temperature spanning 0 degrees C-40 degrees C. Technical developments that have enabled the illustrated performances, as well as future directions for conductometric microsensor research aimed at meeting the various stringent demands faced in the hazardous chemical detection application sector, are described. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Semancik, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr MS8362, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stephen.semancik@nist.gov NR 32 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 6 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-4005 J9 SENSOR ACTUAT B-CHEM JI Sens. Actuator B-Chem. PD JAN 30 PY 2007 VL 121 IS 1 BP 282 EP 294 DI 10.1016/j.snb.2006.09.050 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 137XN UT WOS:000244326400032 ER PT J AU van der Laan, DC Ekin, JW AF van der Laan, D. C. Ekin, J. W. TI Large intrinsic effect of axial strain on the critical current of high-temperature superconductors for electric power applications SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID YBCO-COATED CONDUCTORS; CRITICAL-CURRENT DENSITY; CURRENT TRANSPORT; GRAIN-BOUNDARIES; DEPOSITION; FILMS; TAPES AB A remarkably large reversible reduction in the critical current of "second generation" high-temperature superconductors for electric power applications has been measured with a new technique over a wide range of mechanical strain. The effect amounts to a 40% reduction in critical current at 1% compressive strain in self-magnetic field, and is symmetric for compressive and tensile strains. The intrinsic effect is measured in highly aligned multigranular YBa2Cu3O7-d coated conductors made by different processes, including superconductors with nanoscale pinning centers. This effect and its magnitude are expected to have a significant impact on power applications and provide a useful new parameter for probing the fundamental nature of current transport in high-temperature superconductors. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP van der Laan, DC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM danko@boulder.nist.gov RI van der Laan, Danko/L-5098-2016 NR 20 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 29 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 5 AR 052506 DI 10.1063/1.2435612 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 132XX UT WOS:000243977300059 ER PT J AU Guo, H Penner, JE Herzog, M Pawlowska, H AF Guo, H. Penner, J. E. Herzog, M. Pawlowska, H. TI Examination of the aerosol indirect effect under contrasting environments during the ACE-2 experiment SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MARINE STRATOCUMULUS CLOUDS; LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION; SINGLE-COLUMN MODEL; BOUNDARY-LAYER; ANTHROPOGENIC SULFATE; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; CONDENSATION NUCLEI; POLLUTION AEROSOL; EFFECTIVE RADIUS; CLIMATE-CHANGE AB The Active Tracer High-resolution Atmospheric Model (ATHAM) has been adopted to examine the aerosol indirect effect in contrasting clean and polluted cloudy boundary layers during the Second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2). Model results are in good agreement with available in-situ observations, which provides confidence in the results of ATHAM. Sensitivity tests have been conducted to examine the response of the cloud fraction (CF), cloud liquid water path (LWP), and cloud optical depth ( COD) to changes in aerosols in the clean and polluted cases. It is shown for two cases that CF and LWP would decrease or remain nearly constant with an increase in aerosols, a result which shows that the second aerosol indirect effect is positive or negligibly small in these cases. Further investigation indicates that the background meteorological conditions play a critical role in the response of CF and LWP to aerosols. When large-scale subsidence is weak as in the clean case, the dry overlying air above the cloud is more efficiently entrained into the cloud, and in so doing, removes cloud water more efficiently, and results in lower CF and LWP when aerosol burden increases. However, when the large-scale subsidence is strong as in the polluted case, the growth of the cloud top is suppressed and the entrainment drying makes no significant difference when aerosol burden increases. Therefore, the CF and LWP remain nearly constant. In both the clean and polluted cases, the COD tends to increase with aerosols, and the total aerosol indirect effect (AIE) is negative even when the CF and LWP decrease with an increase in aerosols. Therefore, the first AIE dominates the response of the cloud to aerosols. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Warsaw Univ, Inst Geophys, Warsaw, Poland. RP Guo, H (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM hguo@umich.edu RI Herzog, Michael/B-4722-2010; PAWLOWSKA, Hanna/C-9827-2013; Penner, Joyce/J-1719-2012; Guo, Huan/D-8282-2014 OI PAWLOWSKA, Hanna/0000-0002-5345-778X; NR 59 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 29 PY 2007 VL 7 BP 535 EP 548 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 130ZM UT WOS:000243837500001 ER PT J AU Naidon, P Tiesinga, E Mitchell, WF Julienne, PS AF Naidon, Pascal Tiesinga, Eite Mitchell, William F. Julienne, Paul S. TI Effective-range description of a Bose gas under strong one- or two-dimensional confinement SO NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TONKS-GIRARDEAU GAS; ATOMIC-COLLISIONS; OPTICAL LATTICE; SCATTERING; MODEL AB We point out that theories describing s-wave collisions of bosonic atoms confined in one-dimensional (1D) or two-dimensional (2D) geometries can be extended to much tighter confinements than previously thought. This is achieved by replacing the scattering length by an energy-dependent scattering length which was already introduced for the calculation of energy levels under 3D confinement. This replacement accurately predicts the position of confinement-induced resonances in strongly confined geometries. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Dept Math & Computat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Naidon, P (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM pascal.naidon@nist.gov RI Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 34 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1367-2630 J9 NEW J PHYS JI New J. Phys. PD JAN 29 PY 2007 VL 9 AR 19 DI 10.1088/1367-2630/9/1/019 PG 12 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 134CV UT WOS:000244061100002 ER PT J AU Rotstein, DS Harms, CA Lovewell, GN Hohn, AA AF Rotstein, D. S. Harms, C. A. Lovewell, G. N. Hohn, A. A. TI Gastric leiomyoma in a free-living Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) SO VETERINARY RECORD LA English DT Article ID TUMORS C1 Univ Tennessee, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Dept Clin Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Environm Med Consortium, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Rotstein, DS (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RI Hohn, Aleta/G-2888-2011 OI Hohn, Aleta/0000-0002-9992-7062 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON W1M 0AT, ENGLAND SN 0042-4900 J9 VET REC JI Vet. Rec. PD JAN 27 PY 2007 VL 160 IS 4 BP 130 EP 131 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 135ZT UT WOS:000244193100016 PM 17259457 ER PT J AU Stohl, A Berg, T Burkhart, JF Fjaeraa, AM Forster, C Herber, A Hov, O Lunder, C McMillan, WW Oltmans, S Shiobara, M Simpson, D Solberg, S Stebel, K Strom, J Torseth, K Treffeisen, R Virkkunen, K Yttri, KE AF Stohl, A. Berg, T. Burkhart, J. F. Fjaeraa, A. M. Forster, C. Herber, A. Hov, O. Lunder, C. McMillan, W. W. Oltmans, S. Shiobara, M. Simpson, D. Solberg, S. Stebel, K. Strom, J. Torseth, K. Treffeisen, R. Virkkunen, K. Yttri, K. E. TI Arctic smoke - record high air pollution levels in the European Arctic due to agricultural fires in Eastern Europe in spring 2006 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE DISPERSION MODEL; BOREAL FOREST-FIRE; ICE CORE SAMPLES; MERCURY EMISSIONS; GASEOUS MERCURY; CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES; SULFUR EMISSIONS; CARBON-MONOXIDE; NORTH-AMERICA; TRANSPORT AB In spring 2006, the European Arctic was abnormally warm, setting new historical temperature records. During this warm period, smoke from agricultural fires in Eastern Europe intruded into the European Arctic and caused the most severe air pollution episodes ever recorded there. This paper confirms that biomass burning ( BB) was indeed the source of the observed air pollution, studies the transport of the smoke into the Arctic, and presents an overview of the observations taken during the episode. Fire detections from the MODIS instruments aboard the Aqua and Terra satellites were used to estimate the BB emissions. The FLEXPART particle dispersion model was used to show that the smoke was transported to Spitsbergen and Iceland, which was confirmed by MODIS retrievals of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and AIRS retrievals of carbon monoxide ( CO) total columns. Concentrations of halocarbons, carbon dioxide and CO, as well as levoglucosan and potassium, measured at Zeppelin mountain near Ny Alesund, were used to further corroborate the BB source of the smoke at Spitsbergen. The ozone (O-3) and CO concentrations were the highest ever observed at the Zeppelin station, and gaseous elemental mercury was also elevated. A new O-3 record was also set at a station on Iceland. The smoke was strongly absorbing black carbon concentrations were the highest ever recorded at Zeppelin - and strongly perturbed the radiation transmission in the atmosphere: aerosol optical depths were the highest ever measured at Ny Alesund. We furthermore discuss the aerosol chemical composition, obtained from filter samples, as well as the aerosol size distribution during the smoke event. Photographs show that the snow at a glacier on Spitsbergen became discolored during the episode and, thus, the snow albedo was reduced. Samples of this polluted snow contained strongly elevated levels of potassium, sulphate, nitrate and ammonium ions, thus relating the discoloration to the deposition of the smoke aerosols. This paper shows that, to date, BB has been underestimated as a source of aerosol and air pollution for the Arctic, relative to emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Given its significant impact on air quality over large spatial scales and on radiative processes, the practice of agricultural waste burning should be banned in the future. C1 Norwegian Inst Air Res, Kjeller, Norway. Univ Calif, Merced, CA USA. Alfred Wegener Inst, Bremerhaven, Germany. Inst Meteorol, Oslo, Norway. Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Inst Polar Res, Tokyo 173, Japan. Stockholm Univ, Dept Appl Environm Sci, Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Lapland, Arctic Ctr, Rovaniemi, Finland. Univ Oulu, Dept Chem, FIN-90570 Oulu, Finland. RP Stohl, A (reprint author), Norwegian Inst Air Res, Kjeller, Norway. EM ast@nilu.no RI Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Burkhart, John/B-7095-2008; Simpson, David/A-3313-2009; Torseth, Kjetil/A-3905-2012; Yttri, Karl Espen/E-6671-2012; Stebel, Kerstin/F-6465-2013; Berg, Torunn/I-3521-2013 OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Burkhart, John/0000-0002-5587-1693; Simpson, David/0000-0001-9538-3208; Torseth, Kjetil/0000-0002-3500-6096; Stebel, Kerstin/0000-0002-6935-7564; Berg, Torunn/0000-0002-2264-6676 NR 90 TC 200 Z9 210 U1 14 U2 73 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 26 PY 2007 VL 7 BP 511 EP 534 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 130ZL UT WOS:000243837400002 ER PT J AU Sella, GF Stein, S Dixon, TH Craymer, M James, TS Mazzotti, S Dokka, RK AF Sella, Giovanni F. Stein, Seth Dixon, Timothy H. Craymer, Michael James, Thomas S. Mazzotti, Stephane Dokka, Roy K. TI Observation of glacial isostatic adjustment in "stable" North America with GPS SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MANTLE VISCOSITY; EASTERN CANADA; ICE-SHEET; VM2 MODEL; LEVEL; EARTH; HISTORY; RATES; SEA; EARTHQUAKES AB Motions of three hundred and sixty Global Positioning System (GPS) sites in Canada and the United States yield a detailed image of the vertical and horizontal velocity fields within the nominally stable interior of the North American plate. By far the strongest signal is the effect of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) due to ice mass unloading during deglaciation. Vertical velocities show present-day uplift ( similar to 10 mm/yr) near Hudson Bay, the site of thickest ice at the last glacial maximum. The uplift rates generally decrease with distance from Hudson Bay and change to subsidence ( 1 - 2 mm/yr) south of the Great Lakes. The "hinge line'' separating uplift from subsidence is consistent with data from water level gauges along the Great Lakes, showing uplift along the northern shores and subsidence along the southern ones. Horizontal motions show outward motion from Hudson Bay with complex local variations especially in the far field. Although the vertical motions are generally consistent with the predictions of GIA models, the horizontal data illustrate the need and opportunity to improve the models via more accurate descriptions of the ice load and laterally variable mantle viscosity. C1 NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Evanston, IL USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Nat Resources Canada, Geodet Survey Div, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Nat Resources Canada, Geol Survey Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Geoinformat, Baton Rouge, LA USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Baton Rouge, LA USA. RP Sella, GF (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, 1315 E West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM giovanni.sella@noaa.gov RI James, Thomas/D-9301-2013; Mazzotti, Stephane/H-3928-2016 OI James, Thomas/0000-0001-7321-047X; NR 47 TC 100 Z9 109 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 26 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 2 AR L02306 DI 10.1029/2006GL027081 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 131NF UT WOS:000243875300001 ER PT J AU Jiang, X Ku, WL Shia, RL Li, QB Elkins, JW Prinn, RG Yung, YL AF Jiang, Xun Ku, Wai Lim Shia, Run-Lie Li, Qinbin Elkins, James W. Prinn, Ronald G. Yung, Yuk L. TI Seasonal cycle of N2O: Analysis of data SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID NITROUS-OXIDE; ATMOSPHERIC N2O; LIFETIMES; AIR; O3 AB [1] We carried out a systematic study of the seasonal cycle and its latitudinal variation in the nitrous oxide (N2O) data collected by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Global Monitoring Division (NOAA-GMD) and the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE). In order to confirm the weak seasonal signal in the observations, we applied the multitaper method for the spectrum analysis and studied the stations with significant seasonal cycle. In addition, the measurement errors must be small compared with the seasonal cycle. The N2O seasonal cycles from seven stations satisfied these criteria and were analyzed in detail. The stations are Alert (82 degrees N, 62 degrees W), Barrow (71 degrees N, 157 degrees W), Mace Head (53 degrees N, 10 degrees W), Cape Kumukahi (19 degrees N, 155 degrees W), Cape Matatula (14 degrees S, 171 degrees W), Cape Grim (41 degrees S, 145 degrees E) and South Pole (90 degrees S, 102 degrees W). The amplitude ( peak to peak) of the seasonal cycle of N2O varies from 0.29 ppb (parts-per-billion by mole fraction in dry air) at the South Pole to 1.15 ppb at Alert. The month at which the seasonal cycle is at a minimum varies monotonically from April ( South Pole) to September ( Alert). The seasonal cycle in the Northern Hemisphere shows the influence of the stratosphere; the seasonal cycle of N2O in the Southern Hemisphere suggests greater influence from surface sources. Preliminary estimates are obtained for the magnitude of the seasonally varying sources needed to account for the observations. C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Ctr Global Change Sci, Cambridge, MA USA. RP Jiang, X (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM xun@gps.caltech.edu; kwl@gps.caltech.edu; rls@gps.caltech.edu; qinbin.li@jpl.nasa.gov; james.w.elkins@noaa.gov; rprinn@mit.edu; yly@gps.caltech.edu RI Ku, Wai Lim/R-7170-2016 OI Ku, Wai Lim/0000-0002-8859-6771 NR 18 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD JAN 26 PY 2007 VL 21 IS 1 AR GB1006 DI 10.1029/2006GB002691 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 131NI UT WOS:000243875600001 ER PT J AU Cohen, O Popmintchev, T Gaudiosi, DM Murnane, MM Kapteyn, HC AF Cohen, Oren Popmintchev, Tenio Gaudiosi, David M. Murnane, Margaret M. Kapteyn, Henry C. TI Unified microscopic-macroscopic formulation of high-order difference-frequency mixing in plasmas SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-HARMONIC-GENERATION; X-RAYS; LASER-PULSES; CONVERSION AB We investigate high-order difference-frequency mixing in plasmas, taking into account the microscopic rescattering physics and propagation effects for the first time. We show that phase matching can occur over a broad frequency range, up to very high photon energies, and that it is confined to specific temporal and spatial windows. This gated phase matching mechanism is driven by the continuous phase slip between two driving fields and can be employed for manipulating the temporal, spatial, and spectral properties of high harmonic emission. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cohen, O (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM oren.cohen@colorado.edu RI Popmintchev, Tenio/B-6715-2008; Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011 OI Popmintchev, Tenio/0000-0002-2023-2226; Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317 NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JAN 26 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 4 AR 043903 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.043903 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 130HD UT WOS:000243789700025 PM 17358769 ER PT J AU Nawani, P Desai, P Lundwall, M Gelfer, MY Hsiao, BS Rafailovich, M Frenkel, A Tsou, AH Gilman, JW Khalid, S AF Nawani, Pranav Desai, Priya Lundwall, Matt Gelfer, Mikhail Y. Hsiao, Benjamin S. Rafailovich, Miriam Frenkel, Anatoly Tsou, Andy H. Gilman, Jeffrey W. Khalid, Syed TI Polymer nanocomposites based on transition metal ion modified organoclays SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE transition metal ion; organoclay; nanocomposite ID LAYERED-SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; EVA-NANOCOMPOSITES; CARBON NANOTUBES; CLAY CATALYSTS; CHEMISTRY; RHEOLOGY; SYSTEMS AB A unique class of nanocomposites containing organoclays modified with catalytically active transition metal ions (TMI) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers was prepared. The morphology, thermal and rheological properties of these nanocomposites were studied by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, X-ray scattering/diffraction and oscillatory shear rheometry. TMI-modified organoclays were thought to possess pillaring of multivalent TMI in the interlayer silicate gallery, leading to a notable reduction of the interlayer d-spacing. The resulting nanocomposites exhibited significantly improved thermal stability and fire retardation properties, but similar morphology (i.e., an intercalated-exfoliated structure) and rheological properties comparable with EVA nanocomposites containing unmodified organoclays. It appears that the compressed organic component in the TMI-modified organoclay can still facilitate the intercalation/exfoliation processes of polymer molecules, especially under extensive shearing conditions. The improved fire retardation in nanocomposites with TMI-modified organoclays can be attributed to enhanced carbonaceous chat formation during combustion, i.e., charring promoted by the presence of catalytically active TMI. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Yeshiva Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10016 USA. ExxonMobil Chem Co, Butyl Polymers Technol, Baytown, TX 77522 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Hsiao, BS (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM bhsiao@notes.cc.sunysb.edu RI Frenkel, Anatoly/D-3311-2011 OI Frenkel, Anatoly/0000-0002-5451-1207 NR 25 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD JAN 26 PY 2007 VL 48 IS 3 BP 827 EP 840 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.12.005 PG 14 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 135AE UT WOS:000244125300019 ER PT J AU Fairall, CW Helmig, D Ganzeveld, L Hare, J AF Fairall, C. W. Helmig, D. Ganzeveld, L. Hare, J. TI Water-side turbulence enhancement of ozone deposition to the ocean SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DRY DEPOSITION; BOUNDARY-LAYER; GAS-EXCHANGE; WIND-SPEED; PARAMETERIZATION; SURFACE; FLUXES; TRENDS AB A parameterization for the deposition velocity of an ocean-reactive atmospheric gas ( such as ozone) is developed. The parameterization is based on integration of the turbulent-molecular transport equation ( with a chemical source term) in the ocean. It extends previous work that only considered reactions within the oceanic molecular sublayer. The sensitivity of the ocean-side transport to reaction rate and wind forcing is examined. A more complicated case with a much more reactive thin surfactant layer is also considered. The full atmosphere-ocean deposition velocity is obtained by matching boundary conditions at the interface. For an assumed ocean reaction rate of 10(3) s(-1), the enhancement for ozone deposition by oceanic turbulence is found to be up to a factor of three for meteorological data obtained in a recent cruise off the East Coast of the U. S. C1 NOAA, Earth Sci Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Fairall, CW (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Sci Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM chris.fairall@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 25 PY 2007 VL 7 BP 443 EP 451 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 129RT UT WOS:000243748100001 ER PT J AU Bergamaschi, P Frankenberg, C Meirink, JF Krol, M Dentener, F Wagner, T Platt, U Kaplan, JO Korner, S Heimann, M Dlugokencky, EJ Goede, A AF Bergamaschi, P. Frankenberg, C. Meirink, J. F. Krol, M. Dentener, F. Wagner, T. Platt, U. Kaplan, J. O. Koerner, S. Heimann, M. Dlugokencky, E. J. Goede, A. TI Satellite chartography of atmospheric methane from SCIAMACHYon board ENVISAT: 2. Evaluation based on inverse model simulations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NATURAL WETLANDS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; DATA SET; TROPOSPHERIC METHANE; TRANSPORT MODELS; SEASONAL CYCLES; NITROUS-OXIDE; WFM-DOAS; ICE CORE; EMISSIONS AB [1] We extend the analysis of a global CH4 data set retrieved from SCIAMACHY (Frankenberg et al., 2006) by making a detailed comparison with inverse TM5 model simulations for 2003 that are optimized versus high accuracy CH4 surface measurements from the NOAA ESRL network. The comparison of column averaged mixing ratios over remote continental and oceanic regions shows that major features of the atmospheric CH4 distribution are consistent between SCIAMACHY observations and model simulations. However, the analysis suggests that SCIAMACHY CH4 retrievals may have some bias that depends on latitude and season (up to similar to 30 ppb). Large enhancements of column averaged CH4 mixing ratios (similar to 50-100 ppb) are observed and modeled over India, Southeast Asia, and the tropical regions of South America, and Africa. We present a detailed comparison of observed spatial patterns and their seasonal evolution with TM5 1 degrees x 1 degrees zoom simulations over these regions. Application of a new wetland inventory leads to a significant improvement in the agreement between SCIAMACHY retrievals and model simulations over the Amazon basin during the first half of the year. Furthermore, we present an initial coupled inversion that simultaneously uses the surface and satellite observations and that allows the inverse system to compensate for the potential systematic bias. The results suggest significantly greater tropical emissions compared to either the a priori estimates or the inversion based on the surface measurements only. Emissions from rice paddies in India and Southeast Asia are relatively well constrained by the SCIAMACHY data and are slightly reduced by the inversion. C1 Commiss European Communities, DG Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21020 Ispra, VA, Italy. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Heidelberg Univ, Inst Environm Phys, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 De Bilt, Netherlands. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. SRON Netherlands Inst Space Res, NL-3584 Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, NL-3584 Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Bergamaschi, P (reprint author), Commiss European Communities, DG Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21020 Ispra, VA, Italy. EM peter.bergamaschi@jrc.it RI Krol, Maarten/B-3597-2010; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; Kaplan, Jed/P-1796-2015; Heimann, Martin/H-7807-2016; Frankenberg, Christian/A-2944-2013 OI Kaplan, Jed/0000-0001-9919-7613; Heimann, Martin/0000-0001-6296-5113; Frankenberg, Christian/0000-0002-0546-5857 NR 77 TC 147 Z9 152 U1 1 U2 37 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 24 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D2 AR D02304 DI 10.1029/2006JD007268 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 131NJ UT WOS:000243875800002 ER PT J AU Wu, H Zhou, W Udovic, TJ Rush, JJ AF Wu, Hui Zhou, Wei Udovic, Terrence. J. Rush, John. J. TI Hydrogen storage in a novel destabilized hydride system, Ca2SiHx: Effects of amorphization SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS; PRESSURE-DEPENDENCE; SI; TRANSITION; SILICIDES; ELEMENTS; PHASES; ALLOYS; CA AB Crystalline Ca2Si was synthesized via the 873 K evacuation of a 2CaH(2) + Si ball-milled mixture. The resulting Ca2Si readily absorbs hydrogen below 0.1 MPa within the temperature range 473-523 K, leading to the formation of crystalline Ca-Si-based hydrides as well as the reformation of crystalline CaH2. In contrast, hydrogen absorption at pressures greater than 0.5-0.7 MPa leads to an unusual amorphous metal-hydride phase, stable in a range up to 523 K as evidenced by neutron powder diffraction, neutron vibrational spectroscopy, and absorption isotherm measurements. The formation of such a phase is discussed in relation to other known amorphous intermetallic hydrides and the role of "chemical frustration." The hydrogenation process from Ca2Si to Ca2SiHx is completely reversible but requires high desorption temperatures. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Wu, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM huiwu@nist.gov RI Wu, Hui/C-6505-2008; Zhou, Wei/C-6504-2008 OI Wu, Hui/0000-0003-0296-5204; Zhou, Wei/0000-0002-5461-3617 NR 25 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD JAN 23 PY 2007 VL 19 IS 2 BP 329 EP 334 DI 10.1021/cm062274c PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 126AA UT WOS:000243483400031 ER PT J AU Fonseca, MS Koehl, MAR Kopp, BS AF Fonseca, Mark S. Koehl, M. A. R. Kopp, Blaine S. TI Biomechanical factors contributing to self-organization in seagrass landscapes SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE currents; drag; environmental safety factor; flow; landscape pattern; light; seagrass; self-organization; waves ID ZOSTERA-MARINA L; NORTH-CAROLINA; EELGRASS BEDS; WATER-FLOW; CANOPIES; DYNAMICS; ECOLOGY; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; HYDRODYNAMICS; CONSEQUENCES AB Field observations have revealed that when water flow is consistently from one direction, seagrass shoots align in rows perpendicular to the primary axis of flow direction. in this study, live Zostera marina shoots were arranged either randomly or in rows perpendicular to the flow direction and tested in a seawater flume under unidirectional flow and waves to determine if shoot arrangement: a) influenced flow-induced force on individual shoots, b) differentially altered water flow through the canopy, and c) influenced light interception by the canopy. In addition, blade breaking strength was compared with flow-induced force to determine if changes in shoot arrangement might reduce the potential for damage to shoots. Under unidirectional flow, both current velocity in the canopy and force on shoots were significantly decreased when shoots were arranged in rows as compared to randomly. However, force on shoots was nearly constant with downstream distance, arising from the trade-off of shoot bending and in-canopy flow reduction. The coefficient of drag was higher for randomly-arranged shoots at low velocities (< 30 cm s(-1)) but converged rapidly among the two shoot arrangements at higher velocities. Shoots arranged in rows tended to intercept slightly more light than those arranged randomly. Effects of shoot arrangement under waves were less clear, potentially because we did not achieve the proper plant size-row spacing ratio. At this point, we may only suggest that water motion, as opposed to light capture, is the dominant physical mechanism responsible for these shoot arrangements. Following a computation of the Environmental Stress Factor, we concluded that even photosynthetically active blades may be damaged or broken under frequently encountered storm conditions, irrespective of shoot arrangement. We hypothesize that when flow is generally from one direction, seagrass bed patterns over multiple scales of consideration may arise as a cumulative effect of individual shoot self-organization driven by reduced force and drag on the shoots and somewhat improved light capture. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Augusta, ME 04330 USA. RP Fonseca, MS (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM mark.fonseca@noaa.gov NR 67 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 4 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD JAN 23 PY 2007 VL 340 IS 2 BP 227 EP 246 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2006.09.015 PG 20 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 127AU UT WOS:000243557900010 ER PT J AU Motayed, A Vaudin, M Davydov, AV Melngailis, J He, MQ Mohammad, SN AF Motayed, Abhishek Vaudin, Mark Davydov, Albert V. Melngailis, John He, Maoqi Mohammad, S. N. TI Diameter dependent transport properties of gallium nitride nanowire field effect transistors SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; GAN NANOWIRES AB The authors report transport property measurements of individual GaN nanowire field effect transistors and the correlation of the electron mobilities with the existence of grain boundaries in these nanowires. Room temperature field effect electron mobilities as high as 319 cm(2) V-1 s(-1) were obtained for the 200 nm diameter nanowires. Mobilities calculated from these reliable nanowire field effect transistors indicated that the surface scattering plays a dominant role in smaller diameter nanowires, whereas for intermediate diameter devices transport is dominated by grain boundary scattering. Reduction of the mobility with decreasing diameter of nanowires can be explained using "continuous surface" model. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Howard Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20059 USA. RP Motayed, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM amotayed@nist.gov RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311 NR 14 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 22 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 4 AR 043104 DI 10.1063/1.2434153 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 130HC UT WOS:000243789600081 ER PT J AU Carter, AR King, GM Ulrich, TA Halsey, W Alchenberger, D Perkins, TT AF Carter, Ashley R. King, Gavin M. Ulrich, Theresa A. Halsey, Wayne Alchenberger, David Perkins, Thomas T. TI Stabilization of an optical microscope to 0.1 nm in three dimensions SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID HAND-OVER-HAND; RNA-POLYMERASE; MYOSIN-V; MOLECULES; KINESIN; FORCE; TWEEZERS; DNA; MOTION; TRAPS AB Mechanical drift is a long-standing problem in optical microscopy that occurs in all three dimensions. This drift increasingly limits the resolution of advanced surface-coupled, single-molecule experiments. We overcame this drift and achieved atomic-scale stabilization (0.1 nm) of an optical microscope in 3D. This was accomplished by measuring the position of a fiducial mark coupled to the microscope cover slip using back-focal-plane (BFP) detection and correcting for the drift using a piezoelectric stage. Several significant factors contributed to this experimental realization, including (i) dramatically reducing the low frequency noise in BFP detection, (ii) increasing the sensitivity of BFP detection to vertical motion, and (iii) fabricating a regular array of nanometer-sized fiducial marks that were firmly coupled to the cover slip. With these improvements, we achieved short-term (1 s) stabilities of 0.11, 0.10, and 0.09 nm (rms) and long-term (100 s) stabilities of 0.17, 0.12, and 0.35 nm (rms) in x, y, and z, respectively, as measured by an independent detection laser. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Carter, AR (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM tperkins@jila.colorado.edu NR 27 TC 70 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 20 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD JAN 20 PY 2007 VL 46 IS 3 BP 421 EP 427 DI 10.1364/AO.46.000421 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 126YH UT WOS:000243551000022 PM 17228390 ER PT J AU Sergeev, V Semenov, V Kubyshkina, M Ivanova, V Baumjohann, W Nakamura, R Penz, T Runov, A Zhang, TL Glassmeier, KH Angelopoulos, V Frey, H Sauvaud, JA Daly, P Cao, JB Singer, H Lucek, E AF Sergeev, V. Semenov, V. Kubyshkina, M. Ivanova, V. Baumjohann, W. Nakamura, R. Penz, T. Runov, A. Zhang, T. L. Glassmeier, K. -H. Angelopoulos, V. Frey, H. Sauvaud, J. -A. Daly, P. Cao, J. B. Singer, H. Lucek, E. TI Observation of repeated intense near-Earth reconnection on closed field lines with Cluster, Double Star, and other spacecraft SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SOLAR-WIND CONTROL; MAGNETIC RECONNECTION; CURRENT DISRUPTION; SUBSTORM; ONSET; MAGNETOTAIL; DYNAMICS; LOCATION; EVENT AB [1] We report strong repeated magnetic reconnection pulses that occurred deep inside closed plasma sheet flux tubes at r <= 14Re. They have been observed with a fortuitous spacecraft constellation during three consecutive turbulent magnetic dipolarizations, accompanied by localized auroral brightenings near the equatorward edge of a wide auroral oval. The reconnection separatrix was mapped to similar to 64 degrees CGLat in the ionosphere, where a very energetic and narrow energy-dispersed ion injection with unusually steep dispersion slope was observed. Reconstruction of the reconnection rate from magnetic waveforms at Cluster provided a reconnection pulse duration (similar to 1 min) and peak strength (E(R) similar to 8 mV/m) consistent with direct observations in the reconnection outflow region. The magnetic activity was rather weak, although the concurrent solar wind flow pressure was above the norm. We suggest that near-Earth reconnection events may be a phenomenon more frequent than generally thought. We also confirm that reconnection and the growth of strong turbulence in the near tail are strongly coupled together in near-Earth reconnection events. C1 St Petersburg State Univ, Inst Phys, St Petersburg 198504, Russia. Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8042 Graz, Austria. Inst Geophys & Extraterrr Phys, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. CNRS, Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31028 Toulouse, France. Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Space Sci & Appl Res, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. NOAA, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2BW, England. RP Sergeev, V (reprint author), St Petersburg State Univ, Inst Phys, St Petersburg 198504, Russia. EM victor@geo.phys.spbu.ru RI Baumjohann, Wolfgang/A-1012-2010; Semenov, Vladimir/A-5530-2013; Kubyshkina, Marina/G-9436-2013; Nakamura, Rumi/I-7712-2013; Sergeev, Victor/H-1173-2013; OI Baumjohann, Wolfgang/0000-0001-6271-0110; Semenov, Vladimir/0000-0001-6592-056X; Kubyshkina, Marina/0000-0001-5897-9547; Nakamura, Rumi/0000-0002-2620-9211; Sergeev, Victor/0000-0002-4569-9631; Frey, Harald/0000-0001-8955-3282 NR 20 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 20 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 2 AR L02103 DI 10.1029/2006GL028452 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 131DR UT WOS:000243848900006 ER PT J AU Gu, LH Meyers, T Pallardy, SG Hanson, PJ Yang, B Heuer, M Hosman, KP Liu, Q Riggs, JS Sluss, D Wullschleger, SD AF Gu, Lianhong Meyers, Tilden Pallardy, Stephen G. Hanson, Paul J. Yang, Bai Heuer, Mark Hosman, Kevin P. Liu, Qing Riggs, Jeffery S. Sluss, Dan Wullschleger, Stan D. TI Influences of biomass heat and biochemical energy storages on the land surface fluxes and radiative temperature SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR; BALANCE; FOREST; MODEL; MECHANISMS; VEGETATION; MISSOURI; FLUXNET; CLIMATE; RANGE AB The interest of this study was to develop an initial assessment on the potential importance of biomass heat and biochemical energy storages for land-atmosphere interactions, an issue that has been largely neglected so far. We conducted flux tower observations and model simulations at a temperate deciduous forest site in central Missouri in the summer of 2004. The model used was the comprehensive terrestrial ecosystem Fluxes and Pools Integrated Simulator (FAPIS). We first examined FAPIS performance by testing its predictions with and without the representation of biomass energy storages against measurements of surface energy and CO2 fluxes. We then evaluated the magnitudes and temporal patterns of the biomass energy storages calculated by FAPIS. Finally, the effects of biomass energy storages on land-atmosphere exchanges of sensible and latent heat fluxes and variations of land surface radiative temperature were investigated by contrasting FAPIS simulations with and without these storage terms. We found that with the representation of the two biomass energy storage terms, FAPIS predictions agreed with flux tower measurements fairly well; without the representation, however, FAPIS performance deteriorated for all predicted surface energy flux terms although the effect on the predicted CO2 flux was minimal. In addition, we found that the biomass heat storage and biochemical energy storage had clear diurnal patterns with typical ranges from -50 to 50 and -3 to 20 W m(-2), respectively; these typical ranges were exceeded substantially when there were sudden changes in atmospheric conditions. Furthermore, FAPIS simulations without the energy storages produced larger sensible and latent heat fluxes during the day but smaller fluxes (more negative values) at night as compared with simulations with the energy storages. Similarly, without-storage simulations had higher surface radiative temperature during the day but lower radiative temperature at night, indicating that the biomass energy storages act to dampen the diurnal temperature range. From these simulation results, we concluded that biomass heat and biochemical energy storages are an integral and substantial part of the surface energy budget and play a role in modulating land surface temperatures and must be considered in studies of land-atmosphere interactions and climate modeling. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Environm Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus D, Oak Ridge, TN USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Forestry, Columbia, MO USA. RP Gu, LH (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Environm Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN USA. EM lianhong-gu@ornl.gov RI Hanson, Paul J./D-8069-2011; Wullschleger, Stan/B-8297-2012; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; Gu, Lianhong/H-8241-2014 OI Hanson, Paul J./0000-0001-7293-3561; Wullschleger, Stan/0000-0002-9869-0446; Gu, Lianhong/0000-0001-5756-8738 NR 32 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 20 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D2 AR D02107 DI 10.1029/2006JD007425 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 131DY UT WOS:000243849600004 ER PT J AU Cheung, J Migdall, A Castelletto, S AF Cheung, Jessica Migdall, Alan Castelletto, Stefania TI Special issue: Single-photon: Sources, detectors, applications and measurement methods - Introduction SO JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NPL, Teddington, Middx, England. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. INRIM, Turin, Italy. RP Cheung, J (reprint author), NPL, Teddington, Middx, England. RI Castelletto, Stefania/C-7177-2011; castelletto, stefania/G-1516-2011 NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-0340 J9 J MOD OPTIC JI J. Mod. Opt. PD JAN 20 PY 2007 VL 54 IS 2-3 BP 137 EP 139 DI 10.1080/09500340600812990 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 138UD UT WOS:000244387900001 ER PT J AU Castelletto, SA Degiovanni, IP Schettini, V Migdall, AL AF Castelletto, S. A. Degiovanni, I. P. Schettini, V. Migdall, A. L. TI Reduced deadtime and higher rate photon-counting detection using a multiplexed detector array SO JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-PHOTON; CRYSTAL FIBER; PAIRS; GENERATION AB We present a scheme for a photon-counting detection system that can be operated at incident photon rates higher than otherwise possible by suppressing the effects of detector deadtime. The method uses an array of N detectors and a 1-by-N optical switch with a control circuit to direct input light to live detectors. Our calculations and models highlight the advantages of the technique. In particular, using this scheme, a group of N detectors provides an improvement in operation rate that can exceed the improvement that would be obtained by a single detector with deadtime reduced by 1/N, even if it were feasible to produce a single detector with such a large improvement in deadtime. We model the system for continuous and Pulsed light sources, both of which are important for quantum metrology and quantum key distribution applications. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ist Nazl Ricerca Metrol, Turin, Italy. RP Migdall, AL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM migdall@nist.gov RI Castelletto, Stefania/C-7177-2011; castelletto, stefania/G-1516-2011; Degiovanni, Ivo Pietro/F-2140-2013; OI Degiovanni, Ivo Pietro/0000-0003-0332-3115; Castelletto, Stefania/0000-0002-8675-2291 NR 31 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-0340 J9 J MOD OPTIC JI J. Mod. Opt. PD JAN 20 PY 2007 VL 54 IS 2-3 BP 337 EP 352 DI 10.1080/0950034060079579 PG 16 WC Optics SC Optics GA 138UD UT WOS:000244387900014 ER PT J AU Ware, M Migdall, A Bienfang, JC Polyakov, SV AF Ware, Michael Migdall, Alan Bienfang, Joshua C. Polyakov, Sergey V. TI Calibrating photon-counting detectors to high accuracy: background and deadtime issues SO JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENTS; TIME AB When photon-counting detectors are calibrated in the presence of a background signal, deadtime effects can be significant and must be carefully accounted for to achieve high accuracy. We present a method for separating the correlated signal from the background signal that appropriately handles deadtime effects. This method includes consideration of pulse timing and afterpulsing issues that arise in typical avalanche photodiode (APD) detectors. We illustrate how these effects should be accounted for in the calibration process. We also discuss detector timing issues that should be considered in detector calibration. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Electron & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ware, M (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Provo, UT 84602 USA. EM ware@byu.edu RI Bienfang, Joshua/A-7285-2010 NR 18 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-0340 J9 J MOD OPTIC JI J. Mod. Opt. PD JAN 20 PY 2007 VL 54 IS 2-3 BP 361 EP 372 DI 10.1080/09500340600759597 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA 138UD UT WOS:000244387900016 ER PT J AU Portmann, RW Solomon, S AF Portmann, Robert W. Solomon, Susan TI Indirect radiative forcing of the ozone layer during the 21st century SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GASES NITROUS-OXIDE; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; FUTURE CONCENTRATIONS; CIRCULATION MODEL; PERTURBATIONS; DEPLETION; CLIMATE; MIDLATITUDES; METHANE AB [1] The response of a coupled two-dimensional radiative-chemical-dynamical model to possible 21st century changes of the greenhouse gasses (GHGs) carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane are explored using a range of IPCC marker scenarios of GHG emissions. The changes to the ozone layer caused by these GHGs are found to be relatively large (e.g., up to 5% global mean column ozone changes and 30% local changes for CO2 using the IPCC A2 scenario between 2000 and 2100) and the mechanisms for these changes are discussed. The ozone changes are compared to the recovery of ozone due to expected decreases in chlorine containing compounds. Since carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane affect ozone they induce an indirect radiative forcing in addition to their direct radiative forcing. These indirect radiative forcings are computed using a combination of accurate line-by-line and band radiative transfer models and are compared to the radiative forcing of ozone during the 1979-2000 time period. Although the changes in ozone are large at some altitudes over the 2000-2100 time horizon, the range of associated future indirect radiative forcings from ozone over the range of IPCC scenarios are found to be -0.1 to 0.1 W m(-2), which is small compared with the corresponding range of total direct radiative forcing of 2.2 to 6.2 W m(-2) for these GHGs over this time horizon. C1 NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Portmann, RW (reprint author), NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM robert.w.portmann@noaa.gov RI Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; NR 22 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 19 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 2 AR L02813 DI 10.1029/2006GL028252 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 131DQ UT WOS:000243848800005 ER PT J AU Datta, SAK Curtis, JE Ratcliff, W Clark, PK Crist, RM Lebowitz, J Krueger, S Rein, A AF Datta, Siddhartha A. K. Curtis, Joseph E. Ratcliff, William Clark, Patrick K. Crist, Rachael M. Lebowitz, Jacob Krueger, Susan Rein, Alan TI Conformation of the HIV-1 Gag protein in solution SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HIV-1; virus assembly; molecular modeling; small angle neutron scattering; analytical ultracentrifugation ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; AMINO-TERMINAL DOMAIN; ROUS-SARCOMA-VIRUS; ASSEMBLY IN-VITRO; RELATE 2 SETS; CAPSID PROTEIN; NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN; 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE; DIMERIZATION DOMAIN; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE AB A single multi-domain viral protein, termed Gag, is sufficient for assembly of retrovirus-like particles in mammalian cells. We have purified the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag protein (lacking myristate at its N terminus and the p6 domain at its C terminus) from bacteria. This protein is capable of assembly into virus-like particles in a defined in vitro system. We have reported that it is in monomer-dimer equilibrium in solution, and have described a mutant Gag protein that remains monomeric at high concentrations in solution. We report that the mutant protein retains several properties of wild-type Gag. This mutant enabled us to analyze solutions of monomeric protein. Hydrodynamic studies on the mutant protein showed that it is highly asymmetric, with a frictional ratio of 1.66. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments confirmed its asymmetry and yielded an R-g value of 34 angstrom. Atomic-level structures of individual domains within Gag have previously been determined, but these domains are connected in Gag by flexible linkers. We constructed a series of models of the mutant Gag protein based on these domain structures, and tested each model computationally for its agreement with the experimental hydrodynamic and SANS data. The only models consistent with the data were those in which Gag was folded over, with its N-terminal matrix domain near its C-terminal nucleocapsid domain in three-dimensional space. Since Gag is a rod-shaped molecule in the assembled immature virion, these findings imply that Gag undergoes a major conformational change upon virus assembly. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NCI, HIV Drug Resistance Program, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NCI, Basic Res Program, SAIC Frederick Inc, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. NIH, Div Bioengn & Phys Sci, Off Res Serv, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Rein, A (reprint author), NCI, HIV Drug Resistance Program, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. EM rein@ncifcrf.gov RI Crist, Rachael/K-7603-2012; OI Datta, Siddhartha/0000-0002-4098-7490 FU Intramural NIH HHS; NCI NIH HHS [N01 CO 12400, N01CO12400, Z01 BC010511-03] NR 51 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-2836 J9 J MOL BIOL JI J. Mol. Biol. PD JAN 19 PY 2007 VL 365 IS 3 BP 812 EP 824 DI 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.10.073 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 127BY UT WOS:000243561500025 PM 17097677 ER PT J AU Granasy, L Pusztai, T Saylor, D Warren, JA AF Granasy, Laszlo Pusztai, Tamas Saylor, David Warren, James A. TI Phase field theory of heterogeneous crystal nucleation SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACE; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; LINE-TENSION; SOLIDIFICATION; SIMULATION; LAYERS; MODEL AB The phase field approach is used to model heterogeneous crystal nucleation in an undercooled pure liquid in contact with a foreign wall. We discuss various choices for the boundary condition at the wall and determine the properties of critical nuclei, including their free energy of formation and the contact angle as a function of undercooling. For particular choices of boundary conditions, we may realize either an analog of the classical spherical cap model or decidedly nonclassical behavior, where the contact angle decreases from its value taken at the melting point towards complete wetting at a critical undercooling, an analogue of the surface spinodal of liquid-wall interfaces. C1 Res Inst Solid State Phys & Opt, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Granasy, L (reprint author), Res Inst Solid State Phys & Opt, POB 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. RI Pusztai, Tamas/A-5718-2012; Granasy, Laszlo/A-6221-2012; Warren, James/B-1698-2008 OI Pusztai, Tamas/0000-0002-1281-2933; Warren, James/0000-0001-6887-1206 NR 35 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 57 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JAN 19 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 3 AR 035703 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.035703 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 127LJ UT WOS:000243587200034 PM 17358695 ER PT J AU Ronen, S Bortolotti, DCE Bohn, JL AF Ronen, Shai Bortolotti, Daniele C. E. Bohn, John L. TI Radial and angular rotons in trapped dipolar gases SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CONDENSATE AB We study Bose-Einstein condensates with purely dipolar interactions in oblate traps. We find that the condensate always becomes unstable to collapse when the number of particles is sufficiently large. We analyze the instability, and find that it is the trapped-gas analogue of the "roton-maxon" instability previously reported for a gas that is unconfined in 2D. In addition, we find that under certain circumstances the condensate wave function attains a biconcave shape, with its maximum density away from the center of the gas. These biconcave condensates become unstable due to azimuthal excitation-an angular roton. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Florence, LENS, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. Univ Florence, Dipartimento Fis, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. Univ Colorado, JILA, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ronen, S (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM bohn@murphy.colorado.edu RI Ronen, Shai/B-7940-2008 OI Ronen, Shai/0000-0002-2239-2397 NR 27 TC 147 Z9 147 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JAN 19 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 3 AR 030406 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.030406 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 127LJ UT WOS:000243587200006 PM 17358667 ER PT J AU Swallen, SF Kearns, KL Mapes, MK Kim, YS McMahon, RJ Ediger, MD Wu, T Yu, L Satija, S AF Swallen, Stephen F. Kearns, Kenneth L. Mapes, Marie K. Kim, Yong Seol McMahon, Robert J. Ediger, M. D. Wu, Tian Yu, Lian Satija, Sushil TI Organic glasses with exceptional thermodynamic and kinetic stability SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; STRUCTURAL RELAXATION; AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; PHYSICAL PROPERTIES; HEAT-CAPACITY; TRANSITION; TEMPERATURE; FORMERS; PARADOX AB Vapor deposition has been used to create glassy materials with extraordinary thermodynamic and kinetic stability and high density. For glasses prepared from indomethacin or 1,3-bis-(1-naphthyl)-5(2-naphthyl) benzene, stability is optimized when deposition occurs on substrates at a temperature of 50 K below the conventional glass transition temperature. We attribute the substantial improvement in thermodynamic and kinetic properties to enhanced mobility within a few nanometers of the glass surface during deposition. This technique provides an efficient means of producing glassy materials that are low on the energy landscape and could affect technologies such as amorphous pharmaceuticals. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Pharm, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ediger, MD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, 1101 Univ Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM ediger@chem.wisc.edu NR 27 TC 273 Z9 274 U1 18 U2 169 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 19 PY 2007 VL 315 IS 5810 BP 353 EP 356 DI 10.1126/science.1135795 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 126SI UT WOS:000243535400034 PM 17158289 ER PT J AU Levy, MG Poore, MF Colorni, A Noga, EJ Vandersea, MW Litaker, RW AF Levy, Michael G. Poore, Matthew F. Colorni, Angelo Noga, Edward J. Vandersea, Mark W. Litaker, R. Wayne TI A highly specific PCR assay for detecting the fish ectoparasite Amyloodinium ocellatum SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE amyloodiniosis; rDNA probe; epidemiology ID DINOFLAGELLATE PARASITE; PFIESTERIA-PISCICIDA; SALTON-SEA; DINOPHYCEAE; CALIFORNIA; COMPLEX; BROWN; USA AB Amyloodiniosis, caused by the dinoflagellate ectoparasite Amyloodinium ocellatum, is one of the most serious diseases affecting marine fish in warm and temperate waters. Current diagnostic methods rely entirely on the microscopic identification of parasites on the skin or gills of infested fish. However, subclinical infestations usually go undetected, while no method of detecting the free-swimming, infective (dinospore) stage has been devised. Targeting the parasite's ribosomal DNA region, we have developed a sensitive and specific PCR assay that can detect as little as a single cell from any of the 3 stages of the parasite's life cycle (trophont, tomont, dinospore). This assay performs equally well in a simple artificial seawater medium and in natural seawater containing a plankton community assemblage. The assay is also not inhibited by gill tissue. Sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of 5 A, ocellatum isolates, obtained from fish in the Red Sea (Israel), eastern Mediterranean Sea (Israel), Adriatic Sea (Italy), Gulf of Mexico (Florida), and from an unknown origin, revealed insignificant variation, indicating that all isolates were the same species. However, 3 of these isolates propagated in cell culture varied in behavior and morphology, and these differences were consistent during at least 2 yr in culture. Thus, our findings do not eliminate the possibility that different strains are in fact 'subspecies' or lower taxa, which may also differ in pathogenic and immunogenic characteristics, environmental tolerance, and other features. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. Israel Oceanog & Limnol Res, Natl Ctr Mariculture, IL-88112 Elat, Israel. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Levy, MG (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. EM mike_levy@ncsu.edu NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 8 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 EI 1616-1580 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD JAN 18 PY 2007 VL 73 IS 3 BP 219 EP 226 DI 10.3354/dao073219 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 150MY UT WOS:000245222100005 PM 17330741 ER PT J AU Wang, CZ Lee, SK AF Wang, Chunzai Lee, Sang-ki TI Atlantic warm pool, Caribbean low-level jet, and their potential impact on Atlantic hurricanes SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MIDSUMMER DROUGHT; UNITED-STATES; AMERICA; SEASON AB [1] The Atlantic Warm Pool (AWP) is a large body of warm water (warmer than 28.5 degrees C) that appears in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the western tropical North Atlantic during the summer and fall. Located to its northeastern side is the North Atlantic Subtropical High (NASH) that produces the easterly trade winds in the tropics. The trade winds carry moisture from the tropical North Atlantic into the Caribbean Sea where the flow intensifies forming the Caribbean Low-Level Jet (CLLJ). This paper finds that the easterly CLLJ is maximized in the summer and winter, whereas it is minimized in the fall and spring. The semi-annual feature of the CLLJ results from the semi-annual variation of sea level pressure in the Caribbean region associated with the east-west excursion of the NASH. The AWP's impact is to weaken the summertime NASH, especially at its southwestern edge and thus weaken the easterly CLLJ. The weakening of the easterly CLLJ, in conjunction with the AWP-induced change of upper-level wind, reduces the tropospheric vertical wind shear that favors hurricane formation and intensification during August-October. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33152 USA. RP Wang, CZ (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM chunzai.wang@noaa.gov RI Wang, Chunzai /C-9712-2009; Lee, Sang-Ki/A-5703-2011 OI Wang, Chunzai /0000-0002-7611-0308; Lee, Sang-Ki/0000-0002-4047-3545 NR 22 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 18 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 2 AR L02703 DI 10.1029/2006GL028579 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 131DO UT WOS:000243848600008 ER PT J AU Haeffner, F Marquez, M Gonzalez, C AF Haeffner, Fredrik Marquez, Manuel Gonzalez, Carlos TI Theoretical evidence for C-F bond activation by a fluoro-calix[4]pyrrole-tert-amine macrocycle SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID QUADRATIC CONFIGURATION-INTERACTION; COUPLED-CLUSTER SINGLES; HALOALKANE DEHALOGENASE; SN2 REACTION; MENSHUTKIN REACTION; LANTHANIDE CATIONS; FLUORINE EXCHANGE; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; HARTREE-FOCK; MP2 ENERGY AB Density functional theory as well as highly correlated ab initio molecular orbital theory was used to explore the possibility of activating C-F bonds in fluoroalkanes by organic macrocycles. The results indicate that the reaction between fluoro-calix [4]pyrrole-tert-amine and CH3F via a Menshutkin displacement mechanism is highly favorable and competitive from a thermochemical point of view with the very efficient C-Cl activation by a simple macrocyclic amine recently reported in the literature (Stanger, L. J.; Noll, B. C.; Gonzalez, C.; Marquez, M.; Smith, B. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 4184). C1 NIST, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computat Nanosci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Philip Morris Inc, Res Ctr, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. RP Haeffner, F (reprint author), NIST, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM carlos.gonzalez@nist.gov NR 43 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD JAN 18 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 2 BP 268 EP 272 DI 10.1021/jp063387m PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 124RV UT WOS:000243388500011 PM 17214463 ER PT J AU Ferretti, DF Miller, JB White, JWC Lassey, KR Lowe, DC Etheridge, DM AF Ferretti, D. F. Miller, J. B. White, J. W. C. Lassey, K. R. Lowe, D. C. Etheridge, D. M. TI Stable isotopes provide revised global limits of aerobic methane emissions from plants SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; BUDGET AB Recently Keppler et al. ( 2006) discovered a surprising new source of methane - terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions, with an estimated global production of 62 236 Tg yr(-1) by an unknown mechanism. This is similar to 10 - 40% of the annual total of methane entering the modern atmosphere and similar to 30 - 100% of annual methane entering the preindustrial ( 0 to 1700 AD) atmosphere. Here we test this reported global production of methane from plants against ice core records of atmospheric methane concentration (CH(4)) and stable carbon isotope ratios (delta(13)CH(4)) over the last 2000 years. Our top-down approach determines that global plant emissions must be much lower than proposed by Keppler et al. ( 2006) during the last 2000 years and are likely to lie in the range 0 - 46 Tg yr(-1) and 0 - 176 Tg yr(-1) during the preindustrial and modern eras, respectively. C1 Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res Ltd, Wellington, New Zealand. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Boulder, CO USA. CSIRO, Marine & Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic, Australia. RP Ferretti, DF (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM d.ferretti@niwa.co.nz RI White, James/A-7845-2009; Etheridge, David/B-7334-2013; OI White, James/0000-0001-6041-4684; Lassey, Keith/0000-0003-0350-4215 NR 19 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 17 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 17 PY 2007 VL 7 BP 237 EP 241 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 129RM UT WOS:000243747200001 ER PT J AU Daniel, JS Velders, GJM Solomon, S McFarland, M Montzka, SA AF Daniel, J. S. Velders, G. J. M. Solomon, S. McFarland, M. Montzka, S. A. TI Present and future sources and emissions of halocarbons: Toward new constraints SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID STRATOSPHERIC AIR; OZONE; AGE; CHLORINE AB [1] Accurate chlorocarbon and bromocarbon mixing ratio projections are necessary to make accurate estimates of future stratospheric ozone depletion. As global production of ozone depleting substances (ODSs) continues to decline in response to the Montreal Protocol, the quantity of ODSs in existing products and equipment, referred to as "banks,'' has the potential to make an important contribution to future ODS emissions and the associated ozone depletion. Recently, large discrepancies between two approaches to estimating bank sizes have been reported for several ODSs (World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 2003; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change/Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (IPCC/TEAP), 2005). We analyze these bank differences for CFC-11 and CFC-12 and find that they are significant in terms of the amount of projected future ozone depletion, a finding that is also relevant to assessing the potential environmental benefits of recovering and destroying banked CFCs. We consider observed trends in atmospheric abundances and past production estimates of these chemicals to gain insight into the bank sizes and their roles as emission sources for the CFCs. If it is assumed that the rates of release from the banks have not increased over the last few years, a lower limit for the CFC-12 bank size in 2002 is approximately 500 kt, consistent with the recent bottom-up estimate of IPCC/TEAP (2005). The larger estimated CFC-11 and CFC-12 banks (IPCC/TEAP, 2005), if accurate, would lead to greater future emissions and, hence, to greater stratospheric chlorine abundances that can affect future ozone as compared to the smaller WMO (2003) banks. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Netherlands Environm Assessment Agcy, NL-3720 AH Bilthoven, Netherlands. Dupont Fluoroprod, Wilmington, DE 19805 USA. RP Daniel, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM john.s.daniel@noaa.gov RI Daniel, John/D-9324-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Montzka, Stephen/0000-0002-9396-0400 NR 28 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 16 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D2 AR D02301 DI 10.1029/2006JD007275 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 131DV UT WOS:000243849300002 ER PT J AU Smith, MB Efimenko, K Fischer, DA Lappi, SE Kilpatrick, PK Genzer, J AF Smith, Matthew B. Efimenko, Kirill Fischer, Daniel A. Lappi, Simon E. Kilpatrick, Peter K. Genzer, Jan TI Study of the packing density and molecular orientation of bimolecular self-assembled monolayers of aromatic and aliphatic organosilanes on silica SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID ALKYLSILOXANE MONOLAYERS; ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; SILANE MONOLAYERS; MIXED MONOLAYERS; BIPHENYL THIOLS; EVAPORATED GOLD; SURFACES; FILMS; ADSORPTION; LONG AB Bimolecular self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of aromatic and aliphatic chlorosilanes were self-assembled onto silica, and their characteristics were established by contact angle measurement, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Three aromatic constituents (phenyltrichlorosilane, benzyltrichlorosilane, and phenethyltrichlorosilane) were studied in combination with four aliphatic coadsorbates (butyltrichlorosilane, butyldimethylchlorosilane, octadecyltrichlorosilane, and octadecyldimethylchlorosilane). Our results demonstrate that whereas SAMs made of trichlorinated organosilanes are densely packed, SAMs prepared from monochlorinated species are less dense and poorly ordered. In mixed systems, trichlorinated aromatics and trichlorinated aliphatics formed SAMs with highly tunable compositions; their surfaces were compositionally homogeneous with no large-scale domain separation. The homogeneous nature of the resulting SAM was a consequence of the formation of in-plane siloxane linkages among neighboring molecules. In contrast, when mixing monochlorinated aliphatics with trichlorinated aromatics, molecular segregation occurred. Although the two shortest aromatic species did not display significant changes in orientation upon mixing with aliphatics, the aromatic species with the longest polymethylene spacer, phenethyltrichlorosilane, displayed markedly different orientation behavior in mixtures of short- and long-chain aliphatics. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Genzer, J (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM jan_genzer@ncsu.edu NR 42 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 4 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JAN 16 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 2 BP 673 EP 683 DI 10.1021/la062475v PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 124AF UT WOS:000243338500048 PM 17209619 ER PT J AU Kadalbajoo, M Park, J Opdahl, A Suda, H Kitchens, CA Garno, JC Batteas, JD Tarlov, MJ DeShong, P AF Kadalbajoo, Mridula Park, Juhee Opdahl, Aric Suda, Hiromi Kitchens, Carolyn A. Garno, Jayne C. Batteas, James D. Tarlov, Michael J. DeShong, Philip TI Synthesis and structural characterization of glucopyranosylamide films on gold SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; SCANNING PROBE LITHOGRAPHY; CARBOHYDRATE MICROARRAYS; SURFACES; BINDING; ARRAYS; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; NANOFABRICATION; SPECTROSCOPY; DERIVATIVES AB Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of glucose derivatives on gold have been prepared from alpha- and beta-glucopyranosylamide derivatives. The glucosyl conjugates were synthesized stereoselectively via the in situ generation of glucosyl isoxazolines followed by treatment with thiopyridyl esters. The resulting film structures were characterized by atomic force microscopy, reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The experimental data indicated that alpha- or beta-linked glucopyranosylamide derivatives with free hydroxyl groups attach to gold via the thiol linker. Both derivatives form monolayer films with high packing densitiescomparable to those typically observed for alkanethiol monolayers on gold. Acetate analogues of these conjugates do not form SAMs on gold; they form multilayered films under identical deposition conditions. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP DeShong, P (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM deshong@umd.edu RI DeShong, Philip/B-7106-2009; Batteas, James/D-4144-2015 OI Batteas, James/0000-0002-6244-5000 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-82169] NR 30 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JAN 16 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 2 BP 700 EP 707 DI 10.1021/la062678j PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 124AF UT WOS:000243338500052 PM 17209623 ER PT J AU Gurau, MC Delongchamp, DM Vogel, BM Lin, EK Fischer, DA Sambasivan, S Richter, LJ AF Gurau, Marc C. Delongchamp, Dean M. Vogel, Brandon M. Lin, Eric K. Fischer, Daniel A. Sambasivan, Sharadha Richter, Lee J. TI Measuring molecular order in poly(3-alkylthiophene) thin films with polarizing spectroscopies SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; ANISOTROPIC OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; END-CAPPED OLIGOTHIOPHENES; LINE-SHAPE ANALYSIS; ALKYL CHAIN-LENGTH; REGIOREGULAR POLY(3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE); EFFECT MOBILITY; ELLIPSOMETRIC SPECTRA; POLY 3-OCTYLTHIOPHENE; CONJUGATED POLYMERS AB We measured the molecular order of poly(3-alkylthiophene) chains in thin films before and after melting through the combination of several polarized photon spectroscopies: infrared (IR) absorption, variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS). The data from the various techniques can be uniformly treated in the context of the dielectric constant tensor epsilon for the film. The combined spectroscopies allow determination of the orientation distribution of the main-chain axis (SE and IR), the conjugated pi system normal (NEXAFS), and the side-chain axis (IR). We find significant improvement in the backbone order of the films after recrystallization of the material at temperatures just below the melting temperature. Less aggressive thermal treatments are less effective. IR studies show that the changes in backbone structure occur without significant alteration of the structure of the alkyl side chains. The data indicate that the side chains exhibit significant disorder for all films regardless of the thermal history of the sample. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Richter, LJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8372, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lee.richter@nist.gov RI Vogel, Brandon/H-9834-2013; Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Vogel, Brandon/0000-0002-7370-9577; Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 43 TC 157 Z9 157 U1 3 U2 37 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JAN 16 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 2 BP 834 EP 842 DI 10.1021/la0618972 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 124AF UT WOS:000243338500070 PM 17209641 ER PT J AU Shackman, JG Munson, MS Ross, D AF Shackman, Jonathan G. Munson, Matthew S. Ross, David TI Gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis for high-throughput multiplexed microfluidic devices SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID COUNTERBALANCED CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; EXTERNAL ELECTRIC-FIELD; ZONE-ELECTROPHORESIS; FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; PARALLEL ANALYSIS; GLASS CHIPS; FLOW; IMMUNOASSAY; MICROCHIP; SYSTEM AB A novel method for performing electrophoretic separations is describedgradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis (GEMBE). The technique utilizes the electrophoretic migration of chemical species in combination with variable hydrodynamic bulk counterflow of the solution through a separation capillary or microfluidic channel. Continuous sample introduction is used, eliminating the need for a sample injection mechanism. Only analytes with an electrophoretic velocity greater than the counterflow velocity enter the separation channel. The counterflow velocity is varied over time so that each analyte is brought into the separation column at different times, allowing for high-resolution separations in very short channels. The new variable of bulk flow acceleration affords a new selectivity parameter to electrophoresis analogous to gradient elution compositions in chromatography. Because it does not require extra channels or access ports to form an injection zone and because separations can be performed in very short channels, GEMBE separations can be implemented in much smaller areas on a micro-fluidic chip as compared to conventional capillary electrophoresis. Demonstrations of GEMBE separations of small dye molecules, amino acids, DNA, and immunoassay products are presented. A low-cost, polymeric, eight-channel multiplexed microfluidic device was fabricated to demonstrate the reduced area requirements of GEMBE; the device was less than 1 in.(2) in area and required only n + 1 fluidic access ports per n analyses (in this instance, nine ports for eight analyses). Parallel separations of fluorescein and carboxyfluorescein yielded less than 3% relative standard deviation (RSD) in interchannel migration times and less than 5% RSD in both peak and height measurements. The device was also used to generate a calibration curve for a homogeneous insulin immunoassay using each of the eight channels as a calibration point with less than 5% RSD at each point with replicate analyses. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ross, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.ross@nist.gov NR 43 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JAN 15 PY 2007 VL 79 IS 2 BP 565 EP 571 DI 10.1021/ac061759h PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 125BF UT WOS:000243415800021 PM 17222021 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, NM Simonds, BJ Fujiwara, A Ono, Y Takahashi, Y Inokawa, H AF Zimmerman, Neil M. Simonds, Brian J. Fujiwara, Akira Ono, Yukinori Takahashi, Yasuo Inokawa, Hiroshi TI Charge offset stability in tunable-barrier Si single-electron tunneling devices SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB The problem of charge offset drift in single-electron tunneling (SET) devices can preclude their useful application in metrology and integrated devices. We demonstrate that in tunable-barrier Si-based SET transistors there is excellent stability, with a drift that is in general less than 0.01e; these devices exhibit some unwanted sensitivity to external perturbations including temperature excursions. Finally, we show that these devices can be "trained" to minimize their sensitivity to abrupt voltage changes. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NTT Corp, NTT Basic Res Labs, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan. RP Zimmerman, NM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM neilz@mailaps.org RI Ono, Yukinori/D-4741-2011; Inokawa, Hiroshi/E-6924-2011; Takahashi, Yasuo/H-4799-2011; Fujiwara, Akira/A-6648-2012 OI Inokawa, Hiroshi/0000-0002-8647-3524; NR 8 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 15 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 3 AR 033507 DI 10.1063/1.2431778 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 127JR UT WOS:000243582400091 ER PT J AU Maucher, JM Briggs, L Podmore, C Ramsdell, JS AF Maucher, Jennifer M. Briggs, Lyn Podmore, Colleen Ramsdell, John S. TI Optimization of blood collection card method/enzyme-linked immunoassay for monitoring exposure of bottlenose dolphin to brevetoxin-producing red tides SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OYSTER CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; KARENIA-BREVIS; COMPETITIVE ELISA; FLORIDA; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; GYMNODINIUM; ELIMINATION; METABOLISM; SHELLFISH; FEATURES AB Blood collection cards have been successfully used as a tool to monitor brevetoxin (PbTx) exposure in several species, including fish, mice, and rats. Previous methanolic methods used for extracting brevetoxin from blood collection cards have shown dolphin blood to have matrix difficulties in several biological assays. To better biomonitor protected marine mammal species in the Florida area, which is historically prone to unusual mortality events caused by brevetoxin exposure, we have modified the previous extraction method to consistently recover brevetoxin with a known efficiency from dolphin blood collection card samples with minimal matrix interference. A combination of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with 6% MeOH and 100% acetonitrile was used to elute blood from the cellulose card and precipitate proteins, respectively. Analysis was performed using a newly developed direct enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), which yields a sample limit of quantification of 1 ng PbTx-3 equiv/mL. This extraction method allowed for linear recovery of PbTx-3 spiked into dolphin blood (1-30 ng/mL) with a consistent recovery rate of 58% and has subsequently been used to monitor brevetoxins in dolphins, as well as sea turtles and manatees, in regions endemic to red tides. In addition, two known metabolites of PbTx-2 were isolated and also found to be detectable using the ELISA. The cysteine conjugate (m/z 1018) and cysteine sulfoxide conjugate (m/z 1034) were found to have linear recoveries of 87% and 66%, respectively. In summary, this method of extracting brevetoxins and their metabolites from blood collection cards, in conjunction with the ELISA detection method, is a simple and reliable way to biomonitor physiologically relevant toxin levels in protected marine animals. C1 NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. AgResearch, Ruakura Res Ctr, Hamilton, New Zealand. RP Ramsdell, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean Serv, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM john.ramsdell@noaa.gov NR 27 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 15 PY 2007 VL 41 IS 2 BP 563 EP 567 DI 10.1021/es0612605 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 124RS UT WOS:000243388200039 PM 17310722 ER PT J AU Lysaght, PS Barnett, J Bersuker, GI Woicik, JC Fischer, DA Foran, B Tseng, HH Jammy, R AF Lysaght, Patrick S. Barnett, Joel Bersuker, Gennadi I. Woicik, Joseph C. Fischer, Daniel A. Foran, Brendan Tseng, Hsing-Huang Jammy, Raj TI Chemical analysis of HfO2/Si(100) film systems exposed to NH3 thermal processing SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; ALTERNATIVE GATE DIELECTRICS; SILICATE THIN-FILMS; PHASE-SEPARATION; SI; STABILITY; MOBILITY; LAYER; SCATTERING; SI(100) AB Nitrogen incorporation in HfO2/SiO2 films utilized as high-k gate dielectric layers in advanced metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors has been investigated. Thin HfO2 blanket films deposited by atomic layer deposition on either SiO2 or NH3 treated Si (100) substrates have been subjected to NH3 and N-2 anneal processing. Several high resolution techniques including electron microscopy with electron energy loss spectra, grazing incidence x-ray diffraction, and synchrotron x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy have been utilized to elucidate chemical composition and crystalline structure differences between samples annealed in NH3 and N-2 ambients as a function of temperature. Depth profiling of core level binding energy spectra has been obtained by using variable kinetic energy x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with tunable photon energy. An "interface effect" characterized by a shift of the Si4+ feature to lower binding energy at the HfO2/SiO2 interface has been detected in the Si 1s spectra; however, no corresponding chemical state change has been observed in the Hf 4f spectra acquired over a broad range of electron take-off angles and surface sensitivities. The Si 2p spectra indicate Si-N bond formation beneath the HfO2 layer in the samples exposed to NH3 anneal. The NH3 anneal ambient is shown to produce a metastable Hf-N bond component corresponding to temperature driven dissociation kinetics. These findings are consistent with elemental profiles across the HfO2/Si(100) interface determined by electron energy loss spectroscopy measurements. X-ray diffraction measurements on similarly treated films identify the structural changes resulting from N incorporation into the HfO2 films. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 SEMATECH, Front End Proc Div, Austin, TX 78741 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Phys Characterizat Lab, Adv Technol Dev Facil, Austin, TX 78741 USA. RP Lysaght, PS (reprint author), SEMATECH, Front End Proc Div, 2706 Montopolis Dr, Austin, TX 78741 USA. EM pat.lysaght@sematech.org NR 49 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 15 PY 2007 VL 101 IS 2 AR 024105 DI 10.1063/1.2422746 PG 9 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 131SS UT WOS:000243890800096 ER PT J AU Shaw, JM Rippard, WH Russek, SE Reith, T Falco, CM AF Shaw, Justin M. Rippard, William H. Russek, Stephen E. Reith, Timothy Falco, Charles M. TI Origins of switching field distributions in perpendicular magnetic nanodot arrays SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ANISOTROPY; MULTILAYERS AB We studied the reversal properties of perpendicularly magnetized Co/Pd nanodots from 100 to 50 nm in diameter fabricated using electron beam lithography. Polycrystalline Co/Pd multilayers show considerable differences in the switching field distribution (SFD) depending on the seed layer used. With a Ta seed layer, we reduced the SFD to approximately 5% of the average switching field. To rule out effects of grain boundaries, we also fabricated nanodot arrays from epitaxial Co/Pd superlattices. Although significant improvement in SFDs are obtained using epitaxial superlattices, our results indicate that grain boundary variation within nanodots is not the primary origin of SFD broadening that occurs with nanopatterning. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Arizona, Coll Opt Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Shaw, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. EM justin.shaw@nist.gov RI Shaw, Justin/C-1845-2008 OI Shaw, Justin/0000-0003-2027-1521 NR 13 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 15 PY 2007 VL 101 IS 2 AR 023909 DI 10.1063/1.2431399 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 131SS UT WOS:000243890800081 ER PT J AU McCormick, CF Boyer, V Arimondo, E Lett, PD AF McCormick, C. F. Boyer, V. Arimondo, E. Lett, P. D. TI Strong relative intensity squeezing by four-wave mixing in rubidium vapor SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID STATE GENERATION; SODIUM VAPOR; NOISE CORRELATION; TWIN BEAMS; SYSTEM; NONDEGENERATE; OSCILLATOR; COHERENCE; PULSES; CAVITY AB We have measured -3.5 dB (-8.1 dB corrected for losses) relative intensity squeezing between probe and conjugate beams generated by stimulated, nondegenerate four-wave mixing in hot rubidium. vapor. Unlike early observations of squeezing in atomic vapors based on saturation of a two-level system, our scheme uses a resonant nonlinearity based on ground-state coherences in a three-level system. Since this scheme produces narrowband, squeezed light near an atomic resonance, it is of interest for experiments involving cold atoms or atomic ensembles. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McCormick, CF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, MS 8424, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 119 Z9 124 U1 3 U2 15 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JAN 15 PY 2007 VL 32 IS 2 BP 178 EP 180 DI 10.1364/OL.32.000178 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 123LZ UT WOS:000243298700024 PM 17186056 ER PT J AU Renteria, AF Saruhan, B Ilavsky, J Allen, AJ AF Renteria, A. Flores Saruhan, B. Ilavsky, J. Allen, A. J. TI Application of USAXS analysis and non-interacting approximation to determine the influence of process parameters and ageing on the thermal conductivity of electron-beam physical vapor deposited thermal barrier coatings SO SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE electron-beam physical vapor deposition; thermal barrier coatings; ultrasmall-angle X-ray scattering; thermal conductivity modeling ID MICROSTRUCTURE; ZIRCONIA AB Electron-beam physical vapor deposited (EB-PVD) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) display a lower thermal conductivity compared with the deposited bulk material. This effect is achieved due to the presence of pores within these films. The spatial and geometrical characteristics of the porosity influence directly the magnitude of the achieved reduction of the thermal conductivity. In this work, three EB-PVD coating containing different microstructures were manufactured by varying the manufacturing process parameters during the deposition process. Their corresponding thermal conductivities were measured via the laser flash analysis method (LFA) in both the as-coated state and after ageing (1100 degrees C/100 h). Analysis of the pore formation during processing was carried out by ultrasmall-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS). This technique is supported with a computer based modeling developed by researchers at Advanced Photon Source (APS) in ANL, USA, and in National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA. The model enables the characterization of the size, shape, volume and orientation of each of the pore populations in EB-PVD TBCs. The effect of these spatial and geometrical characteristics of the porosity on the thermal conductivity of the EB-PVD coatings were studied via a non-interacting approximation based on Maxwell's model. Results of LFA measurements and the applied approximation indicate an interrelation between the microstructure and the thermal properties of the analyzed EB-PVD coatings. Microstructures containing a higher volume fraction of fine anisotropic intra-columnar pores, and larger voids between feather-arms oriented at lower angles toward the substrate plane correspond to lower thermal conductivity values. Inter-columnar gaps do no significantly contribute to lowering the thermal conductivity due to their orientation parallel to the heat flux and their lower volume fraction compared with the volume occupied by the primary columns. On heat treatment, the deepest section of the gaps between feather-arms break-up into arrays of nano-sized low aspect ratio voids. The anisotropic, elongated intra-columnar pores evolve toward low aspect ratio shapes that are less effective in reducing the thermal conductivity. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 German Aerosp Ctr, DLR, Inst Met Res, D-51147 Cologne, Germany. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Renteria, AF (reprint author), German Aerosp Ctr, DLR, Inst Met Res, Linder Hoehe, D-51147 Cologne, Germany. EM arturo.flores@dlr.de RI USAXS, APS/D-4198-2013; OI Ilavsky, Jan/0000-0003-1982-8900 NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0257-8972 J9 SURF COAT TECH JI Surf. Coat. Technol. PD JAN 15 PY 2007 VL 201 IS 8 BP 4781 EP 4788 DI 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.10.020 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 128KF UT WOS:000243655900037 ER PT J AU Tanwar, KS Lo, CS Eng, PJ Catalano, JG Walko, DA Brown, GE Waychunas, GA Chaka, AM Trainor, TP AF Tanwar, Kunaljeet S. Lo, Cynthia S. Eng, Peter J. Catalano, Jeffrey G. Walko, Donald A. Brown, Gordon E., Jr. Waychunas, Glenn A. Chaka, Anne M. Trainor, Thomas P. TI Surface diffraction study of the hydrated hematite (1(1)over-bar-02) surface SO SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE hematite (1102); alpha-Fe2O3,03; surface X-ray diffraction; crystal truncation rod; CTR; density functional theory; DFT; surface structure; surface hydroxylation ID ALPHA-AL2O3 0001 SURFACE; CRYSTAL TRUNCATION RODS; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; WATER-ADSORPTION; TERMINATION; PB(II); ALPHA-FE2O3; REACTIVITY; INTERFACES; IRON AB The structure of the hydroxylated alpha-Fe2O3(1 (1) over bar 02) surface prepared via a wet chemical and mechanical polishing (CMP) procedure was determined using X-ray crystal truncation rod diffraction. The experimentally determined surface model was compared with theoretical structures developed from density functional theory (DFT) calculations to identify the most likely protonation states of the surface (hydr)oxo moieties. The results show that the hydroxylated CMP-prepared surface differs from an ideal stoichiometric termination due to vacancies of the near surface bulk Fe sites. This result differs from previous ultra high vacuum studies where two stable terminations were observed: a stoichiometric (I x 1) termination and a partially reduced (2 x 1) reconstructed surface. The complementary DFT studies suggest that hydroxylated surfaces are thermodynamically more stable than dehydroxylated surfaces in the presence of water. The results illustrate that the best fit surface model has predominantly three types of (hydr)oxo functional groups exposed at the surface at circumneutral pH: Fe-OH2, Fe-2-OH, and Fe-3-O and provide a structural basis for interpreting the reactivity of model iron-(hydr) oxide surfaces under aqueous conditions. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Chem & Biochem, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Chicago, Consortium Adv Radiat Sources, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Xray Sci Div, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, SLAC, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, SLAC, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Trainor, TP (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Chem & Biochem, 900 Yukon Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM fftpt@uaf.edu RI Catalano, Jeffrey/A-8322-2013; Lo, Cynthia/B-5441-2008 OI Catalano, Jeffrey/0000-0001-9311-977X; Lo, Cynthia/0000-0003-2873-4869 NR 59 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 38 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-6028 J9 SURF SCI JI Surf. Sci. PD JAN 15 PY 2007 VL 601 IS 2 BP 460 EP 474 DI 10.1016/j.susc.2006.10.021 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 133II UT WOS:000244006200021 ER PT J AU Gao, ST Li, XF Tao, WK Shie, CL Lang, S AF Gao, Shouting Li, Xiaofan Tao, Wei-Kuo Shie, Chung-Lin Lang, Steve TI Convective and moist vorticity vectors associated with tropical oceanic convection: A three-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL VORTICITY; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONES; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; MESOSCALE PROCESSES; SYSTEMS; PRECIPITATION; ORGANIZATION; INSTABILITY; GENERATION AB [1] The relationships between cloud hydrometeors and convective/moist vorticity vectors are investigated using hourly data from a three-dimensional, 5-day cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulation during the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX). Vertical components of convective and moist vorticity vectors are highly correlated with cloud hydrometeors. The vertical components represent the interaction between horizontal vorticity and horizontal moist potential temperature/specific humidity gradient. The vertical components of convective and moist vorticity vectors can be used to study tropical oceanic convection in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional frameworks. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earht Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gao, ST (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. EM gst@lasg.iap.ac.cn RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 NR 28 TC 37 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 13 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D1 AR D01105 DI 10.1029/2006JD007179 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 126QT UT WOS:000243530400002 ER PT J AU Hurst, KE Dillon, AC Keenan, DA Lehman, JH AF Hurst, K. E. Dillon, A. C. Keenan, D. A. Lehman, J. H. TI Cleaning of carbon nanotubes near the pi-plasmon resonance SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PURIFICATION AB The cleaning of bulk carbon single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) by use of a 248 nm excimer laser is verified with imaging, and quantitative evaluation of morphology and composition. A 5% change in responsivity of a pyroelectric detector coated with SWNTs is presented as a novel assessment of the change in SWNT coating topology. Changes in purity are shown by reduced full-width-at-half-maximum of the Raman D-band for 248 nm exposure up to 755 mW/cm(2). The 248 nm (5 eV) photon-plasmon resonance is considered as a mechanism for the reduction of impurities and an intermediate stage of purification. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Lehman, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM lehman@boulder.nist.gov NR 21 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 12 PY 2007 VL 433 IS 4-6 BP 301 EP 304 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.11.027 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 131WC UT WOS:000243900700010 ER PT J AU Brooks, BA Merrifield, MA Foster, J Werner, CL Gomez, F Bevis, M Gill, S AF Brooks, B. A. Merrifield, M. A. Foster, J. Werner, C. L. Gomez, F. Bevis, M. Gill, S. TI Space geodetic determination of spatial variability in relative sea level change, Los Angeles basin SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; DEFORMATION; SCATTERERS AB We combine Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR), tide gauge, and continuous GPS measurements to determine the spatial variation in vertical land motion (VLM) along the coast of the Los Angeles basin over the past decade, and to examine the impact of spatially variable VLM on relative sea level trends. By identifying radar scattering targets with long-term coherence we make height corrections which allow interferogram creation for nearly the entire ERS-1 catalog and permit estimation of average deformation rates with minimal temporal aliasing. Between Los Angeles Harbor and Newport Beach, mean VLM trends range from similar to 3.4 to -4.3 mm/yr, reflecting the high level of ground water and oil extraction activity in the region. West of Los Angeles Harbor, VLM rates and spatial variability are roughly half as large. The 8-year VLM trends exceed the long-term sea level trend (0.8 mm/yr) determined from the 80 year Los Angeles Harbor tide gauge. The high degree of observed VLM variability emphasizes the need for the spatially continuous measurements provided by InSAR; a single tide gauge assessment of regional RSL would otherwise have limited applicability. C1 Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Gamma Remote Sensing Res & Consulting AG, CH-3073 Gumlingen, Switzerland. Univ Missouri, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NOAA, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Brooks, BA (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, 1680 East West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM bbrooks@soest.hawaii.edu RI Foster, James/G-7942-2012 OI Foster, James/0000-0003-2052-5798 NR 25 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 12 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 1 AR L01611 DI 10.1029/2006GL028171 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 126QJ UT WOS:000243529200007 ER PT J AU Brown, SS Dube, WP Osthoff, HD Wolfe, DE Angevine, WM Ravishankara, AR AF Brown, S. S. Dube, W. P. Osthoff, H. D. Wolfe, D. E. Angevine, W. M. Ravishankara, A. R. TI High resolution vertical distributions of NO3 and N2O5 through the nocturnal boundary layer SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; TROPOSPHERIC NO3; ATMOSPHERIC NO3; NITROGEN-OXIDES; PROFILES; CHEMISTRY; NITRATE; SUNRISE; MIDLATITUDE; EMISSIONS AB The shallow mixing depth and vertical stratification of the lowest levels of the atmosphere at night has implications for the chemistry of nitrogen oxides emitted from the surface. Here we report vertical profiles of NO3, N2O5 and O-3 measured from in-situ instruments on a movable carriage on a 300 m tower. The study offers high-resolution (< 1 m) vertical distributions of both NO3 and N2O5 and shows that the nocturnal mixing ratios of these compounds vary widely over short vertical distance scales ( 10 m or less). Furthermore, there are systematic differences in the steady state lifetimes of NO3 and N2O5 and in the partitioning among nitrogen oxides between different near-surface layers. These differences imply that NO3 and N2O5 occupy distinct chemical regimes as a function of altitude, potentially serving as sinks for nitrogen oxides and O-3 near the surface but as reservoirs of NOx and O-3 aloft. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Brown, SS (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM steven.s.brown@noaa.gov RI Angevine, Wayne/H-9849-2013; Dube, William/I-1658-2013; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011 OI Angevine, Wayne/0000-0002-8021-7116; Dube, William/0000-0003-1286-4087; NR 40 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 5 U2 22 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 11 PY 2007 VL 7 BP 139 EP 149 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 125CA UT WOS:000243417900002 ER PT J AU Deutsch, C Sarmiento, JL Sigman, DM Gruber, N Dunne, JP AF Deutsch, Curtis Sarmiento, Jorge L. Sigman, Daniel M. Gruber, Nicolas Dunne, John P. TI Spatial coupling of nitrogen inputs and losses in the ocean SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL GYRE; TROPICAL NORTH PACIFIC; ATLANTIC OCEAN; FIXATION; DENITRIFICATION; NITRATE; REMINERALIZATION; TRICHODESMIUM; CYCLES; SEA AB Nitrogen fixation is crucial for maintaining biological productivity in the oceans, because it replaces the biologically available nitrogen that is lost through denitrification. But, owing to its temporal and spatial variability, the global distribution of marine nitrogen fixation is difficult to determine from direct shipboard measurements. This uncertainty limits our understanding of the factors that influence nitrogen fixation, which may include iron, nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios, and physical conditions such as temperature. Here we determine nitrogen fixation rates in the world's oceans through their impact on nitrate and phosphate concentrations in surface waters, using an ocean circulation model. Our results indicate that nitrogen fixation rates are highest in the Pacific Ocean, where water column denitrification rates are high but the rate of atmospheric iron deposition is low. We conclude that oceanic nitrogen fixation is closely tied to the generation of nitrogen-deficient waters in denitrification zones, supporting the view that nitrogen fixation stabilizes the oceanic inventory of fixed nitrogen over time. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Program Climate Change, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, IGPP, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Deutsch, C (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Program Climate Change, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM cdeutsch@ocean.washington.edu RI Gruber, Nicolas/B-7013-2009; Deutsch, Curtis/D-1703-2011; Dunne, John/F-8086-2012; Sigman, Daniel/A-2649-2008 OI Gruber, Nicolas/0000-0002-2085-2310; Dunne, John/0000-0002-8794-0489; Sigman, Daniel/0000-0002-7923-1973 NR 30 TC 336 Z9 345 U1 14 U2 129 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JAN 11 PY 2007 VL 445 IS 7124 BP 163 EP 167 DI 10.1038/nature05392 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 124QF UT WOS:000243384300042 PM 17215838 ER PT J AU Motoyama, EM Yu, G Vishik, IM Vajk, OP Mang, PK Greven, M AF Motoyama, E. M. Yu, G. Vishik, I. M. Vajk, O. P. Mang, P. K. Greven, M. TI Spin correlations in the electron-doped high-transition-temperature superconductor Nd2-xCexCuO4 +/-delta SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC ORDER AB High-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductivity develops near antiferromagnetic phases, and it is possible that magnetic excitations contribute to the superconducting pairing mechanism. To assess the role of antiferromagnetism, it is essential to understand the doping and temperature dependence of the two-dimensional antiferromagnetic spin correlations. The phase diagram is asymmetric with respect to electron and hole doping, and for the comparatively less-studied electron-doped materials, the antiferromagnetic phase extends much further with doping(1,2) and appears to overlap with the superconducting phase. The archetypal electron-doped compound Nd2-xCexCuO4+/-delta (NCCO) shows bulk superconductivity above x approximate to 0.13 ( refs 3, 4), while evidence for antiferromagnetic order has been found up to x approximate to 0.17 ( refs 2, 5, 6). Here we report inelastic magnetic neutron-scattering measurements that point to the distinct possibility that genuine long-range antiferromagnetism and superconductivity do not coexist. The data reveal a magnetic quantum critical point where superconductivity first appears, consistent with an exotic quantum phase transition between the two phases(7). We also demonstrate that the pseudogap phenomenon in the electron-doped materials, which is associated with pronounced charge anomalies(8-11), arises from a build-up of spin correlations, in agreement with recent theoretical proposals(12,13). C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Greven, M (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM greven@stanford.edu RI Yu, Guichuan/K-4025-2014 NR 24 TC 127 Z9 129 U1 4 U2 28 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JAN 11 PY 2007 VL 445 IS 7124 BP 186 EP 189 DI 10.1038/nature05437 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 124QF UT WOS:000243384300046 PM 17215839 ER PT J AU Wang, F Li, J Schmit, TJ Ackerman, SA AF Wang, Fang Li, Jun Schmit, Timothy J. Ackerman, Steven A. TI Trade-off studies of a hyperspectral infrared sounder on a geostationary satellite SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION; RETRIEVAL AB Trade-off studies on spectral coverage, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and spectral resolution for a hyperspectral infrared (IR) sounder on a geostationary satellite are summarized. The data density method is applied for the vertical resolution analysis, and the rms error between true and retrieved profiles is used to represent the retrieval accuracy. The effects of spectral coverage, SNR, and spectral resolution on vertical resolution and retrieval accuracy are investigated. The advantages of IR and microwave sounder synergy are also demonstrated. When focusing on instrument performance and data processing, the results from this study show that the preferred spectral coverage combines long-wave infrared (LWIR) with the shorter middle-wave IR (SMidW). Using the appropriate spectral coverage, a hyperspectral IR sounder with appropriate SNR can achieve the required science performance (1 km vertical resolution, 1 K temperature, and 10% relative humidity retrieval accuracy). The synergy of microwave and IR sounders can improve the vertical resolution and retrieval accuracy compared to either instrument alone. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Wang, F (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM fwang@atmos.colostate.edu RI Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010; Ackerman, Steven/G-1640-2011; Li, Jun/H-3579-2015 OI Ackerman, Steven/0000-0002-4476-0269; Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627 NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD JAN 10 PY 2007 VL 46 IS 2 BP 200 EP 209 DI 10.1364/AO.46.000200 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 123GD UT WOS:000243283500010 PM 17268565 ER PT J AU Solomon, S Portmann, RW Thompson, DWJ AF Solomon, Susan Portmann, Robert W. Thompson, David W. J. TI Contrasts between antarctic and arctic ozone depletion SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE atmosphere; chemistry; stratosphere; trend ID WINTER AB This work surveys the depth and character of ozone depletion in the Antarctic and Arctic using available long balloon-borne and ground-based records that cover multiple decades from ground-based sites. Such data reveal changes in the range of ozone values including the extremes observed as polar air passes over the stations. Antarctic ozone observations reveal widespread and massive local depletion in the heart of the ozone "hole" region near 18 km, frequently exceeding 90%. Although some ozone losses are apparent in the Arctic during particular years, the depth of the ozone losses in the Arctic are considerably smaller, and their occurrence is far less frequent. Many Antarctic total integrated column ozone observations in spring since approximately the 1980s show values considerably below those ever observed in earlier decades. For the Arctic, there is evidence of some spring season depletion of total ozone at particular stations, but the changes are much less pronounced compared with the range of past data. Thus, the observations demonstrate that the widespread and deep ozone depletion that characterizes the Antarctic ozone hole is a unique feature on the planet. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Solomon, S (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 S Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM susan.solomon@noaa.gov RI Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Thompson, David/F-9627-2012; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; NR 15 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JAN 9 PY 2007 VL 104 IS 2 BP 445 EP 449 DI 10.1073/pnas.0604895104 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 125MG UT WOS:000243445400010 PM 17202269 ER PT J AU Onsager, TG Green, JC Reeves, GD Singer, HJ AF Onsager, T. G. Green, J. C. Reeves, G. D. Singer, H. J. TI Solar wind and magnetospheric conditions leading to the abrupt loss of outer radiation belt electrons SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID WHISTLER-MODE CHORUS; ION-CYCLOTRON WAVES; 1997 MAGNETIC STORM; RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; INNER MAGNETOSPHERE; SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT; ZONE ELECTRONS; LOCAL TIME; OCTOBER 9 AB The trapped radiation belt electron population is maintained through a competition between multiple source and loss processes occurring within the magnetosphere and driven by the solar wind. In this research we have concentrated on the solar wind and the magnetospheric conditions that lead to the loss of electrons through abrupt energetic electron flux dropouts. We have focused on times when there is only a moderate level of geomagnetic activity, since the magnetospheric response during these conditions is expected to be far less complex than during large geomagnetic storms. We have found that under certain circumstances the radiation belt electrons are remarkably sensitive to the onset of southward IMF and to solar wind dynamic pressure increases. The onset of southward IMF is found to be sufficient to cause the flux dropouts, while increases in solar wind pressure are not necessary but are likely to enhance the loss when they occur in conjunction with southward IMF, as is often the case. It is not clear if an increase in solar wind pressure in the absence of southward IMF is sufficient to cause a flux dropout. The radiation belt fluxes can decrease by more than an order of magnitude with the onset of only minor geomagnetic activity. The level of solar wind forcing (as estimated by the epsilon parameter) and of geomagnetic activity (as estimated by AE, Dst, and the local magnetic field inclination at geosynchronous orbit) responsible for the flux loss is intermediate between lower levels of activity that create localized, adiabatic variations in the flux and large geomagnetic storms that result in both loss and acceleration. The dropout events examined here occurred after one or more days of quiet geomagnetic conditions, which we suggest preconditioned the magnetosphere to be highly sensitive to the onset of new activity. Although it is not known which specific conditions within the magnetosphere lead to this extreme sensitivity of the relativistic electrons, the time periods identified here are ones where the electron loss processes appear to operate in relative isolation of the acceleration processes. C1 NOAA Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Onsager, TG (reprint author), NOAA Space Environm Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM terry.onsager@noaa.gov RI Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011 OI Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098 NR 36 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 6 PY 2007 VL 112 IS A1 AR A01202 DI 10.1029/2006JA011708 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 124FJ UT WOS:000243352700002 ER PT J AU Helmig, D Ganzeveld, L Butler, T Oltmans, SJ AF Helmig, D. Ganzeveld, L. Butler, T. Oltmans, S. J. TI The role of ozone atmosphere-snow gas exchange on polar, boundary-layer tropospheric ozone - a review and sensitivity analysis SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; DRY DEPOSITION PARAMETERIZATION; CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL; SUNRISE EXPERIMENT 1992; SPRUCE-FIR FOREST; ART. NO. 4683; SURFACE OZONE; SOUTH-POLE; PHOTOCHEMICAL PRODUCTION; ANTARCTIC SNOW AB Recent research on snowpack processes and atmosphere-snow gas exchange has demonstrated that chemical and physical interactions between the snowpack and the overlaying atmosphere have a substantial impact on the composition of the lower troposphere. These observations also imply that ozone deposition to the snowpack possibly depends on parameters including the quantity and composition of deposited trace gases, solar irradiance, snow temperature and the substrate below the snowpack. Current literature spans a remarkably wide range of ozone deposition velocities (v(dO3)); several studies even reported positive ozone fluxes out of the snow. Overall, published values range from similar to - 3< v(dO3)< 2 cm s(-1), although most data are within 0< v(dO3)< 0.2 cm s(-1). This literature reveals a high uncertainty in the parameterization and the magnitude of ozone fluxes into ( and possibly out of) snow-covered landscapes. In this study a chemistry and tracer transport model was applied to evaluate the applicability of the published vdO3 and to investigate the sensitivity of tropospheric ozone towards ozone deposition over Northern Hemisphere snow-covered land and sea-ice. Model calculations using increasing v(dO3) of 0.0, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 cm s(-1) resulted in general ozone sensitivities up to 20 - 30% in the Arctic surface layer, and of up to 130% local increases in selected Northern Latitude regions. The simulated ozone concentrations were compared with mean January ozone observations from 18 Arctic stations. Best agreement between the model and observations, not only in terms of absolute concentrations but also in the hourly ozone variability, was found by applying an ozone deposition velocity in the range of 0.00 - 0.01 cm s(-1), which is smaller than most literature data and also significantly lower compared to the value of 0.05 cm s(-1) that is commonly applied in large-scale atmospheric chemistry models. This sensitivity analysis demonstrates that large errors in the description of the wintertime tropospheric ozone budget stem from the uncertain magnitude of ozone deposition rates and the inability to properly parameterize ozone fluxes to snow-covered landscapes. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, Dept Atmospher Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. NOAA, GMD, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Helmig, D (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM detlev.helmig@colorado.edu RI Butler, Tim/G-1139-2011 NR 104 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 5 PY 2007 VL 7 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 123YQ UT WOS:000243333700001 ER PT J AU Azimonte, C Cezar, JC Granado, E Huang, Q Lynn, JW Campoy, JCP Gopalakrishnan, J Ramesha, K AF Azimonte, C. Cezar, J. C. Granado, E. Huang, Q. Lynn, J. W. Campoy, J. C. P. Gopalakrishnan, J. Ramesha, K. TI Incipient orbital order in half-metallic Ba2FeReO6 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC CIRCULAR-DICHROISM; DOUBLE PEROVSKITE; TRANSITION; BA; MAGNETORESISTANCE; CA2FEREO6; IRON; CA; SR AB Largely unquenched Re 5d orbital magnetic moments in half-metallic Ba2FeReO6 drive a symmetry lowering transition from a cubic paramagnet to a compressed tetragonal (c/a < 1) ferrimagnet below T-C similar to 305 K, with a giant linear magnetoelastic constant and the spins lying spontaneously along the unique tetragonal axis. The large orbital magnetization and degree of structural deformation indicate proximity to a metal-insulator transition. These results point to an incipient orbitally ordered state in the metallic ferrimagnetic phase. C1 Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Fis Gleb Wataghin, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Lab Nacl Luz Sincrotron, BR-13084971 Campinas, SP, Brazil. European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Superconduct Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Indian Inst Sci, Solid State & Struct Chem Unit, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India. RP Azimonte, C (reprint author), Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Fis Gleb Wataghin, CP 6165, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. EM egranado@ifi.unicamp.br RI Criginski Cezar, Julio/B-2731-2008; Ramesha, K/F-5769-2013; Inst. of Physics, Gleb Wataghin/A-9780-2017; Criginski Cezar, Julio/D-5039-2012; Granado, Eduardo/F-5389-2012 OI Criginski Cezar, Julio/0000-0002-7904-6874; NR 36 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 4 U2 27 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JAN 5 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 1 AR 017204 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.017204 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 124OY UT WOS:000243379700047 PM 17358503 ER PT J AU Rosenberg, D Harrington, JW Rice, PR Hiskett, PA Peterson, CG Hughes, RJ Lita, AE Nam, SW Nordholt, JE AF Rosenberg, Danna Harrington, Jim W. Rice, Patrick R. Hiskett, Philip A. Peterson, Charles G. Hughes, Richard J. Lita, Adriana E. Nam, Sae Woo Nordholt, Jane E. TI Long-distance decoy-state quantum key distribution in optical fiber SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CRYPTOGRAPHY AB The theoretical existence of photon-number-splitting attacks creates a security loophole for most quantum key distribution (QKD) demonstrations that use a highly attenuated laser source. Using ultralow-noise, high-efficiency transition-edge sensor photodetectors, we have implemented the first version of a decoy-state protocol that incorporates finite statistics without the use of Gaussian approximations in a one-way QKD system, enabling the creation of secure keys immune to photon-number-splitting attacks and highly resistant to Trojan horse attacks over 107 km of optical fiber. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Rosenberg, D (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS D454, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 27 TC 150 Z9 162 U1 4 U2 22 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JAN 5 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 1 AR 010503 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.010503 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 124OY UT WOS:000243379700006 PM 17358462 ER PT J AU Eng, K Milly, PCD AF Eng, Ken Milly, P. C. D. TI Relating low-flow characteristics to the base flow recession time constant at partial record stream gauges SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DROUGHT AB Base flow recession information is helpful for regional estimation of low-flow characteristics. However, analyses that exploit such information generally require a continuous record of streamflow at the estimation site to characterize base flow recession. Here we propose a simple method for characterizing base flow recession at low-flow partial record stream gauges (i.e., sites with very few streamflow measurements under low-streamflow conditions), and we use that characterization as the basis for a practical new approach to low-flow regression. In a case study the introduction of a base flow recession time constant, estimated from a single pair of strategically timed streamflow measurements, approximately halves the root-mean-square estimation error relative to that of a conventional drainage area regression. Additional streamflow measurements can be used to reduce the error further. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. US Geol Survey, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Eng, K (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,Mail Stop 430, Reston, VA USA. EM keng@usgs.gov; cmilly@usgs.gov NR 26 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JAN 5 PY 2007 VL 43 IS 1 AR W01201 DI 10.1029/2006WR005293 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 124FO UT WOS:000243353200003 ER PT J AU Li, JL Li, J Schmidt, CC Nelson, JP Schmit, TJ AF Li, Jinlong Li, Jun Schmidt, Christopher C. Nelson, James P., III Schmit, Timothy J. TI High temporal resolution GOES sounder single field of view ozone improvements SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB A new total column ozone (TCO) algorithm for Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite ( GOES) Sounder data has been evaluated with the collocated 17 months ( May 1998 through September 1999) Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ( TOMS) measurements and GOES-8 Sounder ozone retrievals. The new GOES ozone algorithm retrieves hourly TCO over the Continental United States (CONUS) to an accuracy of about 4.6% root mean square error (RMSE) as compared with previous algorithm accuracy of about 5.8%. The GOES TCO bias adjustment is also investigated and applied; both seasonal and latitudinal variations were found in the bias. Results show that bias correction is effective when applied to GOES TCO retrievals. OMI ( Ozone Monitoring Instrument) data from the Earth Observing System Aura platform were used to validate the new algorithm. Good agreement was found between OMI and GOES-12 single field-of-view (SFOV) TCO. The improved GOES TCO product is now available in real-time for various applications. C1 Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, NESDIS Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Li, JL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Room 219,1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM jun.li@ssec.wisc.edu RI Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010; Li, Jun/H-3579-2015 OI Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627 NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 4 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 1 AR L01804 DI 10.1029/2006GL028172 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 124ET UT WOS:000243351000004 ER PT J AU Saunders, R Rayer, P Brunel, P von Engeln, A Bormann, N Strow, L Hannon, S Heilliette, S Liu, X Miskolczi, F Han, Y Masiello, G Moncet, JL Uymin, G Sherlock, V Turner, DS AF Saunders, R. Rayer, P. Brunel, P. von Engeln, A. Bormann, N. Strow, L. Hannon, S. Heilliette, S. Liu, Xu Miskolczi, F. Han, Y. Masiello, G. Moncet, J. -L. Uymin, Gennady Sherlock, V. Turner, D. S. TI A comparison of radiative transfer models for simulating Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) radiances SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ASSIMILATION; TRANSMITTANCES; COMPUTATION AB A comparison of radiative transfer models for simulating radiances from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), has been undertaken. Results from 14 line-by-line and fast parameterized infrared models were submitted. Several aspects of the models were compared. First, the forward model calculations for all 2378 AIRS channels for 52 diverse atmospheric profiles and one tropical Pacific profile coincident with AIRS data were performed for three local zenith viewing angles: nadir, 45, and 60 degrees. Second, for a subset of the models and only 20 AIRS channels the transmittances from each layer to space were provided. Finally, for some models the Jacobians with respect to temperature, water vapor, and ozone were also computed. For the forward model calculations, most models agree to within 0.02 K when compared to a reference line-by-line model averaged over a subset of profiles, with the exception of a few spectral regions. When compared with AIRS observations, however, the mean differences increase to 0.2 K, and for a few models even greater differences are seen. The transmittance differences highlighted regions of the spectrum where the spectroscopy of the models differs, particularly in the carbon dioxide absorption bands at 667 cm(-1) and 2386 cm(-1). For the Jacobians all models have some profiles/channels that do not fit the reference well, and the main problems are documented here. The model differences only increase slightly for off-nadir viewing angles for both forward and Jacobian calculations. C1 Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. CMS, MeteoFrance, F-22302 Lannion, France. Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-28334 Bremen, Germany. European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. CNRS, Meteorol Dynam Lab, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NESDIS, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. CNR, IMAA, I-85050 Potenza, Italy. Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand. Met Serv Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada. RP Saunders, R (reprint author), Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. RI Han, Yong/F-5590-2010; Masiello, Guido/I-6459-2015 OI Han, Yong/0000-0002-0183-7270; Masiello, Guido/0000-0002-7986-8296 NR 27 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 4 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D1 AR D01S90 DI 10.1029/2006JD007088 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 124FE UT WOS:000243352100002 ER PT J AU Smith, BL Bruno, TJ AF Smith, Beverly L. Bruno, Thomas J. TI Improvements in the measurement of distillation curves. 3. Application to gasoline and gasoline plus methanol mixtures SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID APPARATUS; FUELS AB In previous work, several significant improvements in the measurement of distillation curves for complex fluids were introduced. The modifications to the classical measurement provide for (1) temperature and volume measurements of low uncertainty, (2) temperature control based upon fluid behavior, and, most important, (3) a composition-explicit data channel in addition to the usual temperature-volume relationship. This latter modification is achieved with a new sampling approach that allows precise qualitative as well as quantitative analyses of each fraction, on the fly. Moreover, as part of the improved approach, the distillation temperature is measured in two locations. The temperature is measured in the usual location, at the bottom of the takeoff in the distillation head, but it is also measured directly in the fluid. The measurement in the fluid is a valid equilibrium thermodynamic state point that can be theoretically explained and modeled. The usual temperature measurement location (in the head) provides a temperature that is not a thermodynamic state point for a variety of reasons but which is comparable to historical measurements made for many decades. We also use a modification of the Sidney Young equation (to correct the temperatures to standard atmospheric pressure) in which explicit account is taken of the average length of the carbon chains of the fluid. In this paper, we have applied the advanced approach to samples of 91 AI gasoline and to mixtures of this gasoline with methanol (10 and 15%, vol/vol) as examples of oxygenates. On the individual fractions, we have done chemical analysis by gas chromatography (using flame ionization detection and mass spectrometry). For the methanol blends, the approach allows characterization of the azeotropic inflections in terms of fraction composition and energy content. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bruno@boulder.nist.gov NR 32 TC 82 Z9 82 U1 5 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD JAN 3 PY 2007 VL 46 IS 1 BP 297 EP 309 DI 10.1021/ie060937u PG 13 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 124AQ UT WOS:000243339600035 ER PT J AU Smith, BL Bruno, TJ AF Smith, Beverly L. Bruno, Thomas J. TI Improvements in the measurement of distillation curves. 4. Application to the aviation turbine fuel Jet-A SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID COMBUSTION; ENTHALPY AB We have recently introduced several important improvements in the measurement of distillation curves for complex fluids. The modifications to the classical measurement provide for (1) temperature and volume measurements of low uncertainty, (2) temperature control based upon fluid behavior, and, most important, (3) a composition-explicit data channel in addition to the usual temperature-volume relationship. This latter modification is achieved with a new sampling approach that allows precise qualitative as well as quantitative analyses of each fraction, on the fly. We have applied the new method to the measurement of rocket propellant, gasoline, and jet fuels. In this paper, we present the application of the technique to representative batches of the important aviation fuel Jet-A. The motivation behind the work is to provide a property database for the planned expansion of the use of military aviation fuel JP-8, which is nearly identical to Jet-A. JP-8 also contains an icing inhibitor, corrosion/lubricity enhancer, and antistatic additive. This fluid (JP-8) is currently the primary gas turbine fuel used by the United States Air Force and also naval shore-based aircraft. There is now interest in the United States Department of Defense to use this fuel for all military applications, including ground-based forces. This would mean use of JP-8 in tanks, armored personnel carriers, and other vehicles. This interest has renewed interest in the chemical and physical properties of JP-8, to facilitate adaptation and design. Since one of the most important design parameters for a fuel is the distillation curve, it is critical that the new approach be applied to the base fluid representative for JP-8, namely, Jet-A. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bruno@boulder.nist.gov NR 29 TC 83 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD JAN 3 PY 2007 VL 46 IS 1 BP 310 EP 320 DI 10.1021/ie060938m PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 124AQ UT WOS:000243339600036 ER PT J AU Garcia, A Marquez, M Cai, T Rosario, R Hu, ZB Gust, D Hayes, M Vail, SA Park, CD AF Garcia, Antonio Marquez, Manuel Cai, Tong Rosario, Rohit Hu, Zhibing Gust, Devens Hayes, Mark Vail, Sean A. Park, Choong-Do TI Photo-, thermally, and pH-responsive microgels SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID PHASE-TRANSITION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE; VISIBLE-LIGHT; SPIROBENZOPYRAN; CRYSTALS; POLY(N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE); GELS; NANOPARTICLES; SPIROPYRANS AB Microgels with photo-, thermally, and pH-responsive properties in aqueous suspension have been synthesized and characterized using dynamic light scattering and UV-visible spectroscopy. The new route involved first preparing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)-allylamine copolymer microgels and a spiropyran photochrome (SP) bearing a carboxylic acid group. Then the functionalized spiropyran was coupled to the microgel via an amide bond. The dark-equilibrated gel particles feature spiropyran molecules in the polar, merocyanine form. After irradiation of visible light, the particle size becomes smaller because spiropyran changes to the relatively nonpolar, closed spiro form. The PNIPAM-SP microgels undergo a volume phase transition in water from a swollen state to a collapsed state with increasing temperature under all light conditions. However, the transition temperature range of the PNIPAM-SP is much broader than that for the PNIPAM without SP. The PNIPAM-SP microgels are monodisperse and self-assemble into a crystalline lattice while in suspension. The UV-visible spectra of an aqueous suspension of PNIPAM-SP microgel in the dark-adapted, merocyanine form showed both an absorption peak around 512 nm due to the merocyanine (giving a reddish color to the suspension) and two sharp peaks from Bragg diffraction of colloidal crystallites. Upon visible irradiation, the 512-nm band bleached significantly due to spiropyran photoisomerization. The spiropyran photoisomerization and accompanying color changes of the suspension were reversible upon alternating dark, UV, and visible light irradiation. Due to the residues of amine groups, the swelling capability of PNIPAM-SP microgels reduces as the pH value is changed from 7 to 10. C1 Arizona State Univ, Harrington Dept Bioengn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computat Nanosci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Philip Morris Inc, Res Ctr, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. Univ N Texas, Dept Phys, Denton, TX 76203 USA. Philip Morris Inc, INEST, Grp Postgrad Program, Richmond, VA 23249 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Garcia, A (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Harrington Dept Bioengn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM tony.garcia@asu.edu; zbhu@unt.edu NR 22 TC 137 Z9 144 U1 10 U2 138 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JAN 2 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 1 BP 224 EP 229 DI 10.1021/la061632n PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 120LQ UT WOS:000243086600034 PM 17190508 ER PT J AU Opdahl, A Petrovykh, DY Kimura-Suda, H Tarlov, MJ Whitman, LJ AF Opdahl, Aric Petrovykh, Dmitri Y. Kimura-Suda, Hiromi Tarlov, Michael J. Whitman, Lloyd J. TI Independent control of grafting density and conformation of single-stranded DNA brushes SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE FTIR; gold; immobilization; oligonucleoticles; x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; SURFACE-PLASMON RESONANCE; GOLD SURFACES; HYBRIDIZATION; IMMOBILIZATION; FILMS; NANOPARTICLES; MICROARRAYS; ADSORPTION; EFFICIENCY AB We describe self-assembly of ssDNA brushes that exploits the intrinsic affinity of adenine nucleotides (dA) for gold surfaces. The grafting density and conformation of these brushes is deterministically controlled by the length of the anchoring dA sequences, even in the presence of thymine nucleotides (dT). We produce and characterize brushes of model block-oligonucleoticles, d(T-m-A(n)), with systematically varied lengths m and n of the thymine and adenine blocks [denoted d(T-m) and d(A(n)), respectively]. The hairpin conformation, dominant for self-complementary d(T-m-A(n)) oligos in solution, is disrupted by the high preferential affinity of dA for gold surfaces. As a result, the d(Tm-An) oligos adsorb as a brush of d(T) strands immobilized via the d(A) blocks. Quantitative analysis by FTIR spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveals a unique feature of DNA immobilization via d(A) blocks: The surface density of dA nucleotides is close to saturation and is nearly independent of d(A) block length. Accordingly, the lateral spacing (grafting density) of the d(T) blocks is determined by the length of the d(A) blocks. The d(T) blocks extend away from the surface in a brush-like conformation at a lateral spacing 2-3 times larger(a grafting density 5-10 times lower) than in analogous films immobilized via standard thiol linkers. This combination of brushlike conformation and low saturation grafting density is expected to increase the efficiency of DNA hybridization at surfaces. Therefore, immobilization via d(A) blocks offers a method of producing DNA brushes with controlled properties for applications in biotechnology and nanotechnology. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Opdahl, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM opdahl.aric@uwlax.edu; dmitri.petrovykh@nrl.navy.mil RI Petrovykh, Dmitri/A-3432-2008; Whitman, Lloyd/G-9320-2011 OI Petrovykh, Dmitri/0000-0001-9089-4076; Whitman, Lloyd/0000-0002-3117-1174 NR 33 TC 104 Z9 106 U1 6 U2 46 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JAN 2 PY 2007 VL 104 IS 1 BP 9 EP 14 DI 10.1073/pnas.0608568103 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 125QF UT WOS:000243456300004 PM 17190807 ER PT S AU Knappe, S Schwindt, P Gerginov, V Shah, V Brannon, A Lindseth, B Liew, LA Robinson, H Moreland, J Popovic, Z Hollberg, L Kitching, J AF Knappe, Svenja Schwindt, Peter Gerginov, Vladislav Shah, Vishal Brannon, Alan Lindseth, Brad Liew, Li-Anne Robinson, Hugh Moreland, John Popovic, Zoya Hollberg, Leo Kitching, John BE Atanasov, PA Dreischuh, TN Gateva, SV Kovachev, LM TI Chip-scale atomic devices at NIST - art. no. 660403 SO 14th International School on Quantum Electronics: Laser Physics and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th International School on Quantum Electronics on Laser Physics and Applications CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Sunny Beach, BULGARIA SP Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Elect, SPIE Bulagaria Chapter, SPIE, Optocom Ltd, Evrika Fdn, Natl Techn Univ Athens, Coherent Inc DE atomic clocks; atomic magnetometers; coherent population trapping; CSAC; CSAM; laser spectroscopy; MEMS; microfabrication; vapor cells ID POPULATION TRAPPING RESONANCES; FREQUENCY STABILITY; VAPOR CELLS; MAGNETOMETER; CLOCKS; STABILIZATION; LINE AB We provide an overview of our research on chip-scale atomic devices. By miniaturizing optical setups based on precision spectroscopy, we have developed small atomic sensors and atomic references such as atomic clocks, atomic magnetometers, and optical wavelength references. We have integrated microfabricated alkali vapor cells with small low-power lasers, micro-optics, and low-power microwave oscillators. As a result, we anticipate that atomic stability can be achieved with small size, low cost, battery-operated devices. Advances in fabrication methods and performance are presented. C1 Univ Colorado, NIST, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Knappe, S (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NIST, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 42 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6742-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6604 BP 60403 EP 60403 AR 660403 DI 10.1117/12.726792 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BGF10 UT WOS:000246395100002 ER PT S AU Hardesty, RM Alvarez, RJ Banta, RM Brewer, WA Churnside, JC Darby, LS Machol, JL Senff, CJ Tucker, SC AF Hardesty, R. M. Alvarez, R. J. Banta, R. M. Brewer, W. A. Churnside, J. C. Darby, L. S. Machol, J. L. Senff, C. J. Tucker, S. C. BE Atanasov, PA Dreischuh, TN Gateva, SV Kovachev, LM TI Development and application of lidar technology for environmental studies - art. no. 66041X SO 14th International School on Quantum Electronics: Laser Physics and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th International School on Quantum Electronics on Laser Physics and Applications CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Sunny Beach, BULGARIA SP Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Elect, SPIE Bulagaria Chapter, SPIE, Optocom Ltd, Evrika Fdn, Natl Techn Univ Athens, Coherent Inc DE lidar; Doppler lidar; differential absorption lidar; coherent lidar; fish lidar; air quality ID DOPPLER LIDAR; BOUNDARY-LAYER; WATER-VAPOR AB At NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory, lidar systems have been developed and applied to environmental probing for more than three decades. Progressing from early investigations of atmospheric turbidity and winds employing ruby and CO, lasers, current work is focused on the application of sensors to measure atmospheric properties important for improving air quality understanding and forecasting, and quantifying important climate forcing mechanisms. Additionally, lidar systems are being used for probing the ocean to observe fish schools and marine mammals for research on estuarine health. Here we briefly describe development and applications of lidar systems for characterizing winds and turbulence in the atmosphere, distribution and transport of ozone and aerosol concentrations in urban areas, and inventory of fish stocks in coastal water C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hardesty, RM (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Darby, Lisa/A-8037-2009; Hardesty, Robert/H-9844-2013; Brewer, Wm Alan/I-3920-2013; Alvarez, Raul/I-4879-2013; Senff, Christoph/I-2592-2013; Machol, Janet/D-5896-2016 OI Darby, Lisa/0000-0003-1271-0643; Machol, Janet/0000-0002-0344-0314 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6742-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6604 BP X6041 EP X6041 AR 66041X DI 10.1117/12.727195 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BGF10 UT WOS:000246395100068 ER PT S AU Kulvatunyou, S Durand, J Woo, J BenMalek, H AF Kulvatunyou, S. Durand, J. Woo, J. BenMalek, H. GP IEEE TI Governing Web Services using Event-driven Monitoring SO 2007 11TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL ENTERPRISE DISTRIBUTED OBJECT COMPUTING CONFERENCE WORKSHOPS SE IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference EDOC LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference CY OCT 15-19, 2007 CL Annapolis, MD SP IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Commun Soc, MITRE, IT Profess, OMG AB In this paper we discuss the use cases for monitoring of Web services for compliance with policies and service level agreements. In particular, the quality of service associated with Web service interactions and its monitoring rely on the proper use by both parties of related Web service protocols. This monitoring is best served by an event-centric model and an extensible scripting language, such as those in the Event-driven Test Scripting Language (eTSL). The paper illustrates how it can be used for such monitoring purposes. The eTSL is designed specifically for monitoring the compliance of XML-based protocols and messages. We also discuss its advantages over other approaches. C1 [Kulvatunyou, S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Durand, J.; BenMalek, H.] Fujitsu Comp Syst Enterprise Software & Solut Grp, Sunnyvale, CA 94085 USA. [Woo, J.] Samsung Elect, Seoul, South Korea. RP Kulvatunyou, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM serm@nist.gov; jdurand@us.fujitsu.com; jungyub.woo@samsung.com; hbenmalek@us.fujutsu.com NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1541-7719 BN 978-1-4244-4226-3 J9 IEEE EDOC CONF PY 2007 BP 28 EP + DI 10.1109/EDOCW.2007.13 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BLR68 UT WOS:000270892600004 ER PT B AU Ha, K Yi, IJ Nisola, G Chung, WJ Kim, JW Choi, YJ Kang, CJ Kim, YS AF Ha, Kon Yi, In-Je Nisola, Grace Chung, Wook-Jin Kim, Jaewan Choi, Y. J. Kang, C. J. Kim, Yong-Sang GP IEEE TI Development of a capillary electrophoresis microchip format electrochemical detector for the sensing of endocrine disruptors SO 2007 2ND IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANO/MICRO ENGINEERED AND MOLECULAR SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference of Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems CY JAN 16-19, 2007 CL Bangkok, THAILAND SP IEEE DE prussian blue; capillary electrophoresis; electrochemical detector; environmental hormones; polydimethylsiloxane; indium tin oxide; microchip ID FILMS AB A capillary electrophoresis (CE) microchip with an amperometric, electrochemical detector (ECD) was developed to detect notorious environmental hormones, bisphenol A (BPA) and butyl-phenol. We developed a CE/ECD microchip which separates and detects the target analytes. Prussian blue (PB), an electrocatalyst that assists in detecting the analytes effectively, was used to modify the working electrode indium tin oxide (ITO) by the electrodeposition process. Each compound is transported by CE to the working electrode at different flow rates according to their charges and masses. Compared to the bare ITO electrode, the PB/ITO electrode is beneficial in terms of improved analytical performance, that is, enhanced sensitivity, low cost requirement, and simple construction scheme. The CE/ECD microchip with PB/ITO electrode is a promising technology for the easy detection of certain environmental hormones. C1 [Ha, Kon] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Rice Univ, Houston, TX 77005 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Phys, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Elect Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ha, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. FU National Research Laboratory (NRL) [M10600000274-06J0000-27410]]; Crop Functional Genomics Center [CG1411] FX his work was financially supported by the National Research Laboratory (NRL) Project [M10600000274-06J0000-27410] and by the Crop Functional Genomics Center (CG1411) grants to B.H.N administered by the Korean Ministry of Science and Technology. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0609-8 PY 2007 BP 415 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BGN46 UT WOS:000248619100091 ER PT B AU Sayrafian-Pour, K Perez, J AF Sayrafian-Pour, Kamran Perez, Julio GP IEEE TI Robust indoor positioning based on received signal strength SO 2007 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PERVASIVE COMPUTING AND APPLICATIONS, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Pervasice Computing and Applications CY JUL 26-27, 2007 CL Birmingham, ENGLAND DE indoor positioning; ray-tracing; radio-map AB A positioning algorithm based on the relative order of the received signal strengths is discussed. This algorithm in conjunction with the ray-tracing propagation model can have promising performance for indoor environments without any needs for extensive set of a priori training. Enhancements to the positioning algorithm will be proposed and investigated. Two sets of experimental results with 802.11-based infrastructure and MICA2 motes are presented to demonstrate the system capability and performance in practice. C1 [Sayrafian-Pour, Kamran] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Perez, Julio] Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Comp Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. RP Sayrafian-Pour, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ksayrafian@nist.gov; julio.perez@alumni.ethz.ch NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0970-9 PY 2007 BP 655 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BHI81 UT WOS:000253450200123 ER PT B AU Gentile, C Shiu, J AF Gentile, Camillo Shiu, John GP IEEE TI Sensor location through linear programming with arrival angle constraints SO 2007 41ST ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION SCIENCES AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 41st Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS 2007) CY MAR 14-16, 2007 CL Baltimore, MD SP Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn DE convex optimization; network localization ID NETWORKS AB In previous work, we established a linear programming framework to determine sensor location from measured link distances between neighboring nodes in a network. Besides providing greater accuracy compared to other techniques, linear programs in particular suit large networks since they can be solved efficiently through distributed computing over the nodes without compromising the optimality of the objective function. This work extends our framework to determine sensor location from measured arrival angles instead. An extensive simulation suite substantiates the performance of the algorithm according to several network parameters, including noise up to 15% the maximum error; the proposed algorithm reduces the error up to 84% depending on the noise level. C1 [Gentile, Camillo; Shiu, John] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gentile, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-1036-1 PY 2007 BP 597 EP 603 DI 10.1109/CISS.2007.4298378 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BHD09 UT WOS:000252254400116 ER PT B AU Li, QL Richter, CA Xiong, HD Suehle, JS AF Li, Qiliang Richter, Curt A. Xiong, Hao D. Suehle, John S. GP IEEE TI Nanowire Electromechanical Logic Switch SO 2007 7TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOL 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology CY AUG 02-05, 2007 CL Hong Kong, PEOPLES R CHINA SP IEEE, IEEE Nanotechnol Council, IEEE Electron Devices Soc, Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Ctr Micro & Nano Syst, ETH, Inst Robot & Intelligent Syst, GETI, KC Wong Educ Fdn, US Army Int Technol Ctr, ACS NANO, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Grp, intel DE Electromechanical Switch; Silicon Nanowire; Transistor; Subthreshold Slope ID YOUNGS MODULUS; TRANSISTOR; GROWTH AB We present the integration and characterization of nanowire electromechanical switches consisting of chemical-vapor-deposition grown silicon nanowires suspended over metal electrodes. The devices operate with the suspended part of the nanowire bent to touch metal electrode via electromechanical force by applying voltage. The reversible switching, high on/off current ratio, small subthreshold slope and low switching energy compared to current Si CMOS make the switches very attractive for logic device application. In addition, we have developed a physical model to simulate the switching characteristics and extract the material properties. C1 [Li, Qiliang; Richter, Curt A.; Xiong, Hao D.; Suehle, John S.] NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Li, QL (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Qiliang.Li@nist.gov RI Li, Qiliang/B-2225-2015 OI Li, Qiliang/0000-0001-9778-7695 NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0607-4 PY 2007 BP 141 EP 145 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BIO98 UT WOS:000261434900030 ER PT B AU Xiong, HD Wang, WY Li, QL Richter, CA Suehle, JS Hong, WK Lee, T Fleetwood, DM AF Xiong, Hao D. Wang, Wenyong Li, Qiliang Richter, Curt A. Suehle, John S. Hong, Woong-Ki Lee, Takhee Fleetwood, Daniel M. GP IEEE TI Random Telegraph Signals and 1/f Noise in ZnO Nanowire Field Effect Transistors SO 2007 7TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOL 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology CY AUG 02-05, 2007 CL Hong Kong, PEOPLES R CHINA SP IEEE, IEEE Nanotechnol Council, IEEE Electron Devices Soc, Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Ctr Micro & Nano Syst, ETH, Inst Robot & Intelligent Syst, GETI, KC Wong Educ Fdn, US Army Int Technol Ctr, ACS NANO, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Grp, intel DE -l Lambda noise; nanowire; oxide trap; random Telegraph Signal; ZnO ID LOW-FREQUENCY NOISE; MOS DEVICES; SUBMICROMETER MOSFETS; CARBON NANOTUBES; GATE STACKS; FLUCTUATIONS; INTERFACE; MOBILITY; DEFECTS AB Single-crystal ZnO nanowires have been fabricated as field effect transistors (FETs). The low frequency noise in the drain current of n-type ZnO FETs has been investigated through random telegraph signals (RTSs) at 4.2 K and 1/f noise at room temperature. At room temperature, the noise power spectra have a classic 1/f dependence with a Hooge parameter that is similar to 5 x 10(-3). ZnO FETs measured in a dry O-2 environment displayed elevated noise levels that can be attributed to increased fluctuations associated with O-2(-) on the 2 nanowire surfaces. At 4.2. K, the device's noise spectra change from 1/f to Lorentzian type, and the current traces as a function of time show random telegraph signals (RTSs). The channel current RTSs are attributed to correlated carrier number and mobility fluctuation due to the trapping and emission of carriers by discrete border traps. At certain bias conditions, the current in the channel shows three-level switching events with amplitudes as high as 40 %, from which two individual defects with energies close to the Fermi level in the ZnO channel can be distinguished. C1 [Xiong, Hao D.; Wang, Wenyong; Li, Qiliang; Richter, Curt A.; Suehle, John S.] NIST, Div Semicond Elect, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8120, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Hong, Woong-Ki; Lee, Takhee] Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Gwangju 500712, South Korea. [Fleetwood, Daniel M.] Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. RP Xiong, HD (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8120, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Li, Qiliang/B-2225-2015 OI Li, Qiliang/0000-0001-9778-7695 FU NIST Office of Microelectronics Programs; Accelerator User Program of Korea and the Basic Research Program of the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation [R01-2005-000-10815-0] FX We thank M. Gurfinkel, N. Gergel-Hackett and N. Zimmerman for technical assistance and helpful discussions. H.X. and W.W. thank the NIST Office of Microelectronics Programs for partial financial support . W.H. and T.L. thank the Proton Accelerator User Program of Korea and the Basic Research Program of the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation (Grant No. R01-2005-000-10815-0). NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0607-4 PY 2007 BP 1147 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BIO98 UT WOS:000261434900257 ER PT B AU Solomon, GS Gotzinger, S Fang, W Xie, ZG Cao, H AF Solomon, G. S. Goetzinger, S. Fang, W. Xie, Z. G. Cao, H. GP IEEE TI Ultra-Low Threshold Lasing in a Quantum Dot Microdisk Cavity SO 2007 CONFERENCE ON LASERS & ELECTRO-OPTICS/QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2007), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference CY MAY 06-11, 2007 CL Baltimore, MD AB We describe microdisk lasers exhibiting submicrowatt CW lasing thresholds from a small number of QD emitters. Changes in the cavity linewidth, second-order correlation measurements, and output emission versus input pumping are used to verify lasing. (C)2007 Optical Society of America C1 [Solomon, G. S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Goetzinger, S.] Stanford Univ, E L Ginzton Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Solomon, G. S.; Xie, Z. G.] Stanford Univ, Solid State Photon Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Fang, W.; Cao, H.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Solomon, GS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM glenn.solomon@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3590-6 PY 2007 BP 39 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKO20 UT WOS:000268751000020 ER PT B AU Polyakov, SV Migdall, AL AF Polyakov, Sergey V. Migdall, Alan L. GP IEEE TI High accuracy photon-counting detector calibration and independent verification of a correlated-photon calibration technique SO 2007 CONFERENCE ON LASERS & ELECTRO-OPTICS/QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2007), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference CY MAY 06-11, 2007 CL Baltimore, MD AB We characterized a two-photon method to calibrate photon-counting detectors. We verified this method by comparison to a national primary standard detector scale. This comparison showed agreement of the two methods to 0.14(14) % (k=1) (C)2006 Optical Society of America C1 [Polyakov, Sergey V.; Migdall, Alan L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Polyakov, Sergey V.; Migdall, Alan L.] Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Polyakov, SV (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM sergey.polyakov@nist.gov; migdall@nist.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3590-6 PY 2007 BP 103 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKO20 UT WOS:000268751000052 ER PT B AU Taichenachev, AV Yudin, VI Oates, CW Hollberg, L AF Taichenachev, A. V. Yudin, V. I. Oates, C. W. Hollberg, L. GP IEEE TI Magnetic Field-Induced Spectroscopy of Optical Clock Transitions in an Elliptically Polarized Lattice Field SO 2007 CONFERENCE ON LASERS & ELECTRO-OPTICS/QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2007), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference CY MAY 06-11, 2007 CL Baltimore, MD AB We demonstrate a method to suppress potentially troublesome frequency shifts in optical lattice atomic clocks based on alkaline-earth-like atoms with zero nuclear spin. Suppression of these shifts, which depend on the square of the lattice field intensity, would remove a potential barrier from the path to the next generation of atomic clocks. C1 [Taichenachev, A. V.; Yudin, V. I.] RAS, Inst Laser Phys SB, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. [Oates, C. W.; Hollberg, L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder 80305, CO USA. RP Taichenachev, AV (reprint author), RAS, Inst Laser Phys SB, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. EM llf@laser.nsc.ru; oates@boulder.nist.gov RI Taichenachev, Aleksei/K-7065-2015 OI Taichenachev, Aleksei/0000-0003-2273-0066 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3590-6 PY 2007 BP 105 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKO20 UT WOS:000268751000053 ER EF