FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Knyazev, VD AF Knyazev, Vadim D. TI Effects of chain length on the rates of C-C bond dissociation in linear alkanes and polyethylene SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION-STATE THEORY; REACTIVE MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; THERMAL-DEGRADATION; THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS; REACTION-PATH; FORCE-FIELD; PYROLYSIS; POLYSTYRENE; DECOMPOSITION; SIMULATION AB Molecular dynamics modeling of C-C bond dissociation is performed for a series of linear alkanes and polyethylene macromolecules with the chain lengths ranging from one to a thousand constituent ethylene monomers (PE-1-PE-1000). The rate constants obtained in molecular dynamics calculations are compared with those determined using variational transition state theory with the same potential energy surface. The results of simulations demonstrate a significant accelerating effect of chain length on the rates of C-C bond scission. Per-bond rate constant values increase with the increasing chain length, up to an order of magnitude, in the sequence of linear alkanes from PE-1 (ethane) to PE-5 (decane); this dependence becomes saturated for longer chain lengths. Stiffening the potentials of bending and especially the torsional degrees of freedom diminishes the accelerating effect of chain length, while constraining the bond distances for all C-C bonds except the one undergoing dissociation has no effect. The results of the calculations are compared with existing experimental data on the dependences of the rates of thermal decomposition of linear alkanes on the alkane chain length. C1 Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Chem, Res Ctr Chem Kinet, Washington, DC 20064 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Knyazev, VD (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Chem, Res Ctr Chem Kinet, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NR 49 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD MAY 17 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 19 BP 3875 EP 3883 DI 10.1021/jp066419e PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 165XP UT WOS:000246341200022 PM 17432834 ER PT J AU Jofre, A Hutchison, JB Kishore, R Locascio, LE Helmerson, K AF Jofre, A. Hutchison, J. B. Kishore, R. Locascio, L. E. Helmerson, K. TI Amphiphilic block copolymer nanotubes and vesicles stabilized by photopolymerization SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID DNA-MOLECULES; ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS; NANOFLUIDIC CHANNELS; PHOTOOXIDATION; FABRICATION; NETWORKS; POLYMERSOMES; LIPOSOMES; TRANSPORT; RUBBER AB We report on a new method to stabilize nanotube and vesicle structures created from amphiphilic diblock copolymers by means of photopolymerization. Cross-linking with UV light exposure minimizes fluid disruption during stabilization. Additionally, the spatial control afforded by focusing or masking the initiating light source enables stabilization of distinct segments of individual nanostructures. This contribution demonstrates (1) that vesicles and nanotubes formed from poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polybutadiene are stabilized by exposure to UV light in the presence of a water-soluble photoinitiator and (2) that new nanotube geometries can be constructed by means of spot-curing, and (3) it reveals an application for photopolymerized nanotubes by showing electrophoresis of DNA through a UV-stabilized nanotube. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jofre, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013 NR 41 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD MAY 17 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 19 BP 5162 EP 5166 DI 10.1021/jp071503v PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 165XQ UT WOS:000246341300020 PM 17458995 ER PT J AU Benkoski, JJ Bowles, SE Korth, BD Jones, RL Douglas, JF Karim, A Pyun, J AF Benkoski, Jason J. Bowles, Steven E. Korth, Bryan D. Jones, Ronald L. Douglas, Jack F. Karim, Alamgir Pyun, Jeffrey TI Field induced formation of mesoscopic polymer chains from functional ferromagnetic colloids SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SMALL-ANGLE NEUTRON; STABILIZED MAGNETIC FLUIDS; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; DIPOLAR CHAINS; NANOPARTICLES; SCATTERING; PARTICLES; NANOWIRES; NANOCRYSTALS; DISPERSIONS AB The assembly and direct imaging of ferromagnetic nanoparticles into one-dimensional mesostructures (1-D) are reported. Polymer-coated ferromagnetic colloids (19 nm, 24 nm) were assembled at a crosslinkable oil-water interface under both magnetic field induced and zero-field conditions and permanently fixed into 1-D mesoscopic polymer chains (1-9 mu m) in a process referred to as Fossilized Liquid Assembly (FLA). In the FLA process, nanoparticle chains were fixed at the oil interface through photopolymerization, enabling direct visualization of organized mesostructures using atomic force microscopy. Using the FLA methodology, we systematically investigated different conditions and demonstrated that dispersed ferromagnetic colloids possess sufficient dipolar interactions to organize into mesoscopic assemblies. Application of an external magnetic field during assembly enabled the formation of micron-sized chains which were aligned in the direction of the applied field. This universal methodology is an attractive alternative technique to cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) for the visualization of nanoparticle assembly in dispersed organic media. C1 NIST, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Pyun, J (reprint author), NIST, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jpyun@email.arizona.edu NR 49 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAY 16 PY 2007 VL 129 IS 19 BP 6291 EP 6297 DI 10.1021/ja070779d PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 166XU UT WOS:000246415100045 PM 17444645 ER PT J AU Kim, KJ Simons, D Gillen, G AF Kim, Kyung Joong Simons, David Gillen, Greg TI Quantitative depth profiling of an alternating Pt/Co multilayer and a Pt-Co alloy multilayer by SIMS using a Buckminsterfullerene (C-60) source SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Buckminsterfullerene ion; SIMS quantification; depth profiling; interface artifact ID ION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SPECTROSCOPY; BOMBARDMENT; DEPENDENCE; RESOLUTION; BEAM AB A Buckminsterfullerene ion beam has been applied to the depth profiling of an alternating pure Pt and pure Co multilayer. Quantitative depth profiling was performed by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) with C-60 ions using Pt-Co alloy films with different compositions. Relative sensitivity factors (RSFs) derived from a Pt39Co61 alloy film were used to convert an original depth profile to a composition depth profile. A severe interface artifact observed in the depth profile of a Pt/Co multilayer was quantitatively correlated with a gradual variation of matrix composition through the Pt/Co and Co/Pt interfaces by comparison with the depth profiling of an alloy multilayer film. Moreover, the interface artifact could be compensated by conversion of the profile to a composition profile using the same RSFs. The depth resolutions of a Pt/Co multilayer derived from the composition depth profile were much larger than the apparent interface widths measured from the original depth profile due to the nonlinear relationship between the Co and Pt ion intensities and their compositions. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Div Adv Technol, Taejon 305600, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kim, KJ (reprint author), Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Div Adv Technol, POB 102, Taejon 305600, South Korea. EM kjkim@kriss.re.kr NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 EI 1873-5584 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD MAY 15 PY 2007 VL 253 IS 14 BP 6000 EP 6005 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.12.116 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 169OJ UT WOS:000246601200014 ER PT J AU Wallace, WE Blair, WR AF Wallace, W. E. Blair, W. R. TI Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of covalently cationized polyethylene as a function of sample temperature SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE alkane; crystallinity; laser ablation; laser desorption; melting; polyethylene; polyolefin ID DESORPTION IONIZATION; FIELD DESORPTION; SATURATED-HYDROCARBONS; CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS; RELAXATION PROCESSES; SYNTHETIC-POLYMERS; FOURIER-TRANSFORM; GAS-PHASE; MALDI; POLYMERIZATION AB A pre-charged, low molecular mass, low polydispersity linear polyethylene was analyzed with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry as a function of sample temperature between 25 degrees C and 150 degrees C. This temperature range crosses the polyethylene melting temperature. Buckminsterfullerene (C-60) was used as MALDI matrix due to the high volatility of typical MALDI matrices making them unsuitable for heating in vacuum. Starting at 90 degrees C there is an increase in polyethylene ion intensity at fixed laser energy. By 150 degrees C the integrated total ion intensity had grown by six-fold indicating that melting did indeed increase ion yield. At 150 degrees C the threshold laser intensity to produce intact polyethylene ions decreased by about 25%. Nevertheless, significant fragmentation accompanied the intact polyethylene ions even at the highest temperatures and the lowest laser energies. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wallace, WE (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8541, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM William.Wallace@nist.gov NR 36 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PD MAY 15 PY 2007 VL 263 IS 1 BP 82 EP 87 DI 10.1016/j.ijms.2007.01.005 PG 6 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 164PS UT WOS:000246246700011 ER PT J AU Hadfield, RH Stevens, MJ Mirin, RP Nam, SW AF Hadfield, Robert H. Stevens, Martin J. Mirin, Richard P. Nam, Sae Woo TI Single-photon source characterization with twin infrared-sensitive superconducting single-photon detectors SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-DOT AB We report on the high fidelity characterization, via spontaneous emission lifetime and g((2))(tau) measurements, of a cavity-coupled quantum dot single-photon source at 902 nm using a pair of nanowire-based superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). We analyze the suitability of the twin SSPD scheme reported here for the characterization of single-photon sources at telecommunications wavelengths (1310 and 1550 nm). (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hadfield, RH (reprint author), Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Engn & Phys Sci, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland. EM r.h.hadfield@hw.ac.uk RI Hadfield, Robert/L-8081-2013; OI Hadfield, Robert/0000-0002-8084-4187; Mirin, Richard/0000-0002-4472-4655 NR 24 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 15 PY 2007 VL 101 IS 10 AR 103104 DI 10.1063/1.2717582 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 173RZ UT WOS:000246891500004 ER PT J AU Stennett, MC Reaney, IM Miles, GC Woodward, DI West, AR Kirk, CA Levin, I AF Stennett, M. C. Reaney, I. M. Miles, G. C. Woodward, D. I. West, A. R. Kirk, C. A. Levin, I. TI Dielectric and structural studies of Ba2MTi2Nb3O15 (BMTNO15, M=Bi3+,La3+,Nd3+,Sm3+,Gd3+) tetragonal tungsten bronze-structured ceramics SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BARIUM NIOBATE; BA2LATI2NB3O15; PHASES; SYSTEM AB The structure and dielectric properties of a new family of tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) ceramics with the general formula, Ba2MTi2Nb3O15 where M=Bi3+,La3+,Nd3+,Sm3+,Gd3+, have been investigated. Hereafter the compositions will be referred to by the abbreviation BMTNO15 where M=B(Bi3+), L(La3+), N(Nd3+), S(Sm3+) or G(Gd3+). BLTNO15 [permittivity maximum (T-m)similar to-80 degrees C] and BBTNO15 (T-m similar to-100 degrees C) exhibited relaxorlike dielectric behavior. In contrast, BNTNO15 (T-m similar to 165 degrees C), BSTNO15 (T-m similar to 250 degrees C), and BGTNO(15) (T-m similar to 320 degrees C) were classic ferroelectrics. T-m increased with decreasing radius of the M ion. Room temperature x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns of all the compounds indexed on a prototype P4/mbm (or P4bm) space group with lattice parameters a approximate to 12.4 angstrom and c approximate to 4 angstrom. However, electron diffraction revealed that the relaxor phases, BLTNO15 and BBTNO15, exhibited an incommensurate modulation, whereas the classic ferroelectric BNTNO15, BSTNO15, and BGTNO(15) featured an orthorhombic superstructure with lattice parameters a approximate to b approximate to root 2a(TTB) and c approximate to 2c(TTB). (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Mat Engn, Sheffield S1 3JD, S Yorkshire, England. Nat Hist Museum, Dept Mineral, London SW7 5BD, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stennett, MC (reprint author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Mat Engn, Sheffield S1 3JD, S Yorkshire, England. EM m.c.stennett@shef.ac.uk RI Woodward, David/B-3134-2011; Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010; OI West, Anthony/0000-0002-5492-2102 NR 18 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 5 U2 23 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 15 PY 2007 VL 101 IS 10 AR 104114 DI 10.1063/1.2205720 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 173RZ UT WOS:000246891500114 ER PT J AU Gilardoni, S Russell, LM Sorooshian, A Flagan, RC Seinfeld, JH Bates, TS Quinn, PK Allan, JD Williams, B Goldstein, AH Onasch, TB Worsnop, DR AF Gilardoni, S. Russell, L. M. Sorooshian, A. Flagan, R. C. Seinfeld, J. H. Bates, T. S. Quinn, P. K. Allan, J. D. Williams, B. Goldstein, A. H. Onasch, T. B. Worsnop, D. R. TI Regional variation of organic functional groups in aerosol particles on four US east coast platforms during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation 2004 campaign SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETER; CARBON RATIO; IDENTIFICATION; COMPONENT; HUMIDITY; TRACERS; SAMPLES; SMOKE; SIZE AB [1] Submicron atmospheric aerosol samples were collected during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) 2004 campaign on four platforms: Chebogue Point ( Nova Scotia, Canada), Appledore Island ( Maine), the CIRPAS Twin Otter over Ohio, and the NOAA R/V Ronald H. Brown in the Gulf of Maine. Saturated aliphatic C-C-H, unsaturated aliphatic C=C - H, aromatic C=C - H, organosulfur C-O-S, carbonyl C=O, and organic hydroxyl C-OH functional groups were measured by calibrated Fourier Transform Infrared ( FTIR) spectroscopy at all four sampling platforms. The ratio of molar concentrations of carbonyl C=O to saturated aliphatic C-C-H groups was nearly constant at each sampling platform, with the Twin Otter samples having the lowest ratio at 0.1 and the three more coastal platforms having ratios of 0.4 and 0.5. Organic mass ( OM) to organic carbon (OC) ratios follow similar trends for the four platforms, with the Twin Otter having the lowest ratio of 1.4 and the coastal platforms having slightly higher values typically between 1.5 and 1.6. Organosulfur compounds were occasionally observed. Collocated organic aerosol sampling with two Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometers for OM, a Sunset Laboratory thermo-optical analysis instrument for OC, and an ion chromatography-particle into liquid sampler (IC-PILS) for speciated carboxylic acids provided comparable results for most of the project, tracking the time series of FTIR OM, OC, and carbonyl groups, respectively, and showing simultaneous peaks of similar magnitude during most of the project. The FTIR/IC-PILS comparison suggests that about 9% of the carbonyl groups found in submicron organic particles on the Twin Otter are typically associated with low molecular weight carboxylic acids. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Manchester, Sch Earth Atmospher & Environm Sci, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. RP Gilardoni, S (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM lmrussell@ucsd.edu RI Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Allan, James/B-1160-2010; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016; Williams, Brent/A-2886-2013; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Worsnop, Douglas/D-2817-2009; Gilardoni, Stefania/P-1283-2014 OI Allan, James/0000-0001-6492-4876; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895; Sorooshian, Armin/0000-0002-2243-2264; Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; Worsnop, Douglas/0000-0002-8928-8017; Gilardoni, Stefania/0000-0002-7312-5571 NR 40 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 7 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 15 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10S27 DI 10.1029/2006JD007737 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 172XS UT WOS:000246838700001 ER PT J AU Nielsen-Gammon, JW McNider, RT Angevine, WM White, AB Knupp, K AF Nielsen-Gammon, John W. McNider, Richard T. Angevine, Wayne M. White, Allen B. Knupp, Kevin TI Mesoscale model performance with assimilation of wind profiler data: Sensitivity to assimilation parameters and network configuration SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID 4-DIMENSIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; FIELD-COHERENCE TECHNIQUE; SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY; AIR-QUALITY; METEOROLOGICAL MODEL; OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS; ADJOINT EQUATIONS; PREDICTION MODELS; PROGRAM DESIGN; BOUNDARY-LAYER AB [1] The performance of the nudging scheme in the MM5 numerical model is evaluated for a 4-day simulation of an ozone episode during the TexAQS-2000 field study. Quality-controlled horizontal wind data from five boundary layer profilers spaced 30 - 50 km apart are used as input data for the nudging as well as for quantification of model errors. Observations from selected profilers are withheld to provide independent data to evaluate the performance of the model. A series of experiments are conducted to estimate the overall model performance as well as the dependence of the model performance on nudging parameters and on profiler network configuration. Within the profiler network, nudging generally reduces 4-day average biases in the wind components to less than 0.3 m s(-1) and yields rms errors averaging 1.75 m s(-1) to 2.08 m s(-1), with the best model performance at about 500 - 1500 m above ground level. Rms errors without data assimilation are about twice as large. Model errors, with and without assimilation, are generally largest at night. Wind fields that are more accurate in a statistical sense can be obtained by simpler analysis schemes, but the consistent dynamical evolution of all meteorological variables, such as the pattern of temperatures associated with corrected sea breeze location and intensity, are lost. Tests with a reduced profiler network showed that a single profiler in an appropriate upstream location can produce model performance equivalent to that from a four-profiler network surrounding the validation station. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ctr Atmospher Chem & Environm, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Nielsen-Gammon, JW (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ctr Atmospher Chem & Environm, 3150 TAMUS, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM n-g@tamu.edu RI White, Allen/A-7946-2009; Nielsen-Gammon, John/G-9771-2012; Angevine, Wayne/H-9849-2013 OI Nielsen-Gammon, John/0000-0001-5336-2409; Angevine, Wayne/0000-0002-8021-7116 NR 34 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 15 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D9 AR D09119 DI 10.1029/2006JD007633 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 172XR UT WOS:000246838600013 ER PT J AU Thompson, AM Stone, JB Witte, JC Miller, SK Oltmans, SJ Kucsera, TL Ross, KL Pickering, KE Merrill, JT Forbes, G Tarasick, DW Joseph, E Schmidlin, FJ McMillan, WW Warner, J Hintsa, EJ Johnson, JE AF Thompson, Anne M. Stone, Jesse B. Witte, Jacquelyn C. Miller, Sonya K. Oltmans, Samuel J. Kucsera, Tom L. Ross, Kelly L. Pickering, Kenneth E. Merrill, John T. Forbes, Gerry Tarasick, David W. Joseph, Everette Schmidlin, F. J. McMillan, W. Wallace Warner, Juying Hintsa, Eric J. Johnson, James E. TI Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Ozonesonde Network Study (IONS) 2004: 2. Tropospheric ozone budgets and variability over northeastern North America SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL ATLANTIC; HIGH-LATITUDE; CLIMATOLOGY; EMISSIONS; CANADA; TRACE AB [1] Daily ozone soundings taken from the R/V Ronald H. Brown from 7 July through 11 August 2004 as part of the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment (INTEX) Ozonesonde Network Study ( IONS) are used to investigate the vertical structure of ozone over the Gulf of Maine and to characterize variability in sources of tropospheric ozone: stratosphere, regional convection and lightning, advection, and local boundary layer pollution. These soundings were part of a network of twelve IONS (http://croc.gsfc.nasa.gov/intex/ions.html) stations that launched ozonesonde-radiosonde packages over the United States and maritime Canada during the INTEX/ International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT)/New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS) project from 1 July to 15 August 2004. Four of the IONS stations were in mid-Atlantic and northeast United States; four were in southeastern Canada. Although the INTEX/ ICARTT goal was to examine pollution influences under stable high-pressure systems, northeastern North America ( NENA) during IONS was dominated by weak frontal systems that mixed aged pollution and stratospheric ozone with ozone from more recent pollution and lightning. These sources are quantified to give tropospheric ozone budgets for individual soundings that are consistent with tracers and meteorological analyses. On average, for NENA stations in July-August 2004, tropospheric ozone was composed of the following: 10 - 15% each local boundary layer and regional sources ( the latter including that due to lightning-derived NO) and 20 - 25% stratospheric ozone, with the balance ( similar to 50%) a mixture of recently advected ozone and aged air of indeterminate origin. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. Environm Canada, Meteorol Serv Ctr, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Environm Canada Sable Isl, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 2N6, Canada. Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Howard Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Environm Technol, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Thompson, AM (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM anne@met.psu.edu; witte@gavial.gsfc.nasa.gov; samuel.j.oltmans@noaa.gov; tlk@croc.gsfc.nasa.gov; pickerin@gator1.gsfc.nasa.gov; jmerrill@gso.uri.edu; gerry.forbes@ec.gc.ca; david.tarasick@ec.gc.ca; ejoseph@howard.edu; fjs@osb1.wff.nasa.gov; mcmillan@umbc.edu; juying@umbc.edu; ehintsa@nsf.gov; james.e.johnson@noaa.gov RI Pickering, Kenneth/E-6274-2012; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014 OI Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920 NR 39 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 15 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D12 AR D12S13 DI 10.1029/2006JD007670 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 172XX UT WOS:000246839200002 ER PT J AU Thompson, AM Stone, JB Witte, JC Miller, SK Pierce, RB Chatfield, RB Oltmans, SJ Cooper, OR Loucks, AL Taubman, BF Johnson, BJ Joseph, E Kucsera, TL Merrill, JT Morris, GA Hersey, S Forbes, G Newchurch, MJ Schmidlin, FJ Tarasick, DW Thouret, V Cammas, JP AF Thompson, Anne M. Stone, Jesse B. Witte, Jacquelyn C. Miller, Sonya K. Pierce, R. Bradley Chatfield, Robert B. Oltmans, Samuel J. Cooper, Owen R. Loucks, Amber L. Taubman, Brett F. Johnson, Bryan J. Joseph, Everette Kucsera, Tom L. Merrill, John T. Morris, Gary A. Hersey, Scott Forbes, Gerry Newchurch, Michael J. Schmidlin, F. J. Tarasick, David W. Thouret, Valerie Cammas, Jean-Pierre TI Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Ozonesonde Network Study (IONS) 2004: 1. Summertime upper troposphere/lower stratosphere ozone over northeastern North America SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID AIR-MASS CHARACTERISTICS; AEROSOL DISTRIBUTIONS; LAMINATED STRUCTURE; BURNING SEASON; PROFILES; CLIMATOLOGY; POLLUTION; PACIFIC; BERMUDA; SONEX AB [1] Coordinated ozonesonde launches from the Intercontinental Transport Experiment (INTEX) Ozonesonde Network Study (IONS) (http://croc.gsfc.nasa.gov/intex/ions.html) in July-August 2004 provided nearly 300 O-3 profiles from eleven North American sites and the R/V Ronald H. Brown in the Gulf of Maine. With the IONS period dominated by low-pressure conditions over northeastern North America ( NENA), the free troposphere in that region was frequently enriched by stratospheric O-3. Stratospheric O-3 contributions to the NENA tropospheric O-3 budget are computed through analyses of O-3 laminae ( Pierce and Grant, 1998; Teitelbaum et al., 1996), tracers ( potential vorticity, water vapor), and trajectories. The lasting influence of stratospheric incursions into the troposphere is demonstrated, and the computed stratospheric contribution to tropospheric column O-3 over the R/V Ronald H. Brown and six sites in Michigan, Virginia, Maryland, Rhode Island, and Nova Scotia, 23% +/- 3%, is similar to summertime budgets derived from European O-3 profiles ( Collette and Ancellet, 2005). Analysis of potential vorticity, Wallops ozonesondes (37.9 degrees N, 75.5 degrees W), and Measurements of Ozone by Airbus Inservice Aircraft (MOZAIC) O-3 profiles for NENA airports in June-July-August 1996 2004 shows that the stratospheric fraction in 2004 may be typical. Boundary layer O-3 at Wallops and northeast U. S. sites during IONS also resembled O-3 climatology (June-July-August 1996 - 2003). However, statistical classification of Wallops O-3 profiles shows the frequency of profiles with background, nonpolluted boundary layer O-3 was greater than normal during IONS. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Valparaiso Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Valparaiso, IN 46383 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. Environm Canada, Meteorol Serv Ctr, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Howard Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Washington, DC 20059 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Observ Midi Pyrenees, Ctr Natl Rech Sci, Lab Aerol, UMR 5560, F-31400 Toulouse, France. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Environm Canada Sable Isl, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 2N6, Canada. Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RP Thompson, AM (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM witte@gavial.gsfc.nasa.gov; r.b.pierce@larc.nasa.gov; chatfield@clio.arc.nasa.gov; samuel.j.oltmans@noaa.gov; owen.r.cooper@noaa.gov; anne@met.psu.edu; bryan.johnson@noaa.gov; ejoseph@howard.edu; tlk@croc.gsfc.nasa.gov; jmerrill@gso.uri.edu; gmorris@valpo.edu; shersey@rice.edu; gerry.forbes@ec.gc.ca; mike@nsstc.uah.edu; fjs@osb1.wff.nasa.gov; david.tarasick@ec.gc.ca; thov@aero.obs-mip.fr; camjp@aero.obs-mip.fr RI Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Pierce, Robert Bradley/F-5609-2010; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Pierce, Robert Bradley/0000-0002-2767-1643; Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920; Tarasick, David/0000-0001-9869-0692 NR 45 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 15 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D12 AR D12S12 DI 10.1029/2006JD007441 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 172XX UT WOS:000246839200001 ER PT J AU Warneke, C McKeen, SA de Gouw, JA Goldan, PD Kuster, WC Holloway, JS Williams, EJ Lerner, BM Parrish, DD Trainer, M Fehsenfeld, FC Kato, S Atlas, EL Baker, A Blake, DR AF Warneke, C. McKeen, S. A. de Gouw, J. A. Goldan, P. D. Kuster, W. C. Holloway, J. S. Williams, E. J. Lerner, B. M. Parrish, D. D. Trainer, M. Fehsenfeld, F. C. Kato, S. Atlas, E. L. Baker, A. Blake, D. R. TI Determination of urban volatile organic compound emission ratios and comparison with an emissions database SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID REACTION-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; AIR-QUALITY; AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS; HYDROCARBON RATIOS; OZONE FORMATION; ART.; ATMOSPHERE; MODEL; TROPOSPHERE; VALIDATION AB [1] During the NEAQS-ITCT2k4 campaign in New England, anthropogenic VOCs and CO were measured downwind from New York City and Boston. The emission ratios of VOCs relative to CO and acetylene were calculated using a method in which the ratio of a VOC with acetylene is plotted versus the photochemical age. The intercept at the photochemical age of zero gives the emission ratio. The so determined emission ratios were compared to other measurement sets, including data from the same location in 2002, canister samples collected inside New York City and Boston, aircraft measurements from Los Angeles in 2002, and the average urban composition of 39 U. S. cities. All the measurements generally agree within a factor of two. The measured emission ratios also agree for most compounds within a factor of two with vehicle exhaust data indicating that a major source of VOCs in urban areas is automobiles. A comparison with an anthropogenic emission database shows less agreement. Especially large discrepancies were found for the C-2-C-4 alkanes and most oxygenated species. As an example, the database overestimated toluene by almost a factor of three, which caused an air quality forecast model (WRF-CHEM) using this database to overpredict the toluene mixing ratio by a factor of 2.5 as well. On the other hand, the overall reactivity of the measured species and the reactivity of the same compounds in the emission database were found to agree within 30%. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Warneke, C (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM carsten.warneke@noaa.gov RI Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Lerner, Brian/H-6556-2013; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Baker, Angela /A-1666-2011; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013 OI Baker, Angela K./0000-0001-7845-422X; Lerner, Brian/0000-0001-8721-8165; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; NR 44 TC 107 Z9 108 U1 8 U2 65 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 15 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10S47 DI 10.1029/2006JD007930 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 172XS UT WOS:000246838700002 ER PT J AU Shah, V Knappe, S Hollberg, L Kitching, J AF Shah, V. Knappe, S. Hollberg, L. Kitching, J. TI High-contrast coherent population trapping resonances using four-wave mixing in Rb-87 SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB We demonstrate very high-contrast coherent population trapping(1) (CPT) resonances by using four-wave mixing in Rb-87 atoms. In the experiment, we take advantage of the spectral overlap between F=2 -> F' and F=3 -> F' optical resonances on the D1 line of Rb-87 and Rb-85 atoms, respectively, to eliminate the DC-light background from the CPT resonance signal. We observe a CPT resonance with a contrast in the range of 90%, compared with a few percent achieved by alternative methods. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Shah, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM vshah@boulder.nist.gov NR 14 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 5 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD MAY 15 PY 2007 VL 32 IS 10 BP 1244 EP 1246 DI 10.1364/OL.32.001244 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 162WU UT WOS:000246121000016 PM 17440548 ER PT J AU Robertson, JWF Rodrigues, CG Stanford, VM Rubinson, KA Krasilnikov, OV Kasianowicz, JJ AF Robertson, Joseph W. F. Rodrigues, Claudio G. Stanford, Vincent M. Rubinson, Kenneth A. Krasilnikov, Oleg V. Kasianowicz, John J. TI Single-molecule mass spectrometry in solution using a solitary nanopore SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Gaussian mixture model; poly(ethylene glycol); alpha-hemolysin; ion channel; maximum likelihood signal classification ID NANOMETER-SCALE PORE; ION-CHANNEL; MEMBRANE CHANNEL; ALPHA-HEMOLYSIN; EM ALGORITHM; DISCRIMINATION; DNA; DYNAMICS; PROTEIN AB We introduce a two-dimensional method for mass spectrometry in solution that is based on the interaction between a nanometer-scale pore and analytes. As an example, poly(ethylene glycol) molecules that enter a single a-hemolysin pore cause distinct mass-dependent conductance states with characteristic mean residence times. The conductance-based mass spectrum clearly resolves the repeat unit of ethylene glycol, and the mean residence time increases monotonically with the poly(ethylene glycol) mass. This technique could prove useful for the real-time characterization of molecules in solution. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Semicond Elect Div, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Fed Pernambuco, Dept Biophys & Radiobiol, Lab Membrane Biophys, BR-50670901 Recife, PE, Brazil. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Informat Access Div, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Wright State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. RP Krasilnikov, OV (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Semicond Elect Div, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kras@ufpe.br; john.kasianowicz@nist.gov NR 32 TC 159 Z9 161 U1 2 U2 36 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAY 15 PY 2007 VL 104 IS 20 BP 8207 EP 8211 DI 10.1073/pnas.0611085104 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 169NW UT WOS:000246599900005 PM 17494764 ER PT J AU Ryaboshapko, A Bullock, OR Christensen, J Cohen, M Dastoor, A Ilyin, I Petersen, G Syrakov, D Travnikov, O Artz, RS Davignon, D Draxler, RR Munthe, J Pacyna, J AF Ryaboshapko, Alexey Bullock, O. Russell, Jr. Christensen, Jesper Cohen, Mark Dastoor, Ashu Ilyin, Ilia Petersen, Gerhard Syrakov, Dimiter Travnikov, Oleg Artz, Richard S. Davignon, Didier Draxler, Roland R. Munthe, John Pacyna, Jozef TI Intercomparison study of atmospheric mercury models: 2. Modelling results vs. long-term observations and comparison of country deposition budgets SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE atmospheric mercury; numerical modelling; model intercomparison; transport and deposition; transboundary pollution; uncertainty ID TOTAL GASEOUS MERCURY; UNITED-STATES; NORTHERN EUROPE; EMISSIONS; SIMULATION; TRANSPORT; POLLUTION; PROJECT; SITES; SOIL AB Five regional scale models with a horizontal domain covering the European continent and its surrounding seas, two hemispheric and one global scale model participated in the atmospheric Hg modelling intercomparison study. The models were compared between each other and with available measurements from 11 monitoring stations of the EMEP measurement network. Because only a very limited number of long-term measurement records of Hg were available, significant attention was given to the intercomparison of modelling results. Monthly and annually averaged values of Hg concentrations and depositions as well as items of the Hg deposition budgets for individual European countries were compared. The models demonstrated good agreement (within +/- 20%) between annual modelled and observed values of gaseous elemental Hg. Modelled values of Hg wet deposition in Western and Central Europe agreed with the observations within +/- 45%. The probability to predict wet depositions within a factor of 2 with regard to measurements was 50-70% for all the models. The scattering of modelling results for dry depositions of Hg was more significant (up to +/- 50% at the annual scale and even higher for monthly data). Contribution of dry deposition to the total Hg deposition was estimated at 20-30% with elevated dry deposition fluxes during summer time. The participating models agree in their predictions of transboundary pollution for individual countries within +/- 60% at the monthly scale and within +/- 30% at the annual scale. For the cases investigated, all the models predict that the major part of national anthropogenic Hg emissions is transported outside the country territory. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 EMEP, Meteorol Synthesizing Ctr E, Moscow 125040, Russia. US EPA, NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Atmosphere Environm, Roskilde, Denmark. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Environm Canada, Meteorol Serv Canada, Air Qual Res Branch, Dorval, PQ, Canada. GKSS, Res Ctr, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany. Natl Inst Meteorol & Hydrol, Sofia 1785, Bulgaria. Swedish Environm Res Inst, S-40758 Gothenburg, Sweden. Norwegian Inst Air Res, N-2007 Kjeller, Norway. Gdansk Univ Technol, Fac Chem, PL-80952 Gdansk, Poland. RP Travnikov, O (reprint author), EMEP, Meteorol Synthesizing Ctr E, Leningradsky Pr 16-2, Moscow 125040, Russia. EM oleg.travnikov@msceast.org RI Christensen, Jesper /E-9524-2011; Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; Artz, Richard/P-6371-2015; Cohen, Mark/P-6936-2015 OI Christensen, Jesper /0000-0002-6741-5839; Artz, Richard/0000-0002-1335-0697; Cohen, Mark/0000-0003-3183-2558 NR 43 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAY 15 PY 2007 VL 377 IS 2-3 BP 319 EP 333 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.071 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 175PD UT WOS:000247024600019 PM 17367845 ER PT J AU Point, D Bareille, G Pinaly, H Belin, C Donard, OFX AF Point, D. Bareille, G. Pinaly, H. Belin, C. Donard, O. F. X. TI Multielemental speciation of trace elements in estuarine waters with automated on-site UV photolysis and resin chelation coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry SO TALANTA LA English DT Article DE preconcentration; chelating resin; organic complexation; speciation; trace elements; adour estuary ID NI(II)-ORGANIC LIGAND COMPLEXES; PRESSURE MERCURY LAMP; RIVER SURFACE-WATER; METAL SPECIATION; NATURAL-WATERS; FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY; ONLINE PRECONCENTRATION; STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; MARINE WATERS AB An integrated approach for the accurate determination of total, labile and organically bound dissolved trace metal concentration in the field is presented. Two independent automated platforms consisting of an ultraviolet (UV) on-line unit and a chelation/preconcentration/matrix elimination module were specifically developed to process samples on-site to avoid sample storage prior to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis. The speciation scheme allowed simultaneous discrimination between labile and organic stable dissolved species of seven trace elements including Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, U and Zn, using only 5 ml of sample with detection limits ranging between 0.6 ng l(-1) for Cd and 33 ng l(-1) for Ni. The influence of UV photolysis on organic matter and its associated metal complexes was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and validated against natural samples spiked with humic substances standards. The chelation/preconcentration/matrix elimination procedure was validated against an artificial seawater spiked sample and two certified reference materials (SLRS-4 and CASS-4) to ensure homogenous performance across freshwater, estuarine and seawater samples. The speciation scheme was applied to two natural freshwater and seawater samples collected in the Adour Estuary (Southwestern, France) and processed in the field. The results indicated that the organic complexation levels were high and unchanged for Cu in both samples, whereas different signatures were observed for Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, U and Zn, suggesting organic ligands of different origin and/or their transformation/alteration along estuarine water mixing. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 UPPA, CNRS, UMR 5034, Lab Chim Analyt Bioinorgan & Environm, F-64053 Pau, France. Univ Bordeaux 1, Lab Phys Chim Mol, F-33405 Talence, France. RP Point, D (reprint author), NIST, ACD, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM david.point@noaa.gov OI Pinaly, Herve/0000-0002-4914-9389; Point, David/0000-0002-5218-7781 NR 44 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-9140 J9 TALANTA JI Talanta PD MAY 15 PY 2007 VL 72 IS 3 BP 1207 EP 1216 DI 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.01.014 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 172VG UT WOS:000246832000048 PM 19071746 ER PT J AU Misson, L Baldocchi, DD Black, TA Blanken, PD Brunet, Y Yuste, JC Dorsey, JR Falk, M Granier, A Irvine, MR Jarosz, N Lamaud, E Launiainen, S Law, BE Longdoz, B Loustau, D Mckay, M Paw, KT Vesala, T Vickers, D Wilson, KB Goldstein, AH AF Misson, Laurent Baldocchi, D. D. Black, T. A. Blanken, P. D. Brunet, Y. Yuste, J. Curiel Dorsey, J. R. Falk, M. Granier, A. Irvine, M. R. Jarosz, N. Lamaud, E. Launiainen, S. Law, B. E. Longdoz, B. Loustau, D. McKay, M. Paw, K. T. U. Vesala, T. Vickers, D. Wilson, K. B. Goldstein, A. H. TI Partitioning forest carbon fluxes with overstory and understory eddy-covariance measurements: A synthesis based on FLUXNET data SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Review DE net ecosystem exchange; photosynthesis; respiration; forest floor; evergreen; deciduous ID BOREAL ASPEN FOREST; PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS; DIOXIDE EXCHANGE-RATES; WATER-VAPOR EXCHANGE; SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; ECOSYSTEM RESPIRATION; DECIDUOUS FOREST; TURBULENCE STATISTICS; TREE PHOTOSYNTHESIS; SPATIAL VARIABILITY AB Forests are complex ecosystems characterized by several distinctive vertical layers with different functional properties. Measurements Of CO(2) fluxes by the eddy-covariance method at different heights can be used to separate sources and sinks in these layers. We used meteorological and eddy-covariance flux data gathered at 10 sites in the FLUXNET network across a wide range of forest type, structure and climate. We showed that eddy-covariance flux measurements made in the understory are problematic at night in open forests because of the build up of a strong inversion layer, but are more reliable during the day. Denser forests have higher turbulence at night in the understory because the inversion is weaker. However, the flux footprint above and below canopy is less similar than in more open forests, partly because wind direction is more deflected while entering the canopy. We showed that gross primary productivity (GPP) of the understory can reach 39% of the total canopy GPP, with an average of 14% across the studied sites. Both understory leaf area index (LAI) and light penetration through the canopy are important for understory GPP We found that understory respiration contributed an average of 55% to ecosystem respiration, with a range of 32-79%. Understory in deciduous forests (62%) had higher contributions to ecosystem respiration than in evergreen forests (49%). Boreal and temperate forests had a mean understory respiration contribution of 61%, while semi-arid forests showed lower values (44%). The normalized understory respiration fluxes at 20 degrees C were negatively related to soil temperature, when differences in soil moisture across sites are taken into account. We showed evidence that drought limited the efficiency of microbial metabolic activity. Understory respiration fluxes were positively correlated with gross ecosystem primary productivity. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CNRS, CEFE, Montpellier 5, France. Univ Calif Berkeley, ESPM Dept, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ British Columbia, Fac Land & Food Syst, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Univ Colorado, Dept Geog & Environm Studies, Boulder, CO 80501 USA. INRA, EPHYSE, F-33883 Villenave Dornon, France. Univ Calif Davis, Biomicrometeorol Grp, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Ctr INRA Nancy, UMR Ecol & Ecophysiol Forestieres, F-54280 Champenoux, France. Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Misson, L (reprint author), CNRS, CEFE, 1919 Route Mende, Montpellier 5, France. EM laurent.misson@cefe.cnrs.fr RI Curiel Yuste, Jorge/A-6438-2011; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Launiainen, Samuli/I-5824-2013; Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Vesala, Timo/C-3795-2017; OI Curiel Yuste, Jorge/0000-0002-3221-6960; Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Vesala, Timo/0000-0002-4852-7464; Law, Beverly/0000-0002-1605-1203; BLANKEN, PETER/0000-0002-7405-2220 NR 103 TC 77 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 71 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD MAY 14 PY 2007 VL 144 IS 1-2 BP 14 EP 31 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.01.006 PG 18 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 164PE UT WOS:000246245300002 ER PT J AU Knappe, SA Robinson, HG Hollberg, L AF Knappe, Svenja A. Robinson, Hugh G. Hollberg, Leo TI Microfabricated saturated absorption laser spectrometer SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC VAPOR; SELECTIVE REFLECTION; FREQUENCY STABILITY; DIODE-LASER; SPECTROSCOPY; FEEDBACK; RUBIDIUM; CLOCK; CELLS; FIELD AB We demonstrate a miniature microfabricated saturated absorption laser spectrometer. The system consists of miniature optics, a microfabricated Rb vapor cell, heaters, and a photodetector, all contained within a volume of 0.1 cm(3). Saturated absorption spectra were measured with a diode laser at 795 nm. They are comparable to signals obtained with standard table-top setups, although the rubidium vapor cell has an interior volume of only 1 mm(3). We discuss the performance and prospects for using such systems as a miniature optical wavelength reference, compatible with transportable instruments. (C) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Knappe, SA (reprint author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM knappe@boulder.nist.gov NR 30 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 8 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD MAY 14 PY 2007 VL 15 IS 10 BP 6293 EP 6299 DI 10.1364/OE.15.006293 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 167TH UT WOS:000246474300042 PM 19546933 ER PT J AU Jochum, M Cronin, MF Kessler, WS Shea, D AF Jochum, Markus Cronin, Meghan F. Kessler, William S. Shea, Dennis TI Observed horizontal temperature advection by tropical instability waves SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; HEAT FLUXES; MEASURING MISSION; MODEL; LAYER; CIRCULATION; BALANCE; BUDGET; IMPACT AB Velocity data from moored current meters is combined with satellite sea surface temperature (SST) to compute oceanic mixed layer temperature advection by tropical instability waves (TIWs). For the years 2002 to 2005 it is found that this process heats the equatorial mixed layer at an annual mean rate of + 0.8 degrees C/month at 0 degrees N, 140 degrees W; and + 2.8 degrees C/ month at 0 degrees N, 110 degrees W. At 0 degrees N, 110 degrees W, approximately 25% of the heating is contributed by zonal temperature advection, a process that has often been assumed to be negligible. From a nine month segment of data ( May 2004 - February 2005), the zonal temperature advection at 2 degrees N, 140 degrees W has been estimated to be approximately 0.7 degrees C/month, much larger than the equatorial value for the same time period. Thus, the data supports a recent hypothesis that tropical instability waves contribute a significant mean zonal temperature advection with off-equatorial maxima to the equatorial mixed-layer heat budget. Comparisons with numerical model results suggest that current ocean general circulation models can realistically simulate important aspects of tropical eddy-mixed layer interactions. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Oceanog Sect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Ocean Climate Res Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Jochum, M (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Oceanog Sect, 1850 Table Mesa Dr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM markus@ucar.edu RI jochum, markus/F-8237-2013; jochum, markus/C-2960-2015 OI jochum, markus/0000-0003-2690-3139 NR 23 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 12 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 9 AR L09604 DI 10.1029/2007GL029416 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 168AM UT WOS:000246494400004 ER PT J AU Chupp, TE Coulter, KP Kandes, M Sharma, M Smith, TB Jones, G Chen, WC Gentile, TR Rich, DR Lauss, B Gericke, MT Gillis, RC Page, SA Bowman, JD Penttila, SI Wilburn, WS Dabaghyan, M Hersman, FW Mason, M AF Chupp, T. E. Coulter, K. P. Kandes, M. Sharma, M. Smith, T. B. Jones, G. Chen, W. C. Gentile, T. R. Rich, D. R. Lauss, B. Gericke, M. T. Gillis, R. C. Page, S. A. Bowman, J. D. Penttila, S. I. Wilburn, W. S. Dabaghyan, M. Hersman, F. W. Mason, M. TI A large area polarized He-3 neutron spin filter SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE polarized neutrons; pulsed neutrons; symmetry tests; spin filters; polarized He-3 ID DIODE-LASER ARRAYS; HIGH-DENSITY RB; ASYMMETRY MEASUREMENTS; EXCHANGE; TARGET; BEAM; RELAXATION; PHYSICS; LANSCE; XE-129 AB A large area polarized He-3 neutron spin filter has been developed and tested in long-term operation. The polarizer cells have area 50 cm(2) and larger allowing access to a large area neutron beam. Polarization of He-3 up to 57 +/- 1% was measured by monitoring the neutron transmission through the He-3. The polarization was maintained over the course of several weeks, but the maximum attainable polarization declined over the course of a year-long run as the cell degraded, possibly due to long-term exposure to the neutron beam at high temperatures. The resulting neutron polarization and transmission are velocity dependent and are optimized for 5 angstrom. Cell construction, polarizer design, performance, and polarimetry are described in this paper. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Univ Michigan, Focus Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 USA. Univ Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. Hamilton Coll, Clinton, NY 13323 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Chupp, TE (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Focus Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 USA. EM chupp@umich.edu NR 45 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAY 11 PY 2007 VL 574 IS 3 BP 500 EP 509 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2007.02.091 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 171IC UT WOS:000246728400009 ER PT J AU Hollis, JM Jewell, PR Remijan, AJ Lovas, FJ AF Hollis, J. M. Jewell, P. R. Remijan, Anthony J. Lovas, F. J. TI Nonthermal continuum toward Sagittarius B2(N-LMH) SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE HII regions; ISM : individual (Sagittarius B2(N-LMH)); radiation mechanisms : nonthermal; radio continuum : ISM ID GAMMA-RAY EMISSION; GALACTIC-CENTER; INTERSTELLAR; MOLECULE; B2; CONFIRMATION; REGION; ORIGIN; LINES; CORES AB An analysis of continuum antenna temperatures observed in the GBT spectrometer bandpasses is presented for observations toward Sgr B2(N-LMH). Since 2004, we have identified four new prebiotic molecules toward this source by means of rotational transitions between low-energy levels; concurrently, we have observed significant continuum in GBT bandpasses centered at 85 different frequencies in the range 1 - 48 GHz. The continuum heavily influences the molecular spectral features since we have observed far more absorption lines than emission lines for each of these new molecular species. Hence, it is important to understand the nature, distribution, and intensity of the underlying continuum in the GBT bandpasses for the purposes of radiative transfer, i.e., the means by which reliable molecular abundances are estimated. We find that the GBT spectrometer bandpass continuum is consistent with optically thin, nonthermal ( synchrotron) emission with a flux density spectral index of - 0.7 and a Gaussian source size of similar to 143 '' at 1 GHz that decreases with increasing frequency as. Some support for this model is provided by high-frequency VLA observations of Sgr B2. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Computat & Informat Sci & Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hollis, JM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Computat & Informat Sci & Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD MAY 10 PY 2007 VL 660 IS 2 BP L125 EP L128 DI 10.1086/518124 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 169EB UT WOS:000246574400012 ER PT J AU Fang, XH Liemohn, MW Kozyra, JU Evans, DS AF Fang, Xiaohua Liemohn, Michael W. Kozyra, Janet U. Evans, David S. TI Global 30-240 keV proton precipitation in the 17-18 April 2002 geomagnetic storms: 2. Conductances and beam spreading SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AURORAL ION PRECIPITATION; H-ATOM FLUXES; STATISTICAL-MODEL; IONOSPHERIC CONDUCTANCES; ELECTRON-PRECIPITATION; LOW LATITUDES; RING CURRENT; TRANSPORT; ATMOSPHERE; FIELD AB We investigate the global Pedersen and Hall conductance distribution during the 17-18 April 2002 geomagnetic storms by combining NOAA/POES 30-240 keV proton precipitation measurements with three-dimensional ( 3-D) particle transport modeling. Significant conductances are generated due to energetic proton precipitation in the selected storms, with peak values up to similar to 10 S in the dusk sector. The effect of horizontal beam spread on the conductances, which is a unique feature of ion precipitation, is first assessed in this paper. It is found that with the neglect of the beam spread, an overestimation ( up to 10%) occurs at the center of the major proton precipitation region. At the edge ( particularly at the equatorward edge), a severe underestimation ( around similar to 50% or worse) is induced. Moreover, 3-D scattering extends the equatorward edge of the high conductance region down to around 55 degrees magnetic latitude in the storms. A significance domain ( up to 4.4 degrees) exists equatorward of the peak proton precipitation region, in which significant conductances would be seriously underestimated without the beam spreading effect. It is also found that the beam spreading effect is more significant for the Pedersen conductances than for the Hall conductances because of the altitude dependence of both the conductivity profiles and the spreading. The findings emphasize the role of proton precipitation as well as its associated beam spreading, especially at the equatorward edge of the precipitation zone in the evening sector, where proton precipitation-produced conductivity can influence storm-time phenomena, such as subauroral polarization streams, ionospheric storm enhanced density structures, and inner magnetospheric plasma dynamics ( i.e., the ring current and plasmasphere). C1 Univ Michigan, Space Phys Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Fang, XH (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Space Phys Res Lab, 2455 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM xhfang@umich.edu; liemohn@umich.edu; jukozyra@umich.edu; david.s.evans@noaa.gov RI Fang, Xiaohua/C-2773-2008; Liemohn, Michael/H-8703-2012 OI Fang, Xiaohua/0000-0002-6584-2837; Liemohn, Michael/0000-0002-7039-2631 NR 65 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD MAY 9 PY 2007 VL 112 IS A5 AR A05302 DI 10.1029/2006JA012113 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 168CD UT WOS:000246499000002 ER PT J AU Parthangal, PM Cavicchi, RE Zachariah, MR AF Parthangal, Prahalad M. Cavicchi, Richard E. Zachariah, Michael R. TI A generic process of growing aligned carbon nanotube arrays on metals and metal alloys SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FIELD-EMISSION; CATALYSTS; BIOSENSORS; MECHANISM; SENSORS; GROWTH AB Aligned carbon nanotube ( CNT) arrays are integral towards the development of several applications such as field emission, interconnects in silicon technology, and chemical and biological sensing. Even though the synthesis of CNTs has been described extensively in the literature, there has not been significant success in growing uniform, well-aligned CNT arrays on pure metal surfaces other than metals that catalyse CNT growth themselves. In this paper, we describe a method of growing aligned CNT arrays on a variety of pure metals, metal alloys, and conductive ceramics using a bimetallic iron/alumina composite catalyst at low temperatures ( 550 to 700 degrees C). We believe that the addition of alumina to the iron catalyst significantly reduces catalyst-metal underlayer interactions that have traditionally proven to be a barrier for the growth of CNTs on metals. The alumina also minimizes surface diffusion of iron and allows the formation of a high density of uniformly dispersed catalyst nanoparticles to act as nucleation sites for well-aligned CNT arrays. Despite the presence of non-conducting alumina from the catalyst, the contact resistance between the CNTs and the metal underlayer was observed to be quite low, emphasizing the usefulness of this approach to practical applications. Our process was successful in growing aligned CNTs even on commercial steel plates and may be applicable for substrates of any shape or size. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zachariah, MR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mrz@umd.edu NR 20 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 16 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD MAY 9 PY 2007 VL 18 IS 18 AR 185605 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/18/18/185605 PG 5 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 169JY UT WOS:000246589700012 ER PT J AU de Boer, AM Sigman, DM Toggweiler, JR Russell, JL AF de Boer, A. M. Sigman, D. M. Toggweiler, J. R. Russell, J. L. TI Effect of global ocean temperature change on deep ocean ventilation SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; INTERGLACIAL CO2 VARIATIONS; ANTARCTIC SEA-ICE; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; NORTH-ATLANTIC; CARBON-CYCLE; CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT; RADIOCARBON AGES AB A growing number of paleoceanographic observations suggest that the ocean's deep ventilation is stronger in warm climates than in cold climates. Here we use a general ocean circulation model to test the hypothesis that this relation is due to the reduced sensitivity of seawater density to temperature at low mean temperature; that is, at lower temperatures the surface cooling is not as effective at densifying fresh polar waters and initiating convection. In order to isolate this factor from other climate-related feedbacks we change the model ocean temperature only where it is used to calculate the density ( to which we refer below as "dynamic'' temperature change). We find that a dynamically cold ocean is globally less ventilated than a dynamically warm ocean. With dynamic cooling, convection decreases markedly in regions that have strong haloclines ( i.e., the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific), while overturning increases in the North Atlantic, where the positive salinity buoyancy is smallest among the polar regions. We propose that this opposite behavior of the North Atlantic to the Southern Ocean and North Pacific is the result of an energy-constrained overturning. C1 Princeton Univ, Cooperat Inst Climate Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP de Boer, AM (reprint author), Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. EM a.deboer@uea.ac.uk RI De Boer, Agatha/H-4202-2012; Sigman, Daniel/A-2649-2008; OI De Boer, Agatha/0000-0002-3943-7694; Sigman, Daniel/0000-0002-7923-1973; Russell, Joellen/0000-0001-9937-6056 NR 88 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD MAY 9 PY 2007 VL 22 IS 2 AR PA2210 DI 10.1029/2005PA001242 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA 168CH UT WOS:000246499400001 ER PT J AU Horowitz, LW Fiore, AM Milly, GP Cohen, RC Perring, A Wooldridge, PJ Hess, PG Emmons, LK Lamarque, JF AF Horowitz, Larry W. Fiore, Arlene M. Milly, George P. Cohen, Ronald C. Perring, Anne Wooldridge, Paul J. Hess, Peter G. Emmons, Louisa K. Lamarque, Jean-Francois TI Observational constraints on the chemistry of isoprene nitrates over the eastern United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PHASE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; REACTIVE NITROGEN; ALKYL NITRATES; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; MODEL DESCRIPTION; CARBON-MONOXIDE; RATE CONSTANTS; ALPHA-PINENE; FOREST SITE AB The formation of organic nitrates during the oxidation of the biogenic hydrocarbon isoprene can strongly affect boundary layer concentrations of ozone and nitrogen oxides ( NOx = NO + NO2). We constrain uncertainties in the chemistry of these isoprene nitrates using chemical transport model simulations in conjunction with observations over the eastern United States from the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation ( ICARTT) field campaign during summer 2004. The model best captures the observed boundary layer concentrations of organic nitrates and their correlation with ozone using a 4% yield of isoprene nitrate production from the reaction of isoprene hydroxyperoxy radicals with NO, a recycling of 40% NOx when isoprene nitrates react with OH and ozone, and a fast dry deposition rate of isoprene nitrates. Simulated boundary layer concentrations are only weakly sensitive to the rate of photochemical loss of the isoprene nitrates. An 8% yield of isoprene nitrates degrades agreement with the observations somewhat, but concentrations are still within 50% of observations and thus cannot be ruled out by this study. Our results indicate that complete recycling of NOx from the reactions of isoprene nitrates and slow rates of isoprene nitrate deposition are incompatible with the observations. We find that similar to 50% of the isoprene nitrate production in the model occurs via reactions of isoprene ( or its oxidation products) with the NO3 radical, but note that the isoprene nitrate yield from this pathway is highly uncertain. Using recent estimates of rapid reaction rates with ozone, 20-24% of isoprene nitrates are lost via this pathway, implying that ozonolysis is an important loss process for isoprene nitrates. Isoprene nitrates are shown to have a major impact on the nitrogen oxide ( NOx = NO + NO2) budget in the summertime U. S. continental boundary layer, consuming 15-19% of the emitted NOx, of which 4-6% is recycled back to NOx and the remainder is exported as isoprene nitrates ( 2-3%) or deposited ( 8-10%). Our constraints on reaction rates, branching ratios, and deposition rates need to be confirmed through further laboratory and field measurements. The model systematically underestimates free tropospheric concentrations of organic nitrates, indicating a need for future investigation of the processes controlling the observed distribution. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO USA. RP Horowitz, LW (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM larry.horowitz@noaa.gov RI Cohen, Ronald/A-8842-2011; Perring, Anne/G-4597-2013; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Hess, Peter/M-3145-2015; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016 OI Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-6617-7691; Perring, Anne/0000-0003-2231-7503; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Hess, Peter/0000-0003-2439-3796; Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212 NR 61 TC 103 Z9 105 U1 2 U2 33 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 8 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D12 AR D12S08 DI 10.1029/2006JD007747 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 168AW UT WOS:000246495500002 ER PT J AU Russell, PB Livingston, JM Redemann, J Schmid, B Ramirez, SA Eilers, J Kahn, R Chu, DA Remer, L Quinn, PK Rood, MJ Wang, W AF Russell, P. B. Livingston, J. M. Redemann, J. Schmid, B. Ramirez, S. A. Eilers, J. Kahn, R. Chu, D. A. Remer, L. Quinn, P. K. Rood, M. J. Wang, W. TI Multi-grid-cell validation of satellite aerosol property retrievals in INTEX/ITCT/ICARTT 2004 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID COLUMNAR WATER-VAPOR; RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; AIRBORNE SUN PHOTOMETER; LOWER TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL-DEPTH SPECTRA; CLEAR-SKY REFLECTANCE; FINE-MODE FRACTION; ACE-ASIA; IN-SITU AB Aerosol transport off the US Northeast coast during the Summer 2004 International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation ( ICARTT) Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment ( INTEX) and Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation ( ITCT) experiments produced a wide range of aerosol types and aerosol optical depth ( AOD) values, often with strong horizontal AOD gradients. In these conditions we flew the 14-channel NASA Ames Airborne Tracking Sun photometer ( AATS) on a Jetstream 31 ( J31) aircraft. Legs flown at low altitude ( usually <= 100 m ASL) provided comparisons of AATS AOD spectra to retrievals for 90 grid cells of the satellite radiometers MODIS-Terra, MODIS-Aqua, and MISR, all over the ocean. Characterization of the retrieval environment was aided by using vertical profiles by the J31 ( showing aerosol vertical structure) and, on occasion, shipboard measurements of light scattering and absorption. AATS provides AOD at 13 wavelengths 1 from 354 to 2138 nm, spanning the range of aerosol retrieval wavelengths for MODIS over ocean ( 466-2119 nm) and MISR ( 446-866 nm). Midvisible AOD on low-altitude J31 legs in satellite grid cells ranged from 0.05 to 0.9, with horizontal gradients often in the range 0.05 to 0.13 per 10 km. When possible, we used ship measurements of humidified aerosol scattering and absorption to estimate AOD below the J31. In these cases, which had J31 altitudes 60-110 m ASL ( typical of J31 low-altitude transects), estimated midvisible AOD below the J31 ranged from 0.003 to 0.013, with mean 0.009 and standard deviation 0.003. These values averaged 6% of AOD above the J31. MISR-AATS comparisons on 29 July 2004 in 8 grid cells ( each similar to 17.6 km x 17.6 km) show that MISR versions 15 and 16 captured the AATS-measured AOD gradient ( correlation coefficient R-2 = 0.87 to 0.92), but the MISR gradient was somewhat weaker than the AATS gradient. The large AOD ( midvisible values up to similar to 0.9) and differing gradients in this case produced root-mean-square ( RMS) MISR-AATS AOD differences of 0.03 to 0.21 ( 9 to 31%). MISR V15 angstrom ngstrom exponent alpha ( = -dlnAOD/dln lambda) was closer to AATS than was MISR V16. MODIS-AATS AOD comparisons on 8 overpasses using 61 grid cells ( each nominally 10 km x 10 km) had R-2 x 0.97, with RMS AOD difference similar to 0.03 (similar to 20%). About 87% of the MODIS AOD retrievals differed from AATS values by less than the predicted MODIS over-ocean uncertainty, Delta(tau) = +/- 0.03 +/- 0.05 tau. In contrast to the small MODIS-AATS differences in AOD, MODIS-AATS differences in A ngstrom exponent a were large: RMS differences for alpha( 553, 855 nm) were 0.28 for MODIS-Terra and 0.64 for MODIS-Aqua; RMS differences for alpha( 855, 2119 nm) were larger still, 0.61 for MODIS-Terra and 1.14 for MODIS-Aqua. The largest MODIS-AATS A ngstrom exponent differences were associated with small AOD values, for which MODIS AOD relative uncertainty is large. Excluding cases with AOD( 855 nm) < 0.1 reduced MODIS-AATS a differences substantially. In one grid cell on 21 July 2004, smoke over cloud appeared to impair the MODIS-Aqua cloud mask, resulting in retrieved AODs that significantly exceeded AATS values. Experiments with extending MODIS retrievals into the glint mask yielded MODIS AODs consistently less than AATS AODs, especially at long wavelength, indicating that the current MODIS glint mask limits should not be reduced to the extent tried here. The sign of the AOD differences within the glint mask ( MODI AOD < AATS AOD) is consistent with ship-measured wind speeds there. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. SRI Int, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NASA, Atmospheres Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Russell, PB (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-5, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM philip.b.russell@nasa.gov; jlivingston@mail.arc.nasa.gov; jredemann@mail.arc.nasa.gov; bschmid@mail.arc.nasa.gov; s.a.ramirez@mail.arc.nasa.gov; james.a.eilers@nasa.gov; ralph.kahn@jpl.nasa.gov; achu@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov; patricia.k.quinn@noaa.gov; mrood@uiuc.edu; weiwang@uiuc.edu RI Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 65 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 8 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D12 AR D12S09 DI 10.1029/2006JD007606 PG 29 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 168AW UT WOS:000246495500001 ER PT J AU Doriese, WB Ullom, JN Beall, JA Duncan, WD Ferreira, L Hilton, GC Horansky, RD Irwin, KD Mates, JAB Reintsema, CD Vale, LR Xu, Y Zink, BL Rabin, MW Hoover, AS Rudy, CR Vo, DT AF Doriese, W. B. Ullom, J. N. Beall, J. A. Duncan, W. D. Ferreira, L. Hilton, G. C. Horansky, R. D. Irwin, K. D. Mates, J. A. B. Reintsema, C. D. Vale, L. R. Xu, Y. Zink, B. L. Rabin, M. W. Hoover, A. S. Rudy, C. R. Vo, D. T. TI 14-pixel, multiplexed array of gamma-ray microcalorimeters with 47 eV energy resolution at 103 keV SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION-EDGE SENSORS; INTERFERENCE DEVICE MULTIPLEXER AB The authors present a prototype for a high-energy-resolution, high-count-rate, gamma-ray spectrometer intended for nuclear forensics and international nuclear safeguards. The prototype spectrometer is an array of 14 transition-edge-sensor microcalorimeters with an average energy resolution of 47 eV (full width at half maximum) at 103 keV. The resolution of the best pixel is 25 eV. A cryogenic, time-division multiplexer reads out the array. Several important topics related to microcalorimeter arrays are discussed, including cross-talk, the uniformity of detector bias conditions, fabrication of the arrays, and the multiplexed readout. The measurements and calculations demonstrate that a kilopixel array of high-resolution microcalorimeters is feasible. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Doriese, WB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway,MC 817-03, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM doriese@boulder.nist.gov OI Zink, Barry/0000-0001-7732-532X NR 12 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAY 7 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 19 AR 193508 DI 10.1063/1.2738371 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 166XF UT WOS:000246413400096 ER PT J AU Wang, CQ Jones, RL Lin, EK Wu, WL Leu, J AF Wang, Chengqing Jones, Ronald L. Lin, Eric K. Wu, Wen-Li Leu, Jim TI Small angle x-ray scattering measurements of lithographic patterns with sidewall roughness from vertical standing waves SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID METROLOGY AB Small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements are used to quantify the wavelength and amplitude of the sidewall roughness in a lithographic line:space pattern due to vertical standing waves present during the photoresist exposure. Analytic equations are derived to model the x-ray scattering intensity and are used to determine the periodicity and amplitude of the standing wave roughness. The average periodicity, or pitch, and the linewidth were L=422 +/- 1 nm and w(0)=148 +/- 1 nm. The period and amplitude of the standing wave roughness were lambda(s)=65 +/- 1 nm and A(s)=3.0 +/- 0.5 nm. These results demonstrate the potential of SAXS measurements to quantify nondestructively and quantitatively dimensional deviations from an ideal structure. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Chiao Tung Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. RP Wu, WL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wenli@nist.gov NR 12 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAY 7 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 19 AR 193122 DI 10.1063/1.2737399 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 166XF UT WOS:000246413400087 ER PT J AU Nimalasuriya, T Curry, JJ Sansonetti, CJ Ridderhof, EJ Shastri, SD Flikweert, AJ Stoffels, WW Haverlag, M van der Mullen, JJAM AF Nimalasuriya, T. Curry, J. J. Sansonetti, C. J. Ridderhof, E. J. Shastri, S. D. Flikweert, A. J. Stoffels, W. W. Haverlag, M. van der Mullen, J. J. A. M. TI X-ray induced fluorescence measurement of segregation in a DyI3-Hg metal-halide lamp SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AXIAL SEGREGATION; DISTRIBUTIONS; ARC AB Segregation of elemental Dy in a DyI3 - Hg metal-halide high-intensity discharge lamp has been observed with x-ray induced fluorescence. Significant radial and axial Dy segregation are seen, with the axial segregation characterized by a Fischer parameter value of lambda= 0.215 +/- 0.002 mm(-1). This is within 7% of the value (lambda = 0.20 +/- 0.01 mm(-1)) obtained by Flikweert et al ( 2005 J. Appl. Phys. 98 073301) based on laser absorption by neutral Dy atoms. Elemental I is seen to exhibit considerably less axial and radial segregation. Some aspects of the observed radial segregation are compatible with a simplified fluid picture describing two main transition regions in the radial coordinate. The first transition occurs in the region where DyI3 molecules are in equilibrium with neutral Dy atoms. The second transition occurs where neutral Dy atoms are in equilibrium with ionized Dy. These measurements are part of a larger study on segregation in metal-halide lamps under a variety of conditions. C1 Eindhoven Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Nimalasuriya, T (reprint author), Eindhoven Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, POB 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands. EM T.Nimalasuriya@tue.nl NR 16 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0022-3727 J9 J PHYS D APPL PHYS JI J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. PD MAY 7 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 9 BP 2831 EP 2838 DI 10.1088/0022-3727/40/9/025 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 169BX UT WOS:000246568800036 ER PT J AU Hall, BD Dutton, GS Elkins, JW AF Hall, B. D. Dutton, G. S. Elkins, J. W. TI The NOAA nitrous oxide standard scale for atmospheric observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID AIR; N2O AB [1] A new nitrous oxide (N(2)O) calibration scale has been developed for atmospheric observations. The NOAA-2006 N(2)O scale is based on gravimetrically prepared compressed gas standards. This scale supercedes the NOAA-2000 scale, which was accepted by the community of experts within the World Meteorological Organization Global Atmosphere Watch program (GAW) as the GAW reference standard. The new scale is defined by thirteen "daughter'' standards with dry air mole fractions ranging from 261 - 371 parts-per-billion ( nmol mol(-1), ppb). These were derived from four part-per-million (mmol mol(-1), ppm) level "parents''. Standards were evaluated using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The daughter standards are internally consistent with a standard deviation of residuals of 0.33 ppb, and there is essentially no detectable difference among "cousins'' ( standards prepared from different parents). The NOAA-2006 scale is 0.19 ppb lower than the NOAA-2000 scale at 320 ppb. The global mean N2O mixing ratio ( dry air mole fraction), calculated from in situ observations at five monitoring sites was 318.46 ppb in 2004 on the new scale. The NOAA-2006 scale compares well with other scales based on comparisons of compressed gas standards. The NOAA-2006 scale is, on average, 0.23% higher than that defined by NIST Standard Reference Materials 2608 and 2609, and an average of 0.01% lower than the Scripps Institution of Oceanography SIO-98 scale over the range 298 - 319 ppb. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hall, BD (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bradley.hall@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 5 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D9 AR D09305 DI 10.1029/2006JD007954 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 165LK UT WOS:000246306800002 ER PT J AU Fang, XH Liemohn, MW Kozyra, JU Evans, DS DeJong, AD Emery, BA AF Fang, Xiaohua Liemohn, Michael W. Kozyra, Janet U. Evans, David S. DeJong, Anna D. Emery, Barbara A. TI Global 30-240 keV proton precipitation in the 17-18 April 2002 geomagnetic storms: 1. Patterns SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AURORAL ION PRECIPITATION; RING CURRENT IONS; H-ATOM FLUXES; IMAGE-FUV; INTERPLANETARY CONDITIONS; STATISTICAL-MODEL; MAGNETIC-FIELD; TRANSPORT; IONOSPHERE; THERMOSPHERE AB Global 30-240 keV proton precipitation patterns during the 17-18 April 2002 magnetic storm events were generated using newly developed 3-hour data products of the medium energy proton and electron detector (MEPED) on board the NOAA-15 and -16 satellites. The observational data set was sorted in 1-degree corrected magnetic latitude (CML) and 8-min magnetic local time (MLT) bins. To achieve global coverage, the missing MLT data were filled by interpolation techniques in each 1-degree CML interval. The resulting global 30-240 keV proton precipitation maps, available on a 3-hour cadence, provide new information on the development and variability in the structure of incident high-energy protons on a timescale commensurate with the growth and decay of the plasma sheet and ring current. The change of energetic proton precipitation patterns in the April 2002 storms is quantified in terms of three aspects: hemispheric integrated total particle energy input, midnight proton oval equatorward boundary, and position of proton precipitation peak. In a general sense, as magnetospheric activity intensified, the midnight equatorward boundary tended to move to the lower latitude, while the precipitation peak moved equatorward and westward away from midnight, in agreement with ring current motion. It is well illustrated that energetic proton precipitation patterns can serve as a valuable diagnostic tool for investigating the inner magnetospheric activity. C1 Univ Michigan, Space Phys Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Fang, XH (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Space Phys Res Lab, 2455 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM xhfang@umich.edu; liemohn@umich.edu; jukozyra@umich.edu; david.s.evans@noaa.gov; dejonga@umich.edu; emery@ucar.edu RI Fang, Xiaohua/C-2773-2008; Liemohn, Michael/H-8703-2012 OI Fang, Xiaohua/0000-0002-6584-2837; Liemohn, Michael/0000-0002-7039-2631 NR 61 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD MAY 5 PY 2007 VL 112 IS A5 AR A05301 DI 10.1029/2006JA011867 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 165MA UT WOS:000246308400002 ER PT J AU Ohtani, S Ebihara, Y Singer, HJ AF Ohtani, S. Ebihara, Y. Singer, H. J. TI Storm-time magnetic configurations at geosynchronous orbit: Comparison between the main and recovery phases SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FIELD-ALIGNED CURRENTS; 2 GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; RING CURRENT; DISTURBANCE FIELD; ENERGY; MAGNETOSPHERE; SIMULATION; PARTICLES; SATELLITE; SHEET AB The present study statistically examines storm-time geosynchronous magnetic configurations in terms of storm phase, storm intensity, and magnetic local time. It is found that the nightside geosynchronous magnetic field is more stretched with increasing vertical bar Sym-H vertical bar irrespective of the storm phase, but for a given value of Sym-H the magnetic field tends to be more stretched during the main phase than during the recovery phase. This result suggests that the relative contribution of the tail current to Sym-H is larger during the main phase than during the recovery phase. Interestingly, the tendency is just the opposite in the midday sector. That is, the geosynchronous magnetic field is less stretched during the main phase than during the recovery phase. It is suggested from a storm-time ring current simulation that the ring current is indeed weakened in the midday sector during the main phase as enhanced magnetospheric convection sweeps ions on previously closed trajectories to the dayside magnetopause. Reflecting the opposite storm-phase dependences of the dayside and nightside magnetic field, the geosynchronous magnetic configuration is significantly more asymmetric during the main phase than during the recovery phase, and the degree of the asymmetry increases with vertical bar Sym-H vertical bar. Most importantly, the asymmetry is predominantly between day and night rather than between dawn and dusk as expected from the conventional model of the partial ring current. This result suggests that the dawn-dusk asymmetry of the low- and midlatitude ground magnetic depression, which the partial ring current model sought to explain, can be attributed mostly to field-aligned currents. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Polar Res, Tokyo 173, Japan. RP Ohtani, S (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM ohtani@jhuapl.edu RI Ebihara, Yusuke/D-1638-2013; Ohtani, Shinichi/E-3914-2016 OI Ebihara, Yusuke/0000-0002-2293-1557; Ohtani, Shinichi/0000-0002-9565-6840 NR 29 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD MAY 5 PY 2007 VL 112 IS A5 AR A05202 DI 10.1029/2006JA011959 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 165MA UT WOS:000246308400004 ER PT J AU Yamagishi, H Westley, MB Popp, BN Toyoda, S Yoshida, N Watanabe, S Koba, K Yamanaka, Y AF Yamagishi, Hiroaki Westley, Marian B. Popp, Brian N. Toyoda, Sakae Yoshida, Naohiro Watanabe, Shuichi Koba, Keisuke Yamanaka, Yasuhiro TI Role of nitrification and denitrification on the nitrous oxide cycle in the eastern tropical North Pacific and Gulf of California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID OXYGEN ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; ARABIAN SEA; NITROSOMONAS-EUROPAEA; STABLE-ISOTOPE; NITRIFIER DENITRIFICATION; N2O ISOTOPOMERS; SITE PREFERENCE; ATMOSPHERIC N2O; CARBON-DIOXIDE; FRACTIONATION AB [1] Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important atmospheric greenhouse gas and is involved in stratospheric ozone depletion. Analysis of the isotopomer ratios of N2O (i.e., the intramolecular distribution of N-15 within the linear NNO molecule and the conventional N and O isotope ratios) can elucidate the mechanisms of N2O production and destruction. We analyzed the isotopomer ratios of dissolved N2O at a site in the eastern tropical North Pacific (ETNP) and a site in the Gulf of California (GOC). At these sites, the flux of N2O to the atmosphere is extremely high but denitrification activity in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) also reduces N2O to N-2. We estimated the isotopomeric enrichment factors for N2O reduction by denitrification. The factor was - 11.6 +/- 1.0 parts per thousand for the bulk ( average) N, - 19.8 +/- 2.3 parts per thousand for the center N (alpha-site nitrogen), - 3.4 +/- 0.3 parts per thousand for the end N (beta-site nitrogen), and - 30.5 +/- 3.2 parts per thousand for the O-18 of N2O. Isotopomer analysis of N2O suggests that nitrifiers should contribute to N2O production more than denitrifiers at the oxycline above the OMZs in the ETNP ( 50 - 80 m) and in the GOC ( 80 - 300 m). In contrast, denitrifiers should largely contribute to the N2O production and consumption in the OMZs both in the ETNP ( 120 - 130 m) and in the GOC ( 600 - 800 m). The N2O isotopomer analysis will be a useful tool for resolving the distribution of water masses that carry a signal of N loss by denitrification. C1 JST, SORST Project, Kawaguchi, Japan. Tokyo Inst Technol, Res Ctr Evolving Earth & Phys, Okayama, Japan. Tokyo Inst Technol, Interdisciplinary Grad Sch Sci & Engn, Dept Environm Sci & Technol, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Tokyo Inst Technol, Interdisciplinary Grad Sch Sci & Engn, Dept Environm Chem & Engn, Midori Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268502, Japan. Tokyo Inst Technol, Frontier Collaborat Res Ctr, Midori Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268502, Japan. Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Mutsu Inst Oceanog, Mutsu 0350022, Japan. Hokkaido Univ, Fac Environm Earth Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. RP Yamagishi, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Studies, Div Atmospher Environm, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan. EM yamagishi.hiroaki@nies.go.jp; marian.westley@noaa.gov; popp@hawaii.edu; toyoda.s.aa@m.titech.ac.jp; naoyoshi@depe.titech.ac.jp; swata@jamstec.go.jp; keikoba@cc.tuat.ac.jp; galapen@ees.hokudai.ac.jp RI Yamagishi, Hiroaki/B-3174-2009; Yoshida, Naohiro/A-8335-2010; Koba, Keisuke/A-3699-2012; Toyoda, Sakae/J-7151-2013; Yamanaka, Yasuhiro/H-7393-2012 OI Yoshida, Naohiro/0000-0003-0454-3849; Koba, Keisuke/0000-0003-1942-9811; Popp, Brian/0000-0001-7021-5478; Yamanaka, Yasuhiro/0000-0003-3369-3248 NR 81 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 6 U2 53 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-BIOGEO JI J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci. PD MAY 4 PY 2007 VL 112 IS G2 AR G02015 DI 10.1029/2006JG000227 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 165LN UT WOS:000246307100002 ER PT J AU Montzka, SA Calvert, P Hall, BD Elkins, JW Conway, TJ Tans, PP Sweeney, C AF Montzka, S. A. Calvert, P. Hall, B. D. Elkins, J. W. Conway, T. J. Tans, P. P. Sweeney, C. TI On the global distribution, seasonality, and budget of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS) and some similarities to CO2 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID DIMETHYL SULFIDE; TERRESTRIAL VEGETATION; SPRUCE FOREST; TRACE GASES; TIME-SERIES; CYCLE; DISULFIDE; SINKS; OCS; TROPOSPHERE AB Measurements of carbonyl sulfide (COS) from a global air-monitoring network over multiple years suggest that atmospheric mixing ratios of COS are strongly influenced by terrestrial vegetation in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and by the oceans in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). The annual mean NH mixing ratio estimated from results at seven surface sites during 2000.2-2005.2 was 476 +/- 4 ppt, or slightly less than the mean of 491 +/- 2 ppt derived from results at three surface sites in the SH. The lowest annual mean mixing ratios were measured at low-altitude continental sites in the midlatitude and high-latitude NH. Mixing ratios undergo substantial seasonal variations at nearly all sites across the globe; the largest seasonal variations are observed at the NH sites having the lowest annual means. There is little coherence in the seasonality in the NH and SH, suggesting that the COS seasonality is driven by different processes in each hemisphere. These seasonal changes cause the NH/SH ratio, as estimated from the available surface data, to vary regularly from 0.91 +/- 0.01 to 1.04 +/- 0.02 across a year; the annual mean NH/SH ratio was 0.97 +/- 0.01. Results from over 160 aircraft profiles regularly collected at eight sites over the continental United States throughout an entire year reveal substantial vertical gradients for COS mixing ratios that vary with season. While similar mixing ratios are observed throughout the NH troposphere during January - April (up to 8 km above sea level (asl)), during the growing season substantially reduced mixing ratios are observed in the boundary layer above the continental United States (defined here as <2 km asl). The surface and aircraft results for COS show strong similarities to atmospheric CO2, though both the amplitude of seasonal variations measured at Earth's surface and the observed vertical gradients during the growing season are 5 - 6 times larger for COS than for CO2 on a relative basis. A qualitative analysis of the results in light of known sources and sinks suggests (1) that terrestrial uptake, most likely due to photosynthetically active vegetation, dominates the seasonality observed throughout the Northern Hemisphere at a rate that is about 5 times greater than estimates based upon scaling net primary production by mean, ambient air mixing ratios of COS to CO2, (2) the oceans dominate the seasonality observed in the Southern Hemisphere, and (3) biomass burning has a small influence on the seasonality observed for COS in the extratropics of both hemispheres. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Montzka, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM stephen.a.montzka@noaa.gov OI Montzka, Stephen/0000-0002-9396-0400 NR 55 TC 88 Z9 89 U1 2 U2 44 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 3 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D9 AR D09302 DI 10.1029/2006JD007665 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 165LI UT WOS:000246306600005 ER PT J AU Corbisier, P Broothaerts, W Gioria, S Schimmel, H Burns, M Baoutina, A Emslie, KR Furui, S Kurosawa, Y Holden, MJ Kim, HH Lee, Y Kawaharasaki, M Sin, D Wang, J AF Corbisier, Philippe Broothaerts, Wim Gioria, Sabrina Schimmel, Heinz Burns, Malcolm Baoutina, Anna Emslie, Kerry R. Furui, Satoshi Kurosawa, Yasunori Holden, Marcia J. Kim, Hyong-Ha Lee, Yun-mi Kawaharasaki, Mamoru Sin, Della Wang, Jing TI Toward metrological traceability for DNA fragment ratios in GM quantification. 1. Effect of DNA extraction methods on the quantitative determination of Bt176 corn by real-time PCR SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE feed; food; genetically modified organism; GM; measurement uncertainty; extraction method; DNA; PCR ID MAIZE; SAMPLES; KERNEL AB An international CCQM-P60 pilot study involving eight national metrological institutes was organized to investigate if the quantification of genetically modified (GM) corn powder by real-time PCR was affected by the DNA extraction method applied. Four commonly used extraction methods were compared for the extraction of DNA from a GM Bt176 corn powder. The CTAB-based method yielded the highest DNA template quantity and quality. A difference in the 260 nm/230 nm absorbance ratio was observed among the different extraction methods. Real-time amplification of sequences specific for endogenous genes zein and hmg as well as transgenic sequences within the cryIA(b) gene and a fragment covering the junction between the transformed DNA and the plant genome were used to determine the GM percentage. The detection of the transgenic gene was affected by the quantity and quality of template used for the PCR reaction. The Bt176 percentages measured on diluted or purified templates were statistically different depending on the extraction method applied. C1 Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Reference Mat & Measurements, B-2440 Geel, Belgium. Lab Govt Chemist, Teddington TW11 0LY, Middx, England. Natl Measurement Inst, Pymble, NSW 2073, Australia. Natl Food Res Inst, GM Analyt Evaluat Team, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058642, Japan. NIST, DNA Measurements Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Taejon 305340, South Korea. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Inst Biol Resource & Funct, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan. Hong Kong Government Lab, Homantin Govt Off, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Natl Res Ctr Certified Reference Mat, Beijing 100013, Peoples R China. RP Corbisier, P (reprint author), Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Reference Mat & Measurements, Retieseweg 111,2440 Geel, B-2440 Geel, Belgium. EM philippe.corbisier@ec.europa.eu NR 30 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY 2 PY 2007 VL 55 IS 9 BP 3249 EP 3257 DI 10.1021/jf062931l PG 9 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 160MQ UT WOS:000245946300003 PM 17407305 ER PT J AU Bernhard, G Booth, CR Ehramjian, JC Stone, R Dutton, EG AF Bernhard, Germar Booth, Charles R. Ehramjian, James C. Stone, Robert Dutton, Ellsworth G. TI Ultraviolet and visible radiation at Barrow, Alaska: Climatology and influencing factors on the basis of version 2 National Science Foundation network data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID INHOMOGENEOUS SURFACE ALBEDO; HUMAN-SKIN; VITAMIN-D; STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE; SOLAR-RADIATION; MOUNT-PINATUBO; HIGH-LATITUDES; UV IRRADIANCE; OPTICAL DEPTH AB Spectral ultraviolet (UV) and visible irradiance has been measured near Barrow, Alaska (71 degrees N, 157 degrees W), between 1991 and 2005 with a SUV-100 spectroradiometer. The instrument is part of the U. S. National Science Foundation's UV Monitoring Network. Here we present results based on the recently produced "version 2" data release, which supersedes published "version 0" data. Cosine error and wavelength-shift corrections applied to the new version increased biologically effective UV dose rates by 0-10%. Corrected clear-sky measurements of different years are typically consistent to within +/- 3%. Measurements were complemented with radiative transfer model calculations to retrieve total ozone and surface albedo from measured spectra and for the separation of the different factors influencing UV and visible radiation. A climatology of UV and visible radiation was established, focusing on annual cycles, trends, and the effect of clouds. During several episodes in spring of abnormally low total ozone, the daily UV dose at 305 nm exceeded the climatological mean by up to a factor of 2.6. Typical noontime UV Indices during summer vary between 2 and 4; the highest UV Index measured was 5.0 and occurred when surface albedo was unusually high. Radiation levels in the UV-A and visible exhibit a strong spring-autumn asymmetry. Irradiance at 345 nm peaks on approximately 20 May, 1 month before the solstice. This asymmetry is caused by increased cloudiness in autumn and high albedo in spring, when the snow covered surface enhances downwelling UV irradiance by up to 57%. Clouds reduce UV radiation at 345 nm on average by 4% in March and by more than 40% in August. Aerosols reduce UV by typically 5%, but larger reductions were observed during Arctic haze events. Stratospheric aerosols from the Pinatubo eruption in 1991 enhanced spectral irradiance at 305 nm for large solar zenith angles. The year-to-year variations of spectral irradiance at 305 nm and of the UV Index are mostly caused by variations in total ozone and cloudiness. Changes in surface albedo that may occur in the future can have a marked impact on UV levels between May and July. No statistically significant trends in monthly mean noontime irradiance were found. C1 Biospher Inc, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bernhard, G (reprint author), Biospher Inc, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. EM bernhard@biospherical.com NR 66 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 2 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D9 AR D09101 DI 10.1029/2006JD007865 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 165LH UT WOS:000246306500007 ER PT J AU Rotstayn, LD Cai, WJ Dix, MR Farquhar, GD Feng, Y Ginoux, P Herzog, M Ito, A Penner, JE Roderick, ML Wang, MH AF Rotstayn, Leon D. Cai, Wenju Dix, Martin R. Farquhar, Graham D. Feng, Yan Ginoux, Paul Herzog, Michael Ito, Akinori Penner, Joyce E. Roderick, Michael L. Wang, Minghuai TI Have Australian rainfall and cloudiness increased due to the remote effects of Asian anthropogenic aerosols? SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Review ID LARGE-SCALE MODELS; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE; TROPOSPHERIC SULFUR CYCLE; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; NINO SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; PHYSICALLY-BASED SCHEME; GLOBAL CLIMATE MODEL; INDIAN-OCEAN; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES AB There is ample evidence that anthropogenic aerosols have important effects on climate in the Northern Hemisphere but little such evidence in the Southern Hemisphere. Observations of Australian rainfall and cloudiness since 1950 show increases over much of the continent. We show that including anthropogenic aerosol changes in 20th century simulations of a global climate model gives increasing rainfall and cloudiness over Australia during 1951-1996, whereas omitting this forcing gives decreasing rainfall and cloudiness. The pattern of increasing rainfall when aerosols are included is strongest over northwestern Australia, in agreement with the observed trends. The strong impact of aerosols is primarily due to the massive Asian aerosol haze, as confirmed by a sensitivity test in which only Asian anthropogenic aerosols are included. The Asian haze alters the meridional temperature and pressure gradients over the tropical Indian Ocean, thereby increasing the tendency of monsoonal winds to flow toward Australia. Anthropogenic aerosols also make the simulated pattern of surface-temperature change in the tropical Pacific more like La Nina, since they induce a cooling of the surface waters in the extratropical North Pacific, which are then transported to the tropical eastern Pacific via the deep ocean. Transient climate model simulations forced only by increased greenhouse gases have generally not reproduced the observed rainfall increase over northwestern and central Australia. Our results suggest that a possible reason for this failure was the omission of forcing by Asian aerosols. Further research is essential to more accurately quantify the role of Asian aerosols in forcing Australian climate change. C1 CSIRO, Marine & Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, CRC Greenhouse Accounting, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Rotstayn, LD (reprint author), CSIRO, Marine & Atmospher Res, Private Bag 1, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. EM leon.rotstayn@csiro.au RI Roderick, Michael/C-9621-2009; Herzog, Michael/B-4722-2010; Wang, Minghuai/E-5390-2011; Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Cai, Wenju/C-2864-2012; Penner, Joyce/J-1719-2012; Rotstayn, Leon/A-1756-2012; Dix, Martin/A-2334-2012; Ito, Akinori/M-9599-2014; FARQUHAR, GRAHAM/A-3722-2008 OI Roderick, Michael/0000-0002-3630-7739; Wang, Minghuai/0000-0002-9179-228X; Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; Rotstayn, Leon/0000-0002-2385-4223; Dix, Martin/0000-0002-7534-0654; Ito, Akinori/0000-0002-4937-2927; NR 162 TC 90 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 2 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D9 AR D09202 DI 10.1029/2006JD007712 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 165LH UT WOS:000246306500004 ER PT J AU Iniguez, J Yildirim, T AF Iniguez, Jorge Yildirim, Taner TI Hydrogen-related catalytic effects of Ti and other light transition metals on NaAlH4 surfaces SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID STORAGE; STABILITY; ALANATES AB We report a first-principles study of sodium alanate (NaA1H4) surfaces, both pure and with Ti atoms on them, focusing on their stability and reactivity with hydrogen. We find Ti causes the dissociation of H-2 molecules and contributes to the stability of the surface exposed to hydrogen. The Ti catalysts should thus facilitate the reaction by which NaA1H(4) (7.4 wt% of H) forms from Na(3)A1H(6) (5.9 wt% of H), which occurs under hydrogen pressure and requires H-2 dissociation to proceed. The presence of Ti also results in lower defect-formation energies, which should favour the NaA1H(4) decomposition reaction. Indeed, our calculations show that the chemical versatility of Ti brings close in energy a number of steps that presumably are relevant in the formation and decomposition of NaA1H(4), which suggests that the catalyst facilitates both processes. We also discuss the possibility of using other light transition metals ( Sc, V, and Cr) as catalysts, and conclude that Ti is the best choice overall. C1 CSIC, Inst Ciencia Mat Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Iniguez, J (reprint author), CSIC, Inst Ciencia Mat Barcelona, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; Iniguez, Jorge/B-6856-2009 OI Iniguez, Jorge/0000-0001-6435-3604 NR 19 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 EI 1361-648X J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD MAY 2 PY 2007 VL 19 IS 17 AR 176007 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/19/17/176007 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 168XD UT WOS:000246556400010 PM 21690944 ER PT J AU Wu, H Zhou, W Yildirim, T AF Wu, Hui Zhou, Wei Yildirim, Taner TI Hydrogen storage in a prototypical zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Using the difference Fourier analysis of neutron powder diffraction data along with first-principles calculations, we reveal detailed structural information such as methyl group orientation, hydrogen adsorption sites, and binding energies within the nanopore structure of ZIF8 (Zn(MeIM)(2)). Surprisingly, the two strongest adsorption sites that we identified are both directly associated with the organic linkers, instead of the ZnN4 clusters, in strong contrast to classical MOFs, where the metal-oxide clusters are the primary adsorption sites. These observations are important and hold the key to optimizing this new class of ZIF materials for practical hydrogen storage applications. Finally, at high concentration H-2-loadings, ZIF8 structure is capable of holding up to 28 H-2 molecules (i.e., 4.2 wt %) in the form of highly symmetric novel three-dimensional interlinked H-2-nanoclusters with relatively short H-2-H-2 distances compared to solid H-2. Hence, ZIF compounds with robust chemical stability can be also an ideal template host-material to generate molecular nanostructures with novel properties. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Yildirim, T (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM taner@nist.gov RI Wu, Hui/C-6505-2008; Zhou, Wei/C-6504-2008; yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 OI Wu, Hui/0000-0003-0296-5204; Zhou, Wei/0000-0002-5461-3617; NR 7 TC 241 Z9 241 U1 34 U2 182 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAY 2 PY 2007 VL 129 IS 17 BP 5314 EP + DI 10.1021/ja0691932 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 160MR UT WOS:000245946400008 PM 17425313 ER PT J AU Voronovich, AG AF Voronovich, A. G. TI Tangent plane approximation and some of its generalizations SO ACOUSTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE 43; 30; Hw ID SMALL-SLOPE APPROXIMATION; WAVE SCATTERING; ROUGH SURFACES AB A review of the tangent plane approximation proposed by L.M. Brekhovskikh is presented. The advantage of the tangent plane approximation over methods based on the analysis of integral equations for surface sources is emphasized. A general formula is given for the scattering amplitude of scalar plane waves under an arbitrary boundary condition. The direct generalization of the tangent plane approximation is shown to yield approximations that include a correct description of the Bragg scattering and allow one to avoid the use of a two-scale model. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Voronovich, AG (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Broadway 325, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM alexander.voronovich@noaa.gov NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 1063-7710 J9 ACOUST PHYS+ JI Acoust. Phys. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 53 IS 3 BP 298 EP 304 DI 10.1134/S1063771007030062 PG 7 WC Acoustics SC Acoustics GA 168KW UT WOS:000246524500006 ER PT J AU Godin, OA AF Godin, O. A. TI Transmission of low-frequency sound through the water-to-air interface SO ACOUSTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FOAMS AB L.M. Brekhovskikh revealed and studied the important role played by inhomogeneous waves emitted by a point source when they pass through an interface with a medium in which the velocity of sound is lower, for example, from water to air. This paper studies the energy characteristics of sound emitted into air by an underwater point source. The energy transfer due to inhomogeneous waves is shown to cause the phenomenon of anomalous transparency of the interface for low-frequency sound. The anomalous transparency manifests itself in that the energy flux through the interface increases with decreasing frequency of sound and, at sufficiently low frequencies, almost all of the acoustic energy produced by the underwater source is emitted into air. Conversely, at high frequencies, when the contribution of the inhomogeneous waves becomes negligible, the water-to-air interface is similar to a perfectly reflecting surface and almost all of the acoustic energy produced by the source is emitted into water. The anomalous transparency phenomenon changes the conventional opinion on the possibility of acoustic coupling between points in water and air and on the role played by physical processes evolving in the water column in generating atmospheric acoustic noise. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Godin, OA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Oleg.Godin@noaa.gov RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149 NR 12 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 1063-7710 J9 ACOUST PHYS+ JI Acoust. Phys. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 53 IS 3 BP 305 EP 312 DI 10.1134/S1063771007030074 PG 8 WC Acoustics SC Acoustics GA 168KW UT WOS:000246524500007 ER PT J AU Naugolnykh, KA Rybak, SA AF Naugolnykh, K. A. Rybak, S. A. TI Sound propagation in an unstable atmospheric layer SO ACOUSTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB The equation of sound propagation in an unstable medium produced by the presence of supersaturated water vapor in it, which can appear in a hurricane area, is derived. This equation takes into account the effects of sound velocity dispersion, amplification, damping, and nonlinear effects. Some solutions to this equation are presented, illustrating the specific features of sound propagation in an unstable medium. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, ESRL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Andreev Acoust Inst, Moscow 117036, Russia. RP Naugolnykh, KA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, ESRL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM konstantin.naugolnikh@noaa.gov; rybak@akin.ru NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 1063-7710 J9 ACOUST PHYS+ JI Acoust. Phys. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 53 IS 3 BP 417 EP 420 DI 10.1134/S1063771007030153 PG 4 WC Acoustics SC Acoustics GA 168KW UT WOS:000246524500015 ER PT J AU Yang, S Ding, XL Zheng, DW Yoo, SH AF Yang, Song Ding Xiaoli Zheng Dawei Yoo, Soo-Hyun TI Time-frequency characteristics of the relationships between tropical indo-Pacific SSTs SO ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Indian Ocean dipole; ENSO; time-frequency relationship; coherence analysis ID INDIAN-OCEAN DIPOLE; ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; MODE EVENTS; EL-NINO; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; ENSO RELATIONSHIP; ZONAL MODE; PRECIPITATION AB In this study, several advanced analysis methods are applied to understand the relationships between the Nino-3.4 sea surface temperatures (SST) and the SSTs related to the tropical Indian Ocean Dipole (TOD). By analyzing a long data record, the authors focus on the time-frequency characteristics of these relationships, and of the structure of TOD. They also focus on the seasonal dependence of those characteristics in both time and frequency domains. Among the Nino-3.4 SST, TOD, and SSTs over the tropical western Indian Ocean (WIO) and eastern Indian Ocean (EIO), the WIO SST has the strongest annual and semiannual oscillations. While the Nino-3.4 SST has large inter-annual variability that is only second to its annual variability, the TOD is characterized by the largest semiannual oscillation, which is even stronger than its annual oscillation. The TOD is strongly and stably related to the EIO SST in a wide range of frequency bands and in all seasons. However, it is less significantly related to the WIO SST in the boreal winter and spring. There exists a generally weak and unstable relationship between the WIO and EIO SSTs, especially in the biennial and higher frequency bands. The relationship is especially weak in summer and fall, when TOD is apparent, but appears highly positive in winter and spring, when the TOD is unimportantly weak and even disappears. This feature reflects a caution in the definition and application of TOD. The Nino-3.4 SST has a strong positive relationship with the WIO SST in all seasons, mainly in the biennial and longer frequency bands. However, it shows no significant relationship with the EIO SST in summer and fall, arid with TOD in winter and spring. C1 NOAAs, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Land Surveying & Geoinformat, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, Ctr Astrogeodynam Res, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China. RSIS Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Yang, S (reprint author), NOAAs, Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Song.Yang@noaa.gov RI Yang, Song/B-4952-2009; Ding, Xiaoli/K-4596-2013; AAS, AAS/C-2949-2014 OI Ding, Xiaoli/0000-0002-5733-3629; NR 53 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU SCIENCE CHINA PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0256-1530 J9 ADV ATMOS SCI JI Adv. Atmos. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 24 IS 3 BP 343 EP 359 DI 10.1007/s00376-007-0343-z PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 169AX UT WOS:000246566200001 ER PT J AU Miller, GR Baldocchi, DD Law, BE Meyers, T AF Miller, Gretchen R. Baldocchi, Dennis D. Law, Beverly E. Meyers, Tilden TI An analysis of soil moisture dynamics using multi-year data from a network of micrometeorological observation sites SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE soil-plant-atmosphere models; soil moisture; AmeriFlux; ecohydrology; water stress; water balance; vadose zone; evapotranspiration ID WATER-BALANCE; ECOSYSTEM RESPONSE; PENMAN-MONTEITH; PONDEROSA PINE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ENERGY FLUXES; VEGETATION; RAINFALL; MODELS; CARBON AB Soil moisture data, obtained from four AmeriFlux sites in the US, were examined using an ecohydrological framework. Sites were selected for the analysis to provide a range of plant functional type, climate, soil particle size distribution, and time series of data spanning a minimum of two growing seasons. Soil moisture trends revealed the importance of measuring water content at several depths throughout the rooting zone; soil moisture at the surface (0-10 cm) was approximately 20-30%) less than that at 50-60 cm. A modified soil moisture dynamics model was used to generate soil moisture probability density functions at. each site. Model calibration results demonstrated that the commonly used soil matric potential values for finding the vegetation stress point and field content may not be appropriate, particularly for vegetation adapted to a water-controlled environment. Projections of future soil moisture patterns suggest that two of the four sites will become severely stressed by climate change induced alterations to the precipitation regime. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Miller, GR (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 760 Davis Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM gmiller@berkeley.edu RI Miller, Gretchen/C-4416-2008; Miller, Gretchen/F-7695-2010; Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; OI Miller, Gretchen/0000-0002-1108-0654; Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Law, Beverly/0000-0002-1605-1203 NR 47 TC 42 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1065 EP 1081 DI 10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.10.002 PG 17 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 162MV UT WOS:000246092800003 ER PT J AU Wang, JH Boles, LC Higgins, B Lohmann, KJ AF Wang, J. H. Boles, L. C. Higgins, B. Lohmann, K. J. TI Behavioral responses of sea turtles to lightsticks used in longline fisheries SO ANIMAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE sea turtles; lightstick; longline; fisheries; orientation; bycatch; Caretta caretta ID PELAGIC LONGLINES; LOGGERHEAD; ORIENTATION; NAVIGATION AB Sea turtles are sometimes inadvertently captured by pelagic longline fisheries. As a consequence, some drown or suffer injuries, and longline bycatch has been identified as one factor contributing to the decline of marine turtle populations. Understanding what stimuli attract turtles to longlines will therefore be useful in efforts to reduce the number of turtles that become hooked or entangled. Lightsticks, which are often placed on longlines to attract tuna (Thunnus sp.) and swordfish Xiphus gladius, may also attract sea turtles. To investigate this possibility, we conducted laboratory experiments with captive-reared juvenile loggerheads Caretta caretta and wild-caught post-hatchling loggerheads to study their responses to these lights. Both age classes oriented toward glowing lightsticks, suggesting that such lights may play a role in attracting turtles into the vicinity of longlines. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NOAA, Fisheries Serv Galveston, Sea Turtle Facil, Galveston, TX USA. RP Wang, JH (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM John.Wang@NOAA.gov NR 30 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1367-9430 J9 ANIM CONSERV JI Anim. Conserv. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 10 IS 2 BP 176 EP 182 DI 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00085.x PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 160JI UT WOS:000245936300010 ER PT J AU Hinck, JE Blazer, VS Denslow, ND Myers, MS Gross, TS Tillitt, DE AF Hinck, J. E. Blazer, V. S. Denslow, N. D. Myers, M. S. Gross, T. S. Tillitt, D. E. TI Biomarkers of contaminant exposure in northern pike (Esox lucius) from the Yukon River Basin, Alaska SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER FISH; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; TEMPORAL TRENDS; MICROPTERUS-SALMOIDES; MACROPHAGE CENTERS; MERCURY; HEALTH; RESPONSES; METALS; METHYLMERCURY AB As part of a larger investigation, northern pike (n = 158; Esox lucius) were collected from ten sites in the Yukon River Basin (YRB), Alaska, to document biomarkers and their correlations with organochlorine pesticide (total p,p'-DDT, total chlordane, dieldrin, and toxaphene), total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and elemental contaminant (arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, total mercury, selenium, and zinc) concentrations. A suite of biomarkers including somatic indices, hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity, vitellogenin concentrations, steroid hormone (17B-ustradiol and 16-kebtestosteront) concentrations, splenic macrophage aggregates (MAs), oocyte atresia, and other microscopic anomalies in various tissues were documented in YRB pike. Mean condition factor (0.50 to 0.68), hepatosomatic index (1.00% to 3.56%), and splenosomatic index (0.09% to 0.18%) were not anomalous at any site nor correlated with any contaminant concentration. Mean EROD activity (0.71 to 17.51 pmol/min/mg protein) was similar to basal activity levels previously measured in pike and was positively correlated with selenium concentrations (r = 0.88, P < 0.01). Vitellogenin concentrations in female (0.09 to 5.32 mg/mL) and male (< 0.0005 to 0.097 mg/mL) pike were not correlated with any contaminant, but vitellogenin concentrations > 0.01 mg/mL in male pike from multiple sites indicated exposure to estrogenic compounds. Mean steroid hormone concentrations and percent oocyte atresia were not anomalous in pike from any YRB site. Few site differences were significant for mean MA density (1.86 to 6.42 MA/mm(2)), size (812 to 1481 mu m(2)), and tissue occupied (MA-%; 0.24% to 0.75%). A linear regression between MA-% and total PCBs was significant, although PCB concentrations were generally low in YRB pike (<= 63 ng/g), and MA-% values in female pike (0.24% to 0.54%) were lower than in male pike (0.32% to 0.75%) at similar PCB concentrations. Greater numbers of MAs were found as zinc concentrations increased in YRB female pike, but it is unlikely that this is a causative relationship. Histological abnormalities observed in gill, liver, spleen, and kidney tissues were not likely a result of contaminant exposure but provide information on the general health of YRB pike. The most common histologic anomalies were parasitic infestations in various organs and developing nephrons and nephrocalcinosis in posterior kidney tissues. Overall, few biomarker responses in YRB pike were correlated with chemical contaminant concentrations, and YRB pike generally appeared to be healthy with no site having multiple anomalous biomarker responses. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV USA. Univ Florida, Ctr Environm & Human Toxicol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Gross, TS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM jhinck@usgs.gov NR 65 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 5 U2 39 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 52 IS 4 BP 549 EP 562 DI 10.1007/s00244-006-0134-z PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 158TI UT WOS:000245817300014 PM 17396212 ER PT J AU Meloni, D di Sarra, A Biavati, G DeLuisi, JJ Monteleone, F Pace, G Piacentino, S Sferlazzo, DM AF Meloni, D. di Sarra, A. Biavati, G. DeLuisi, J. J. Monteleone, F. Pace, G. Piacentino, S. Sferlazzo, D. M. TI Seasonal behavior of Saharan dust events at the Mediterranean island of Lampedusa in the period 1999-2005 SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE aerosol; desert dust; aerosol optical depth; Angstrom exponent; single scattering albedo ID AEROSOL OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SINGLE SCATTERING ALBEDO; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; SOLAR SPECTRUM; MINERAL DUST; AFRICAN DUST; TRANSPORT; MODEL; CLIMATOLOGY AB Multi-filter rotating shadowband radiometer (MFRSR) measurements have been carried out at Lampedusa (35.52 degrees N, 12.63 degrees E) in 1999, and continuously since 2001. This study describes the Saharan dust (SD) events at Lampedusa on the basis of daily average optical depth at 500nm, tau, and Angstrom exponent, alpha, derived from these observations. Back-trajectories ending at Lampedusa at 2000 and 4000 m altitude were calculated by means of the HYSPLIT model. SD events are identified as those for which the trajectories interact with the mixed layer in places where the surface wind exceeds 7 m s(-1), or spend a large fraction of time over the Sahara. The SD days display values of alpha + Delta alpha <= 1, with Delta alpha equal to the standard deviation of the daily alpha. Out of 911 days with cloud-free intervals, 233 (26%) are classified as SD, and correspond to 111 episodes of various duration, from 1 to 13 consecutive days. The Occurrence of SD events is maximum in summer (33%), when also the largest seasonal average of tau (0.40) is measured, and minimum in winter (7%), when the smallest seasonal average of alpha (0.08) is found. SD days have been identified from the back-trajectories also in days lacking of observations, due to either cloudiness or measurement interruptions. The frequency of occurrence of SD days shows little change with respect to the cloud-free periods (24%). The seasonal distribution shows a peak in May (38%), followed by July (37%). Regions of SD production were derived from the HYSPLIT trajectories and NCEP-reanalysis surface winds. Finally, the MFRSR measurements at the solar zenith angle of 60 degrees have been used to derive the single scattering albedo (SSA) for cases clearly dominated by dust (tau >= 0.40 and alpha + Delta alpha <= 0.5). The average SSA for the whole period is 0.77 +/- 0.04 at 415.6 nm and 0.94 +/- 0.04 at 868.7 nm. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ENEA, Climate Lab, I-00123 Santa Maria Di Galeria, Roma, Italy. NOAA, ESRL Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. ENEA, Climate Lab, I-90141 Palermo, Italy. ENEA, Climate Lab, I-92010 Lampedusa, Agrigento, Italy. RP Meloni, D (reprint author), ENEA, Climate Lab, Via Anguillarese 301, I-00123 Santa Maria Di Galeria, Roma, Italy. EM daniela.meloni@casaccia.enea.it RI di Sarra, Alcide/J-1491-2016 OI di Sarra, Alcide/0000-0002-2405-2898 NR 48 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 41 IS 14 BP 3041 EP 3056 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.12.001 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 165RR UT WOS:000246323700011 ER PT J AU Doran, JC Allwine, KJ Flaherty, JE Clawson, KL Carter, RG AF Doran, J. C. Allwine, K. J. Flaherty, J. E. Clawson, K. L. Carter, R. G. TI Characteristics of puff dispersion in an urban environment SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE urban dispersion; puff dispersion; decay time; retention time; tracer ID DIFFUSION OBSERVATIONS AB Instantaneous releases of sulfur hexafluoride tracer were carried out as part of the Joint Urban 2003 field campaign in Oklahoma City. Data from 10 fast-response tracer samplers were used to examine the crosswind and along-wind spread of the tracer, the decay of tracer concentrations, and the retention of tracer within approximately I km of the release locations. The time variation of the median values of the tracer concentrations, normalized by the peak value observed at a given sampler, could be approximately described by an exponential decay with characteristic decay times on the order of 1-2 min. The longer times were found for early morning releases and the shorter times were associated with later morning or afternoon releases, suggesting that atmospheric stability or the depth of the mixed layer may affect puff dispersion even in urban environments. The median retention times required for 99% of the exposure to be realized at a given location were found to be correlated reasonably well with the median decay times. These characteristic time scales should be regarded as lower limits for concentration decay because the analysis excluded a number of anomalous cases in which the decaying concentrations exhibited an extended tail that indicated a very slow ventilation rate. The median values of the along-wind dispersion parameter a, grouped into downwind distance ranges can be described by a linear variation with distance with an initial "hold up" contribution due to building effects of about 30-45 in, but there are considerable variations about this relationship. Downwind 0.5-1 kin from the release point the lateral puff dispersion (sigma y) was roughly 70% of the along-wind dispersion. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NOAA, Air Force Lab, Field Res Div, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. RP Doran, JC (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM christopher.doran@pnl.gov RI Clawson, Kirk/C-5910-2016 OI Clawson, Kirk/0000-0002-8789-9607 NR 15 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 41 IS 16 BP 3440 EP 3452 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.12.029 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 167DB UT WOS:000246430000013 ER PT J AU Lin-Gibson, S Cooper, JA Landis, FA Cicerone, MT AF Lin-Gibson, Sheng Cooper, James A. Landis, Forrest A. Cicerone, Marcus T. TI Systematic investigation of porogen size and content on scaffold morphometric parameters and properties SO BIOMACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID TISSUE ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS; CALCIUM-PHOSPHATE CEMENT; POLY(PROPYLENE FUMARATE); CANCELLOUS BONE; DESIGN; POROSITY; CONNECTIVITY AB A systematic investigation of tissue engineering scaffolds prepared by salt leaching of a photopolymerized dimethacrylate was performed to determine how the scaffold structure (porosity, pore size, etc.) can be controlled and also to determine how the scaffold structure and the mechanical properties are related. Two series of scaffolds were prepared with (1) the same polymer-to-salt ratio but different salt sizes (ranging from average size of 100 to 390 mu m) and (2) the same salt size but different polymer-to-salt ratios (ranging from salt mass of 70 to 90%). These scaffolds were examined to determine how the fabrication parameters affected the scaffold morphometric parameters and corresponding mechanical properties. Combined techniques of X-ray microcomputed tomography (mu CT), mercury porosimetry, and gravimetric analysis were used to determine the scaffold parameters, such as porosity, pore size, and strut thickness and their size distributions, and pore interconnectivity. Scaffolds with porosities ranging from 57% to 92% (by volume) with interconnected structures could be fabricated using the current technique. The porosity and strut thickness were subsequently related to the mechanical response of the scaffolds, both of which contribute to the compression modulus of the scaffold. The current study shows that the structure and properties of the scaffold could be tailored by the size and the amount of porogen used in the fabrication of the scaffold. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lin-Gibson, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM slgibson@nist.gov NR 23 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1525-7797 J9 BIOMACROMOLECULES JI Biomacromolecules PD MAY PY 2007 VL 8 IS 5 BP 1511 EP 1518 DI 10.1021/bm061139q PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 166XH UT WOS:000246413600019 PM 17381151 ER PT J AU Serafy, JE Araujo, RJ AF Serafy, Joseph E. Araujo, Rafael J. TI First International symposium on mangroves as fish habitat - Preface SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Miami, NOAA Fisheries, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Serafy, JE (reprint author), Univ Miami, NOAA Fisheries, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 80 IS 3 BP 453 EP 456 PG 4 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 194PM UT WOS:000248356300002 ER PT J AU Faunce, CH Serafy, JE AF Faunce, Craig H. Serafy, Joseph E. TI Nearshore habitat use by gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) and bluestriped grunt (Haemulon sciurus): environmental gradients and ontogenetic shifts SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Mangroves as Fish Habitat CY APR 19-21, 2006 CL Univ Miami, Miami, FL SP Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci HO Univ Miami ID CORAL-REEF FISH; SHALLOW-WATER BIOTOPES; MANGROVE HABITATS; SIZE STRUCTURE; JUVENILE FISH; SEAGRASS BEDS; CARIBBEAN BAY; BISCAYNE BAY; ASSEMBLAGES; ESTUARINE AB Fringing mangrove forests and seagrass beds harbor high densities of juvenile snappers and grunts compared to bare substrates, but their occupancy of these habitats is not homogeneous at ecologically meaningful scales, thus limiting our ability to compare habitat value. Here, density and size information were used to determine how gray snapper, Lutjanus griseus (Linnaeus, 1758) and bluestriped grunt, Haemulon sciurus (Shaw, 1803), use vegetated habitats during their ontogeny, and how their use of mangrove forests varied with season across broad spatial scales and physicochemical conditions. Both species exhibited a three-stage ontogenetic strategy: (1) settlement and grow-out (8-10 mo) within seagrass beds, (2) expansion to mangrove habitats at 10-12 cm total length, and (3) increasing utilization of inland mangroves during the dry season and with increasing body size. For fishes inhabiting mangroves, multivariate tests revealed that the factors distance from oceanic inlet and water depth were stronger predictors of reef fish utilization than the factors latitude, temperature, or habitat width. These findings highlight that the nursery function of mangrove shorelines is likely limited to the area of immediately accessible habitat, and that more expansive forests may contain a substantial number of larger adult individuals. C1 Florida Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, Tequesta Field Lab, Tequesta, FL 33469 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Faunce, CH (reprint author), Florida Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, Tequesta Field Lab, 19100 SE Fed Highway, Tequesta, FL 33469 USA. EM Craig.Faunce@myFWC.com NR 73 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 13 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 80 IS 3 BP 473 EP 495 PG 23 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 194PM UT WOS:000248356300004 ER PT J AU Koenig, CC Coleman, FC Eklund, AM Schull, J Ueland, J AF Koenig, Christopher C. Coleman, Felicia C. Eklund, Anne-Marie Schull, Jennifer Ueland, Jeffrey TI Mangroves as essential nursery habitat for goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara) SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Mangroves as Fish Habitat CY APR 19-21, 2006 CL Univ Miami, Miami, FL SP Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci HO Univ Miami ID FLORIDA BAY; JUVENILE; FISH; HYPOTHESIS; ESTUARINE; SYSTEM; MEXICO; CRABS; MODEL; GULF AB We evaluated goliath grouper's [Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822)] use of mangroves as essential nursery habitat by estimating absolute abundance, density, survival, age structure, home range, mangrove habitat association, habitat quality, and recruitment to the adult population. Densities (numbers km(-1) mangrove shoreline) were calculated using Jolly-Seber mark-recapture methods for mangrove-lined rivers and mangrove islands of the Ten Thousand Islands (TTI) and Everglades National Park, which includes Florida Bay, Florida, USA. juveniles had smaller home ranges around islands (170 m) than in rivers (586 m), as determined from observations on telemetered fish. Goliath grouper remained in mangrove habitats for 5-6 yrs (validated ages from dorsal spine sections), then emigrated from mangroves at about 1.0 m total length. In the TTI, juvenile densities around mangrove islands were higher (mean = 25 km(-1), SE = 6.2, CV = 0.5) and less variable than those in rivers (mean = 11 km(-1), SE = 4.2, CV = 1.2). Density was negatively correlated with the frequency of dissolved oxygen and salinity minima. Mean growth rate of recaptured fish around mangrove islands (0.358 mm d(-1), 95% CL = 0.317-0.398) was significantly higher than that in rivers (0.289 mm d(-1), 95% CL = 0.269-0.308). The annual survival rate, as estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method on telemetered fish, was 0.947 (95% CL = 0.834-1.0). Very low densities in Florida Bay were probably related to other water-quality variables in this human-altered system. The offshore abundance of adults was largely explained by abundance of mangrove, but not seagrass habitat. Mangrove habitat with suitable water conditions, which appears essential to the recovery and sustainability of goliath-grouper populations, should be protected and/or restored. C1 Florida State Univ, Coastal & Marine Lab, St Teresa, FL 32858 USA. NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Div Protected Resources & Biodivers, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Ohio Univ, Clippinger Lab 122, Dept Geog, Athens, OH 45701 USA. RP Koenig, CC (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Coastal & Marine Lab, St Teresa, FL 32858 USA. EM koenig@bio.fsu.edu NR 39 TC 35 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 31 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 80 IS 3 BP 567 EP 585 PG 19 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 194PM UT WOS:000248356300009 ER PT J AU Frias-Torres, S Barroso, P Eklund, AM Schull, J Serafy, JE AF Frias-Torres, Sarah Barroso, Pedro Eklund, Anne-Marie Schull, Jennifer Serafy, Joseph E. TI Activity patterns of three juvenile goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara, in a mangrove nursery SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Mangroves as Fish Habitat CY APR 19-21, 2006 CL Univ Miami, Miami, FL SP Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci HO Univ Miami ID MEXICO; GULF C1 NOAA NMFS SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies RSMAS UM, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Lisbon, Fac Ciencias, P-1149016 Lisbon, Portugal. RP Frias-Torres, S (reprint author), NOAA NMFS SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies RSMAS UM, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM sfrias@rsmas.miami.edu OI Frias-Torres, Sarah/0000-0002-0557-8018 NR 19 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 8 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 80 IS 3 BP 587 EP 594 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 194PM UT WOS:000248356300010 ER PT J AU Serafy, JE Valle, M Faunce, CH Luo, JG AF Serafy, Joseph E. Valle, Monica Faunce, Craig H. Luo, Jiangang TI Species-specific patterns of fish abundance and size along a subtropical mangrove shoreline: An application of the delta approach SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Mangroves as Fish Habitat CY APR 19-21, 2006 CL Univ Miami, Miami, FL SP Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci HO Univ Miami ID FOOD-HABITS; FLORIDA BAY; BISCAYNE BAY; GRAY SNAPPER; REGRESSION AB From 1998 to 2005, 537 visual fish surveys were conducted along a 50-km stretch of mangrove-lined shoreline in the vicinity of Biscayne Bay (southeastern Florida, USA). The shoreline lies directly downstream of a major wetlands restoration project that aims to return more natural salinity regimes to the western margin of the region's coastal bays. As part of a "baseline" ecological assessment, we applied the delta approach to examine spatial and temporal patterns of mangrove habitat use by three fishes: Lutjanus griseus (Linnaeus, 1758), Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum, 1792), and Floridichthys carpio (Gunther, 1866). Along a north-south gradient, seasonal variation in their size-composition and three abundance metrics (occurrence, concentration, and density) was quantified and overall correlations with water salinity, depth, and temperature were evaluated using multiple regression. Results indicated that the shoreline is used by subadult and adult L. griseus and by mostly juvenile S. barracuda; for both species, highest abundance metric values occurred during the wet season, generally increasing southwards. In contrast, F. carpio were almost exclusively of adult (mature) sizes, with greatest values during the dry season at the shoreline's northern extent. For all species, water depth and/or temperature had a significant effect on abundance metrics. Positive correlations were found for L. griseus and S. barracuda abundance metrics, whereas the reverse was true for F carpio. To date, most mangrove-fish studies have evaluated a single measure of fish abundance, usually density. We suggest consideration of occurrence and concentration, in addition to density, has value in an assessment and monitoring context as well as for gaining insight into how a given fish species disperses and clusters within habitats and across gradients. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Florida Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, Tequesta Field Lab, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Tequesta, FL 33469 USA. RP Serafy, JE (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM joe.serafy@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 11 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 80 IS 3 BP 609 EP 624 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 194PM UT WOS:000248356300012 ER PT J AU Eggleston, DB Bell, GW Johnson, EG Kellison, GT AF Eggleston, David B. Bell, Geoff W. Johnson, Eric G. Kellison, G. Todd TI Spiny lobster and fish in multiple backreef habitats in the lower Florida Keys, USA SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 80 IS 3 BP 920 EP 920 PG 1 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 194PM UT WOS:000248356300045 ER PT J AU Jones, DL Lara, MR Lamkin, JT AF Jones, David L. Lara, Monica R. Lamkin, John T. TI Variation of otolith elemental signatures among three species of juvenile snappers inhabiting nursery regions within South Florida SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies CIMAS, Miami, FL USA. NOAA, Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 80 IS 3 BP 923 EP 923 PG 1 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 194PM UT WOS:000248356300053 ER PT J AU Kellison, GT Luo, JG Javech, J Rand, PS Johnson, P Serafy, JE AF Kellison, G. Todd Luo, Jiangang Javech, Jack Rand, Peter S. Johnson, Peter Serafy, Joseph E. TI An evaluation and comparison of dual-frequency sonar and stereoscopic video for estimating fish abundance and size structure in mangrove habitats SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL USA. Jean Vollum Nat Capital Ctr, Wild Salmon Ctr, Portland, OR USA. LGL NW, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 80 IS 3 BP 923 EP 924 PG 2 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 194PM UT WOS:000248356300054 ER PT J AU Milano, GR Hammerschlag, N Barimo, J Serafy, JE AF Milano, Gary R. Hammerschlag, Neil Barimo, John Serafy, Joseph E. TI Restoring essential fish habitat in southeast Florida: Mangrove and seagrass habitat design components and success monitoring SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Miami Dade Cty, Dept Environm Resource Management, Miami, FL USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Miami, FL USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 4 U2 15 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 80 IS 3 BP 928 EP 929 PG 2 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 194PM UT WOS:000248356300070 ER PT J AU Pittman, SJ Caldow, C Hile, SD Monaco, ME AF Pittman, S. J. Caldow, C. Hile, S. Davidson Monaco, M. E. TI Explaining patterns of abundance for fish using mangroves: A multi-scale seascape approach SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, NOS, CCMA Biogeog Team, Silver Spring, MD USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 80 IS 3 BP 930 EP 931 PG 2 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 194PM UT WOS:000248356300075 ER PT J AU Whitcraft, SR Richards, B Lamkin, J Gerard, T Carlson, T McMichael, G Vucelick, J Williams, G Pytka, L AF Whitcraft, Samantha R. Richards, Bill Lamkin, John Gerard, Trika Carlson, Tom McMichael, Geoff Vucelick, Jessica Williams, Greg Pytka, Lisa TI Developing shallow-water acoustic telemetry methods for juvenile snapper habitat studies in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, CIMAS, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Early Life History Lab, Miami, FL USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab Battelle, Portland, OR USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab Battelle, Ecol Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab Batelle, Sequim Marine Sci Lab, Sequim, WA USA. New Coll Florida, Sarasota, FL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 80 IS 3 BP 935 EP 935 PG 1 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 194PM UT WOS:000248356300088 ER PT J AU Harper, K Uccellini, LW Kalnay, E Carey, K Morone, L AF Harper, Kristine Uccellini, Louis W. Kalnay, Eugenia Carey, Kenneth Morone, Lauren TI 50th anniversary of operational numerical weather prediction SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA), Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC), National Weather Association, and American Meteorological Society (AMS) cosponsored a "Symposium on the 50th Anniversary of Operational Numerical Weather Prediction," on 14-17 June 2004 at the University of Maryland, College Park in College Park, Maryland. Operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) in the United States started with the joint Numerical Weather Prediction Unit (JNWPU) on 1 July 1954, staffed by members of the U.S. Weather Bureau, the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Navy. The origins of NCEP, AFWA, and FNMOC can all be traced to the JNWPU. The symposium celebrated the pioneering developments in NWP and the remarkable improvements in forecast skill and support of the nation's economy, well being, and national defense achieved over the last 50 years. This essay was inspired by the presentations from that symposium. C1 New Mexico Inst Mining & Technol, Dept Human, Socorro, NM USA. NAtl Ctr Environm Predict, Washington, DC USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Morone, L (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 101, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM lauren.morone@noaa.gov RI Kalnay, Eugenia/F-4393-2010; OI Kalnay, Eugenia/0000-0002-9984-9906 NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 88 IS 5 BP 639 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-5-639 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 175CQ UT WOS:000246990600013 ER PT J AU Toth, Z Majumdar, SJ AF Toth, Zoltan Majumdar, Sharanya J. TI NOAA thorpex science workshop SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NCEP, NWS, NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RSMAS, Div Meteorol & Phys Oceanog, Miami, FL USA. RP Majumdar, SJ (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Meteorol & Phys Oceanog, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM smajumdar@rsmas.miami.edu RI Toth, Zoltan/I-6624-2015 OI Toth, Zoltan/0000-0002-9635-9194 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 88 IS 5 BP 717 EP 719 DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-5-717 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 175CQ UT WOS:000246990600019 ER PT J AU Stuart, NA AF Stuart, Neil A. TI Leadership and decision-making skills for meteorologists: Keeping humans in the forecast process SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article RP Stuart, NA (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, New York, NY USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 88 IS 5 BP 734 EP 736 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 175CQ UT WOS:000246990600025 ER PT J AU Xi, Y Bin, YZ Chiang, CK Matsuo, M AF Xi, Ying Bin, Yuezhen Chiang, C. K. Matsuo, Masaru TI Dielectric effects on positive temperature coefficient composites of polyethylene and short carbon fibers SO CARBON LA English DT Article ID POLYMER COMPOSITES; ELECTRICAL-PROPERTIES; CROSSLINKED POLYETHYLENE; CONDUCTIVITY; BEHAVIOR; GELATION/CRYSTALLIZATION; POLARIZATION; MORPHOLOGY; SYSTEMS AB By adding the short carbon fibers to the polyethylene matrix, excellent positive temperature coefficient (PTC) effect was achieved. Alternating current (AC) electrical properties of this PTC composite were studied as a function of frequency. The analysis of AC electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity was done by using a micro-morphology model, which included conductive carbon fiberaggregates in series with an equivalent circuit of resistor-capacitor parallel that represent the blends at these contact regions. The observed electrical properties of PTC composites were due to the breakage of the conduction networks caused by thermal expansion. The dielectric behaviors of the interfacial polarization between polyethylene matrix and carbon fibers could be described by Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars relaxation when the composite was heated above 116 degrees C. The analysis of the electric modulus in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 10 MHz revealed that the interfacial relaxation followed the Cole-Davidson distribution of relaxation time. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Nara Womens Univ, Grad Sch Humanities & Sci, Nara 6308263, Japan. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bin, YZ (reprint author), Nara Womens Univ, Grad Sch Humanities & Sci, Nara 6308263, Japan. EM yuezhen@cc.nara-wu.ac.jp NR 27 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-6223 J9 CARBON JI Carbon PD MAY PY 2007 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1302 EP 1309 DI 10.1016/j.carbon.2007.01.019 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 172WM UT WOS:000246835200021 ER PT J AU Seminoff, JA Paladino, FV Rhodin, AGJ AF Seminoff, Jeffrey A. Paladino, Frank V. Rhodin, Anders G. J. TI Refocusing on leatherbacks: Conservation challenges and signs of success SO CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID SEA-TURTLES; DERMOCHELYS-CORIACEA; PELAGIC LONGLINES; HABITAT C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Wayne, IN 46805 USA. Chelonian Res Fdn, Lunenburg, MA 01462 USA. RP Seminoff, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM Jeffrey.seminoff@noaa.gov; paladino@ipfw.edu; RhodinCRF@aol.com NR 41 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU CHELONIAN RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LUNENBURG PA 168 GOODRICH ST., LUNENBURG, MA USA SN 1071-8443 J9 CHELONIAN CONSERV BI JI Chelonian Conserv. Biol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 6 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.2744/1071-8443(2007)6[1:EIROLC]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 177OI UT WOS:000247162000001 ER PT J AU Benson, SR Kisokau, KM Ambio, L Rei, V Dutton, PH Parker, D AF Benson, Scott R. Kisokau, Karol M. Ambio, Levi Rei, Vagi Dutton, Peter H. Parker, Denise TI Beach use, internesting movement, and migration of leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, nesting on the north coast of Papua New Guinea SO CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Reptilia; Testudines; Dermychelyidae; Dermochelys coriacea; Papua new guinea; Huon Gulf; Kamiali WMA; Maus Buang; nesting trends; aerial survey; internesting movement; migration; threats; conservation ID SEA-TURTLES; POPULATION; ECOTOURISM AB Internesting and migratory movements of female leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) from Kamiali Wildlife Management Area were tracked by satellite telemetry during the 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 nesting seasons, and an aerial survey of nearly 2800 km of the north Papua New Guinea coastline and New Britain Island was conducted during January 2004. Nesting occurred during November-March at the Kamiali Wildlife Management Area monitoring beach with peak activity during December-January. Telemetry results indicated that nesting females used Huon Gulf waters adjacent to the nesting beach and renested inside and outside the protected area within the Kamiali Wildlife Management Area. After nesting, the turtles migrated over deep waters in a southeastern direction to high latitude waters of the South Pacific Ocean. C1 NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Kamiali Integrated Conservat Dev Grp, Lae, Morobe Province, Papua N Guinea. Off Environm & Conservat, Boroko, Papua N Guinea. NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Benson, SR (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Moss Landing Marine Labs, 7544 Sandholdt Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. EM Scott.Benson@noaa.gov; kicdg@global.net; vagirei@yahoo.com; peter.dutton@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 18 Z9 25 U1 4 U2 24 PU CHELONIAN RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LUNENBURG PA 168 GOODRICH ST., LUNENBURG, MA USA SN 1071-8443 J9 CHELONIAN CONSERV BI JI Chelonian Conserv. Biol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 6 IS 1 BP 7 EP 14 DI 10.2744/1071-8443(2007)6[7:BUIMAM]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 177OI UT WOS:000247162000002 ER PT J AU Hitipeuw, C Dutton, PH Benson, S Thebu, J Bakarbessy, J AF Hitipeuw, Creusa Dutton, Peter H. Benson, Scott Thebu, Julianus Bakarbessy, Jacob TI Population status and internesting movement of leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, nesting on the northwest coast of Papua, Indonesia SO CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Reptilia; Testudines; Dermochelyidae; Dermochelys coriacea; sea turtle; nesting; trends; threats; conservation; internesting movement; Jamursba-Medi; Wermon; Papua; Indonesia ID SEA-TURTLES AB The northwest coast of the province of Papua in Indonesia is thought to host the largest remaining leatherback nesting population in the Pacific Ocean. We conducted a census of nesting activity at Jamursba-Medi from 2001 through 2004 and of Wermon from 2002 to 2004, and tracked internesting movements of female leatherbacks by using satellite telemetry during the nesting season in 2003. We recorded 1865-3601 nests each season at Jamursba-Medi and 17882881 nests at Wermon. Nesting occurred year-round, with a peak in activity between May and September at Jamursba-Medi, and between October and March at Wermon. Comparing these data with previous records of nesting activity from 1981 to 2001 indicates that, although there are indications of along-term decline, this population has not been depleted to the extent found at other major rookeries in the Pacific. Satellite telemetry indicates that nesters frequent waters around the Raja Ampat Islands and coastal waters to the west of Jamursba-Medi, and may also nest outside the monitored area. We recommend establishing a marine protected area to ensure protection of this population in these critical nearshore marine habitats and implementation of conservation measures in partnership with local communities at these nesting beaches before this population becomes depleted. C1 World Wide Fund Nat Indonesia, Maga Kuningan Jakarta, Indonesia. NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. KSDA II Papua, Dept Forestry, Sorong, Indonesia. RP Hitipeuw, C (reprint author), World Wide Fund Nat Indonesia, Jl Mega Kuningan Lot 8-9-A9, Maga Kuningan Jakarta, Indonesia. EM chitipeuw@wwf.or.id; Peter.Dutton@noaa.gov; Scott.Benson@noaa.gov; bakarbessy@yahoo.com NR 34 TC 28 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 15 PU CHELONIAN RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LUNENBURG PA 168 GOODRICH ST., LUNENBURG, MA USA SN 1071-8443 J9 CHELONIAN CONSERV BI JI Chelonian Conserv. Biol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 6 IS 1 BP 28 EP 36 DI 10.2744/1071-8443(2007)6[28:PSAIMO]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 177OI UT WOS:000247162000004 ER PT J AU Dutton, PH Hitipeuw, C Zein, M Benson, SR Petro, G Pita, J Rei, V Ambio, L Bakarbessy, J AF Dutton, Peter H. Hitipeuw, Creusa Zein, Mohammad Benson, Scott R. Petro, George Pita, John Rei, Vagi Ambio, Levi Bakarbessy, Jacob TI Status and genetic structure of nesting populations of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in the western Pacific SO CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Reptilia; Testudines; Dermochelyidae; Dermochelys coriacea; sea turtles; threats; conservation; stock structure; mtDNA; western Pacific; Papua; Indonesia; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu AB A group of researchers, managers, and tribal leaders with extensive local knowledge from Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and Papua, Indonesia, provided new information on the status of leatherback nesting populations in the western Pacific Ocean. Twenty-eight nesting sites were identified, of which 21 were previously unknown or poorly described. Although data are still incomplete, we estimate a total of ca. 5000-9200 nests currently laid each year among these 28 sites, with approximately 75% of this nesting activity concentrated at 4 sites along the northwest coast (Bird's Head Peninsula) of Papua, Indonesia. Genetic analysis by using mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid sequences identified a total of 6 haplotypes among the 106 samples analyzed for Solomon Islands, Papua, and Papua New Guinea, including a unique common haplotype that is only found in these western Pacific populations. There was no significant difference in haplotype frequencies among these rookeries, which suggests that they represent a metapopulation composed of a single genetic stock. Further work is needed to define the demographic structure within this metapopulation. C1 NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. World Wide Fund Nat Indonesia, Maga Kuningan Jakarta, Indonesia. LIPI, Pusat Penelitian Pengembangan Biol, Bogor, Indonesia. Wan Smolbag Theatre, Port Vila, Vanuatu. Minist Nat Resources, Dept Forestry Environm & Conservat, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Off Environm & Conservat, Boroko, Papua N Guinea. Kamiali Integrated Conservat Dev Grp, Lae, Morobe Province, Papua N Guinea. KSDA II Papua, Dept Forestry, Sorong, Indonesia. RP Dutton, PH (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM peter.dutton@noaa.gov; chitipeuw@wwf.or.id; gpetroster@gmail.com; kicdg@global.net NR 32 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 13 PU CHELONIAN RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LUNENBURG PA 168 GOODRICH ST., LUNENBURG, MA USA SN 1071-8443 J9 CHELONIAN CONSERV BI JI Chelonian Conserv. Biol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 6 IS 1 BP 47 EP 53 DI 10.2744/1071-8443(2007)6[47:SAGSON]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 177OI UT WOS:000247162000006 ER PT J AU Piedra, R Velez, E Dutton, P Possardt, E Padillas, C AF Piedra, Rotney Velez, Elizabeth Dutton, Peter Possardt, Earl Padillas, Clara TI Nesting of the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) from 1999-2000 through 2003-2004 at Playa Langosta, Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas de Guanacaste, Costa Rica SO CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Reptilia; Testudines; Dermochelyidae; Dermochelys coriacea; marine turtle; nesting; hatching success; remigration; conservation; Costa Rica AB Playa Langosta is 1 of 3 nesting beaches in Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas de Guanacaste, and is 1.3-km long. The 3 beaches (Langosta, Grande, and Ventanas) represent over 6 km of leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) nesting. The use of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags allowed us to identify each leatherback that nested at Playa Langosta. A total of 252 individual leatherbacks nested between the 1999-2000 and 2003-2004 nesting seasons. Of these, 63% (n = 158) were new turtles (untagged before), and 50 % (n = 79) of the new turtles were originally PIT tagged on Playa Langosta. The majority of these turtles (54%) nested only on Playa Langosta, whereas a slightly smaller percentage (46%) nested at both Playa Grande and Playa Langosta. We recorded 904 encounters and 792 nests at Playa Langosta for the 5 nesting seasons of this study. Leatherbacks nesting at Playa Langosta ranged in curved carapace length from 125 to 164 cm and in curved carapace width, from 90 to 116 cm. Average internesting period was 9.6 days. For the first 4 seasons, data from excavated nests showed a decrease in percentage of hatching success from 68.9% to 30.4% in natural nesting conditions. A dramatic decline in emergence success from 57.2% to 9.3% occurred for these respective seasons. For the last 3 seasons, the hatching success of leatherback turtles in relocated nests was 52.4%, 18.9%, and 51.4%. C1 Minist Ambiente & Energia, Parque Nacl Marino Las Baulas Guanacaste, Playa Grande, Costa Rica. Leatherback Turtle Conservat Project Playa Langos, Parque Nacl Marino Las Baulas, Playa Grande, Costa Rica. Goldring Marine Biol Stn, Playa Grande, Costa Rica. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ W Georgia, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carrollton, GA 30108 USA. Leatherback Trust, San Jose, Costa Rica. RP Piedra, R (reprint author), Minist Ambiente & Energia, Parque Nacl Marino Las Baulas Guanacaste, Playa Grande, Costa Rica. EM baulasrp@yahoo.com; evbaulas@yahoo.com; peter.dutton@noaa.gov; earl_possardt@fws.gov; clarits@hotmail.com NR 18 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU CHELONIAN RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LUNENBURG PA 168 GOODRICH ST., LUNENBURG, MA USA SN 1071-8443 J9 CHELONIAN CONSERV BI JI Chelonian Conserv. Biol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 6 IS 1 BP 111 EP 116 DI 10.2744/1071-8443(2007)6[111:NOTLTD]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 177OI UT WOS:000247162000013 ER PT J AU Fretey, J Billes, A Tiwari, M AF Fretey, Jacques Billes, Alexis Tiwari, Manjula TI Leatherback, Dermochelys coriacea, nesting along the Atlantic coast of Africa SO CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEA-TURTLES AB Leatherbacknesting along the Atlantic coast of Africa extends from Mauritania in the north to Angola in the south, with a globally important nesting concentration located in Gabon in Central Africa. Provisional estimates of nesting numbers from Gabon indicate that this nesting population may be among the largest in the world. C1 IUCN France, Museum Natl Hist Nat, F-75005 Paris, France. Cellule Coordinat ECOFAC, Libreville, Gabon. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Marine Turtle Res Program, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Fretey, J (reprint author), IUCN France, Museum Natl Hist Nat, 36 Rue Geoffroy St Hilaire, F-75005 Paris, France. EM jfretey@imatech.fr; protomac_lbv@yahoo.ie; manjula.tiwari@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU CHELONIAN RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LUNENBURG PA 168 GOODRICH ST., LUNENBURG, MA USA SN 1071-8443 J9 CHELONIAN CONSERV BI JI Chelonian Conserv. Biol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 6 IS 1 BP 126 EP 129 DI 10.2744/1071-8443(2007)6[126:LDCNAT]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 177OI UT WOS:000247162000016 ER PT J AU Alfaro-Shigueto, J Dutton, PH Van Bressem, MF Mangel, J AF Alfaro-Shigueto, Joanna Dutton, Peter H. Van Bressem, Marie-Francoise Mangel, Jeffrey TI Interactions between leatherback turtles and Peruvian artisanal fisheries SO CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB From 1985 to 1999, data were gathered opportunistically on the bycatch of 33 leatherback turtles in coastal Peru, and from 2000 to 2003, a dockside observer program provided data on an additional 133 leatherbacks caught in the coastal gillnet and longline fisheries targeting mahi mahi, sharks, and rays. These data stress the need for programs to monitor bycatch in artisanal fisheries, enforce regulations prohibiting sea turtle capture, and increase the environmental awareness of fishermen. C1 Pro Delphinus, Lima 11, Peru. NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. CEPEC, Peruvian Ctr Cetacean Res, Lima 20, Peru. RP Alfaro-Shigueto, J (reprint author), Pro Delphinus, 572-5, Lima 11, Peru. EM joanna@prodelphinus.org; peter.dutton@noaa.gov; marievanbressem@yahoo.co.uk; jeff@prodelphinus.org NR 29 TC 33 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 9 PU CHELONIAN RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LUNENBURG PA 168 GOODRICH ST., LUNENBURG, MA USA SN 1071-8443 J9 CHELONIAN CONSERV BI JI Chelonian Conserv. Biol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 6 IS 1 BP 129 EP 134 DI 10.2744/1071-8443(2007)6[129:IBLTAP]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 177OI UT WOS:000247162000017 ER PT J AU Seminoff, JA Dutton, PH AF Seminoff, Jeffrey A. Dutton, Peter H. TI Leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in the Gulf of California: Distribution, demography, and human interactions SO CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEA-TURTLES; METABOLISM AB Since 1943, a total of 40 leatherbacks have been documented in neritic and offshore waters of the Gulf of California, Mexico: 13 as fisheries by-catch, 11 in indigenous ceremonies, 8 coastal strandings, 4 at-sea sightings, 3 observed by fishing fleets, and 1 via satellite telemetry. Leatherback hatchlings were observed on 3 occasions in the northern Gulf of California. The range of curved carapace lengths for nonhatchling leatherbacks was 113 to 160 cm curved carapace length (mean = 139 +/- 12 cm). All but 1 leatherback were reported between November and May, a period of cooler water temperatures for the region. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Seminoff, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM jeffrey.seminoff@noaa.gov; peter.dutton@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 10 PU CHELONIAN RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LUNENBURG PA 168 GOODRICH ST., LUNENBURG, MA USA SN 1071-8443 J9 CHELONIAN CONSERV BI JI Chelonian Conserv. Biol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 6 IS 1 BP 137 EP 141 DI 10.2744/1071-8443(2007)6[137:LTDCIT]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 177OI UT WOS:000247162000019 ER PT J AU Benson, SR Dutton, PH Hitipeuw, C Samber, B Bakarbessy, J Parker, D AF Benson, Scott R. Dutton, Peter H. Hitipeuw, Creusa Samber, Betuel Bakarbessy, Jacob Parker, Denise TI Post-nesting migrations of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) from Jamursba-Medi, Bird's Head Peninsula, Indonesia SO CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEA-TURTLES; SURFACE WATERS; FISHERIES; AGGREGATIONS; MOVEMENTS AB Nine leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) were tracked for 111-695 days via satellite telemetry from one of the largest remaining western Pacific leatherback turtle nesting beaches, Jamursba-Medi, Papua, Indonesia. The turtles moved into tropical waters of the Philippines and Malaysia, into the Sea of Japan, and across the equatorial Pacific to temperate waters off North America. This study provides the first record of a trans-Pacific migration by a leatherback turtle. C1 NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. World Wide Fund Nat Ind, Jakarta, Indonesia. KSDA II Papua, Dept Forestry, Sorong, Papua N Guinea. NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Benson, SR (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Moss Landing Marine Labs, 7544 Sandholdt Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. EM Scott.Benson@noaa.gov; peter.dutton@noaa.gov; chitipeuw@wwf.or.id; bakarbessy@yahoo.com; Denise.Parker@noaa.gov RI Logger, Satellite/C-1379-2010 NR 29 TC 34 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 14 PU CHELONIAN RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LUNENBURG PA 168 GOODRICH ST., LUNENBURG, MA USA SN 1071-8443 J9 CHELONIAN CONSERV BI JI Chelonian Conserv. Biol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 6 IS 1 BP 150 EP 154 DI 10.2744/1071-8443(2007)6[150:PMOLTD]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 177OI UT WOS:000247162000022 ER PT J AU Tapilatu, RF Tiwari, M AF Tapilatu, Ricardo F. Tiwari, Manjula TI Leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea, hatching success at Jamursba-Medi and wermon beaches in Papua, Indonesia SO CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEA-TURTLES AB Hatching success for leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) was low at 4 important nesting beaches in Papua, with high rates of tidal inundation, pig predation, and possible temperature effects. Better protection from pigs and possible nest relocation may be needed to improve hatching success for leatherbacks. C1 UNIPA, Marine Lab, Manokwari 98314, Irian Jaya Bara, Indonesia. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Marine Turtle Res Program, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Tapilatu, RF (reprint author), UNIPA, Marine Lab, Manokwari 98314, Irian Jaya Bara, Indonesia. EM rf.tapilatu@unipa.ac.id; Manjula.Tiwari@noaa.gov OI Tapilatu, Ricardo/0000-0001-5216-104X NR 15 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 9 PU CHELONIAN RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LUNENBURG PA 168 GOODRICH ST., LUNENBURG, MA USA SN 1071-8443 J9 CHELONIAN CONSERV BI JI Chelonian Conserv. Biol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 6 IS 1 BP 154 EP 158 DI 10.2744/1071-8443(2007)6[154:LTDCHS]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 177OI UT WOS:000247162000023 ER PT J AU Moore, JW Schindler, DE Carter, JL Fox, J Griffiths, J Holtgrieve, GW AF Moore, Jonathan W. Schindler, Daniel E. Carter, Jackie L. Fox, Justin Griffiths, Jennifer Holtgrieve, Gordon W. TI Biotic control of stream fluxes: Spawning salmon drive nutrient and matter export SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Alaska; USA; bioturbation; disturbance; ecosystem engineer; excretion; marine-derived nutrients; mass balance; Oncorhynchus nerka; redd; sockeye salmon; subsidy ID FRESH-WATER ECOSYSTEMS; PACIFIC SALMON; SOCKEYE-SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; HEADWATER STREAMS; SOUTHEAST ALASKA; STABLE-ISOTOPES; RIPARIAN ZONES; PHOSPHORUS; NORTHWEST AB Organisms can control movements of nutrients and matter by physically modifying habitat. We examined how an ecosystem engineer, sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), influences seasonal fluxes of sediments, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in streams of southwestern Alaska. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether salmon act as net importers or net exporters of matter and nutrients from streams and how these roles change as a function of salmon population density. We measured discharge and concentrations of suspended sediments and total N and P every 7-14 days for up to four summers in 10 streams spanning a gradient in salmon densities. We statistically allocated whole-season fluxes to salmon activities, such as excretion and bioturbation, and to export by hydrologic discharge. In addition, we used counts of spawning salmon to estimate nutrient and matter imports by salmon to streams. Large seasonal pulses of suspended sediments, P, and N were associated with salmon spawning activities, often increasing export an order of magnitude higher than during pre-salmon levels. Years and streams with more salmon had significantly higher levels of export of sediments and nutrients. In addition, years with higher precipitation had higher background export of P and N. Salmon exported an average of the equivalent of 189%, 60%, and 55% of total matter, P, and N that salmon imported in their bodies. The relative magnitude of export varied; salmon exported more than their bodies imported in 80%, 20%, and 16% across all streams and years for sediments, P, and N, respectively. A bioassay experiment indicated that the P exported by salmon is directly available for use by primary producers in the downstream lake. These results demonstrate that salmon not only move nutrients upstream on large spatial scales via their migration from the ocean and subsequent death, but also redistribute matter and nutrients on finer spatial scales through their spawning activities. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Moore, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98122 USA. EM Jonathan.Moore@noaa.gov RI Holtgrieve, Gordon/C-5371-2009 OI Holtgrieve, Gordon/0000-0002-4451-3567 NR 57 TC 81 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 46 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAY PY 2007 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1278 EP 1291 DI 10.1890/06-0782 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 166HN UT WOS:000246369900022 PM 17536413 ER PT J AU Francis, RC Hixon, MA Clarke, ME Murawski, SA Ralston, S AF Francis, Robert C. Hixon, Mark A. Clarke, M. Elizabeth Murawski, Steven A. Ralston, Stephen TI Fisheries management - Ten commandments for ecosystem-based fisheries scientists SO FISHERIES LA English DT Review ID ROCKFISH SEBASTES-MELANOPS; MOTE-INTERNATIONAL-SYMPOSIUM; SPATIAL GENETIC-STRUCTURE; LIMITED LARVAL DISPERSAL; MARINE-RESERVE DESIGN; GLOBAL CLIMATE-CHANGE; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; FISH POPULATIONS; NORTH PACIFIC AB In an effort to accelerate the ongoing paradigm shift in fisheries science from the traditional single-species mindset toward more ecosystem-based approaches, we offer the following "commandments" as action items for bridging the gap between general principles and specific methodologies. 1. Keep a perspective that is holistic, risk-averse, and adaptive. 2. Question key assumptions, no matter how basic. 3. Maintain old-growth age structure in fish populations. 4. Characterize and maintain the natural spatial structure of fish stocks. 5. Characterize and maintain viable fish habitats. 6. Characterize and maintain ecosystem resilience. 7. Identify and maintain critical food web connections. 8. Account for ecosystem change through time. 9. Account for evolutionary change caused by fishing. 10. Implement an approach that is integrated, interdisciplinary, and inclusive. Although the shift in worldview embodied in these commandments can occur immediately without additional funding, full implementation of ecosystem-based fisheries science will require an expanded empirical basis as well as novel approaches to modeling. We believe that pursuing these action items is essential for productive marine fisheries to become truly sustainable for present and future generations. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Ctr, Fishery Resource Anal & Monitoring Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NOAA, Fishery Ecol Serv Headquarters, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Fisheries Sev SW Fisheries Sci, Fishery Ecol Div, Santa Cruz, CA USA. RP Francis, RC (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM bfrancis@u.washington.edu; hixonm@science.oregonstate.edu NR 148 TC 146 Z9 148 U1 12 U2 93 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD MAY PY 2007 VL 32 IS 5 BP 217 EP 233 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(2007)32[217:TCFBFS]2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 187CF UT WOS:000247824200004 ER PT J AU Rubiano, JG Florido, R Bowen, C Lee, RW Ralchenko, Y AF Rubiano, J. G. Florido, R. Bowen, C. Lee, R. W. Ralchenko, Yu. TI Review of the 4th NLTE Code Comparison Workshop SO HIGH ENERGY DENSITY PHYSICS LA English DT Review DE Non-LTE kinetics; Code comparisons; Collisional-radiative modeling; Power losses AB We review the critical results of the 4th Non-LTE Code Comparison Workshop held in December 2005. To test the NLTE population kinetics codes, both steady-state and time-dependent cases for C, Ar, Fe, Sn, Xe, and Au plasmas were selected for detailed comparisons. Additional features such as the effects of non-Maxwellian free electrons, the influence of a Planckian radiation field, and the emission spectra were required in specific cases. The scope of problems was expanded from the previous workshops to include two problems outside the dense plasma physics, namely, the EUV lithography sources and the astrophysical photoionized plasmas. We briefly outline the technical organization of the workshop, present motivations for the chosen cases, and discuss some representative results. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Rubiano, J. G.; Florido, R.] Univ Palmas de Gran Canaria, Dept Fis, Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35017, Spain. [Rubiano, J. G.; Florido, R.] Univ Politecn Madrid, Inst Fus Nucl, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. [Bowen, C.] CEA DIF, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. [Lee, R. W.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Ralchenko, Yu.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rubiano, JG (reprint author), Univ Palmas de Gran Canaria, Dept Fis, Campus Tafira, Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35017, Spain. EM jgarcia@dfis.ulpgc.es RI Florido, Ricardo/H-5513-2015; Ralchenko, Yuri/E-9297-2016 OI Florido, Ricardo/0000-0001-7428-6273; Ralchenko, Yuri/0000-0003-0083-9554 FU Spanish "Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia" [ENE2004-08184-C03-01/FTN]; program "Keep in Touch" of the "European Union"; NIST; NRL; CEA; ULPGC; Regional Government of Canary Island FX This work has been partially supported by the Project of the Spanish "Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia" with reference ENE2004-08184-C03-01/FTN, and by the program "Keep in Touch" of the "European Union".; Organizational and financial support for the workshop from NIST, NRL, CEA, ULPGC and the Regional Government of Canary Island are gratefully acknowledged. NR 34 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1574-1818 J9 HIGH ENERG DENS PHYS JI High Energy Density Phys. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 3 IS 1-2 BP 225 EP 232 DI 10.1016/j.hedp.2007.02.027 PG 8 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA V27PV UT WOS:000208626000033 ER PT J AU Seely, JF Holland, GE Hudson, LT Szabo, CI Henins, A Park, HS Patel, PK Tommasini, R Laming, JM AF Seely, John F. Holland, Glenn E. Hudson, Lawrence T. Szabo, Csilla I. Henins, Albert Park, Hye-Sook Patel, Prav K. Tommasini, Riccardo Laming, J. Martin TI K-shell spectra from Ag, Sn, Sm, Ta, and Au generated by intense femtosecond laser pulses SO HIGH ENERGY DENSITY PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE X-ray spectroscopy; Laser-plasma interaction; Hard X-rays; Femtosecond laser AB K-shell X-ray spectra were recorded by the Dual Crystal Spectrometer (DCS) from Ag, Sn, Sm, Ta, and Au planar foil targets irradiated by single intense femtosecond pulses from the Titan laser at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. DCS implements two quartz crystals in transmission (Laue) geometry covering the X-ray energy range 10-50 keV and 20-120 keV. The spectral images were recorded on photo-stimulable phosphor image plates and on film/phosphor cassettes. The K alpha and K beta spectral lines of Ag with energies 22 keV and 25 keV, Sn at 25 keV and 28 keV, Sm at 40 keV and 46 keV, Ta at 57 keV and 66 keV, and Au at 67 keV and 79 keV were clearly resolved. The observation of these spectral lines, resulting from 1s electron vacancies created by electrons with energies up to at least 80 keV, enables the implementation of K-shell spectroscopy diagnostic techniques for understanding the laser energy deposition, energetic electron generation, ionization distribution, and X-ray conversion efficiency in plasmas produced by an intense femtosecond laser pulse. Based on the measured energies of the Au K-shell transitions, we conclude that the observed Au K-shell transitions are from ionization stages lower than Au+44, and are most likely from neutral Au atoms, that the Titan plasmas and the hard X-ray emissions are dominated by electrons with energies exceeding 80 keV, and that thermal processes play a minor role. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Seely, John F.; Laming, J. Martin] USN, Res Lab, Div Space Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Holland, Glenn E.] SFA Inc, Crofton, MD 21114 USA. [Hudson, Lawrence T.; Szabo, Csilla I.; Henins, Albert] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Szabo, Csilla I.] Ecole Normale Super, Lab Kastler Brossel, F-75252 Paris 05, France. [Szabo, Csilla I.] Univ Paris 06, F-75252 Paris 05, France. [Park, Hye-Sook; Patel, Prav K.; Tommasini, Riccardo] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Seely, JF (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Div Space Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM john.seely@nrl.navy.mil RI Tommasini, Riccardo/A-8214-2009 OI Tommasini, Riccardo/0000-0002-1070-3565 FU Office of Naval Research; U.S. Department of Energy FX We thank the Titan laser operations staff for expert assistance. The work at NRL was supported by the Office of Naval Research. The work at LLNL was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy. The mention of a commercial produce does not represent an endorsement. NR 19 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1574-1818 J9 HIGH ENERG DENS PHYS JI High Energy Density Phys. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 3 IS 1-2 BP 263 EP 271 DI 10.1016/j.hedp.2007.02.022 PG 9 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA V27PV UT WOS:000208626000039 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, AI Stepanov, GV Abdulagatov, IM AF Abdulagatov, A. I. Stepanov, G. V. Abdulagatov, I. M. TI The critical properties of binary mixtures containing carbon dioxide: Krichevskii parameter and related thermodynamic properties SO HIGH TEMPERATURE LA English DT Review ID PARTIAL MOLAR VOLUMES; SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; CONSOLUTE CRITICAL PHENOMENA; EXTENDED CRITICAL REGION; CRITICAL PHASE-BEHAVIOR; SOLVENTS CRITICAL-POINT; EQUATION-OF-STATE; HEAVY N-ALKANES; INFINITE-DILUTION; PVTX MEASUREMENTS AB The values of Krichevskii parameter are given, which are calculated using the data on critical lines for binary CO(2) + solute mixtures (n-alkanes, alcohols, refrigerants, inert gases, water, diatomic gases, and other organic compounds), and detailed comparison is made with the results of other researchers obtained using different measuring, techniques. In this review, special attention is given to the investigation of the thermodynamic (partial molar properties, Henry's constant, distribution coefficient, solubility, and others) and structural (direct and total correlation integrals, size of clusters) properties of infinitely dilute solutions (IDS) of CO(2) + solute in the vicinity of the critical point (CP) of pure solvent (COD, for which purpose the values of Krichevskii parameter and the properties of pure solvent are used. The procedure is given of estimating the effect of small impurities on the accuracy of determination of the critical parameters of pure substances. The importance of critical lines (pattern and qualitative form) and of the Krichevskii parameter in the investigation of the scaling behavior (renormalization of the critical behavior) of thermodynamic functions of IDS in the vicinity of the CP of pure CO(2) is discussed in detail. The boundaries are determined of regions in the T-x and Delta rho-x planes, in which the renormalization is observed of the critical behavior of weakly divergent (isochoric heat capacity) and highly divergent (isobaric heat capacity and isothermal compressibility) properties in CO(2) + solute mixtures. C1 US Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Problems Geothermy, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala 367003, Russia. RP Abdulagatov, AI (reprint author), US Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov; azizagatov@yahoo.com NR 104 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0018-151X J9 HIGH TEMP+ JI High Temp. PD MAY-JUN PY 2007 VL 45 IS 3 BP 408 EP 424 DI 10.1134/S0018151X07030194 PG 17 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 186LA UT WOS:000247779000019 ER PT J AU Graham, N Ferro, RST Karp, WA MacMullen, P AF Graham, Norman Ferro, Richard S. T. Karp, William A. MacMullen, Philip TI Fishing practice, gear design, and the ecosystem approach - three case studies demonstrating the effect of management strategy on gear selectivity and discards SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICES Symposium on Fisheries Management Strategies CY JUN 27-30, 2006 CL Galway, IRELAND SP Marine Inst Ireland, Dept Commun, Marine & Nat Resources, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, ICES DE bycatch; discards; fisheries management; gear selectivity AB A basic tenet of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management is that harvesting is conducted with minimal impact on juvenile fish, non-target species, and marine habitats. A, range of technical modifications of fishing gears aimed at improving their selective properties is available to help achieve these goals, but their effectiveness varies. Through three case studies, we describe how management controls influence fishing behaviour and the adoption of more selective gear, and demonstrate how conservation goals can be discouraged or encouraged by the strategy. in Norway, limits set on the maximum quantity of sublegal fish that may be retained on board, in combination with a ban on discarding, resulted in substantial area closures in the Barents Sea. Therefore, to gain access, fishers developed technical modifications to enhance gear selectivity. in both shrimp and demersal trawl fisheries, the modifications are now being used by virtually the whole fleet. To reduce cod mortality in the North Sea, mesh sizes were increased and effort restrictions introduced, but the measures also affected other fleets, notably those targeting Nephrops: fishers for that species reduced their mesh size to prevent loss of target species and to avoid effort restrictions. Although management measures may have resulted in reduced fishing mortality on cod, they placed additional pressure on other stocks by encouraging vessels to switch gears, and it is likely that discard rates have increased. in the eastern Bering Sea fishery for walleye pollock, the adoption of more-selective fishing gears was encouraged by regulations requiring fisheries to be curtailed when bycatch rates of prohibited species are exceeded, leading to underutilization of the target species through premature closures. Fishers now act cooperatively by providing real-time data on bycatch hot spots, allowing tactical fishing decisions to be taken to avoid such areas. C1 Inst Marine Res, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. FRS Marine Lab, Aberdeen AB11 5DB, Scotland. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Sea Fish Ind Author, Kingston Upon Hull HU3 4QE, N Humberside, England. RP Graham, N (reprint author), Inst Marine, Fisheries Sci Serv, Galway, Ireland. EM norman.graham@marine.ie NR 25 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 43 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 64 IS 4 BP 744 EP 750 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fsm059 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 188BZ UT WOS:000247894900027 ER PT J AU Feng, M Brilliant, NA Cundiff, ST Mirin, RP Silverman, KL AF Feng, Mingming Brilliant, Nathan A. Cundiff, Steven T. Mirin, R. P. Silverman, K. L. TI Wavelength bistability in two-section mode-locked quantum-dot diode lasers SO IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE diode laser; mode-locked; quantum dot (QD); wavelength bistability AB We report a two-section mode-locked quantum-dot laser with an emission wavelength that is bistable with respect to applied bias on the saturable absorber region. The two stable lasing wavelengths for this device are about 1173 and 1166 nm with a power contrast ratio of over 30 dB. The largest switchable wavelength range is 7.7 nm. The optical power and pulsewidth (6.5 ps) are almost identical in the two lasing modes under optimized conditions. The operation of this laser can be explained by the interplay of the spectral-hole burning and the quantum-confined Stark effect. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Feng, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM mingming.feng@colorado.edu; cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu; mirin@boulder.nist.gov; silverma@boulder.nist.gov RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; feng, mingming/F-3463-2011; OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; Mirin, Richard/0000-0002-4472-4655 NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1041-1135 J9 IEEE PHOTONIC TECH L JI IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. PD MAY-JUN PY 2007 VL 19 IS 9-12 BP 804 EP 806 DI 10.1109/LPT.2007.896571 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 180HG UT WOS:000247353100057 ER PT J AU Canavero, FG Wilson, PF AF Canavero, Flavio G. Wilson, Perry F. TI Special section honoring the 50th anniversary of the IEEE EMC society SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Politecn Torino, Dept Elect, I-10129 Turin, Italy. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Canavero, FG (reprint author), Politecn Torino, Dept Elect, I-10129 Turin, Italy. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9375 J9 IEEE T ELECTROMAGN C JI IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 49 IS 2 BP 202 EP 203 DI 10.1109/TEMC.2007.897325 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 182EQ UT WOS:000247488300001 ER PT J AU Hill, DA AF Hill, David A. TI Thirty years in electromagnetic compatibility: Projects and colleagues SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Conference of the Antennas-and-Progapation-Society CY JUL 09-14, 2006 CL Albuquerque, NM SP IEEE, Antennas & Prograpat Soc DE antennas; cables; reverberation chambers; statistical electromagnetic theory; wire meshes ID NEAR-FIELD ARRAY; REVERBERATION CHAMBER MEASUREMENTS; OF-BAND RESPONSE; PLANE-WAVE; TRANSMISSION-LINES; ELECTRICALLY LARGE; WIRE MESH; SCATTERING; RADIATION; ANTENNAS AB This paper is a review of my 30 years of experience in electromagnetic compatibility and the projects and colleagues with whom I have had the pleasure of working. The field has evolved considerably over that time (and this evolution is continuing), and my work has evolved from deterministic to statistical methods. The reverberation chamber measurements performed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology have been particularly useful in making this transition. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hill, DA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM dhill@boulder.nist.gov NR 43 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9375 J9 IEEE T ELECTROMAGN C JI IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 49 IS 2 BP 219 EP 223 DI 10.1109/TEMC.2007.897118 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 182EQ UT WOS:000247488300004 ER PT J AU Jin, KW Hong, SW Weitz, R Wilheit, T AF Jin, Kyoung-Wook Hong, Sung-Wook Weitz, Richard Wilheit, Thomas TI Improved physically based oceanic rainfall algorithm from AMSR-E data SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE advanced microwave scanning radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) (EOS); microwave remote sensing; precipitation; rainfall ID MICROWAVE; PRECIPITATION; SATELLITE AB An improved oceanic rainfall algorithm based on a radiative transfer model that reduces many uncertainties of rainfall retrieval was developed using advanced microwave scanning radiometer for Earth Observing System data. Error models were embedded to quantify rainfall uncertainties and to reduce net uncertainties. Six channels (37, 18, and 10 GHz with dual polarization) were utilized in the algorithm. Several developments such as improvement of the freezing-level (FL) retrieval, a weighted average scheme, and enhanced offset correction were implemented in this paper. As a result, rain rate uncertainties were substantially reduced and quantified. To establish error models, drop-size-distribution uncertainty, beam filling error, data calibration uncertainty, and instrument noise were taken into account. These error models were used to compute proper weights of each channel to combine the six rain rates. The algorithm was evaluated with respect to the current operational algorithm (NASA Level 3 rainfall algorithm). It showed more reasonable mean FLs and rain rate estimation than the operational algorithm. Furthermore, pixel-by-pixel-based quantitative error estimates were conducted through the error model. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Jin, KW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM kwjin@jpl.nasa.gov RI Wilheit, Thomas/G-9438-2012 NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD MAY PY 2007 VL 45 IS 5 BP 1332 EP 1341 DI 10.1106/TGRS.2007.894931 PN 2 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 161SE UT WOS:000246035300005 ER PT J AU Chai, H Lawn, BR AF Chai, Herzl Lawn, Brian R. TI Edge chipping of brittle materials: effect of side-wall inclination and loading angle SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRACTURE LA English DT Article DE vickers indentation; inclined loading; angular coordinates; brittle ceramics; edge chipping; toughness ID INDENTATION; TOUGHNESS; FRACTURE; CRACKING; FLAKING AB An earlier analysis of chipping fracture in brittle solids is here extended to include the case of blocks with inclined side faces and non-normal contact loading. The simple relation P-F = beta K(c)h(3/2) for the critical chipping load PF in terms of indent location h and material toughness K, is preserved, with angular coordinates simply incorporated into the beta coefficient. Chipping fracture tests using a Vickers indenter near the edges of glass blocks with non-orthogonal faces is used to validate the analysis. Implications of the results in relation to practical engineering, biomechanical and anthropological structures are indicated. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Fac Engn, Sch Mech Engn, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov NR 15 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-9429 J9 INT J FRACTURE JI Int. J. Fract. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 145 IS 2 BP 159 EP 165 DI 10.1007/s10704-007-9113-2 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 221RS UT WOS:000250245600005 ER PT J AU Heuvelink, GBM Brown, JD van Loon, EE AF Heuvelink, G. B. M. Brown, J. D. van Loon, E. E. TI A probabilistic framework for representing and simulating uncertain environmental variables SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Advances in Spatio-Temporal Modelling of Environment and Landscape CY OCT 26, 2005 CL Ultrecht Univ, Acad Hall, Ultrecht, NETHERLANDS HO Ultrecht Univ, Acad Hall DE attribute uncertainty; positional uncertainty; probability distribution; uncertainty analysis; stochastic simulation ID ERROR PROPAGATION; MODELING ERROR; GIS; INFORMATION; MAPS AB Understanding the limitations of environmental data is important for managing environmental systems effectively and for encouraging the responsible use of uncertain data. Explicit assessment of the uncertainties associated with environmental data, and their storage in a database, are therefore important. This paper presents a statistical framework for representing and simulating uncertain environmental variables. In general terms, an uncertain variable is completely specified by its probability distribution function (pdf). Pdfs are developed for objects with uncertain locations ('positional uncertainty') and uncertain attribute values ('attribute uncertainty'). Objects comprising multiple space-time locations are separated into 'rigid objects', where positional uncertainty cannot alter the internal geometry of the object, and 'deformable' objects, where positional uncertainty can vary between locations in one object. Statistical dependence is allowed between uncertainties in multiple locations in one object. The uncertainties associated with attribute values are also modelled with pdfs. The type and complexity of these pdfs depend upon the measurement scale and the space-time variability of the uncertain attribute. The framework is illustrated with examples. A prototype software tool for assessing uncertainties in environmental data, storing them within a database, and for generating realizations for use in Monte Carlo studies is also presented. C1 Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Environm Sci Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. NOAA, Off Hydrol Dev, Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Amsterdam, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Dynam, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Heuvelink, GBM (reprint author), Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Environm Sci Grp, POB 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. EM gerard.heuvelink@wur.nl NR 26 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1365-8816 J9 INT J GEOGR INF SCI JI Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 21 IS 5 BP 497 EP 513 DI 10.1080/13658810601063951 PG 17 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Geography; Geography, Physical; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Geography; Physical Geography; Information Science & Library Science GA 174UB UT WOS:000246967200003 ER PT J AU Cook, RF Oyen, ML AF Cook, Robert F. Oyen, Michelle L. TI Nanoindentation behavior and mechanical properties measurement of polymeric materials SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE indentation; nanoindentation; viscoelastic; viscous; polymer ID SPHERICAL INDENTATION; VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS; CREEP COMPLIANCE; HARDNESS; MODULUS; FILMS; GLASS; LOAD; SILICA; TIME AB During sharp contacts, polymeric materials can exhibit elastic (reversible), plastic (instantaneous irreversible), and viscous (time-dependent irreversible) deformation. Due to viscous effects commonly observed in experiments conducted on polymeric materials, the analytical methods developed for instrumented indentation testing ("nanoindentation") of elastic-plastic materials cannot be used to determine polymer mechanical properties. Here, a viscouselastic-plastic sharp indentation model is reframed into normalized coordinates. The updated scheme allows the mechanical properties of polymeric materials to be determined simply from single- or multiple-cycle nanoindentation tests; output parameters are the relative resistance to plastic vs elastic deformation during indentation and the relative time scales for viscous flow during the contact event. The scheme allows the indentation behavior of all materials to be placed on a single map. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Cambridge, Dept Engn, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, England. RP Cook, RF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8520, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM robert.cook@nist.gov RI Oyen, Michelle/B-1600-2008; OI Oyen, Michelle/0000-0002-3428-748X NR 33 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 14 PU CARL HANSER VERLAG PI MUNICH PA KOLBERGERSTRASSE 22, POSTFACH 86 04 20, D-81679 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 1862-5282 J9 INT J MATER RES JI Int. J. Mater. Res. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 98 IS 5 BP 370 EP 378 PG 9 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 176ON UT WOS:000247094900005 ER PT J AU Domanski, PA Yashar, D AF Domanski, Piotr A. Yashar, David TI Optimization of finned-tube condensers using an intelligent system SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRIGERATION-REVUE INTERNATIONALE DU FROID LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IIR International Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants CY AUG 31-SEP 02, 2005 CL Vicenza, ITALY SP IIR DE refrigeration system; air conditioning; modelling; optimization; design; air condenser; finned-tube AB The refrigerant circuitry influences a heat exchanger's attainable capacity. Typically, a design engineer specifies a circuitry and validates it using a simulation model or laboratory test. The circuitry optimization process can be improved by using intelligent search techniques. This paper presents experiments with a novel intelligent optimization module, ISHED (Intelligent System for Heat Exchanger Design), applied to maximize capacity through circuitry design of finned-tube condensers. The module operates in a semi-Darwinian mode and seeks refrigerant circuitry designs that maximize the condenser capacity for specified operating conditions and condenser slab design constraints. Examples of optimization runs for six different refrigerants are included. ISHED demonstrated the ability to generate circuitry architectures with capacities equal to or superior to those prepared manually, particularly for cases involving non-uniform air distribution. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, HVAC&R Equipment Performance Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Domanski, PA (reprint author), NIST, HVAC&R Equipment Performance Grp, 100 Bur Dr,Mailstop 8631, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM piotr.domanski@nist.gov NR 14 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7007 J9 INT J REFRIG JI Int. J. Refrig.-Rev. Int. Froid PD MAY PY 2007 VL 30 IS 3 BP 482 EP 488 DI 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2006.08.013 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 148JC UT WOS:000245069700011 ER PT J AU Gebbie, JG Jensen, MK Domanski, PA AF Gebbie, James G. Jensen, Michael K. Domanski, Piotr A. TI Experimental transient performance of a heat pump equipped with a distillation column SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRIGERATION-REVUE INTERNATIONALE DU FROID LA English DT Article DE heat pump; experiment; refrigerant; R32; binary mixture; R134a; transient; distillation; performance ID ZEOTROPIC REFRIGERANT MIXTURES; BINARY AB A series of experiments were conducted on a heat pump equipped with a distillation column. The system was operated with R32 and with a 30/70% by mass mixture of R32/134a to examine the difference between the transient performance trends with a pure fluid (R32), and those with a zeotropic mixture (R32/134a). Additionally, the effects of varying heat transfer fluid mass flow, compressor speed, and accumulator sump heat input were examined. Each test was I h in duration. The heat pump capacities did not generally achieve steady state during the R32/134a tests. Steady state was generally achieved during the R32 tests. As a percentage of the final (end-of-test) capacity, the rate of capacity increase was greater during the R32/134a tests than during those conducted with the pure fluid. The R32/134a tests exhibited capacity oscillations early in each transient that were not present during the R32 tests. The results show that circulating refrigerant mass and composition are the primary controlling factors with regard to transient capacity. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved. C1 Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Mech Aerosp & Nucl Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gebbie, JG (reprint author), 1675 John R Rd, Rochester, MI 48307 USA. EM jggebbie@comcast.net NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7007 J9 INT J REFRIG JI Int. J. Refrig.-Rev. Int. Froid PD MAY PY 2007 VL 30 IS 3 BP 499 EP 505 DI 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2006.08.014 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 148JC UT WOS:000245069700013 ER PT J AU Powell, AC Shibuta, Y Guyer, JE Becker, CA AF Powell, Adam C. Shibuta, Yasushi Guyer, Jonathan E. Becker, Chandler A. TI Modelling electrochemistry in metallurgical processes SO JOM LA English DT Article ID MONTE-CARLO SIMULATIONS; DOUBLE-LAYER; ELECTRODEPOSITION; METAL; SURFACES; ELECTROLYTES; INTERFACE; GROWTH; FACE AB Mathematical modeling is an important tool for the development of materials and processes for making them. Modeling electrochemical processes for smelting or plating metals presents several particularly difficult challenges. Boundary conditions are nonlinear and time dependent, often because phenomena at multiple length scales are inextricably linked. For example, the Angstrom-scale double layer gives rise to nonlinear voltage-current behavior which is a boundary condition for macroscopic models. And development of micrometer-scale dendrites dramatically changes both the product form and the apparent resistance at the interface; chemical additives can suppress dendrites and produce super conformal filling of very rough surfaces. This paper gives an overview of modeling approaches at all length scales from Angstroms to meters, including both mean field and atomistic approaches. C1 Veryst Engn LLC, Needham, MA 02494 USA. Univ Tokyo, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Powell, AC (reprint author), Veryst Engn LLC, 47A Kearney Rd, Needham, MA 02494 USA. EM apowell@veryst.com RI Shibuta, Yasushi/A-6301-2010; Guyer, Jonathan/M-5165-2016 OI Guyer, Jonathan/0000-0002-1407-6589 NR 53 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1047-4838 J9 JOM-US JI JOM PD MAY PY 2007 VL 59 IS 5 BP 35 EP 43 DI 10.1007/s11837-007-0063-y PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 164JS UT WOS:000246230600005 ER PT J AU Bennett, LH Della Torre, E Johnson, PR Watson, RE AF Bennett, L. H. Della Torre, E. Johnson, P. R. Watson, R. E. TI A phase diagram for the Bose-Einstein condensation of magnons SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Joint Annual Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/Annual Intermag Conference CY JAN 07-11, 2007 CL Balitmore, MD SP Amer Inst Phys, IEEE, Magnet Soc ID MAGNETIZATION AB Evidence has recently been given for the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of magnons in nanostructures. This behavior occurs for nanoparticles some tens of nanometers in size (having some millions of atoms in a nanoparticle). Here we explore the effect of particle size on the BEC critical temperature and the blocking temperature. These considerations lead to a proposed phase diagram for magnetic behavior in nanoparticles, with distinct BEC, superparamagnetic, and ferromagnetic phases. C1 George Washington Univ, Washington, DC 20052 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. American Univ, Washington, DC 20016 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Bennett, LH (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Washington, DC 20052 USA. EM lbennett@gwu.edu NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 1 PY 2007 VL 101 IS 9 AR 09G103 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 169BO UT WOS:000246567900264 ER PT J AU Leto, A Porporati, AA Zhu, WL Green, M Pezzotti, G AF Leto, Andrea Porporati, Alessandro Alan Zhu, Wenliang Green, Martin Pezzotti, Giuseppe TI High-resolution stress assessments of interconnect/dielectric electronic patterns using optically active point defects of silica glass as a stress sensor SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FILM-EDGE; INTEGRATED-CIRCUITS; MECHANICAL-STRESS; RESIDUAL-STRESSES; AMORPHOUS SIO2; SOLID TARGETS; CATHODOLUMINESCENCE; LUMINESCENCE; OXIDATION; ELECTROMIGRATION AB A piezospectroscopic (PS) cathodoluminescence (CL) study has been carried out on a Cu-Ta/SiO(x) (carbon-doped) model chip prepared on a Si substrate. The PS approach was applied to CL spectra arising from optically active point defects in dielectric silica. The red CL emission arising from nonbridging oxygen hole centers (NBOHC) in the carbon-doped SiO(x) dielectric layer was calibrated and used as a stress sensor. This approach enabled us to locate the trace of the residual stress tensor, as locally developed during manufacturing process in the dielectric interlayers between Cu-Ta interconnects. A minimally invasive electron beam allowed probing local residual stress fields with an improved spatial resolution as compared to more conventional photostimulated PS techniques applied to the Si substrate. In addition, a two-dimensional deconvolution procedure was attempted to retrieve the "true" residual stress distribution piled up between adjacent Cu-Ta lines, according to a theoretical model for embedded structural elements. As probed on the nanometer scale by the NBOHC sensor, the interfaces were found under a substantially enhanced residual stress, characteristic for low-temperature Si/SiO(x) growth in the presence of metallic interconnects. CL/PS spectroscopy represents an improved tool to quantitatively monitor the residual stresses developed at SiO(x)/metal interfaces, thus opening the possibility to systematically engineer the interface itself in search for high-reliability Si-based devices. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Kyoto Inst Technol, Ceram Phys Lab, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068585, Japan. Kyoto Inst Technol, Res Inst Nanosci, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068585, Japan. NIST, Div Ceram, Elect & Optoelect Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pezzotti, G (reprint author), Kyoto Inst Technol, Ceram Phys Lab, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068585, Japan. EM pezzotti@chem.kit.ac.jp NR 50 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 1 PY 2007 VL 101 IS 9 AR 093514 DI 10.1063/1.2723193 PG 14 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 169BO UT WOS:000246567900028 ER PT J AU Ryzhkov, AV AF Ryzhkov, Alexander V. TI The impact of beam broadening on the quality of radar polarimetric data SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL PHASE; RAINFALL ESTIMATION; WSR-88D AB The impact of beam broadening on the quality of radar polarimetric data in the presence of nonuniform beam filling (NBF) is examined both theoretically and experimentally. Cross-beam gradients of radar reflectivity Z, differential reflectivity Z(DR), and differential phase Phi(DP) within the radar resolution volume may produce significant biases of Z(DR), Phi(DP), and the cross-correlation coefficient p(hv.) These biases increase with range as a result of progressive broadening of the radar beam. They are also larger at shorter radar wavelengths and wider antenna beams. Simple analytical formulas are suggested for estimating the NBF-induced biases from the measured vertical and horizontal gradients of Z, Z(DR), and Phi(DP). Analysis of polarimetric data collected by the KOUN Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) demonstrates that frequently observed perturbations of the radial Phi(DP) profiles and radially oriented "valleys" of p(hv) depression can be qualitatively and quantitatively explained using the suggested NBF model. C1 Univ Oklahoma, CIMMS, NSSL, Norman, OK 73072 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, OAR, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Ryzhkov, AV (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, CIMMS, NSSL, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM Alexander.Ryzhkov@noaa.gov NR 18 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 24 IS 5 BP 729 EP 744 DI 10.1175/JTECH2003.1 PG 16 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 169VR UT WOS:000246620700001 ER PT J AU Langston, C Zhang, JA Howard, K AF Langston, Carrie Zhang, Jian Howard, Kenneth TI Four-dimensional dynamic radar mosaic SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS AB Communities and many industries are affected by severe weather and have a need for real-time accurate Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) data spanning several regions. To fulfill this need the National Severe Storms Laboratory has developed a Four-Dimensional Dynamic Grid (4DDG) to accurately represent discontinuous radar reflectivity data over a continuous 4D domain. The objective is to create a seamless, rapidly updating radar mosaic that is well suited for use by forecasters in addition to advance radar applications such as qualitative precipitation estimates. Several challenges are associated with creating a 3D radar mosaic given the nature of radar data and the spherical coordinates of radar observations. The 4DDG uses spatial and temporal weighting schemes to overcome these challenges, with the intention of applying minimal smoothing to the radar data. Previous multiple radar mosaics functioned in two or three dimensions using a variety of established weighting schemes. The 4DDG has the advantage of temporal weighting to smooth radar observations over time. Using an exponentially decaying weighting scheme, this paper will examine different weather scenarios and show the effects of temporal smoothing using different time scales. Specifically, case examples of the 4DDG approach involving a rapidly evolving convective event and a slowly developing stratiform weather regime are considered. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, OAR, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Langston, C (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, OAR, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM carrie.langston@noaa.gov NR 8 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 24 IS 5 BP 776 EP 790 DI 10.1175/JTECH2001.1 PG 15 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 169VR UT WOS:000246620700004 ER PT J AU Zhang, GF Doviak, RJ AF Zhang, Guifu Doviak, Richard. J. TI Spaced-antenna interferometry to measure crossbeam wind, shear, and turbulence: Theory and formulation SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS; ENSEMBLE KALMAN FILTER; MODEL; ASSIMILATION; RETRIEVAL; PROFILERS; ADJOINT; SPECTRA AB The theory of measuring crossbeam wind, shear, and turbulence within the radar's resolution volume V-6 is described. Spaced-antenna weather radar interferometry is formulated for such measurements using phased-array weather radar. The formulation for a spaced-antenna interferometer (SAI) includes shear of the mean wind, allows turbulence to be anisotropic, and allows receiving beams to have elliptical cross sections. Auto- and cross-correlation functions are derived based on wave scattering by randomly distributed particles. Antenna separation, mean wind, shear. and turbulence all contribute to signal decorrelation. Crossbeam wind cannot be separated from shear, and thus crossbeam wind measurements are biased by shear. It is shown that SAI measures an apparent crossbeam wind (i.e., the angular shear of the radial wind component). Whereas the apparent crossbeam wind and turbulence within V-6 cannot be separated using monostatic Doppler techniques, angular shear and turbulence can be separated using the SAI. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Zhang, GF (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, 120 David L Boren Blvd,Suite 5900, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM guzhang1@ou.edu RI Zhang, Guifu/M-3178-2014 OI Zhang, Guifu/0000-0002-0261-2815 NR 33 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 24 IS 5 BP 791 EP 805 DI 10.1175/JTECH2004.1 PG 15 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 169VR UT WOS:000246620700005 ER PT J AU Kim, JW Bhowmick, S Chai, H Lawn, BR AF Kim, Jae-Won Bhowmick, Sanjit Chai, Herzi Lawn, Brian R. TI Role of substrate material in failure of crown-like layer structures SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE curved surfaces; radial cracks; contact damage; brittle shells; dental crowns ID CERAMIC DENTAL RESTORATIONS; BRITTLE COATINGS; CONCENTRATED LOADS; FRACTURE-MECHANICS; CONTACT; GLASS; CRACKING; MODULUS; DAMAGE; INDENTATION AB The role of substrate modulus on critical loads to initiate and propagate radial cracks to failure in curved brittle glass shells on compliant polymeric substrates is investigated. Flat glass disks are used to drive the crack system. This configuration is representative of dental crown structures on dentin support in occlusal contact. Specimens are fabricated by truncating glass tubes and filling with epoxy-based substrate materials, with or without alumina filler for modulus control. Moduli ranging from 3 to 15 GPa are produced in this way. Critical loads for both initiation and propagation to failure increase monotonically with substrate modulus, by a factor of two over the data range. Fracture mechanics relations provide a fit to the data, within the scatter bands. Finite element analysis is used to determine stress distributions pertinent to the observed fracture modes. It is suggested that stiffer substrate materials offer potential for improved crown lifetime in dental practice. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kim, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [P01 DE10976] NR 35 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1552-4973 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES B JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B PD MAY PY 2007 VL 81B IS 2 BP 305 EP 311 DI 10.1002/jbm.b.30666 PG 7 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 161HC UT WOS:000246004400003 PM 17022051 ER PT J AU Stein, SE Babushok, VI Brown, RL Linstrom, PJ AF Stein, Stephen E. Babushok, Valeri I. Brown, Robert L. Linstrom, Peter J. TI Estimation of Kovats retention indices using group contributions SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND MODELING LA English DT Article ID GAS-LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ARTIFICIAL NEURAL-NETWORK; STATIONARY PHASES; SPECTROMETRY DATA; PREDICTION; ANNIVERSARY; LIBRARY; SYSTEM; APOLAR AB We have constructed a group contribution method for estimating Kovats retention indices by using observed data from a set of diverse organic compounds. Our database contains observed retention indices for over 35 000 different molecules. These were measured on capillary or packed columns with polar and nonpolar ( or slightly polar) stationary phases under isothermal or nonisothermal conditions. We neglected any dependence of index values on these factors by averaging observations. Using 84 groups, we determined two sets of increment values, one for nonpolar and the other for polar column data. For nonpolar column data, the median absolute prediction error was 46 (3.2%). For data on polar columns, the median absolute error was 65 (3.9%). While accuracy is insufficient for identification based solely on retention, it is suitable for the rejection of certain classes of false identifications made by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stein, SE (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM steve.stein@nist.gov NR 31 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1549-9596 J9 J CHEM INF MODEL JI J. Chem Inf. Model. PD MAY-JUN PY 2007 VL 47 IS 3 BP 975 EP 980 DI 10.1021/ci600548y PG 6 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Computer Science GA 172AL UT WOS:000246776400031 PM 17367127 ER PT J AU Chirico, RD Johnson, RD Steele, WV AF Chirico, Robert D. Johnson, Russell D., III Steele, William V. TI Thermodynamic properties of methylquinolines: Experimental results for 2,6-dimethylquinoline and mutual validation between experiments and computational methods for methylquinolines SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE 2,6-dimethylquinoline; heat capacity; vapor pressure; density; critical properties; enthalpy of formation; ideal gas properties; computational chemistry ID THERMOCHEMICAL BOND ENERGIES; 3RD VIRIAL-COEFFICIENT; VAPOR-PRESSURE; TEMPERATURES; ENTHALPIES; COMBUSTION; PETROLEUM; QUINOLINE; NITROGEN AB Measurements leading to the calculation of the standard thermodynamic properties for gaseous 2,6-dimethylquinoline (Chemical Abstracts registry number [877-43-0]) are reported. Experimental methods included adiabatic heat-capacity calorimetry, vibrating-tube densimetry, comparative ebulliometry, inclined-piston gauge manometry, differential-scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.), and combustion calorimetry. The critical temperature was measured with d.s.c. The critical pressure and critical density were estimated. Molar entropies, molar enthalpies, and molar Gibbs free energies of formation for the ideal gas state were derived at selected temperatures between 298.15 K and 700 K. Results are compared with experimental property values reported previously in the literature. Independent calculations of the ideal gas entropies were performed at the B3LYP/6-3 I +G(d,p) model chemistry for 2,6-dimethylquinoline and other methylquinolines (including hindered internal rotations) and are shown to be in excellent accord with the calorimetric results. Implications of these results are discussed. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Tennessee, Phys Properties Res Facil, Dept Chem Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Nucl Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Chirico, RD (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM chirico@boulder.nist.gov; rjohnson@nist.gov; steelewv@ornl.gov NR 54 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 39 IS 5 BP 698 EP 711 DI 10.1016/j.jct.2006.10.012 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 171TA UT WOS:000246757100004 ER PT J AU Tewari, YB Kishore, N Lang, BE Goldberg, RN AF Tewari, Yadu B. Kishore, Nand Lang, Brian E. Goldberg, Robert N. TI Thermodynamics of reactions catalyzed by D-hydantoinase and N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid hydrolase SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE apparent equilibrium constants; calorimetry; N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid hydrolase; D-hydantoinase; standard molar Gibbs free energy and enthalpy; standard transformed thermodynamic properties ID DATABASE AB Microcalorimetry and high-performance liquid chromatography have been used to conduct a thermodynamic investigation of several biochemical reactions catalyzed by the enzymes D-hydantoinase and N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid hydrolase. Values of apparent equilibrium constants K' and calorimetrically determined molar enthalpies of reaction Delta H-r(m)(cal) were measured for the following D-hydantoinase catalyzed reactions: hydantoin(aq) + H2O(1) = ureidoacetic acid(aq); 5,6-dihydrouracil(aq) + H2O(1) = 3-ureidopropanoic acid(aq); 5-phenylhydantoin(aq) + H2O(1) = 5-phenyl D-Carbamoylate(aq); and 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)hydantoin(aq) + H2O(1) = 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl) D-carbamoylate(aq). Calorimetric measurements, in which both D-hydantoinase and N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid hydrolase were present, were performed on the following reactions: 5-phenylhydantoin(aq) + 3 H2O(1) = D-phenylglycine(aq) + carbon dioxide(aq) + ammonia(aq); and (4-hydroxy)-phenylhydantoin(aq) + 3H(2)O(1) = D-(4-hydroxyphenyl)glycine(aq) + carbon dioxide(aq) + aminonia(aq). A chemical equilibrium model was then used to calculate thermodynamic property values (equilibrium constants K, standard molar enthalpies of reaction Delta H-r(m)degrees, standard molar Gibbs free energies of reaction Delta(r)G'degrees(m), and standard molar entropies of reaction ArS) for chemical reference reactions that correspond to the overall biochemical reactions that were studied experimentally. In several cases, we also provided estimated property values based on data for structurally similar reactions. The results can be used together with the chemical equilibrium model to calculate values of K', the standard apparent molar Gibbs free energy change Delta(r)G'degrees(m), the standard apparent molar enthalpy change Delta(r)H1 degrees(m), changes in binding of the proton Delta N-r(H+), and the position of equilibrium for the several overall biochemical reactions considered in this study over a reasonably wide range of temperature, pH, and ionic strength. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Goldberg, RN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yadu.tewari@nist.gov; nandk@chem.iitb.ac.in; brian.lang@nist.gov; robert.goldberg@nist.gov NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 39 IS 5 BP 717 EP 728 DI 10.1016/j.jct.2006.10.010 PG 12 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 171TA UT WOS:000246757100006 ER PT J AU Higgins, W Gochis, D AF Higgins, Wayne Gochis, David TI Synthesis of results from the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) process study SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article AB An international team of scientists from the United States, Mexico, and Central America carried out a major field campaign during the summer of 2004 to develop an improved understanding of the North American monsoon system leading to improved precipitation forecasts. Results from this campaign, which is the centerpiece of the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) Process Study, are reported in this issue of the Journal of Climate. In addition to a synthesis of key findings, this brief overview article also raises some important unresolved issues that require further attention. More detailed background information on NAME, including motivating science questions, where NAME 2004 was conducted, when, and the experimental design, was published previously by Higgins et al. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Dev Branch,Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Higgins, W (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Dev Branch,Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 605A, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM wayne.higgins@noaa.gov NR 3 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 20 IS 9 BP 1601 EP 1607 DI 10.1175/JCL14081.1 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 167TE UT WOS:000246473800001 ER PT J AU Ray, AJ Garfin, GM Wilder, M Vasquez-Leon, M Lenart, M Comrie, AC AF Ray, Andrea J. Garfin, Gregg M. Wilder, Margaret Vasquez-Leon, Marcela Lenart, Melanie Comrie, Andrew C. TI Applications of monsoon research: Opportunities to inform decision making and reduce regional vulnerability SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICAN MONSOON; SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; COLUMBIA RIVER-BASIN; US SOUTHWEST; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; WATER MANAGEMENT; AIR-QUALITY; ARIZONA; DROUGHT AB This article presents ongoing efforts to understand interactions between the North American monsoon and society in order to develop applications for monsoon research in a highly complex, multicultural, and binational region. The North American monsoon is an annual precipitation regime that begins in early June in Mexico and progresses northward to the southwestern United States. The region includes stakeholders in large urban complexes, productive agricultural areas, and sparsely populated arid and semiarid ecosystems. The political, cultural, and socioeconomic divisions between the United States and Mexico create a broad range of sensitivities to climate variability as well as capacities to use forecasts and other information to cope with climate. This paper highlights methodologies to link climate science with society and to analyze opportunities for monsoon science to benefit society in four sectors: natural hazards management, agriculture, public health, and water management. A list of stakeholder needs and a calendar of decisions is synthesized to help scientists link user needs to potential forecasts and products. To ensure usability of forecasts and other research products, iterative scientist-stakeholder interactions, through integrated assessments, are recommended. These knowledge-exchange interactions can improve the capacity for stakeholders to use forecasts thoughtfully and inform the development of research, and for the research community to obtain feedback on climate-related products and receive insights to guide research direction. It is expected that integrated assessments can capitalize on the opportunities for monsoon science to inform decision making and, in the best instances, reduce regional climate vulnerabilities and enhance regional sustainability. C1 NOAA, ESRL, Div Phys Sci, PSD1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Arizona, Inst Study Planet Earth, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Arizona, Ctr Latin Amer Studies, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Arizona, Bur Appl Res Anthropol, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Geog & Reg Dev, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Ray, AJ (reprint author), NOAA, ESRL, Div Phys Sci, PSD1, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM andrea.ray@noaa.gov OI Garfin, Gregg/0000-0002-2760-132X NR 99 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 20 IS 9 BP 1608 EP 1627 DI 10.1175/JCL14098.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 167TE UT WOS:000246473800002 ER PT J AU Zuidema, P Fairall, C Hartten, LM Hare, JE Wolfe, D AF Zuidema, Paquita Fairall, Chris Hartten, Leslie M. Hare, Jeffrey E. Wolfe, Daniel TI On air-sea interaction at the mouth of the Gulf of California SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICAN MONSOON; MEXICAN MONSOON; CIRCULATION; MODEL; LAYER; OCEAN AB Surface flux, wind profiler, oceanic temperature and salinity, and atmospheric moisture, cloud, and wind observations gathered from the R/V Altair during the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) are presented. The vessel was positioned at the mouth of the Gulf of California halfway between La Paz and Mazatlan ( similar to 23.5 degrees N, 108 degrees W), from 7 July to 11 August 2004, with a break from 22 to 27 July. Experiment-mean findings include a net heat input from the atmosphere into the ocean of 70 W m(-2). The dominant cooling was an experiment-mean latent heat flux of 108 W m(-2), equivalent to an evaporation rate of 0.16 mm h(-1). Total accumulated rainfall amounted to 42 mm. The oceanic mixed layer had a depth of approximately 20 m and both warmed and freshened during the experiment, despite a dominance of evaporation over local precipitation. The mean atmospheric boundary layer depth was approximately 410 m, deepening with time from an initial value of 350 m. The mean near-surface relative humidity was 66%, increasing to 73% at the top of the boundary layer. The rawinsondes documented an additional moist layer between 2-and 3-km altitude associated with a land-sea breeze, and a broad moist layer at 5-6 km associated with land-based convective outflow. The observational period included a strong gulf surge around 13 July associated with the onset of the summer monsoon in southern Arizona. During this surge, mean 1000-700-hPa winds reached 12 m s(-1), net surface fluxes approached zero, and the atmosphere moistened significantly but little rainfall occurred. The experiment-mean wind diurnal cycle was dominated by mainland Mexico and consisted of a near-surface westerly sea breeze along with two easterly return flows, one at 2-3 km and another at 5-6 km. Each of these altitudes experienced nighttime cloudiness. The corresponding modulation of the radiative cloud forcing diurnal cycle provided a slight positive feedback upon the sea surface temperature. Two findings were notable. One was an advective warming of over 1 degrees C in the oceanic mixed layer temperature associated with the 13 July surge. The second was the high nighttime cloud cover fraction at 5-6 km, dissipating during the day. These clouds appeared to be thin, stratiform, slightly supercooled liquid-phase clouds. The preference for the liquid phase increases the likelihood that the clouds can be advected farther from their source and thereby contribute to a higher-altitude horizontal moisture flux into the United States. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Zuidema, P (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM pzuidema@miami.edu RI Hartten, Leslie/F-1970-2010; Zuidema, Paquita/C-9659-2013 OI Hartten, Leslie/0000-0002-5620-6302; Zuidema, Paquita/0000-0003-4719-372X NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 20 IS 9 BP 1649 EP 1661 DI 10.1175/JCL14089.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 167TE UT WOS:000246473800004 ER PT J AU Wang, WQ Xie, PP AF Wang, Wanqiu Xie, Pingping TI A multiplatform-merged (MPM) SST analysis SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NORTH-AMERICAN MONSOON; GULF-OF-CALIFORNIA; IN-SITU; RAINFALL; CLIMATE; MODEL; MICROWAVE; INTERPOLATION; RESOLUTION AB Previous observational studies indicated that local sea surface temperatures (SSTs) near the west coast of the United States, in the Gulf of California, and in the Gulf of Mexico have strong impacts on the North American monsoon ( NAM) system. Simulations of the NAM by numerical models are also found to be sensitive to the specification of SSTs. Accordingly, a reliable SST dataset is essential for improving the understanding, simulation, and prediction of the NAM system. In this study, a new fine-resolution SST analysis is constructed by merging in situ observations from ships and buoys with retrievals from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites (NOAA-16 and NOAA-17), Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES), the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI), and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR). Called the multiplatform-merged (MPM) SST analysis, this new product of 3-hourly SST is defined on a 0.25 degrees x 0.25 degrees latitude longitude grid over the Western Hemisphere (30 degrees S-60 degrees N, 180 degrees-30 degrees W). The analysis for the period of 15 May-30 September 2004 shows that the MPM is capable of capturing small-scale disturbances such as those associated with the tropical instability waves. It also depicts local sharp gradients around Baja California and the Gulf Stream with reasonable accuracy compared with the existing analyses. Experiments have been conducted to examine the impacts of the addition of satellite observations on the quality of the MPM analysis. Results showed that inclusion of observations from more satellites progressively improves the quantitative accuracy, especially for diurnal amplitude of the analysis, indicating the importance of accommodating observations from multiple platforms in depicting critical details in an SST analysis with high temporal and spatial resolutions. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Wang, WQ (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd,No 605, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM wanqiu.wang@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 20 IS 9 BP 1662 EP 1679 DI 10.1175/JCL14097.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 167TE UT WOS:000246473800005 ER PT J AU Janowiak, JE Dagostaro, VJ Kousky, VE Joyce, RJ AF Janowiak, John E. Dagostaro, Valery J. Kousky, Vernon E. Joyce, Robert J. TI An examination of precipitation in observations and model forecasts during NAME with emphasis on the diurnal cycle SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; SATELLITE AB Summertime rainfall over the United States and Mexico is examined and is compared with forecasts from operational numerical prediction models. In particular, the distribution of rainfall amounts is examined and the diurnal cycle of rainfall is investigated and compared with the model forecasts. This study focuses on a 35-day period (12 July-15 August 2004) that occurred amid the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) field campaign. Three-hour precipitation forecasts from the numerical models were validated against satellite-derived estimates of rainfall that were adjusted by daily rain gauge data to remove bias from the remotely sensed estimates. The model forecasts that are evaluated are for the 36-60-h period after the model initial run time so that the effects of updated observational data are reduced substantially and a more direct evaluation of the model precipitation parameterization can be accomplished. The main findings of this study show that the effective spatial resolution of the model-generated precipitation is considerably more coarse than the native model resolution. On a national scale, the models overforecast the frequency of rainfall events in the 1-75 mm day(-1) range and underforecast heavy events (> 85 mm day(-1)). The models also have a diurnal cycle that peaks 3-6 h earlier than is observed over portions of the eastern United States and the NAME tier-1 region. Time series and harmonic analysis are used to identify where the models perform well and poorly in characterizing the amplitude and phase of the diurnal cycle of precipitation. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RS Informat Syst, Mclean, VA USA. RP Janowiak, JE (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, 5300 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM john.janowiak@noaa.gov NR 15 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 20 IS 9 BP 1680 EP 1692 DI 10.1175/JCL14084.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 167TE UT WOS:000246473800006 ER PT J AU Williams, CR White, AB Gage, KS Ralph, FM AF Williams, Christopher R. White, Allen B. Gage, Kenneth S. Ralph, F. Martin TI Vertical structure of precipitation and related microphysics observed by NOAA profilers and TRMM during NAME 2004 SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SPECTRAL MOMENT DATA; WIND PROFILERS; DOPPLER RADAR; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; CLOUD; RAIN; IDENTIFICATION; CALIBRATION; CALIFORNIA; SCATTERING AB In support of the 2004 North American Monsoon Experiment ( NAME) field campaign, NOAA established and maintained a field site about 100 km north of Mazatlan, Mexico, consisting of wind profilers, precipitation profilers, surface upward-downward-looking radiometers, and a 10-m meteorological tower to observe the environment within the North American monsoon. Three objectives of this NOAA project are discussed in this paper: 1) to observe the vertical structure of precipitating cloud systems as they passed over the NOAA profiler site, 2) to estimate the vertical air motion and the raindrop size distribution from near the surface to just below the melting layer, and 3) to better understand the microphysical processes associated with stratiform rain containing well-defined radar bright bands. To provide a climatological context for the profiler observations at the field site, the profiler reflectivity distributions were compared with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) reflectivity distributions from the 2004 season over the NAME domain as well as from the 1998-2005 seasons. This analysis places the NAME 2004 observations into the context of other monsoon seasons. It also provides a basis for evaluating the representativeness of the structure of the precipitation systems sampled at this location. The number of rain events observed by the TRMM PR is dependent on geography; the land region, which includes portions of the Sierra Madre Occidental, has more events than the coast and gulf regions. Conversely, from this study it is found that the frequencies of occurrence of stratiform rain and reflectivity profiles with radar bright bands are mostly independent of region. The analysis also revealed that the reflectivity distribution at each height has more year-to-year variability than region-to-region variability. These findings suggest that in cases with a well-defined bright band, the vertical profile of the reflectivity relative to the height of the bright band is similar over the gulf, coast, and land regions. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Williams, CR (reprint author), Mail Stop R PSD5,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM christopher.r.williams@noaa.gov RI White, Allen/A-7946-2009; Williams, Christopher/A-2723-2015 OI Williams, Christopher/0000-0001-9394-8850 NR 34 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 20 IS 9 BP 1693 EP 1712 DI 10.1175/JCL14102.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 167TE UT WOS:000246473800007 ER PT J AU Watts, CJ Scott, RL Garatuza-Payan, J Rodriguez, JC Prueger, JH Kustas, WP Douglas, M AF Watts, Christopher J. Scott, Russell L. Garatuza-Payan, Jaime Rodriguez, Julio C. Prueger, John H. Kustas, William P. Douglas, Michael TI Changes in vegetation condition and surface fluxes during NAME 2004 SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID MONSOON; PRECIPITATION; ECOSYSTEM; MEXICO AB The vegetation in the core region of the North American monsoon ( NAM) system changes dramatically after the onset of the summer rains so that large changes may be expected in the surface fluxes of radiation, heat, and moisture. Most of this region lies in the rugged terrain of western Mexico and very few measurements of these fluxes have been made in the past. Surface energy balance measurements were made at seven sites in Sonora, Mexico, and Arizona during the intensive observation period ( IOP) of the North American Monsoon Experiment ( NAME) in summer 2004 to better understand how land surface vegetation change alters energy flux partitioning. Satellite data were used to obtain time series for vegetation indices and land surface temperature for these sites. The results were analyzed to contrast conditions before the onset of the monsoon with those afterward. As expected, precipitation during the 2004 monsoon was highly variable from site to site, but it fell in greater quantities at the more southern sites. Likewise, large changes in the vegetation index were observed, especially for the subtropical sites in Sonora. However, the changes in the broadband albedo were very small, which was rather surprising. The surface net radiation was consistent with the previous observations, being largest for surfaces that are transpiring and cool, and smallest for surfaces that are dry and hot. The largest evaporation rates were observed for the subtropical forest and riparian vegetation sites. The evaporative fraction for the forest site was highly correlated with its vegetation index, except during the dry spell in August. This period was clearly detected in the land surface temperature data, which rose steadily in this period to a maximum at its end. C1 Univ Sonora, Dept Fis, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. ARS, USDA, Tucson, AZ USA. Inst Tecnol Sonora, Obregon, Mexico. Inst Medio Ambiente Estado Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. ARS, USDA, Ames, IA USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Watts, CJ (reprint author), Univ Sonora, Dept Fis, Blvd Encinas & Rosales, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. EM watts@fisica.uson.mx NR 14 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 20 IS 9 BP 1810 EP 1820 DI 10.1175/JCL14088.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 167TE UT WOS:000246473800013 ER PT J AU Mo, KC Rogers, E Ebisuzaki, W Higgins, RW Woollen, J Carrera, ML AF Mo, Kingtse C. Rogers, Eric Ebisuzaki, Wesley Higgins, R. Wayne Woollen, J. Carrera, M. L. TI Influence of the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) 2004 enhanced soundings on NCEP operational analyses SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID LOW-LEVEL JETS; ADAPTIVE OBSERVATIONS; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; REGIONAL REANALYSIS; GAUGE OBSERVATIONS; MODEL; PREDICTION; RESOLUTION; MEXICO; SYSTEM AB During the 2004 North American Monsoon Experiment ( NAME) field campaign, an extensive set of enhanced atmospheric soundings was gathered over the southwest United States and Mexico. Most of these soundings were assimilated into the NCEP operational global and regional data assimilation systems in real time. This presents a unique opportunity to carry out a series of data assimilation experiments to examine their influence on the NCEP analyses and short-range forecasts. To quantify these impacts, several data-withholding experiments were carried out using the global Climate Data Assimilation System (CDAS), the Regional Climate Data Assimilation System (RCDAS), and the three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) Eta Model Data Assimilation System (EDAS) for the NAME 2004 enhanced observation period (EOP). The impacts of soundings vary between the assimilation systems examined in this study. Overall, the influence of the enhanced soundings is concentrated over the core monsoon area. While differences at upper levels are small, the differences at lower levels are more substantial. The coarse-resolution CDAS does not properly resolve the Gulf of California (GoC), so the assimilation system is not able to exploit the additional soundings to improve characteristics of the Gulf of California low-level jet (GCLLJ) and the associated moisture transport in the GoC region. In contrast, the GCLLJ produced by RCDAS is conspicuously stronger than the observations, though the problem is somewhat alleviated with additional special NAME soundings. For EDAS, soundings improve the intensity and position of the Great Plains low-level jet (GPLLJ). The soundings in general improve the analyses over the areas where the assimilation system has the largest uncertainties and errors. However, the differences in regional analyses owing to the soundings are smaller than the differences between the two regional data assimilation systems. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, NWS, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RS Informat Syst, Mclean, VA USA. RP Mo, KC (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM kingtse.mo@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 20 IS 9 BP 1821 EP 1842 DI 10.1175/JCLI4083.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 167TE UT WOS:000246473800014 ER PT J AU Lee, MI Schubert, SD Suarez, MJ Held, IM Kumar, A Bell, TL Schemm, JKE Lau, NC Ploshay, JJ Kim, HK Yoo, SH AF Lee, Myong-In Schubert, Siegfried D. Suarez, Max J. Held, Isaac M. Kumar, Arun Bell, Thomas L. Schemm, Jae-Kyung E. Lau, Ngar-Cheung Ploshay, Jeffrey J. Kim, Hyun-Kyung Yoo, Soo-Hyun TI Sensitivity to horizontal resolution in the AGCM simulations of warm season diurnal cycle of precipitation over the United States and northern Mexico SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; LOW-LEVEL JET; GREAT-PLAINS; CLIMATE MODEL; SEMIDIURNAL VARIATIONS; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; MOISTURE TRANSPORT; HYDROLOGIC-CYCLE; VARIABILITY; CONVECTION AB This study examines the sensitivity of the North American warm season diurnal cycle of precipitation to changes in horizontal resolution in three atmospheric general circulation models, with a primary focus on how the parameterized moist processes respond to improved resolution of topography and associated local/regional circulations on the diurnal time scale. It is found that increasing resolution (from approximately 2 degrees to 1/2 degrees in latitude-longitude) has a mixed impact on the simulated diurnal cycle of precipitation. Higher resolution generally improves the initiation and downslope propagation of moist convection over the Rockies and the adjacent Great Plains. The propagating signals, however, do not extend beyond the slope region, thereby likely contributing to a dry bias in the Great Plains. Similar improvements in the propagating signals are also found in the diurnal cycle over the North American monsoon region as the models begin to resolve the Gulf of California and the surrounding steep terrain. In general, the phase of the diurnal cycle of precipitation improves with increasing resolution, though not always monotonically. Nevertheless, large errors in both the phase and amplitude of the diurnal cycle in precipitation remain even at the highest resolution considered here. These errors tend to be associated with unrealistically strong coupling of the convection to the surface heating and suggest that improved simulations of the diurnal cycle of precipitation require further improvements in the parameterizations of moist convection processes. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RS Informat Syst Inc, Mclean, VA USA. RP Lee, MI (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Code 610-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM milee@gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Bell, Thomas/G-5425-2012; OI Lee, Myong-In/0000-0001-8983-8624 NR 47 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 20 IS 9 BP 1862 EP 1881 DI 10.1175/JCL14090.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 167TE UT WOS:000246473800016 ER PT J AU Mestas-Nunez, AM Enfield, DB AF Mestas-Nunez, Alberto M. Enfield, David B. TI Water vapor fluxes over the Intra-Americas Sea: Seasonal and interannual variability and associations with rainfall SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; SURFACE TEMPERATURE; MOISTURE TRANSPORT; SUMMER RAINFALL; GREAT-PLAINS; ETA-MODEL; PRECIPITATION; REANALYSIS; NCEP; PACIFIC AB The seasonal and interannual variability of moisture transports over the Intra-Americas Sea (including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea) is evaluated using the NCEP-NCAR global reanalysis. The seasonal variability of these moisture transports is consistent with previous studies and shows distinctive winter and summer regimes. Boreal winter moisture is mainly delivered to the central United States from the Pacific with some contribution from the Gulf of Mexico. It is during the boreal summer that the moisture flow over the Intra-Americas Sea is most effective in supplying the water vapor to the central United States via the northern branch of the Caribbean low-level jet. The increase of intensity of this jet during July is associated with an increase in evaporation over the Intra-Americas Sea, consistent with midsummer drought conditions over this region. During both summer and winter, the interannual variability of the inflow of moisture from the Intra-Americas Sea into central United States is associated with Caribbean low-level jet variability. The source of the varying moisture is mainly the Gulf of Mexico and the North Atlantic area just east of the Bahamas Islands and the sink is precipitation over east-central United States. The main teleconnection pattern for these interannual variations appears to be the Pacific-North American, although in boreal winter ENSO and possibly the North Atlantic Oscillation may also play a role. During boreal summer, associations with ENSO mainly involve the zonal moisture exchange between the Intra-Americas Sea/tropical Atlantic and the tropical Pacific. C1 Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33152 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Mestas-Nunez, AM (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, 6300 Ocean Dr, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. EM alberto.mestas@tamucc.edu RI Mestas-Nunez, Alberto/A-1427-2012; Enfield, David/I-2112-2013 OI Mestas-Nunez, Alberto/0000-0002-3546-3668; Enfield, David/0000-0001-8107-5079 NR 40 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 20 IS 9 BP 1910 EP 1922 DI 10.1175/JCL14096.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 167TE UT WOS:000246473800019 ER PT J AU Johansson, A AF Johansson, Ake TI Prediction skill of the NAO and PNA from daily to seasonal time scales SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; SURFACE TEMPERATURE; GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT; FORECAST SKILL; WINTER; PREDICTABILITY; ANOMALIES; MODEL; TELECONNECTIONS; PERSISTENCE AB The skill of state-of-the-art operational dynamical models in predicting the two most important modes of variability in the Northern Hemisphere extratropical atmosphere, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Pacific-North American (PNA) teleconnection patterns, is investigated at time scales ranging from daily to seasonal. Two uncoupled atmospheric models used for deterministic forecasting in the short to medium range as well as eight fully coupled atmosphere-land-ocean forecast models used for monthly and seasonal forecasting are examined and compared. For the short to medium range, the level of forecast skill for the two indices is higher than that for the entire Northern Hemisphere extratropical flow. The forecast skill of the PNA is higher than that of the NAO. The forecast skill increases with the magnitude of the NAO and PNA indices, but the relationship is not pronounced. The probability density function (PDF) of the NAO and PNA indices is negatively skewed, in agreement with the distribution of skewness of the geopotential field. The models maintain approximately the observed PDF, including the negative skewness, for the first week. Extreme negative NAO/PNA events have larger absolute values than positive extremes in agreement with the negative skewness of the two indices. Recent large extreme events are generally well forecasted by the models. On the intraseasonal time scale it is found that both NAO and PNA have lingering forecast skill, in contrast to the Northern Hemisphere extratropical flow as a whole. This fact offers some hope for extended range forecasting, even though the skill is quite low. No conclusive positive benefit is seen from using higher horizontal resolution or coupling to the oceans. On the monthly and seasonal time scales, the level of forecast skill for the two indices is generally quite low, with the exception of winter predictions at short lead times. C1 NOAA, NWS, DOC, Natl Ctr Environm Predict,SAIC,Environm Modeling, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Johansson, A (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, DOC, Natl Ctr Environm Predict,SAIC,Environm Modeling, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM ake.johansson@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 20 IS 10 BP 1957 EP 1975 DI 10.1175/JCLI4072.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 173WF UT WOS:000246902500001 ER PT J AU Liebmann, B Camargo, SJ Seth, A Marengo, JA Carvalho, LMV Allured, D Fu, R Vera, CS AF Liebmann, Brant Camargo, Suzana J. Seth, Anji Marengo, Jose A. Carvalho, Leila M. V. Allured, Dave Fu, Rong Vera, Carolina S. TI Onset and end of the rainy season in South America in observations and the ECHAM 4.5 atmospheric general circulation model SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID BRAZILIAN AMAZON BASIN; TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE; PRECIPITATION; RAINFALL; CLIMATE; VARIABILITY; CONVECTION; REANALYSIS; MONSOON AB Rainfall in South America as simulated by a 24-ensemble member of the ECHAM 4.5 atmospheric general circulation model is compared and contrasted with observations (in areas in which data are available) for the period 1976-2001. Emphasis is placed on determining the onset and end of the rainy season, from which its length and rain rate are determined. It is shown that over large parts of the domain the onset and ending dates are well simulated by the model, with biases of less than 10 days. There is a tendency for model onset to occur early and ending to occur late, resulting in a simulated rainy season that is on average too long in many areas. The model wet season rain rate also tends to be larger than observed. To estimate the relative importance of errors in wet season length and rain rate in determining biases in the annual total, adjusted totals are computed by substituting both the observed climatological wet season length and rate for those of the model. Problems in the rain rate generally are more important than problems in the length. The wet season length and rain rate also contribute substantially to interannual variations in the annual total. These quantities are almost independent, and it is argued that they are each associated with different mechanisms. The observed onset dates almost always lie within the range of onset of the ensemble members, even in the areas with a large model onset bias. In some areas, though, the model does not perform well. In southern Brazil the model ensemble average onset always occurs in summer, whereas the observations show that winter is often the wettest period. Individual members, however, do occasionally show a winter rainfall peak. In southern Northeast Brazil the model has a more distinct rainy season than is observed. In the northwest Amazon the model annual cycle is shifted relative to that observed, resulting in a model bias. No interannual relationship between model and observed onset dates is expected unless onset in the model and observations has a mutual relationship with SST anomalies. In part of the near- equatorial Amazon, there does exist an interannual relationship between onset dates. Previous studies have shown that in this area there is a relationship between SST anomalies and variations in seasonal total rainfall. C1 NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, R PSD1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Columbia Univ, Int Res Inst Climate & Soc, Earth Inst, Palisades, NY USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Geog, Storrs, CT USA. CPTEC, INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Atmospher Sci, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. UBA, CIMA, CONICET, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RP Liebmann, B (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, R PSD1, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Brant.Liebmann@noaa.gov RI Camargo, Suzana/C-6106-2009; Fu, Rong/B-4922-2011; Carvalho, Leila/I-5027-2012; Marengo, Jose /J-9382-2012 OI Camargo, Suzana/0000-0002-0802-5160; Marengo, Jose /0000-0002-8154-2762 NR 28 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 20 IS 10 BP 2037 EP 2050 DI 10.1175/JCLI4122.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 173WF UT WOS:000246902500006 ER PT J AU Lee, SK Enfield, DB Wang, C AF Lee, S.-K. Enfield, D. B. Wang, C. TI What drives the seasonal onset and decay of the Western Hemisphere warm pool? SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; OCEAN; ATLANTIC; MODEL; CONVECTION; PHYSICS; WINDS; FLUX; DOME AB The annual heat budget of the Western Hemisphere warm pool (WHWP) is explored using the output of an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) simulation. According to the analysis, the WHWP cannot be considered as a monolithic whole with a single set of dominating processes that explain its behavior. The three regions considered, namely the eastern north Pacific ( ENP), the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), and the Caribbean Sea (CBN), are each unique in terms of the atmospheric and oceanic processes that dominate the corresponding heat budgets. In the ENP region, clear-sky shortwave radiation flux is responsible for the growth of the warm pool in boreal spring, while increased cloud cover in boreal summer and associated reduction in solar radiation play a crucial role for the ENP warm pool's demise. Ocean upwelling in the Costa Rica Dome connected to surrounding areas by horizontal advection offers a persistent yearlong cooling mechanism. Over the Atlantic, the clear- sky radiation flux that increases monotonically from December to May and decreases later is largely responsible for the onset and decay of the Atlantic- side warm pool in boreal summer and fall. The CBN region is affected by upwelling and horizontal advective cooling within and away from the coastal upwelling zone off northern South America during the onset and peak phases, thus slowing down the warm pool's development, but no evidence was found that advective heat flux divergence is important in the GoM region. Turbulent mixing is also an important cooling mechanism in the annual cycle of the WHWP, and the vertical shear at the warm pool base helps to sustain the turbulent mixing. Common to all three WHWP regions is the reduction of wind speed at the peak phase, suggestive of a convection-evaporation feedback known to be important in the Indo-Pacific warm pool dynamics. C1 Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Lee, SK (reprint author), Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM sang-ki.lee@noaa.gov RI Wang, Chunzai /C-9712-2009; Lee, Sang-Ki/A-5703-2011; Enfield, David/I-2112-2013 OI Wang, Chunzai /0000-0002-7611-0308; Lee, Sang-Ki/0000-0002-4047-3545; Enfield, David/0000-0001-8107-5079 NR 27 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 20 IS 10 BP 2133 EP 2146 DI 10.1175/JCLI4113.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 173WF UT WOS:000246902500013 ER PT J AU Walsh, KJE Fiorino, M Landsea, CW McInnes, KL AF Walsh, K. J. E. Fiorino, M. Landsea, C. W. McInnes, K. L. TI Objectively determined resolution-dependent threshold criteria for the detection of tropical cyclones in climate models and reanalyses SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; PRIMARY HURRICANE VORTEX; WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC; STORM FREQUENCY; GLOBAL-MODEL; PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION; GCM INTEGRATIONS; PART I; VORTICES; IMPACT AB Objectively derived resolution-dependent criteria are defined for the detection of tropical cyclones in model simulations and observationally based analyses. These criteria are derived from the wind profiles of observed tropical cyclones, averaged at various resolutions. Both an analytical wind profile model and two-dimensional observed wind analyses are used. The results show that the threshold wind speed of an observed tropical cyclone varies roughly linearly with resolution. The criteria derived here are compared to the numerous different criteria previously employed in climate model simulations. The resulting method provides a simple means of comparing climate model simulations and reanalyses. C1 Univ Melbourne, Sch Earth Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Hobart, Tas, Australia. ACE, CRC, Hobart, Tas, Australia. RP Walsh, KJE (reprint author), Univ Melbourne, Sch Earth Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. EM kevin.walsh@unimelb.edu.au RI McInnes, Kathleen/A-7787-2012; Fiorino, Michael/N-4150-2014; OI Fiorino, Michael/0000-0002-2819-8157; Walsh, Kevin/0000-0002-1860-510X NR 39 TC 105 Z9 107 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 20 IS 10 BP 2307 EP 2314 DI 10.1175/JCLI4074.1 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 173WF UT WOS:000246902500023 ER PT J AU Magerramov, MA Abdulagatov, AI Azizov, ND Abdulagatov, IM AF Magerramov, M. A. Abdulagatov, A. I. Azizov, N. D. Abdulagatov, I. M. TI Effect of temperature, concentration, and pressure on the viscosity of pomegranate and pear juice concentrates SO JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Arrhenius equation; density; pomegranate juice; pear juice; viscosity; viscometer ID AQUEOUS-ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS; THERMO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES; PUNICA-GRANATUM L.; ORANGE JUICE; APPLE JUICE; RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR; FLOW PROPERTIES; FRUIT JUICES; DENSITY; TOLUENE AB Viscosities of two fruit (pomegranate, Punica granatum L., and pear, Pyrus communis) juices have been measured with a capillary flow technique. The range of measurements was for pomegranate juice: from 293.15 to 363.15 K at atmospheric pressure 0.101325 MPa and for concentrations 23, 30, 35, and 40 degrees Brix; for pear juice: from 298.15 to 363.15 K at atmospheric pressure and for concentrations 20, 25, and 30 degrees Brix. For two selected concentrations (11.0 degrees Brix for pomegranate and 15.2 degrees Brix for pear juice) the measurements were performed at three pressures (0.101325, 5, and 10 MPa) in the temperature ranges between 292.95 and 402.95 K for pomegranate juice and from 294.10 to 402.71 K for pear juice. The total uncertainty of viscosity, pressure, and temperature measurements were estimated to be less than 1.7%, 0.006%, and 0.025 K, respectively. The effect of temperature, pressure, and concentration on viscosity of pomegranate and pear juices were studied. Arrhenius type correlation equation for viscosity was used to represent the temperature dependence of viscosity. The values of the Arrhenius equation parameters (flow activation energy) were calculated for the measured viscosities of pomegranate and pear juices as a function of concentration and pressure. The AAD between measured and calculated values from this correlation equation for the viscosity was 2.0% for both pomegranate and pear juices. Different theoretical models for the viscosity of fruit juices were stringently tested with new accurate measurements on pomegranate and pear juices. The predictive capability of the various models was studied. The behavior of the concentration, temperature, and pressure dependences of the viscosity of pomegranate and pear juices are discussed in light of the various theoretical models for viscosity of fruit juices. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Azerbaijan State Econ Univ, AZ-1001 Baku, Azerbaijan. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala 367003, Dagestan, Russia. Azerbaijan State Oil Acad, Baku 370601, Azerbaijan. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM azizagatov@yahoo.com; ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 60 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 5 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0260-8774 J9 J FOOD ENG JI J. Food Eng. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 80 IS 2 BP 476 EP 489 DI 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.05.030 PG 14 WC Engineering, Chemical; Food Science & Technology SC Engineering; Food Science & Technology GA 127AB UT WOS:000243555800013 ER PT J AU Davis, MW Fanney, AH LaBarre, MJ Henderson, KR Dougherty, BP AF Davis, Mark W. Fanney, A. Hunter LaBarre, Michael J. Henderson, Kenneth R. Dougherty, Brian P. TI Parameters affecting the performance of a residential-scale stationary fuel cell system SO JOURNAL OF FUEL CELL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology CY MAY 23-25, 2005 CL Ypsilanti, MI SP ASME, Nanotechnol Inst, Rochester Inst Technol AB Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology have measured the performance of a residential fuel cell system when subjected to various environmental and load conditions. The system, which uses natural gas as its source fuel, is capable of generating electrical power at three nominal power levels (2.5, 4.0, and 5.0 kW) while providing thermal energy for user-supplied loads. Testing was conducted to determine the influence of ambient temperature, relative humidity, electrical load, and thermal load on system performance. Steady-state and transient tests were conducted. The steady-state tests were performed in accordance with the American Society of Mechanical Engineering Fuel Cell Power systems Performance Test Code (PTC-50) for fuel cell power systems. The results of the investigation are being used to develop a proposed rating procedure for residential fuel cell units. C1 NIST, Heat Transfer & Alternat Energy Syst Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Davis, MW (reprint author), NIST, Heat Transfer & Alternat Energy Syst Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mark.davis@nist.gov NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 1550-624X J9 J FUEL CELL SCI TECH JI J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 4 IS 2 BP 109 EP 115 DI 10.1115/1.2713767 PG 7 GA 180JQ UT WOS:000247359600001 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, EM AF Jorgensen, Elaina M. TI Identification, distribution and relative abundance of paralarval gonatid squids (Cephalopods : Oegopsida : Gonatidae) from the Gulf of Alaska, 2001-2003 SO JOURNAL OF MOLLUSCAN STUDIES LA English DT Article ID BERING-SEA; ECOSYSTEM; WATERS AB Paralarvae of the family Gonatidae were sampled in the Gulf of Alaska during spring 2001-2003. Taxonomic characters were determined to allow identification of the specimens to species. The dorsal head chromatophore pattern (DHCP) was the most robust character and allowed identification to species for the first time without requiring the removal and examination of the radula. Six different DHCPs were found among the six species in the study area. The 1140 specimens collected consisted of the following six species: Berryteuthis anonychus (759), Berryteuthis magister (71), Gonatopsis borealis (155), Gonatus kamtschaticus (1), Gonatus madokai (4) and Gonatus onyx (143). The specimens had a size range of 3.0-20.63 mm dorsal mantle length with the majority of specimens smaller than 10 mm. All species showed an increasing trend in abundance from the shelf (0-200 m) to the slope (200-1000 m) to the basin (> 1000 m) except G. onyx in 2001 and 2002. Wide variation in distribution and abundance was found for the four most abundant species; however, in general, B. anonychus was most abundant and widely distributed, followed by Gonatopis borealis, Gonatus onyx and B. magister. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Jorgensen, EM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Poitn Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM elaina.jorgensen@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0260-1230 J9 J MOLLUS STUD JI J. Molluscan Stud. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 73 BP 155 EP 165 DI 10.1093/mollus/eym010 PN 2 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 207QW UT WOS:000249267200006 ER PT J AU Farneti, R AF Farneti, Riccardo TI Coupled interannual Rossby waves in a quasigeostrophic ocean-atmosphere model SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY; LOW-FREQUENCY VARIABILITY; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR WAVE; BAROCLINIC BETA-CHANNEL; PLANETARY-WAVES; NORTH PACIFIC; SST ANOMALIES; MEAN FLOW; BASIN MODES AB Rossby wave propagation is investigated in the framework of an idealized middle-latitude quasigeostrophic coupled ocean-atmosphere model. The Rossby waves are observed to propagate faster than both the classical linear theory (unperturbed solution) and the phase speed estimates when the effect of the zonal mean flow is added (perturbed solution). Moreover, using statistical eigentechniques, a clear coupled Rossby wave mode is identified between a baroclinic oceanic Rossby wave and an equivalent barotropic atmospheric wave. The spatial phase relationship of the coupled wave is similar to the one predicted by Goodman and Marshall, suggesting a positive ocean-atmosphere feedback. It is argued that oceanic Rossby waves can be efficiently coupled to the overlying atmosphere and that the atmospheric coupling is capable of adding an extra speedup to the wave; in fact, when the ocean is simply forced, the Rossby wave propagation speed approaches the perturbed solution. C1 Univ Southampton, Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England. RP Farneti, R (reprint author), Princeton Univ, GFDL, AOS Program, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM riccardo.farneti@noaa.gov RI Farneti, Riccardo/A-7929-2010; Farneti, Riccardo/B-5183-2011 NR 58 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1192 EP 1214 DI 10.1175/JPO3061.1 PG 23 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 172LD UT WOS:000246804900008 ER PT J AU Cheng, W McPhaden, MJ Zhang, DX Metzger, EJ AF Cheng, Wei McPhaden, Michael J. Zhang, Dongxiao Metzger, E. Joseph TI Recent changes in the Pacific subtropical cells inferred from an eddy-resolving ocean circulation model SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATION; NORTH PACIFIC; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; TROPICAL PACIFIC; EL-NINO; VERTICAL COORDINATE; DECADAL VARIATIONS; VARIABILITY; UNDERCURRENT; BOUNDARY AB In this study the subtropical cells (STC) in the Pacific Ocean are analyzed using an eddy- resolving ocean general circulation model driven by atmospheric forcing for the years 1992-2003. In particular, the authors seek to identify decadal changes in the STCs in the model and to compare them with observations in order to understand the consequences of such changes for the equatorial ocean heat and mass budgets. The simulation shows a trend toward increasing pycnocline volume transport at 9 degrees N and 9 degrees S across the basin from 1992 to 2003. This increase [4.9 +/- 1.0 Sv (Sv 106 m(3) s(-1))] is in qualitative agreement with observations and is attributed primarily to changes in the interior ocean transport, which are partially compensated by opposing western boundary transports. The subtropical meridional volume transport convergence anomalies in the model pycnocline are found to be consistent with anomalous volume transports in both the observed and modeled Equatorial Undercurrent, as well as with the magnitude of simulated anomalous upwelling transport at the base of the mixed layer in the eastern Pacific. As a result of the increased circulation intensity, heat transport divergence through the lateral boundaries of the tropical control volume (defined as the region between 9 degrees N and 9 degrees S, and from the surface to sigma(theta) = 25.3 isopycnal) increases, leading to a cooling of the tropical upper ocean despite the fact that net surface heat flux into the control volume has increased in the same time. As such, these results suggest that wind-driven changes in ocean transports associated with the subtropical cells play a central role in regulating tropical Pacific climate variability on decadal time scales. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Cheng, W (reprint author), Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Campus Box 357941, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM wcheng@ocean.washington.edu RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 47 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1340 EP 1356 DI 10.1175/JPO3051.1 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 172LD UT WOS:000246804900016 ER PT J AU Brownstein, M Hoffman, RA Levenson, R Milner, TE Dowell, ML Williams, PA White, GS Gaigalas, AK Hwang, JC AF Brownstein, Michael Hoffman, Robert A. Levenson, Richard Milner, Thomas E. Dowell, M. L. Williams, P. A. White, G. S. Gaigalas, A. K. Hwang, J. C. TI Biophotonic tools in cell and tissue diagnostics SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biophotonics; flow cytometry; imaging; microarray; optical coherence tomography ID OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY AB In order to maintain the rapid advance of biophotonics in the U.S. and enhance our competitiveness worldwide, key measurement tools must be in place. As part of a wide-reaching effort to improve the U.S. technology base, the National Institute of Standards and Technology sponsored a workshop titled "Biophotonic tools for cell and tissue diagnostics." The workshop focused on diagnostic techniques involving the interaction between biological systems and photons. Through invited presentations by industry representatives and panel discussion, near- and far-term measurement needs were evaluated. As a result of this workshop, this document has been prepared on the measurement tools needed for biophotonic cell and tissue diagnostics. This will become a part of the larger measurement road-mapping effort to be presented to the Nation as an assessment of the U.S. Measurement System. The information will be used to highlight measurement needs to the community and to facilitate solutions. C1 J Craig Venter Inst, Funct Genom Program, Rockville, MD USA. Univ Texas, Dept Biomed Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Brownstein, M (reprint author), J Craig Venter Inst, Funct Genom Program, Rockville, MD USA. EM marla.dowell@nist.gov NR 32 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2007 VL 112 IS 3 BP 139 EP 151 DI 10.6028/jres.112.011 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 200WH UT WOS:000248793000002 PM 27110461 ER PT J AU Cotrell, DL Kearsley, AJ AF Cotrell, D. L. Kearsley, A. J. TI Flow control through the use of topography SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE complex boundary; constant properties; finite element method; flow control; fluid dynamics; optimization; steady; Taylor-Couette flow ID TAYLOR VORTEX FLOW; SPIRAL POISEUILLE FLOW; WAVE-NUMBER SELECTION; COUETTE FLOW; SIMULATION AB In this work, optimal shaft shapes for flow in the annular space between a rotating shaft with axially-periodic radius and a fixed coaxial outer circular cylinder, are investigated. Axisymmetric steady flows in this geometry are determined by solving the full Navier-Stokes equations in the actual domain. A measure of the flow field, a weighted convex combination of the volume averaged square of the L-2-norm of the velocity and vorticity vectors, is employed. It has been demonstrated that boundary shape can be used to influence the characteristics of the flow field, such as its velocity component distribution, kinetic energy, or even vorticity. This ability to influence flow fields through boundary shape may be employed to improve microfluidic mixing or, possibly, to minimize shear in biological applications. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20809 USA. RP Cotrell, DL (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM cotrell2@llnl.gov; ajk@nist.gov NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2007 VL 112 IS 3 BP 153 EP 161 DI 10.6028/jres.112.012 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 200WH UT WOS:000248793000003 PM 27110462 ER PT J AU Mehl, JB AF Mehl, James B. TI Acoustic eigenvalues of a quasispherical resonator: Second order shape perturbation theory for arbitrary modes SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acoustic cavity resonators; acoustic eigenvalues; quasispheres; shape perturbation theory ID DEFORMED SPHERICAL RESONATORS; THERMOMETRY; FREQUENCIES AB The boundary-shape formalism of Morse and Ingard is applied to the acoustic modes of a deformed spherical resonator (quasisphere) with rigid boundaries. For boundary shapes described by r = a [1-epsilon F(theta, phi)], where epsilon is a small scale parameter and F is a function of order unity, the frequency perturbation is calculated to order epsilon(2). The formal results apply to acoustic modes whose angular dependence is designated by the indices l and m. Specific examples are worked out for the radial (l = 0) and triplet (l = 1) modes, for prolate and oblate spheroids, and for triaxial ellipsoids. The exact eigenvalues for the spheroids, and eigenvalue determined with finite-element calculations, are shown to agree with perturbation theory through terms of order epsilon(2). This work is an extension of the author's previous papers on the acoustic eigenfrequencies of deformed spherical resonators, which were limited to the second-order perturbation for radial modes C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mehl, JB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jmehl@rockisland.com NR 16 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2007 VL 112 IS 3 BP 163 EP 173 DI 10.6028/jres.112.013 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 200WH UT WOS:000248793000004 PM 27110463 ER PT J AU Grejner-Brzezinska, DA Kashani, I Wielgosz, P Smith, DA Spencer, PSJ Robertson, DS Mader, GL AF Grejner-Brzezinska, Dorota A. Kashani, Israel Wielgosz, Pawel Smith, Dru A. Spencer, Paul S. J. Robertson, Douglas S. Mader, Gerald L. TI Efficiency and reliability of ambiguity resolution in network-based real-time kinematic GPS SO JOURNAL OF SURVEYING ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Fast and reliable ambiguity resolution (AR) is particularly challenging in long-range real-time kinematic (RTK) global positioning system (GPS), since the atmospheric errors decorrelate with the increasing base-rover separation, effectively reducing the success rate of integer fixing. In order to improve the speed and the success rate of AR, external atmospheric corrections are required. In this paper, four different methods of ionosphere modeling are used as a source of external information, and their impact on the speed and reliability of AR and the rover positioning accuracy is discussed. An example data set, collected by the Ohio Continuously Operating Reference Stations on August 31, 2003, is analyzed, with special emphasis on varying ionospheric conditions during the course of the day in order to study the applicability of these ionospheric models to high-accuracy RTK GPS. In particular, the time-to-fix, the level of AR success, and the accuracy of the resulting rover coordinates are analyzed. Each method displays a different level of accuracy, and thus varying applicability to support AR under changing, ionospheric conditions. C1 Ohio State Univ, Satellite Positioning & Inertial Navigat Lab, Dept Civil & Environm Engn & Geodet Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, NOS,Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, Geosci Res Div, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Grejner-Brzezinska, DA (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Satellite Positioning & Inertial Navigat Lab, Dept Civil & Environm Engn & Geodet Sci, 470 Hitchcock Hall, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM dbrzezinska@osu.edu RI Wielgosz, Pawel/B-9966-2012 NR 51 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9453 J9 J SURV ENG-ASCE JI J. Surv. Eng.-ASCE PD MAY PY 2007 VL 133 IS 2 BP 56 EP 65 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9453(2007)133:2(56) PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA 198VS UT WOS:000248656200003 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP AF Bentz, D. P. TI Combination of transient plane source and slug calorimeter measurements to estimate the thermal properties of fire resistive materials SO JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE building technology; fire resistive material; heat capacity; slug calorimeter; thermal conductivity; transient plane source technique AB The thermal properties of fire resistive materials (FRMs) as a function of temperature critically influence their ability to protect a (steel) structure during a fire exposure. Measurement of these properties is complicated by the microstructural heterogeneity of typical FRMs, the need to measure properties over a wide temperature range from room temperature to 1000 degrees C and higher, and the reactions, phase changes, and volumetric changes that the materials may undergo during exposure to elevated temperatures. This paper presents an integrated approach for determining thermal properties via a combination of two experimental techniques, namely the transient plane source and the slug calorimeter methods. The former is utilized to provide an estimate of the volurnetric heat capacity and a room temperature thermal conductivity value for the FRM under study, while the latter is employed to estimate the variation in effective thermal conductivity with temperature, including the influences of reactions and mass transport during multiple heating/cooling cycles. The combination of the two techniques is demonstrated for four different inorganic-based FRMs. Their extension to organic (intumescent) systems is also discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0090-3973 J9 J TEST EVAL JI J. Test. Eval. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 35 IS 3 BP 240 EP 244 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 162YM UT WOS:000246125400003 ER PT J AU Touma, JS Isakov, V Cimorelli, AJ Brode, RW Anderson, B AF Touma, Jawad S. Isakov, Vlad Cimorelli, Alan J. Brode, Roger W. Anderson, Bret TI Using prognostic model-generated meteorological output in the AERMOD dispersion model: An illustrative application in Philadelphia, PA SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID INDUSTRIAL SOURCE APPLICATIONS AB In this study, we introduce the prospect of using prognostic model-generated meteorological output as input to steady-state dispersion models by identifying possible advantages and disadvantages and by presenting a comparative analysis. Because output from prognostic meteorological models is now routinely available and is used for Eulerian and Lagrangian air quality modeling applications, we explore the possibility of using such data in lieu of traditional National Weather Service (NWS) data for dispersion models. We apply these data in an urban application where comparisons can be made between the two meteorological input data-types. Using the U.S. Environment Protection Agency's American Meteorological Society/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) air quality dispersion model, hourly and annual average concentrations of benzene are estimated for the Philadelphia, PA, area using both hourly MMS model-generated meteorological output. and meteorological data taken from the NWS site at the Philadelphia International Airport. Our intent is to stimulate a discussion of the relevant issues and inspire future work that examines many of the questions raised in this paper. C1 US EPA, NOAA, Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Philadelphia, PA USA. US EPA, Kansas City, MO USA. RP Touma, JS (reprint author), US EPA, NOAA, Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Touma.Joe@epa.gov NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 57 IS 5 BP 586 EP 595 DI 10.3155/1047-3289.57.5.S86 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 164TK UT WOS:000246257100006 PM 17518224 ER PT J AU Prive, NC Plumb, RA AF Prive, Nikki C. Plumb, R. Alan TI Monsoon dynamics with interactive forcing. Part I: Axisymmetric studies SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CIRCULATION; MODELS; ATMOSPHERE; SURFACE; CLIMATE; VARIABILITY; CONVECTION; SCHEME; FLUID; STATE AB The applicability of axisymmetric theory of angular momentum conserving circulations to the large-scale steady monsoon is studied in a general circulation model with idealized representations of continental geometry and simple physics. Results from an aquaplanet setup with localized subtropical forcing are compared with a continental case. It is found that the meridional circulation that develops is close to angular momentum conserving for cross-equatorial circulation cells, both in the aquaplanet and in the continental cases. The equator proves to be a substantial barrier to boundary layer meridional flow; flow into the summer hemisphere from the winter hemisphere tends to occur in the free troposphere rather than in the boundary layer. A theory is proposed to explain the location of the monsoon. assuming quasiequilibrium, the poleward boundary of the monsoon Circulation is collocated with the maximum in subcloud moist static energy, with the monsoon rains occurring near and slightly equatorward of this maximum. The model results support this theory of monsoon location, and it is found that the subcloud moist static energy distribution is determined by it balance between surface forcing and advection by the large-scale flow. C1 MIT, Program Atmospheres Oceans & Climate, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Prive, NC (reprint author), NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, ESRL, RGSD, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM nikki.prive@noaa.gov RI Prive, Nikki/H-2342-2012; OI Prive, Nikki/0000-0001-8309-8741 NR 27 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1417 EP 1430 DI 10.1175/JAS3916.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 169VS UT WOS:000246620800001 ER PT J AU Prive, NC Plumb, RA AF Prive, Nikki C. Plumb, R. Alan TI Monsoon dynamics with interactive forcing. Part II: Impact of eddies and asymmetric geometries SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CIRCULATION; SUMMER MONSOONS; ATMOSPHERE; SURFACES; MODEL AB The roles of eddies and forcing asymmetry in the dynamics of the large-scale monsoon circulation are investigated with a general circulation model. The net impact of eddies is found to be a slight weakening of the zonal mean monsoon circulation. The eddies strongly impact the momentum budget of the circulation, but the qualitative behavior of the monsoon flow is not substantially altered. The introduction of asymmetric forcing reveals the limitations of axisymmetric studies in representing the fully three-dimensional monsoon. Advection of low subcloud moist static energy air from the midlatitude oceans is seen to strongly impact the subcloud moist static energy budget in the continental subtropics, limiting the poleward extent of the monsoon. The advection of low moist static energy air must be blocked by orography, or the source of low moist static energy air must be removed, in order to induce strong precipitation over the subtropical landmass. An equatorial SST gradient is needed to induce a cross-equatorial meridional monsoon circulation. The location of the maximum subcloud moist static energy remains a good indicator for the limit of the monsoon. C1 MIT, Program Atmospheres Oceans & Climate, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Prive, NC (reprint author), NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, ESRL, RGSD, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM nikki.prive@noaa.gov RI Prive, Nikki/H-2342-2012; OI Prive, Nikki/0000-0001-8309-8741 NR 18 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1431 EP 1442 DI 10.1175/JAS3917.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 169VS UT WOS:000246620800002 ER PT J AU Conzemius, RJ Moore, RW Montgomery, MT Davis, CA AF Conzemius, Robert J. Moore, Richard W. Montgomery, Michael T. Davis, Christopher A. TI Mesoscale convective vortex formation in a weakly sheared moist neutral environment SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANOMALIES; PRIMITIVE EQUATION SIMULATION; LIVED MESOCONVECTIVE VORTICES; WARM-CORE VORTEX; BAROCLINIC ATMOSPHERE; UNBALANCED CIRCULATIONS; MIDLATITUDE MCC; ROSSBY-WAVES; LIFE-CYCLE; MODEL AB Idealized simulations of a diabatic Rossby vortex (DRV) in an initially moist neutral baroclinic environment are performed using the fifth-generation National Center for Atmospheric Research-Pennsylvania State University (NCAR-PSU) Mesoscale Model (MM5). The primary objective is to test the hypothesis that the formation and maintenance of midlatitude warm-season rnesoscale convective vortices (MCVs) are largely influenced by balanced flow dynamics associated with a vortex that interacts with weak vertical shear. As a part of this objective, the simulated DRV is placed within the context of the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment (BAMEX) field campaign by comparing its tangential velocity, radius of maximum winds, CAPE, and shear with the MCVs observed in BAMEX. The simulations reveal two distinct scales of development. At the larger scale, the most rapidly growing moist baroclinic mode is excited, and exponential growth of this mode occurs during the simulation. Embedded within the large-scale baroclinic wave is a convective system exhibiting the characteristic DRV development, with a positive potential vorticity (PV) anomaly in the lower troposphere and a negative PV anomaly in the upper troposphere, and the positive/negative PV doublet tilted downshear with height. The DRV warm-air advection mechanism is active, and the resulting deep convection helps to reinforce the DRV against the deleterious effects of environmental shear, causing an eastward motion of the convective system as a whole. The initial comparisons between the simulated DRVs and the BAMEX MCVs show that the simulated DRVs grew within background conditions of CAPE and shear similar to those observed for BAMEX MCVs and suggest that the same dynamical mechanisms are active. Because the BAMEX field campaign sampled MCVs in different backgrounds of CAPE and shear, the comparison also demonstrates the need to perform additional simulations to explore these different CAPE and shear regimes and to understand their impacts on the intensity and longevity of MCVs. Such a Study has the additional benefit of placing MCV dynamics in an appropriate context for exploring their relevance to tropical cyclone formation. C1 Windlog Inc, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Meteorol, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Conzemius, RJ (reprint author), Windlog Inc, 201 NW 4th St, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. EM Robert.conzemius@att.net NR 44 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1443 EP 1466 DI 10.1175/JAS3898.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 169VS UT WOS:000246620800003 ER PT J AU Alexander, MJ Barnet, C AF Alexander, M. Joan Barnet, Christopher TI Using satellite observations to constrain parameterizations of gravity wave effects for global models SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; WEATHER PREDICTION MODELS; EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; DRAG PARAMETRIZATION; STRATOSPHERE; CLIMATE; VARIANCE; SOUNDER AB Small-scale gravity waves are common features in atmospheric temperature observations. In satellite observations, these waves have been traditionally difficult to resolve because the footprint or resolution of the measurements precluded their detection or clear identification. Recent advances in satellite instrument resolution coupled to innovative analysis techniques have led in the last decade to some new global datasets describing the temperature variance associated with these waves. Such satellite observations have been considered the best hope for quantifying the global properties of gravity waves needed to constrain parameterizations of their effects for global models. Although global maps of averaged gravity wave temperature variance have now been published from a variety of different instruments on Earth-orbiting platforms these maps have not provided the needed constraints. The present paper first summarizes what has been learned from traditional temporally and spatially averaged analyses of satellite gravity wave observations and why new analysis methods are needed. Then an alternative is offered to these traditional analyses that recognizes the fact that the waves occur in large-amplitude events, or wave packets, that can be analyzed individually and in a statistical sense with probability density functions. For this purpose the authors present some examples of the occurrence of short-horizontal-scale waves appearing in Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) radiance measurements and present statistics on the wave properties compiled over I month of data for a geographic region over Patagonia, South America. C1 Colorado Res Associates, Div NW Res Associates, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, STAR, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Alexander, MJ (reprint author), Colorado Res Associates, Div NW Res Associates, 3380 Mitchell Lane, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. EM alexand@cora.nwra.com RI Barnet, Christopher/F-5573-2010 NR 46 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1652 EP 1665 DI 10.1175/JAS3897.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 169VS UT WOS:000246620800014 ER PT J AU Frierson, DMW Held, IM Zurita-Gotor, P AF Frierson, Dargan M. W. Held, Isaac M. Zurita-Gotor, Pablo TI A gray-radiation aquaplanet moist GCM. Part II: Energy transports in altered climates SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LARGE-SCALE EDDIES; EDDY HEAT-FLUX; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; STATIC STABILITY; STORM-TRACKS; BETA-PLANE; ATMOSPHERE; MODEL; PARAMETERIZATION AB A simplified moist general circulation model is used to study changes in the meridional transport of moist static energy by the atmosphere as the water vapor content is increased. The key assumptions of the model are gray radiation, with water vapor and other constituents having no effect on radiative transfer, and mixed layer aquaplanet boundary conditions, implying that the atmospheric meridional energy transport balances the net radiation at the top of the atmosphere. These simplifications allow the authors to isolate the effect of moisture on energy transports by baroclinic eddies in a relatively simple setting. The authors investigate the partition of moist static energy transport in the model into dry static energy and latent energy transports as water vapor concentrations are increased, by varying a constant in the Clausius-Clapeyron relation. The increase in the poleward moisture flux is rather precisely compensated by a reduction in the dry static energy flux. These results are interpreted with diffusive energy balance models (EBMs). The simplest of these is an analytic model that has the property of exact invariance of total energy flux as the moisture content is changed, but the assumptions underlying this model are not accurately satisfied by the GCM. A more complex EBM that includes expressions for the diffusivity, length scale, velocity scale, and latitude ol maximum baroclinic eddy activity provides a better fit to the GCM's behavior. C1 Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. GFDL, UCAR Visiting Sci Program, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Frierson, DMW (reprint author), 5734 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM frierson@geosci.uchicago.edu RI Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/A-5045-2008; Frierson, Dargan/F-1763-2010 OI Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/0000-0002-6873-7645; Frierson, Dargan/0000-0001-8952-5644 NR 28 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1680 EP 1693 DI 10.1175/JAS3913.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 169VS UT WOS:000246620800016 ER PT J AU Matrosov, SY AF Matrosov, Sergey Y. TI Modeling backscatter properties of snowfall at millimeter wavelengths SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE TERMINAL VELOCITIES; RADAR REFLECTIVITY; POLARIMETRIC RADAR; SIZE SPECTRA; POWER LAWS; ICE; PRECIPITATION; HYDROMETEORS; CRYSTALS; CLOUDS AB Ground-based vertically pointing and airborne/spaceborne nadir-pointing millimeter-wavelength radars are being increasingly used worldwide. Though such radars are primarily designed for cloud remote sensing, they can also be used for precipitation measurements including snowfall estimates. In this study, modeling of snowfall radar properties is performed for the common frequencies of millimeter-wavelength radars such as those used by the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (Ka and W bands) and the CloudSat mission (W band). Realistic snowflake models including aggregates and single dendrite crystals were used. The model input included appropriate mass-size and terminal fall velocity-size relations and snowflake orientation and shape assumptions. It was shown that unlike in the Rayleigh scattering regime, which is often applicable for longer radar wavelengths, the spherical model does not generally satisfactorily describe scattering of larger snowflakes at millimeter wavelengths. This is especially true when, due to aerodynamic forcing, these snowflakes are oriented primarily with their major dimensions in the horizontal plane and the zenith/nadir radar pointing geometry is used. As a result of modeling using the experimental snowflake size distributions, radar reflectivity-liquid equivalent snowfall rates (Z(e)-S) relations are suggested for "dry" snowfalls that consist of mostly unrimed snowflakes containing negligible amounts of liquid water. Owing to uncertainties in the model assumptions, these relations, which are derived for the common K-a(-) and W-band radar frequencies, have significant variability in their coefficients that can exceed a factor of 2 or so. Modeling snowfall attenuation suggests that the attenuation effects in "dry" snowfall can be neglected at the K-a band for most practical cases, while at the W band attenuation may need to be accounted for in heavier snowfalls observed at longer ranges. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Matrosov, SY (reprint author), R-PSD2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Sergey.Matrosov@noaa.gov NR 37 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1727 EP 1736 DI 10.1175/JAS3904.1 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 169VS UT WOS:000246620800020 ER PT J AU Shirke, AG Cavicchi, RE Semancik, S Jackson, RH Frederick, BG Wheeler, MC AF Shirke, Arnol G. Cavicchi, Richard E. Semancik, Steve Jackson, Robert H. Frederick, Brian G. Wheeler, M. Clayton TI Ferntomolar isothermal desorption using microhotplate sensors SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article ID THERMAL-DESORPTION; BENZOIC-ACID; SURFACE; ADSORPTION; LEED; BENZOATE/CU(110); PARAMETERS; DIFFUSION; KINETICS; SPECTRA AB The authors describe a technique that utilizes the fast heating rates (10(6) K/s) of a microhotplate sensor along with a calibrated thermal desorption system to determine the initial coverage and kinetic parameters using isothermal desorption on a millisecond time scale. Models for isothermal desorption including both pumping and desorption rate effects are presented for zero, first, and second order kinetics. Analysis of the first order model illustrates the domain of the desorption, pumping speed, and heating rate time constants that permit the desorption parameters to be estimated from the mass spectrometer signal. The technique is demonstrated using isothermal temperature programed desorption of benzoic acid from a single SnO2 covered microhotplate at surface temperatures ranging from 296 to 347 K. The data indicate that desorption is best represented by first order kinetics. The first order preexponential factor and the desorption energy in the zero coverage limit are determined to be 1 X 10(17) s(-1) and 97 kJ/mol, respectively, from desorption of 10(8) molecules which corresponds to an initial coverage of 10(12) cm(-2) (<= 0.005 ML). (C) 2007 American Vacuum Society. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Biol & Chem Engn, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Chem, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Stillwater Sci Instruments, Orono, ME 04473 USA. RP Wheeler, MC (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Biol & Chem Engn, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM cwheeler@umche.maine.edu RI Wheeler, M Clayton/C-9649-2012 OI Wheeler, M Clayton/0000-0003-1113-1324 NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD MAY-JUN PY 2007 VL 25 IS 3 BP 514 EP 526 DI 10.1116/1.2720850 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 171OU UT WOS:000246746100018 ER PT J AU Wang, C Araki, T Watts, B Harton, S Koga, T Basu, S Ade, H AF Wang, Cheng Araki, Tohru Watts, Benjamin Harton, Shane Koga, Tadanori Basu, Saibal Ade, Harald TI Resonant soft x-ray reflectivity of organic thin films SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article ID LIGHT-EMITTING-DIODES; IMMISCIBLE POLYMER/POLYMER INTERFACES; POLYMER-POLYMER INTERFACES; NEUTRON REFLECTIVITY; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; SCATTERING; COHERENCE; SPECTROMICROSCOPY; SPECTRA AB At photon energies close to absorption edges in the soft x-ray range, the complex index of refraction, n = 1 - delta- i beta, of organic materials varies rapidly as a function of photon energy in a manner that strongly depends on the chemical moieties and functionalities present in the material. The authors present details of how these molecular structure specific variations in the complex index of refraction can be utilized to enhance and tune the contrast in reflectivity experiments of organic films. This near edge contrast enhancement mimics the specific contrast achieved through deuterium labeling in neutron reflectivity (NR). This relatively new x-ray approach, resonant soft x-ray reflectivity (RSoXR), thus combines aspects of NR and conventional x-ray reflectivity (XR), yet does not require special chemical procedures. The capabilities of RSoXR are exemplified using a number of polymeric bi- and multilayers. Furthermore, a direct comparison of RSoXR to conventional x-ray reflectivity and NR for polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) bilayers verifies that RSoXR is an excellent alternative tool for the characterization of organic thin films. The influence of the longitudinal and transverse coherence properties as well as the divergence of the x-ray or neutron beam on the capabilities and limitations of each reflectivity variant is discussed. (C) 2007 American Vacuum Society C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Phys, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Chem & Mol Engn Program, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ade, H (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Phys, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM harald_ade@ncsu.edu RI Koga, Tadanori/A-4007-2010; Wang, Cheng /E-7399-2012; Ade, Harald/E-7471-2011; Wang, Cheng/A-9815-2014 NR 54 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 15 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD MAY-JUN PY 2007 VL 25 IS 3 BP 575 EP 586 DI 10.1116/1.2731352 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 171OU UT WOS:000246746100027 ER PT J AU McGhee, JD Berkson, JM AF McGhee, Jay D. Berkson, James M. TI Estimation of a nonlinear density-dependence parameter for wild turkey SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE density dependence; harvest; Meleagris gallopavo; nonlinear parameter; theta-Ricker; wild turkey ID MEASUREMENT ERRORS; MODEL; RECRUITMENT; POPULATIONS; UNCERTAINTY; SELECTION; PATTERNS; GROWTH; STOCK; BIRDS AB Although previous research and theory has suggested that wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) populations may be subject to some form of density dependence, there has been no effort to estimate and incorporate a density-dependence parameter into wild turkey population models. To estimate a functional relationship for density dependence in wild turkey, we analyzed a set of harvest-index time series from 11 state wildlife agencies. We tested for lagged correlations between annual harvest indices using partial autocorrelation analysis. We assessed the ability of the density-dependent theta-Ricker model to explain harvest indices over time relative to exponential or random walk growth models. We tested the homogeneity of the density-dependence parameter estimates (0) from 3 different harvest indices (spring harvest no. reported harvest/effort, survey harvest/effort) and calculated a weighted average based on each estimate's variance and its estimated covariance with the other indices. To estimate the potential bias in parameter estimates from measurement error, we conducted a simulation study using the theta-Ricker with known values and lognormally distributed measurement error. Partial autocorrelation function analysis indicated that harvest indices were significantly correlated only with their value at the previous time step. The theta-Ricker model performed better than the exponential growth or random walk models for all 3 indices. Simulation of known parameters and measurement error indicated a strong positive upward bias in the density-dependent parameter estimate, with increasing measurement error. The average density-dependence estimate, corrected for measurement error ranged 0.25 <= (theta) over cap <= 0.49, depending on the amount of measurement error and assumed spring harvest rate. We infer that density dependence is nonlinear in wild turkey, where growth rates are maximized at 39-42% of carrying capacity. The annual yield produced by density-dependent population growth will tend to be less than that caused by extrinsic environmental factors. This study indicates that both density-dependent and density-independent processes are important to wild turkey population growth, and we make initial suggestions on incorporating both into harvest management strategies. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Tech, NOAA, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP McGhee, JD (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM jamcghe1@vt.edu NR 45 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 71 IS 3 BP 706 EP 712 DI 10.2193/2005-630 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 168AU UT WOS:000246495300005 ER PT J AU Wallace, J AF Wallace, John TI The optics behind the science SO LASER FOCUS WORLD LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Sci Fdn Engn Res Ctr Extreme Ultraviolet Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Wallace, J (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO PI NASHUA PA 98 SPIT BROOK RD, NASHUA, NH 03062-2801 USA SN 1043-8092 J9 LASER FOCUS WORLD JI Laser Focus World PD MAY PY 2007 VL 43 IS 5 BP 89 EP 89 PG 1 WC Optics SC Optics GA 170JD UT WOS:000246658600031 ER PT J AU Kane, S Squier, J Jimenez, R Kuznetsova, L Wise, F Kapteyn, H Touzet, B AF Kane, Steve Squier, Jeff Jimenez, Ralph Kuznetsova, Lyuba Wise, Frank Kapteyn, Henry Touzet, Bruno TI Reflection grisms compensate dispersion in ultrafast systems SO LASER FOCUS WORLD LA English DT Article ID CHIRPED-PULSE AMPLIFICATION; GRATING-PAIR AB A new class of pulse compressor based on "grisms"-diffraction gratings coupled to prisms-can compensate for dispersion from hundreds of meters of glass path, allowing for fiber-delivery applications. C1 Horiba Jobin Yvon, Diffract Gratings Div, Edison, NJ 08820 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Kane, S (reprint author), Horiba Jobin Yvon, Diffract Gratings Div, 3880 Pk Ave, Edison, NJ 08820 USA. EM steve.kane@jobinyvon.com RI Popmintchev, Tenio/B-6715-2008; Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011 OI Popmintchev, Tenio/0000-0002-2023-2226; Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO PI NASHUA PA 98 SPIT BROOK RD, NASHUA, NH 03062-2801 USA SN 1043-8092 J9 LASER FOCUS WORLD JI Laser Focus World PD MAY PY 2007 VL 43 IS 5 BP 95 EP 98 PG 4 WC Optics SC Optics GA 170JD UT WOS:000246658600032 ER PT J AU Okerberg, BC Soles, CL Douglas, JF Ro, HW Karim, A Hines, DR AF Okerberg, Brian C. Soles, Christopher L. Douglas, Jack F. Ro, Hyun Wook Karim, Alamgir Hines, Daniel R. TI Crystallization of poly(ethylene oxide) patterned by nanoimprint lithography SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; ULTRATHIN FILMS; THIN-FILMS; POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION; ISOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE; IMPRINT LITHOGRAPHY; CRYSTAL MORPHOLOGY; OXIDIZED SILICON; GROWTH SHAPE; IN-SITU C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Phys Sci Lab, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. RP Soles, CL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM christopher.soles@nist.gov NR 43 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD MAY 1 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 9 BP 2968 EP 2970 DI 10.1021/ma070293h PG 3 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 159XD UT WOS:000245900200002 ER PT J AU Hurst, TP Ryer, CH Ramsey, JM Haines, SA AF Hurst, Thomas P. Ryer, Clifford H. Ramsey, Jessica M. Haines, Scott A. TI Divergent foraging strategies of three co-occurring north Pacific flatfishes SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PREDATION RISK; ENGLISH SOLE; ROCK SOLE; PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; ALASKA FLATFISHES; WINTER FLOUNDER; MENIDIA-MENIDIA; LIGHT; BEHAVIOR; HABITAT AB Despite facing similar constraints imposed by the environment, significant variation in life history traits frequently exists among species generally considered to comprise a single ecological guild. For juvenile flatfishes, constraints on foraging activity include variation in light and prey availability, as well as predation risk. This paper describes the visual constraints on, and divergent foraging strategies of three co-occurring north Pacific flatfish species, northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra), Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), and English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus). Visual foraging abilities measured in the laboratory decreased rapidly below 10(-4) mu mol photons center dot m(-2) s(-1),and were similar among species. Despite similar sensory constraints, field sampling in August 2004 at a Kodiak Island nursery site (Holiday Beach, 57 degrees 41.2' N, 152 degrees 27.7' W) identified species differences in diets, diel foraging patterns, and within-nursery depth distributions. Northern rock sole and English sole fed primarily on bivalve siphons and polychaetes, whereas mysids dominated the diets of Pacific halibut. Northern rock sole were geographically the most widespread but feeding activity was temporally restricted to the dusk period. Pacific halibut were rare in shallow depths (< 5 m) and fed most intensively prior to dusk. English sole fed throughout the daylight hours and were abundant only in the shallowest (< 5 m) habitats. These differences in diets, foraging times, and habitat use appear related to previously documented species-specific behavioral characteristics as well as general spatial (increasing with depth) and temporal (increasing during foraging activity) variations in predation risk. At one extreme, the conservative behavioral strategy of northern rock sole may permit use of a broader range of foraging habitats, whereas English sole may be restricted to shallow water by limited behavioral responses to predation threat. These observations demonstrate that the appearance of habitat partitioning is not due to differences in sensory ability, but reflects multi-faceted, species-specific responses to the ecological tradeoffs between foraging and predation risks. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr,Fisheries Behav Ecol Pro, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Salem State Coll, Dept Biol, Winston Salem, NC 27108 USA. RP Hurst, TP (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr,Fisheries Behav Ecol Pro, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM thomas.hurst@noaa.gov RI Hurst, Thomas/N-1401-2013 NR 48 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 151 IS 3 BP 1087 EP 1098 DI 10.1007/s00227-006-0541-8 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 162PB UT WOS:000246098900024 ER PT J AU Wilburn, SM Tobey, J Heppe, J Olsen, S Costa-Pierce, B AF Wilburn, S. Matthew Tobey, James Heppe, Jill Olsen, Stephen Costa-Pierce, Barry TI Sea Grant in Latin America? Adapting the US Sea Grant model of linked applied research, extension, and education to a Latin American Context - Is there a fit? SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Article DE Sea Grant; research; extension; governance; Latin American universities; coastal management ID EXPERIENCES AB This paper explores the application of the US Sea Grant model of applied research, extension, and education to two case studies in Latin America: Coastal Ecuador and the Gulf of Fonseca. The analysis is based on a series of meetings and roundtables with in-country partners and leaders of the US Sea Grant program. We conclude that the Sea Grant model provides an institutional structure that Latin America lacks and the model's features would improve governance of marine and coastal resources through more effective linkages between coastal communities, universities, and policy/decision makers at local, national, and international levels. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Off Int Activities, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Coastal Resources Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. World Wildlife Fund, TRAFFIC, Washington, DC 20037 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Rhode Isl Sea Grant Coll Program, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Wilburn, SM (reprint author), Univ Cambridge Pembroke Coll, Fac Earth Sci & Geog, Trumpington St, Cambridge CB2 1RF, England. EM matt.wilburn@noaa.gov; tobey@crc.uri.edu; jill.hepp@wwfus.org; sbo@crc.uri.edu; bcp@gso.uri.edu NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-597X J9 MAR POLICY JI Mar. Pol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 31 IS 3 BP 229 EP 238 DI 10.1016/j.marpol.2006.10.003 PG 10 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations GA 138WK UT WOS:000244393800001 ER PT J AU Clapham, PJ Childerhouse, S Gales, NJ Rojas-Bracho, L Tillman, MF Brownell, RL AF Clapham, Phillip J. Childerhouse, Simon Gales, Nicolas J. Rojas-Bracho, Lorenzo Tillman, Michael F. Brownell, Robert L., Jr. TI The whaling issue: Conservation, confusion, and casuistry SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Article DE International Whaling Commission; natural resource management; sustainable utilization; whaling; fisheries; whales AB Morishita's "multiple analysis" of the whaling issue [Morishita J. Multiple analysis of the whaling issue: Understanding the dispute by a matrix. Marine Policy 2006;30:802-8] is essentially a restatement of the Government of Japan's whaling policy, which confuses the issue through selective use of data, unsubstantiated facts, and the vilification of opposing perspectives. Here, we deconstruct the major problems with Morishita's article and provide an alternative view of the whaling dispute. For many people in this debate, the issue is not that some whales are not abundant, but that the whaling industry cannot be trusted to regulate itself or to honestly assess the status of potentially exploitable populations. This suspicion has its origin in Japan's poor use of science, its often implausible stock assessments, its insistence that culling is an appropriate way to manage marine mammal populations, and its relatively recent falsification of whaling and fisheries catch data combined with a refusal to accept true transparency in catch and market monitoring. Japanese policy on whaling cannot be viewed in isolation, but is part of a larger framework involving a perceived right to secure unlimited access to global marine resources. Whaling is inextricably tied to the international fisheries agreements on which Japan is strongly dependent; thus, concessions made at the IWC would have potentially serious ramifications in other fora. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. S Pacific Whale Res Consortium, Rarotonga, Cook Islands. Dept Conservat, Marine Conservat Unit, Wellington, New Zealand. Australian Antarctic Div, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas 7050, Australia. Inst Nacl Ecol, CICESE, Programa Mamiferos Marinos, Ensenada 22869, Baja California, Mexico. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biodivers & Conservat, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Clapham, PJ (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Phillip.Clapham@noaa.gov NR 27 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 5 U2 46 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-597X J9 MAR POLICY JI Mar. Pol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 31 IS 3 BP 314 EP 319 DI 10.1016/j.marpol.2006.09.004 PG 6 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations GA 138WK UT WOS:000244393800010 ER PT J AU Baums, IB Goodwin, KD Kiesling, T Wanless, D Diaz, MR Fell, JW AF Baums, Iliana B. Goodwin, Kelly D. Kiesling, Traci Wanless, David Diaz, Mara R. Fell, Jack W. TI Luminex detection of fecal indicators in river samples, marine recreational water, and beach sand SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE bacteroides; beaches; fecal indicating bacteria; luminex; recreational water quality ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; TARGETED OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MICROBIAL INDICATORS; MULTIPLEX PCR; COASTAL WATER; COMMUNITY DYNAMICS; HUNTINGTON-BEACH AB Research to understand and remediate coastal pollution is moving toward a multitiered approach in which traditional enumeration of fecal indicators is accompanied by molecular analysis of a variety of targets. Technology that rapidly detects multiple microbial contaminants would benefit from such an approach. The Luminex (R) 100 (TM) system is a suspension array that assays multiple analytes rapidly in a single well of a microtiter plate. The ability of the system to simultaneously detect multiple fecal indicating bacteria in environmental samples was tested. Primer/probe sets were designed to simultaneously detect the following fecal indicators: the Bacteroides fragilis group, Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Shigella spp., Bacteroides distasonis, and Ent. faecalis. Specificity and sensitivity of the Luminex probes was tested against laboratory cultures. In addition, sequencing, culture plate testing, and specificity testing with environmental isolates were steps taken to validate the function of the assay with environmental samples. Luminex response to cultures and to environmental samples was consistent with sequencing results, suggesting that the technology has the potential to simultaneously detect multiple targets for coastal water quality applications, particularly as progress is made to efficiently extract DNA from water and sediment matrices. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Natl Oceanograph & Atmospher Studies, Ocean Chem Div, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Goodwin, KD (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM kelly.goodwin@noaa.gov RI Baums, Iliana/G-6435-2010; Goodwin, Kelly/B-4985-2014 OI Baums, Iliana/0000-0001-6463-7308; Goodwin, Kelly/0000-0001-9583-8073 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P50 ES012736, P50 ES012736-04, P50 ES12736] NR 64 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 54 IS 5 BP 521 EP 536 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.12.018 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 176RG UT WOS:000247102000014 PM 17350051 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP AF Bentz, Dale P. TI Cement hydration: building bridges and dams at the microstructure level SO MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Knud Hojaard Conference on Advanced Cement-Based Materials CY JUN 12-15, 2006 CL Tech Univ Denmark, Lyngby, DENMARK SP Knud Hojgaard Fdn HO Tech Univ Denmark DE cement hydration; low temperature calorimetry; microstructure; percolation; porosity; rheology; setting ID PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; C-S-H; PORTLAND-CEMENT; SILICA FUME; PASTES; CEMHYD3D; MODELS; WATER AB The concurrent goals of cement hydration are to percolate (bridge) the original cement particles into a load-bearing network and to depercolate (dam) the original water-filled capillary porosity. The initial volume, particle size distribution, and flocculation/dispersion state of the cement particles have a large influence on both hydration rates and microstructure development. Likewise, the capillary porosity as characterized by its pore size distribution, percolation state, and saturation state also influences both hydration kinetics and microstructure. In this paper, experimental techniques and computer modeling are applied to further understanding several of the critical connections between these physical parameters and performance properties. First, the setting or bridging process is explored via a combination of needle penetration and rheological measurements, in concert with three-dimensional microstructural modeling. Second, low temperature calorimetry is shown to be a valuable indicator of the percolation state or damming of the water-filled pores with various size entryways in the three-dimensional microstructure. Porosity percolation (or depercolation) is shown to be strongly influenced by both curing conditions and the alkali content of the cement pastes. Finally, it is proposed that future efforts in this field be directed towards a greater understanding of the (nano)structures of cement hydration products, particularly the calcium silicate hydrate gel, and their influence on performance properties. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.bentz@nist.gov NR 32 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 5 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1359-5997 J9 MATER STRUCT JI Mater. Struct. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 40 IS 4 BP 397 EP 404 DI 10.1617/s11527-006-9147-3 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA 134PG UT WOS:000244094700006 ER PT J AU Espejo, RJ Dyer, SD AF Espejo, R. Joseph Dyer, Shellee D. TI Practical spatial resolution limits of high-resolution fibre Bragg grating sensors using layer peeling SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fibre Bragg gratings; fibre optic sensors; layer peeling; optical frequency-domain interferometry; temperature sensors; transverse strain sensors ID DIAMETRIC LOAD AB Inverse scattering methods such as layer peeling have been shown to reconstruct the longitudinal refractive index of fibre Bragg gratings with very high spatial resolution. These high spatial resolution measurements can be used to detect strain fields and thermal variations through the strain-optic and thermo-optic effects. However, physical constraints do not allow the refractive index to change on scales as short as these methods are capable of resolving. We demonstrate that this imposes a practical limitation of resolution on sensing applications. We use finite element modelling and compare this with experimental results. Longitudinal and transverse strains, as well as high resolution temperature sensing are considered. We show that the practical resolution limits are 40 mu m for transverse stress sensing, 100 mu m for longitudinal strain and 800 mu m for thermal sensing. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Espejo, RJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sdyer@boulder.nist.gov NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 18 IS 5 BP 1661 EP 1666 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/18/5/059 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 168VW UT WOS:000246553100061 ER PT J AU Van Nostrand, JD Khijniak, TV Gentry, TJ Novak, MT Sowder, AG Zhou, JZ Bertsch, PM Morris, PJ AF Van Nostrand, Joy D. Khijniak, Tatiana V. Gentry, Terry J. Novak, Michelle T. Sowder, Andrew G. Zhou, Jizhong Z. Bertsch, Paul M. Morris, Pamela J. TI Isolation and characterization of four gram-positive nickel-tolerant microorganisms from contaminated sediments SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; HEAVY-METAL TOXICITY; ALCALIGENES-EUTROPHUS; BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES; RESISTANT BACTERIA; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; CADMIUM RESISTANCE; XYLOSOXIDANS 31A; GENES; PH AB Microbial communities from riparian sediments contaminated with high levels of Ni and U were examined for metal-tolerant microorganisms. Isolation of four aerobic Ni-tolerant, Gram-positive heterotrophic bacteria indicated selection pressure from Ni. These isolates were identified as Arthrobacter oxydans NR-1, Streptomyces galbus NR-2, Streptomyces aureofaciens NR-3, and Kitasatospora cystarginea NR-4 based on partial 16S rDNA sequences. A functional gene microarray containing gene probes for functions associated with biogeochemical cycling, metal homeostasis, and organic contaminant degradation showed little overlap among the four isolates. Fifteen of the genes were detected in all four isolates with only two of these related to metal resistance, specifically to tellurium. Each of the four isolates also displayed resistance to at least one of six antibiotics tested, with resistance to kanamycin, gentamycin, and ciprofloxacin observed in at least two of the isolates. Further characterization of S. aureofaciens NR-3 and K. cystarginea NR-4 demonstrated that both isolates expressed Ni tolerance constitutively. In addition, both were able to grow in higher concentrations of Ni at pH 6 as compared with pH 7 (42.6 and 8.5 mM Ni at pH 6 and 7, respectively). Tolerance to Cd, Co, and Zn was also examined in these two isolates; a similar pH-dependent metal tolerance was observed when grown with Co and Zn. Neither isolate was tolerant to Cd. These findings suggest that Ni is exerting a selection pressure at this site for metal-resistant actinomycetes. C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Marine Biomed & Environm Sci Ctr, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Inst Environm Genom, Dept Bot & Microbiol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. US Nat Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. US Nat Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Morris, PJ (reprint author), Med Univ S Carolina, Marine Biomed & Environm Sci Ctr, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM morrisp@musc.edu RI Khijniak, Tatiana/D-7346-2014; Van Nostrand, Joy/F-1740-2016 OI Van Nostrand, Joy/0000-0001-9548-6450 NR 55 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 17 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0095-3628 EI 1432-184X J9 MICROB ECOL JI Microb. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 53 IS 4 BP 670 EP 682 DI 10.1007/s00248-006-9160-7 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 169AQ UT WOS:000246565500016 PM 17404787 ER PT J AU Morin, PA Hedrick, NM Robertson, KM Leduc, CA AF Morin, P. A. Hedrick, N. M. Robertson, K. M. Leduc, C. A. TI Comparative mitochondrial and nuclear quantitative PCR of historical marine mammal tissue, bone, baleen, and tooth samples SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE ancient DNA; cetacea; DNA quantification; quantitative PCR; real-time PCR ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; DNA CONTENT; TIME; QUANTIFICATION; EXTRACTION; MISMATCHES; PRODUCT; HUMANS; FECES; TEETH AB The use of historical and ancient tissue samples for genetic analysis is increasing, with ever greater numbers of samples proving to contain sufficient mitochondrial and even nuclear DNA for multilocus analysis. DNA yield, however, remains highly variable and largely unpredictable based solely on sample morphology or age. Quantification of DNA from historical and degraded samples can greatly improve efficiency of screening DNA extracts prior to attempting sequencing or genotyping, but requires sequence-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) based assays to detect such minute quantities of degraded DNA. We present two qPCR assays for marine mammal DNA quantification, and results from analysis of DNA extracted from preserved soft tissues, bone, baleen, and tooth from several cetacean species. These two assays have been shown to amplify DNA from 26 marine mammal species representing 12 families of pinnipeds and cetaceans. Our results indicate that different tissues retain different ratios of mitochondrial to nuclear DNA, and may be more or less suitable for analysis of nuclear loci. Specifically, historical bone and tooth samples average 60-fold higher ratio of mitochondrial DNA to nuclear DNA than preserved fresh soft tissue, and the ratio is almost 8000-fold higher in baleen. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Morin, PA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM phillip.morin@noaa.gov NR 27 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD MAY PY 2007 VL 7 IS 3 BP 404 EP 411 DI 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01699.x PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 164OV UT WOS:000246244300008 ER PT J AU Yuan, HL Mullen, SL Gao, XG Sorooshian, S Du, J Juang, HMH AF Yuan, Huiling Mullen, Steven L. Gao, Xiaogang Sorooshian, Soroosh Du, Jun Juang, Hann-Ming Henry TI Short-range probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts over the southwest United States by the RSM ensemble system SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ECONOMIC VALUE; PREDICTION; VERIFICATION; ACCURACY; NCEP; NMC AB The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Regional Spectral Model (RSM) is used to produce twice-daily (0000 and 1200 UTC), high-resolution ensemble forecasts to 24 h. The forecasts are performed at an equivalent horizontal grid spacing of 12 km for the period 1 November 2002 to 31 March 2003 over the southwest United States. The performance of 6-h accumulated precipitation is assessed for 32 U. S. Geological Survey hydrologic catchments. Multiple accuracy and skill measures are used to evaluate probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts. NCEP stage-IV precipitation analyses are used as "truth," with verification performed on the stage-IV 4-km grid. The RSM ensemble exhibits a ubiquitous wet bias. The bias manifests itself in areal coverage, frequency of occurrence, and total accumulated precipitation over every region and during every 6-h period. The biases become particularly acute starting with the 1800-0000 UTC interval, which leads to a spurious diurnal cycle and the 1200 UTC cycle being more adversely affected than the 0000 UTC cycle. Forecast quality and value exhibit marked variability over different hydrologic regions. The forecasts are highly skillful along coastal California and the windward slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, but they generally lack skill over the Great Basin and the Colorado basin except over mountain peaks. The RSM ensemble is able to discriminate precipitation events and provide useful guidance to a wide range of users over most regions of California, which suggests that mitigation of the conditional biases through statistical postprocessing would produce major improvements in skill. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Irvine, CA USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Irvine, CA USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Yuan, HL (reprint author), NOAA, ESRL, R-GSD7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM huiling.yuan@noaa.gov RI sorooshian, soroosh/B-3753-2008; Yuan, Huiling/G-9795-2013 OI sorooshian, soroosh/0000-0001-7774-5113; NR 29 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 135 IS 5 BP 1685 EP 1698 DI 10.1175/MWR3373.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 166GP UT WOS:000246366700004 ER PT J AU Schultz, DM Weiss, CC Hoffman, PM AF Schultz, David M. Weiss, Christopher C. Hoffman, Paul M. TI The synoptic regulation of dryline intensity SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ELEVATED MIXED LAYERS; 1999 TORNADO OUTBREAK; GREAT-PLAINS; AIRSTREAM BOUNDARIES; MOIST CONVECTION; DIURNAL DRYLINE; MODEL; FRONTOGENESIS; INITIATION; PROJECT AB To investigate the role of synoptic-scale processes in regulating the strength of the dryline, a dataset is constructed of all drylines occurring within the West Texas Mesonet (WTM) during April, May, and June of 2004 and 2005. In addition, dewpoint and wind data were collected from stations on the western (Morton; MORT) and eastern (Paducah; PADU) periphery of the WTM domain (230 km across), generally oriented east-west across the typical location of the dryline in west Texas. Drylines were characterized by two variables: the difference in dewpoint between MORT and PADU (hereafter, dryline intensity) and the difference in the eastward component of the wind between MORT and PADU (hereafter, dryline confluence). A high degree of correlation existed between the two variables, consistent with a strong role for dryline confluence in determining dryline intensity. Some cases departing from the strong correlation between these variables represent synoptically quiescent drylines whose strength is likely dominated by boundary layer mixing processes. Composite synoptic analyses were constructed of the upper and lower quartiles of dryline intensity, termed STRONG and WEAK, respectively. STRONG drylines were associated with a short-wave trough in the upper-level westerlies approaching west Texas, an accompanying surface cyclone over eastern New Mexico, and southerly flow over the south-central United States. This synoptic environment was favorable for enhancing the dryline confluence responsible for strengthening the dryline. In contrast, WEAK drylines were associated with an upper-level long-wave ridge over Texas and New Mexico, broad surface cyclogenesis over the southwestern United States, and a weak lee trough-the dryline confluence favorable for dryline intensification was much weaker. A third composite termed NO BOUNDARY was composed of dates with no surface airstream boundary (e.g., front, dryline) in the WTM domain. The NO BOUNDARY composite featured an upper-level long-wave ridge west of Texas and no surface cyclone or lee trough. The results of this study demonstrate the important role that synoptic-scale processes (e.g., surface lee troughs, upper-level short-wave troughs) play in regulating the strength of the dryline. Once such a favorable synoptic pattern occurs, mesoscale and boundary layer processes can lead to further intensification of the dryline. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, FRDD, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Geosci, Atmospher Sci Grp, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Schultz, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, FRDD, Room 4360,120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM david.schultz@noaa.gov RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 39 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 135 IS 5 BP 1699 EP 1709 DI 10.1175/MWR3376.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 166GP UT WOS:000246366700005 ER PT J AU Lericos, TP Fuelberg, HE Weisman, ML Watson, AI AF Lericos, Todd P. Fuelberg, Henry E. Weisman, Morris L. Watson, Andrew I. TI Numerical simulations of the effects of coastlines on the evolution of strong, long-lived squall lines SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE LINES; MODEL; DYNAMICS; PRECIPITATION; CONVECTION; OKLAHOMA; STORMS AB This study develops conceptual models of how a land-water interface affects the strength and structure of squall lines. Two-dimensional numerical simulations using the Advanced Regional Prediction System model are employed. Five sets of simulations are performed, each testing eight wind shear profiles of varying strength and depth. The first set of simulations contains a squall line but no surface or radiation physics. The second and third sets do not contain a squall line but include surface and radiation physics with a land surface on the right and a water surface on the left of the domain. The land is either warmer or cooler than the sea surface. These three simulations provide a control for later simulations. Finally, the remaining two simulation sets examine squall-line interaction with a relatively cool or warm land surface. The simulations document the thermodynamic and shear characteristics of squall lines interacting with the coastline. Results show that the inclusion of a land surface did not sufficiently affect the thermodynamic properties ahead of the squall line to change its overall structure. Investigation of ambient shear ahead of the squall line revealed that the addition of either warm or cool land reduced the strength of the net circulation in the inflow layer as measured by ambient shear. The amount of reduction in shear was found to be directly proportional to the depth and strength of the original shear layer. For stronger and deeper shears, the reduction in shear is sufficiently great that the buoyancy gradient circulation at the leading edge of the cold pool is no longer in balance with the shear circulation leading to changes in squall-line updraft structure. The authors hypothesize two ways by which a squall line might respond to passing from water to land. The weaker and more shallow the ambient shear, the greater likelihood that the squall-line structure remains unaffected by this transition. Conversely, the stronger and deeper the shear, the greater likelihood that the squall line changes updraft structure from upright/downshear to upshear tilted. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Tallahassee, FL USA. RP Fuelberg, HE (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. EM fuelberg@met.fsu.edu NR 21 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 135 IS 5 BP 1710 EP 1731 DI 10.1175/MWR3381.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 166GP UT WOS:000246366700006 ER PT J AU Mansell, ER Ziegler, CL MacGorman, DR AF Mansell, Edward R. Ziegler, Conrad L. MacGorman, Donald R. TI A lightning data assimilation technique for mesoscale forecast models SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE ADJUSTMENT SCHEME; LARGE-SCALE ENVIRONMENTS; MOIST CONVECTION; ETA-MODEL; SYSTEMS; RAINFALL; FIELDS; IMPACT; RADAR; INITIALIZATION AB Lightning observations have been assimilated into a mesoscale model for improvement of forecast initial conditions. Data are used from the National Lightning Detection Network (cloud-to-ground lightning detection) and a Lightning Mapping Array (total lightning detection) that was installed in western Kansas eastern Colorado. The assimilation method uses lightning as a proxy for the presence or absence of deep convection. During assimilation, lightning data are used to control the Kain-Fritsch (KF) convection parameterization scheme. The KF scheme can be forced to try to produce convection where lightning indicated storms, and, conversely, can optionally be prevented from producing spurious convection where no lightning was observed. Up to 1 g kg(-1) of water vapor may be added to the boundary layer when the KF convection is too weak. The method does not employ any lightning-rainfall relationships, but rather allows the KF scheme to generate heating and cooling rates from its modeled convection. The method could therefore easily be used for real-time assimilation of any source of lightning observations. For the case study, the lightning assimilation was successful in generating cold pools that were present in the surface observations at initialization of the forecast. The resulting forecast showed considerably more skill than the control forecast, especially in the first few hours as convection was triggered by the propagation of the cold pool boundary. C1 NOAA, NSSL, Natl Weather Ctr, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, OAR, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Mansell, ER (reprint author), NOAA, NSSL, Natl Weather Ctr, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM mansell@ou.edu OI MacGorman, Donald/0000-0002-2395-8196 NR 42 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 135 IS 5 BP 1732 EP 1748 DI 10.1175/MWR3387.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 166GP UT WOS:000246366700007 ER PT J AU Storm, BA Parker, MD Jorgensen, DP AF Storm, Brandon A. Parker, Matthew D. Jorgensen, David P. TI A convective line with leading stratiform precipitation from BAMEX SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SQUALL-LINE; PART II; SYSTEMS; EVOLUTION; RADAR; MAINTENANCE; DYNAMICS; INFLOW; CLOUDS; ECHOES AB On 31 May 2003, a front-fed convective line with leading stratiform precipitation (FFLS) was observed during the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment (BAMEX). The high-resolution BAMEX measurements provided one of the first opportunities to thoroughly observe the characteristics of an FFLS system. The 31 May system had an overturning updraft during its early stages, and produced leading stratiform precipitation. As the system matured, a jump updraft developed and the system began to produce trailing stratiform precipitation. It appears that this transition was facilitated by a local decrease in the low-level line-perpendicular vertical wind shear over time, as well as an increase in the surface cold pool's strength. The BAMEX data further help to address the question of how FFLS systems can be long lived when their inflow passes through the line-leading precipitation: preline soundings suggest a destabilization mechanism resulting from the vertical profile of cooling within the leading stratiform precipitation. This destabilization also helps to explain the 31 May convective system's persistence in an environment with very low CAPE. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Warning R&D Div, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Storm, BA (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Wind Sci & Engn Res Ctr, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. EM brandon.storm@ttu.edu RI Parker, Matthew/A-5156-2008 NR 33 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 135 IS 5 BP 1769 EP 1785 DI 10.1175/MWR3392.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 166GP UT WOS:000246366700009 ER PT J AU Seo, KH Schemm, JKE Wang, WQ Kumar, A AF Seo, Kyong-Hwan Schemm, Jae-Kyung E. Wang, Wanqiu Kumar, Arun TI The boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation simulated in the NCEP Climate Forecast System: The effect of sea surface temperature SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC; NORTHERN SUMMER; OCEAN MODEL; PROPAGATION; VARIABILITY; CONVECTION; IMPACT; NORTHWARD AB Observational evidence has indicated the important role of the interaction of the atmosphere with the sea surface in the development and maintenance of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation (ISO). However, improvements in ISO simulations with fully coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models are limited and model dependent. This study further examines the effect of air-sea coupling and the basic-state sea surface temperature (SST) associated with the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) in a 21-yr free run with the recently developed NCEP coupled Climate Forecast System (CFS) model. For this, the CFS run is compared with an Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project-type long-term simulation forced by prescribed SST in the NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS) model and flux-corrected version of CFS ( referred to as CFSA). The GFS run simulates significantly unorganized BSISO convection anomalies, which exhibit an erroneous standing oscillation. The CFS run with interactive air-sea coupling has limited improvements, including the generation of intraseasonal SST variation preceding the convection anomaly by similar to 10 days. However, this simulation still does not show the observed continuous northward propagation over the Indian Ocean due to a cold model bias. The CFSA run removes the cold bias in the Indian Ocean and the simulation of the development and propagation of BSISO anomalies are significantly improved. Enhanced and suppressed convection anomalies exhibit the observed quadrupole-like configuration, and phase relationships between precipitation and surface dynamic and thermodynamic variables for the northward propagation are shown to be coherent and consistent with the observations. It is shown that the surface meridional moisture convergence is an important factor for the northward propagation of the BSISO. On the other hand, both the GFS and CFS runs do not realistically simulate an eastward-propagating equatorial mode. The CFSA run produces a more realistic eastward-propagation mode only over the Indian Ocean and Java Sea due to the improved mean state in SST, low-level winds, and vertical wind shear. Reasons for the failure of farther eastward propagation into the west Pacific in CFSA are discussed. This study reconfirms the significance of air-sea interactions. More importantly, however, the results suggest that in order for the influence of the coupled air-sea interaction to be properly communicated, the mean state SST in the coupled model should be reasonably simulated. This is because the basic-state SST itself acts to sustain BSISO convection and it makes the large-scale dynamical environment (i.e., easterly vertical wind shear or low-level westerly zonal wind) more favorable for the propagation of the moist Rossby-Kelvin wave packet. C1 NOAA, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RS Informat Syst, McLean, VA USA. RP Seo, KH (reprint author), Pusan Natl Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Pusan 609734, South Korea. EM khseo@pusan.ac.kr NR 54 TC 62 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 135 IS 5 BP 1807 EP 1827 DI 10.1175/MWR3369.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 166GP UT WOS:000246366700011 ER PT J AU Fujita, T Stensrud, DJ Dowell, DC AF Fujita, Tadashi Stensrud, David J. Dowell, David C. TI Surface data assimilation using an ensemble Kalman filter approach with initial condition and model physics uncertainties SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC DATA ASSIMILATION; SCALE DATA ASSIMILATION; MEDIUM-RANGE ENSEMBLES; MULTIMODEL ENSEMBLE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; PART I; PREDICTION SYSTEM; SENSITIVITY; MESOSCALE; FORECASTS AB The assimilation of surface observations using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) approach is evaluated for the potential to improve short-range forecasting. Two severe weather cases are examined, in which the assimilation is performed over a 6-h period using hourly surface observations followed by an 18-h simulation period. Ensembles are created in three different ways-by using different initial and boundary conditions, by using different model physical process schemes, and by using both different initial and boundary conditions and different model physical process schemes. The ensembles are compared in order to investigate the role of uncertainties in the initial and boundary conditions and physical process schemes in EnKF data assimilation. In the initial condition ensemble, spread is associated largely with the displacement of atmospheric baroclinic systems. In the physics ensemble, spread comes from the differences in model physics, which results in larger spread in temperature and dewpoint temperature than the initial condition ensemble, and smaller spread in the wind fields. The combined initial condition and physics ensemble has properties from both of the previous two ensembles. It provides the largest spread and produces the best simulation for most of the variables, in terms of the rms difference between the ensemble mean and observations. Perhaps most importantly, this combined ensemble provides very good guidance on the mesoscale features important to the severe weather events of the day. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, FRDD, Natl Weather Ctr, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sasaki Inst, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Japan Meteorol Agcy, Numer Predict Div, Tokyo, Japan. Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. RP Stensrud, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, FRDD, Natl Weather Ctr, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM david.stensrud@noaa.gov RI Dowell, David/E-7855-2015 NR 68 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 135 IS 5 BP 1846 EP 1868 DI 10.1175/MWR3391.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 166GP UT WOS:000246366700013 ER PT J AU Medlin, JM Kimball, SK Blackwell, KG AF Medlin, Jeffrey M. Kimball, Sytske K. Blackwell, Keith G. TI Radar and rain gauge analysis of the extreme rainfall during hurricane Danny's (1997) landfall SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONES; REFLECTIVITY; ERROR; CALIBRATION; RAINBANDS; FLORIDA; ANDREW; ALICIA; SHEAR AB As a minimal hurricane, Danny moved over Mobile Bay around 0900 UTC 19 July 1997 and became stationary by midmorning, while situated within a synoptic col. Danny then evolved into an asymmetric storm with an intensely convective rainband that produced torrential rainfall through 1200 UTC 20 July 1997. Danny's center remained <100 km from the National Weather Service (NWS) Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) in Mobile, Alabama, for over 48 h, allowing long-term surveillance of the storm's inner core. This event marked the first time the tropical Z-R relationship was employed on an operational WSR-88D system during tropical cyclone landfall. A radar-estimated maximum rainfall accumulation of 1097 mm (43.2 in.) was analyzed over southwestern Mobile Bay. A NWS cooperative rain gauge located on Dauphin Island, Alabama, measured 896 mm (35.28 in.). An adjacent standard rain gauge measured the highest rainfall amount of 932 mm (36.71 in.). This paper investigates the spatial and temporal distribution and potential magnitude of Danny's torrential rainfall episode over coastal Alabama. It is shown that both gauges and radar seriously underestimated event rainfall. An estimate is given for what could have been the true event rainfall amount. In the case of the radar, the WSR-88D Algorithm Testing and Display System is used to obtain a better estimate of rainfall using higher dBZ caps than the operational 50 dBZ. In the case of the tipping-bucket rain gauge, wind and mechanical error estimates were applied in order to quantify rainfall underestimation. C1 Natl Weather Serv Forecast Off, Mobile, AL 36688 USA. Univ S Alabama, Dept Earth Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA. RP Medlin, JM (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv Forecast Off, 8400 Airport Blvd,Bldg 11, Mobile, AL 36688 USA. EM jeff.medlin@noaa.gov NR 47 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 135 IS 5 BP 1869 EP 1888 DI 10.1175/MWR3368.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 166GP UT WOS:000246366700014 ER PT J AU Kumar, A AF Kumar, Arun TI On the interpretation and utility of skill information for seasonal climate predictions SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL PREDICTABILITY; GCM SIMULATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; NATURAL VARIABILITY; FORECAST SYSTEM; ENSEMBLE; MODEL; WINTER AB In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the emphasis on routine seasonal climate predictions and their potential for enhancing societal benefits and mitigating losses related to climate extremes. It is also suggested by the users, as well as by the producers of climate predictions, that for informed decision making, real-time seasonal climate predictions should be accompanied by a corresponding level of skill estimated from a sequence of the past history of forecasts. In this paper it is discussed whether conveying skill information to the user community can indeed deliver the promised benefits or whether issues inherent in the estimates of seasonal prediction skill may still lead to potential misinterpretation of the information content associated with seasonal predictions. Based on the analysis of atmospheric general circulation model simulations, certain well-known, but often underappreciated, issues inherent in the estimates of seasonal prediction skill from the past performance of seasonal forecasts are highlighted. These include the following: 1) the stability of estimated skill depends on the length of the time series over which seasonal forecasts are verified, leading to scenarios where error bars on the estimated skill could be of the same magnitude as the skill itself; 2) a single estimate of skill obtained from the verification over a given forecast time series, because of variation in the signal-to-noise ratio from one year to another, is generally not representative of seasonal prediction skill conditional to sea surface temperature anomalies on a case-by-case basis. These issues raise questions on the interpretation, presentation, and utilization of skill information for seasonal prediction efforts and present opportunities for increased dialogue and the exploration of ways for their optimal utilization by decision makers. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Kumar, A (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd,Rm 800, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM arun.kumar@noaa.gov NR 42 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 135 IS 5 BP 1974 EP 1984 DI 10.1175/MWR3385.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 166GP UT WOS:000246366700020 ER PT J AU Martner, BE Neiman, PJ White, AB AF Martner, Brooks E. Neiman, Paul J. White, Allen B. TI Collocated radar and radiosonde observations of a double-brightband melting layer in northern California SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID POLARIMETRIC RADAR; PRECIPITATION; RANGE AB A strong elevated temperature inversion in a landfalling winter storm in northern California produced two simultaneous melting layers with associated radar bright bands. The storm was observed with scanning and profiling radars. Serial radiosonde launches from the scanning radar site precisely documented the evolving temperature structure of the air mass that produced the double bright band. The radiosonde and radar observations, which were coincident in location and time, clearly illustrate the cause (two melting layers) and effect (two bright bands) of this unusual phenomenon. An automated algorithm for determining the melting-layer height from profiling radar data was tested on this situation. In its operational form, the algorithm detects only the lower melting layer, but in modified form it is capable of detecting both melting layers simultaneously. C1 NOAA, ESRL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Martner, BE (reprint author), NOAA, ESRL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM brooks.martner@noaa.gov RI White, Allen/A-7946-2009 NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 135 IS 5 BP 2016 EP 2024 DI 10.1175/MWR3383.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 166GP UT WOS:000246366700024 ER PT J AU Beebe, JM Moore, HJ Lee, TR Kushmerick, JG AF Beebe, Jeremy M. Moore, H. Justin Lee, T. Randall Kushmerick, James G. TI Vibronic coupling in semifluorinated alkanethiol junctions: Implications for selection rules in inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR VIBRATION SPECTRA; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; CHARGE-TRANSPORT; GOLD AB Determining the selection rules for the interaction of tunneling charge carriers with molecular vibrational modes is important for a complete understanding of charge transport in molecular electronic junctions. Here, we report the low-temperature charge transport characteristics for junctions formed from hexadecanethiol molecules having varying degrees of fluorination. Our results demonstrate that C-F vibrations are not observed in inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS). Because C-F vibrations are almost purely dipole transitions, the insensitivity to fluorine substitution implies that Raman modes are preferred over infrared modes. Further, the lack of attenuation of the C-H vibrational modes with fluorine substitution suggests that either the scattering cross section is not an additive quantity or the physical position of a vibrational mode within the junction influences whether the transition is observed in IETS. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Houston, Dept Chem, Houston, TX 77204 USA. RP Kushmerick, JG (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM james.kushmerick@nist.gov RI Kushmerick, James/C-2882-2008; OI Lee, T. Randall/0000-0001-9584-8861 NR 24 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1364 EP 1368 DI 10.1021/nl070460r PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 165NU UT WOS:000246313000045 PM 17430006 ER PT J AU Moss, RM AF Moss, Rhea M. TI Environment and development in the Republic of the Marshall Islands: Linking climate change with sustainable fisheries development SO NATURAL RESOURCES FORUM LA English DT Article DE tuna fisheries management; environment; economic development; sea-level rise; climate change ID PACIFIC; TUNA AB The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is a major custodian of one of the ocean's major natural resources: tuna. The commercial tuna fisheries sector is the most important economic sector in the RMI and is thus a substantial contributor to this tiny island nation's GDP. Tuna catch and its associated revenues has fluctuated in line with climatic events such as the El Nino/La Nina Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and, in the last decade, national fisheries development policies have begun to capitalize on the positive effects that ENSO warm events have had on the tuna populations. However, global warming is expected to have a significant impact on ENSO, and not necessarily in positive ways. This paper will focus on the relationship between environment and economic development in the RMI fisheries sector. In particular, the linkages between global warming and its effects on the tuna fisheries sector must be better understood and uncertainties accounted for so that impacts are appropriately addressed and integrated into sustainable fisheries development policies. Conclusions reached are that new fisheries development strategies that emphasize environmental-based planning are required. The emerging ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management is a start, as are the various international initiatives in furthering our understanding of the linkages between climate and ocean systems currently underway. C1 US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Int Fisheries Program, Honolulu, HI USA. EM Rhea.Moss@gmail.com NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0165-0203 J9 NAT RESOUR FORUM JI Nat. Resour. Forum PD MAY PY 2007 VL 31 IS 2 BP 111 EP 118 DI 10.1111/j.1477-8947.2007.00147.x PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 202FW UT WOS:000248888400003 ER PT J AU Coddington, I Swann, WC Lorini, L Bergquist, JC Le Coq, Y Oates, CW Quraishi, Q Feder, KS Nicholson, JW Westbrook, PS Diddams, SA Newbury, NR AF Coddington, I. Swann, W. C. Lorini, L. Bergquist, J. C. Le Coq, Y. Oates, C. W. Quraishi, Q. Feder, K. S. Nicholson, J. W. Westbrook, P. S. Diddams, S. A. Newbury, N. R. TI Coherent optical link over hundreds of metres and hundreds of terahertz with subfemtosecond timing jitter SO NATURE PHOTONICS LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY STANDARDS; 1 HZ; FIBER; LASER; LINEWIDTHS; STABILITY; SYSTEMS AB Recent developments in stabilized lasers have resulted in ultrastable optical oscillators with spectral purities below 1 Hz refs 1 - 6. These oscillators are not transportable at present and operate at a single frequency. To realize their full potential, a highly coherent, frequency-diverse fibre-optic network is needed to faithfully transfer the optical signals to remote sites and to different optical frequencies. Here we demonstrate such a coherent network composed of erbium fibre and Ti: sapphire laser-based, optical-frequency combs(7-9), stabilized optical-fibre links(4,10) and cavity-stabilized lasers(4-6). We coherently transmit an optical carrier over 750 m of optical fibre with conversions to wavelengths of 657, 767, 1,126 and 1,535 nm, an overall timing jitter of 590 attoseconds, and a frequency instability of 12 mHz for the 195 THz carrier in 1 s and 250 mu Hz in 1,000 s. This first remote synchronization of two frequency combs also demonstrates a factor of 30 improvement in the relative stability of fibre frequency combs(11,12). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OFS Labs, Somerset, NJ 08873 USA. RP Coddington, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway MS 815, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM nnewbury@boulder.nist.gov RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 30 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 21 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1749-4885 J9 NAT PHOTONICS JI Nat. Photonics PD MAY PY 2007 VL 1 IS 5 BP 283 EP 287 DI 10.1038/nphoton.2007.71 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 166GY UT WOS:000246367600027 ER PT J AU Krasnopolsky, VM AF Krasnopolsky, Vladimir M. TI Reducing uncertainties in neural network Jacobians and improving accuracy of neural network emulations with NN ensemble approaches SO NEURAL NETWORKS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Computational Intelligence in Earth and Environmental Siences CY 2006 CL Vancouver, CANADA DE neural networks; ensembles; numerical modeling; climate; weather; data assimilation ID MODEL; RADIATION AB A new application of the NN ensemble technique to improve the accuracy (reduce uncertainty) of NN emulation Jacobians is presented. It is shown that the introduced ensemble technique can be successfully applied to significantly reduce uncertainties in NN emulation Jacobians and to reach the accuracy of NN Jacobian calculations that is sufficient for the use in data assimilation systems. An NN ensemble approach is also applied to improve the accuracy of NN emulations themselves. Two ensembles linear (or conservative) and nonlinear (uses an additional averaging NN to calculate the ensemble average) were introduced and compared. The ensemble approaches: (a) significantly reduce the systematic and random error in NN emulation Jacobian, (b) significantly reduce the magnitudes of the extreme outliers and, (c) in general, significantly reduce the number of larger errors. It is also shown that the nonlinear ensemble is able to account for nonlinear correlations between ensemble members and to improve significantly the accuracy of the NN emulation as compared to the linear conservative ensemble in terms of systematic (bias), random, and larger errors. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Krasnopolsky, VM (reprint author), NOAA, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM vladimir.krasnopolsky@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0893-6080 J9 NEURAL NETWORKS JI Neural Netw. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 20 IS 4 BP 454 EP 461 DI 10.1016/j.neunet.2007.04.008 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 189NA UT WOS:000247994400004 PM 17521879 ER PT J AU Jiang, HH Pollock, KH Brownie, C Hoenig, JM Latour, RJ Wells, BK Hightower, JE AF Jiang, Honghua Pollock, Kenneth H. Brownie, Cavell Hoenig, John M. Latour, Robert J. Wells, Brian K. Hightower, Joseph E. TI Tag return models allowing for harvest and catch and release: Evidence of environmental and management impacts on striped bass fishing and natural mortality rates SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID REPORTING RATE ESTIMATION; MORONE-SAXATILIS; FISHERIES; RECOVERY; VALIDATION; COMPONENT AB Catch-and-release fisheries have become very important in the management of overexploited recreational fish stocks. Tag return Studies, where the tag is removed regardless of fish disposition, have been used to assess the effectiveness of restoration efforts for these fisheries. We extend the instantaneous rate formulation of tag return models to allow for catch and release as well as harvest. The key point of our methods is that, given an estimate of the tag reporting rate, the fishing mortality rate (F) is separated into two components: the mortality on harvested fish and the "mortality" on tags (because the tags are removed) of fish released alive. The total fishing mortality rate for untagged fish is the sum of the Fs due to harvest and hooking mortality suffered by fish released alive. Natural mortality rates can also be estimated. Both age-independent models and age-depenclent models are constructed, and the age-dependent models are illustrated by application to data from a study of striped bass Morone saxatilis in Chesapeake Bay from 199 1 to 2003 by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources. By fitting models of the natural mortality rate with limited age and year dependence, we demonstrate an overall decrease in natural mortality rates as fish age and provide evidence of an increase in natural mortality beginning in the late 1990s, when an outbreak of the disease mycobacteriosis is thought to have begun. Our results indicate that fishing mortality is age depenclent selectivity increase-, up to age 6, when fish appear to be fully recruited to the fishery. There is also evidence of an increase in fishing mortality since 1995, when regulations were relaxed. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Pollock, KH (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM pollock@unity.ncsu.edu NR 24 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 387 EP 396 DI 10.1577/M06-089.1 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 174VF UT WOS:000246970200002 ER PT J AU Heimbuch, DG Lorda, E Vaughan, D Barnthouse, LW Uphoff, J Van Winkle, W Kahnle, A Young, B Young, J Kline, L AF Heimbuch, Douglas G. Lorda, Ernesto Vaughan, Douglas Barnthouse, Lawrence W. Uphoff, Jim Van Winkle, Webster Kahnle, Andy Young, Byron Young, John Kline, Lisa TI Assessing coastwide effects of power plant entrainment and impingement on fish populations: Atlantic Menhaden example SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID BREVOORTIA-TYRANNUS; MORTALITY; GROWTH; AGE AB A method was developed for assessing coastwide effects of power plant impingement and entrainment on managed fish stocks. The method imbeds an assessment of anthropogenic effects that occur during the first year of life of fish (the period when most entrainment and impingement occur) into a standard age-structured stock assessment that addresses age-l and older fish. The method thereby provides a straightforward means for comparing the effects of entrainment and impingement mortality to other forms of anthropogenic mortality affecting coastwide fish stocks. The method uses standard equations from fishery science that represent the relationships among independent competing forces of mortality, stock abundance, and landings. Power plant mortality is treated like fishing mortality, and power plant losses are treated like fishery landings. The total age-0 natural mortality rate is allocated to the individual age-0 life stages based on a power function relating daily natural mortality rates to age-specific dry weights of fish. An illustrative example of the use of the method is presented for the Atlantic coast stock of Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus, which was chosen because it is a coastwide stock, has a coastwide fishery, and is described by high-quality fisheries-dependent data. However, because available entrainment and impingement data were not adequate to support defensible coastwide estimates of the annual numbers killed by entrainment and impingement, actual estimates of the effects of entrainment and impingement on the coastwide Atlantic menhaden stock could not be computed. The method could be used to address the effects of any form of anthropogenic mortality affecting age-0 fish, including loss of habitat, effects of toxic substances, fishing mortality, and fishery bycatch, provided that valid coastwide estimates of the annual numbers of fish killed by the source of mortality are available. C1 AKRF Inc, Hanover, MD 21076 USA. Millstone Environm Lab, Waterford, CT 06385 USA. NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, SE Fisheries Ctr, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. LWB Environm Serv, Hamilton, OH 45013 USA. Maryland Dept Nat Resources, Fisheries Serv, Stevensville, MD 21666 USA. Elect Power Res Inst Consultant, Boise, ID 83714 USA. New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Hudson River Fisheries, New Paltz, NY 12561 USA. New York State Dept Environm Conservat, New York, NY 11733 USA. ASA Anal & Commun Inc, State Coll, PA 16801 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Heimbuch, DG (reprint author), AKRF Inc, 7250 Pkwy Dr,Suite 210, Hanover, MD 21076 USA. EM douglas_heimbuch@akrf.com NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 569 EP 577 DI 10.1577/M05-162.1 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 174VF UT WOS:000246970200018 ER PT J AU Godby, NA Rutherford, ES Mason, DM AF Godby, Neal A., Jr. Rutherford, Edward S. Mason, Doran M. TI Diet, feeding rate, growth, mortality, and production of juvenile steelhead in a Lake Michigan tributary SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; SELF-THINNING RULE; 2 IDAHO STREAMS; RAINBOW-TROUT; POPULATION-DENSITY; COHO SALMON; CLEARWATER RIVER; TERRITORY SIZE; BROWN TROUT; FOOD AB Steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss support valuable sport fisheries in the Great Lakes but are largely sustained by stocking. In many Great Lakes tributaries, steelhead spawning and nursery habitats are limited by hydropower dams, and natural recruitment may be supplemented by habitats in adjacent coldwater creeks. In 1998-2001, we investigated the potential for natural production of steelhead in the Muskegon River, Michigan, a tributary to Lake Michigan, through analysis of parr diet categories, consumption, growth, survival, and production in the main-stem Muskegon River and in Bigelow Creek. We used electrofishing surveys to estimate Parr growth and survival from changes in fish weight and density over time. We estimated diet from gut content analysis and consumption from bioenergetics model analysis. Average fall density of part in Bigelow Creek was 20-fold higher than in the Muskegon River. Average summer daily mortality rate of Parr in the Muskegon River was nearly threefold higher than in Bigelow Creek. Overwinter mortality rates of Parr were low in both habitats. Few yearling and older parr were present in the Muskegon River relative to Bigelow Creek. Age-0 Parr primarily consumed benthic invertebrates. Macroinvertebrate prey densities were sufficient to support high parr growth rates in both rivers. Parr grew at similar rates but consumed 84% more per day in the Muskegon River, which had higher water temperatures than Bigelow Creek. Age-0 production was fivefold higher in Bigelow Creek than in the Muskegon River. High mortalities of parr in the Muskegon River were correlated with summer water temperatures exceeding 21 degrees C. Average summer temperatures in Bigelow Creek (17 degrees C) were optimal for Parr survival. Our results were consistent with data from other Great Lakes tributaries and suggest that small tributary creek habitats contribute disproportionately to steelhead recruitment from large impounded watersheds by providing optimal thermal refugia for Parr during summer. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Fisheries Res Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Div Fisheries, Gaylord, MI 49735 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Rutherford, ES (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Fisheries Res Inst, 218 Museum Annex Bldg,1109 N Univ, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM edwardr@umich.edu OI Mason, Doran/0000-0002-6017-4243; Rutherford, Edward/0000-0002-7282-6667 NR 54 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 4 U2 28 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 578 EP 592 DI 10.1577/M06-077.1 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 174VF UT WOS:000246970200019 ER PT J AU Berejkian, BA Brown, RS Tatara, CP Cooke, SJ AF Berejkian, Barry A. Brown, Richard S. Tatara, Christopher P. Cooke, Steven J. TI Effects of telemetry transmitter placement on egg retention in naturally spawning, captively reared steelhead SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID ADULT SOCKEYE-SALMON; PINK ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA; ELECTROMYOGRAM TELEMETRY; CHINOOK SALMON; FRASER-RIVER; DIFFICULT PASSAGE; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; EMG TELEMETRY; NERKA SALMON; FISH AB Maturing female anadromous salmonids receiving intraperitoneally implanted telemetry transmitters (tags) may experience difficulty depositing eggs during natural spawning, We allocated maturing adult female steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss to three treatment groups: (1) fish whose tags were surgically implanted in the body cavity (internal), (2) fish whose tags were implanted between the skin and muscle tissue (subdermal), and (3) nontagged fish. The steelhead were then allowed to spawn in an experimental channel, Internally tagged females retained significantly more eggs than did the subdermally tagged and nontagged control groups; subdermally tagged and nontagged control fish did not differ significantly. Females in the internally tagged, subdermally tagged, and nontagged groups retained an average of 49, 11, and 2% of their eggs, respectively. The onset of sexual activity did not differ significantly among treatments. Postspawning mortality was 70% for internally and subdermally tagged females and 0% for nontagged females. Each research or monitoring program should weigh the costs associated with transmitter use (where they are known) against the value of information obtained and should carefully evaluate assumptions about transmitter effects. For these reasons, the use of electromyograrn electrodes and other telemetry transmitters for monitoring imperiled fish populations should be employed with caution. We suggest that subdermal implantation techniques be considered in future studies during the reproductive period to reduce egg retention caused by internally implanted transmitters. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Manchester Res Stn, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. Battelle Pacific NW Div, Ecol Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Carleton Univ, Dept Biol, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. RP Berejkian, BA (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Manchester Res Stn, POB 130, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. EM barry.berejikian@noaa.gov RI Cooke, Steven/F-4193-2010 OI Cooke, Steven/0000-0002-5407-0659 NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 659 EP 664 DI 10.1577/M06-142.1 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 174VF UT WOS:000246970200026 ER PT J AU Plomp, J Barker, JG de Haan, VO Bouwman, WG van Well, AA AF Plomp, J. Barker, J. G. de Haan, V. O. Bouwman, W. G. van Well, A. A. TI Neutron refraction by cylindrical metal wires SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE USANS; SESANS; neutron refraction; coil; spin-echo ID SCATTERING; SESANS AB Undesired Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) from interior features of an object can be minimised by reducing the sample thickness. However, refraction effects produced by the exterior shape of the object depend upon the scattering cross-section and not on the thickness of the object. In the field of polarised neutrons a wire coil is often used to manipulate the polarisation vector of the neutron. In this paper, we show that the cylindrical shape of the wire together with the refractive index introduces an angular distribution in the neutron beam. This can be observed in instrumentation sensitive to SANS. We show results measured on three different SANS instruments: Ultra Small-Angle Neutrons Scattering (USANS), Spin-Echo Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SESANS) and a Time-of-Flight (TOF) SESANS. These results are all in good agreement with the theory of refraction. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Delft Univ Technol, Fac Sci Appl, Delft, Netherlands. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Plomp, J (reprint author), Delft Univ Technol, Fac Sci Appl, Delft, Netherlands. EM j.plomp@tudelft.nl RI Bouwman, Wim/C-8669-2009 OI Bouwman, Wim/0000-0002-5331-8085 NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAY 1 PY 2007 VL 574 IS 2 BP 324 EP 329 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2007.02.068 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 171IQ UT WOS:000246729800017 ER PT J AU Pomeroy, JM Grube, H Perrella, AC Gillaspy, JD AF Pomeroy, J. M. Grube, H. Perrella, A. C. Gillaspy, J. D. TI STM and transport measurements of highly charged ion modified materials SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Workshop on Inelastic Ion-Surface-Collisions CY SEP 17-22, 2006 CL Hernstein, AUSTRIA DE highly charged ions; scanning tunnelling microscopy; gold; magnetic tunnel junction; nano-feature; transport ID SURFACES; SLOW; AFM AB Careful measurements of highly charged ions (HCIs) colliding with gases and surfaces have provided glimpses of intense electronic interactions, but a comprehensive model for the interaction mechanisms, time scales, and resultant nano-features that bridges materials systems is yet to be realized. At the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) electron beam ion trap (EBIT) facility, new apparatus is now connected to the HCI beamline to allow preparation of clean, atomically flat surfaces of single crystals, e.g. gold, tungsten and silicon, and deposition and patterning of thin films, e.g. high resistivity oxides, ferromagnetic metals, normal metals and superconductors. Experiments reported here focus on the electronic and morphological structure of HCI induced nano-features. Current activities are focused on using in situ scanning tunneling microscope (STM) on Au(111) and (separately) ex situ transport measurements to study electronic properties within HCI modified magnetic multilayer systems. Specifically, we are fabricating magnetic multilayers similar to magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) (important in advanced magnetic field sensors and superconducting Josephson junction devices) and using HCIs to adjust critical electronic properties. The electrical response of the tunnel junction to HCIs provides a novel approach to performing HCI-induced nanostructure ensemble measurements. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USA, Res Lab, Adelphi, MD USA. RP Pomeroy, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joshua.pomeroy@nist.gov NR 10 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD MAY PY 2007 VL 258 IS 1 BP 189 EP 193 DI 10.1016/j.nimb.2006.12.193 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 167NA UT WOS:000246457200041 ER PT J AU Sansonetti, CJ Greene, MB AF Sansonetti, Craig J. Greene, Marion B. TI Infrared spectrum and revised energy levels for neutral krypton SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article ID WAVELENGTHS; SPECTROSCOPY; ULTRAVIOLET; SHIFTS AB We observed the spectrum of neutral krypton (Kr I) in its naturally occurring isotopic mixture as emitted by a microwave-excited electrodeless discharge lamp with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 2m Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS). The spectra cover the region from 6699 to 12 200 angstrom with a resolution of 0(01 cm(-1) and the region from 9000 to 47 782 angstrom with a resolution of 0.007 cm(-1). We present a line list that includes more than 630 classified lines, about 290 newly observed, and provides an accurate and comprehensive description of the infrared spectrum. The response of the FTS was characterized by using a radiometrically calibrated tungsten strip lamp to obtain relative intensities accurate to 10% or better over the entire spectral range for lines with good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). All eight levels of the 4s(2)4p(5)(P-2(3/2))6g configuration have been located as well as one previously unknown level of the 4s(2)4p(5)(P-2(3/2)) 6 f configuration. Our new data have been combined with previous precise measurements to determine improved values for 64 even and 77 odd parity levels of Kr I. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sansonetti, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM craig.sansonetti@nist.gov NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0031-8949 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 75 IS 5 BP 577 EP 603 DI 10.1088/0031-8949/75/5/001 PG 27 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 156YR UT WOS:000245686300001 ER PT J AU Pettersen, K Ekberg, JO Martinson, I Reader, J AF Pettersen, K. Ekberg, J. O. Martinson, I. Reader, J. TI The spectrum of singly ionized potassium, KII SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article ID ENERGY LEVELS; WAVELENGTHS; IV AB Using 10.7 m and 3 m normal-incidence vacuum ultraviolet spectrographs, we investigated the spectrum of singly ionized potassium in the regions 495 - 612 angstrom and 1247 - 2150 angstrom. More than 120 new K II lines were identified. The previous study on this spectrum was revised and extended. All levels of the 3p(5)4f and 5f configurations as well as the levels of 3p(5)6f based on the 3p(5) P-2(3/2) core state have now been located. Several new levels of 3p(5)3d were also located. The ionization limit was determined from the 3p(5)nf 1.5[4.5](5) ( n = 4 - 6) series as 255072.8 +/- 1.5 cm(-1)(31.6250 +/- 0.0002 eV). C1 Lund Univ, Dept Phys, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pettersen, K (reprint author), Lund Univ, Dept Phys, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden. EM jan-olof.ekberg@revinge.nu NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0031-8949 EI 1402-4896 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 75 IS 5 BP 702 EP 711 DI 10.1088/0031-8949/75/5/019 PG 10 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 156YR UT WOS:000245686300019 ER PT J AU Kanjilal, K Bohn, JL Blume, D AF Kanjilal, K. Bohn, John L. Blume, D. TI Pseudopotential treatment of two aligned dipoles under external harmonic confinement SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID GATES; ATOMS AB Dipolar Bose and Fermi gases, which are currently being studied extensively experimentally and theoretically, interact through anisotropic, long-range potentials. Here, we replace the long-range potential by a zero-range pseudopotential that simplifies the theoretical treatment of two dipolar particles in a harmonic trap. Our zero-range pseudopotential description reproduces the energy spectrum of two dipoles interacting through a shape-dependent potential under external confinement very well, provided that sufficiently many partial waves are included, and readily leads to a classification scheme of the energy spectrum in terms of approximate angular momentum quantum numbers. The results may be directly relevant to the physics of dipolar gases loaded into optical lattices. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Trent, Dipartimento Fis, INFM, BEC, I-38050 Povo, Italy. RP Kanjilal, K (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 42 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAY PY 2007 VL 75 IS 5 AR 052705 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.052705 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 173RO UT WOS:000246890400092 ER PT J AU Morigi, G Arimondo, E AF Morigi, Giovanna Arimondo, Ennio TI Two-photon and electromagnetically-induced-transparency-assisted Doppler cooling in a three-level cascade system SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID METASTABLE HELIUM-ATOMS; LASER; TRANSITION; RESONANCE; LIMIT; TRAP AB Laser cooling is theoretically investigated in a cascade three-level scheme, where the excited state of a laser-driven transition is coupled by a second laser to a top, more stable level, as for alkaline-earth-metal atoms. The second laser action modifies the atomic scattering cross section and produces temperatures lower than those reached by Doppler cooling on the lower transition. When multiphoton processes due to the second laser are relevant, an electromagnetic-induced transparency modifies the absorption of the first laser, and the final temperature is controlled by the second laser parameters. When the intermediate state is only virtually excited, the dynamics is dominated by the two-photon process and the final temperature is determined by the spontaneous decay rate of the top state. C1 Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Grp Opt, Dept Fis, Bellaterra 08193, Spain. NIST, Laser Cooling & Trapping Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Fis E Fermi, Pisa, Italy. RP Morigi, G (reprint author), Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Grp Opt, Dept Fis, Bellaterra 08193, Spain. OI Morigi, Giovanna/0000-0002-1946-3684 NR 32 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAY PY 2007 VL 75 IS 5 AR 051404 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.051404 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 173RO UT WOS:000246890400013 ER PT J AU Vuletic, V Thompson, JK Black, AT Simon, J AF Vuletic, Vladan Thompson, James K. Black, Adam T. Simon, Jonathan TI External-feedback laser cooling of molecular gases SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-THEORY; ATOMS; TRAP AB We analyze the laser cooling of a gas of polarizable particles by continuous dispersive position detection and active feedback. Microkelvin temperatures can be attained inside an optical resonator, while in free space cooling requires wavelength-size beams. The maximum cooling flux is set by the thermal Doppler width, with typical values between 10(5) and 10(9) molecules per second. C1 MIT, Harvard Ctr Ultracold Atoms, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Res Lab Elect, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Vuletic, V (reprint author), MIT, Harvard Ctr Ultracold Atoms, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAY PY 2007 VL 75 IS 5 AR 051405 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.051405 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 173RO UT WOS:000246890400014 ER PT J AU Wallbank, B Bannister, ME Krause, HF Chung, YS Smith, ACH Djuric, N Dunn, GH AF Wallbank, B. Bannister, M. E. Krause, H. F. Chung, Y.-S. Smith, A. C. H. Djuric, N. Dunn, G. H. TI Merged-beam measurements of absolute cross sections for electron-impact excitation of S(4+) (3s(2) (1)S -> 3s3p (1)P) and S(5+) (3s (2)S -> 3p (2)P) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID SODIUM ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; ENERGY-LOSS TECHNIQUE; COLLISION RATES; IONIZATION; IONS; TRANSITIONS; INTENSITIES; SV AB Absolute cross sections for electron-impact excitation of the dipole-allowed transitions S(4+) (3s(2) (1)S -> 3s3p (1)P) and S(5+) (3s (2)S -> 3p (2)P) were measured near threshold using the merged electron-ion beams energy-loss technique. Although the magnitudes of the measured cross sections are in reasonable agreement with available theoretical data, the experimental data indicate that the contributions of dielectronic resonances in the near-threshold region are underestimated by these calculations. C1 St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Phys, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Chungnam Natl Univ, Dept Phys, Taejon 305764, South Korea. UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Wallbank, B (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bannisterme@ornl.gov NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAY PY 2007 VL 75 IS 5 AR 052703 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.052703 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 173RO UT WOS:000246890400090 ER PT J AU Savici, AT Zaliznyak, IA Gu, GD Erwin, R AF Savici, A. T. Zaliznyak, I. A. Gu, G. D. Erwin, R. TI Stripeless incommensurate magnetism in strongly correlated oxide La1.5Sr0.5CoO4 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; TRANSITION-METAL OXIDES; RESOLUTION FUNCTION; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; PHYSICS; CHARGE; ORDER; SPINS; HOLES; FLUCTUATIONS AB We studied the nanoscale structure of the short-range incommensurate magnetic order in La1.5Sr0.5CoO4 by elastic neutron scattering. We find that magnetic diffuse scattering is isotropic in the a-b plane, in contrast with the naive expectation based on the popular stripe model. Indeed, charge segregation into lines favoring certain lattice direction(s) would facilitate linear stacking faults in an otherwise robust antiferromagnetism of undoped material, leading to anisotropic disorder with a characteristic symmetry pattern present in the neutron scattering data. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, DCMPMS, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Savici, AT (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, DCMPMS, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RI Gu, Genda/D-5410-2013; Savici, Andrei/F-2790-2013; Zaliznyak, Igor/E-8532-2014 OI Gu, Genda/0000-0002-9886-3255; Savici, Andrei/0000-0001-5127-8967; Zaliznyak, Igor/0000-0002-9886-3255 NR 44 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY PY 2007 VL 75 IS 18 AR 184443 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.184443 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 173RQ UT WOS:000246890600081 ER PT J AU Baker-Jarvis, J Riddle, B Janezic, MD AF Baker-Jarvis, James Riddle, Bill Janezic, Michael D. TI Dielectric polarization evolution equations and relaxation times SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article AB In this paper we develop dielectric polarization evolution equations, and the resulting frequency-domain expressions, and relationships for the resulting frequency dependent relaxation times. The model is based on a previously developed equation that was derived using statistical-mechanical theory. We extract relaxation times from dielectric data and give illustrative examples for the harmonic oscillator and derive expressions for the frequency-dependent relaxation times and a time-domain integrodifferential equation for the Cole-Davidson model. C1 NIST, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Baker-Jarvis, J (reprint author), NIST, Electromagnet Div, MS 818-01, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jjarvis@boulder.nist.gov NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD MAY PY 2007 VL 75 IS 5 AR 056612 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.75.056612 PN 2 PG 5 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 173RM UT WOS:000246890200072 PM 17677191 ER PT J AU Cui, XP Gao, ST Li, XF AF Cui Xiaopeng Gao Shouting Li Xiaofan TI Diagnostic analysis of mesoscale rainstorms in the Jiang-Huai valley of China with convective vorticity vector SO PROGRESS IN NATURAL SCIENCE-MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE convective vorticity vector; mesoscale rainstorms; tendency equations ID MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY; EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONES; TROPICAL CONVECTION; INSTABILITY; GENERATION; SYSTEMS AB By the vector product of absolute vorticity vectors and equivalent potential temperature gradients, a new vector, convective vorticity vector (CVV) is readdressed after Gao et al., and is applied to the study of the development and movement of mesoscale rainstorms in the Jiang-Huai valley of China by using high-resolution simulation data with PSU/NCAR MM5 briefly. The results show that the CVV, especially its vertical component which is closely related to interactions between vertical secondary circulations and horizontal equivalent potential temperature gradients, may be a good tracer and diagnostic tool in the study of mesoscale rainstorms in the Jiang-Huai valley of China. And the main physical processes responsible for the variations of the vertical component of the CVV are discussed briefly based on its tendency equation proposed in this article. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms LACS, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD USA. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Cui, XP (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms LACS, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 NR 22 TC 2 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1002-0071 EI 1745-5391 J9 PROG NAT SCI-MATER JI Prog. Nat. Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 17 IS 5 BP 559 EP 568 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Materials Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 186VF UT WOS:000247805800009 ER PT J AU Sari, N He, Y Doseeva, V Surabian, K Ramprakash, J Schwarz, F Herzberg, O Orban, J AF Sari, Nese He, Yanan Doseeva, Victoria Surabian, Karen Ramprakash, Jayanthi Schwarz, Fred Herzberg, Osnat Orban, John TI Solution structure of HI1506, a novel two-domain protein from Haemophilus influenzae SO PROTEIN SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE structural genomics; NMR; Haemophilus influenzae; hypothetical protein ID TRANSFER-RNA SYNTHETASE; SIDE-CHAIN RESONANCES; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; BACKBONE AMIDE; NMR; DOMAIN; REVEALS; SYSTEM AB HI1506 is a 128- residue hypothetical protein of unknown function from Haemophilus influenzae. It was originally annotated as a shorter 85- residue protein, but a more detailed sequence analysis conducted in our laboratory revealed that the full- length protein has an additional 43 residues on the C terminus, corresponding with a region initially ascribed to HI1507. As part of a larger effort to understand the functions of hypothetical proteins from Gram- negative bacteria, and H. influenzae in particular, we report here the three-dimensional solution NMR structure for the corrected full- length HI1506 protein. The structure consists of two well-defined domains, an alpha/beta 50-residue N-domain and a 3-alpha 32-residue C-domain, separated by an unstructured 30-residue linker. Both domains have positively charged surface patches and weak structural homology with folds that are associated with RNA binding, suggesting a possible functional role in binding distal nucleic acid sites. C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Orban, J (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM orban@umbi.umd.edu FU NCRR NIH HHS [1S10RR15744]; NIGMS NIH HHS [P01 GM057890, GM57890] NR 23 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB PRESS, PUBLICATIONS DEPT PI WOODBURY PA 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2924 USA SN 0961-8368 J9 PROTEIN SCI JI Protein Sci. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 16 IS 5 BP 977 EP 982 DI 10.1110/ps.072820907 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 160MT UT WOS:000245946600020 PM 17400915 ER PT J AU Koralek, JD Douglas, JF Plumb, NC Griffith, JD Cundiff, ST Kapteyn, HC Murnane, MM Dessau, DS AF Koralek, J. D. Douglas, J. F. Plumb, N. C. Griffith, J. D. Cundiff, S. T. Kapteyn, H. C. Murnane, M. M. Dessau, D. S. TI Experimental setup for low-energy laser-based angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION; LIFETIMES; SYSTEM AB A laser-based angle resolved photoemission (ARPES) system utilizing 6 eV photons from the fourth harmonic of a mode-locked Ti:sapphire oscillator is described. This light source greatly increases the momentum resolution and photoelectron count rate, while reducing extrinsic background and surface sensitivity relative to higher energy light sources. In this review, the optical system is described, and special experimental considerations for low-energy ARPES are discussed. The calibration of the hemispherical electron analyzer for good low-energy angle-mode performance is also described. Finally, data from the heavily studied high T-c superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta (Bi2212) is compared to the results from higher photon energies. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Koralek, JD (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Plumb, Nicholas/B-8059-2013; Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; Plumb, Nicholas/0000-0002-2334-8494; Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317 NR 28 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 4 U2 26 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 78 IS 5 AR 053905 DI 10.1063/1.2722413 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 173SP UT WOS:000246893100036 PM 17552839 ER PT J AU Steel, EA Lange, IA AF Steel, E. Ashley Lange, Ian A. TI Using wavelet analysis to detect changes in water temperature regimes at multiple scales: Effects of multi-purpose dams in the Willamette River basin SO RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE water temperature; variability; river regulation; multi-scale; time series ID VARIABILITY; ECOSYSTEMS; LANDSCAPE; RESPONSES; ECOLOGY; SALMON AB Maintaining the natural complexity of water temperature regimes is a key to maintaining diverse biological communities. Insect communities, food webs, and fish respond to the magnitude and duration of water temperature fluctuations. Disruption of these natural patterns has the potential to alter physiological processes, behavioural adaptations, and community structure and dynamics. We analysed multiple >300-day time series of water temperature from the Willamette River basin, Oregon, to assess the impact of large multi-purpose dams on water temperature variability at temporal scales ranging from 1 to 32 days, short temporal scales that are commonly ignored. We applied wavelet analysis to quantify the variability of water temperature at multiple temporal scales simultaneously. We compared water temperature regimes above and below dams and before and after dam construction. The advantages of wavelet analysis are the ability to examine all temporal scales simultaneously and independently as well as the ability to preserve the temporal context of the wavelet coefficients. We were able to detect significant (p < 0.0001) reductions in water temperature variability, defined as the variability of the wavelet coefficients, as a result of dams at the 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-day scales. There were no significant differences in water temperature variability between managed and natural flows at the 16- and 32-day scale (p = 0.80). In addition to the well-documented effects of dams on seasonal patterns in water temperature or on water temperature extremes, our results demonstrate that dams have significantly muted the small temporal scale variance in water temperature patterns to which many organisms may have been adapted. Conserving or restoring natural temperature patterns in rivers will require attention to these small-scale complexities. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Univ Washington, Dept Econ, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Steel, EA (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM ashley.steel@noaa.gov OI Steel, E. Ashley/0000-0001-5091-276X NR 29 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 15 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1535-1459 J9 RIVER RES APPL JI River Res. Appl. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 23 IS 4 BP 351 EP 359 DI 10.1002/rra.985 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 166JT UT WOS:000246375700001 ER PT J AU Powell, CJ AF Powell, C. J. TI Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: XXIX. ISO 20903: 2006 - Surface chemical analysis - Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy - Methods used to determine peak intensities and information required when reporting results SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE AES; Auger electron spectroscopy; ISO; International organization for standardization; peak intensities; XPS; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy AB This article is a brief summary of the ISO Standard 20903. This standard provides information on methods for the measurement of peak intensities in Auger electron and X-ray photoelectron spectra and on uncertainties of the derived peak areas. It also specifies the necessary information required in a report of analytical results based on such measurements. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Powell, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cedric.powell@nist.gov NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0142-2421 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 39 IS 5 BP 464 EP 466 DI 10.1002/sia.2533 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 157FX UT WOS:000245705200015 ER PT J AU Jarvis, EA Chaka, AM AF Jarvis, Emily A. Chaka, Anne M. TI Oxidation mechanism and ferryl domain formation on the alpha-Fe2O3 (0001) surface SO SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE density functional calculations; hematite surfaces; oxidation; oxygen dissociation; reaction mechanisms ID ELECTRON; TERMINATION; MOLECULES; PEROXIDE; ENERGY AB Recent experimental evidence calls for a reinterpretation of the oxidized structure in chemically distinct domains of the hematite (0001) surface as the ferryl (Fe=O) termination rather than the bulk terminated O-3-Fe-Fe-R structure. Although this interpretation is consistent with experimental data and ab initio thermodynamics calculations, it raises serious questions about how molecular oxygen can be dissociated on a surface where reactive iron centers are slightly more than 5 angstrom apart. Here, we propose a novel cooperative bimolecular mechanism that provides a reasonable pathway for the formation of the unusual ferryl surface termination and should be readily reversible, which is important for understanding the function of hematite surfaces as an oxidation catalyst. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jarvis, EA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8380, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM emily.jarvis@nist.gov NR 24 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-6028 J9 SURF SCI JI Surf. Sci. PD MAY 1 PY 2007 VL 601 IS 9 BP 1909 EP 1914 DI 10.1016/j.susc.2007.02.022 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 168UU UT WOS:000246550300003 ER PT J AU Bond, MH Hanson, CV Baertsch, R Hayes, SA MacFarlane, RB AF Bond, Morgan H. Hanson, Chad V. Baertsch, Robert Hayes, Sean A. MacFarlane, R. Bruce TI A new low-cost instream antenna system for tracking passive integrated transponder (PIT)-tagged fish in small streams SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC SALMON PARR; HABITAT USE; BEHAVIOR; MOVEMENTS; ARRAY; TAGS AB We present a new, low-cost, low-power, half/full-duplex passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag interrogation antenna for use in detecting fish movements in small streams. New technology by Allflex-USA allowed us to develop a reading system with an antenna 279.4 cm wide x 60.9 cm high that reads both common tag types used in fisheries today for about US$1,000. An instream antenna of this size and price makes high-resolution tracking of fish movement in small streams feasible where cost and tag-type restrictions were prohibitive. For evaluation, we placed the antenna upstream of a small estuary on the central California coast to observe the diel movements of juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss between the estuary and upstream habitats in both spring and fall months. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Ecol Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Bond, MH (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Ecol Div, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM morgan.bond@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 26 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 136 IS 3 BP 562 EP 566 DI 10.1577/T06-084.1 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 175DK UT WOS:000246992600002 ER PT J AU Berejikian, BA Endicott, RC Van Doornik, DM Brown, RS Tatara, CP Atkins, J AF Berejikian, Barry A. Endicott, Robert C. Van Doornik, Donald M. Brown, Richard S. Tatara, Christopher P. Atkins, Jeffery TI Spawning by female Chinook salmon can be detected by electromyogram telemetry SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CROSS-SPECIES AMPLIFICATION; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; SOCKEYE-SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON; LAKE TROUT; SALAR L.; BEHAVIOR AB New methods to detect spawning of anadromous salmonids in their natural environment are needed to improve understanding of breeding behavior patterns, natural selection on reproductive traits (e.g., spawn timing), and interactions between artificially propagated and wild fish. We implanted maturing female Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha with coded electromyogram (CEMG) transmitters and continuously recorded spawning activity to develop an algorithm capable of accurately detecting spawning events from CEMG data. Marked increases in female digging frequencies immediately after spawning (cover digging) strongly correlated with CEMG values. The algorithm detected averages of 65% and 86% of the actual spawning events in 2003 and 2004, respectively. The algorithm accurately detected zero spawning events for the two female salmon that did not spawn. The presence of CEMG transmitters did not affect the digging frequency, number of nests constructed, or the reproductive life span of implanted fish. However, the CEMG tagging procedure or the presence of tags significantly increased egg retention. Pedigree analyses of DNA confirmed that females implanted with CEMG transmitters exhibited significantly lower individual reproductive success relative to that of nontagged females (73% and 66% reduction in two separate experiments). Subsequent research in adult steelhead O. mykiss has indicated that alternative implantation techniques hold promise for reducing the effects of the tags on reproductive success. We suggest that remote monitoring of salmonid spawning behavior is now possible with CEMG technology and should be tested in natural habitats. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Berejikian, BA (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Manchester Res Stn,Post Off Box 130, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. EM barry.berejikian@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 136 IS 3 BP 593 EP 605 DI 10.1577/T06-114.1 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 175DK UT WOS:000246992600005 ER PT J AU McMillan, JR Katz, SL Pess, GR AF McMillan, John R. Katz, Stephen L. Pess, George R. TI Observational evidence of spatial and temporal structure in a sympatric anadromous (winter steelhead) and resident rainbow trout mating system on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER RESIDENT; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; ATLANTIC SALMON; SOCKEYE-SALMON; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; BROWN TROUT; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; GENETIC-DIVERGENCE; MULTIPLE PATERNITY AB We documented the spawning distribution and male mating tactics of sympatric anadromous rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (winter steelhead) and resident rainbow trout in the Calawah and Sol Due River basins, Washington. Snorkel surveys and in situ behavioral observations were used to determine the spatial and temporal distribution patterns and male mating tactics of anadromous, resident, and hatchery residual fish across the spawning season. In general, male steelhead entered our survey reaches earlier than female steelhead, and both entered earlier than the wild resident and hatchery residual forms. Spatially, wild residents represented the greatest proportion of the population in the middle and upper survey reaches. Those differences coincided with mating attempts primarily between male and female steelhead early in the spawning season and primarily between female steelhead and wild resident Males at the end of the season. Most of the mating attempts that we observed involved a single female and a single male steelhead, but attempts commonly included multiple male steelhead, wild resident males, or both, and behavioral tactics differed between forms. The patterns suggest a strong temporal structure and a lesser spatial structure to the distribution of O. mykiss during the spawning season, which has important implications for future studies of this complex species. C1 Wild Salmon Ctr, Portland, OR 97209 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP McMillan, JR (reprint author), Wild Salmon Ctr, 721 NW 9th Ave,Suite 290, Portland, OR 97209 USA. EM mcmilljo@onid.orst.edu NR 62 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2007 VL 136 IS 3 BP 736 EP 748 DI 10.1577/T06-165.1 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 175DK UT WOS:000246992600014 ER PT J AU Motayed, A Davydov, AV He, MQ Mohammad, SN Melngailis, J AF Motayed, Abhishek Davydov, Albert V. He, Maoqi Mohammad, S. N. Melngailis, John TI 365 nm operation of n-nanowire/p-gallium nitride homojunction light emitting diodes SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MULTICOLOR AB The authors report gallium nitride (GaN) nanoscale light emitting diodes utilizing n-GaN nanowire/p-GaN substrate homojunctions. Utilizing electric field assisted alignment, n-type gallium nitride nanowires were placed on the surface of a p-doped GaN thin film. Electroluminescence with 365 nm peak wavelength and 25 nm full width half maximum was observed from these p-n junctions. These nanowire/epilayer p-n junction diodes were passivated with a thin layer of SiO2 and did not exhibit any parasitic emission related to the bulk or surface defects. The present fabrication scheme, utilizing only batch fabrication techniques, yields reliable, electrically injected nanoscale ultraviolet light sources. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Howard Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Motayed, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM amotayed@nist.gov RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311 NR 12 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD APR 30 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 18 AR 183120 DI 10.1063/1.2735928 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 164CK UT WOS:000246210000122 ER PT J AU Silhanek, AV Gillijns, W Moshchalkov, VV Metlushko, V Gozzini, F Ilic, B Uhlig, WC Unguris, J AF Silhanek, A. V. Gillijns, W. Moshchalkov, V. V. Metlushko, V. Gozzini, F. Ilic, B. Uhlig, W. C. Unguris, J. TI Manipulation of the vortex motion in nanostructured ferromagnetic/superconductor hybrids SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-FLUX QUANTA AB The authors investigate the rectified motion of vortices in superconducting films deposited on top of a close-packed array of open in-plane magnetized triangular micromagnets. The dc voltage induced by the vortex drift under an ac excitation is recorded for three different magnetic configurations of the triangles. When the magnetic elements are in the as-grown state a rectification signal which reverses sign when the field changes polarity is observed. In contrast to that, when the array of triangles is magnetized the observed rectification effect is independent of the field polarity and can be reverted by reorienting the magnetization of the micromagnets. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, INPAC, Nanoscale Superconduct & Magnetism & Pulsed Field, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium. Univ Illinois, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. Cornell Univ, Sch Appl & Engn Phys, Cornell Nanofabricat Facil, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Silhanek, AV (reprint author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, INPAC, Nanoscale Superconduct & Magnetism & Pulsed Field, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium. EM alejandro.silhanek@fys.kuleuven.be RI Moshchalkov, Victor/I-7232-2013; Unguris, John/J-3989-2014; Ilic, Rob/N-1359-2014 NR 12 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD APR 30 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 18 AR 182501 DI 10.1063/1.2734874 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 164CK UT WOS:000246210000086 ER PT J AU Li, QL Chen, JQ Song, B LaCroix, JJ Bresee, MK Radmacher, JA AF Li, Qinglin Chen, Jiquan Song, Bo LaCroix, Jacob J. Bresee, Mary K. Radmacher, John A. TI Areas influenced by multiple edges and their implications in fragmented landscapes SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE edge effects; area of multiple edge influences (AMEI); depth of edge influences (DEI); fragmentation; landscape analysis ID DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; MANAGED LANDSCAPE; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; BUDWORM DEFOLIATION; NORTHERN WISCONSIN; PATTERNS; CONSEQUENCES; CONSERVATION; COMMUNITIES; GRADIENTS AB We introduced a new approach for delineating areas of multiple edge influence (AMEI) within a fragmented landscape using a geographic information system (GIs). AMEI was defined as the interface that is affected by more than two neighboring patch types. We decomposed AMEI into three components: AMEI(1), the area where one patch type meets a different patch type; AMEI(2), the area where one patch type meets two different patch types; AMEI(3), the area where one patch type meets three or more other different patch types. This approach provides a direct measure of the complexities of multiple edge effects that may occur at a spatial location, and also measures the amount of the affected area at the patch and landscape levels. Using the Chequamegon National Forest (CNF), USA, as a case study, we found that the total AMEI was approximately 48, 74, 86, and 92% of the landscape with depth of edge influence (DEI) at 30, 60, 90, and 120 m, respectively. The more complicated components of the area of multiple edge influence (AMEI(2) and AMEI(3)) ranged from 5% (at 30 m DEI) to 60% (at 120 m DEI) of the studied landscape. Most empirical and modeling studies miss this additional edge complexity if they only consider a single edge structure. In general, AMEI(1) is greater than AMEI(2); AMEI(2) is greater than AMEI(3). Three indices - AMEI to patch area ratio (APAR), AMEI to patch edge area ratio (APEAR), and AMEI to landscape area ratio (ALAR) - were introduced to explain the relative importance of AMEI at the edge, patch, and landscape levels. This approach has the potential to improve model predictions and better inform us about ecological processes that are influenced by multiple edge effects at patch and landscape scales. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Timberline Nat Resource Grp Ltd, Kelowna, BC V1Y 4R1, Canada. Univ Toledo, Dept Environm Sci, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. Clemson Univ, Belle W Baruch Inst Coastal Ecol & Forest Sci, Georgetown, SC 29442 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Labs, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Li, QL (reprint author), Timberline Nat Resource Grp Ltd, 1884 Spall Rd 214, Kelowna, BC V1Y 4R1, Canada. EM geoliqinglin@yahoo.com RI Chen, Jiquan/D-1955-2009 NR 39 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 EI 1872-7042 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD APR 30 PY 2007 VL 242 IS 2-3 BP 99 EP 107 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.11.022 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 164XL UT WOS:000246268100002 ER PT J AU Reed, S Schaake, J Zhang, ZY AF Reed, Seann Schaake, John Zhang, Ziya TI A distributed hydrologic model and threshold frequency-based method for flash flood forecasting at ungauged locations SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE distributed hydrologic modeling; flash flood forecasting; ungauged basins; flood frequency ID RAINFALL; RADAR; SYSTEM; SIMULATIONS AB A method to use a distributed hydrologic model in conjunction with threshold frequencies (DHM-TF) is proposed to improve the accuracy of flash flood forecasts at ungauged locations. The model produces high-resolution grids of peak flow forecast frequencies during rainfall events. Forecasters can compare these grids to locally derived threshold frequency (TF) grids to aid in warning decisions. TF grids may be derived from several sources of information such as known flood frequencies at selected river locations and local hydraulic engineering design standards. The proposed model characterizes flood severity at ungauged locations, and provides an inherent bias correction to reduce systematic errors in model predicted peaks. The distributed model basis for the approach offers advantages over current lumped model-based national weather service (NWS) flash flood guidance (FFG) procedures because it makes hydrologic calculations at spatial and temporal scales that are more commensurate with flash flooding. In this study, simulation results for 10 basins (eight nested) in Oklahoma and Arkansas, USA, were analyzed to (1) improve our understanding of distributed hydrologic model. accuracy in small, interior basins, when forced by operational quality radar-based precipitation data, (2) validate that a distributed model. can improve upon the lumped model-based NWS FFG, and (3) validate that the DHM-TF method can provide an inherent bias correction using available operational data archives to develop statistical parameters. We analyzed eight years of continuous hourly stream flow simulations and peak flows from 247 individual events. Both uncalibrated and calibrated distributed model results improved upon lumped model-based FFG at interior points. The DHM-TF method provided an average inherent bias correction for both uncalibrated and calibrated models in most basins examined. These positive results suggest that further development and testing of this technique should proceed. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Hydrol Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Reed, S (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Hydrol Lab, 1325 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM seann.reed@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 94 Z9 95 U1 5 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD APR 30 PY 2007 VL 337 IS 3-4 BP 402 EP 420 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.02.015 PG 19 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 165UK UT WOS:000246331200013 ER PT J AU Witek, ML Flatau, PJ Quinn, PK Westphal, DL AF Witek, Marcin L. Flatau, Piotr J. Quinn, Patricia K. Westphal, Douglas L. TI Global sea-salt modeling: Results and validation against multicampaign shipboard measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; AEROSOL OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; AIR-POLLUTION MODEL; WHITECAP COVERAGE; ATLANTIC; DEPOSITION; OCEAN; PARAMETERIZATION; SIMULATION; PARTICLES AB [1] Open-ocean measurements of sea-salt concentrations from five different campaigns are used to validate the sea-salt parameterization in numerical models. The data set is unique in that it is from open-ocean shipboard measurements which alleviates typical problems associated with onshore wave breaking on land stations ( surf zone). The validity of the sea-salt parameterizations is tested by employing a global forecasting model and transport model with detailed representation of dry and wet deposition, advection and diffusion, and other physical processes. It is shown that the inclusion of these processes leads to good agreement with shipboard measurements. The correlation coefficient of measured and modeled sea-salt mass concentrations for all data points was 0.76 and varied from 0.55 to 0.84 for different experiments. Average sea-salt mass concentration was 4.6 mu g/m(3) from measurements and 7.3 mu g/m(3) from the model, for all considered experiments. It was found that model-measurements discrepancies were affected by wet deposition uncertainties but also suggested was the influence of source uncertainties in the strong wind-speed regime, lack of a wind-speed threshold for emission onset, and lack of size differentiation in applied deposition velocity. No apparent relationship between the water temperature and the measured sea-salt concentration was found in the analyzed data set. C1 Univ Warsaw, Interdisciplinary Ctr Math & Computat Modeling, PL-02106 Warsaw, Poland. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Naval Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. RP Witek, ML (reprint author), Univ Warsaw, Interdisciplinary Ctr Math & Computat Modeling, Ul Pawinskiego 5A, PL-02106 Warsaw, Poland. EM mwit@igf.fuw.edu.pl RI Flatau, Piotr/E-2219-2011; Witek, Marcin/G-9440-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 37 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 28 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D8 AR D08215 DI 10.1029/2006JD007779 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 163FA UT WOS:000246143000002 ER PT J AU Sims, JS Hagstrom, SA AF Sims, James S. Hagstrom, Stanley A. TI Mathematical and computational science issues in high precision Hylleraas-configuration interaction variational calculations: II. Kinetic energy and electron-nucleus interaction integrals SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BODY AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS AB Three- electron kinetic energy and electron - nucleus interaction integrals arising in Hylleraas - configuration interaction ( Hy - CI) calculations are discussed. We show that the electron - nucleus interaction operators introduce no new integral complications and that the kinetic energy operators lead to integrals which have much in common with electron interaction integrals treated in the first paper of this series. We discuss the efficient evaluation of the kinetic energy integrals and give selected values of the integrals to 30 digit accuracy. The one new W auxiliary function which arises in treating the kinetic energy operator is discussed in appendix B. We also give a few details on accurate evaluations of the Condon and Shortley c(k)s which arise in Hy - CI calculations in appendix A. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Chem, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Sims, JS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD APR 28 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 8 BP 1575 EP 1587 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/40/8/009 PG 13 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 161JI UT WOS:000246010300010 ER PT J AU Kim, YK Stone, PM AF Kim, Y.-K Stone, P. M. TI Ionization of silicon, germanium, tin and lead by electron impact SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CROSS-SECTIONS; MOLECULES; SPECTRUM; ATOMS; MODEL AB Cross sections for electron impact ionization of neutral atoms are important in modelling of low temperature plasmas and gases. Cross sections for ionization have been calculated for ionization from ground levels and low-lying metastable levels of Si, Ge, Sn and Pb. We use the binary- encounter-Bethe approximation ( BEB) for direct ionization and the scaled plane- wave Born approximation for excitations to autoionizing levels. Multiconfiguration Dirac - Fock wavefunctions have been used for the atomic structure. We have also employed a technique to accurately determine the range of excitation energies of the dominant autoionizing levels. It is clear that autoionization is important in these elements and must be included to obtain accurate total ionization cross sections. The calculated ionization cross sections are in good agreement with experimental measurements. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kim, YK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM pstone@nist.gov NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 9 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD APR 28 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 8 BP 1597 EP 1611 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/40/8/011 PG 15 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 161JI UT WOS:000246010300012 ER PT J AU Whitten, AE Jacques, DA Hammouda, B Hanley, T King, GF Guss, JM Trewhella, J Langley, DB AF Whitten, Andrew E. Jacques, David A. Hammouda, Boualem Hanley, Tracey King, Glenn F. Guss, J. Mitchell Trewhella, Jill Langley, David B. TI The structure of the KinA-Sda complex suggests an allosteric mechanism of histidine kinase inhibition SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE histidine kinase; KinA; Sda; small-angle scattering; neutron contrast variation ID ANGLE SCATTERING DATA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; X-RAY; BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; TROPONIN-C; DOMAIN AB The Bacillus subtilis histidine kinase KinA controls activation of the transcription factor governing sporulation, SpoOA. The decision to sporulate involves KinA phosphorylating itself on a conserved histidine residue, after which the phosphate moiety is relayed via two other proteins to SpoOA. The DNA-damage checkpoint inhibitor Sda halts this pathway by binding KinA and blocking the autokinase reaction. We have performed small-angle X-ray scattering and neutron contrast variation studies on the complex formed by KinA and Sda. The data show that two Sda molecules bind to the base of the DHp dimerization domain of the KinA dimer. In this position Sda does riot appear to be able to sterically block the catalytic domain from accessing its target histidine, as previously proposed, but rather may effect an allosteric mode of inhibition involving transmission of the inhibitory signal via the four-helix bundle that forms the DHp domain. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sydney, Sch Mol & Microbial Biosci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Bragg Inst, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Mol Microbial & Struct Biol, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Chem, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Langley, DB (reprint author), Univ Sydney, Sch Mol & Microbial Biosci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. EM d.langley@mmb.usyd.edu.au RI Guss, Jules/B-1283-2009; Jacques, David/B-1967-2009; Langley, David/B-1861-2009; Hanley, Tracey/B-4556-2010; King, Glenn/J-5059-2012; OI Langley, David/0000-0003-2752-0041; King, Glenn/0000-0002-2308-2200; Trewhella, Jill/0000-0002-8555-6766; Jacques, David/0000-0002-6426-4510; Guss, Mitchell/0000-0003-4259-6079; Whitten, Andrew/0000-0001-8856-3120 NR 36 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-2836 J9 J MOL BIOL JI J. Mol. Biol. PD APR 27 PY 2007 VL 368 IS 2 BP 407 EP 420 DI 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.01.064 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 159WD UT WOS:000245897400011 PM 17350039 ER PT J AU Billinge, SJL Levin, I AF Billinge, Simon J. L. Levin, Igor TI The problem with determining atomic structure at the nanoscale SO SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID PAIR DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION; ELECTRON CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; CARBON NANOTUBE; DIFFRACTION; NANOPARTICLES; CRYSTALLINE; INTENSITIES; SIMULATION; MICROSCOPY; CHEMISTRY AB Emerging complex functional materials often have atomic order limited to the nanoscale. Examples include nanoparticles, species encapsulated in mesoporous hosts, and bulk crystals with intrinsic nanoscale order. The powerful methods that we have for solving the atomic structure of bulk crystals fail for such materials. Currently, no broadly applicable, quantitative, and robust methods exist to replace crystallography at the nanoscale. We provide an overview of various classes of nanostructured materials and review the methods that are currently used to study their structure. We suggest that successful solutions to these nanostructure problems will involve interactions among researchers from materials science, physics, chemistry, computer science, and applied mathematics, working within a "complex modeling" paradigm that combines theory and experiment in a self-consistent computational framework. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Billinge, SJL (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM billinge@pa.msu.edu RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 NR 53 TC 293 Z9 294 U1 9 U2 165 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 27 PY 2007 VL 316 IS 5824 BP 561 EP 565 DI 10.1126/science.1135080 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 160ZC UT WOS:000245983100034 PM 17463280 ER PT J AU Cappa, CD Lovejoy, ER Ravishankara, AR AF Cappa, Christopher D. Lovejoy, Edward R. Ravishankara, A. R. TI Determination of evaporation rates and vapor pressures of very low volatility compounds: A study of the C-4-C-10 and C-12 dicarboxylic acids SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; ALPHA-PINENE; MONOCARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETER; ABSORPTION-MODEL; POLAR SUNRISE; ATMOSPHERE AB A method for the measurement of evaporation rates and vapor pressures of low volatility compounds was developed and applied to the homologous series of C-4-C-10 and C-12 dicarboxylic acids. Proton-transfer chemical ionization mass spectrometry was used to follow directly the temperature- dependent evaporation rates of aerosol samples collected on a cold plate that could be heated at a known rate. The vapor pressures of the deposited compounds were derived from observed evaporation rates through application of the Hertz-Knudsen equation. Temperature programmed desorption allowed for quantification of the enthalpy (Delta H-sub) and entropy (Delta S-sub) of sublimation of the diacids and is described. A strong odd-even dependence with respect to the total carbon number was observed in the derived diacid vapor pressures, consistent with previous measurements. However, the vapor pressures from this method were systematically lower than previous measurements. Though seen in the vapor pressure, no odd-even carbon chain length dependence was readily discernible in the measured values of Delta H-sub and Delta S-sub. Perhaps most importantly, these experimental results also suggest that residual solvent molecules (from the aerosol generation process) trapped in the diacid samples can have a considerable influence on the measured thermodynamic parameters and, if not properly accounted for, may give erroneous results. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Cappa, CD (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM christopher.cappa@noaa.gov RI Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 61 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD APR 26 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 16 BP 3099 EP 3109 DI 10.1021/jp068686q PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 158NE UT WOS:000245797400014 PM 17394291 ER PT J AU Sonnerup, RE Bullister, JL Mecking, S AF Sonnerup, Rolf E. Bullister, John L. Mecking, Sabine TI Circulation rate changes in the eastern subtropical North Pacific based on chlorofluorocarbon ages SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TEMPORAL-CHANGES; OCEAN; TRACER; THERMOCLINE; ATLANTIC AB A space-time regression analysis of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) data from the eastern North Pacific Ocean's subtropical thermocline (25.6 - 26.6 sigma(theta)) is used to extract age and velocity changes from a collection of 1980s and 1990s hydrographic sections. Results indicate substantial increases of CFC ages, from 0.2 yr yr(-1) on 25.8 sigma(theta) increasing with depth up to 0.4 yr yr(-1) on 26.6 sigma(theta), and increases of meridional age gradients, implying a circulation slowdown. Using the regression-derived spatial and temporal derivatives, an isopycnal balance of advection and diffusion, including the effects of mixing on CFC ages, was applied to estimate changes in flow. Southward velocities at 20 degrees N, 145 degrees W generally decreased by similar to 0.03 +/- 0.02 cm s(-1) yr(-1) on isopycnals 25.6 to 26.4 sigma(theta) during the 1980s and 1990s, consistent with overturning changes from historical hydrographic data and with concurrent increases in AOU. The deeper (26.6 sigma(theta)) age increase was consistent with mixing effects. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Sonnerup, RE (reprint author), Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM rolf@u.washington.edu NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 25 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 8 AR L08605 DI 10.1029/2006GL028813 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 163EE UT WOS:000246140800001 ER PT J AU Kavouras, IG Etyemezian, V Xu, J DuBois, DW Green, M Pitchford, M AF Kavouras, Ilias G. Etyemezian, Vicken Xu, Jin DuBois, David W. Green, Mark Pitchford, Marc TI Assessment of the local windblown component of dust in the western United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID WIND EROSION; PARTICLE CONCENTRATION; THRESHOLD VELOCITIES; MINERAL DUST; AIR; AEROSOLS; DISTURBANCE; CALIFORNIA; EMISSIONS; PLAINS AB [ 1] We estimated the contributions of windblown dust from nearby area sources to dust concentrations at Class I areas in the western United States including Alaska and Hawaii. The approach utilized multivariate linear regression of dust concentrations against categorized wind conditions ( wind direction and speed) for all 2001 - 2003 data for 70 Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments sites. Statistically significant associations between dust concentrations and at least one of the wind variables were found at 41 sites with correlation coefficients as high as 0.97. At some sites, primarily in New Mexico and Texas, windblown dust from nearby sources accounted for up to 3 mu g m(-3) over the 2001 - 2003 period. In addition, the impact of local windblown dust sources during the 20% worst visibility days when dust was the major component of visibility reduction ( worst dust days) was examined. A total of 608 worst dust days were identified for 2001 - 2003, mostly at Class I areas in southwestern states during spring and summer with 24-h average dust concentrations as high as 153 mu g m(-3). Windblown dust from local sources was present with statistical confidence on many of the worst dust days at sites in New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, southern Texas, and Death Valley in California. A smaller percentage of worst dust days were associated with local windblown dust in Arizona and other sites in southern California, suggesting either nonwindblown or distant sources of dust. The methods discussed can serve as a useful, semiquantitative tool for identifying sites where local wind conditions affect dust concentrations. C1 Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Kavouras, IG (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, 755 E Flamingo Rd Room 103, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. EM ilias.kavouras@dri.edu RI Kavouras, Ilias/H-7056-2012; DuBois, David/F-6380-2015; OI Kavouras, Ilias/0000-0003-0436-3784; DuBois, David/0000-0003-2560-505X; Kavouras, Ilias/0000-0003-0342-5306 NR 39 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 25 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D8 AR D08211 DI 10.1029/2006JD007832 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 163EW UT WOS:000246142600007 ER PT J AU Tang, YH Carmichael, GR Thongboonchoo, N Chai, TF Horowitz, LW Pierce, RB Al-Saadi, JA Pfister, G Vukovich, JM Avery, MA Sachse, GW Ryerson, TB Holloway, JS Atlas, EL Flocke, FM Weber, RJ Huey, LG Dibb, JE Streets, DG Brune, WH AF Tang, Youhua Carmichael, Gregory R. Thongboonchoo, Narisara Chai, Tianfeng Horowitz, Larry W. Pierce, Robert B. Al-Saadi, Jassim A. Pfister, Gabriele Vukovich, Jeffrey M. Avery, Melody A. Sachse, Glen W. Ryerson, Thomas B. Holloway, John S. Atlas, Elliot L. Flocke, Frank M. Weber, Rodney J. Huey, L. Gregory Dibb, Jack E. Streets, David G. Brune, William H. TI Influence of lateral and top boundary conditions on regional air quality prediction: A multiscale study coupling regional and global chemical transport models SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GAS-AEROSOL EQUILIBRIUM; EASTERN UNITED-STATES; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; TRACE-P; ART.; EMISSIONS; NOX; ASIA AB [1] The sensitivity of regional air quality model to various lateral and top boundary conditions is studied at 2 scales: a 60 km domain covering the whole USA and a 12 km domain over northeastern USA. Three global models (MOZART-NCAR, MOZART-GFDL and RAQMS) are used to drive the STEM-2K3 regional model with time-varied lateral and top boundary conditions (BCs). The regional simulations with different global BCs are examined using ICARTT aircraft measurements performed in the summer of 2004, and the simulations are shown to be sensitive to the boundary conditions from the global models, especially for relatively long-lived species, like CO and O-3. Differences in the mean CO concentrations from three different global-model boundary conditions are as large as 40 ppbv, and the effects of the BCs on CO are shown to be important throughout the troposphere, even near surface. Top boundary conditions show strong effect on O3 predictions above 4 km. Over certain model grids, the model's sensitivity to BCs is found to depend not only on the distance from the domain's top and lateral boundaries, downwind/upwind situation, but also on regional emissions and species properties. The near-surface prediction over polluted area is usually not as sensitive to the variation of BCs, but to the magnitude of their background concentrations. We also test the sensitivity of model to temporal and spatial variations of the BCs by comparing the simulations with time-varied BCs to the corresponding simulations with time-mean and profile BCs. Removing the time variation of BCs leads to a significant bias on the variation prediction and sometime causes the bias in predicted mean values. The effect of model resolution on the BC sensitivity is also studied. C1 Univ Iowa, Ctr Global & Reg Environm Res, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ N Carolina, Carolina Environm Program, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Tang, YH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Protect, Environm Modeling Ctr, W-NP22 Room 207,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM youhua.tang@noaa.gov; gcarmich@engineering.uiowa.edu; nthongbo@cgrer.uiowa.edu; tchai@cgrer.uiowa.edu; larry.horowitz@noaa.gov; r.b.pierce@larc.nasa.gov; j.a.al-saadi@nasa.gov; pfister@ucar.edu; jeff_vukovich@unc.edu; m.a.avery@larc.nasa.gov; g.w.sachse@larc.nasa.gov; thomas.b.ryerson@noaa.gov; john.s.holloway@noaa.gov; eatlas@rsmas.miami.edu; ffl@ucar.edu; rweber@eas.gatech.edu; greg.huey@eas.gatech.edu; jack.dibb@unh.edu; dstreets@anl.gov; brune@ems.psu.edu RI Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Tang, Youhua/D-5205-2016; Chai, Tianfeng/E-5577-2010; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Pierce, Robert Bradley/F-5609-2010; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015 OI Tang, Youhua/0000-0001-7089-7915; Chai, Tianfeng/0000-0003-3520-2641; Streets, David/0000-0002-0223-1350; Pierce, Robert Bradley/0000-0002-2767-1643; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; NR 30 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 25 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10S18 DI 10.1029/2006JD007515 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 163FC UT WOS:000246143200001 ER PT J AU Snay, R Cline, M Dillinger, W Foote, R Hilla, S Kass, W Ray, J Rohde, J Sella, G Soler, T AF Snay, Richard Cline, Michael Dillinger, William Foote, Richard Hilla, Stephen Kass, William Ray, Jim Rohde, Jim Sella, Giovanni Soler, Tomas TI Using global positioning system-derived crustal velocities to estimate rates of absolute sea level change from North American tide gauge records SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID TIME-SERIES; ICE SHEETS; RISE; ALASKA; FLUCTUATIONS; DEFORMATION; GLACIERS; MODEL AB [1] We identified 37 tide gauges; each located within 40 km of a geodetic station whose International Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2000 (ITRF2000) crustal velocity had been rigorously derived from continuous global positioning system (GPS) observations, spanning from 3 to 11 years. The tide gauges are located along the coasts of North America, Bermuda, Hawaii, and Kwajalein ( in the Marshall Islands). We obtained the ITRF2000 crustal velocities by averaging values from six solutions; each produced by a team of investigators acting, essentially, independently of the other teams. We then applied crustal velocities to convert rates of relative sea level change to rates of absolute sea level change. In a sample containing 30 sites, we found that the mean rate of absolute sea level change equals 1.80 +/- 0.18 mm/yr in the 1900 - 1999 period. The scatter about the mean for individual sites in this sample is characterized by a ( weighted) RMS value of 0.85 mm/yr. This scatter primarily reflects the uncertainty associated with derived crustal velocities. The remaining seven sites, i. e., five sites on the Pacific coast of Alaska, one on Dauphin Island ( Alabama), and one on Kwajalein ( an atoll in the Pacific Ocean), experienced relatively low rates of absolute sea level change. We hypothesize the low rates in Alaska are caused by ongoing melting of mountain glaciers and ice masses near the stations, while the low rates found for Dauphin Island and Kwajalein remain unexplained. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Snay, R (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM richard.snay@noaa.gov RI Soler, Tomas/F-6386-2010 NR 30 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 25 PY 2007 VL 112 IS B4 AR B04409 DI 10.1029/2006JB004606 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 163FW UT WOS:000246145200002 ER PT J AU Popielarz, R Chiang, CK AF Popielarz, Roman Chiang, C. K. TI Polymer composites with the dielectric constant comparable to that of barium titanate ceramics SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B-SOLID STATE MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE high-k dielectrics; polymer composites; permittivity; oxides; integral passive technology ID CAPACITOR AB It has been found that CdO/polymer composites exhibit unusually high dielectric constant, much higher than that of BaTiO3/polymer composites, and comparable in magnitude to the dielectric constant of pure BaTiO3. While the dielectric constant of a BaTiO3/polymer composite at 1 kHz is below 20 at 20% volume fraction of BaTiO3, the dielectric constant of the corresponding 20% CdO/polymer composite is 2200. For both composites the relationship between logarithm of dielectric constant of the composite and volume fraction of the filler is linear within the range of useful filler contents where the composites are easily processable. Extrapolation of the data to 100% of the filler content yields the estimates of effective dielectric constants of pure filters, which are of the order of 10(3) for BaTiO3 and 10(15) for CdO. Thus, CdO behaves as a material with extremely high dielectric constant, when embedded into a polymer matrix. Preliminary data obtained for another composite based on tungsten dioxide (WO2) indicate that WO2 is another high-k filler. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Cracow Univ Technol, Inst Organ Chem & Technol, PL-31155 Krakow, Poland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Popielarz, R (reprint author), Cracow Univ Technol, Inst Organ Chem & Technol, Ul Warszawska 24, PL-31155 Krakow, Poland. EM rpopiel@pk.edu.pl OI Popielarz, Roman/0000-0001-5193-9366 NR 28 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0921-5107 J9 MAT SCI ENG B-SOLID JI Mater. Sci. Eng. B-Solid State Mater. Adv. Technol. PD APR 25 PY 2007 VL 139 IS 1 BP 48 EP 54 DI 10.1016/j.mseb.2007.01.035 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 166AG UT WOS:000246348600005 ER PT J AU Dugdale, RC Wilkerson, FP Chai, F Feely, R AF Dugdale, Richard C. Wilkerson, Frances P. Chai, Fei Feely, Richard TI Size-fractionated nitrogen uptake measurements in the equatorial Pacific and confirmation of the low Si-high-nitrate low-chlorophyll condition SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID DIMENSIONAL ECOSYSTEM MODEL; UPWELLING SYSTEM; PHYTOPLANKTON; VARIABILITY; LIMITATION; SILICATE; OCEAN; PRODUCTIVITY; 180-DEGREES; WATERS AB [1] The equatorial Pacific Ocean is the largest natural source of CO(2) to the atmosphere, and it significantly impacts the global carbon cycle. Much of the large flux of upwelled CO(2) to the atmosphere is due to incomplete use of the available nitrate (NO(3)) and low net productivity. This high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) condition of the equatorial upwelling zone (EUZ) has been interpreted from modeling efforts to be due to low levels of silicate ( Si( OH) 4) that limit the new production of diatoms. These ideas were incorporated into an ecosystem model, CoSINE. This model predicted production by the larger phytoplankton and the picoplankton and effects on air-sea CO(2) fluxes in the Pacific Ocean. However, there were no size-fractionated rates available for verification. Here we report the first size-fractionated new and regenerated production rates (obtained with (15)N - NO(3) and (15)N - NH(4) incubations) for the EUZ with the objective of validating the conceptual basis and functioning of the CoSINE model. Specifically, the larger phytoplankton ( with cell diameters > 5 mu m) had greater rates of new production and higher f-ratios (i.e., the proportion of NO(3) to the sum of NO(3) and NH(4) uptake) than the picoplankton that had high rates of NH(4) uptake and low f-ratios. The way that the larger primary producers are regulated in the EUZ is discussed using a continuous chemostat approach. This combines control of Si(OH)(4) production by supply rate (bottom-up) and control of growth rate ( or dilution) by grazing ( top-down control). C1 San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Dugdale, RC (reprint author), San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr, 3152 Paradise Dr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. EM rdugdale@sfsu.edu NR 33 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD APR 24 PY 2007 VL 21 IS 2 AR GB2005 DI 10.1029/2006GB002722 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 163ES UT WOS:000246142200002 ER PT J AU Paik, MY Krishnan, S You, FX Li, XF Hexemer, A Ando, Y Kang, SH Fischer, DA Kramer, EJ Ober, CK AF Paik, Marvin Y. Krishnan, Sitaraman You, Fengxiang Li, Xuefa Hexemer, Alexander Ando, Yushi Kang, Seok Ho Fischer, Daniel A. Kramer, Edward J. Ober, Christopher K. TI Surface organization, light-driven surface changes, and stability of semifluorinated azobenzene polymers SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID CRYSTALLINE BLOCK-COPOLYMERS; LIQUID-CRYSTALLINE; OPTICAL STORAGE; MOLECULAR-ORIENTATION; DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS; RELIEF GRATINGS; SIDE-GROUPS; WETTABILITY; FILMS; BEHAVIOR AB A series of polymers with 4-perfluoroalkyl-modified azobenzene side groups was investigated for its light-induced changes in surface properties. The ultraviolet (UV) light activated trans to cis isomerization of the azobenzene group, and the influence of molecular order and orientation on this process were studied using near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements. Light-induced molecular reorganization in the near-surface region was studied by NEXAFS using in situ UV irradiation of polymer thin films. Differential scanning calorimetry and wide-angle X-ray scattering studies showed that sufficiently long fluoroalkyl groups formed well-ordered smectic mesophases in the bulk, as well as on the surface, which was evidenced by NEXAFS. The disruption of mesogen packing by photoisomerization was found to be influenced by the fluoroalkyl segment length. Surfaces with perfluorohexyl and perfluorooctyl groups that showed high orientational order were also highly resistant to light-induced changes. In such cases, the trans-cis isomerization resulted in greater lowering of the azobenzene phenyl ring order parameters than the perfluoroalkyl order parameters. UV exposure caused reorientation of the phenyl rings of the azobenzene group, but the terminal perfluoroalkyl segments remained more or less ordered. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ober, CK (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM cober@ccmr.cornell.edu RI Krishnan, Sitaraman/C-5559-2011 OI Krishnan, Sitaraman/0000-0002-1228-8393 NR 44 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD APR 24 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 9 BP 5110 EP 5119 DI 10.1021/la0634138 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 157QX UT WOS:000245736400064 PM 17397198 ER PT J AU Ramond, TM Hollberg, L Juodawlkis, PW Calawa, SD AF Ramond, T. M. Hollberg, L. Juodawlkis, P. W. Calawa, S. D. TI Low-noise optical injection locking of a resonant tunneling diode to a stable optical frequency comb SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RELAXATION-OSCILLATOR AB Optical injection locking of a resonant tunneling diode (RTD) oscillator has been demonstrated using ultrashort pulses from a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser operating at a 1 GHz pulse rate. The source of the optical signal is a mode-locked femtosecond laser whose optical frequency comb is phase locked to a H-maser stabilized frequency synthesizer. An exceptionally large capture range of more than 5 MHz is observed. The system produces stable microwave signals with low phase noise, which at 1 GHz is less than -74 dBc/Hz for a 10 Hz offset. The noise of the microwave injection-locked RTD signal matches that of the input optical pulses. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. MIT, Lincoln Lab, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. RP Ramond, TM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM hollberg@boulder.nist.gov NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD APR 23 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 17 AR 171124 DI 10.1063/1.2734368 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 169BV UT WOS:000246568600024 ER PT J AU Gatlin, DM Barrows, FT Brown, P Dabrowski, K Gaylord, TG Hardy, RW Herman, E Hu, GS Krogdahl, A Nelson, R Overturf, K Rust, M Sealey, W Skonberg, D Souza, EJ Stone, D Wilson, R Wurtele, E AF Gatlin, Delbert M., III Barrows, Frederic T. Brown, Paul Dabrowski, Konrad Gaylord, T. Gibson Hardy, Ronald W. Herman, Eliot Hu, Gongshe Krogdahl, Ashild Nelson, Richard Overturf, Kenneth Rust, Michael Sealey, Wendy Skonberg, Denise Souza, Edward J. Stone, David Wilson, Rich Wurtele, Eve TI Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: a review SO AQUACULTURE RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE alternative proteins; sustainable aquafeeds; plant proteins ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY COEFFICIENTS; STURGEON ACIPENSER-BAERI; DIETARY COTTONSEED MEAL; LACTIC-ACID FERMENTATION; SOY PROTEIN-CONCENTRATE; LABEO-ROHITA HAMILTON; SALVELINUS-ALPINUS L.; BREAM SPARUS-AURATA AB Continued growth and intensification of aquaculture production depends upon the development of sustainable protein sources to replace fish meal in aquafeeds. This document reviews various plant feedstuffs, which currently are or potentially may be incorporated into aquafeeds to support the sustainable production of various fish species in aquaculture. The plant feedstuffs considered include oilseeds, legumes and cereal grains, which traditionally have been used as protein or energy concentrates as well as novel products developed through various processing technologies. The nutritional composition of these various feedstuffs are considered along with the presence of any bioactive compounds that may positively or negatively affect the target organism. Lipid composition of these feedstuffs is not specifically considered although it is recognized that incorporating lipid supplements in aquafeeds to achieve proper fatty acid profiles to meet the metabolic requirements of fish and maximize human health benefits are important aspects. Specific strategies and techniques to optimize the nutritional composition of plant feedstuffs and limit potentially adverse effects of bioactive compounds are also described. Such information will provide a foundation for developing strategic research plans for increasing the use of plant feedstuffs in aquaculture to reduce dependence of animal feedstuffs and thereby enhance the sustainability of aquaculture. C1 Texas A&M Univ Syst, College Stn, TX USA. USDA ARS, Hagerman Fish Culture Expt Stn, Hagerman, ID USA. Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Ohio State Univ, Columbus, MS USA. USDA ARS, Donald Danforth Plant Sci Ctr, St Louis, MO USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Aquaculture Prot Ctr, As, Norway. NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Maine, Orono, ME USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA USA. RP Gatlin, DM (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, 2258 TAMUS, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM d-gatlin@tamu.edu OI Gaylord, Gibson/0000-0003-3037-0451; Wurtele, Eve/0000-0003-1552-9495 NR 168 TC 560 Z9 586 U1 23 U2 176 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1355-557X J9 AQUAC RES JI Aquac. Res. PD APR 23 PY 2007 VL 38 IS 6 BP 551 EP 579 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01704.x PG 29 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 164NB UT WOS:000246239700001 ER PT J AU Zhao, C Marino, JP AF Zhao, Chang Marino, John P. TI Synthesis of HIV-1 Psi-site RNA sequences with site specific incorporation of the fluorescent base analog 2-aminopurine SO TETRAHEDRON LA English DT Article DE fluorescence; base analog; 2-aminopurine; HIV-1; genomic RNA; dimerization; maturation ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; DIMERIZATION INITIATION SITE; REV RESPONSIVE ELEMENT; CONFORMATIONAL-CHANGES; GENOME DIMERIZATION; PACKAGING SIGNAL; KISSING COMPLEX; CATALYTIC CORE; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; IN-VITRO AB Fluorescent nucleotide based analogs can serve as sensitive probes of the local structure and chemical environment of the base within a nucleic acid sequence. A significant strength of these base analogs is their similarity in molecular constitution and chemical properties to natural bases. While chemical synthesis has afforded the ability to generate oligonucleotides in good yield with sequence-specific incorporation of fluorescent based analogs, this method is limited in practice to the synthesis of relatively small RNAs of less than similar to 80 nucleotides. Since most RNAs of biological interest are greater than 80 nucleotides in length, methods for synthesizing these larger RNAs in good yield, while maintaining the ability to site-specifically incorporate base analogs that allow for fluorescence measurements, could be of broad interest. Here we describe an approach for synthesis of large RNA molecules (>100 nt) that uses T4 RNA ligase to segmentally join a sequence fragment of an RNA, chemically synthesized with a fluorescent based analog, with the remaining unmodified portion of the RNA oligonucleotide, synthesized through in vitro transcription with T7 polymerase. This method is demonstrated through synthesis of the packaging sequence (Psi-site) derived from the HIV-1 genomic RNA leader sequence (similar to 120 nt) with the fluorescent based analog, 2-aminopurine (2-AP), selectively incorporated into the dimerization initiation site (DIS) stem-loop. Using 2-AP fluorescence, RNA conformational changes associated with the formation of non-covalent DIS mediated Psi-site dimers have been analyzed. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Marino, JP (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM marino@umbi.umd.edu FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM059107, R01 GM059107-07] NR 43 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0040-4020 J9 TETRAHEDRON JI Tetrahedron PD APR 23 PY 2007 VL 63 IS 17 BP 3575 EP 3584 DI 10.1016/j.tet.2006.08.110 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 193SM UT WOS:000248294800017 PM 18431441 ER PT J AU Randall, CE Harvey, VL Singleton, CS Bailey, SM Bernath, PF Codrescu, M Nakajima, H Russell, JM AF Randall, C. E. Harvey, V. L. Singleton, C. S. Bailey, S. M. Bernath, P. F. Codrescu, M. Nakajima, H. Russell, J. M., III TI Energetic particle precipitation effects on the Southern Hemisphere stratosphere in 1992-2005 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; CALLIS,LINWOOD,B. ET-AL; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; ELECTRONS SOLACE; ODD NITROGEN; POLAR VORTEX; NITRIC-OXIDE; 2-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; TRANSPORT; THERMOSPHERE AB [1] Measurements from several different satellite instruments are used to estimate effects of energetic particle precipitation (EPP) on NOx (NO + NO2) in the Southern Hemisphere stratosphere from 1992 to 2005. The focus is the EPP Indirect Effect (IE), whereby NOx produced in the mesosphere or thermosphere via EPP (EPP-NOx) descends to the stratosphere during the polar winter, where it can participate in catalytic ozone destruction. EPP-NOx entering the stratosphere is found to vary in magnitude from 0.1 to 2.6 gigamoles per year, with maximum values occurring in 1994 and 2003. The interannual variation correlates strongly with several measures of EPP activity, including auroral and medium energy electron hemispheric power, and satellite measurements of thermospheric NO. This represents the first estimation of EPP-NOx contributions to the stratospheric odd nitrogen budget using observations over an entire solar cycle. The results will be useful for evaluating and constraining global models to investigate coupling of the upper and lower atmosphere by the EPP IE, including any influences this might have on ozone trends and possibly on climate. C1 Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Phys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, BCEP, NWS, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Hampton Univ, Dept Phys, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. RP Randall, CE (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Campus Box 392, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cora.randall@lasp.colorado.edu RI Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; Randall, Cora/L-8760-2014 OI Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; Randall, Cora/0000-0002-4313-4397 NR 62 TC 83 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 21 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D8 AR D08308 DI 10.1029/2006JD007696 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160OJ UT WOS:000245951900001 ER PT J AU Wahl, CG Alderson, D Pibida, L AF Wahl, C. G. Alderson, D. Pibida, L. TI Studies for software optimization for gross counting portal monitors SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE portal monitors; source-detection algorithm; detection of radioactive sources AB After investigating several possible source-detection algorithms for gross-counting radiation portal monitors, a program has been developed to locate signals from weak radioactive sources in real time. By using a smoothing method of weighted moving averages and by. including corrections for background suppression due to the presence of large vehicles as well as changing background levels, this program was capable of detecting significantly weaker sources than current software during testing. The limitations of this method are discussed. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Pibida, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8462, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM leticia.pibida@nist.gov NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD APR 21 PY 2007 VL 574 IS 1 BP 185 EP 191 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2007.01.165 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 163KS UT WOS:000246159200025 ER PT J AU Ralchenko, Y Feldman, U Doschek, GA AF Ralchenko, Yu. Feldman, U. Doschek, G. A. TI Is there a high-energy particle population in the quiet solar corona? SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE atomic data; atomic processes; Sun : corona; Sun : UV radiation ID MAXWELLIAN ELECTRON DISTRIBUTIONS; HELIUM RESONANCE LINES; EMISSION-LINES; ATOMIC DATABASE; EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET; KAPPA-DISTRIBUTION; TRANSITION REGION; SUMER TELESCOPE; SPECTRA; SOHO AB A study of spectra emitted by the quiet solar corona indicates that the majority of line intensities originating in low-lying levels are consistent with isothermal plasma of similar to 1.3 x 10(6) K. Nevertheless, a number of line intensities and, in particular, those belonging to ions that are typical of higher temperatures are brighter than expected. We show in this paper that the excess brightness of the hotter lines may be satisfactorily accounted for by a two-Maxwellian electron distribution function. We have calculated the effects on the line intensities and ionization balance under the assumption of both single- and two-Maxwellian electron distribution functions. One Maxwellian is characterized by a temperature of about 110 eV (1.35 x 10(6) K). The second Maxwellian is assumed to be a high-energy component ranging in temperatures between 150 and 1000 eV, with electron fractions relative to the total electron density that vary from 0.5% to 10%. We found that a good match to the quiet-Sun intensities could be achieved by adding similar to 5% electrons with a 300-400 eV Maxwellian temperature to the cooler component at 110 eV. We also found that the calculated line intensities become inconsistent with the quiet solar corona measurements if more than 3% of a Te 500 eV plasma or more than 1% of a Te 1000 eV plasma is added to the cooler Maxwellian. C1 NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Res Lab, Hulburt Ctr Space Res, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Artep Inc, Ellicott City, MD 21042 USA. RP Ralchenko, Y (reprint author), NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Ralchenko, Yuri/E-9297-2016 OI Ralchenko, Yuri/0000-0003-0083-9554 NR 42 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD APR 20 PY 2007 VL 659 IS 2 BP 1682 EP 1692 DI 10.1086/512536 PN 1 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 158ES UT WOS:000245774700063 ER PT J AU Pittman, JV Weinstock, EM Oglesby, RJ Sayres, DS Smith, JB Anderson, JG Cooper, OR Wofsy, SC Xueref, I Gerbig, C Daube, BC Richard, EC Ridley, BA Weinheimer, AJ Loewenstein, M Jost, HJ Lopez, JP Mahoney, MJ Thompson, TL Hargrove, WW Hoffman, FM AF Pittman, Jasna V. Weinstock, Elliot M. Oglesby, Robert J. Sayres, David S. Smith, Jessica B. Anderson, James G. Cooper, Owen R. Wofsy, Steven C. Xueref, Irene Gerbig, Cristoph Daube, Bruce C. Richard, Erik C. Ridley, Brian A. Weinheimer, Andrew J. Loewenstein, Max Jost, Hans-Jurg Lopez, Jimena P. Mahoney, Michael J. Thompson, Thomas L. Hargrove, William W. Hoffman, Forrest M. TI Transport in the subtropical lowermost stratosphere during the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers-Florida Area Cirrus Experiment SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; REACTIVE NITROGEN; WATER-VAPOR; SEASONAL CYCLE; UV-ABSORPTION; NEW-MEXICO; TROPOPAUSE; OZONE; EXCHANGE AB [ 1] We use in situ measurements of water vapor (H2O), ozone (O-3), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and total reactive nitrogen (NOy) obtained during the CRYSTAL-FACE campaign in July 2002 to study summertime transport in the subtropical lowermost stratosphere. We use an objective methodology to distinguish the latitudinal origin of the sampled air masses despite the influence of convection, and we calculate backward trajectories to elucidate their recent geographical history. The methodology consists of exploring the statistical behavior of the data by performing multivariate clustering and agglomerative hierarchical clustering calculations and projecting cluster groups onto principal component space to identify air masses of like composition and hence presumed origin. The statistically derived cluster groups are then examined in physical space using tracer-tracer correlation plots. Interpretation of the principal component analysis suggests that the variability in the data is accounted for primarily by the mean age of air in the stratosphere, followed by the age of the convective influence, and last by the extent of convective influence, potentially related to the latitude of convective injection (Dessler and Sherwood, 2004). We find that high-latitude stratospheric air is the dominant source region during the beginning of the campaign while tropical air is the dominant source region during the rest of the campaign. Influence of convection from both local and nonlocal events is frequently observed. The identification of air mass origin is confirmed with backward trajectories, and the behavior of the trajectories is associated with the North American monsoon circulation. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Pittman, JV (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM jasna.pittman@nasa.gov RI Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Gerbig, Christoph/L-3532-2013; Hoffman, Forrest/B-8667-2012; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Gerbig, Christoph/0000-0002-1112-8603; Hoffman, Forrest/0000-0001-5802-4134; NR 53 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 20 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D8 AR D08304 DI 10.1029/2006JD007851 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160OI UT WOS:000245951800010 ER PT J AU Vomel, H David, DE Smith, K AF Voemel, H. David, D. E. Smith, K. TI Accuracy of tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor measurements by the cryogenic frost point hygrometer: Instrumental details and observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CHILLED-MIRROR HYGROMETER; TEMPERATURE; PRESSURE; ICE AB [1] The cryogenic frost point hygrometer (CFH), currently built at the University of Colorado, is a new balloon borne hygrometer, which is capable of continuously measuring water vapor between the surface and the middle stratosphere. The design is loosely based on the old NOAA/CMDL frost point hygrometer, with improved accuracy and a number of significant new features that overcome some limitations of the older instrument. The measurement uncertainty of the new instrument depends on altitude and ranges between less than 4% in the tropical lower troposphere to no more than 10% in the middle stratosphere at 28 km. In the tropopause region the uncertainty is less than 9%. This instrument is used routinely at several sites for validation of satellite measurements and process studies in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere region. It has proved to be particularly well suited for dehydration observations in the tropical upper troposphere, because the effects of cloud contamination have been significantly reduced. Results of this instrument are compared with the old NOAA/CMDL hygrometer, the Russian Fluorescent Lyman Alpha Stratospheric Hygrometer, the Vaisala RS92, the AURA/MLS satellite instrument, a cloud lidar, the NOAA/CSD frost point hygrometer and the Harvard Lyman-alpha hygrometer, both of the later instruments flown on board the NASAWB-57F high-altitude research aircraft. These comparisons demonstrate the level of accuracy of tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor measurements made by this instrument and point to areas where more research and development are needed. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Vomel, H (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM holger.voemel@colorado.edu NR 23 TC 101 Z9 102 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 20 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D8 AR D08305 DI 10.1029/2006JD007224 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160OI UT WOS:000245951800003 ER PT J AU Carretta, S Santini, P Amoretti, G Guidi, T Copley, JRD Qiu, Y Caciuffo, R Timco, G Winpenny, REP AF Carretta, S. Santini, P. Amoretti, G. Guidi, T. Copley, J. R. D. Qiu, Y. Caciuffo, R. Timco, G. Winpenny, R. E. P. TI Quantum oscillations of the total spin in a heterometallic antiferromagnetic ring: Evidence from neutron spectroscopy SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIZATION; CLUSTERS; MAGNETS AB Using inelastic neutron scattering and applied fields up to 11.4 T, we have studied the spin dynamics of the Cr7Ni antiferromagnetic ring in the energy window 0.05-1.6 meV. We demonstrate that the external magnetic field induces an avoided crossing (anticrossing) between energy levels with different total-spin quantum numbers. This corresponds to quantum oscillations of the total spin of each molecule. The inelastic character of the observed excitation and the field dependence of its linewidth indicate that molecular spins oscillate coherently for a significant number of cycles. Precise signatures of the anticrossing are also found at higher energy, where measured and calculated spectra match very well. C1 Univ Parma, Dipartimento Fis, I-43100 Parma, Italy. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Politecn Marche, Dipartimento Fis, I-60131 Ancona, Italy. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. European Comiss, JRC ITU, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany. Univ Manchester, Dept Chem, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. RP Carretta, S (reprint author), Univ Parma, Dipartimento Fis, I-43100 Parma, Italy. OI Caciuffo, Roberto G. M./0000-0002-8708-6219 NR 20 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 20 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 16 AR 167401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.167401 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 159MW UT WOS:000245871200064 PM 17501458 ER PT J AU Garlea, VO Zheludev, A Masuda, T Manaka, H Regnault, LP Ressouche, E Grenier, B Chung, JH Qiu, Y Habicht, K Kiefer, K Boehm, M AF Garlea, V. O. Zheludev, A. Masuda, T. Manaka, H. Regnault, L.-P. Ressouche, E. Grenier, B. Chung, J.-H. Qiu, Y. Habicht, K. Kiefer, K. Boehm, M. TI Excitations from a Bose-Einstein condensate of magnons in coupled spin ladders SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FIELD; (CH3)(2)CHNH3CUCL3; ANTIFERROMAGNETS; TLCUCL3; STATE AB The weakly coupled quasi-one-dimensional spin ladder compound (CH3)(2)CHNH3CuCl3 is studied by neutron scattering in magnetic fields exceeding the critical field of Bose-Einstein condensation of magnons. Commensurate long-range order and the associated Goldstone mode are detected and found to be similar to those in reference to spin-dimer materials. However, for the upper two massive magnon branches, the observed behavior is totally different, culminating in a drastic collapse of excitation bandwidth beyond the transition point. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Yokohama City Univ, Int Grad Sch Arts & Sci, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360027, Japan. Kagoshima Univ, Grad Sch Sci & Engn, Kagoshima 8900065, Japan. CEA, DRFMC, SPSMS, MDN, F-38054 Grenoble 9, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, BENSC, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. RP Chung, JH (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Kiefer, Klaus/J-3544-2013; Garlea, Vasile/A-4994-2016; Habicht, Klaus/K-3636-2013 OI Kiefer, Klaus/0000-0002-5178-0495; Garlea, Vasile/0000-0002-5322-7271; Habicht, Klaus/0000-0002-9915-7221 NR 25 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 20 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 16 AR 167202 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.167202 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 159MW UT WOS:000245871200062 PM 17501456 ER PT J AU Li, Q Gray, KE Zheng, H Claus, H Rosenkranz, S Ancona, SN Osborn, R Mitchell, JF Chen, Y Lynn, JW AF Li, Qing'An Gray, K. E. Zheng, H. Claus, H. Rosenkranz, S. Ancona, S. Nyborg Osborn, R. Mitchell, J. F. Chen, Y. Lynn, J. W. TI Reentrant orbital order and the true ground state of LaSr2Mn2O7 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CHARGE; SPIN; MAGNETORESISTANCE; INTERPLAY AB Contrary to conventional wisdom, our purified La2-2xSr1+2xMn2O7 crystals exhibit CE-type orbital and charge order as the low-temperature ground state for a hole doping level h = 0.5. For small deviations from h = 0.5, the high-temperature CE phase is replaced at low temperatures by an A-type antiferromagnet without coexistence. Larger deviations result in a lack of CE order at any temperature. Thus, small inhomogeneities in cation or oxygen composition could explain why others commonly see this reentrance with coexistence. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Gray, KE (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. EM KenGray@anl.gov RI Osborn, Raymond/E-8676-2011; Rosenkranz, Stephan/E-4672-2011; Li, Qingan/L-3778-2013 OI Osborn, Raymond/0000-0001-9565-3140; Rosenkranz, Stephan/0000-0002-5659-0383; NR 20 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 20 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 16 AR 167201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.167201 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 159MW UT WOS:000245871200061 PM 17501455 ER PT J AU Vecchi, GA Soden, BJ AF Vecchi, Gabriel A. Soden, Brian J. TI Increased tropical Atlantic wind shear in model projections of global warming SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EL-NINO; INTENSITY; HURRICANES; TEMPERATURE; CYCLONES; SENSITIVITY; RAINFALL; IMPACT AB To help understand possible impacts of anthropogenic greenhouse warming on hurricane activity, we assess model-projected changes in large-scale environmental factors tied to variations in hurricane statistics. This study focuses on vertical wind shear (V(s)) over the tropical Atlantic during hurricane season, the increase of which has been historically associated with diminished hurricane activity and intensity. A suite of state-of-the-art global climate model experiments is used to project changes in V(s) over the 21st century. Substantial increases in tropical Atlantic and East Pacific shear are robust features of these experiments, and are shown to be connected to the model-projected decrease in the Pacific Walker circulation. The relative changes in shear are found to be comparable to those of other large-scale environmental parameters associated with Atlantic hurricane activity. The influence of these V(s) changes should be incorporated into projections of long-term hurricane activity. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Vecchi, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton Forrestal Campus Route 1,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM gabriel.a.vecchi@noaa.gov RI Vecchi, Gabriel/A-2413-2008 OI Vecchi, Gabriel/0000-0002-5085-224X NR 23 TC 141 Z9 145 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 18 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 8 AR L08702 DI 10.1029/2006GL028905 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 160OA UT WOS:000245951000002 ER PT J AU Hudman, RC Jacob, DJ Turquety, S Leibensperger, EM Murray, LT Wu, S Gilliland, AB Avery, M Bertram, TH Brune, W Cohen, RC Dibb, JE Flocke, FM Fried, A Holloway, J Neuman, JA Orville, R Perring, A Ren, X Sachse, GW Singh, HB Swanson, A Wooldridge, PJ AF Hudman, R. C. Jacob, D. J. Turquety, S. Leibensperger, E. M. Murray, L. T. Wu, S. Gilliland, A. B. Avery, M. Bertram, T. H. Brune, W. Cohen, R. C. Dibb, J. E. Flocke, F. M. Fried, A. Holloway, J. Neuman, J. A. Orville, R. Perring, A. Ren, X. Sachse, G. W. Singh, H. B. Swanson, A. Wooldridge, P. J. TI Surface and lightning sources of nitrogen oxides over the United States: Magnitudes, chemical evolution, and outflow SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; AIRCRAFT NOX EMISSIONS; REACTIVE NITROGEN; NORTH-AMERICA; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; MODEL DESCRIPTION; BOUNDARY-LAYER; TRANSPORT; DISTRIBUTIONS; CHEMISTRY AB [1] We use observations from two aircraft during the ICARTT campaign over the eastern United States and North Atlantic during summer 2004, interpreted with a global 3-D model of tropospheric chemistry (GEOS-Chem) to test current understanding of regional sources, chemical evolution, and export of NOx. The boundary layer NOx data provide top-down verification of a 50% decrease in power plant and industry NOx emissions over the eastern United States between 1999 and 2004. Observed NOx concentrations at 8 - 12 km altitude were 0.55 +/- 0.36 ppbv, much larger than in previous U. S. aircraft campaigns (ELCHEM, SUCCESS, SONEX) though consistent with data from the NOXAR program aboard commercial aircraft. We show that regional lightning is the dominant source of this upper tropospheric NOx and increases upper tropospheric ozone by 10 ppbv. Simulating ICARTT upper tropospheric NOx observations with GEOS-Chem requires a factor of 4 increase in modeled NOx yield per flash ( to 500 mol/ flash). Observed OH concentrations were a factor of 2 lower than can be explained from current photochemical models, for reasons that are unclear. A NOy-CO correlation analysis of the fraction f of North American NOx emissions vented to the free troposphere as NOy ( sum of NOx and its oxidation products) shows observed f = 16 +/- 10% and modeled f = 14 +/- 9%, consistent with previous studies. Export to the lower free troposphere is mostly HNO3 but at higher altitudes is mostly PAN. The model successfully simulates NOy export efficiency and speciation, supporting previous model estimates of a large U. S. anthropogenic contribution to global tropospheric ozone through PAN export. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. US EPA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, NOAA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Div Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Coll Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Earth Observing Lab, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Hudman, RC (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM rch@io.harvard.edu RI Murray, Lee/F-2296-2014; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Ren, Xinrong/E-7838-2015; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Cohen, Ronald/A-8842-2011; Perring, Anne/G-4597-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Ren, Xinrong/B-2229-2010; Hudman, Rynda/C-6118-2009; Orville, Richard/G-9866-2012; Neuman, Andy/A-1393-2009 OI Murray, Lee/0000-0002-3447-3952; Ren, Xinrong/0000-0001-9974-1666; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-6617-7691; Perring, Anne/0000-0003-2231-7503; Orville, Richard/0000-0003-0280-7169; Neuman, Andy/0000-0002-3986-1727 NR 69 TC 174 Z9 176 U1 3 U2 34 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 18 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D12 AR D12S05 DI 10.1029/2006JD007912 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160OL UT WOS:000245952100001 ER PT J AU de Koning, CA Gosling, JT Skoug, RM Steinberg, JT AF de Koning, C. A. Gosling, J. T. Skoug, R. M. Steinberg, J. T. TI Energy dependence of electron pitch angle distribution widths in solar bursts SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION-FUNCTIONS; HELIOS PLASMA-EXPERIMENT; WIND SPACECRAFT; DISSIPATION RANGE; STRAHL; RADIO; WAVES; DYNAMICS; EVENTS AB [1] Solar activity regularly produces suprathermal electron bursts at energies below 1.4 keV. At 1 AU, these bursts have been detected at energies as low as 73 eV. The characteristics of such bursts vary considerably from event to event due in part to the physical processes involved in their propagation to Earth. In 2002, Advanced Composition Explorer/ Solar Wind Electron Proton Alpha Monitor (ACE/SWEPAM) observed 101 solar electron bursts at energies below 1.4 keV, 40 of which exhibited broader pitch angle distributions than the preburst strahl. In general, the width of the pitch angle distribution from 73 to 1370 eV is a function of energy. In similar to 65% of the events the pitch angle distribution width increased with energy during the burst, in similar to 10% of the events it decreased with energy, and similar to 25% of the cases demonstrated no clear energy dependence. The delay time between the onset of the burst and the onset of pitch angle distribution broadening also showed energy dependence. At 987 eV broadening almost always occurred after onset of the burst; however, at energies less than 519 eV broadening of the pitch angle distribution sometimes preceded the burst onset. Although energy dispersion was observed in the burst onset times, several events revealed nearly simultaneous broadening over an extended range of energies, in one case from 197 to 1370 eV. Broadening of the pitch angle distribution function during solar electron bursts almost certainly results from wave-particle scattering. Scattering, in turn, should depend on solar wind plasma and magnetic field conditions. Nevertheless, we were not able to find any general statistical correlations between ACE plasma and magnetic field parameters and the burst pitch angle distribution width. Because ACE measurements are inherently local, whereas scattering can occur anywhere between the Sun and Earth, we also examined five bursts that we infer underwent relatively local scattering. These bursts exhibited maximum pitch angle distribution widths greater than 75 degrees. Even these special cases failed to manifest any correlation with local plasma or magnetic field measurements. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP de Koning, CA (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Mail Code W-NP9,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM curt.a.dekoning@noaa.gov NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD APR 17 PY 2007 VL 112 IS A4 AR A04101 DI 10.1029/2006JA011971 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 160PA UT WOS:000245953600001 ER PT J AU Battin, J Wiley, MW Ruckelshaus, MH Palmer, RN Korb, E Bartz, KK Imaki, H AF Battin, James Wiley, Matthew W. Ruckelshaus, Mary H. Palmer, Richard N. Korb, Elizabeth Bartz, Krista K. Imaki, Hiroo TI Projected impacts of climate change on salmon habitat restoration SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Chinook salmon; hydrologic model; population model; Snohomish River; stream flow ID PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; CHINOOK SALMON; UNITED-STATES; MODEL; COLUMBIA; CONSERVATION; TEMPERATURE; WATERSHEDS; REGIME; LIMITS AB Throughout the world, efforts are under way to restore watersheds, but restoration planning rarely accounts for future climate change. Using a series of linked models of climate, land cover, hydrology, and salmon population dynamics, we investigated the impacts of climate change on the effectiveness of proposed habitat restoration efforts designed to recover depleted Chinook salmon populations in a Pacific Northwest river basin. Model results indicate a large negative impact of climate change on freshwater salmon habitat. Habitat restoration and protection can help to mitigate these effects and may allow populations to increase in the face of climate change. The habitat deterioration associated with climate change will, however, make salmon recovery targets much more difficult to attain. Because the negative impacts of climate change in this basin are projected to be most pronounced in relatively pristine, high-elevation streams where little restoration is possible, climate change and habitat restoration together are likely to cause a spatial shift in salmon abundance. River basins that span the current snow line appear especially vulnerable to climate change, and salmon recovery plans that enhance lower-elevation habitats are likely to be more successful over the next 50 years than those that target the higher-elevation basins likely to experience the greatest snow-rain transition. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Ruckelshaus, MH (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, 2725 Montlakek Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM mary.ruckelshaus@noaa.gov RI Palmer, Richard/K-4432-2013 OI Palmer, Richard/0000-0002-7338-0468 NR 36 TC 198 Z9 206 U1 6 U2 91 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD APR 17 PY 2007 VL 104 IS 16 BP 6720 EP 6725 DI 10.1073/pnas.0701685104 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 159ME UT WOS:000245869200042 PM 17412830 ER PT J AU Aarts, IMP Pipino, ACR de Sanden, MCMV Kessels, WMM AF Aarts, I. M. P. Pipino, A. C. R. de Sanden, M. C. M. van Kessels, W. M. M. TI Absolute in situ measurement of surface dangling bonds during a-Si : H growth SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS-SILICON; DEEP DEFECT DENSITY; ABSORPTION-SPECTRA; FILMS; SPECTROSCOPY; DEPOSITION; RADICALS; KINETICS AB Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) is regarded as a model system in mechanistic studies of amorphous semiconductor film growth, where the key reactive site is generally considered to be a surface "dangling bond." Employing an ultrahigh-Q (approximate to 10(10)) monolithic optical resonator, the authors probe the creation of dangling-bond defects during growth of a-Si:H from a predominantly SiHx (x=0-3) radical flux by detecting the associated near-IR subgap absorption with evanescent wave cavity ringdown spectroscopy. They find the apparent dangling-bond creation rate [(5 +/- 3)x10(12) cm(-2) s(-1)] and steady-state surface density [(5 +/- 2)x10(11) cm(-2)] to be considerably lower than expected from dangling-bond-based growth mechanisms. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Eindhoven Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Aarts, IMP (reprint author), Eindhoven Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, POB 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands. EM m.c.m.v.d.sanden@tue.nl; w.m.m.kessels@tue.nl NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD APR 16 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 16 AR 161918 DI 10.1063/1.2727561 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 159MP UT WOS:000245870400049 ER PT J AU Kipper, MJ Kleinman, HK Wang, FW AF Kipper, Matt J. Kleinman, Hynda K. Wang, Francis W. TI Covalent surface chemistry gradients for presenting bioactive peptides SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE peptide gradients; cell migration; epifluorescence microscopy ID LAMININ ALPHA-1 CHAIN; CELL-ADHESION; HUMAN-NEUTROPHILS; MIGRATION; IDENTIFICATION; FIBRONECTIN; COEFFICIENT; CHEMOTAXIS; FIBRINOGEN; SEQUENCES AB The activation of surfaces by covalent attachment of bioactive moieties is an important strategy for improving the performance of biomedical materials. Such techniques have also been used as tools to study cellular responses to particular chemistries of interest. The creation of gradients of covalently bound chemistries is a logical extension of this technique. Gradient surfaces may permit the rapid screening of a large range of concentrations in a single experiment. In addition, the biological response to the gradient itself may provide new information on receptor requirements and cell signaling. The current work describes a rapid and flexible technique for the covalent addition of bioactive peptide gradients to a surface or gel and a simple fluorescence technique for assaying the gradient. In this technique, bioactive peptides with a terminal cysteine are bound via a heterobifunctional coupling agent to primary amine-containing surfaces and gels. A gradient in the coupling agent is created on the surfaces or gels by varying the residence time of the coupling agent across the surface or gel, thereby controlling the extent of reaction. We demonstrate this technique using poly(L-lysine)-coated glass surfaces and fibrin gels. Once the surface or gel has been activated by the addition of the coupling agent gradient, the bioactive peptide is added. Quantitation of the gradient is achieved by measuring the reaction kinetics of the coupling agent with the surface or gel of interest. This can be done either by fluorescently labeling the coupling agent (in the case of surfaces) or by spectrophotometrically detecting the release of pyridine-2-thione, which is produced when the thiol-reactive portion of the coupling agent reacts. By these methods, we can obtain reasonably precise estimates for the peptide gradients without using expensive spectroscopic or radiolabeling techniques. Validation with changes in fibroblast cell migration behavior across a bioactive peptide gradient illustrates preservation of peptide function as well as the usefulness of this technique. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Dent & Craniofacial Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Wang, FW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM francis.wang@nist.gov RI Kipper, Matt/B-6941-2013 OI Kipper, Matt/0000-0002-8818-745X NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD APR 15 PY 2007 VL 363 IS 2 BP 175 EP 184 DI 10.1016/j.ab.2007.01.036 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 152QS UT WOS:000245377500002 PM 17339030 ER PT J AU Zhang, JZ Huang, XL AF Zhang, Jia-Zhong Huang, Xiao-Lan TI Relative importance of solid-phase phosphorus and iron on the sorption behavior of sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTERTIDAL MARSH SEDIMENTS; PARTICLE-BOUND PHOSPHORUS; FLORIDA-BAY; SALINITY GRADIENT; PHOSPHATE; ADSORPTION; LIMITATION; GOETHITE; DESORPTION; SEAWATER AB Of all the metal oxide particles, amorphous iron oxides have the greatest adsorption capacity for phosphate. Coastal sediments are often coated with terrigenous amorphous iron oxides, and those containing high iron are thought to have a high adsorption capacity. However,this conventional wisdom is based largely upon studies of phosphate adsorption on laboratory-synthesized minerals themselves containing no phosphorus. Using natural sediments that contain variable phosphorus and iron, our results demonstrate that the exchangeable phosphate rather than the iron oxides of sediments governs the overall sorption behavior. The iron oxide content becomes important only in sediments that are poor in phosphorus. A total of 40 sampling sites across the Florida Bay provide detailed spatial distributions both of the sediment's zero equilibrium phosphate concentration (EPCO) and of the distribution coefficient (K(d)) that are consistent with the distribution of the exchangeable phosphate content of the sediment. This study provides the first quantitative relationships between sorption characteristics (EPCO and K(d)) and the exchangeable phosphate content of natural sediments. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, CIMAS, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Zhang, JZ (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM jia-zhong.zhang@noaa.gov RI Huang, Xiao-Lan/A-9867-2008; Zhang, Jia-Zhong/B-7708-2008; Huang, XiaoLan/G-6306-2012; Huang (黄), Xiao-Lan (晓澜)/E-9159-2010 OI Zhang, Jia-Zhong/0000-0002-1138-2556; Huang (黄), Xiao-Lan (晓澜)/0000-0002-3330-4858 NR 33 TC 53 Z9 64 U1 3 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 15 PY 2007 VL 41 IS 8 BP 2789 EP 2795 DI 10.1021/es061836q PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 159UK UT WOS:000245892900029 PM 17533840 ER PT J AU Poster, DL Kucklick, JR Schantz, MM Vander Pol, SS Leigh, SD Wiset, SA AF Poster, Dianne L. Kucklick, John R. Schantz, Michele M. Vander Pol, Stacy S. Leigh, Stefan D. Wiset, Stephen A. TI Development of a house dust standard reference material for the determination of organic contaminants SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; REFERENCE MATERIALS SRMS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; HUMAN EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; INDOOR DUST; NATIONAL CHILDRENS; SUPERFUND SITE; CARPET DUST AB National-level health survey studies, such as the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey field program, have targeted the determination of organic contaminants in house dust in an effort to characterize human exposure in the domestic environment. As the effort to further understand human health effects in relation to organic contaminants associated with indoor dust accelerates, the need for an indoor dust Standard Reference Material (SRM) that is characterized for organic contaminants has become critical. To meet this need, a new organic contaminant house dust SRM has been developed. SRM 2585 Organic Contaminants in House Dust is intended for use in evaluating analytical methods for the determination of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, chlorinated pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in house dust and similar matrices. The material may also be useful for evaluation and comparison of methods or instruments used for sampling in the indoor environment. Moreover, because of the material's extensive characterization (140 organic contaminant concentrations), the material may be useful in toxicity studies related to indoor air (in vitro or in vivo). The determination of the concentrations of PAHs (including alkyl-PAHs and PAHs with molecular mass 300 and 302), PCBs, and chlorinated pesticides is reported here, and these results are compared to values reported in the literature for house dust. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Poster, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM poster@nist.gov NR 62 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 15 PY 2007 VL 41 IS 8 BP 2861 EP 2867 DI 10.1021/es061966z PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 159UK UT WOS:000245892900039 PM 17533850 ER PT J AU Sandahl, JF Baldwin, DH Jenkins, JJ Scholz, NL AF Sandahl, Jason F. Baldwin, David H. Jenkins, Jeffrey J. Scholz, Nathaniel L. TI A sensory system at the interface between urban stormwater runoff and salmon survival SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LOW COPPER LEVEL; RAINBOW-TROUT; COHO SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; 1ST FLUSH; EXPOSURE; MYKISS; RISK; CHLORPYRIFOS; IMPACTS AB Motor vehicles are a major source of toxic contaminants such as copper, a metal that originates from vehicle exhaust and brake pad wear. Copper and other pollutants are deposited on roads and other impervious surfaces and then transported to aquatic habitats via stormwater runoff. In the western United States, exposure to non-point source pollutants such as copper is an emerging concern for many populations of threatened and endangered Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) that spawn and rear in coastal watersheds and estuaries. To address this concern, we used conventional neurophysiological recordings to investigate the impact of ecologically relevant copper exposures (0-20 mu g/L for 3 h) on the olfactory system of juvenile coho salmon (O. kisutch). These recordings were combined with computer-assisted video analyses of behavior to evaluate the sensitivity and responsiveness of copper-exposed coho to a chemical predation cue (conspecific alarm pheromone). The sensory physiology and predator avoidance behaviors of juvenile coho were both significantly impaired by copper at concentrations as low as 2 mu g/L. Therefore, copper-containing stormwater runoff from urban landscapes has the potential to cause chemosensory deprivation and increased predation mortality in exposed salmon. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Mol & Environm Toxicol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Ecotoxicol & Environm Fish Hlth Program, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Scholz, NL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Mol & Environm Toxicol, 333 Weniger Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM Nathaniel.Scholz@noaa.gov RI Scholz, Nathaniel/L-1642-2013 OI Scholz, Nathaniel/0000-0001-6207-0272 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [T32ES07060] NR 36 TC 88 Z9 93 U1 4 U2 55 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 15 PY 2007 VL 41 IS 8 BP 2998 EP 3004 DI 10.1021/es062287r PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 159UK UT WOS:000245892900059 PM 17533870 ER PT J AU Ohmori, K Ahmet, P Yoshitake, M Chikyow, T Shiraishi, K Yamabe, K Watanabe, H Akasaka, Y Nara, Y Chang, KS Green, ML Yamada, K AF Ohmori, K. Ahmet, P. Yoshitake, M. Chikyow, T. Shiraishi, K. Yamabe, K. Watanabe, H. Akasaka, Y. Nara, Y. Chang, K.-S. Green, M. L. Yamada, K. TI Influences of annealing in reducing and oxidizing ambients on flatband voltage properties of HfO(2) gate stack structures SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TUNGSTEN THIN-FILMS; SILICON; OFFSETS; OXIDES AB We have applied a combinatorial technique to fabricate work function (WF) tuned Pt-W alloy films and used the films as metal electrodes for HfO(2)/SiO(2)/Si capacitors. As the ratio, R(Pt), of Pt to W changes from 0 to 1, the WF value varies continuously from 4.7 to 5.5 eV. This tunability enables us to systematically investigate the effect of WF variation on electrical properties. After a forming gas annealing process, the values of flatband voltage (V(fb)) from capacitance-voltage properties are almost constant, regardless of the WF variation, because of oxygen vacancy formation that results in Fermi level pinning. On additional oxidizing gas annealing (OGA), the effect of WF value on V(fb) becomes dominant. However, the difference in V(fb) between W and Pt is 0.34 V, which is much smaller than the observed WF difference of 0.8 eV. We attribute this phenomenon to the lowering of the effective WF due to an electric dipole, induced by oxygen vacancy formation at the metal/HfO(2) interface. Moreover, a decrease in V(fb) in W-rich regions was observed following the OGA, suggesting the formation of a W-O bond at the interface. These results clearly indicate that the control of bonding states at the metal/HfO(2) interfaces on an atomic scale is essential for the realization of a combination of metal and high-k dielectric films in future complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor devices. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Adv Elect Mat Ctr, Natl Inst Mat Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. Univ Tsukuba, Grad Sch Pure & Appl Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058573, Japan. Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan. Semicond Leading Edge Technol Inc, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058659, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Waseda Univ, Nano Technol Res Lab, Tokyo, Japan. RP Ohmori, K (reprint author), Adv Elect Mat Ctr, Natl Inst Mat Sci, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. EM ohmori.kenji@nims.go.jp RI Ohmori, Kenji/M-6291-2014 OI Ohmori, Kenji/0000-0002-5312-319X NR 24 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2007 VL 101 IS 8 AR 084118 DI 10.1063/1.2721384 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 162FM UT WOS:000246072200123 ER PT J AU Mounier, F Kiladis, GN Janicot, S AF Mounier, Flore Kiladis, George N. Janicot, Serge TI Analysis of the dominant mode of convectively coupled Kelvin waves in the West African monsoon SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SURFACE CIRCULATION PATTERNS; SAHARAN WEATHER ANOMALIES; TROPICAL NORTH-AFRICA; EASTERLY WAVES; EQUATORIAL WAVES; INTRASEASONAL VARIABILITY; 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE; SUMMER RAINFALL; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; PART II AB The dominant mode of convectively coupled Kelvin waves has been detected over the Atlantic and Africa during northern summer by performing composite analyses on observational fields based on an EOF reconstructed convection index over West Africa. Propagating eastward, many waves originate from the Pacific sector, interact with deep convection of the marine ITCZ over the Atlantic and the continental ITCZ over West and central Africa, and then weaken over East Africa and the Indian Ocean. It has been shown that they are able to modulate the life cycle and track of individual westward- propagating convective systems. Their mean kinematic characteristics comprise a wavelength of 8000 km, and a phase speed of 15 m s(-1), leading to a period centered on 6 to 7 days. The African Kelvin wave activity displays large seasonal variability, being highest outside of northern summer when the ITCZ is close to the equator, facilitating the interactions between convection and these equatorially trapped waves. The convective and dynamical patterns identified over the Atlantic and Africa show some resemblance to the theoretical equatorially trapped Kelvin wave solution on an equatorial beta plane. Most of the flow is in the zonal direction as predicted by theory, and there is a tendency for the dynamical fields to be symmetric about the equator, even though the ITCZ is concentrated well north of the equator at the full development of the African monsoon. In the upper troposphere and the stratosphere, the temperature contours slope sharply eastward with height, as expected from an eastward- moving heat source that forces a dry Kelvin wave response. It is finally shown that the mean impact of African Kelvin waves on rainfall and convection is of the same level as African easterly waves. C1 Univ Paris 06, LOCEAN, IPSL, IRD, F-75252 Paris 5, France. Ecole Polytech, CNRS, LMD, IPSL, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. ESRL, NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Janicot, S (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, LOCEAN, IPSL, IRD, Boite 100,4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 5, France. EM jslod@lodyc.jussieu.fr RI Janicot, Serge/E-8493-2012 NR 54 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD APR 15 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 8 BP 1487 EP 1503 DI 10.1175/JCLI4059.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 157SY UT WOS:000245742400005 ER PT J AU Kim, SA Johnson, WL AF Kim, Sudook A. Johnson, Ward L. TI Elastic constants and internal friction of martensitic steel, ferritic-pearlitic steel, and alpha-iron SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE alpha-iron; bulk modulus; carbon steel; damping; elastic constants; ferrite; hardness; induction hardening; internal friction; martensite; iron; pearlite; plain steel; Poisson ratio; resonant ultrasound spectroscopy; shear modulus; Young modulus ID STIFFNESS COEFFICIENTS; ROOM TEMPERATURE; YOUNG MODULUS; CRYSTALS; ALLOYS; CARBON; STATE AB The elastic constants and internal friction of induction hardened and unhardened SAE 1050 plain-carbon steel at ambient temperatures were determined by resonant ultrasonic spectroscopy. The hardened specimen contained only martensite and the unhardened specimen was ferrite-pearlite. Using an inverse Ritz algorithm with assumed orthorhombic symmetry, all nine independent elastic-stiffness coefficients were determined, and, from the resonance peak widths, all nine components of the internal-friction tensor were determined. Similar measurements and analysis on monocrystalline alpha-iron were performed. The steel has slight elastic anisotropy, and the isotropically approximated elastic moduli were lower in the martensite than in ferrite-pearlite: shear modulus by 3.6%, bulk modulus by 1.2%, Young modulus by 3.2%, and Poisson ratio by 1.5%. Isotropically approximated elastic moduli of alpha-iron were 0.6-1.3% higher than ferrite-pearlite. All components of the internal-friction in martensite were higher than those of ferrite-pearlite, but lower than those of alpha-iron. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kim, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sak430@boulder.nist.gov NR 40 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 7 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0921-5093 EI 1873-4936 J9 MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. PD APR 15 PY 2007 VL 452 BP 633 EP 639 DI 10.1016/j.msea.2006.11.147 PG 7 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 156HX UT WOS:000245639800086 ER PT J AU Smith, KD Stoliarov, SI Nyden, MR Westmoreland, PR AF Smith, K. D. Stoliarov, S. I. Nyden, M. R. Westmoreland, P. R. TI RMDff: A smoothly transitioning, forcefield-based representation of kinetics for reactive molecular dynamics simulations SO MOLECULAR SIMULATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Foundations of Molecular Modeling and Simulation (FOMMS) CY JUL 09-14, 2006 CL Blaine, WA SP Amer Inst Chem Engineers Computat Mole Sci & Engn Forum DE molecular dynamics; forcefields; reactive forcefield; finetics; homolysis ID THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; STATE THEORY; HYDROCARBONS; MECHANICS; ENERGIES; POLYMERS; FIELD; MODEL AB RMDff is a new forcefield that smoothly couples the reactive intersections of potential energy surfaces to model chemical reactions. The method uses switching functions to accomplish a smooth transition from reactant to product atom types. This paper demonstrates and tests RMDff for homolytic scissions. The reaction networks are described by localized events involving only a few atoms, so that the complex mechanisms employed in conventional kinetics modeling are not needed. Unlike quantum chemical calculations, which are feasible only for small molecules, this new valence-bond forcefield can be coupled with Reactive Molecular Dynamics to describe chemical reactions in large domains. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. SRA Int Inc, Egg Harbor Township, NJ 08234 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Westmoreland, PR (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM ksmith@ecs.umass.edu; stanislav.ctr.stoliarov@faa.gov; marc.nyden@nist.gov; westm@ecs.umass.edu NR 32 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0892-7022 J9 MOL SIMULAT JI Mol. Simul. PD APR 15 PY 2007 VL 33 IS 4-5 BP 361 EP 368 DI 10.1080/08927020601156392 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 165KN UT WOS:000246304500009 ER PT J AU Skripov, AV Buzlukov, AL Soloninin, AV Voronin, VI Berger, IF Udovic, TJ Huang, Q Rush, JJ AF Skripov, A. V. Buzlukov, A. L. Soloninin, A. V. Voronin, V. I. Berger, I. F. Udovic, T. J. Huang, Q. Rush, J. J. TI Hydrogen motion and site occupation in Ti2CoHx(D-x): NMR and neutron scattering studies SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article DE metal-hydrogen systems; hydrogen diffusion; nuclear magnetic resonance; neutron scattering ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; 2 FREQUENCY SCALES; POWDER DIFFRACTION; LOCALIZED MOTION; C15-TYPE TAV2HX; DIFFUSION; DEUTERIUM; ABSORPTION; TI4FE2O; TI2NI AB Nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of the H-1 and D-2 spin-lattice relaxation rates R-1 for Ti2Ni-type compounds Ti2CoH0.5, Ti2CoH0.9 and Ti2CoD1.0 have been combined with inelastic neutron scattering (INS) measurements of the H(D) vibrational spectra and neutron diffraction measurements for the same samples. The R-1 results for Ti2CoH0.9 and Ti2CoD1.0 give evidence for the existence of a fast H(D) motion with the characteristic jump rate of about 3 x 10(8) s(-1) at room temperature, whereas for Ti2CoH0.5 such a fast motional process is absent. The results of the INS and neutron diffraction measurements suggest that the appearance of the fast hydrogen jump process in Ti2CoHx(D-x) with x approximate to 1 is related to the occupation of an additional type of interstitial sites by hydrogen atoms. While in Ti2CoH0.5, hydrogen atoms are found to occupy only the octahedral sites with Ti-6 coordination, a partial occupation of the tetrahedral Ti3Co and Ti2Co2 sites by H(D) atoms (in addition to the nearly completely filled sublattice of the octahedral sites) has been revealed for Ti2CoH0.9 and Ti2CoD1.0. Possible paths of hydrogen jump motion in Ti2CoHx(D-x) are discussed on the basis of the distances between the sites partially occupied by H(D) atoms. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Urals Branch, Inst Met Phys, Ekaterinburg 620041, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Urals Branch, Inst Solid State Chem, Ekaterinburg 620041, Russia. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Skripov, AV (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Urals Branch, Inst Met Phys, Ekaterinburg 620041, Russia. EM skripov@imp.uran.ru RI Voronin, Vladimir/J-7733-2013; Buzlukov, Anton/J-8078-2013; Soloninin, Alexey/J-8580-2013; Skripov, Alexander/K-4525-2013 OI Voronin, Vladimir/0000-0002-3901-9812; Buzlukov, Anton/0000-0002-2728-0503; Soloninin, Alexey/0000-0001-7127-9641; Skripov, Alexander/0000-0002-0610-5538 NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD APR 15 PY 2007 VL 392 IS 1-2 BP 353 EP 360 DI 10.1016/j.physb.2006.12.002 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 154CK UT WOS:000245484200058 ER PT J AU Ryaboshapko, A Bullock, OR Christensen, J Cohen, M Dastoor, A Ilyin, I Petersen, G Syrakov, D Artz, RS Davignon, D Draxler, RR Munthe, J AF Ryaboshapko, Alexey Bullock, O. Russell, Jr. Christensen, Jesper Cohen, Mark Dastoor, Ashu Ilyin, Ilia Petersen, Gerhard Syrakov, Dimiter Artz, Richard S. Davignon, Didier Draxler, Roland R. Munthe, John TI Intercomparison study of atmospheric mercury models: 1. Comparison of models with short-term measurements SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE mercury species; atmospheric concentrations; atmospheric transport; numerical modelling; model intercomparison ID ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES; NORTHERN EUROPE; GREAT-LAKES; MACE HEAD; DEPOSITION; EMISSIONS; FORMULATION; TRANSPORT; AIR AB Five regional scale models with a horizontal domain covering the European continent and its surrounding seas, one hemispheric and one global scale model participated in an atmospheric mercury modelling intercomparison study. Model-predicted concentrations in ambient air were compared against mercury species observed at four monitoring stations in Central and Northern Europe and a station on the Irish west coast. The modelled concentrations of total particulate mercury (TPM) were generally consistent with the measurements at all sites. The models exhibited significant ability to simulate concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), but some of the short-duration peaks at the Central European stations could not be consistently reproduced. Possible reasons for these discrepancies include (1) errors in the anthropogenic emissions inventory utilized; (2) coarse spatial resolution of the models; and (3) uncertainty of natural and re-emitted mercury sources. The largest discrepancies between measurements and modelled concentrations were found for reactive gaseous mercury (RGM). For these models, the uncertainty in predicting short-term (two-week episode) variations of mercury species in air can be characterized by the following overall statistics: 90% of the results for TGM are within a factor of 1.35 of the measurements; for TPM, 90% are within a factor of 2.5; and for RGM, 90% are within a factor of 10. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Meteorol Synthesizing Ctr, Moscow 125040, Russia. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Atmospher Environm, Roskilde, Denmark. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Environm Canada, Air Qual Res Branch, Meteorol Serv Canada, Dorval, PQ, Canada. GKSS, Res Ctr, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany. Natl Inst Meteorol & Hydrol, Sofia 1785, Bulgaria. Swedish Environm Res Inst, S-40758 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Ilyin, I (reprint author), Meteorol Synthesizing Ctr, Leningradsky Pr 16-2, Moscow 125040, Russia. EM ilia.ilyin@msceast.org RI Christensen, Jesper /E-9524-2011; Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; Artz, Richard/P-6371-2015; Cohen, Mark/P-6936-2015 OI Christensen, Jesper /0000-0002-6741-5839; Artz, Richard/0000-0002-1335-0697; Cohen, Mark/0000-0003-3183-2558 NR 35 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 15 PY 2007 VL 376 IS 1-3 BP 228 EP 240 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.072 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 158FH UT WOS:000245776400021 PM 17324448 ER PT J AU Rukhin, AL AF Rukhin, Andrew L. TI Conservative confidence intervals based on weighted means statistics SO STATISTICS & PROBABILITY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE common mean; degree of equivalence; fairweather procedure; Graybill-Deal estimator; interlaboratory study; unbiased estimators AB For weighted means estimators of the common mean of several normal populations associated (conservative) confidence intervals are constructed. These intervals are compared to several traditional confidence bounds. Monte Carlo simulation results of these comparisons are reported. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Math & Stat, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rukhin, AL (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Math & Stat, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM rukhin@math.umbc.edu NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7152 J9 STAT PROBABIL LETT JI Stat. Probab. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2007 VL 77 IS 8 BP 853 EP 861 DI 10.1016/j.spl.2006.12.008 PG 9 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 163AO UT WOS:000246131000014 ER PT J AU Wu, GY Bae, SE Gewirth, AA Gray, J Zhu, XD Moffat, TP Schwarzacher, W AF Wu, Guang Yu Bae, S.-E. Gewirth, A. A. Gray, J. Zhu, X. D. Moffat, T. P. Schwarzacher, W. TI Pb electrodeposition on polycrystalline Cu in the presence and absence of Cl-: A combined oblique incidence reflectivity difference and in situ AFM study SO SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE atomic force microscopy; electrochemical methods; ellipsometry; electrochemical phenomena; nucleation; lead; copper ID AUGER-ELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; UNDERPOTENTIAL DEPOSITION; GROWTH; CU(111); LEAD; DIFFRACTION; ADSORPTION; CU(100); SINGLE; FILMS AB Oblique incidence reflectivity difference (OI-RD) measurements reveal differences in the earliest stages of overpotential-deposited (OPD) growth between Pb electrodeposition on polycrystalline Cu surfaces in the presence and absence of Cl-. At moderate overpotentials, when only 100 mM CLo(4)(-) is present, the magnitude of the real part of the OI-RD signal continues to increase after completion of the first underpotential-deposited (UPD) Pb monolayer, but with the addition of 20 mM KCl the magnitude decreases after the UPD monolayer forms. In situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) shows that in the former case the island density is much greater than in the latter. Using OI-RD as a probe, we show additionally that when the substrate potential is returned to a more positive potential in the presence of Cl-, the UPD Pb monolayer dissolves after the Pb islands disappear. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England. Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Frederick Seitz Mat Res Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schwarzacher, W (reprint author), Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Tyndall Ave, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England. EM w.schwarzacher@bristol.ac.uk RI Bae, Sang Eun/F-6200-2013 NR 14 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-6028 J9 SURF SCI JI Surf. Sci. PD APR 15 PY 2007 VL 601 IS 8 BP 1886 EP 1891 DI 10.1016/j.susc.2007.02.016 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 165OD UT WOS:000246313900015 ER PT J AU Vautard, R Yiou, P D'Andrea, F de Noblet, N Viovy, N Cassou, C Polcher, J Ciais, P Kageyama, M Fan, Y AF Vautard, R. Yiou, P. D'Andrea, F. de Noblet, N. Viovy, N. Cassou, C. Polcher, J. Ciais, P. Kageyama, M. Fan, Y. TI Summertime European heat and drought waves induced by wintertime Mediterranean rainfall deficit SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SOIL-MOISTURE; UNITED-STATES; CLIMATE; TEMPERATURE; SENSITIVITY; SIMULATION; MODEL AB The risk of extreme heat waves in Europe like the unprecedented one of summer 2003 is likely to increase in the future, calling for increased understanding of these phenomena. From an analysis of meteorological records over 58 years, we show that hot summers are preceded by winter rainfall deficits over Southern Europe. Subsequent drought and heat spreads northward throughout Europe in early summer, due to atmospheric transport of anomalously warm and dry air from Southern Europe in southerly wind episodes. This is shown by the observations and supported by mesoscale meteorological sensitivity simulations for Summer 1994. Moreover previous winter and early spring rainfall frequency in the Mediterranean regions is correlated with summer temperature in central continental Europe. These results emphasize the critical role of the water reservoir in the soil of continental Mediterranean areas for the maintenance of European climate. C1 CEA, CNRS, UVSQ,Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Ecole Polytech, Meteorol Dynam Lab, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. CERFACS, CNRS, URA 1875, F-31057 Toulouse 01, France. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Vautard, R (reprint author), CEA, CNRS, UVSQ,Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM robert.vautard@cea.fr RI KAGEYAMA, Masa/F-2389-2010; de NOBLET, Nathalie/O-8613-2015 OI KAGEYAMA, Masa/0000-0003-0822-5880; NR 25 TC 135 Z9 137 U1 2 U2 27 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 13 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 7 AR L07711 DI 10.1029/2006GL028001 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 157NH UT WOS:000245726400002 ER PT J AU Szymaniec, K Chalupczak, W Tiesinga, E Williams, CJ Weyers, S Wynands, R AF Szymaniec, K. Chalupczak, W. Tiesinga, E. Williams, C. J. Weyers, S. Wynands, R. TI Cancellation of the collisional frequency shift in caesium fountain clocks SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC FOUNTAIN; SPIN-EXCHANGE; HYDROGEN AB We have observed that the collisional frequency shift in primary caesium fountain clocks varies with the clock state population composition and, in particular, is zero for a given fraction of the vertical bar F = 4; m(F) = 0 > atoms, depending on the initial cloud parameters. We present a theoretical model explaining our observations. The possibility of the collisional shift cancellation implies an improvement in the performance of caesium fountain standards and a simplification in their operation. C1 Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. RP Szymaniec, K (reprint author), Natl Phys Lab, Hampton Rd, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009 NR 19 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 13 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 15 AR 153002 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.153002 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 157AQ UT WOS:000245691400022 PM 17501343 ER PT J AU Tian, L AF Tian, L. TI Correcting low-frequency noise with continuous measurement SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MACROSCOPIC QUANTUM STATES; SUPERCONDUCTING QUBIT; FLUX QUBIT; 1/F NOISE; DEVICES; DYNAMICS; FEEDBACK; CIRCUIT AB Low-frequency noise presents a serious source of decoherence in solid-state qubits. When combined with a continuous weak measurement of the eigenstates, low-frequency noise induces a second-order relaxation between the qubit states. Here, we show that the relaxation provides a unique approach to calibrate the low-frequency noise in the time domain. By encoding one qubit with two physical qubits that are alternatively calibrated, quantum-logic gates with high fidelity can be performed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. RP Tian, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. RI Tian, Lin/I-3314-2013 OI Tian, Lin/0000-0001-6281-1034 NR 53 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 13 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 15 AR 153602 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.153602 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 157AQ UT WOS:000245691400026 PM 17501347 ER PT J AU Sibert, J Hampton, J Kleiber, P Maunder, M AF Sibert, John Hampton, John Kleiber, Pierre Maunder, Mark TI Fishing for good news - Response SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Secretariat Pacific Community, Ocean Fisheries Programme, Noumea 98848, New Caledonia. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Interamer Trop Tuna Comm, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Sibert, J (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 13 PY 2007 VL 316 IS 5822 BP 201 EP 201 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 156MV UT WOS:000245654500019 ER PT J AU Reay, D Sabine, C Smith, P Hymus, G AF Reay, Dave Sabine, Christopher Smith, Pete Hymus, Graham TI Spring-time for sinks SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, Midlothian, Scotland. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB9 1FX, Scotland. No Arizona Univ, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Reay, D (reprint author), Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, Midlothian, Scotland. EM David.Reay@ed.ac.uk RI Smith, Pete/G-1041-2010; Reay, David/F-4054-2010 OI Smith, Pete/0000-0002-3784-1124; NR 7 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 12 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD APR 12 PY 2007 VL 446 IS 7137 BP 727 EP 728 DI 10.1038/446727a PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 156CX UT WOS:000245626800017 PM 17429376 ER PT J AU Randel, WJ Seidel, DJ Pan, LL AF Randel, William J. Seidel, Dian J. Pan, Laura L. TI Observational characteristics of double tropopauses SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GPS RADIO OCCULTATION; EXTRATROPICAL TROPOPAUSE; TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE; SAC-C; TROPOSPHERE; OZONE; STRATOSPHERE; CLIMATOLOGY; HEIGHT; CHAMP AB Temperature profiles in the extratropics often exhibit multiple tropopauses (as defined using the lapse rate definition). In this work we study the observational characteristics of double tropopauses based on radiosondes, ERA40 reanalysis, and GPS radio occultation temperature profiles. Double tropopauses are associated with a characteristic break in the thermal tropopause near the subtropical jet, wherein the low latitude (tropical) tropopause extends to higher latitudes, overlying the lower tropopause; this behavior can extend to polar latitudes. Tropopause statistics derived from radiosondes and GPS data show good agreement, and GPS data allow mapping of double tropopause characteristics over the globe. The occurrence frequency shows a strong seasonal variation over NH midlatitudes, with similar to 50-70% occurrence in profiles during winter, and a small fraction (similar to 10%) over most of the hemisphere during summer (with the exception of a localized maximum over the poleward flank of the Asian monsoon anticyclone). SH midlatitude statistics show a smaller seasonal variation, with occurrence frequencies of similar to 30-50% over the year (maximum during winter). Over the extratropics, the occurrence frequency is substantially higher for cyclonic circulation systems. Few double tropopauses are observed in the tropics. Ozone measurements from balloons and satellites show that profiles with double tropopauses exhibit systematically less ozone in the lower stratosphere than those with a single tropopause. Together with the meteorological data, the ozone observations identify double tropopauses as regions of enhanced transport from the tropics to higher latitudes above the subtropical jet cores. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Randel, WJ (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM randel@ucar.edu RI Pan, Laura/A-9296-2008; Randel, William/K-3267-2016 OI Pan, Laura/0000-0001-7377-2114; Randel, William/0000-0002-5999-7162 NR 45 TC 92 Z9 95 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 11 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D7 AR D07309 DI 10.1029/2006JD007904 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 157NP UT WOS:000245727200002 ER PT J AU Camara, JE Satterfield, MB Nelson, BC AF Camara, Johanna E. Satterfield, Mary B. Nelson, Bryant C. TI Quantitative determination of disaccharide content in digested unfragmented heparin and low molecular weight heparin by direct-infusion electrospray mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE heparin; LMWH; electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; disaccharide; heparinase; relative quantitation ID CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; FLAVOBACTERIUM-HEPARINUM; SULFATE; QUANTIFICATION; SPECIFICITY; LYASES AB Heparins and low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are heterogeneous glycosaminoglycans derived from natural sources that are prescribed as anticoagulants. In this work, a direct-infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) method was applied to the quantitative analysis of known disaccharides in various native heparins and LMWHs after digestion with heparinase enzymes. Disaccharide Delta UA2S -> GlcNS6S was found to compose the majority of all samples analyzed (81-88%). The values were significantly higher than those reported by previously published methods. The disaccharide isomer pair Delta UA -> GlcNS6S/Delta UA2S -> GlcNS was also detected in all samples at lower levels (11-19%). While digestion with heparinases I and II revealed a limited number of disaccharides, the addition of heparinase III to digests led to the detection of disaccharide Delta UA2S -> GlcNAc6S in native porcine heparin. This result indicated the importance of utilizing all three heparinases to gain maximum information when analyzing heparin and LMWH digests. This method displayed good between-day (4-6%) and between-digest (1-2%) reproducibility in separate experiments. To deter-mine if the digestion matrix was suppressing the signal of low-abundance disaccharides, several disaccharides were exogenously added at low levels (1-10 pmol/mg) to a quenched digest reaction. Analysis revealed that low level disaccharides were detectable in this matrix above the limits of detection (0.1-0.2 pmol/mg) and quantitation (0.2-0.7 pmol/mg). While this method was unable to distinguish between disaccharide isomers, it utilized simple mass spectrometry instrumentation to provide useful quantitative data for characterizing preparations of native heparin and LMWH, which could be used to compare various marketed preparations of these popular anticoagulants. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Camara, JE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM johanna.camara@nist.gov NR 19 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0731-7085 J9 J PHARMACEUT BIOMED JI J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. PD APR 11 PY 2007 VL 43 IS 5 BP 1706 EP 1714 DI 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.006 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 161IO UT WOS:000246008300016 PM 17275239 ER PT J AU Belik, AA Tsujii, N Huang, Q Takayama-Muromachi, E Takano, M AF Belik, A. A. Tsujii, N. Huang, Q. Takayama-Muromachi, E. Takano, M. TI Re-entrant spin-glass behaviour of geometrically frustrated SrFe3(PO4)(3)O SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Highly Frustrated Magnetism CY AUG 15-19, 2006 CL Osaka Univ, Icho Kaikan, Osaka, JAPAN HO Osaka Univ, Icho Kaikan AB Four anomalies of magnetic origin were observed at T-1 = 10.7 K, T-2 = 11.7 K, T-f = 22.4 K, and T-c = 23.5 K in SrFe3(PO4)(3)O with a geometrically frustrated magnetic lattice using different techniques. SrFe3(PO4)(3)O shows features typical of re-entrant spin glass with the freezing temperature T-f in zero static magnetic field and the Curie temperature T-c. These features are the sharp upturn of the dc magnetization and ferromagnetic hysteresis loops on the M(H) curves below T-c, frequency-dependent rounded maxima on both the chi'(T) and chi ''(T) curves at different positions, a very small anomaly of specific heat at T-f, and strong suppression of spin-glass behaviour by magnetic fields above 0.1 T. High-field magnetization measurements revealed the existence of a 1/3-magnetization plateau above 25 T at T = 1.7 K. Magnetic reflections were observed below T-c on neutron powder diffraction patterns. Additional magnetic reflections appeared below T-2. C1 NIMS, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Kyoto Univ, Inst Chem Res, Kyoto 6110011, Japan. RP Belik, AA (reprint author), NIMS, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. EM Alexei.Belik@nims.go.jp RI Belik, Alexei/H-2938-2011; Tsujii, Naohito/H-2544-2011 OI Belik, Alexei/0000-0001-9031-2355; Tsujii, Naohito/0000-0002-6181-5911 NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD APR 11 PY 2007 VL 19 IS 14 AR 145221 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/19/14/145221 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 156SP UT WOS:000245670300022 ER PT J AU Lee, SH Gasparovic, G Broholm, C Matsuda, M Chung, JH Kim, YJ Ueda, H Xu, G Zschack, P Kakurai, K Takagi, H Ratcliff, W Kim, TH Cheong, SW AF Lee, S. -H Gasparovic, G. Broholm, C. Matsuda, M. Chung, J.-H. Kim, Y. J. Ueda, H. Xu, G. Zschack, P. Kakurai, K. Takagi, H. Ratcliff, W. Kim, T. H. Cheong, S.-W. TI Crystal distortions in geometrically frustrated ACr(2)O(4) (A = Zn, Cd) SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Highly Frustrated Magnetism CY AUG 15-19, 2006 CL Osaka Univ, Icho Kaikan, Osaka, JAPAN HO Osaka Univ, Icho Kaikan ID PYROCHLORE ANTIFERROMAGNET; SPIN LIQUID AB In this paper, we discuss neutron and synchrotron x-ray diffraction data obtained from single crystals of ACr(2)O(4) (A = Zn, Cd). The Cr spinels undergo three-dimensional spin-Peierls transitions at low temperatures that involve cubic-totetragonal lattice distortions and magnetic long-range ordering. Our results show that the magnetic structures selected by these systems are closely related to the lattice distortions that are undertaken. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Adv Sci Res Ctr, Tokai, Ibaraki 3191195, Japan. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778581, Japan. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Phys Dept, Neutron Scattering Grp, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Illinois, Frederick Seitz Mat Res Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Frontier Sci, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778581, Japan. EWHA Womans Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 120750, South Korea. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Lee, SH (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. EM shlee@virginia.edu RI Takagi, Hidenori/B-2935-2010; Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011; Xu, Guangyong/A-8707-2010; Kim, Young-June /G-7196-2011; Matsuda, Masaaki/A-6902-2016 OI Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892; Xu, Guangyong/0000-0003-1441-8275; Kim, Young-June /0000-0002-1172-8895; Matsuda, Masaaki/0000-0003-2209-9526 NR 11 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 12 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD APR 11 PY 2007 VL 19 IS 14 AR 145259 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/19/14/145259 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 156SP UT WOS:000245670300060 ER PT J AU Nakatsuji, S Nambu, Y Onuma, K Jonas, S Broholm, C Maeno, Y AF Nakatsuji, Satoru Nambu, Yusuke Onuma, Keisuke Jonas, Seth Broholm, Collin Maeno, Yoshiteru TI Coherent behaviour without magnetic order of the triangular lattice antiferromagnet NiGa2S4 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Highly Frustrated Magnetism CY AUG 15-19, 2006 CL Osaka Univ, Icho Kaikan, Osaka, JAPAN HO Osaka Univ, Icho Kaikan ID HEISENBERG-ANTIFERROMAGNET; KAGOME ANTIFERROMAGNET; PHASE-TRANSITION; NEEL ORDER; FRUSTRATION; MODEL AB We present experimental evidence for the unconventional coherent state in two dimensions, found in the geometrically frustrated antiferromagnet NiGa2S4 with a triangular Bravais lattice. Despite strong antiferromagnetic coupling, S = 1 spins only show nanoscale order at low temperatures. Thermodynamic measurements, however, indicate a gapless linearly dispersive mode and suggest coherence beyond the two- spin correlation length. C1 Kyoto Univ, Dept Phys, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778581, Japan. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nakatsuji, S (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Dept Phys, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. EM satoru@issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp RI Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011; Nambu, Yusuke/C-3863-2012 OI Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892; Nambu, Yusuke/0000-0003-1167-7124 NR 27 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 11 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD APR 11 PY 2007 VL 19 IS 14 AR 145232 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/19/14/145232 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 156SP UT WOS:000245670300033 ER PT J AU Zhou, SJ Balaji, V Cruz, C da Silva, A Hill, C Kluzek, E Smithline, S Trayanov, A Yang, WY AF Zhou, Shujia Balaji, V. Cruz, Carlos da Silva, Arlindo Hill, Chris Kluzek, Erik Smithline, Shep Trayanov, Atanas Yang, Weiyu TI Cross-organization interoperability experiments of weather and climate models with the Earth System Modeling Framework SO CONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Component and Framework Technology in High-Performance and Scientific Computing CY 2005 CL Atlanta, GA DE framework; weather model; climate model; model coupling; component ID ARCHITECTURE AB Typical weather and climate models need a software tool to couple sub-scale model components. The high-performance computing requirements and a variety of model interfaces make the development of such a coupling tool very challenging. In this paper, we describe the approach of the Earth System Modeling Framework, in particular its component and coupling mechanism, and present the results of three cross-organization model interoperability experiments. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08450 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Zhou, SJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM szhou@pop900.gsfc.nasa.gov RI da Silva, Arlindo/D-6301-2012 OI da Silva, Arlindo/0000-0002-3381-4030 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1532-0626 J9 CONCURR COMP-PRACT E JI Concurr. Comput.-Pract. Exp. PD APR 10 PY 2007 VL 19 IS 5 SI SI BP 583 EP 592 DI 10.1002/cpe.1120 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 155IY UT WOS:000245572300003 ER PT J AU Mei, HX Huang, R Chung, JY Stafford, CM Yu, HH AF Mei, Haixia Huang, Rui Chung, Jun Young Stafford, Christopher M. Yu, Hong-Hui TI Buckling modes of elastic thin films on elastic substrates SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DELAMINATION; METROLOGY; CRACKING; SURFACE; MODULI AB Two buckling modes have been observed in thin films: buckle delamination and wrinkling. This letter identifies the conditions for selecting the favored buckling modes for elastic films on elastic substrates. Transition from one buckling mode to another is predicted as the stiffness ratio between the substrate and the film or is predicted for variation of the stiffness ratio between the substrate and the film or variation of theinterfacial defect size. The theoretical results are demonstrated experimentally by observing the coexistence of both buckling modes and mode transition in one film-substrate system. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Aerosp Engn & Engn Mech, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CUNY City Coll, Dept Mech Engn, New York, NY 10021 USA. RP Mei, HX (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Aerosp Engn & Engn Mech, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM ruihuang@mail.utexas.edu RI Huang, Rui/B-1627-2008 OI Huang, Rui/0000-0003-0328-3862 NR 20 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD APR 9 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 15 AR 151902 DI 10.1063/1.2720759 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 157AJ UT WOS:000245690700031 ER PT J AU Reid, S Cagnoli, J Elliffe, E Faller, J Hough, J Martin, I Rowan, S AF Reid, S. Cagnoli, J. Elliffe, E. Faller, J. Hough, J. Martin, I. Rowan, S. TI Influence of temperature and hydroxide concentration on the settling time of hydroxy-catalysis bonds SO PHYSICS LETTERS A LA English DT Article DE hydroxy-catalysis bonding; silicate bonding; precision optics; space-based optical systems; gravitational waves ID FUSED-SILICA; MISSION; OPTICS; LISA AB Many applications using bonded optical components have stringent requirements on the strength, rigidity, stability and alignment of the bonds. Hydroxy-catalysis bonding fulfills these requirements. Here we investigate methods by which the bonding time may be extended to better aid the precise prealignment of optical components through controlling the temperature and concentration of the bonding solution. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Glasgow, SUPA, Dept Phys & Astron, Inst Gravitat Res, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. NIST, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Reid, S (reprint author), Univ Glasgow, SUPA, Dept Phys & Astron, Inst Gravitat Res, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. EM s.reid@physics.gla.ac.uk RI Martin, Iain/A-2445-2010; Rowan, Sheila/E-3032-2010 NR 18 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-9601 J9 PHYS LETT A JI Phys. Lett. A PD APR 9 PY 2007 VL 363 IS 5-6 BP 341 EP 345 DI 10.1016/j.physleta.2006.11.068 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 161HM UT WOS:000246005400002 ER PT J AU Kidner, NJ Meier, A Homrighaus, ZJ Wessels, BW Mason, TO Garboczi, EJ AF Kidner, N. J. Meier, A. Homrighaus, Z. J. Wessels, B. W. Mason, T. O. Garboczi, E. J. TI Complex electrical (impedance/dielectric) properties of electroceramic thin films by impedance spectroscopy with interdigital electrodes SO THIN SOLID FILMS LA English DT Article DE interdigital electrodes; farnell; impedance spectroscopy; barium titanate films ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; UNDOPED BATIO3 CERAMICS; DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; POLYCRYSTALLINE CERAMICS; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; AC MEASUREMENTS; LAYER; CAPACITANCE; SNO2 AB The complex electrical properties of isotropic, electroceramic thin films can be measured with interdigital electrodes, analyzed by impedance spectroscopy (IS). A periodic two-dimensional film/interdigital electrode (IDE) structure was simulated by finite-difference numerical method and a generalized model was developed to characterize the electrical properties of thin films. Variable frequency simulations showed that the film/IDE system can be modeled as a parallel resistor-capacitor equivalent circuit. Equations were developed to extract from the equivalent circuit's fitted resistance and capacitance, the materials properties of the thin film, both conductivity and permittivity. The electrical properties of a polydomain BaTiO3 film grown on a MgO substrate were measured with an IDE structure by IS to demonstrate how the methodology can be readily used. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mason, TO (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. EM t-mason@northwestern.edu RI Mason, Thomas/B-7528-2009; Wessels, Bruce/B-7541-2009 NR 43 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0040-6090 J9 THIN SOLID FILMS JI Thin Solid Films PD APR 9 PY 2007 VL 515 IS 11 BP 4588 EP 4595 DI 10.1016/j.tsf.2006.11.038 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 151AB UT WOS:000245259600008 ER PT J AU Kim, TH Doe, C Kline, SR Choi, SM AF Kim, Tae-Hwan Doe, Changwoo Kline, Steven R. Choi, Sung-Min TI Water-redispersible isolated single-walled carbon nanotubes fabricated by in situ polymerization of micelles SO ADVANCED MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; SOLUBILIZATION; DISPERSION; SURFACTANTS; TECHNOLOGY; COMPOSITES AB Individually isolated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are coated with a monolayer of cationic surfactant to improve the stability of their dispersions in water. After polymerizing the counterions of the surfactant, the monolayer coating is "locked in" (see figure), and the SWNTs are redispersible even after harsh processing such as freeze-drying, offering improved potential for practical applications. C1 Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Nucl & Quantum Engn, Taejon 305701, South Korea. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Choi, SM (reprint author), Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Nucl & Quantum Engn, 373-1 Guseong Dong, Taejon 305701, South Korea. EM sungmin@kaist.ac.kr RI Do, Changwoo/A-9670-2011 OI Do, Changwoo/0000-0001-8358-8417 NR 35 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 16 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0935-9648 J9 ADV MATER JI Adv. Mater. PD APR 6 PY 2007 VL 19 IS 7 BP 929 EP + DI 10.1002/adma.200601991 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 157LC UT WOS:000245720200007 ER PT J AU Becker, ML Fagan, JA Gallant, ND Bauer, BJ Bajpai, V Hobbie, EK Lacerda, SH Migler, KB Jakupciak, JP AF Becker, Matthew L. Fagan, Jeffrey A. Gallant, Nathan D. Bauer, Barry J. Bajpai, Vardan Hobbie, Erik K. Lacerda, Silvia H. Migler, Kalman B. Jakupciak, John P. TI Length-dependent uptake of DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes SO ADVANCED MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; HEALTH-RISKS; IN-VITRO; SEPARATION; CHROMATOGRAPHY; NANOMATERIALS; CYTOTOXICITY; TOXICITY; PURIFICATION AB A length threshold for cell uptake of DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by human lung fibroblasts (IMR90) is identified. Competitive uptake experiments with well-defined and characterized length fractions show that SWNTs above the length threshold are excluded from the cell, whereas SWNTs labeled with Cy3-derivatized DNA below the threshold are able to access the cell interior, as shown in the fluorescence image and on the cover. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Becker, ML (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Polymers Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mlbecker@nist.gov RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013; OI Fagan, Jeffrey/0000-0003-1483-5554; Gallant, Nathan/0000-0001-6454-7660 NR 38 TC 119 Z9 122 U1 2 U2 37 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0935-9648 J9 ADV MATER JI Adv. Mater. PD APR 6 PY 2007 VL 19 IS 7 BP 939 EP + DI 10.1002/adma.200602667 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 157LC UT WOS:000245720200009 ER PT J AU Gallant, ND Lavery, KA Amis, EJ Becker, ML AF Gallant, Nathan D. Lavery, Kristopher A. Amis, Eric J. Becker, Matthew L. TI Universal gradient substrates for "click" biofunctionalization SO ADVANCED MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID CELL-ADHESION; SURFACE-ENERGY; CHEMISTRY; RGD; FUNCTIONALIZATION; CYCLOADDITIONS; PROLIFERATION; CARBOHYDRATE; MONOLAYERS; INTEGRINS AB Versatile templates for gradient immobilization of biomolecules by click chemistry are easily generated from reproducible and tunable surface energy gradients. An arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptide density gradient controls cell adhesion (see figure), and demonstrates the utility of this fabrication process for making substrates that can screen cell response to bioactive materials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Becker, ML (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Polymers Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mlbecker@nist.gov OI Gallant, Nathan/0000-0001-6454-7660 NR 38 TC 94 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 40 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0935-9648 J9 ADV MATER JI Adv. Mater. PD APR 6 PY 2007 VL 19 IS 7 BP 965 EP + DI 10.1002/adma.200602221 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 157LC UT WOS:000245720200014 ER PT J AU Ferreira, JG Hawkins, AJS Bricker, SB AF Ferreira, J. G. Hawkins, A. J. S. Bricker, S. B. TI Management of productivity, environmental effects and profitability of shellfish aquaculture - the Farm Aquaculture Resource Management (FARM) model SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE shellfish carrying capacity; screening model; farm-scale management; aquaculture; eutrophication; nutrient trading ID WATER-QUALITY MANAGEMENT; CARRYING-CAPACITY; CHESAPEAKE BAY; BIVALVE SHELLFISH; FEEDING BIVALVES; COASTAL WATERS; ORGANIC-MATTER; MYTILUS-EDULIS; ECOSYSTEM; GROWTH AB This paper describes a model for assessment of coastal and offshore shellfish aquaculture at the farm-scale. The Farm Aquaculture Resource Management (FARM) model is directed both at the farmer and the regulator, and has three main uses: (i) prospective analyses of culture location and species selection; (ii) ecological and economic optimisation of culture practice, such as timing and sizes for seeding and harvesting, densities and spatial distributions (iii) environmental assessment of farm-related eutrophication effects (including mitigation). The modelling framework applies a combination of physical and biogeochemical models, bivalve growth models and screening models for determining shellfish production and for eutrophication assessment. FARM currently simulates the above interrelations for five bivalve species: the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, the blue mussel Mytilus edulis, the Manila clam Tapes phillipinarum, the cockle Cerastoderma edule and the Chinese scallop Chlamys farreri. Shellfish species combinations (i.e. polyculture) may also be modelled. We present results of several case studies showing how farm location and practice may result in significant (up to 100%) differences in output (production). Changes in seed density clearly affect output, but (i) the average physical production decreases at higher densities and reduces profitability; and (ii) gains may additionally be offset by environmental costs, e.g. unacceptable reductions in dissolved oxygen. FARM was used for application of a Cobb-Douglas function in order to screen for economically optimal production: we show how marginal analysis can be used to determine stocking density. Our final case studies examine interactions between shellfish aquaculture and eutrophication, by applying a subset of the ASSETS methodology. We provide a tool for screening various water quality impacts, and examine the mass balance of nutrients within a 6000 in 2 oyster farm. An integrated analysis of revenue sources indicates that about 100% extra income could be obtained by emissions trading, since shellfish farms are nutrient sinks. FARM thus provides a valuation methodology useful for integrated nutrient management in coastal regions. The model has been implemented as a web-based client-server application and is available at http://www.farmscale.org/. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 IMAR, Ctr Ecol Modelling, DCEA, Fac Ciencias & Tecnol, P-2829516 Qta Torre, Monte De Capari, Portugal. Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England. NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Ferreira, JG (reprint author), IMAR, Ctr Ecol Modelling, DCEA, Fac Ciencias & Tecnol, P-2829516 Qta Torre, Monte De Capari, Portugal. EM joao@hoomi.com OI Ferreira, Joao/0000-0001-9614-142X NR 68 TC 97 Z9 103 U1 9 U2 60 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD APR 6 PY 2007 VL 264 IS 1-4 BP 160 EP 174 DI 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.12.017 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 156OX UT WOS:000245659900020 ER PT J AU Valle-Levinson, A Holderied, K Li, CY Chant, RJ AF Valle-Levinson, Arnoldo Holderied, Kristine Li, Chunyan Chant, Robert J. TI Subtidal flow structure at the turning region of a wide outflow plume SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY; BUOYANT COASTAL DISCHARGES; RIVER PLUME; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; ESTUARINE PLUMES; GRAVITY CURRENT; SLOPING BOTTOM; ROTATING FLUID; MODEL; EXCHANGE AB [ 1] A series of underway current velocity profiles and near-surface temperature and salinity measurements were combined with temperature and salinity profiles to characterize the subtidal flow structure at the turning region of a wide plume, the Chesapeake Bay outflow plume. In this context, "wide'' refers to the ratio of lateral plume expansion to internal radius of deformation being greater than one. Observations were obtained in September and November of 1996 and in February and May of 1997 with the idea of capturing the variability in forcing conditions typically associated with these seasons. However, regional precipitation patterns yielded similar buoyancy forcing conditions for the four surveys and among the wettest years on record. This buoyancy forcing produced a well-delineated outflow plume that separated from the coast on its way out the estuary. The plume separation acted in conjunction with frictional effects to delineate an inshore front, in addition to the customarily described offshore front. The outflow plume was markedly constrained by the Chesapeake Channel, which was also the main conduit of shelf waters toward the estuary. The bathymetric influence was also evident in the surface salinity field, the mean flows and the volume fluxes. The offshore extent of the plume was found between the scale predicted by geostrophic dynamics ( internal Rossby radius) and that predicted by cyclostrophic dynamics. Such offshore extent was most likely linked to the plume interactions with the bathymetrically steered up-estuary flow. This was corroborated by an analytical solution that explored the dynamical balance among pressure gradient, Coriolis accelerations and friction. In addition to being influenced by bathymetry, the Chesapeake Bay outflow plume was modified by local and remote effects related to atmospheric forcing. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Civil & Coastal Egn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NOAA, Kasitsna Bay Lab, Homer Off, Homer, AK 99603 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Inst Coastal Studies, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08904 USA. RP Valle-Levinson, A (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Civil & Coastal Egn, 365 Weil Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM arnoldo@ufl.edu NR 47 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD APR 6 PY 2007 VL 112 IS C4 AR C04004 DI 10.1029/2006JC003746 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 155MR UT WOS:000245582000006 ER PT J AU Lee, D Walsh, JD Yu, P Markus, MA Choli-Papadopoulou, T Schwieters, CD Krueger, S Draper, DE Wang, YX AF Lee, Donghan Walsh, Joseph D. Yu, Ping Markus, Michelle A. Choli-Papadopoulou, Theodora Schwieters, Charles D. Krueger, Susan Draper, David E. Wang, Yun-Xing TI The structure of free L11 and functional dynamics of L11 in free, L11-rRNA(58 nt) binary and L11-rRNA(58 nt)-thiostrepton ternary complexes SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ribosome protein; thiostrepton inhibition; dynamics; NMR; L11 ID SMALL-ANGLE SCATTERING; RIBOSOMAL-PROTEIN L11; X-RAY-SCATTERING; ROTATIONAL DIFFUSION ANISOTROPY; RNA TERTIARY STRUCTURE; N-TERMINAL-DOMAIN; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; CHEMICAL-EXCHANGE AB The L11 binding site is one of the most important functional sites in the ribosome. The N-terminal domain of L11 has been implicated as a "reversible switch" in facilitating the coordinated movements associated with EF-G-driven GTP hydrolysis. The reversible switch mechanism has been hypothesized to require conformational flexibility involving reorientation and re-positioning of the two L11 domains, and warrants a close examination of the structure and dynamics of L11. Here we report the solution structure of free 1,11, and relaxation studies of free L11, L11 complexed to its 58 nt RNA recognition site, and L11 in a ternary complex with the RNA and thiostrepton antibiotic. The binding site of thiostrepton on L11 was also defined by analysis of structural and dynamics data and chemical shift mapping. The conclusions of this work are as follows: first, the binding of L11 to RNA leads to sizable conformation changes in the regions flanking the linker and in the hinge area that links a beta-sheet and a 3(10)-helix-turn-helix element in the N terminus. Concurrently, the change in the relative orientation may lead to re-positioning of the N terminus, as implied by a decrease of radius of gyration from 18.5 angstrom to 16.2 angstrom. Second, the regions, which undergo large conformation changes, exhibit motions on milliseconds-microseconds or nanoseconds-picoseconds time scales. Third, binding of thiostrepton results in more rigid conformations near the linker (Thr71) and near its putative binding site (Leu12). Lastly, conformational changes in the putative thiostrepton binding site are implicated by the re-emergence of cross-correlation peaks in the spectrum of the ternary complex, which were missing in that of the binary complex. Our combined analysis of both the chemical shift perturbation and dynamics data clearly indicates that thiostrepton binds to a pocket involving residues in the 3(10)-helix in L11. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NCI, Prot Nucl Acid Interact Sect, Struct Biophys Lab, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. NCI, Basic Res Program, SAIC Frederick Inc, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. Wyeth Ayerst Res, Struct Biol & Computat Chem, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA. Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Biochem Lab, Sch Chem, GR-54006 Thessaloniki, Greece. NIH, Computat Biosci & Engn Lab, Ctr Informat Technol, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Wang, YX (reprint author), NCI, Prot Nucl Acid Interact Sect, Struct Biophys Lab, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. EM wangyu@ncifcrf.gov RI Lee, Donghan/B-6893-2011; OI Lee, Donghan/0000-0002-3971-986X; Lee, Donghan/0000-0002-6530-8060 FU Intramural NIH HHS [Z99 CA999999]; NCI NIH HHS [N01-CO-12400, N01CO12400] NR 67 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-2836 J9 J MOL BIOL JI J. Mol. Biol. PD APR 6 PY 2007 VL 367 IS 4 BP 1007 EP 1022 DI 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.01.013 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 154LG UT WOS:000245508000008 PM 17292917 ER PT J AU Fagan, JA Simpson, JR Landi, BJ Richter, LJ Mandelbaum, I Bajpai, V Ho, DL Raffaelle, R Walker, ARH Bauer, BJ Hobbie, EK AF Fagan, J. A. Simpson, J. R. Landi, B. J. Richter, L. J. Mandelbaum, I. Bajpai, V. Ho, D. L. Raffaelle, R. Walker, A. R. Hight Bauer, B. J. Hobbie, E. K. TI Dielectric response of aligned semiconducting single-wall nanotubes SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; CARBON NANOTUBES; FILMS; SPECTROSCOPY; TRANSITIONS; SUSPENSIONS; DISPERSION; ENERGIES AB We report measurements of the full intrinsic optical anisotropy of isolated single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). By combining absorption spectroscopy with transmission ellipsometry and polarization-dependent resonant Raman scattering, we obtain the real and imaginary parts of the SWNT permittivity from aligned semiconducting SWNTs dispersed in stretched polymer films. Our results are in agreement with theoretical predictions, highlighting the limited polarizability of excitons in a quasi-1D system. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rochester Inst Technol, Nanopower Res Labs, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. RP Fagan, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jfagan@nist.gov; erik.hobbie@nist.gov RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013; Hight Walker, Angela/C-3373-2009; OI Hight Walker, Angela/0000-0003-1385-0672; Fagan, Jeffrey/0000-0003-1483-5554 NR 37 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 29 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 6 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 14 AR 147402 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.147402 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 154MQ UT WOS:000245512100064 PM 17501312 ER PT J AU Singh, HB Salas, L Herlth, D Kolyer, R Czech, E Avery, M Crawford, JH Pierce, RB Sachse, GW Blake, DR Cohen, RC Bertram, TH Perring, A Wooldridge, PJ Dibb, J Huey, G Hudman, RC Turquety, S Emmons, LK Flocke, F Tang, Y Carmichael, GR Horowitz, LW AF Singh, H. B. Salas, L. Herlth, D. Kolyer, R. Czech, E. Avery, M. Crawford, J. H. Pierce, R. B. Sachse, G. W. Blake, D. R. Cohen, R. C. Bertram, T. H. Perring, A. Wooldridge, P. J. Dibb, J. Huey, G. Hudman, R. C. Turquety, S. Emmons, L. K. Flocke, F. Tang, Y. Carmichael, G. R. Horowitz, L. W. TI Reactive nitrogen distribution and partitioning in the North American troposphere and lowermost stratosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID REGIONAL AIR-QUALITY; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS; AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS; PACIFIC-OCEAN; CHEMISTRY; OZONE; NOX; CONSTRAINTS; PARTICLES AB [1] A comprehensive group of reactive nitrogen species (NO, NO2, HNO3, HO2NO2, PANs, alkyl nitrates, and aerosol-NO3-) were measured over North America during July/August 2004 from the NASA DC-8 platform (0.1-12 km). Nitrogen containing tracers of biomass combustion (HCN and CH3CN) were also measured along with a host of other gaseous (CO, VOC, OVOC, halocarbon) and aerosol tracers. Clean background air as well as air with influences from biogenic emissions, anthropogenic pollution, biomass combustion, convection, lightning, and the stratosphere was sampled over the continental United States, the Atlantic, and the Pacific. The North American upper troposphere (UT) was found to be greatly influenced by both lightning NOx and surface pollution lofted via convection and contained elevated concentrations of PAN, ozone, hydrocarbons, and NOx. Observational data suggest that lightning was a far greater contributor to NOx in the UT than previously believed. PAN provided a dominant reservoir of reactive nitrogen in the UT while nitric acid dominated in the lower troposphere (LT). Peroxynitric acid (HO2NO2) was present in sizable concentrations peaking at around 8 km. Aerosol nitrate appeared to be mostly contained in large soil based particles in the LT. Plumes from Alaskan fires contained large amounts of PAN and aerosol nitrate but little enhancement in ozone. A comparison of observed data with simulations from four 3-D models shows significant differences between observations and models as well as among models. We investigate the partitioning and interplay of the reactive nitrogen species within characteristic air masses and further examine their role in ozone formation. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 92717 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 92717 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Singh, HB (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM eczech@mail.arc.nasa.gov RI Perring, Anne/G-4597-2013; Cohen, Ronald/A-8842-2011; Pierce, Robert Bradley/F-5609-2010; Hudman, Rynda/C-6118-2009; Crawford, James/L-6632-2013; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016 OI Perring, Anne/0000-0003-2231-7503; Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-6617-7691; Pierce, Robert Bradley/0000-0002-2767-1643; Crawford, James/0000-0002-6982-0934; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212 NR 50 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 26 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 4 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D12 AR D12S04 DI 10.1029/2006JD007664 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 155MH UT WOS:000245581000001 ER PT J AU Kryliouk, O Park, HJ Won, YS Anderson, T Davydov, A Levin, I Kim, JH Freitas, JA AF Kryliouk, Olga Park, Hyun Jong Won, Yong Sun Anderson, Tim Davydov, Albert Levin, Igor Kim, Ji Hyun Freitas, Jaime A., Jr. TI Controlled synthesis of single-crystalline InN nanorods SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INDIUM NITRIDE NANOWIRES; GROUP-III NITRIDES; CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; BAND-GAP ENERGY; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES; HEXAGONAL INN; WURTZITE INN; GROWTH; TEMPERATURE AB Single-crystalline InN nanorods were successfully grown on c-Al2O3, GaN, Si( 111), and Si( 100) substrates by non-catalytic, template-free hydride metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (H-MOVPE). It was evaluated thermodynamically and confirmed experimentally that the domain of nanorod growth lies in the vicinity of the growth-etch transition. Stable gas phase oligomer formation is suggested as the nucleation mechanism for InN nanoparticle generation. Dislocation-free, high-quality InN nanorods with [00.1] growth axis were formed via an apparent solid-vapour growth mechanism. The nanorod diameter, density, and orientation were controlled by growth temperature, substrate selection, and HCl/TMIn and N/In inlet molar ratios. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Chem Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Korea Univ, Dept Biol & Chem Engn, Seoul 136701, South Korea. USN, Res Lab, ESTD, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Kryliouk, O (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Chem Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM olgak@grove.ufl.edu RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010; Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010; Kim, Jihyun/F-6940-2013 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311; NR 45 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 23 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD APR 4 PY 2007 VL 18 IS 13 AR 135606 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/18/13/135606 PG 6 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 150TL UT WOS:000245241500013 ER PT J AU Kuramochi, H Tokizaki, T Yokoyama, H Dagata, JA AF Kuramochi, H. Tokizaki, T. Yokoyama, H. Dagata, J. A. TI Why nano-oxidation with carbon nanotube probes is so stable: I. Linkage between hydrophobicity and stability SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FARADAIC CURRENT DETECTION; DYNAMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE; SILICON; HUMIDITY; CAPACITANCE; DENSITY; SURFACE; CHARGE AB Carbon nanotube (CNT) probes enhance the stability of the nano-oxidation process under dynamic-mode operation. In this paper we investigate how the hydrophobic nature of the CNT allows oxide nanostructures to be fabricated with constant aspect ratio over a wide range of relative humidity values. In particular, we characterize oxide growth by measuring both the integrated ionic current and volume expansion. Behaviour of different CNT probes was compared to assess individual stability and performance under identical voltage and humidity conditions. While much remains to be established about the relationship between exposure conditions and dynamic-mode parameters on nanoscale oxide fabrication, hydrophobicity is a key factor in the improved reliability of CNT probes over conventional ones. C1 Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol AIST, Res Consortium Synth Nanofunct Mat Project SYNAF, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan. SII Nanotechnol, Shizuoka 4101393, Japan. AIST, Nanotechnol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kuramochi, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol AIST, Res Consortium Synth Nanofunct Mat Project SYNAF, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan. EM hiromi.kuramochi@aist.go.jp NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD APR 4 PY 2007 VL 18 IS 13 AR 135703 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/18/13/135703 PG 6 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 150TL UT WOS:000245241500018 PM 21730388 ER PT J AU Kuramochi, H Tokizaki, T Ando, K Yokoyama, H Dagata, JA AF Kuramochi, H. Tokizaki, T. Ando, K. Yokoyama, H. Dagata, J. A. TI Why nano-oxidation with carbon nanotube probes is so stable: II. Bending behaviour of CNT probes during nano-oxidation SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; FARADAIC CURRENT DETECTION; ELECTROSTATIC FORCE; P-SI(001) SURFACE; SILICON SURFACES; SINGLE-WALL; HUMIDITY; TIPS; DEFORMATION; FABRICATION AB Part I demonstrated that nano-oxidation in the dynamic-force mode was enhanced by the use of conductive carbon nanotube (CNT) probes. Fabrication of oxide nanostructures using CNT probes benefited not only from the smaller tip apex compared to conventional probes but from improved operational stability over a wide range of exposure conditions primarily due to the hydrophobic nature of the CNT. Here we investigate the bending response of CNT probes to electrostatic and meniscus forces during nano-oxidation. We conclude that bending of the CNT introduces an additional cushion in the combined cantilever-probe deflection system, thus improving overall stability of the tip-sample junction during nano-oxidation. C1 Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol AIST, Res Consortium Synth Nanofunct Mat Project SYNAF, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan. SII Nanotechnol, Shizuoka 4101393, Japan. AIST, Nanotechnol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kuramochi, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol AIST, Res Consortium Synth Nanofunct Mat Project SYNAF, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan. EM hiromi.kuramochi@aist.go.jp NR 43 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD APR 4 PY 2007 VL 18 IS 13 AR 135704 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/18/13/135704 PG 7 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 150TL UT WOS:000245241500019 PM 21730389 ER PT J AU Huang, Y Ramaswamy, V AF Huang, Yi Ramaswamy, V. TI Effect of the temperature dependence of gas absorption in climate feedback SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID COOLING RATES; WATER-VAPOR; ATMOSPHERE; CONTINUUM AB [1] In the context of climate feedback associated with temperature change, there exist two potential mechanisms that affect the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and the downward longwave radiation (DLR). One is the "Planck'' effect that determines the blackbody thermal emission at a considered temperature. The other is the "absorptivity'' effect, in which a temperature change causes a change in gas absorptivities and thus influences the longwave radiative transfer. By using the line-by-line computed radiative Jacobians, which quantify the sensitivity of the radiative fluxes to a perturbation in the atmospheric temperature, the absorptivity effect is separated from the Planck effect. The absorptivity effect is further partitioned into components, with each one having a distinct physical meaning. It is demonstrated that the absorptivity-induced changes in the longwave radiation are individually significant even though the net effect is largely one of cancellation. As a consequence, the Planck effect dominates the overall OLR and DLR sensitivities to temperature change. The absorptivity effect tends to counteract the Planck effect. This tendency is particularly significant for the DLR and is more prominent for a warmer climate, with the result being a reduction in the surface warming. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Huang, Y (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM yi.huang@noaa.gov RI Huang, Yi/A-9387-2008; Huang, Yi/E-9479-2016 OI Huang, Yi/0000-0002-5065-4198 NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 3 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D7 AR D07101 DI 10.1029/2006JD007398 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 155LT UT WOS:000245579600004 ER PT J AU Wolfe, DE Brewer, WA Tucker, SC White, AB White, DE Welsh, DC Ruffieux, D Fairall, CW Ratterree, M Intrieri, JM McCarty, BJ Law, DC AF Wolfe, D. E. Brewer, W. A. Tucker, S. C. White, A. B. White, D. E. Welsh, D. C. Ruffieux, D. Fairall, C. W. Ratterree, M. Intrieri, J. M. McCarty, B. J. Law, D. C. TI Shipboard multisensor merged wind profiles from the New England Air Quality Study 2004 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; SYSTEM; TRANSPORT AB [1] The New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS) was a regional portion of the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) planned by groups in North America and Europe to develop a better understanding of the factors that shape air quality in their respective regions and the remote North Atlantic. The NOAA research vessel Ronald H. Brown was only one of a number of platforms given the task of monitoring the emissions of aerosol and ozone precursors and the atmosphere in which they reside. Two remote and one in situ sensor were used to measure wind profiles. A radar wind profiler (RWP) permanently deployed on the ship and corrected in real time for ship motion provided continuous hourly profiles at 60- and 100-m vertical resolutions. A high-resolution Doppler lidar (HRDL) was also operated during the experiment and provided continuous low-level wind profiles. Rawinsondes were launched 4-6 times daily and provided a detailed profile of winds. Initial results show that the RWP, HRDL, and rawinsonde data compare very well. The ability of HRDL to monitor low-level winds below the minimum range gate of the RWP, while the RWP wind data extend to a much greater height than can be reached by HRDL, make the two systems complementary. Single merged profiles were generated using the RWP and HRDL data, which in turn were used to calculate trajectories to help better understand the transport of pollutants within the Gulf of Maine. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Sci Technol Corp, Hampton, VA USA. RP Wolfe, DE (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM daniel.wolfe@noaa.gov RI White, Allen/A-7946-2009; McCarty, Brandi/H-5971-2013; Brewer, Wm Alan/I-3920-2013; Intrieri, Janet/D-5608-2015; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 14 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 3 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10S15 DI 10.1029/2006JD007344 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 155ME UT WOS:000245580700001 ER PT J AU Xiao, X Prinn, RG Simmonds, PG Steele, LP Novelli, PC Huang, J Langenfelds, RL O'Doherty, S Krummel, PB Fraser, PJ Porter, LW Weiss, RF Salameh, P Wang, RHJ AF Xiao, X. Prinn, R. G. Simmonds, P. G. Steele, L. P. Novelli, P. C. Huang, J. Langenfelds, R. L. O'Doherty, S. Krummel, P. B. Fraser, P. J. Porter, L. W. Weiss, R. F. Salameh, P. Wang, R. H. J. TI Optimal estimation of the soil uptake rate of molecular hydrogen from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment and other measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID HYDROXYL RADICALS; NONMETHANE HYDROCARBONS; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; METHYL CHLOROFORM; 2 DECADES; H-2; MODEL; CARBON; BUDGET; CO AB [1] Hydrogen (H-2), a proposed clean energy alternative, warrants detailed investigation of its global budget and future environmental impacts. The magnitudes and seasonal cycles of the major ( presumably microbial) soil sink of hydrogen have been estimated from high-frequency in situ AGAGE H-2 observations and also from more geographically extensive but low-frequency flask measurements from CSIRO and NOAA-GMD using the Kalman filter in a two-dimensional (2-D) global transport model. Hydrogen mole fractions exhibit well-defined seasonal cycles in each hemisphere with their phase difference being only about 3 months. The global production rate of H-2 is estimated to be 103 +/- 10 Tg yr(-1) with only a small estimated interannual variation. Soil uptake ( 84 +/- 8 Tg yr(-1)) represents the major loss process for H-2 and accounts for 81% of the total destruction. Strong seasonal cycles are deduced for the soil uptake of H-2. The soil sink is a maximum over the northern extratropics in summer and peaks only 2 to 3 months earlier in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. Oxidation by tropospheric OH (18 +/- 3 Tg yr(-1)) accounts for 17% of the destruction, with the remainder due to destruction in the stratosphere. The calculated global burden is 191 +/- 29 Tg, indicating an overall atmospheric lifetime of 1.8 +/- 0.3 years. Hydrogen in the troposphere ( 149 +/- 23 Tg burden) has a lifetime of 1.4 +/- 0.2 years. C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. CSIRO, Marine & Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England. Commonwealth Bur Meteorol, Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollut Stn, Smithton, Tas 7330, Australia. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Xiao, X (reprint author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM xuexiao@mit.edu; rprinn@mit.edu RI Steele, Paul/B-3185-2009; Fraser, Paul/D-1755-2012; Langenfelds, Raymond/B-5381-2012; Krummel, Paul/A-4293-2013 OI Steele, Paul/0000-0002-8234-3730; Krummel, Paul/0000-0002-4884-3678 NR 45 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 3 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D7 AR D07303 DI 10.1029/2006JD007241 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 155LT UT WOS:000245579600002 ER PT J AU Francis, TJ Vogt, BD Wang, MX Watkins, JJ AF Francis, Timothy J. Vogt, Bryan D. Wang, Michael Xiaohui Watkins, James J. TI Scaling of interdomain spacing of diblock copolymers in a selective diluent SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID BLOCK POLYMER-SOLUTIONS; SUPERCRITICAL CARBON-DIOXIDE; ORDERED STRUCTURE; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; VARYING SELECTIVITY; TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER; ELEVATED PRESSURES; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; NEUTRAL SOLVENT; THIN-FILMS AB Interdomain spacing, d, of microphase-separated poly(styrene-b-dimethylsiloxane) in high-pressure carbon dioxide (CO2) was found to follow a modified power law scaling, d/xi similar to phi(-gamma)(diblock), where xi is a swelling asymmetry factor and phi(diblock) is the volume fraction polymer. This interdomain spacing was measured in situ both isothermally and at constant phi(diblock) using small-angle neutron scattering. The use of high-pressure CO2 as the diluent enabled precise control of sorbed solvent volume fraction in highly concentrated systems at elevated temperatures. Data measured at constant phi(diblock) are in agreement with theoretical predictions and experimental data for dilution by traditional liquid solvents and follow the scaling law d similar to chi(-beta)(AB). In the highly concentrated regime, the isothermal dependence on phi(diblock) cannot be described by the simple power law scaling previously suggested for liquid diluents, d similar to phi(-gamma)(polymer). By accounting for solvent selectivity using xi, however, d-spacing as a function of phi(diblock) for a system exhibiting lamellar morphology collapses to a common scaling. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Watkins, JJ (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM watkins@polysci.umass.edu RI Vogt, Bryan/H-1986-2012 OI Vogt, Bryan/0000-0003-1916-7145 NR 42 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD APR 3 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 7 BP 2515 EP 2519 DI 10.1021/ma062000a PG 5 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 150IE UT WOS:000245208400029 ER PT J AU Norman, AI Fei, Y Ho, DL Greer, SC AF Norman, Alexander I. Fei, Yiwei Ho, Derek L. Greer, Sandra C. TI Folding and unfolding of polymer helices in solution SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID SMALL-ANGLE SCATTERING; INDIRECT FOURIER TRANSFORMATION; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; ISOBUTYRIC ACID; POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL); MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; NONVIRAL VECTOR; ETHYLENE-OXIDE; PHASE-BEHAVIOR AB We have previously shown that poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) assumes a helical conformation in isobutyric acid. We now show that the formation of helices by PEG in isobutyric acid requires the presence of a trace amount of water: We can make the helices coil and uncoil by adding or removing trace water to/from the solvent. We also show that the similar polymer poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) forms helices in isobutyric acid and that PEG forms helices in isopentanoic and n-propanoic acids but not in isobutanol or n-butanol. PEI (M(n) = 21.8 kg/mol) forms only helices in isobutyric acid, whereas PEG (M(n) = 21.0 kg/mol) forms a mixture of helices and coils. Helical PEI (M(n) = 21.8 kg/mol) shows a helix-to-coil transition when the temperature is increased to about 50 degrees C, while PEG (M(n) = 21.0 kg/mol) shows a helix-to-coil transition at 40-45 degrees C. When the trace water in the solution is D(2)O, the PEG (M(n) = 21.0 kg/mol) helix-to-coil transition moves to a higher temperature of about 56 degrees C, perhaps due to stronger hydrogen bonding. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. China Univ Min & Technol, Inst Chem Engn, Dept Appl Chem, Xuzhou 221009, Jiangsu Prov, Peoples R China. RP Norman, AI (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM anorman1@umd.edu NR 43 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD APR 3 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 7 BP 2559 EP 2567 DI 10.1021/ma0622783 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 150IE UT WOS:000245208400035 ER PT J AU Mansfield, ML Douglas, JF Irfan, S Kang, EH AF Mansfield, Marc L. Douglas, Jack F. Irfan, Saba Kang, Eun-Hee TI Comparison of approximate methods for calculating the friction coefficient and intrinsic viscosity of nanoparticles and macromolecules SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID HYDRODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; TRANSLATIONAL DIFFUSION; STOCHASTIC SIMULATIONS; ROTATIONAL DIFFUSION; RIGID MACROMOLECULES; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; FRACTAL CLUSTERS; LIGHT-SCATTERING; ARBITRARY SHAPE; MONTE-CARLO AB A number of methods for estimating the translational friction coefficient f and the intrinsic viscosity [eta] of polymers and nanoparticles have been proposed. These methods range from first-principles "boundary-element" or "bead-model" solutions of the Stokes equation employing a precise description of particle shape, to coarse-grained descriptions of polymer structures and approximate computational methods at an intermediate level of description, and finally to phenomenological estimates that relate f to the surface area of the particle. Analytic treatments normally involve slender-body and various "preaveraging" approximations, etc., that render the calculation analytically tractable, but numerically uncertain. Powerful numerical path-integral methods have become available in recent years that allow the assessment of the accuracy of the various approximate methods. We compare several methods of computing f and [eta] to determine their applicability to various classes of particle shapes. C1 Stevens Inst Technol, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mansfield, ML (reprint author), Stevens Inst Technol, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. NR 69 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD APR 3 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 7 BP 2575 EP 2589 DI 10.1021/ma061069f PG 15 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 150IE UT WOS:000245208400037 ER PT J AU Siscoe, G MacNeice, PJ Odstrcil, D AF Siscoe, G. MacNeice, P. J. Odstrcil, D. TI East-west asymmetry in coronal mass ejection geoeffectiveness SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-FIELD; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; SOLAR-WIND; EARTH AB [1] This paper extends the domain of applicability of the Gosling-McComas space weather forecast rule that applies to the postshock sheaths of fast coronal mass ejections at Earth (ICMEs). The rule is based on the draping of the sheath magnetic field around the ICME body. The original treatment considered only the radial-from-the-Sun component of the preshock interplanetary magnetic field ( IMF), which implied that the domain of applicability of the rule was the entire sheath region ahead of the leading face of the ICME. We show here that because of the generally prevailing Parker spiral orientation of the IMF, the domain of applicability of the rule is instead generally strongly shifted to the east side of the ICME sheath. We suggest that the eastward shift of the domain of applicability of the rule accounts for an observed greater geoeffectiveness of west hemisphere CMEs compared with east hemisphere CMEs. The approach used here to demonstrate the eastward shift of the region of potential ICME sheath geoeffectiveness, and thus to increase the accuracy of the forecast rule, is to present intensity contours of the geoeffective draping component of the IMF as computed by global MHD simulations. Since the shift depends only on a spiral magnetic field and a blunt object to drape it around, we demonstrate the generality of the principle on which the rule is based by treating both the case of the ICME and the case of Earth's magnetosphere. C1 [Siscoe, G.] Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [MacNeice, P. J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Community Coordinated Modeling Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Odstrcil, D.] NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Siscoe, G (reprint author), Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, 725 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM siscoe@bu.edu RI MacNeice, Peter/F-5587-2012 NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD APR 3 PY 2007 VL 5 IS 4 AR S04002 DI 10.1029/2006SW000286 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 261IX UT WOS:000253073400002 ER PT J AU Phillips, KM Wolf, WR Patterson, KY Sharpless, KE Amanna, KR Holden, JM AF Phillips, Katherine M. Wolf, Wayne R. Patterson, Kristine Y. Sharpless, Katherine E. Amanna, Karen R. Holden, Joanne M. TI Summary of reference materials for the determination of the nutrient composition of foods SO ACCREDITATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials 9BERM 10) CY APR 30-MAY 04, 2006 CL Charleston, SC SP Natl Inst Stnad & Technol, High Pur Stand, NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIH, Off Dietary Supplements, Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv DE reference materials; food composition data ID CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIALS; QUALITY AB Certified reference materials (CRMs) play a critical role in validating the accuracy of nutrient data for food samples. A number of available food CRMs of differing matrix composition have assigned concentrations for various nutrients, along with associated uncertainty intervals (UIs) for those values. These CRMs have been used extensively in the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) ongoing National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP) to monitor the accuracy of assays of key foods and nutrients consumed in the United States. A total of 690 assigned values for individual nutrients, including proximates, vitamins, macroelements, microelements, fatty acids, amino acids, and selected phytochemicals (e.g., carotenoids), were compiled from the certificates of analysis for 63 CRMs, and the specified UI in each case was expressed as a percentage of the assigned certified or reference concentration. Across all nutrients, 63.5% of the UIs were less than 10% of the assigned value, 25.5% were 10-20%, and 11% were greater than 20% of the assigned value. The UIs for proximates, minerals, and trace elements were most consistently less than 10% of the assigned value. The relative uncertainties were significantly higher for vitamins, suggesting greater challenges in measuring and certifying these components. These high UIs (greater than 10% assigned value) in the best available reference materials are likely to be indicative of the precision and accuracy that can be obtained by current measurement systems for these components. These data suggest that care must be taken in choosing CRMs to monitor food composition analysis, including evaluating what levels of uncertainty are required in assigned values and which analytical measurement systems for food components need closer examination and improvement. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biochem, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, Nutrient Data Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Phillips, KM (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biochem, 304 Engel Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM kmpvpi@vt.edu OI Sharpless, Katherine/0000-0001-6569-198X; Phillips, Katherine/0000-0002-4586-8538 NR 21 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-1775 J9 ACCREDIT QUAL ASSUR JI Accredit. Qual. Assur. PD APR PY 2007 VL 12 IS 3-4 BP 126 EP 133 DI 10.1007/s00769-007-0257-6 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 151LH UT WOS:000245291300003 ER PT J AU Jakupciak, JP Richie, KL AF Jakupciak, John P. Richie, Kristy L. TI Analytical validation of quality control materials for Huntington's disease examination SO ACCREDITATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials 9BERM 10) CY APR 30-MAY 04, 2006 CL Charleston, SC SP Natl Inst Stnad & Technol, High Pur Stand, NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIH, Off Dietary Supplements, Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv DE DNA sequencing; electrophoretic sizing; genetic examination; CAG triplet repeats; Huntington's disease ID TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT; GENETIC-DISEASE; DNA; DIAGNOSTICS; STANDARDS AB The expansion of molecular diagnostics using nucleic acid technologies in clinical and public health practice has increased the need for appropriate reference materials and verified quality-control materials for quality assurance, test validation, proficiency testing and the development of new examination procedures. Good laboratory practice requires the use of reference materials to establish an examination procedure and assess the variability of the results. Reference materials are also required to assess the assay on a daily basis and to normalize results collected among different laboratories. Despite the growing volume, the rapidly increasing number of tests being offered, and the necessary routine use, certified reference materials are often not available. There is a wide range of human genetic bio-assays for which there are no available traceable certified reference materials. Several initiatives have been organized to provide well-characterized quality control specimens (e.g., cell lines) with known DNA mutations for use in diagnostics. Mutations are confirmed with bi-directional DNA sequence analysis, which is considered the reference examination procedure. In the field of personalized medicine, NIST has created and validated Standard Reference Material (R) 2399 for fragile X examinations. Herein we describe our characterization of candidate reference materials for Huntington's disease genetic examination. Bi-directional DNA sequencing confirmed the size of the CAG repeat contained on each allele from patient derived materials. Amplification and capillary electrophoresis of the CAG repeats had an uncertainty ranging from 2.06%CV to 7.83%CV. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jakupciak, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Biochem Sci, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.jakupciak@nist.gov NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-1775 J9 ACCREDIT QUAL ASSUR JI Accredit. Qual. Assur. PD APR PY 2007 VL 12 IS 3-4 BP 139 EP 145 DI 10.1007/s00769-006-0226-5 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 151LH UT WOS:000245291300005 ER PT J AU Christopher, SJ Pugh, RS Ellisor, MB Mackey, EA Spatz, RO Porter, BJ Bealer, KJ Kucklick, JR Rowles, TK Becker, PR AF Christopher, Steven J. Pugh, Rebecca S. Ellisor, Michael B. Mackey, Elizabeth A. Spatz, Rabia O. Porter, Barbara J. Bealer, Kathie J. Kucklick, John R. Rowles, Teri K. Becker, Paul R. TI Description and results of the NIST/NOAA 2005 interlaboratory comparison exercise for trace elements in marine mammals SO ACCREDITATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials 9BERM 10) CY APR 30-MAY 04, 2006 CL Charleston, SC SP Natl Inst Stnad & Technol, High Pur Stand, NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIH, Off Dietary Supplements, Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv DE consensus mean; interlaboratory comparison exercise; maximum likelihood; marine mammals; trace elements AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST) National Marine Analytical Quality Assurance Program (NMAQAP) is dedicated to improving the quality of analytical measurements of trace elements, organic contaminants and emerging compounds of concern in marine and environmental systems, through various quality assurance mechanisms, including analytical method development and value assignment, quality assurance materials production, cryogenic marine specimen archival and the coordination of interlaboratory comparison exercises. This report focusses on the description and results of the 2005 Interlaboratory Comparison Exercise for Trace Elements in Marine Mammals. This program is co-sponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources, specifically, the Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program. Two quality control materials derived from fresh-frozen marine mammal livers were produced and characterised at the NIST and were then distributed to over 30 laboratories. A maximum likelihood solution model was used to assign consensus data that served as a benchmark for comparison, and a series of group metrics were generated to assist the laboratories with the interpretation of performance and analytical assessment. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Protected Resources, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Christopher, SJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM steven.christopher@nist.gov NR 18 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-1775 J9 ACCREDIT QUAL ASSUR JI Accredit. Qual. Assur. PD APR PY 2007 VL 12 IS 3-4 BP 175 EP 187 DI 10.1007/s00769-006-0245-2 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 151LH UT WOS:000245291300011 ER PT J AU Ehrlich, C Dybkaer, R Woger, W AF Ehrlich, Charles Dybkaer, Rene Woeger, Wolfgang TI Evolution of philosophy and description of measurement (preliminary rationale for VIM3) SO ACCREDITATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials 9BERM 10) CY APR 30-MAY 04, 2006 CL Charleston, SC SP Natl Inst Stnad & Technol, High Pur Stand, NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIH, Off Dietary Supplements, Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv AB Different approaches to the philosophy and description of measurement have evolved over time, and they are still evolving. There is not always a clear demarcation between approaches, but rather a blending of concepts and terminologies from one approach to another. This sometimes causes confusion when trying to ascertain the objective of measurement in the different approaches, since the same term may be used to describe different concepts in the different approaches. Important examples include the terms "value," "true value," "error," "probability" and "uncertainty." Constructing a single vocabulary of metrology that is able to unambiguously encompass and harmonize all of the approaches is therefore difficult, if not impossible. This paper examines the evolution of common philosophies and ways of describing measurement. Some of the differences between these approaches are highlighted, which provides a rationale for the entries and structure of the August 2006 draft of the 3rd Edition of the International Vocabulary of Metrology - Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM3) [1]. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Int Legal Metrol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Copenhagen Hosp, Frederiksberg Hosp, Dept Standardizat Lab Med, Reg H, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Ehrlich, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Int Legal Metrol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM charles.ehrlich@nist.gov NR 5 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-1775 J9 ACCREDIT QUAL ASSUR JI Accredit. Qual. Assur. PD APR PY 2007 VL 12 IS 3-4 BP 201 EP 218 DI 10.1007/s00769-007-0259-4 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 151LH UT WOS:000245291300014 ER PT J AU Bhowmick, S Melendez-Martinez, JJ Zhang, Y Lawn, BR AF Bhowmick, Sanjit Melendez-Martinez, Juan Jose Zhang, Yu Lawn, Brian R. TI Design maps for failure of all-ceramic layer structures in concentrated cyclic loading SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE multilayers; fracture; fatigue ID BRITTLE MATERIALS SUBJECT; COMPETING FRACTURE MODES; PUMPED CONE FRACTURE; TRANSVERSE FRACTURE; LIQUID ENVIRONMENTS; BIOMECHANICAL APPLICATIONS; SPHERICAL INDENTATION; BILAYER STRUCTURES; COATING STRUCTURES; CRACK-PROPAGATION AB A study is made of the competition between failure modes in ceramic-based bilayer structures joined to polymer-based substrates, in simulation of dental crown-like structures with a functional but weak "veneer" layer bonded onto a strong "core" layer. Cyclic contact fatigue tests are conducted in water on model flat systems consisting of glass plates joined to glass, sapphire, alumina or zirconia support layers glued onto polycarbonate bases. Critical numbers of cycles to take each crack mode to failure are plotted as a function of peak contact load on failure maps showing regions in which each fracture mode dominates. In low-cycle conditions, radial and outer cone cracks are competitive in specimens with alumina cores, whereas outer cone cracks prevail in specimens with zirconia cores; in high-cycle conditions, inner cone cracks prevail in all cases. The roles of other factors, e.g. substrate modulus, layer thickness, indenter radius and residual stresses from specimen preparation, are briefly considered. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Extremadura, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain. NYU, Coll Dent, Dept Biomat & Biomimet, New York, NY 10010 USA. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov RI Melendez, Juan Jose/A-6524-2013 OI Melendez, Juan Jose/0000-0003-1036-6666 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [P01 DE010976, R01 DE017925-01A1, R01 DE017925] NR 53 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 EI 1873-2453 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD APR PY 2007 VL 55 IS 7 BP 2479 EP 2488 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2006.11.042 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 164ML UT WOS:000246238000025 PM 19562095 ER PT J AU Chai, H Lawn, BR AF Chai, Herz Lawn, Brian R. TI A universal relation for edge chipping from sharp contacts in brittle materials: A simple means of toughness evaluation SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE Vickers indentation; brittle ceramics; edge chipping; toughness ID MEASURING FRACTURE-TOUGHNESS; INDENTATION TECHNIQUES; CERAMICS; RESISTANCE; MECHANICS; CRACKING; FAILURE; FATIGUE; FLAKING; DAMAGE AB An analysis of chipping fracture in brittle solids is presented. Cracks are introduced into the edges of selected materials, including soda-lime glass and fine-grain ceramics, using a Vickers indenter in monotonic loading. The ensuing chip morphology is examined and shown to exhibit a certain geometrical similarity, independent of material properties. A simple universal relation is derived for the critical chipping load in terms of indent location and material toughness. It is suggested that the method could be used as a simple and quick means for evaluating toughness values for glasses and fine-grain brittle materials. (c) 2007 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Solid Mech Mat & Syst, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov NR 24 TC 72 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD APR PY 2007 VL 55 IS 7 BP 2555 EP 2561 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2006.10.061 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 164ML UT WOS:000246238000032 ER PT J AU Baynard, T Lovejoy, ER Pettersson, A Brown, SS Lack, D Osthoff, H Massoli, P Ciciora, S Dube, WP Ravishankara, AR AF Baynard, Tahllee Lovejoy, Edward R. Pettersson, Anders Brown, Steven S. Lack, Daniel Osthoff, Hans Massoli, Paola Ciciora, Steve Dube, William P. Ravishankara, A. R. TI Design and application of a pulsed cavity ring-down aerosol extinction spectrometer for field measurements SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MEASURING LIGHT-ABSORPTION; OPTICAL EXTINCTION; ELECTRODYNAMIC BALANCE; ELECTROLYTE-SOLUTIONS; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; AMMONIUM-SULFATE; WATER ACTIVITIES; CROSS-SECTIONS AB This paper describes the design and application of a pulsed cavity ring-down aerosol extinction spectrometer (CRD-AES) for in-situ atmospheric measurement of the aerosol extinction coefficient and its relative humidity dependence. This CRD-AES measures the aerosol extinction coefficient (sigma(ep)) at 355 nm, 532 nm, 683 nm, and 1064 nm with a minimal size dependent bias for particles with diameter less than 10 mu m. The sigma(ep) at 532 urn is measured with an accuracy of 1% when extinction is >= 10 Mm(-1). The precision is limited by statistical fluctuations within the small optical volume and the time resolution of extinction at 2% uncertainty for various air mass types is evaluated. The CRD-AES is configured with two separate cavity ring-down cells for measurement of the extinction coefficient at 532 nm. This allows the determination of the RH dependence of extinction at 532 nm through independent RH control of the sample for each measurement. Gas phase absorption and minimization of potential interferences is also considered. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Baynard, T (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, 325 S Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Tahllee.Baynard@noaa.gov RI Ciciora, Steven/I-4916-2013; Lack, Daniel/I-9053-2012; Dube, William/I-1658-2013; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Dube, William/0000-0003-1286-4087; Osthoff, Hans/0000-0001-7155-6493 NR 53 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 3 U2 29 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 CHESTNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 EI 1521-7388 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD APR PY 2007 VL 41 IS 4 BP 447 EP 462 DI 10.1080/02786820701222801 PG 16 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 164AG UT WOS:000246204400008 ER PT J AU Hansson, S Hjerne, O Harvey, C Kitchell, JF Cox, SP Essington, TE AF Hansson, Sture Hjerne, Olle Harvey, Chris Kitchell, James F. Cox, Sean P. Essington, Timothy E. TI Managing Baltic Sea fisheries under contrasting production and predation regimes: Ecosystem model analyses SO AMBIO LA English DT Article ID FISH STOCKS; NODULARIA-SPUMIGENA; TROPHIC CASCADES; REFERENCE POINTS; WORLD FISHERIES; GADUS-MORHUA; FOOD-WEB; BIOMASS; COD; EUTROPHICATION AB Based on an earlier published ecosystem model, we have explored possible effects of different management scenarios for the Baltic Sea. The scenarios include an oligotrophication of the system, a drastic increase in the number of seals, and changes in the fishery management. From these simulations we conclude that fisheries, seals, and eutrophication all have strong and interacting impacts on the ecosystem. These interactions call for integrated management. The modelling highlights the potential for conflicts among management mandates such as flourishing fisheries, rebuilt seal populations, and substantially reduced eutrophication. The results also suggest that fisheries management reference points have to be adjusted in response to changes in the presence of natural predators or ecosystem productivity. C1 Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Sch Resource & Environm Management, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Hansson, S (reprint author), Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. EM Sture.Hansson@ecology.su.se; olle@ecology.su.se; chris.harvey@noaa.gov; Kitchell@wisc.edu; spcox@sfu.ca; essing@u.washington.edu RI Cox, Sean/I-5374-2012 NR 43 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 16 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD APR PY 2007 VL 36 IS 2-3 BP 265 EP 271 DI 10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[265:MBSFUC]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 165RU UT WOS:000246324000023 PM 17520943 ER PT J AU Sieber, JR AF Sieber, John R. TI Certified reference materials for testing of declarable substances SO AMERICAN LABORATORY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sieber, JR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8391, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.sieber@nist.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT SCIENTIFIC COMMUN INC PI SHELTON PA PO BOX 870, 30 CONTROLS DRIVE, SHELTON, CT 06484-0870 USA SN 0044-7749 J9 AM LAB JI Am. Lab. PD APR PY 2007 VL 39 IS 9 SU N BP 20 EP 22 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 178BH UT WOS:000247195700005 ER PT J AU Wise, SA Emons, H AF Wise, Stephen A. Emons, Hendrik TI 10(th) International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials (BERM 10) SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Reference Mat & Measurements, B-2440 Geel, Belgium. RP Wise, SA (reprint author), NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stephen.wise@nist.gov NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD APR PY 2007 VL 387 IS 7 BP 2309 EP 2311 DI 10.1007/s00216-007-1148-8 PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 143TR UT WOS:000244748500001 PM 17342540 ER PT J AU Davis, WC Christopher, SJ Pugh, RS Donard, OFX Krupp, EA Point, D Horvat, M Gibicar, D Kljakovic-Gaspic, Z Porter, BJ Schantz, MM AF Davis, W. Clay Christopher, S. J. Pugh, Rebecca S. Donard, O. F. X. Krupp, Eva A. Point, David Horvat, Milena Gibicar, D. Kljakovic-Gaspic, Z. Porter, Barbara J. Schantz, Michele M. TI Certification of methylmercury content in two fresh-frozen reference materials: SRM 1947 Lake Michigan fish tissue and SRM 1974b organics in mussel tissue (Mytilus edulis) SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials 9BERM 10) CY APR 30-MAY 04, 2006 CL Charleston, SC SP Natl Inst Stnad & Technol, High Pur Stand, NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIH, Off Dietary Supplements, Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv DE speciation; organometals; certified reference material ID STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS; DILUTION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GC-ICP-MS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; COMPOUNDS SPECIATION ANALYSIS; SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION; TRIPLE SPIKE METHODOLOGY; ISOTOPE-DILUTION; BUTYLTIN COMPOUNDS; CHLORINATED PESTICIDES AB This paper describes the development of two independent analytical methods for the extraction and quantification of methylmercury from marine biota. The procedures involve microwave extraction, followed by derivatization and either headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-coated silica fiber or back-extraction into iso-octane. The identification and quantification of the extracted compounds is carried out by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (GC/ICP-MS) detection. Both methods were validated for the determination of methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in a variety of biological standard reference materials (SRMs) including fresh-frozen tissue homogenates of SRM 1946 Lake Superior fish tissue and SRM 1974a organics in mussel tissue (Mytilus edulis) and then applied to the certification effort of SRM 1947 Lake Michigan fish tissue and SRM 1974b organics in mussel tissue (Mytilus edulis). While past certifications of methylmercury in tissue SRMs have been based on two independent methods from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and participating laboratories, the methods described within provide improved protocols and will allow future certification efforts to be based on at least two independent analytical methods within NIST. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. CNRS, LCABIE, F-64053 Pau 9, France. Jozef Stefan Inst, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. Inst Med Res & Occupat Hlth, Zagreb 10000, Croatia. NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Davis, WC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM clay.davis@nist.gov RI Krupp, Eva/B-8309-2011; Kljakovic-Gaspic, Zorana/J-9660-2012; OI Point, David/0000-0002-5218-7781 NR 30 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 15 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD APR PY 2007 VL 387 IS 7 BP 2335 EP 2341 DI 10.1007/s00216-006-1106-x PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 143TR UT WOS:000244748500004 PM 17242887 ER PT J AU Point, D Davis, WC Christopher, SJ Ellisor, MB Pugh, RS Becker, PR Donard, OFX Porter, BJ Wise, SA AF Point, David Davis, W. Clay Christopher, Steven J. Ellisor, Michael B. Pugh, Rebecca S. Becker, Paul R. Donard, Olivier F. X. Porter, Barbara J. Wise, Stephen A. TI Development and application of an ultratrace method for speciation of organotin compounds in cryogenically archived and homogenized biological materials SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials 9BERM 10) CY APR 30-MAY 04, 2006 CL Charleston, SC SP Natl Inst Stnad & Technol, High Pur Stand, NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIH, Off Dietary Supplements, Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv DE speciation; tributyltin; ICPMS; isotope dilution; specimen bank; standard reference material (SRM) ID DILUTION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIAL; TRIPLE SPIKE METHODOLOGY; GC-ICP-MS; BUTYLTIN COMPOUNDS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CHLORINATED PESTICIDES; SAMPLE PREPARATION; WHALE BLUBBER AB An accurate, ultra-sensitive and robust method for speciation of mono, di, and tributyltin (MBT, DBT, and TBT) by speciated isotope-dilution gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SID-GC-ICPMS) has been developed for quantification of butyltin concentrations in cryogenic biological materials maintained in an uninterrupted cryo-chain from storage conditions through homogenization and bottling. The method significantly reduces the detection limits, to the low pg g(-1) level (as Sn), and was validated by using the European reference material (ERM) CE477, mussel tissue, produced by the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements. It was applied to three different cryogenic biological materials-a fresh-frozen mussel tissue (SRM 1974b) together with complex materials, a protein-rich material (whale liver control material, QC03LH03), and a lipid-rich material (whale blubber, SRM 1945) containing up to 72% lipids. The commutability between frozen and freeze-dried materials with regard to spike equilibration/interaction, extraction efficiency, and the absence of detectable transformations was carefully investigated by applying complementary methods and by varying extraction conditions and spiking strategies. The inter-method results enabled assignment of reference concentrations of butyltins in cryogenic SRMs and control materials for the first time. The reference concentrations of MBT, DBT, and TBT in SRM 1974b were 0.92 +/- 0.06, 2.7 +/- 0.4, and 6.58 +/- 0.19 ng g(-1) as Sn (wet-mass), respectively; in SRM 1945 they were 0.38 +/- 0.06, 1.19 +/- 0.26, and 3.55 +/- 0.44 ng g(-1), respectively, as Sn (wet-mass). In QC03LH03, DBT and TBT concentrations were 30.0 +/- 2.7 and 2.26 +/- 0.38 ng g(-1)p as Sn (wet-mass). The concentration range of butyltins in these materials is one to three orders of magnitude lower than in ERM CE477. This study demonstrated that cryogenically processed and stored biological materials are a promising alternative to conventional freeze-dried materials for organotin speciation analysis, because these are, at present, the best conditions for minimizing degradation of thermolabile species and for long-term archival. Finally, the potential of the analytical method was illustrated by analysis of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and beluga whale (Delphinapterus leuca) liver samples that had been collected in the Arctic and archived at the Marine Environmental Specimen Bank. Significant concentrations of butyltin compounds were found in the samples and provide the first evidence of the presence of this class of contaminant in the Arctic marine ecosystem. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. CNRS, UMR 5034, Lab Chim Analyt BioInorgan & Environm, F-64053 Pau, France. NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Point, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM david.point@noaa.gov OI Point, David/0000-0002-5218-7781 NR 33 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 12 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD APR PY 2007 VL 387 IS 7 BP 2343 EP 2355 DI 10.1007/s00216-006-1099-5 PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 143TR UT WOS:000244748500005 PM 17287930 ER PT J AU Vander Pol, SS Ellisor, MB Pugh, RS Becker, PR Poster, DL Schantz, MM Leigh, SD Wakeford, BJ Roseneau, DG Simac, KS AF Vander Pol, Stacy S. Ellisor, Michael B. Pugh, Rebecca S. Becker, Paul R. Poster, Dianne L. Schantz, Michele M. Leigh, Stefan D. Wakeford, Bryan J. Roseneau, David G. Simac, Kristin S. TI Development of a murre (Uria spp.) egg control material SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials 9BERM 10) CY APR 30-MAY 04, 2006 CL Charleston, SC SP Natl Inst Stnad & Technol, High Pur Stand, NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIH, Off Dietary Supplements, Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv DE control material; seabird; egg; PCBs; PBDEs; organochlorine pesticides ID PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; REFERENCE MATERIALS SRMS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; CONTAMINANTS; SEA AB The Seabird Tissue Archival and Monitoring Project (STAMP) is a collaborative Alaska-wide effort by the US Fish and Wildlife Service's Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (USFWS/AMNWR), the US Geological Survey's Biological Resources Division (USGS/BRD), the Bureau of Indian Affairs Alaska Region Subsistence Branch (BIA/ARSB), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to monitor long-term (decadal) trends in environmental contaminants using seabird eggs. To support this effort, a matrix- (seabird egg) and concentration-specific control material was needed to ensure quality during analytical work. Although a herring gull egg quality assurance (HGQA) material is available from Environment Canada (EC), contaminant concentrations in this material tended to be higher than those observed in Alaskan murre (Uria spp.) eggs. Therefore, to prepare a more appropriate control material, a total of 12 common murre (U. aalge) and thick-billed murre (U. lomvia) eggs from four Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska nesting locations were cryohomogenized to create 190 aliquots each containing approximately 6 g. This new control material was analyzed by different methods at NIST and EC facilities for the determination of concentrations and value assignment of 63 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, 20 organochlorine pesticides, and 11 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. The total PCB concentration is approximately 58 ng g(-1) wet mass. Results obtained for analytes not listed on the certificates of analysis of the previously used control materials, HGQA and NIST's Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1946 Lake Superior Fish Tissue, are also presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Environm Canada, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alaska Maritime Natl Wildlife Refuge, Homer, AK 99603 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Vander Pol, SS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM stacy.vanderpol@nist.gov NR 14 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD APR PY 2007 VL 387 IS 7 BP 2357 EP 2363 DI 10.1007/s00216-006-0887-2 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 143TR UT WOS:000244748500006 PM 17103152 ER PT J AU Stapleton, HM Keller, JM Schantz, MM Kucklick, JR Leigh, SD Wise, SA AF Stapleton, Heather M. Keller, Jennifer M. Schantz, Michele M. Kucklick, John R. Leigh, Stefan D. Wise, Stephen A. TI Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental standard reference materials SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials 9BERM 10) CY APR 30-MAY 04, 2006 CL Charleston, SC SP Natl Inst Stnad & Technol, High Pur Stand, NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIH, Off Dietary Supplements, Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv DE polybrominated diphenyl ethers; standard reference materials; certified reference materials; fish tissue; sediment; methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers ID BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; GREAT-LAKES; TEMPORAL TRENDS; CHLORINATED PESTICIDES; UNITED-STATES; HOUSE-DUST; PBDES; MICHIGAN AB Standard reference materials (SRMs) are valuable tools in developing and validating analytical methods to improve quality assurance standards. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has a long history of providing environmental SRMs with certified concentrations of organic and inorganic contaminants. Here we report on new certified and reference concentrations for 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in seven different SRMs: cod-liver oil, whale blubber, fish tissue (two materials), mussel tissue and sediment (two materials). PBDEs were measured in these SRMs, with the lowest concentrations measured in mussel tissue (SRM 1974b) and the highest in sediment collected from the New York/New Jersey Waterway (SRM 1944). Comparing the relative PBDE congener concentrations within the samples, we found the biota SRMs contained primarily tetrabrominated and pentabrominated diphenyl ethers, whereas the sediment SRMs contained primarily decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209). The cod-liver oil (SRM 1588b) and whale blubber (SRM 1945) materials were also found to contain measurable concentrations of two methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-BDEs). Certified and reference concentrations are reported for 12 PBDE congeners measured in the biota SRMs and reference values are available for two MeO-BDEs. Results from a sediment interlaboratory comparison PBDE exercise are available for the two sediment SRMs (1941b and 1944). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stapleton, HM (reprint author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. EM heather.stapleton@duke.edu RI Keller, Jennifer/C-5006-2008 NR 51 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD APR PY 2007 VL 387 IS 7 BP 2365 EP 2379 DI 10.1007/s00216-006-1054-5 PG 15 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 143TR UT WOS:000244748500007 PM 17206409 ER PT J AU Peck, AM Kucklick, JR Schantz, MM AF Peck, Aaron M. Kucklick, John R. Schantz, Michele M. TI Synthetic musk fragrances in environmental standard reference materials SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials (BERM 10) CY APR 30-MAY 04, 2006 CL Charleston, SC SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, High Pur Stand, NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIH, Off Dietary Supplements, Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv DE reference materials; organic compounds; PPCPs; personal care products; synthetic musks ID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANT; WASTE-WATER TREATMENT; POLYCYCLIC MUSKS; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; DEFENSE SYSTEMS; SAMPLES; SLUDGE; HHCB; AHTN AB Synthetic musk fragrances have been measured in water, air, sediments, sewage sludge, and biota worldwide. As the study of the environmental fate and impacts of these compounds progresses, the need for Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for these compounds to facilitate analytical method improvement and interlaboratory comparisons becomes increasingly important. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) issues environmental matrix SRMs with certified concentrations for a variety of persistent organic pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs). Until now synthetic musk fragrance concentrations have not been reported in NIST SRMs. The objective of this study was to provide reference values for several commonly detected synthetic musk fragrances in several NIST natural matrix SRMs. In this study five polycyclic musk fragrances [HHCB (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-gamma-2-benzopyran), AHTN (7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene), ADBI (4-acetyl-1,1-dimethyl-6-tert-butylindane), AHMI (6-acetyl-1,1,2,3,3,5-hexamethylindane), and ATII (5-acetyl-1,1,2,6-tetramethyl-3-isopropylindane] and two nitro musk fragrances [musk xylene (1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene) and musk ketone (4-tert-butyl-3,5-dinitro-2,6-dimethylacetophenone)] were measured in selected environmental SRMs. Gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS) was used for all analyses. HHCB was the most frequently detected synthetic musk fragrance and was detected in SRM 2585 Organic Contaminants in House Dust, SRM 2781 Domestic Sludge, SRM 1974b Organics in Mussel Tissue (Mytilus edulis), and SRM 1947 Lake Michigan Fish Tissue. It was not detected in SRM 1946 Lake Superior Fish Tissue or SRM 1945 Organics in Whale Blubber. Concentrations of HHCB in these SRMs ranged from 1.12 ng/g in SRM 1947 to 92,901 ng/g in SRM 2781. All of the polycyclic musk fragrances were detected in SRM 2781 and all of the target compounds were detected in SRM 2585. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Peck, AM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM aaron.peck@nist.gov NR 33 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 36 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD APR PY 2007 VL 387 IS 7 BP 2381 EP 2388 DI 10.1007/s00216-006-0671-3 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 143TR UT WOS:000244748500008 PM 16906386 ER PT J AU Lippa, KA Schantz, MM AF Lippa, Katrice A. Schantz, Michele M. TI Microheterogeneity evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate standard reference materials SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials 9BERM 10) CY APR 30-MAY 04, 2006 CL Charleston, SC SP Natl Inst Stnad & Technol, High Pur Stand, NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIH, Off Dietary Supplements, Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv DE sampling constants; heterogeneity; homogeneity; PAH; microanalysis; standard reference material (SRM) ID PRESSURIZED LIQUID EXTRACTION; CANDIDATE REFERENCE MATERIALS; MICROANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES; ENVIRONMENTAL-ANALYSIS; SAMPLING CONSTANTS; HOMOGENEITY FACTOR; TRACE-ELEMENTS; HEAVY-METALS; MICROHOMOGENEITY; INAA AB With the emergence of highly sensitive analytical techniques, the microanalysis of natural-matrix materials employing smaller sample sizes is increasingly more common, which subsequently warrants a homogeneity assessment for the individual components at the appropriate sampling level. Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) in combination with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been used to determine the sampling constants and evaluate the relative homogeneity of trace levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for two previously certified particulate standard reference materials, SRM 1649a Urban Dust and SRM 1650b Diesel Particulate Matter, in the milligram sampling range. Fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene and benzo[e]pyrene within SRM 1650b Diesel Particulate Matter were deemed to be homogeneous, based on relatively small sampling constants (K (S)< 100 mg), whereas the larger sampling constants (K (S)> 100 mg) obtained for all PAHs in SRM 1649a Urban Dust suggest more material heterogeneity. The material heterogeneity of ten individual PAHs (phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[e]pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and benzo[ghi]perylene) was also described via nonlinear relationships (i.e., power law) between subsampling error S (s) (%) and sample mass, which are used to predict analyte-specific minimum sample masses that result in a specific level of analytical uncertainty. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lippa, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM katrice.lippa@nist.gov NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD APR PY 2007 VL 387 IS 7 BP 2389 EP 2399 DI 10.1007/s00216-006-0583-2 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 143TR UT WOS:000244748500009 PM 16896630 ER PT J AU Mackey, EA Cronise, MP Fales, CN Greenberg, RR Leigh, SD Long, SE Marlow, AF Murphy, KE Oflaz, R Sieber, JR Rearick, MS Wood, LJ Yu, LL Wilson, SA Briggs, PH Brown, ZA Budahn, J Kane, PF Hall, WL AF Mackey, E. A. Cronise, M. P. Fales, C. N. Greenberg, R. R. Leigh, S. D. Long, S. E. Marlow, A. F. Murphy, K. E. Oflaz, R. Sieber, J. R. Rearick, M. S. Wood, L. J. Yu, L. L. Wilson, S. A. Briggs, P. H. Brown, Z. A. Budahn, J. Kane, P. F. Hall, W. L., Jr. TI Development and certification of the new SRM 695 trace elements in multi-nutrient fertilizer SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials 9BERM 10) CY APR 30-MAY 04, 2006 CL Charleston, SC SP Natl Inst Stnad & Technol, High Pur Stand, NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIH, Off Dietary Supplements, Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv DE trace elements; activation analysis; fertilizers; standard reference material; nutrients AB During the past seven years, several states within the US have enacted regulations that limit the amounts of selected non-nutritive elements in fertilizers. Internationally, several countries, including Japan, China, and Australia, and the European Union also limit the amount of selected elements in fertilizers. The elements of interest include As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. Fertilizer manufacturers and state regulatory authorities, faced with meeting and verifying these limits, need to develop analytical methods for determination of the elements of concern and to validate results obtained using these methods. Until now, there were no certified reference materials available with certified mass fraction values for all elements of interest in a blended, multi-nutrient fertilizer matrix. A new standard reference material (SRM) 695 trace elements in multi-nutrient fertilizer, has been developed to help meet these needs. SRM 695 has recently been issued with certified mass fraction values for seventeen elements, reference values for an additional five elements, and information values for two elements. The certificate of analysis includes an addendum listing percentage recovery for eight of these elements, determined using an acid-extraction inductively-coupled plasma optical-emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method recently developed and tested by members of the Association of American Plant Food Control Officials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Purdue Univ, Off Indiana State Chemist, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Mosaic Co, Mulberry, FL 33860 USA. RP Mackey, EA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Mailstop 8395, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lmackey@nist.gov RI Yu, Lee/N-7263-2015 OI Yu, Lee/0000-0002-8043-6853 NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD APR PY 2007 VL 387 IS 7 BP 2401 EP 2409 DI 10.1007/s00216-007-1124-3 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 143TR UT WOS:000244748500010 PM 17265084 ER PT J AU Rhoderick, GC AF Rhoderick, George C. TI Development of a 100 nmol mol(-1) propane-in-air SRM for automobile-exhaust testing for new low-emission requirements SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials 9BERM 10) CY APR 30-MAY 04, 2006 CL Charleston, SC SP Natl Inst Stnad & Technol, High Pur Stand, NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIH, Off Dietary Supplements, Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv DE automobile-exhaust testing; propane standards; THC analyzers; AIGER; PZEV; ZLEV; SRMs AB New US federal low-level automobile emission requirements, for example zero-level-emission vehicle (ZLEV), for hydrocarbons and other species, have resulted in the need by manufacturers for new certified reference materials. The new emission requirement for hydrocarbons requires the use, by automobile manufacturing testing facilities, of a 100 nmol mol(-1) propane in air gas standard. Emission-measurement instruments are required, by federal law, to be calibrated with National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable reference materials. Because a NIST standard reference material (SRM) containing 100 nmol mol(-1) propane was not available, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Automobile Industry/Government Emissions Research Consortium (AIGER) requested that NIST develop such an SRM. A cylinder lot of 30 gas mixtures containing 100 nmol mol(-1) propane in air was prepared in 6-L aluminium gas cylinders by a specialty gas company and delivered to the Gas Metrology Group at NIST. Another mixture, contained in a 30-L aluminium cylinder and included in the lot, was used as a lot standard (LS). Using gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection all 30 samples were compared to the LS to obtain the average of six peak-area ratios to the LS for each sample with standard deviations of < 0.31%. The average sample-to-LS ratio determinations resulted in a range of 0.9828 to 0.9888, a spread of 0.0060, which corresponds to a relative standard deviation of 0.15% of the average for all 30 samples. NIST developed its first set of five propane in air primary gravimetric standards covering a concentration range 91 to 103 nmol mol(-1) with relative uncertainties of 0.15%. This new suite of propane gravimetric standards was used to analyze and assign a concentration value to the SRM LS. On the basis of these data each SRM sample was individually certified, furnishing the desired relative expanded uncertainty of +/- 0.5%. Because automobile companies use total hydrocarbons to make their measurements, it was also vital to assign a methane concentration to the SRM samples. Some of the SRM samples were analyzed and found to contain 1.2 nmol mol(-1) methane. Twenty-five of the samples were certified and released as SRM 2765. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rhoderick, GC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM george.rhoderick@nist.gov NR 8 TC 2 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD APR PY 2007 VL 387 IS 7 BP 2425 EP 2432 DI 10.1007/s00216-006-1028-7 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 143TR UT WOS:000244748500013 PM 17268777 ER PT J AU Miller, WR Guenther, FR AF Miller, Walter R. Guenther, Franklin R. TI The certification of a nominal 20 mu mol/mol H2S/N-2 standard reference material using two independent methods SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials 9BERM 10) CY APR 30-MAY 04, 2006 CL Charleston, SC SP Natl Inst Stnad & Technol, High Pur Stand, NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIH, Off Dietary Supplements, Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv DE electroanalytical methods; quality assurance; quality control; air; gases AB To support federal, state and local regulations on the amount of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) released into the atmosphere, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has certified standard reference material (SRM) 2731 Hydrogen Sulfide in Nitrogen (nominal amount-of-substance fraction 20 mu mol/mol H2S). Since it was first produced and certified in 1989, NIST has certified four separate lots of this SRM. In each case, the value assignment of the lot concentration was accomplished by comparison to a permeation tube-generated calibration curve. For the certification of the new lot, two independent methods were used to value-assign the concentration. In addition to the permeation tube method, a second method involving the dynamic dilution of a high-concentration gravimetrically prepared primary standard mixture containing H2S/N-2 was also used. Agreement between the two methods was 0.10% and the total uncertainty assigned to the lot concentration was 1.35% (relative). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gas Metrol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Miller, WR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gas Metrol Grp, 100 Bur Dr Stop, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM walter.miller@nist.gov NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD APR PY 2007 VL 387 IS 7 BP 2433 EP 2439 DI 10.1007/s00216-006-1056-3 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 143TR UT WOS:000244748500014 PM 17203258 ER PT J AU Murphy, KE Long, SE Vocke, RD AF Murphy, K. E. Long, S. E. Vocke, R. D. TI On the certification of cadmium at trace and ultratrace levels in standard reference materials using ID ICP-MS SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials 9BERM 10) CY APR 30-MAY 04, 2006 CL Charleston, SC SP Natl Inst Stnad & Technol, High Pur Stand, NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIH, Off Dietary Supplements, Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv DE cadmium; isotope dilution; ICP-MS; reference materials; dietary supplements; blood; serum; SRM; trace elements ID PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; FOOD-CHAIN; ELEMENTS; LEAD; CD AB Analytical methods used for the isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ID-ICP-MS) measurement of Cd at mu g kg(-1) and sub-mu g kg(-1) levels are described and applied to the certification of new dietary supplement, blood, and serum Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). The materials are: SRM 3240 Ephedra sinica Stapf Aerial Parts, SRM 3241 Ephedra sinica Stapf Native Extract, SRM 3243 Ephedra-Containing Solid Oral Dosage Form, SRM 3244 Ephedra-Containing Protein Powder, SRM 966 Toxic Metals in Bovine Blood, Level 1 (L1) and Level 2 (L2), and SRM 1598a Animal Serum. The concentration of Cd in the materials ranges from 120 mu g kg(-1) down to 0.03 mu g kg(-1). At these levels, the factors that most influence the accuracy of the ICP-MS data are the procedure blank and spectral and nonspectral interferences. Nonspectral interference, caused by the high concentration of dissolved solids in the matrices investigated, resulted in signal suppression. Matrix separation was used to enhance signal intensity and to reduce spectral interference for the accurate determination of Cd in SRM 1598a and SRM 3244. Chromatographic separation procedures using Chelex for SRM 1598a and anion exchange for SRM 3244 were optimized to achieve the desired separation characteristics without substantially increasing the procedure blank. Sensitivity for the determination of Cd in serum was additionally enhanced through the use of desolvation nebulization. We determined that separations were not required for the accurate ICP-MS determination of Cd in SRM 3240, SRM 3241, SRM 3243, and SRM 966 L2 under optimized analysis conditions. These samples were diluted to a minimum volume and introduced to the ICP-MS via low flow (40-100 mu L/min) microconcentric nebulizers. SRM 966 L1 was also analyzed directly, but results were highly variable. The ID-ICP-MS sample preparation and ratio measurement protocols described here resulted in total expanded uncertainties of less than 1% for the determination of 90.85 mu g kg(-1) Cd in SRM 3240, and less than 10% total expanded uncertainty for the determination of 0.0468 mu g kg(-1) Cd in SRM 1598a. C1 NIST, Dept Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Murphy, KE (reprint author), NIST, Dept Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8391, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM karen.murphy@nist.gov NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD APR PY 2007 VL 387 IS 7 BP 2453 EP 2461 DI 10.1007/s00216-006-0880-9 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 143TR UT WOS:000244748500017 PM 17082873 ER PT J AU Minniti, R Seltzer, SM AF Minniti, R. Seltzer, S. M. TI Calibration of a Cs-137 gamma-ray beam irradiator using large size chambers SO APPLIED RADIATION AND ISOTOPES LA English DT Article DE ionization chamber; Cs-137; gamma-ray; scattered radiation; secondary standard; calibration coefficient; air kerma ID IONIZATION CHAMBERS; AIR KERMA; STANDARDS; TERMS; CO-60 AB A (CS)-C-137 gamma-ray beam irradiator has been calibrated in terms of air kerma using large size chambers. The available air-kerma rates range between 1.8 mu Gy/h (0.2 mR/h) and 5.3 mGy/h (0.6 R/h). Large-volume chambers were used to characterize the source in terms of the radiation quantity air kerma (and exposure). Two types of chambers with significantly different characteristics and energy responses were used. This work shows that very good agreement can be obtained between the measurements performed with such different types of chambers. An agreement of 0.3% is observed between chambers even for the lowest air-kerma rates measured. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Minniti, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, 100 Bur Dr Bldg 245, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rminniti@nist.gov NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-8043 J9 APPL RADIAT ISOTOPES JI Appl. Radiat. Isot. PD APR PY 2007 VL 65 IS 4 BP 401 EP 406 DI 10.1016/j.apradiso.2006.10.008 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 144AW UT WOS:000244768500006 PM 17123822 ER PT J AU Funke, HH Raynor, MW Bertness, KA Chen, Y AF Funke, Hans H. Raynor, Mark W. Bertness, Kris A. Chen, Yu TI Detection of trace water vapor in high-purity phosphine using cavity ring-down spectroscopy SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE phosphine; cavity ring-down spectroscopy; on-line monitoring; water vapor; moisture; 1392.53 nm H2O transition; oxygen contamination; dry-down ID ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; OXYGEN-CONTENT; GASES; EPITAXY; MOISTURE; REGION; MOVPE AB The presence of trace water vapor in process gases such as phosphine, used for compound semiconductor epitaxial growth, can negatively affect the optical and electrical properties of the final device. Therefore, sensitive H2O measurement techniques are required to monitor precursor purity and detect unacceptable contamination levels. A commercial cavity ring-down spectrometer that monitors an H2O absorption line at a wavelength of 1392.53 nm was investigated for service in high purity PH3. Spectral parameters such as the line shape of water vapor in the presence of PH3 as well as background features due to PH3 were measured at different pressures and incorporated into the data analysis software for accurate moisture readings. Test concentrations generated with a diffusion vial-based H2O source and dilution manifold were used to verify instrument accuracy, sensitivity, linearity, and response time. H2O readings at 13.2 kPa corresponded well to added concentrations (slope = 0.990 +/- 0.01) and were linear in the tested range (0-52.7 nmol mol(-1)). The analyzer was sensitive to changes in H2O concentration of 1.3 nmol mol(-1) based on 3 sigma of the calibration curve intercept for a weighted linear fit. Local PH3 absorption features that could not be distinguished from the H2O line were present in the purified PH3 spectra and resulted in an additional systematic uncertainty of 9.0 nmol mol(-1). Equilibration to changing H2O levels at a flow rate of 80 std cm(3) min(-1) PH3 occurred in 10-30 minutes. The results indicate that cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) at 1392.53 nn may be useful for applications such as on-line monitoring (and dry-down) of phosphine gas delivery lines or the quality control of cylinder sources. C1 Matheson Tri Gas Inc, Ctr Adv Technol, Longmont, CO 80501 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Tiger Opt, Warrington, PA 18976 USA. RP Raynor, MW (reprint author), Matheson Tri Gas Inc, Ctr Adv Technol, 1861 Lefthand Circle, Longmont, CO 80501 USA. EM mraynor@matheson-trigas.com NR 27 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 10 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD APR PY 2007 VL 61 IS 4 BP 419 EP 423 DI 10.1366/000370207780466307 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 154VY UT WOS:000245537200010 PM 17456261 ER PT J AU Lytle, AM Saidi, KS AF Lytle, Alan M. Saidi, Kamel S. TI NIST research in autonomous construction SO AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS LA English DT Article DE construction automation; construction visualization; robotic crane; indoor positioning and tracking; 3D imaging; parallel kinematic machine AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology Construction Metrology and Automation Group is conducting ongoing research to provide standards, methodologies, and performance metrics that will assist the development of advanced systems to automate construction tasks. Initial research in this project, entitled "Performance of Innovative Technologies for Automated Construction," has focused on autonomous large-scale pick-and-place operations using the assembly of structural steel as a test operation. An Automated Construction Testbed (ACT) is under development to research advanced concepts in crane automation, site metrology, laser-based 3D imaging, construction object identification and tracking, sensor-based data exchange, site status visualization, and design data integration for autonomous system planning. This paper provides an overview of this research effort. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lytle, AM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alan.lytle@nist.gov; kamel.saidi@nist.gov NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-5593 J9 AUTON ROBOT JI Auton. Robot. PD APR PY 2007 VL 22 IS 3 BP 211 EP 221 DI 10.1007/s10514-006-9003-x PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA 142XK UT WOS:000244684400003 ER PT J AU Carlson, JK Osborne, J Schmidt, TW AF Carlson, John K. Osborne, Jason Schmidt, Thomas W. TI Monitoring the recovery of smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata, using standardized relative indices ofabundance SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE index of abundance; endangered species; elasmobranch; GLM ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; PELAGIC SHARK POPULATIONS; NORTHWEST ATLANTIC; FISHERY; CATCH; DECLINE; RATES; COLLAPSE; MODELS AB The US population of smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata, is currently listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act. An important component of monitoring the recovery of this species is establishing long-term baseline trends in abundance. In the absence of scientific survey data, assessing and monitoring the status of some marine species has required the utilization of fishery-dependent data. Using voluntary dockside interviews of sport fishers collected in Everglades National Park, a standardized index of abundance was created for smalltooth sawfish using the delta method. The index was developed as the product of separate generalized linear models of the proportion of positive trips and the positive catch rates on successful trips. Development of the final model included testing factors that were expected to influence the catch of smalltooth sawfish. The final model assumed a binomial distribution for the proportion of positive trips and a lognormal distribution for positive catch rates. Year was significant as a main effect in the binomial model whereas year and skill level of the fishing party were significant in the lognormal model. The relative abundance index shows a small increase in abundance at an average rate of about 5% per year since 1989. These results indicate that the population of smalltooth sawfish in Everglades National Park has at least stabilized and may be increasing. However, additional data and analyses from multiple sources are required before definitive conclusions on the recovery of smalltooth sawfish can be established. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. S Florida Nat Resource Ctr, Natl Pk Serv, Homestead, FL 33034 USA. S Florida Ecosyst Off, Natl Pk Serv, Homestead, FL 33034 USA. RP Carlson, JK (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 3500 Delwood Beach Rd, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. EM john.carlson@noaa.gov; Jason_Osborne@nps.gov; Tom_Schmidt@nps.gov NR 32 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD APR PY 2007 VL 136 IS 2 BP 195 EP 202 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.11.013 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 172UL UT WOS:000246829800004 ER PT J AU Serrell, DB Oreskovic, TL Slifka, AJ Mahajan, RL Finch, DS AF Serrell, David B. Oreskovic, Tammy L. Slifka, Andrew J. Mahajan, Roop L. Finch, Dudley S. TI A uniaxial bioMEMS device for quantitative force-displacement measurements SO BIOMEDICAL MICRODEVICES LA English DT Article DE cell mechanics; bioMEMS; fibroblast; microfabrication; de-adhesion ID CELL-SURFACE; LIVING CELLS; MECHANICS; VISCOELASTICITY; CYTOSKELETON; FIBRONECTIN; VISCOSITY; STRAIN; MUSCLE AB There is a need for experimental techniques that allow the simultaneous imaging of cellular cystoskeletal components with quantitative force measurements on single cells. A bioMEMS device has been developed for the application of strain to a single cell while simultaneously quantifying its force response. The prototype device presented here allows the mechanical study of a single, adherent cell in vitro. The device works in a fashion similar to a displacement-controlled uniaxial tensile machine. The device is calibrated using an AFM cantilever and shows excellent agreement with the calculated spring constant. The device is demonstrated on a single fibroblast. The force response of the cell is seen to be linear until the onset of de-adhesion with the de-adhesion from the cell platform occurring at a force of approximately 1500 nN. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Virginia Technol, Blacksburg, VA USA. RP Serrell, DB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM serrell@colorado.edu NR 39 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-2176 J9 BIOMED MICRODEVICES JI Biomed. Microdevices PD APR PY 2007 VL 9 IS 2 BP 267 EP 275 DI 10.1007/s10544-006-9032-4 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 153JE UT WOS:000245427900019 PM 17187300 ER PT J AU Roy, MD AF Roy, Marc D. TI Approach for assessing total cellular DNA damage SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID COMET ASSAY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; REPAIR GENES; 8-OXOGUANINE; MUTAGENICITY; BIOMARKER; CLEAVAGE; NUCLEAR AB The capability to relate phenotypic effects to damage associated with either the mitochondrial or nuclear genome is especially useful under a number of circumstances. Potential hazardous exposures can be evaluated for genotoxicity and related to diseases, particularly cancer. The correlation of DNA damage with adverse health effects is also important in evaluating the safety of various chemical agents and prospective therapeutics. Many techniques exist that afford the ability to identify and measure cellular DNA damage upon exposure to a suspected genotoxic agent; however, quite often these techniques are limited either by the advanced instrumentation and skill needed to perform the analyses or the amount of time needed and limited information obtained regarding the types of DNA damage generated. Recent advances in cellular-based methods have resulted in the timely and straightforward collection of reliable and specific data regarding levels of damage and the identity of the damage products. Antibodies developed for DNA damage lesions allow for the direct measurement of those lesions within a population of exposed cells, while the automation of the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay and the use of scoring software have led to rapid and standardized data collection. This essay describes the usefulness of these approaches, while providing a brief experimental overview of the techniques. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Biomat Grp, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Roy, MD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Biomat Grp, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 38 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI NEW YORK PA 52 VANDERBILT AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD APR PY 2007 VL 42 IS 4 BP 425 EP + DI 10.2144/000112441 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 203BD UT WOS:000248949200018 PM 17489227 ER PT J AU Chesnick, IE Avallone, FA Leapman, RD Landis, WJ Eidelman, N Potter, K AF Chesnick, Ingrid E. Avallone, Francis A. Leapman, Richard D. Landis, William J. Eidelman, Naomi Potter, Kimberlee TI Evaluation of bioreactor-cultivated bone by magnetic resonance microscopy and FTIR micro spectroscopy SO BONE LA English DT Article DE bone; bioreactor; collagen; mineral; magnetic resonance microscopy; FTIR microspectroscopy ID MICROSPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS; ARTICULAR-CARTILAGE; CELL-CULTURES; IR MICROSCOPY; TISSUE; MINERALIZATION; CALCIFICATION; CALCIUM; WATER; FLOW AB We present a three-dimensional mineralizing model based on a hollow fiber bioreactor (HFBR) inoculated with primary osteoblasts isolated from embryonic chick calvaria. Using non-invasive magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM), the growth and development of the mineralized tissue around the individual fibers were monitored over a period of 9 weeks. Spatial maps of the water proton MRM properties of the intact tissue, with 78 mu m resolution, were used to determine changes in tissue composition with development. Unique changes in the mineral and collagen content of the tissue were detected with high specificity by proton density (PD) and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) maps, respectively. At the end of the growth period, the presence of a bone-like tissue was verified by histology and the formation of poorly crystalline apatite was verified by selected area electron diffraction and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. FTIR microspectroscopy confirmed the heterogeneous nature of the bone-like tissue formed. FTIR-derived phosphate maps confirmed that those locations with the lowest PD values contained the most mineral, and FTIR-derived collagen maps confirmed that bright pixels on NITR maps corresponded to regions of high collagen content. In conclusion, the spatial mapping of tissue constituents by FTIR micro spectroscopy corroborated the findings of non-invasive MRM measurements and supported the role of MRM in monitoring the bone formation process in vitro. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Magnet Resonance Microscopy Facil, Dept Biophys, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Genitourinary Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. Natl Inst Biomed Imaging & Bioengn, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. Northeastern Ohio Univ Coll Med & Pharm, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Biochem, Rootstown, OH 44272 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Potter, K (reprint author), Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Magnet Resonance Microscopy Facil, Dept Biophys, 1413 Res Blvd, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM potterk@afip.osd.mil FU Intramural NIH HHS; NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR051446-02, R01 AR041452, R01 AR041452-09, AR51446, R01 AR051446, AR41452]; NIH HHS [Z01 OD010327-08] NR 57 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 8756-3282 J9 BONE JI Bone PD APR PY 2007 VL 40 IS 4 BP 904 EP 912 DI 10.1016/j.bone.2006.10.020 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 153GI UT WOS:000245419800013 PM 17174620 ER PT J AU Bengtsson, L Arkin, P Berrisford, P Bougeault, P Folland, CK Gordon, C Haines, K Hodges, KI Jones, P Kallberg, P Rayner, N Simmons, AJ Stammer, D Thorne, PW Uppala, S Vose, RS AF Bengtsson, Lennart Arkin, Phil Berrisford, Paul Bougeault, Philippe Folland, Chris K. Gordon, Chris Haines, Keith Hodges, Kevin I. Jones, Phil Kallberg, Per Rayner, Nick Simmons, Adrian J. Stammer, Detlef Thorne, Peter W. Uppala, Sakari Vose, Russell S. TI The need for a dynamical climate reanalysis SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Climate Workshop 2003 CY 2003 CL Boulder, CO ID DATA ASSIMILATION; AIR-TEMPERATURE; STORM TRACKS; TRENDS; UNCERTAINTIES; SYSTEM; ERA-40; WAVES C1 Univ Reading, Environm Syst Sci Ctr, Reading RG6 6AL, Berks, England. Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Reading, Ctr Global Atmospher Modelling, Reading RG6 6AL, Berks, England. European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. Hadley Ctr, Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. Univ E Anglia, Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ Hamburg, Zentrum Meeres & Klimaforsch, Inst Meereskunde, Hamburg, Germany. Natl Climate Data Ctr, Climate Anal Branch, Asheville, SC USA. RP Bengtsson, L (reprint author), Univ Reading, Environm Syst Sci Ctr, Harry Pitt Bldg,POB 238, Reading RG6 6AL, Berks, England. EM bengtsson@dkrz.de RI Arkin, Phillip/F-5808-2010; Jones, Philip/C-8718-2009; Folland, Chris/I-2524-2013; Thorne, Peter/F-2225-2014; OI Jones, Philip/0000-0001-5032-5493; Thorne, Peter/0000-0003-0485-9798; Haines, Keith/0000-0003-2768-2374 NR 25 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2007 VL 88 IS 4 BP 495 EP 501 DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-4-495 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 163BP UT WOS:000246133800012 ER PT J AU Welles, E Sorooshian, S Carter, G Olsen, B AF Welles, Edwin Sorooshian, Soroosh Carter, Gary Olsen, Billy TI Hydrologic verification - A call for action and collaboration SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL-WEATHER-SERVICE; DISTRIBUTIONS-ORIENTED VERIFICATION; ENSEMBLE STREAMFLOW PREDICTIONS; FLOOD PROGRAM; RADAR RAINFALL; RIVER; FORECASTS AB Traditionally, little attention has been focused on the systematic verification of operational hydrologic forecasts. This paper summarizes the results of forecast verification from 15 river basins in the United States. The verification scores for these forecast locations do not show improvement over the periods of record despite a number of forecast process improvements. In considering a root cause for these results, the authors note that the current paradigm for designing hydrologic forecast process improvements is driven by expert opinion and not by objective verification measures. The authors suggest that this paradigm should be modified and objective verification metrics should become the primary driver for hydrologic forecast process improvements. C1 NOAA, Syst Engn Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Irvine, CA USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Arkansas Red Basin River Forecast Ctr, Natl Weather Serv, Tulsa, OK USA. RP Welles, E (reprint author), NOAA, Syst Engn Ctr, 1325 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM edwin.welles@noaa.gov RI sorooshian, soroosh/B-3753-2008 OI sorooshian, soroosh/0000-0001-7774-5113 NR 30 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2007 VL 88 IS 4 BP 503 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-4-503 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 163BP UT WOS:000246133800013 ER PT J AU Powell, MD Reinhold, TA AF Powell, Mark D. Reinhold, Timothy A. TI Tropical cyclone destructive potential by integrated kinetic energy SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HURRICANE-ANDREW; INTENSITY; FLORIDA; WINDS AB Tropical cyclone damage potential, as currently defined by the Saffir-Simpson scale and the maximum sustained surface wind speed in the storm, fails to consider the area impact of winds likely to force surge and waves or cause particular levels of damage. Integrated kinetic energy represents a framework that captures the physical process of ocean surface stress forcing waves and surge while also taking into account structural wind loading and the spatial coverage of the wind. Integrated kinetic energy was computed from gridded, objectively analyzed surface wind fields of 23 hurricanes representing large and small storms. A wind destructive potential rating was constructed by weighting wind speed threshold contributions to the integrated kinetic energy, based on observed damage in Hurricanes Andrew, Hugo, and Opal. A combined storm surge and wave destructive potential rating was assigned according to the integrated kinetic energy contributed by winds greater than tropical storm force. The ratings are based on the familiar 1-5 range, with continuous fits to allow for storms as weak as 0.1 or as strong as 5.99. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Labs, Huricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Inst Business & Home Safety, Tampa, FL USA. RP Powell, MD (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Labs, Huricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM Mark.Powell@noaa.gov RI Powell, Mark/I-4963-2013 OI Powell, Mark/0000-0002-4890-8945 NR 32 TC 89 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2007 VL 88 IS 4 BP 513 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-4-513 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 163BP UT WOS:000246133800014 ER PT J AU Kent, E Woodruff, S Rayner, N Arbetter, T Folland, C Koek, F Parker, D Reynolds, R Saunders, R Smolyanitsky, V Worley, S Yoshida, T AF Kent, Elizabeth Woodruff, Scott Rayner, Nick Arbetter, Todd Folland, Chris Koek, Frits Parker, David Reynolds, Richard Saunders, Roger Smolyanitsky, Vasily Worley, Steven Yoshida, Takashi TI Advances in the use of historical marine climate data SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material ID ICOADS C1 Univ Southampton, Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Hadley Ctr, Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. Arctic & Antarctic Res Inst, St Petersburg 199226, Russia. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Japan Meteorol Agcy, Tokyo, Japan. RP Kent, E (reprint author), Univ Southampton, Natl Oceanog Ctr, Waterfront Campus,European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England. EM eck@noc.soton.ac.uk RI Folland, Chris/I-2524-2013; Kent, Elizabeth/C-1281-2011; Smolyanitsky, Vasily/K-2464-2015 OI Kent, Elizabeth/0000-0002-6209-4247; Smolyanitsky, Vasily/0000-0002-8087-0393 NR 10 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2007 VL 88 IS 4 BP 559 EP 564 DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-4-559 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 163BP UT WOS:000246133800018 ER PT J AU Searcy, SP Eggleston, DB Hare, JA AF Searcy, Steven P. Eggleston, David B. Hare, Jonathan A. TI Is growth a reliable indicator of habitat quality and essential fish habitat for a juvenile estuarine fish? SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATE REEF FISH; NORTH-CAROLINA ESTUARY; COD GADUS-MORHUA; COMPENSATORY GROWTH; SELECTIVE PREDATION; STEGASTES-PARTITUS; MARINE FISHES; LIFE-HISTORY; SURVIVAL; RECRUITMENT AB A common assumption throughout the marine ecological and fisheries literature is that growth is a valid indicator of habitat quality and can be used as a criterion for designation of essential fish habitat (EFH). In this study, the validity of growth as an index of habitat quality was tested by examining how variability in otolith growth was related to abiotic and biotic environmental conditions and could be biased by previous growth history, density dependence, and selective mortality. The study was conducted with juvenile Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) collected in two North Carolina, USA, estuaries during two seasons of two recruitment years. Water temperature, a component of habitat quality, explained nearly 40% of the variability in juvenile otolith growth. There was also evidence that estimates of growth could be biased by density dependence (slower growth at higher conspecific abundance) and by selective mortality (higher mortality of individuals with relatively slower larval and juvenile otolith growth). Studies using growth-based assessment of habitat quality that fail to identify factors underlying growth rate differences among habitats may reach incorrect decisions regarding quality of different habitats and assignment of EFH. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NOAA NOS NCCOS, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Searcy, SP (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts Dartmouth, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, 838 S Rodney French Blvd, New Bedford, MA 02744 USA. EM ssearcy@umassd.edu NR 47 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 16 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2007 VL 64 IS 4 BP 681 EP 691 DI 10.1139/F07-038 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 183WD UT WOS:000247602200009 ER PT J AU Ciannelli, L Bailey, KM Chan, KS Stenseth, NC AF Ciannelli, Lorenzo Bailey, Kevin M. Chan, Kung-Sik Stenseth, Nils Chr. TI Phenological and geographical patterns of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) spawning in the western Gulf of Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA L.; MARINE FISH; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; NORTH PACIFIC; TRANSPORT; ABUNDANCE; FISHERIES; SHIFTS; OCEAN AB Over 20 years of egg sampling data were used to reconstruct the geographical and phenological patterns of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) spawning aggregations in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA). The analyzed time series (1972, 1978-1979, 1981-2000) included a documented event of climate change (i.e., 1988-1989) and the rise and fall of the GOA pollock population abundance and harvests. We compared results from two generalized additive model (GAM) formulations: one assuming no change of egg distribution and phenology over the examined time series (stationary) and the other admitting such changes (nonstationary) across an epoch determined from the data. Results from both model formulations corroborate the existence of a high egg concentration in Shelikof Strait, historically the primary spawning area of Pollock in the GOA. However, model results also highlight the presence of other secondary, and possibly transitory, centers of egg distribution at various locations along the shelf and slope regions of the GOA. In addition, results from the nonstationary (and statistically superior) formulation indicate that the abundance of the non-Shelikof aggregations has increased over time, along with a tendency for earlier occurrence and displacement toward shallower areas of the high egg density regions. C1 Univ Oslo, CEES, Dept Biol, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Stat & Actuarial Sci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Ciannelli, L (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM lciannelli@coas.oregonstate.edu RI Stenseth, Nils Chr./G-5212-2016 OI Stenseth, Nils Chr./0000-0002-1591-5399 NR 35 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 12 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2007 VL 64 IS 4 BP 713 EP 722 DI 10.1139/F07-049 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 183WD UT WOS:000247602200012 ER PT J AU Pirollo, KF Rait, A Zhou, Q Hwang, SH Dagata, JA Zon, G Hogrefe, RI Palchik, G Chang, EH AF Pirollo, Kathleen F. Rait, Antonina Zhou, Qi Hwang, Sung Hee Dagata, John A. Zon, Gerald Hogrefe, Richard I. Palchik, Guillermo Chang, Esther H. TI Materializing the potential of small interfering RNA via a tumor-targeting nanodelivery system SO CANCER RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID IN-VIVO; ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC-AGENTS; BREAST-CANCER; DELIVERY; SIRNA; GENE; THERAPY; RECEPTOR; TRANSFECTION AB The field of small interfering RNA (siRNA) as potent sequence-selective inhibitors of transcription is rapidly developing. However, until now, low transfection efficiency, poor tissue penetration, and nonspecific immune stimulation by in vivo administered siRNAs have delayed their therapeutic application. Their potential as anticancer therapeutics hinges on the availability of a vehicle that can be systemically administered, safely and repeatedly, and will deliver the siRNA specifically and efficiently to the tumor, both primary tumors and metastases. We have developed a nanosized immunoliposome-based delivery complex (scL) that, when systemically administered, will preferentially target and deliver molecules useful in gene medicine, including plasmid DNA and antisense oligonucleotides, to tumor cells wherever they occur in the body. This tumor-targeting nanoparticle delivery vehicle can also deliver siRNA to both primary and metastatic disease. We have also enhanced the efficiency of this complex by the inclusion of a pH-sensitive histidine-lysine peptide in the complex (scL-HoKC) and by delivery of a modified hybrid (DNA-RNA) anti-HER-2 siRNA molecule. Scanning probe microscopy confirms that this modified complex maintains its nanoscale size. More importantly, we show that this nanoinummoliposome anti-HER-2 siRNA complex can sensitize human tumor cells to chemotherapeutics, silence the target gene and affect its downstream pathway components in vivo, and significantly inhibit tumor growth in a pancreatic cancer model. Thus, this complex has the potential to help translate the potent effects of siRNA into a clinically viable anticancer therapeutic. C1 Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Oncol, Vincent T Lombardi Canc Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20057 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. TriLink Biotechnol, San Diego, CA USA. RP Chang, EH (reprint author), Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Oncol, Vincent T Lombardi Canc Res Ctr, TRB E420,3970 Reservoir Rd,NW, Washington, DC 20057 USA. EM change@georgetown.edu OI Palchik, Guillermo/0000-0003-2161-3976 FU NCI NIH HHS [2P30-CA-51008, CA103579-01]; NCRR NIH HHS [C06RR14567, S10 RR 15768-01] NR 27 TC 134 Z9 141 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI PHILADELPHIA PA 615 CHESTNUT ST, 17TH FLOOR, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-4404 USA SN 0008-5472 J9 CANCER RES JI Cancer Res. PD APR 1 PY 2007 VL 67 IS 7 BP 2938 EP 2943 DI 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-4535 PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 156BM UT WOS:000245622900008 PM 17409398 ER PT J AU Gelfer, MY Burger, C Nawani, P Hsiao, BS Chu, B Si, M Rafailovich, M Panek, G Jeschke, G Fadeev, AY Gilman, JW AF Gelfer, Mikhail Y. Burger, Christian Nawani, Pranav Hsiao, Benjamin S. Chu, Benjamin Si, Mayu Rafailovich, Miriam Panek, Grazyna Jeschke, Gunnar Fadeev, Alexander Y. Gilman, Jeffrey W. TI Lamellar nanostructure in Somasif-based organoclays SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE degradation; organoclays; 'Somasif; surfactant; thermal transition; SAXS ID LAYERED SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; HETEROSTRUCTURES; MONOLAYERS; COMPLEXES; POLYMERS; DYNAMICS AB Thermally induced lamellar structure changes due to phase transition and degradation in organoclays based on a synthetic 'Somasif' mineral and two organic surfactants, di-methyl dihydro-ditallow ammonia chloride (DMDTA) and tri-butyl-hexadecyl phosphonium bromide (HTBP) were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, in situ simultaneous small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) over the temperature range 30-280 degrees C. Results indicated that the surfactant layer in 'Somasif-based organoclays underwent thermally induced melting-like order-disorder transition followed by desorption of surfactant molecules, resulting in drastic changes in the character of the layer periodicity. The transition temperature (T-tr), determined from the endothermic transition in DSC, was found to depend strongly on the type and the content of surfactant incorporated. Temperature-resolved SAXS indicated complex intercalated layered structures, containing multiple lamellar stack populations of two different organic layer thicknesses. A weak scattering peak (s(0)), located at exactly the half angular position of the strong first scattering maximum s(1) (s(0) = 0.5s(1)), was found in all tested 'Somasif clays. The presence of this peak can be attributed to a slight breaking of the translational symmetry in the layered structure, causing the 1 D repeat period in real space to be doubled. In other words, some portions of layers are grouped into pairs and a single pair forms the new repeat unit. This arrangement is reminiscent of the Peierls-like distortion. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Max Planck Inst Polymer Res, D-55021 Mainz, Germany. Seton Hall Univ, Dept Chem, S Orange, NJ 07009 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hsiao, BS (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM bbsiao@notes.cc.sunysb.edu NR 36 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 15 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI AURORA PA PO BOX 460130, AURORA, CO 80046-0130 USA SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD APR PY 2007 VL 55 IS 2 BP 140 EP 150 DI 10.1346/CCMN.2007.0550203 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA 171PW UT WOS:000246748900003 ER PT J AU Linteris, GT Takahashi, F Katta, VR AF Linteris, Gregory T. Takahashi, Fumiaki Katta, Viswanath R. TI Cup-burner flame extinguishment by CF3Br and Br-2 SO COMBUSTION AND FLAME LA English DT Article DE fire suppression; cup burner; Halon replacement; flame extinction; CF3Br ID JET DIFFUSION FLAMES; REACTION KERNEL STRUCTURE; METHANE FLAMES; CHEMICAL INHIBITION; NONPREMIXED FLAMES; FIRE SUPPRESSANTS; METHYL BROMIDE; AIR FLAMES; HYDROGEN; MICROGRAVITY AB Experiments and calculations have been performed for a methane-air coflow diffusion flame, in the cup-burner configuration, with CF3Br or Br-2 added to the air stream. The time-dependent, two-dimensional numerical code, which includes a detailed kinetic model and diffusive transport, has predicted the flame extinction within 4 or 8% for each. Analysis of the flame structure has allowed the mechanisms of flame weakening in the base and trailing flame regions to be compared. The agents CF3Br and Br2 behave very similarly with regard to flame extinguishment: both raise the temperature in the flame everywhere, as well as lower radical volume fractions in the trailing diffusion flame and at the peak reactivity spot (the "reaction kernel") at the flame base where the flame is stabilized. The mechanism of lowered radical volume fractions is shown primarily to be due to a catalytic cycle involving bromine species in both regions of the flame, with small contributions from radical trapping by fluorinated species in the trailing diffusion flame. In the reaction kernel, the radical volume fractions are reduced more, and the catalytic radical recombination cycles are shown to be more effective as compared to in the trailing diffusion flame. At the latter location, the effectiveness of the agents is reduced because the hydrocarbon species, which are necessary for the regeneration of HBr, are scarce at the location of the peak radical volume fraction (i.e., at the flame zone), a limitation which does not exist in the reaction kernel, where there is good upstream mixing of the fuel and oxidizer because the base is lifted. That is, the premixed character of the reaction kernel actually allows the HBr in the catalytic cycle to be more effective there because of the effective overlap between the Br and the hydrocarbon species, which allows efficient regeneration of HBr. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Combustion Institute. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Ctr Space Explorat Res Fluids & Combust, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Innovat Sci Solut Inc, Dayton, OH 45440 USA. RP Linteris, GT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM linteris@nist.gov NR 68 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0010-2180 J9 COMBUST FLAME JI Combust. Flame PD APR PY 2007 VL 149 IS 1-2 BP 91 EP 103 DI 10.1016/j.combustflame.2006.12.013 PG 13 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 156OV UT WOS:000245659700008 ER PT J AU Deiner, K Garza, JC Coey, R Girman, DJ AF Deiner, Kristy Garza, John Carlos Coey, Robert Girman, Derek J. TI Population structure and genetic diversity of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) above and below natural and man-made barriers in the Russian River, California SO CONSERVATION GENETICS LA English DT Article DE trout; microsatellite; landscape features; genetic differentiation; life history types ID SALMON SALMO-SALAR; ATLANTIC SALMON; MICROSATELLITE DNA; COHO SALMON; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; MULTILOCUS GENOTYPES; BROOK CHARR; WILD; VARIABILITY; FLOW AB The effects of landscape features on gene flow in threatened and endangered species play an important role in influencing the genetic structure of populations. We examined genetic variation of trout in the species Oncorhynchus mykiss at 22 microsatellite loci from 20 sites in the Russian River basin in central California. We assessed relative patterns of genetic structure and variation in fish from above and below both natural (waterfalls) and man-made (dams) barriers. Additionally, we compared sites sampled in the Russian River with sites from 16 other coastal watersheds in California. Genetic variation among the 20 sites sampled within the Russian River was significantly partitioned into six groups above natural barriers and one group consisting of all below barrier and above dam sites. Although the below-barrier sites showed moderate gene flow, we found some support for sub-population differentiation of individual tributaries in the watershed. Genetic variation at all below-barrier sites was high compared to above-barrier sites. Fish above dams were similar to those from below-barrier sites and had similar levels of genetic diversity, indicating they have not been isolated very long from below-barrier populations. Population samples from above natural barriers were highly divergent, with large F (st) values, and had significantly lower genetic diversity, indicating relatively small population sizes. The origins of populations above natural barriers could not be ascertained by comparing microsatellite diversity to other California rivers. Finally, below-barrier sites farther inland were more genetically differentiated from other watersheds than below-barrier sites nearer the river's mouth. C1 Sonoma State Univ, Dept Biol, Rohnert Pk, CA 94928 USA. NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. California Dept Fish & Game, Yountville, CA 94599 USA. RP Girman, DJ (reprint author), Sonoma State Univ, Dept Biol, 1801 E Cotati Ave,Rohnert Pk, Rohnert Pk, CA 94928 USA. EM girman@sonoma.edu NR 68 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 25 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-0621 J9 CONSERV GENET JI Conserv. Genet. PD APR PY 2007 VL 8 IS 2 BP 437 EP 454 DI 10.1007/s10592-006-9183-0 PG 18 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Genetics & Heredity SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Genetics & Heredity GA 142XU UT WOS:000244685400015 ER PT J AU Rooper, CN Zimmermann, M AF Rooper, Christopher N. Zimmermann, Mark TI A bottom-up methodology for integrating underwater video and acoustic mapping for seafloor substrate classification SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE seafloor mappings; classification tree; sidescan sonar; multibeam sonar; underwater video; fish habitat; habitat characterization ID SIDESCAN SONAR; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; ALEUTIAN ISLANDS; BENTHIC HABITAT; ALASKA; BATHYMETRY; GEOLOGY; EASTERN AB A method that links acoustic mapping data to underwater video observations of seafloor substrate is described for use in defining fish habitat. Three study areas in the Aleutian Islands were acoustically mapped using sidescan and multibeam sonar. The sidescan sonar data were used to compute average reflectivity (hardness) and seafloor complexity. The multibeam depth data were used to determine local slope, rugosity (seafloor roughness) and relative height. Underwater video was collected front three to four transects in each of the three study areas. The underwater video was used to classify the seafloor into nine observed primary and secondary substrate classes. A statistical relationship between the observed (video) and the remotely sensed (acoustic) seafloor characteristics was estimated using a classification tree. The best classification tree utilized rugosity, reflectivity and complexity data and produced misclassification rates of less than 25% overall. Mean grain size of sediment samples was not strongly related to the acoustic data. Error rates were highest for those substrate classes with the smallest number of data points. The results highlight the need for adequate sample sizes and coverage of all potential substrate types when groundtruthing acoustic maps. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Rooper, CN (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM chris.rooper@noaa.gov; mark.zimmermann@noaa.gov NR 27 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD APR 1 PY 2007 VL 27 IS 7 BP 947 EP 957 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2006.12.006 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 162AH UT WOS:000246058100005 ER PT J AU Ladd, C Mordy, CW Kachel, NB Stabeno, PJ AF Ladd, Carol Mordy, Calvin W. Kachel, Nancy B. Stabeno, Phyllis J. TI Northern Gulf of Alaska eddies and associated anomalies SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article DE oceanic eddies; USA; Alaska; Gulf of Alaska; satellite altimetry; shelf-slope exchange ID COPEPOD FECAL PELLETS; COASTAL ORIGIN; PACIFIC-OCEAN; ZOOPLANKTON DISTRIBUTION; NORTHWESTERN GULF; BIOGENIC SILICA; EASTERN GULF; EDDY; VARIABILITY; SATELLITE AB In recent years, large anticyclonic eddies have been observed quasi-annually in the region seaward of Kodiak Island, Alaska. In situ sampling in 3 of these eddies was undertaken in 2002, 2003, and 2004. Satellite altimetry data showed that these 3 eddies had 3 different formation regions but their translation pathways were similar near Kodiak Island. Eddies in this region can persist for several years, moving southwestward along the Alaskan Peninsula to the Aleutian Archipelago. Water properties in the cores of the 2003 and 2004 eddies were significantly different from each other, probably because the 2003 eddy formed on the shelf near Yakutat while the 2004 eddy formed farther out in the basin in the northern Gulf of Alaska. Calculation of heat, salinity, and nutrient anomalies associated with the eddies showed that, in their subsurface core waters, the eddies carry excess heat, salt, nitrate and silicic acid seaward from the eddy formation regions. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Ladd, C (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM carol.ladd@noaa.gov RI Ladd, Carol/M-6159-2014 OI Ladd, Carol/0000-0003-1065-430X NR 43 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD APR PY 2007 VL 54 IS 4 BP 487 EP 509 DI 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.01.006 PG 23 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 166ML UT WOS:000246382900003 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Carey, LE Simon, CG Takagi, S Chow, LC AF Xu, Hockin H. K. Carey, Lisa E. Simon, Carl G., Jr. Takagi, Shozo Chow, Laurence C. TI Premixed calcium phosphate cements: Synthesis, physical properties, and cell cytotoxicity SO DENTAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE premixed calcium phosphate cement; hydroxyapatite; osteoblast cytotoxicity; dental restorations; craniofacial repair ID HYDROXYAPATITE CEMENT; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; BONE REPAIR; COMPOSITES; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; CHITOSAN; SCAFFOLD; GRAFT; ACID AB Objectives. Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is a promising material for dental, periodontal, and craniofacial repairs. However, its use requires on-site powder-liquid mixing that increases the surgical placement time and raises concerns of insufficient and inhomogeneous mixing. The objective of this study was to determine a formulation of premixed CPC (PCPC) with rapid setting, high strength, and good in vitro cell viability. Methods. PCPCs were formulated from CPC powder + non-aqueous liquid + gelling agent + hardening accelerator. Five PCPCs were thus developed: PCPC-Tartaric, PCPC-Malonic, PCPC-Citric, PCPC-Glycolic, and PCPC-Malic. Formulations and controls were compared for setting time, diametral tensile strength, and osteoblast cell compatibility Results. Setting time (mean +/- S.D.; n = 4) for PCPC-Tartaric was 8.2 +/- 0.8 min, significantly less than the 61.7 +/- 1.5 min for the Premixed Control developed previously (p < 0.001). On 7th day immersion, the diametral tensile strength of PCPC-Tartaric reached 6.5 +/- 0.8 MPa, higher than 4.5 +/- 0.8 MPa of Premixed Control (p = 0.036). Osteoblast cells displayed a polygonal morphology and attached to the nano-hydroxyapatite crystals in the PCPCs. All cements had similar live cell density values (p = 0.126), indicating that the new PCPCs were as cell compatible as a non-premixed CPC control known to be biocompatible. Each of the new PCPCs had a cell viability that was not significantly different (p > 0.1) from that of the non-premixed CPC control. Significance. PCPCs will eliminate the powder-liquid mixing during surgery and may also improve the cement performance. The new PCPCs supported cell attachment and yielded a high cell density and viability Their mechanical strengths approached the reported strengths of sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants and cancellous bone. These nano-crystalline hydroxyapatite cements may be useful in dental, periodontal, and craniofacial repairs. (C) 2006 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hockin.xu@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE11789, DE14190, R01 DE011789, R01 DE014190, R01 DE014190-06, R29 DE012476, R29 DE012476-05, Y1- DE-1021] NR 39 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0109-5641 J9 DENT MATER JI Dent. Mater. PD APR PY 2007 VL 23 IS 4 BP 433 EP 441 DI 10.1016/j.dental.2006.02.014 PG 9 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 149KF UT WOS:000245145100007 PM 16678895 ER PT J AU Friedlander, AM Brown, EK Monaco, ME AF Friedlander, Alan M. Brown, Eric K. Monaco, Mark E. TI Coupling ecology and GIS to evaluate efficacy of marine protected areas in Hawaii SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE biogeography; essential fish habitat; GIS; Hawaii; M P A efficacy; spatial ecology ID CORAL-REEF FISHES; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; FOOD WEBS; RESERVES; MANAGEMENT; POPULATIONS; CONSERVATION; ECOSYSTEM; SIZE; SUSTAINABILITY AB In order to properly determine the efficacy of marine protected areas ( MPAs), a seascape perspective that integrates ecosystem elements at the appropriate ecological scale is necessary. Over the past four decades, Hawaii has developed a system of 11 Marine Life Conservation Districts ( MLCDs) to conserve and replenish marine resources around the state. Initially established to provide opportunities for public interaction with the marine environment, these MLCDs vary in size, habitat quality, and management regimes, providing an excellent opportunity to test hypotheses concerning MPA design and function using multiple discrete sampling units. Digital benthic habitat maps for all MLCDs and adjacent habitats were used to evaluate the effficacy of existing MLCDs using a spatially explicit stratified random sampling design. Analysis of benthic cover validated the a priori classification of habitat types and provided justification for using these habitat strata to conduct stratified random sampling and analyses of fish habitat utilization patterns. Results showed that a number of. sh assemblage characteristics (e.g., species richness, biomass, diversity) vary among habitat types, but were significantly higher in MLCDs compared with adjacent. shed areas across all habitat types. Overall. sh biomass was 2.6 times greater in the MLCDs compared to open areas. In addition, apex predators and other species were more abundant and larger in the MLCDs, illustrating the effectiveness of these closures in conserving fish populations within their boundaries. Habitat type, protected area size, and level of protection from. shing were all important determinates of MLCD effectiveness with respect to their associated. sh assemblages. Although size of these protected areas was positively correlated with a number of. sh assemblage characteristics, all appear too small to have any measurable influence on the adjacent. shed areas. These protected areas were not designed for biodiversity conservation or. sheries enhancement yet still provide varying degrees of protection for. sh populations within their boundaries. Implementing this type of biogeographic process, using remote sensing technology and sampling across the range of habitats present within the seascape, provides a robust evaluation of existing MPAs and can help to de. ne ecologically relevant boundaries for future MPA design in a range of locations. C1 NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment,Biogeog Team, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. Ocean Inst, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. Dept Land & Nat Resources, Div Aquat Resources, Wailuku, HI 96792 USA. NOAA, NOS, NCCOS,Biogeog Team, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20190 USA. RP Friedlander, AM (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment,Biogeog Team, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. EM Alan.Friedlander@noaa.gov NR 99 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 5 U2 52 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2007 VL 17 IS 3 BP 715 EP 730 DI 10.1890/06-0536 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 157TS UT WOS:000245744500008 PM 17494391 ER PT J AU Raikow, DF Reid, DF Blatchley, ER Jacobs, G Landrum, PF AF Raikow, David F. Reid, David F. Blatchley, Ernest R., III Jacobs, Gregory Landrum, Peter F. TI Effects of proposed physical ballast tank treatments on aquatic invertebrate resting eggs SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE resting egg; biological invasion; heat; ultraviolet radiation; deoxygenation ID FRESH-WATER ZOOPLANKTON; DIAPAUSING EGGS; BRINE SHRIMP; GREAT-LAKES; TOLERANCE; RESPONSES; VIABILITY; ARTEMIA; UV AB Adaptations in aquatic invertebrate resting eggs that confer protection from natural catastrophic events also could confer protection from treatments applied to ballast water for biological invasion vector management. To evaluate the potential efficacy of physical ballast water treatment methods, the present study examined the acute toxicity of heat (flash and holding methods), ultraviolet (UV) radiation (254 nm), and deoxygenation (acute and chronic) on resting eggs of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia niendotae and the marine brine shrimp Artemia sp. Both D. mendotae and Artemia sp. were similarly sensitive to flash exposures of heat (100% mortality at 70 degrees C), but D. mendotae were much more sensitive to prolonged exposures. Exposure to 4,000 mJ/cm(2) of UV radiation resulted in mortality rates of 59% in Arteinia sp. and 91% in D. mendotae. Deoxygenation to an oxygen concentration of 1 m-/L was maximally toxic to both species. Deoxygenation suppressed hatching of D. mendotae resting eggs at oxygen concentrations of less than 5.5 mg/L and of Artemia sp. resting eggs at concentrations of less than I mg/L. Results suggest that UV radiation and deoxygenation are not viable treatment methods with respect to invertebrate resting eggs because of the impracticality of producing sufficient UV doses and the suppression of hatching at low oxygen concentrations. Results also suggest that the treatment temperatures required to kill resting eggs are much higher than those reported to be effective against other invertebrate life stages and species. The results, however, do not preclude the effectiveness of these treatments against other organisms or life stages. Nevertheless. if ballast tank treatment systems employing the tested methods are intended to include mitigation of viable resting eggs, then physical removal of large resting eggs and ephippia via filtration would be a necessary initial step. C1 NOAA, Natl Ctr Res Aquat Invasive Species, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Raikow, DF (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ctr Res Aquat Invasive Species, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM raikow.david@epamail.epa.gov NR 39 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 16 PU SOCIETY ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY-SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2007 VL 26 IS 4 BP 717 EP 725 DI 10.1897/06-403R.1 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 146MJ UT WOS:000244938200017 PM 17447556 ER PT J AU Janousek, CN Currin, CA Levin, LA AF Janousek, Christopher N. Currin, Carolyn A. Levin, Lisa A. TI Succession of microphytobenthos in a restored coastal wetland SO ESTUARIES AND COASTS LA English DT Article ID SALT-MARSH RESTORATION; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; MICROALGAL COMMUNITY; SEDIMENT STABILITY; TIJUANA-ESTUARY; STABLE ISOTOPES; BENTHIC DIATOMS; MICROBIAL MAT AB Sediment microphytobenthos, such as diatoms and photosynthetic bacteria, are functionally important components of food webs and are key mediators of nutrient dynamics in marine wetlands. The medium to long-term recovery of benthic microproducers in restored habitats designed to improve degraded coastal wedand sites is largely unknown. Using taxon-specific photopigments, we describe the composition of microphytobenthic communities in a large restoration site in southern California and differences in the temporal recovery of biomass (chlorophyll a), composition, and taxonomic diversity between vegetated Spartina foliosa salt marsh and unvegetated mudflat. Visually distinct, spatially discreet, microphytobenthic patches appeared after no more than 7 mo within the restoration site and were distinguished by significant differences in biomass, taxonomic diversity, and the relative abundance of cyanobacteria versus diatoms. Sediment chlorophyll a concentrations within the restored site were similar to concentrations in nearby natural habitat 0.2-2.2 yr following marsh creation, suggesting rapid colonization by microproducers. Restored Spartina marsh very rapidly (between 0.2 and 1.2 yr) acquired microphytobenthic communities of similar composition and diversity to those in natural Spartina habitat, but restored mudflats took at least 1.6 to 2.2 yr to resemble natural mudflats. These results suggest relatively rapid recovery of microphytobenthic communities at the level of major taxonomic groups. Sediment features, such as pore water salinity and Spartina density, explained little variation in microphytobenthic taxonomic composition. Ile data imply that provision of structural heterogeneity in wedand construction (such as pools and vascular plants) might speed development of microproducer communities, but no direct seeding of sediment microfloras may be necessary. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Integrat Oceanog Div, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Janousek, CN (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM cnjanousek@yahoo.com RI Janousek, Christopher/A-5890-2012 NR 46 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 10 U2 23 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 1559-2723 J9 ESTUAR COAST JI Estuaries Coasts PD APR PY 2007 VL 30 IS 2 BP 265 EP 276 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 176HN UT WOS:000247075600006 ER PT J AU Buzzelli, C Holland, AF Sanger, DM Conrads, PC AF Buzzelli, Christopher Holland, A. Frederick Sanger, Denise M. Conrads, Paul C. TI Hydrographic characterization of two tidal creeks with implications for watershed land use, flushing times, and benthic production SO ESTUARIES AND COASTS LA English DT Article ID SALT-MARSH-ESTUARY; CAROLINA COASTAL ESTUARIES; SOUTH-CAROLINA; RESIDENCE TIME; RIVER ESTUARY; ECOSYSTEM; LANDSCAPE; SEDIMENTS; DYNAMICS; NITROGEN AB Many coastal ecosystems are undergoing anthropogenic stress from large increases in population and urbanization. In many regions changes in freshwater and material inputs to the coastal zone are altering the biogeochemical and biological capacities of ecosystems. Despite increased watershed inputs, large tidal volumes and flushing indicative of macrotidal estuaries can modulate the fate of introduced materials masking some of the symptoms of eutrophication. The Land Use Coastal Ecosystem Study (LU-CES) examined linkages between land use and environmental properties of Malind and Okatee Creeks in South Carolina from 2001 to 2004. ne objectives of this particular study were to assess the hydrography of the two macrotidal creek ecosystems, explore differences in dissolved oxygen (DO), and develop a better understanding of the variations in primary and benthic secondary production in southeastern creek ecosystems. Depth, pH, salinity, and DO were reduced and more variable in Malind Creek than in Okatee Creek, although both creeks had strong semidiurnal frequencies in salinity time signatures. While time series analyses of DO saturation in Malind Creek revealed a dominant semidiurnal pattern, Okatee Creek had a distinctly diel DO pattern. The strongly semidiurnal fluctuations in DO and reduced flushing time indicated that biological processes were not fast enough to influence DO in Malind Creek. The Okatee Creek system had a much greater storage volume, a wider marsh, and a dominant 25-h DO frequency. These attributes contributed to an estimated 8-10 times more phytoplankton-based carbon in Okatee Creek and twice the annual benthic production. As expected from their proximity to the upland, low surface area, and high organic content, both ecosystems were net heterotrophic. This fundamental understanding of tidal creek hydrography is being used to help define linkages among differential watershed land uses, flushing characteristics, and levels of biological production in coastal ecosystems of the southeastern United States. C1 Coll Charleston, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NOAA, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. S Carolina Sea Grant Consortium, Charleston, SC 29401 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Buzzelli, C (reprint author), Coll Charleston, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM christopher.buzzelli@noaa.gov NR 58 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 12 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 1559-2723 J9 ESTUAR COAST JI Estuaries Coasts PD APR PY 2007 VL 30 IS 2 BP 321 EP 330 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 176HN UT WOS:000247075600011 ER PT J AU Anderson, EC Slatkin, M AF Anderson, Eric C. Slatkin, Montgomery TI Estimation of the number of individuals founding colonized populations SO EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE bottleneck; coalescent; importance sampling; invasions; likelihood ID MONTE-CARLO; LIKELIHOOD; SPECIATION; BOTTLENECKS; FREQUENCIES; COALESCENT; DECLINE; GROWTH AB A method for estimating the number of founding chromosomes in an isolated population is introduced. The method assumes that n/2 diploid individuals are sampled from a population and that alleles are identified at L unlinked loci. The population is assumed to have been founded T generations in the past by individuals carrying c chromosomes drawn randomly from a known source population, which has also been sampled. If c is small and the population grew rapidly after it was founded, accurate estimates of c can be obtained and those estimates are not sensitive to details of the history of population sizes. If c is larger or the population remained small after it was founded, then estimates of c depend on the history of population sizes. We test the performance of our method on simulated data and demonstrate its use on data from a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) population. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Ecol Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Anderson, EC (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Ecol Div, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM eric.anderson@noaa.gov; slatkin@berkeley.edu FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01-GM40282] NR 25 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 13 PU SOC STUDY EVOLUTION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0014-3820 J9 EVOLUTION JI Evolution PD APR PY 2007 VL 61 IS 4 BP 972 EP 983 DI 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00080.x PG 12 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 158UD UT WOS:000245819500019 PM 17439625 ER PT J AU Abdulaev, NG Ramon, E Ngo, T Brabazon, DM Marino, JP Ridge, KD AF Abdulaev, Najmoutirt G. Ramon, Eva Ngo, Tony Brabazon, Danielle M. Marino, John P. Ridge, Kevin D. TI Probing the molecular mechanism of heterotrimeric G-protein signaling using high-resolution NMR SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2007 Annual Meeting CY APR 28-MAY 02, 2007 CL Washington, DC C1 Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, NIST, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Ctr Membrane Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Loyola Coll, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR PY 2007 VL 21 IS 6 BP A982 EP A983 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 157HF UT WOS:000245708702060 ER PT J AU Ferguson, ML Prasad, K Boukari, H Sackett, DL Krueger, S Lafer, EM Nossal, R AF Ferguson, Matthew L. Prasad, Kondury Boukari, Hacene Sackett, Dan L. Krueger, Susan Lafer, Eileen M. Nossal, Ralph TI Small angle neutron scattering studies of clathrin triskelia in solution show evidence of molecular flexibility SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2007 Annual Meeting CY APR 28-MAY 02, 2007 CL Washington, DC C1 NICHHD, Lab Integrat & Med Biophys, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. Ctr Neutron Res, NIST, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR PY 2007 VL 21 IS 5 BP A237 EP A237 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 157HD UT WOS:000245708501575 ER PT J AU Knipe, AL Boire, N Tobin, L Reiner, J Kishore, R Helmerson, K Levin, B Deckman, KH AF Knipe, Ashley L. Boire, Nicholas Tobin, Lisa Reiner, Joseph Kishore, Rani Helmerson, Kristian Levin, Barbara Deckman, Koren Holland TI Validating the optical tweezers method for trapping a single mitochondrion by utilizing quantitative real-time PCR SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2007 Annual Meeting CY APR 28-MAY 02, 2007 CL Washington, DC C1 Gettysburg Coll, Dept Chem, Gettysburg, PA 17325 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys Lab, Gettysburg, PA 17325 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR PY 2007 VL 21 IS 5 BP A661 EP A662 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 157HD UT WOS:000245708505321 ER PT J AU Tanaka, M Jaruga, P Dizdaroglu, M Chock, PB Stadtman, ER AF Tanaka, Mikiei Jaruga, Pawel Dizdaroglu, Miral Chock, P. Boon Stadtman, Earl R. TI Potential biological consequences of mRNA oxidation-induced translation errors SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2007 Annual Meeting CY APR 28-MAY 02, 2007 CL Washington, DC C1 NIH, NHLBI, LB, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIST, NIST Bldg 227, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR PY 2007 VL 21 IS 6 BP A1026 EP A1026 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 157HF UT WOS:000245708702277 ER PT J AU Rudershausen, PJ Buckel, JA AF Rudershausen, P. J. Buckel, J. A. TI Discard composition and release fate in the snapper and grouper commercial hook-and-line fishery in North Carolina, USA SO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 135th Annual Meeting of the American-Fisheries-Society Symposium CY SEP 11-15, 2006 CL Anchorage, AL SP Amer Fisheries Sod DE barotrauma; commercial fishing; discard mortality; gut hooking ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; MYCTEROPERCA-MICROLEPIS; PAGRUS-PAGRUS; REEF FISHES; RED PORGY; MORTALITY; CONSERVATION; RECAPTURE; COMPLEX; CAUGHT AB Minimum size limits may be ineffective for reef fishes because they often sustain barotrauma when caught from deep (> 20 m) waters. A study was undertaken in conjunction with hook-and-line commercial fishermen to calculate discard percentages and evaluate potential release mortality of eight economically important species: black sea bass, Centropristis striata (Linnaeus), red grouper, Epinephelus morio (Valenciennes), snowy grouper, Epinephelus niveatus (Valenciennes), gag, Mycteroperca microlepis (Goode and Bean), scamp, Mycteroperca phenax (Jordan and Swain), vermilion snapper, Rhomboplites aurorubens (Cuvier), white grunt, Haemulon plumeri (Lacepede) and red porgy, Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus). Fishing with baited hook and line occurred in 2004 and 2005 in Onslow Bay, NC, in waters 19-150 m deep. Sub-legal discard rates were 15% for vermilion snapper, 25% for red porgy, 7% for red grouper, 33% for gag, 35% for scamp and 12% for black sea bass. Although mortality based on post-release behaviour was relatively low, higher mortalities estimated from models incorporating hooking location and depth of capture suggest that minimum size limits may not provide the population benefits intended by management in the North Carolina reef fishery. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Dept Zool, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC USA. RP Rudershausen, PJ (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Dept Zool, 303 Coll Circle, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. EM pjruders@unity.ncsu.edu NR 31 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0969-997X J9 FISHERIES MANAG ECOL JI Fisheries Manag. Ecol. PD APR PY 2007 VL 14 IS 2 BP 103 EP 113 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2400.2007.00530.x PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 155PT UT WOS:000245591100004 ER PT J AU Prince, ED Snodgrass, D Orbesen, ES Hoolihan, JP Serafy, JE Schratwieser, JE AF Prince, E. D. Snodgrass, D. Orbesen, E. S. Hoolihan, J. P. Serafy, J. E. Schratwieser, J. E. TI Circle hooks, 'J' hooks and drop-back time: a hook performance study of the south Florida recreational live-bait fishery for sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus SO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 135th Annual Meeting of the American-Fisheries-Society Symposium CY SEP 11-15, 2006 CL Anchorage, AL SP Amer Fisheries Sod DE catch and release; drop-back time; hook performance ID RELEASE FISHERIES; TAG TECHNOLOGY; MORTALITY; CONSERVATION; INJURY; CAUGHT; REDUCE AB This study evaluates the performance of two types of non-offset circle hooks (traditional and non-traditional) and a similar-sized 'J' hook commonly used in the south Florida recreational live-bait fishery for Atlantic sailfish, Isiophorus platypterus (Shaw). A total of 766 sailfish were caught off south Florida (Jupiter to Key West, FL, USA) to assess hook performance and drop-back time, which is the interval between the fish's initial strike and exertion of pressure by the fisher to engage the hook. Four drop-back intervals were examined (0-5, 6-10, 11-15 and > 15 s), and hook performance was assessed in terms of proportions of Successful catch, undesirable hook locations, bleeding events and undesirable release condition associated with physical hook damage and trauma. In terms of hook performance, the traditionally-shaped circle hook had the greatest conservation benefit for survival after release. In addition, this was the only hook type tested that performed well during each drop-back interval for all performance metrics. Conversely, 'J' hooks resulted in higher proportions of undesirable hook locations (as much as twofold), bleeding and fish released in undesirable condition, particularly during long drop-back intervals. Non-traditional circle hooks had performance results intermediate to the other hook types, but also had the worst performance relative to undesirable release condition during the first two drop-back intervals. Choice of hook type and drop-back interval can significantly change hook wounding, and different models of non-offset circle hooks should not be assumed to perform equivalently. C1 NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Int Game Fish Assoc, Dania, FL USA. RP Snodgrass, D (reprint author), NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 75Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM derke.snodgrass@noaa.gov RI Orbesen, Eric/D-2220-2012 NR 24 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0969-997X J9 FISHERIES MANAG ECOL JI Fisheries Manag. Ecol. PD APR PY 2007 VL 14 IS 2 BP 173 EP 182 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2400.2007.00539.x PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 155PT UT WOS:000245591100012 ER PT J AU Gentner, B AF Gentner, Brad TI Sensitivity of angler benefit estimates from a model of recreational demand to the definition of the substitute sites considered by the angler SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID RANDOM UTILITY-MODELS AB Fishery managers are mandated to understand the effects that environmental damage, fishery regulations, and habitat improvement projects have on the net benefits that recreational anglers derive from their sport. Since 1994, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has worked to develop a consistent method for estimating net benefits through site choice models of recreational trip demand. In estimating net benefits with these models, there is a tradcoff between computational efficiency and angler behavior in reality. This article examines this tradeoff by considering the sensitivity of angler-welfare estimates for an increase in striped bass (Morone saxatalis) angling quality across choice sets with five travel distance cut-offs and compares those estimates to a model with an unrestricted choice set. This article shows that 95% confidence intervals for welfare estimates of an increase in the striped bass catch and keep rate overlap for all distance-based choice sets specified here. C1 NMFS Off Sci & Technol, Fisheries Stat & Econ Div, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Gentner, B (reprint author), NMFS Off Sci & Technol, Fisheries Stat & Econ Div, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM brad.genter@noaa.gov NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 4 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2007 VL 105 IS 2 BP 161 EP 167 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 177JG UT WOS:000247148800001 ER PT J AU Anderson, TJ Yoklavich, MM AF Anderson, Tara J. Yoklavich, Mary M. TI Multiscale habitat associations of deepwater dernersal fishes off central California SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ROCKFISH SEBASTES; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; CORAL-REEFS; PISCES-IV; OREGON; WASHINGTON; PATTERNS; TRAWL; DISTRIBUTIONS AB Fish-habitat associations were examined at three spatial scales in Monterey Bay, California, to determine how benthic habitats and landscape configuration have structured deepwater demersal fish assemblages. Fish counts and habitat variables were quantified by using observer and video data collected from a submersible. Fish responded to benthic habitats at scales ranging from cm's to km's. At broad-scales (km's), habitat strata classified from acoustic maps were a strong predictor of fish assemblage composition. At intermediate-scales (m's-100 m's), fish species were associated with specific substratum patch types. At fine-scales (< 1 m), microhabitat associations revealed differing degrees of microhabitat specificity, and for some species revealed niche separation within patches. The use of habitat characteristics in ecosystem-based management, particularly as a surrogate for species distributions, will depend on resolving fish-habitat associations and habitat complexity over multiple scales. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Ecol Div, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Anderson, TJ (reprint author), Australian Inst Marine Sci, PMB 3, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. EM t.anderson@aims.gov.au RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 29 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 10 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2007 VL 105 IS 2 BP 168 EP 179 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 177JG UT WOS:000247148800002 ER PT J AU Zeller, D Booth, S Davis, G Pauly, D AF Zeller, Dirk Booth, Shawn Davis, Gerald Pauly, Daniel TI Re-estimation of small-scale fishery catches for US flag-associated island areas in the western Pacific: the last 50 years SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID AMERICAN-SAMOA AB Nearshore fisheries in the tropical Pacific play an important role, both culturally and as a reliable source of food security, but often remain under-reported in statistics, leading to undervaluation of their importance to communities. We re-estimated nonpelagic catches for Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), and summarize previous work for American Samoa for 1950-200. or all islands combined, catches declined by 77%, contrasting with increasing trends indicated by reported data. For individual island entities, re-estimation suggested declines of 86%, 54%, and 79% for Guam, CNMI, and American Samoa, respectively. Except for Guam, reported data primarily represented commercial catches, and hence under-represented contributions by subsistence and recreational fisheries. Guam's consistent use of creel surveys for data collection resulted in the most reliable reported catches for any of the islands considered. Our re-estimation makes the scale of under-reporting of total catches evident, and provides valuable baselines of likely historic patterns in fisheries catches. C1 Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. RP Zeller, D (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. EM d.zeller@fisheries.ubc.ca NR 11 TC 83 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 14 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2007 VL 105 IS 2 BP 266 EP 277 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 177JG UT WOS:000247148800009 ER PT J AU Somerton, DA Munro, PT Weinberg, KL AF Somerton, David A. Munro, Peter T. Weinberg, Kenneth L. TI Whole-gear efficiency of a benthic survey trawl for flatfish SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CAPTURE EFFICIENCY; BRIDLE EFFICIENCY; THEORETICAL-MODEL; SAMPLING TRAWL; CONTACT; CATCHES; BOTTOM; LENGTH; FISH AB Whole-gear efficiency (the proportion of fish passing between the otter doors of a bottom trawl that are subsequently captured) was estimated from data collected during experiments to measure the herding efficiency of bridles and doors, the capture efficiency of the net, and the length of the bridles sufficiently close to the seafloor to elicit a herding response. The experiments were focused on four species of flatfish: arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias), flathead sole (Hippoglossoides elassodon), rex sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus), and Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus). Whole-gear efficiency varied with fish length and reached maximum values between 40% and 50% for arrowtooth flounder, flathead sole, and rex sole. For Dover sole, however, whole-gear efficiency declined from a maximum of 33% over the length range sampled. Such efficiency estimates can be used to determine catchability, which, in turn, can be used to improve the accuracy of stock assessment models when the time series of a survey is short. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Somerton, DA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM david.somerton@noaa.gov NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 7 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2007 VL 105 IS 2 BP 278 EP 291 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 177JG UT WOS:000247148800010 ER PT J AU Cooper, DW Maslenikov, KP Gunderson, DR AF Cooper, Daniel W. Maslenikov, Katherine P. Gunderson, Donald R. TI Natural mortality rate, annual fecundity, and maturity at length for Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT; WALBAUM; AGE; NORTHWEST; PRECISION; ATLANTIC; SOLE C1 Alaska fisheries Sci Ctr FAKC 2, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Cooper, DW (reprint author), Alaska fisheries Sci Ctr FAKC 2, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM dan.cooper@noaa.gov NR 24 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2007 VL 105 IS 2 BP 296 EP 304 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 177JG UT WOS:000247148800012 ER PT J AU Rundio, DE Olson, DH AF Rundio, David E. Olson, Deanna H. TI Influence of headwaiter site conditions and riparian buffers on terrestrial salamander response to forest thinning SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE amphibians; density management; down wood; cover use; refugia ID DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN SALAMANDERS; SHORT-TERM RESPONSE; OREGON COAST RANGE; WESTERN OREGON; PLETHODONTID SALAMANDERS; DETECTION PROBABILITY; AMPHIBIAN ABUNDANCE; FLOOR VERTEBRATES; MANAGED FORESTS AB Although thinning of young, even-aged forests may accelerate the development of characteristics associated with mature forests, in the short term it may negatively affect some taxa, including terrestrial salamanders. Preexisting site: conditions, including down wood, and forest management measures, such as riparian buffers, may moderate these effects, but these relationships are poorly understood. To explore whether down wood and riparian buffer widths might influence short-term responses to thinning, we sampled salamanders using ground searches before and during the first 2 years after experimental thinning at two 45- to 65-year-old headwater forest sites in western Oregon that differed in down wood volume. Prethinning distributions of terrestrial salamanders overlapped one- and two-tree height riparian buffers, and except for red-backed salamanders, overlapped very little with narrower streamside or variable-width buffers. At the site where down wood volume was low, captures of ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii Gray) and western red-backed salamanders (Plethodon vehiculum Cooper) both declined by 40% in thinned areas. In contrast, captures of ensatina and Oregon slender salamanders (Batrachoseps wrighti Bishop) were not significantly affected by thinning at the site where down wood volume was high. Our results suggest that site conditions, such as down wood volume, and riparian buffers may influence the effect of thinning on terrestrial salamanders, and demonstrate the tight linkage among management of aquatic, riparian, and upslope resources in headwater forests. C1 NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Rundio, DE (reprint author), NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM Dave.Rundio@noaa.gov; dedeolson@fs.fed.us OI Goforth, Reuben/0000-0001-6891-3146 NR 55 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD APR PY 2007 VL 53 IS 2 BP 320 EP 330 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 154NL UT WOS:000245514200017 ER PT J AU Groisman, PY Bartalev, SA AF Groisman, Pavel Ya. Bartalev, Sergey A. CA NEESPI Sci Plan Dev Team TI Northern Eurasia earth science partnership initiative (NEESPI), science plan overview SO GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Science Session of the Northern-Eurasia-Earth-Science-Partnership-Initiative (NEESPI) held at the 2004 Fall AGU Meeting CY DEC 13-17, 2004 CL San Francisco, CA SP No Eurasia Earth Sci Partnership Initiat, AGU DE Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative overview ID SNOW COVER AB Northern Eurasia Earth System Partnership Initiative, NEESPI, was established to address the global change processes associated with and/or originated within Northern Eurasia as well as to study the major socially-important processes within the region. NEESPI began as a US-Russian initiative but has quickly broadened into a fully international program. Scientists from 11 countries participated in preparing the NEESPI Science Plan. Current version of the Science Plan was released for public review on the World Wide Web in summer 2004 and finalized in December 2004. This paper provides an Overview of the Plan and is based, mainly, on its Executive Summary. The Overview describes the Plan's science themes and key science questions, provides a justification of the urgency studying Northern Eurasia from the global change prospective, and outlines research strategy and tools to address NEESPI science questions, as well as projected deliverables of the Initiative. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RAS, Space Res Inst, Moscow 117901, Russia. RP Groisman, PY (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Fed Bldg,151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM Pasha.Groisman@noaa.gov OI Bartalev, Sergey/0000-0001-6596-1732 NR 24 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8181 J9 GLOBAL PLANET CHANGE JI Glob. Planet. Change PD APR PY 2007 VL 56 IS 3-4 BP 215 EP 234 DI 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.027 PG 20 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 168OI UT WOS:000246533500002 ER PT J AU Groisman, PY Sherstyukov, BG Razuvaev, VN Knight, RW Enloe, JG Stroumentova, NS Whitfield, PH Forland, E Hannsen-Bauer, I Tuomenvirta, H Aleksandersson, H Mescherskaya, AV Karl, TR AF Groisman, Pavel Ya. Sherstyukov, Boris G. Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N. Knight, Richard W. Enloe, Jesse G. Stroumentova, Nina S. Whitfield, Paul H. Forland, Eirik Hannsen-Bauer, Inger Tuomenvirta, Heikki Aleksandersson, Hans Mescherskaya, Anna V. Karl, Thomas R. TI Potential forest fire danger over Northern Eurasia: Changes during the 20th century SO GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Science Session of the Northern-Eurasia-Earth-Science-Partnership-Initiative (NEESPI) held at the 2004 Fall AGU Meeting CY DEC 13-17, 2004 CL San Francisco, CA SP No Eurasia Earth Sci Partnership Initiat, AGU DE potential forest fire danger; climate change; Northern Eurasia; 20th century ID SURFACE AIR-TEMPERATURE; FORMER SOVIET-UNION; UNITED-STATES; HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE; CLIMATIC EXTREMES; SOIL-MOISTURE; SNOW COVER; TRENDS; PRECIPITATION; SEVERITY AB Significant climatic changes over Northern Eurasia during the 20th century have been reflected in numerous variables of economic, social, and ecological interest, including the natural frequency of forest fires. For the former USSR, we are now using the Global Daily Climatology Network and a new Global Synoptic Data Network archive, GSDN, created jointly by U.S. National Climatic Data Center and Russian Research Institute for Hydrometeorological Information. Data from these archives (approximately 1500 of them having sufficiently long meteorological time series suitable for participation in our analyses) are employed to estimate systematic changes in indices used in the United States and Russia to assess potential forest fire danger. We use four indices: (1) Keetch-Byram Drought Index, (KBDI; this index was developed and widely used in the United States); (2) Nesterov, (3) Modified Nesterov, and (4) Zhdanko Indices (these indices were developed and widely used in Russia). Analyses show that after calibration, time series of the days with increased potential forest fire danger constructed using each of these three indices (a) are well correlated and (b) deliver similar conclusions about systematic changes in the weather conditions conducive to forest fires. Specifically, over the Eastern half of Northern Eurasia (Siberia and the Russian Far East) statistically significant increases in indices that characterize the weather conditions conducive to forest fires were found. These areas coincide with the areas of most significant warming during the past several decades south of the Arctic Circle. West of the Ural Mountains, the same indices show a steady decrease in the frequency of "dry weather summer days" during the past 60 yr. This study is corroborated with available statistics of forest fires and with observed changes in drought statistics in agricultural regions of Northern Eurasia. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. USA Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. STG Inc, Asheville, NC USA. Russian Inst Hydrometeorol Informat, Obninsk, Russia. Meteorol Serv Canada, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Norwegian Meteorol Inst, Oslo, Norway. Finnish Meteorol Inst, Helsinki, Finland. Swedish Meteorol & Hydrol Inst, Norrkoping, Sweden. Main Geophys Observ, St Petersburg, Russia. Natl Climat Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. RP Groisman, PY (reprint author), Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM Pasha.Groisman@noaa.gov NR 56 TC 67 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8181 EI 1872-6364 J9 GLOBAL PLANET CHANGE JI Glob. Planet. Change PD APR PY 2007 VL 56 IS 3-4 BP 371 EP 386 DI 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.029 PG 16 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 168OI UT WOS:000246533500012 ER PT J AU Owen, KE Tenhunen, J Reichstein, M Wang, Q Falge, E Geyer, R Xiao, XM Stoy, P Ammann, C Arain, A Aubinet, M Aurela, M Bernhofer, C Chojnicki, BH Granier, A Gruenwald, T Hadley, J Heinesch, B Hollinger, D Knohl, A Kutsch, W Lohila, A Meyers, T Moors, E Moureaux, C Pilegaard, K Saigusa, N Verma, S Vesala, T Vogel, C AF Owen, Katherine E. Tenhunen, John Reichstein, Markus Wang, Quan Falge, Eva Geyer, Ralf Xiao, Xiangming Stoy, Paul Ammann, Christof Arain, Altaf Aubinet, Marc Aurela, Mika Bernhofer, Christian Chojnicki, Bogdan H. Granier, Andre Gruenwald, Thomas Hadley, Julian Heinesch, Bernard Hollinger, David Knohl, Alexander Kutsch, Werner Lohila, Annalea Meyers, Tilden Moors, Eddy Moureaux, Christine Pilegaard, Kim Saigusa, Nobuko Verma, Shashi Vesala, Timo Vogel, Chris TI Linking flux network measurements to continental scale simulations: ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange capacity under non-water-stressed conditions SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE carbon dioxide exchange; crops; eddy covariance; forest; grassland; gross primary production; model inversion; net ecosystem exchange; up-scaling; wetland ID NORTHERN TEMPERATE GRASSLAND; GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION; ATMOSPHERE CO2 EXCHANGE; EDDY-COVARIANCE MEASUREMENTS; DAILY CANOPY PHOTOSYNTHESIS; DANISH BEECH FOREST; LEAF-AREA INDEX; RAIN-FED MAIZE; LONG-TERM; PROCESS MODEL AB This paper examines long-term eddy covariance data from 18 European and 17 North American and Asian forest, wetland, tundra, grassland, and cropland sites under non-water-stressed conditions with an empirical rectangular hyperbolic light response model and a single layer two light-class carboxylase-based model. Relationships according to ecosystem functional type are demonstrated between empirical and physiological parameters, suggesting linkages between easily estimated parameters and those with greater potential for process interpretation. Relatively sparse documentation of leaf area index dynamics at flux tower sites is found to be a major difficulty in model inversion and flux interpretation. Therefore, a simplification of the physiological model is carried out for a subset of European network sites with extensive ancillary data. The results from these selected sites are used to derive a new parameter and means for comparing empirical and physiologically based methods across all sites, regardless of ancillary data. The results from the European analysis are then compared with results from the other Northern Hemisphere sites and similar relationships for the simplified process-based parameter were found to hold for European, North American, and Asian temperate and boreal climate zones. This parameter is useful for bridging between flux network observations and continental scale spatial simulations of vegetation/atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange. C1 Univ Bayreuth, Dept Plant Ecol, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07745 Jena, Germany. Univ Shizuoka, Fac Agr, Inst Silviculture, Shizuoka 4228529, Japan. Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Swiss Fed Res Stn Agroecol & Agr Zurich Reckenhol, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland. McMaster Univ, Sch Geog & Earth Sci, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. Univ Gembloux, Fac Sci, Unite Phys Biosyst, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. Finnish Meteorol Inst, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Tech Univ Dresden, IHM Meteorol, D-01737 Tharandt, Germany. Acad Agr Poznan, Dept Agrometeorol, PL-60637 Poznan, Poland. INRA, Unite Ecophysiol Forestiere, F-54280 Seichamps, France. Harvard Univ, Petersham, MA 01366 USA. USDA Forest Serv, No Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NOAA, ARL, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Alterra Ctr Water & Climate, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Riso Natl Lab, Biosyst Dept, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058569, Japan. Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Canaan Valley Inst, Davis, WV 26260 USA. RP Owen, KE (reprint author), Univ Bayreuth, Dept Plant Ecol, POB 101251, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. EM katie_e_owen@yahoo.com RI Reichstein, Markus/A-7494-2011; Stoy, Paul/D-3709-2011; Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012; Moors, Eddy/J-5165-2012; Wang, Quan/F-5424-2013; Pilegaard, Kim/I-7137-2013; Lohila, Annalea/C-7307-2014; Knohl, Alexander/F-9453-2014; Aurela, Mika/L-4724-2014; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; Vesala, Timo/C-3795-2017 OI Arain, M. Altaf/0000-0002-1433-5173; Reichstein, Markus/0000-0001-5736-1112; Stoy, Paul/0000-0002-6053-6232; Moors, Eddy/0000-0003-2309-2887; Wang, Quan/0000-0001-5483-0243; Pilegaard, Kim/0000-0002-5169-5717; Lohila, Annalea/0000-0003-3541-672X; Knohl, Alexander/0000-0002-7615-8870; Vesala, Timo/0000-0002-4852-7464 NR 116 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 3 U2 43 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD APR PY 2007 VL 13 IS 4 BP 734 EP 760 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01326.x PG 27 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 160KZ UT WOS:000245940800002 ER PT J AU Trainer, VL Cochlan, WP Erickson, A Bill, BD Cox, FH Borchert, JA Lefebvre, KA AF Trainer, Vera L. Cochlan, William P. Erickson, Aleta Bill, Brian D. Cox, Frank H. Borchert, Jerry A. Lefebvre, Kathi A. TI Recent domoic acid closures of shellfish harvest areas in Washington State inland waterways SO HARMFUL ALGAE LA English DT Article DE domoic acid; Pseudo-nitzschia; Puget Sound; shellfish closure; harmful algal bloom ID PSEUDO-NITZSCHIA; PUGET-SOUND; AMMONIUM; DIATOMS; PHYTOPLANKTON; CALIFORNIA; NUTRIENT; BLOOM; COAST; SEA AB Several species of the toxigenic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia, together with low concentrations of domoic acid (DA) in shellfish have been observed in Puget Sound, Washington State, since 1991. However, for the first time in September 2003, high-density blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia forced the closure of recreational, commercial, and tribal subsistence shellfish harvesting in Puget Sound. Here we report on the environmental conditions associated with shellfish closures in two inland waterways of Washington State during the Fall 2005. In Sequim Bay, shellfish harvest losses occurred on September 12 following the measurement of elevated macronutrient levels on September 2, and a bloom of P. pseudodelicatissima (up to 13 million cells/L) on September 9. Ambient NH(4) concentrations >12 mu M (measured on September 2) were likely due to anthropogenic sources, ostensibly from sewage inputs to Sequim Bay. The closure of a Penn Cove commercial shellfish farm on October 16 was caused by a bloom of P. australis that followed a period of sustained precipitation, elevated Skagit River flow, and persistent southeasterly winds. The relative importance of a number of environmental factors, including temperature, stratification caused by rivers, and nutrient inputs, whether natural or anthropogenic, must be carefully studied in order to better understand the recent appearance of massive blooms of toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia in the inland waterways of Washington State. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Marine Biotoxins Program, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr Environm Studies, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. Jamestown Sklallam Tribe, Sequim, WA 98392 USA. Washington State Dept Hlth, Food Safety & Shellfish Program, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. RP Trainer, VL (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Marine Biotoxins Program, Environm Conservat Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Vera.l.Trainer@noaa.gov NR 42 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-9883 J9 HARMFUL ALGAE JI Harmful Algae PD APR PY 2007 VL 6 IS 3 BP 449 EP 459 DI 10.1016/j.hal.2006.12.001 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 160BZ UT WOS:000245913100015 ER PT J AU Brooks, EN Powers, JE AF Brooks, Elizabeth N. Powers, Joseph E. TI Generalized compensation in stock-recruit functions: properties and implications for management SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bycatch fishing mortality; compensation; density-dependence; stock recruitment ID GADUS-MORHUA; ATLANTIC COD; EGG SIZE; POPULATIONS; FISH; MORTALITY; DYNAMICS; MODEL AB A general stock-recruit function that explicitly defines density-dependent and -independent components of mortality over multiple stages is derived. By generalizing the stock-recruit function and the timing of density-dependent compensation, the impacts of different sources and magnitudes of mortality during the recruitment phase can be evaluated. Given reasonably comparable stage durations, compensation in early stages of a multistage process dominates density-independent effects, in later stages, density-dependent and -independent factors compete on a more even scale. Ratios of equilibrium statistics associated with the stock-recruit function under alternative compensation timing scenarios can be determined from the ratio of the compensation terms in the models when all scenarios assume the same type of stock-recruit function (Ricker or Beverton-Holt). This analytical result facilitates evaluation of proposed impacts or rehabilitation strategies without the need for a full stock assessment. Exogenous mortality has more impact on the maximum excess recruitment if that rate occurs later in the recruitment interval, especially if it takes place after compensation. Reparameterizing this generalized stock-recruit function in terms of steepness and virgin recruitment, we show that steepness is not influenced by the timing of compensation nor by the length of the recruitment interval; the level of virgin recruitment, however, is affected by both. C1 SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Fisheries Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Brooks, EN (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM liz.brooks@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 12 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD APR PY 2007 VL 64 IS 3 BP 413 EP 424 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fsl046 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 174KS UT WOS:000246941400001 ER PT J AU Friedland, KD Miller, MJ Knights, B AF Friedland, Kevin D. Miller, Michael J. Knights, Brian TI Oceanic changes in the Sargasso Sea and declines in recruitment of the European eel SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE American eel; European eel; north Atlantic oscillation; ocean climate; recruitment ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; AMERICAN EEL; ANGUILLA-ANGUILLA; WATER MASSES; JAPANESE EEL; EXTENDED RECONSTRUCTION; PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOMS; EQUATORIAL CURRENT; SUBTROPICAL GYRE; ANTILLES CURRENT AB Anguillid eel recruitment in the North Atlantic has declined in recent decades, raising concerns that climatic changes in the Sargasso Sea may be influencing oceanic reproduction and larval survival. There is a significant negative correlation between the North Atlantic Oscillation and long-term variations in catches of glass eel stages of the European eel Anguilla anguilla recorded by the fishery independent Den Oever recruitment index (DOI) in the Netherlands, lagged by one year. Ocean-atmospheric changes in the Sargasso Sea may affect the location of spawning areas by silver eels and the survival of leptocephali during the key period when they are transported towards the Gulf Stream. A northward shift in a key isotherm (22.5 degrees C), defining the northern boundary of the spawning area, a declining trend in winds and transport conditions in larval transport areas, and a shallowing of the mixed layer depth could affect primary productivity in areas where leptocephali feed. The relationships between these ocean parameters and the DOI suggest that these changing ocean conditions could be contributing to declining recruitment of the European eel and probably also of the American eel (A. rostrata), but anthropogenic factors during their continental life stage must also be considered. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Tokyo, Ocean Res Inst, Tokyo 1648639, Japan. Univ Westminster, London W1W 6UW, England. RP Friedland, KD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM kevin.friedland@noaa.gov NR 79 TC 106 Z9 109 U1 6 U2 39 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 EI 1095-9289 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD APR PY 2007 VL 64 IS 3 BP 519 EP 530 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fsm022 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 174KS UT WOS:000246941400013 ER PT J AU Walline, PD AF Walline, Paul D. TI Geostatistical simulations of eastern Bering Sea walleye pollock spatial distributions, to estimate sampling precision SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE confidence intervals; geostatistical simulation; hydroacoustic survey precision; walleye pollock ID ACOUSTIC SURVEY DATA; THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; ABUNDANCE ESTIMATION; EXAMPLE AB Sequential Gaussian and sequential indicator geostatistical simulation methods were used to estimate confidence intervals (Cis) for biomass estimates from six echo-integration trawl surveys of eastern Bering Sea walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) biomass. Uncertainty in the acoustic and the length frequency data was combined in the calculation of Cis. Sampling in 2002 provided evidence for isotropy in the spatial distribution. Variogram models were characterized by long ranges (75-122 nautical miles for non-zero acoustic data, for example) compared with the smallest dimension of the survey area (similar to 100 nautical miles) and small nugget effects (similar to 20% of the semi-variance in transformed normal space for acoustic data). The 95% Cis obtained for the abundance estimates did not vary greatly between years and were similar to those from a one-dimensional transitive geostatistical analysis, i.e. +/- 5- 9% of estimated total biomass. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Walline, PD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM paul.walline@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD APR PY 2007 VL 64 IS 3 BP 559 EP 569 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fsl045 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 174KS UT WOS:000246941400017 ER PT J AU Mo, T AF Mo, Tsan TI Diurnal variation of the AMSU-A brightness temperatures over the Amazon rainforest SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-A) measurements; Amazon rainforest brightness temperature; microwave radiometers; microwave remote sensing; satellite data ID MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS; CALIBRATION; LAND AB Brightness temperatures over the Amazon rainforest are obtained from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Units (AMSU-A and AMSU-B) instruments onboard three NOAA satellites (NOAA-15, -16, and -17, respectively) for the months of July, August, and October, 2002. The three AMSU-A instruments provided six daily measurements, separated by 2.5-5.5 h of the diurnal time intervals, over the Amazon rainforest region, and these measurements offer a unique opportunity for investigation of the diurnal variation of the brightness temperatures over the Amazon rainforests. The angular distributions of brightness temperatures over the Amazon rainforest are very stable and can be simulated with a radiative transfer model, which consists of an atmospheric radiative component and a rainforest-canopy model that treats the rainforest as a uniform layer with an effective canopy temperature. The simulated results agree well with the observations. The diurnal variation of brightness temperatures over the Amazon rainforest is simulated with a Fourier-series model. It shows that a second order of Fourier series can reproduce the observed pattern of diurnal variation of the brightness temperatures at zenith angles of 0 degrees, 28.7 degrees, and 58.1 degrees, respectively. In a practical application, the coefficients of Fourier-series expansion can be used to generate the brightness temperatures as a function of diurnal hours. These results can be applied to postlaunch calibration of satellite-borne microwave radiometer with different equator crossing time. In addition, the results presented in this paper indicate that the Amazon rainforest can be used as a hot calibration reference target. The availability of a land calibration target is important for calibration and validation of spaceborne microwave radiometers. C1 NESDIS, NOAA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Mo, T (reprint author), NESDIS, NOAA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Mo, Tsan/F-5614-2010 NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD APR PY 2007 VL 45 IS 4 BP 958 EP 969 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.890417 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 155GP UT WOS:000245566200016 ER PT J AU Tsang, L Pan, J Liang, D Li, ZX Cline, DW Tan, YH AF Tsang, Leung Pan, Jin Liang, Ding Li, Zhongxin Cline, Donald W. Tan, Yunhua TI Modeling active microwave remote sensing of snow using dense media radiative transfer (DMRT) theory with multiple-scattering effects SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE active microwave remote sensing; dense media; snow ID APPROXIMATION AB Dense media radiative transfer (DMRT) theory is used to study the multiple-scattering effects in active microwave remote sensing. Simplified DMRT phase matrices are obtained in the 1-2 frame. The simplified expressions facilitate solutions of the DMRT equations and comparisons with other phase matrices. First-order, second-order, and full multiple-scattering solutions of the DMRT equations are obtained. To solve the DMRT equation, we decompose the diffuse intensities into Fourier series in the azimuthal direction. Each harmonic is solved by the eigen-quadrature approach. The model is applied to the active microwave remote sensing of terrestrial snow. Full multiple-scattering effects are important as the optical thickness for snow at frequencies above 10 GHz often exceed unity. The results are illustrated as a function of frequency, incidence angle, and snow depth. The results show that cross polarization for the case of densely packed spheres can be significant and can be merely 6 to 8 dB below copolarization. The magnitudes of the cross polarization are consistent with the experimental observations. The results show that the active 13.5-GHz backscattering coefficients still have significant sensitivity to snow thickness even for snow thickness exceeding 1 m. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Elect Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Elect Sci & Technol China, Dept Microwave Engn, Chengdu 610054, Peoples R China. Zhejiang Univ, Coll Elect Engn, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. Natl Ocean Atmospher Adm, Off Climate Water & Weather Serv, Hydrol Serv Div, Natl Operat Hydrol Remote Sensing Ctr, Chanhassen, MN 55317 USA. City Univ Hong Kong, Dept Elect Engn, Kowloon, Peoples R China. RP Tsang, L (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Elect Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RI Liang, Ding/F-7460-2012; Liang, Ding/K-6959-2012 NR 13 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD APR PY 2007 VL 45 IS 4 BP 990 EP 1004 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.888854 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 155GP UT WOS:000245566200019 ER PT J AU Benz, SP Burroughs, CJ Dresselhaus, PD Bergren, NF Lipe, TE Kinard, JR Tang, YH AF Benz, Samuel P. Burroughs, Charles J., Jr. Dresselhaus, Paul D. Bergren, Norman F. Lipe, Thomas E. Kinard, J. R. Tang, Yi-hua TI An AC Josephson voltage standard for AC-DC transfer-standard measurements SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Precision Electronmagnetic Measurements (CPEM 06) CY JUL 09-14, 2006 CL Torino, ITALY SP Ist Nazl Ricerca Metrol, Politecn Torino, Univ Torino DE AC measurements; ac voltage standard; Josephson arrays; Josephson devices AB In order to improve the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) low-voltage calibration service for thermal-voltage converters, we have constructed an ac-Josephson-voltage-standard (ACJVS) system that can synthesize accurate rms voltages of up to 100 mV. Using this system, we synthesized dc voltages and audio-frequency sine waves in order to measure ac-dc differences on the 22 mV and 220 mV ranges of a commercial thermal transfer standard. By modifying the output resistance of the low-pass-filtered transmission line, we were able to extend our measurement frequency from a few kilohertz up to 100 kHz. Our ACJVS measurements agree with the uncertainty budget of ac-dc difference calibrations made of this transfer standard by use of conventional techniques. We also show the progress toward extending the output to 200 mV using new Josephson circuits. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Benz, SP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM samuel.benz@nist.gov NR 11 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD APR PY 2007 VL 56 IS 2 BP 239 EP 243 DI 10.1109/TIM.2007.891153 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 149OT UT WOS:000245157000008 ER PT J AU Bergman, DI AF Bergman, David I. TI NIST sampling system for accurate AC waveform parameter measurements SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Precision Electronmagnetic Measurements (CPEM 06) CY JUL 09-14, 2006 CL Torino, ITALY SP Ist Nazl Ricerca Metrol, Politecn Torino, Univ Torino DE analog-to-digital conversion (ADC); frequency response; gain measurement; Markov processes; measurement standards; signal sampling ID DIGITIZER AB This paper summarizes efforts at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop a waveform sampling and digitizing system with accuracy comparable to that of an ac-dc thermal transfer standard for ac voltage measurements over the frequency range of 10 Hz; to 1 MHz. In the frequency range from 1 kHz to 1 MHz, the sampler's gain flatness is better than that available from the best commercial digital multimeter. In ac-ac comparisons referenced to 1 kHz, the system agrees with a NIST-calibrated thermal transfer standard to within 17 mu V/V from 20 Hz to 100 kHz for measurements made at both 1 and 0.1 V. The sampler's excellent dynamic linearity and flat input impedance are also discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bergman, DI (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD APR PY 2007 VL 56 IS 2 BP 244 EP 248 DI 10.1109/TIM.2007.890589 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 149OT UT WOS:000245157000009 ER PT J AU Burroughs, CJ Benz, SP Dresselhaus, PD Waltrip, BC Nelson, TL Chong, Y Williams, JM Henderson, D Patel, P Palafox, L Behr, R AF Burroughs, Charles J., Jr. Benz, Samuel P. Dresselhaus, Paul D. Waltrip, B. C. Nelson, T. L. Chong, Yonuk Williams, Jonathan M. Henderson, Dale Patel, Pravin Palafox, Luis Behr, Ralf TI Development of a 60 Hz power standard using SNS programmable Josephson voltage standards SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Precision Electronmagnetic Measurements (CPEM 06) CY JUL 09-14, 2006 CL Torino, ITALY SP Ist Nazl Ricerca Metrol, Politecn Torino, Univ Torino DE AC measurements; Josephson arrays; Josephson devices; Josephson voltage standard ID JUNCTION ARRAY AB We are implementing a new standard for 60 Hz power measurements based on precision sinusoidal reference volt,ages from two independent programmable Josephson voltage standards (PJVS): one for voltage and one for current. The National Institute of Standards and Technology PJVS systems use series arrays of Josephson junctions to produce accurate quantum-based dc voltages. Using stepwise-approximation synthesis, the PJVS systems produce sinewaves with precisely calculable rms voltage and spectral content. We present measurements and calculations that elucidate the sources of error in the rms voltage that are intrinsic to the digital-synthesis technique and that are due to the finite rise times and transients that occur when switching between the discrete voltages. Our goal is to reduce all error sources and uncertainty contributions from the PJVS synthesized waveforms to a few parts in 10(7) so that the overall uncertainty in the ac-power standard is a few parts in 10(6). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Taejon 305340, South Korea. Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. Phys Tech Lab, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. RP Burroughs, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM burroughs@boulder.nist.gov OI Palafox, Luis/0000-0001-7663-856X NR 14 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD APR PY 2007 VL 56 IS 2 BP 289 EP 294 DI 10.1109/TIM.2007.891156 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 149OT UT WOS:000245157000019 ER PT J AU Chu, PM Nelson, DD Zahniser, MS McManus, JB Shi, Q Travis, JC AF Chu, Pamela M. Nelson, David D., Jr. Zahniser, Mark S. McManus, J. Barry Shi, Quan Travis, John C. TI Towards realization of reactive gas amount of substance standards through spectroscopic measurements SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Precision Electronmagnetic Measurements (CPEM 06) CY JUL 09-14, 2006 CL Torino, ITALY SP Ist Nazl Ricerca Metrol, Politecn Torino, Univ Torino DE absorption spectroscopy; gas reference standards; ozone; traceability ID OZONE AB This paper discusses the use of high-precision direct absorption spectroscopy to realize the amount of substance standards for ozone (O-3), a reactive species which cannot be delivered through traditional gravimetrically based gas cylinder standards. The O-3 amount of substance is linked to the known concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) through a gas-phase titration reaction and spectroscopic measurements using room-temperature pulsed quantum-cascade lasers. Ultimately, this approach will allow the determination of an O-3 transition line strength linked to the primary gravimetric standards of NO and NO2. The line strength can be used in future measurements to determine O-3 concentrations of unknown samples. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. Sionex Corp, Bedford, MA 01730 USA. RP Chu, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD APR PY 2007 VL 56 IS 2 BP 305 EP 308 DI 10.1109/TIM.2007.891151 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 149OT UT WOS:000245157000022 ER PT J AU Free, GM Lipe, TE Kinard, JR Sims, JE AF Free, George M. Lipe, Thomas E. Kinard, Joseph R. Sims, June E. TI Characterization of RF-DC transfer difference for thermal voltage converters with built-in tees in the frequency range 1 MHz to 1 GHz SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Precision Electronmagnetic Measurements (CPEM 06) CY JUL 09-14, 2006 CL Torino, ITALY SP Ist Nazl Ricerca Metrol, Politecn Torino, Univ Torino DE Ac-dc difference; RF-dc difference; thermal converter; thermal voltage converter (TVC) AB We describe the construction of thermal voltage converters (TVCs) with built-in tees and the characterization of their RF-dc differences in terms of power and impedance using thermistor mounts at frequencies greater than 100 MHz and in terms of conventional TVCs at lower frequencies. We also present a description of the measurement system and an uncertainty analysis. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Free, GM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM thomas.lipe@nist.gov NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD APR PY 2007 VL 56 IS 2 BP 341 EP 345 DI 10.1109/TIM.2007.890814 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 149OT UT WOS:000245157000030 ER PT J AU Labenski, JR Tew, WL Nam, SW Benz, SP Dresselhaus, PD Burroughs, CJ AF Labenski, John R. Tew, W. L. Nam, S. W. Benz, Samuel P. Dresselhaus, Paul D. Burroughs, Charles J., Jr. TI Resistance-based scaling of noise temperatures from 1 kHz to 1 MHz SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Precision Electronmagnetic Measurements (CPEM 06) CY JUL 09-14, 2006 CL Torino, ITALY SP Ist Nazl Ricerca Metrol, Politecn Torino, Univ Torino DE noise; noise measurement; temperature; temperature measurement ID THERMOMETRY; CALIBRATION AB A conventional technique for scaling temperatures in Johnson noise thermometry is via resistance ratios. We describe measurements from 1 kHz to 1 MHz using this approach via correlation methods in the frequency domain. We show that the effects of the mismatch in time constants of the input networks may be empirically treated to extract the noise power and temperature ratios in the low-frequency limit with uncertainties < 60 mu K/K. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Labenski, JR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.labenski@nist.gov NR 8 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD APR PY 2007 VL 56 IS 2 BP 481 EP 485 DI 10.1109/TIM.2007.891070 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 149OT UT WOS:000245157000061 ER PT J AU Randa, J Walker, DK AF Randa, James Walker, David K. TI On-wafer measurement of transistor noise parameters at NIST SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Precision Electronmagnetic Measurements (CPEM 06) CY JUL 09-14, 2006 CL Torino, ITALY SP Ist Nazl Ricerca Metrol, Politecn Torino, Univ Torino DE noise measurement; on-wafer measurement; transistor noise parameters; uncertainty analysis ID AMPLIFIER NOISE; CALIBRATION AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology has developed the capability to measure noise parameters on a wafer in the 1-12.4-GHz range. We describe the measurement method and the uncertainty analysis and present results of measurements on a highly reflective transistor. Typical standard uncertainties are within the range of 20-25 K in T-min, which is the minimum transistor noise temperature, and about 0.03 in the magnitude of Gamma(opt), which is the reflection coefficient for which T-min occurs. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Randa, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM randa@boulder.nist.gov NR 11 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD APR PY 2007 VL 56 IS 2 BP 551 EP 554 DI 10.1109/TIM.2007.891145 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 149OT UT WOS:000245157000076 ER PT J AU Steiner, RL Williams, ER Liu, RM Newell, DB AF Steiner, Richard L. Williams, Edwin R. Liu, Ruimin Newell, David B. TI Uncertainty improvements of the NIST electronic kilogram SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Precision Electronmagnetic Measurements (CPEM 06) CY JUL 09-14, 2006 CL Torino, ITALY SP Ist Nazl Ricerca Metrol, Politecn Torino, Univ Torino DE absolute watt; electromagnetic induction; electronic kilogram; International System of Units (SI); mass measurement; measurement units; motion measurement; power units; resistance measurement; voltage measurement; watt balance ID PLANCK CONSTANT AB This paper summarizes the latest uncertainty improvements and data for a new result from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) electronic kilogram experiment. The result of 8 +/- 36 nW/W for the ratio {W-90/W - 1}, as well as the Planck's constant, is comparable to the NIST 2005 value but with a lower uncertainty. Of the eight largest Type B uncertainty contributions, gravity acceleration, wheel surface, and reference mass magnetic susceptibility are considerably reduced. Humidity dependence in the recent data and limitations on the volt/velocity signal analysis are now the main limitations on the uncertainty. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Steiner, RL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM richard.steiner@nist.gov NR 3 TC 93 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD APR PY 2007 VL 56 IS 2 BP 592 EP 596 DI 10.1109/TIM.2007.890590 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 149OT UT WOS:000245157000086 ER PT J AU Tang, YH Hamilton, CA Deaver, D Parks, H Wood, BM AF Tang, Yi-hua Hamilton, Clark A. Deaver, David Parks, Harold Wood, Barry M. TI The seventh intercomparison of Josephson voltage standards in north America SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Precision Electronmagnetic Measurements (CPEM 06) CY JUL 09-14, 2006 CL Torino, ITALY SP Ist Nazl Ricerca Metrol, Politecn Torino, Univ Torino DE compact Josephson voltage standard (CJVS); interlaboratory comparison (ILC); JVS; uncertainty; Zener standard AB The seventh interlaboratory comparison of Josephson voltage standards (JVS) at 10 V, sponsored by the National Conference of Standard Laboratories International, took place from April to October 2005 with 15 participating laboratories. A traveling JVS system of the National Institute of Standards and Technology was used to make five comparisons with the subpivot laboratories. This paper describes the protocol used for the JVS intercomparison and the improvements achieved by the use of the transportable JVS. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. VMetrix LLC, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Fluke Corp, Everett, WA 98206 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Natl Res Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. RP Tang, YH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD APR PY 2007 VL 56 IS 2 BP 605 EP 609 DI 10.1109/TIM.2007.890797 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 149OT UT WOS:000245157000089 ER PT J AU Wang, YC Koffman, AD FitzPatrick, GJ AF Wang, Yicheng Koffman, Andrew D. FitzPatrick, Gerald J. TI Dissipation factors of fused-silica capacitors in the audio frequency range SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Precision Electronmagnetic Measurements (CPEM 06) CY JUL 09-14, 2006 CL Torino, ITALY SP Ist Nazl Ricerca Metrol, Politecn Torino, Univ Torino DE capacitance; cross capacitor; dielectric loss; dissipation factor; Farad; frequency dependence; fused-silica capacitor ID DEPENDENCE; LOSSES AB We describe dissipation factor measurements of 10-pF fused-silica capacitance standards from 50 Hz to 20 kHz using a toroidal cross capacitor and a 10-pF nitrogen-filled capacitor as the references. The relative combined standard uncertainties are 0.56 x. 10(-6), 0.16 x 10(-6), and 0.26 x 10(-6) at 100 Hz, 1 kHz, and 10 kHz, respectively. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, YC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD APR PY 2007 VL 56 IS 2 BP 624 EP 627 DI 10.1109/TIM.2007.891144 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 149OT UT WOS:000245157000093 ER PT J AU Williams, ER AF Williams, Edwin R. TI Toward the SI system based on fundamental constants: Weighing the electron SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Precision Electronmagnetic Measurements (CPEM 06) CY JUL 09-14, 2006 CL Torino, ITALY SP Ist Nazl Ricerca Metrol, Politecn Torino, Univ Torino DE Avogadro constant; elementary charge; fundamental constants; International System of Units (SI); kilogram; Planck constant; watt balance ID KILOGRAM; REDEFINITION AB A modified International System of Units (SI) based on simply specifying exact numeric values of seven physical constants is described. This "set of constants" approach fixes the scale for all measurements, and the result is that both base units and derived units have equal footing. The seven quantities are the Cs transition frequency, the speed of light, the spectral luminous efficacy, the electron charge, the Avogadro constant, the Planck constant, and the Boltzmann constant. The first three quantities ensure that the second, the meter, and the candela are, in practice, the same as in the present SI. However, this approach requires that the definition of the ampere, mole, kilogram, and kelvin be changed to provide consistency with these constants. A major challenge in ensuring acceptable continuity is in advancing the measure of the kilogram and kelvin in terms of fundamental constants of nature. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Technol Adm,US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Williams, ER (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Technol Adm,US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM edwinwilliams@nist.gov NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD APR PY 2007 VL 56 IS 2 BP 646 EP 650 DI 10.1109/TIM.2007.890591 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 149OT UT WOS:000245157000098 ER PT J AU Mateu, J Booth, JC Collado, C O'Callaghan, JM AF Mateu, Jordi Booth, James C. Collado, Carlos O'Callaghan, Juan M. TI Intermodulation distortion in coupled-resonator filters with nonuniformly distributed nonlinear properties - Use in HTS IMD compensation SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE ferroelectrics; harmonic balance; intermodulation products; nonlinearities; nonlinear measurements; superconducting filters ID FILM TRANSMISSION-LINES; THIN-FILMS; SUPERCONDUCTORS; GENERATION AB We present a general procedure for calculating intermodulation distortion in coupled-resonator filters that allows one to predict the performance of a nonlinear filter as a function of the general nodal matrix defining the filter and the material parameters that cause the nonlinear behavior. It is valid for almost any type of nonlinear distributed effects, including those produced by high-temperature superconductors, nonlinear dielectrics such as ferroelectrics, or superconductor/ferroelectric bilayers, and it is valid when the spatial distribution of nonlinearities is not uniform. The procedure has been validated with experimental measurements in an eight-pole quasi-elliptic superconducting filter. Using this procedure, we have assessed a combination of materials with different types of nonlinear effects to partially or completely mitigate the filter's nonlinear response. This includes superconducting filters with a ferroelectric pre- or post-distorter stage or even with intermediate ferroelectric compensation stages. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Signal Theory & Commun, Barcelona 08034, Spain. RP Mateu, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jmateu@boulder.nist.gov; james.booth@boulder.nist.gov; collado@tsc.upc.edu; joano@tsc.upc.edu RI collado, carlos/B-1651-2010; O'Callaghan, Juan /F-6595-2013; mateu, jordi/H-7285-2015 OI collado, carlos/0000-0002-8869-2739; O'Callaghan, Juan /0000-0002-2740-0202; mateu, jordi/0000-0001-9833-9966 NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD APR PY 2007 VL 55 IS 4 BP 616 EP 624 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2007.892802 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 158CN UT WOS:000245768700003 ER PT J AU Tremsin, AS Hussey, DS Downing, RG Feller, WB Mildner, DFR Jacobson, DL Arif, M Siegmund, OHW AF Tremsin, Anton S. Hussey, Daniel S. Downing, R. Gregory Feller, W. Bruce Mildner, David F. R. Jacobson, David L. Arif, Muhammad Siegmund, Oswald H. W. TI Neutron collimation with microchannel plates: Calibration of existing technology and near future possibilities SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE collimators; neutron optics; neutron scattering ID DETECTORS; COMPACT AB A new type of high performance and compact neutron collimator can be manufactured. from Gd- or B-doped microchannel plates (MCPs). Structures: only a few min thick have very narrow rocking curves and high out-of-angle rejection ratios' as observed previously with a cold neutron beam. We present the results of measurements with a collimated (L/D ratio similar to 280 : 1) thermal neutron beam. MCP collimators doped with 3 mole % of (nat) Gd2O3 as well as doped with 10 mole % of (B2O3)-B-10 were calibrated for transmission versus tilt angle. The MCPs used in this study were only 0.6 and 0.8 min thick with similar to 8.5 Am circular pores on 11.5 Am centers. All the measured rocking curves agree well with the theoretically predicted performance. Both experimental and modeling results indicate that very efficient MCP collimators (with < 0.1 degrees wide rocking curves and a rejection ratio exceeding 10(3)) can be built with the existing technology. The possibility to manufacture collimators with very large L/D ratios exceeding 1000:1 is also discussed for the case of unetched MCPs. The peak transmission of such devices with very sharp rocking curves will be limited to similar to 40% by the transmission of the undoped glass. Application of MCP collimators for scatter rejection in neutron radiography is also considered in terms of possible image distortions, which are shown to occur only for the systems with detector spatial resolution better than 20 mu m FWHM. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NOVA Sci Inc, Sturbridge, MA 01566 USA. RP Tremsin, AS (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM ast@ssl.berkeley.edu; daniel.hussey@nist.gov; gregory.downing@nist.gov; bfeller@novascientific.com; david.mildner@nist.gov; david.jacobson@nist.gov; muhammad.arif@nist.gov; ossy@ssl.berkeley.edu NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9499 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD APR PY 2007 VL 54 IS 2 BP 362 EP 366 DI 10.1109/TNS.2007.891080 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 163PC UT WOS:000246171100009 ER PT J AU Grother, P Tabassi, E AF Grother, Patrick Tabassi, Elham TI Performance of biometric quality measures SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article DE biometrics; quality measurement; authentication; evaluation; performance measures AB We document methods for the quantitative evaluation of systems that produce a scalar summary of a biometric sample's quality. We are motivated by a need to test claims that quality measures are predictive of matching performance. We regard a quality measurement algorithm as a black box that converts an input sample to an output scalar. We evaluate it by quantifying the association between those values and observed matching results. We advance detection error trade-off and error versus reject characteristics as metrics for the comparative evaluation of sample quality measurement algorithms. We proceed this with a definition of sample quality, a description of the operational use of quality measures. We emphasize the performance goal by including a procedure for annotating the samples of a reference corpus with quality values derived from empirical recognition scores. C1 NIST, Informat Access Div, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Informat Technol Lab, Image Grp, Informat Access Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Grother, P (reprint author), NIST, Informat Access Div, Informat Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Bldg 225,Room A203,MS 8940, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM pgrother@nist.gov; tabassi@nist.gov NR 24 TC 91 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0162-8828 J9 IEEE T PATTERN ANAL JI IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. PD APR PY 2007 VL 29 IS 4 BP 531 EP 543 DI 10.1109/TPAMI.2007.1019 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 145HJ UT WOS:000244855600003 PM 17299212 ER PT J AU Ivanov, EN McFerran, JJ Diddams, SA Hollberg, L AF Ivanov, Eugene N. McFerran, John J. Diddams, Scott A. Hollberg, Leo TI Noise properties of microwave signals synthesized with femtosecond lasers SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCIES; LEVEL; LINK; AM AB We discuss various aspects of high resolution measurements of phase fluctuations at microwave frequencies. This includes methods to achieve thermal noise limited sensitivity, along with the improved immunity to oscillator amplitude noise. A few prototype measurement systems were developed to measure phase fluctuations of microwave signals extracted from the optical pulse trains generated by femtosecond lasers. This enabled first reliable measurements of the excess phase noise associated with optical-to-microwave frequency division. The spectral density of the excess phase noise was found to be -140 dBc/Hz at 100 Hz offset from the 10 GHz carrier which was almost 40 dB better than that of a high quality microwave synthesizer. C1 Univ Western Australia, Sch Phys, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ivanov, EN (reprint author), Univ Western Australia, Sch Phys, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. EM eugene@physics.uwa.edu.au RI McFerran, John/B-7445-2011; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 OI McFerran, John/0000-0002-8662-0467; NR 18 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0885-3010 J9 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR JI IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control PD APR PY 2007 VL 54 IS 4 BP 736 EP 745 DI 10.1109/TUFFC.2007.307 PG 10 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 154PC UT WOS:000245518700006 PM 17441583 ER PT J AU Baird, DJ Brown, SS Lagadic, L Liess, M Maltby, L Moreira-Santos, M Schulz, R Scott, GI AF Baird, Donald J. Brown, Steven S. Lagadic, Laurent Liess, Matthias Maltby, Lorraine Moreira-Santos, Matilde Schulz, Ralf Scott, Geoffrey I. TI In Situ-Based Effects Measures: Determining the Ecological Relevance of Measured Responses SO INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Ecological risk assessment; In situ bioassay; Extrapolation AB The aim of this review is to examine how the choice of test species and study design employed in the use of in situ approaches in ecological risk assessment can maximize the ecological relevance of data. We provide a framework to define and assess ecological relevance that permits study designs to remain focused on the ecological question being addressed. This framework makes explicit the linkages between effects at lower levels of biological organization and higher-order ecological effects at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. The usefulness of this framework is illustrated by reference to specific examples from aquatic ecotoxicology. The use of models as both interpretive and predictive tools is discussed, with suggestions of appropriate methods for different protection goals. C1 [Baird, Donald J.] Univ New Brunswick, Dept Biol, Canadian Rivers Inst, Natl Water Res Inst Environm Canada, POB 45111, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Canada. [Brown, Steven S.] Rohm & Haas Chem LLC, Spring House, PA 19477 USA. [Lagadic, Laurent] INRA, Lab Ecotoxicol Aquat, F-35042 Rennes, France. [Liess, Matthias] UFZ Ctr Environm Res, Dept Chem Ecotoxicol, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. [Maltby, Lorraine] Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. [Moreira-Santos, Matilde] Univ Coimbra, Dept Zool, Inst Ambiente & Vida, P-3000 Coimbra, Portugal. [Schulz, Ralf] Univ Koblenz Landau, Inst Environm Sci, D-76829 Landau, Germany. [Scott, Geoffrey I.] US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Baird, DJ (reprint author), Univ New Brunswick, Dept Biol, Canadian Rivers Inst, Natl Water Res Inst Environm Canada, POB 45111, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Canada. EM djbaird@unb.ca RI Schulz, Ralf/G-3674-2011; Moreira-Santos, Matilde/J-2609-2013 OI Moreira-Santos, Matilde/0000-0001-7067-5028 FU Environment Canada; European Copper Institute; International Copper Association; International Lead Zinc Research Organization; Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association; Rio Tinto PLV; Rohm and Haas Company; Teck Cominco America; UK Environment Agency; US Army Corps of Engineers; US Environmental Protection Agency FX The workshop was supported by 11 business and governmental organizations, including Environment Canada, European Copper Institute, International Copper Association, International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association, Rio Tinto PLV, Rohm and Haas Company, Teck Cominco America, UK Environment Agency, US Army Corps of Engineers, and the US Environmental Protection Agency. NR 58 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1551-3777 EI 1551-3793 J9 INTEGR ENVIRON ASSES JI Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. PD APR PY 2007 VL 3 IS 2 BP 259 EP 267 DI 10.1897/IEAM_2006-031.1 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA V43WY UT WOS:000209712700010 PM 17477293 ER PT J AU Arp, V Huang, YH Radebaugh, R Chen, GB AF Arp, V. Huang, Y. H. Radebaugh, R. Chen, G. B. TI Debye fluid state equation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2006 CL Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Heat Transfer Div, Int Union Pure & Appl Chem, Int Assoc Chem Thermodynam HO Univ Colorado DE Debye theory; helium isotope; specific heat; state equation ID THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; DEGREES K; OF-STATE; HELIUM; TEMPERATURE; PRESSURE; HE-3; ATM AB A new form of a fluid state equation, based on a conceptual extrapolation from the Debye equation for the specific heat of solid materials is described. The Debye characteristic temperature, Theta, which is nominally a constant for solids, becomes a function of the fluid density rho. Further assuming Theta = c(1)rho(2/3) (1+c(2)rho + c(3)rho(2) + ...)yields the conventional fluid virial equation in the high-T and low-rho limits for a monatomic fluid. Additional terms must be added to describe (a) the compressibility of the dense subcooled fluid and (b) properties in the near-critical range. Discussion of the Gruneisen parameter and other factors is included. This Debye fluid theory was used as a state equation for He-3, continuous from 0.005 K to above room temperature. C1 Zhejiang Univ, Cryogen Lab, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. Cryodata Inc, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Huang, YH (reprint author), Zhejiang Univ, Cryogen Lab, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. EM huang.yonghua@yahoo.com.cn OI Huang, Yonghua/0000-0001-6453-8430 NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD APR PY 2007 VL 28 IS 2 BP 417 EP 428 DI 10.1007/s10765-006-0141-3 PG 12 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 183DC UT WOS:000247551900003 ER PT J AU McLinden, MO Kleinrahm, R Wagner, W AF McLinden, M. O. Kleinrahm, R. Wagner, W. TI Force transmission errors in magnetic suspension densimeters SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2006 CL Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Heat Transfer Div, Int Union Pure & Appl Chem, Int Assoc Chem Thermodynam HO Univ Colorado DE densimeter; density; magnetic susceptibility; magnetic suspension coupling ID ACCURATE DENSITY-MEASUREMENTS; TEMPERATURE; PRESSURE; EQUATION; VOLUMES; BALANCE AB Techniques to determine and compensate for the force transmission error (FTE), including the magnetic effects of the fluid being measured, in magnetic suspension densimeters are presented. For a two-sinker densimeter, the forces on the balance are expressed for each of the weighings comprising a density determination (i.e., the two sinkers plus balance calibration and tare weights). This yields a system of four equations, which are solved for the fluid density, a balance calibration factor, a coupling factor (related to the FTE), and a quantity related to the balance tare. For a single-sinker densimeter, an in situ weighing of the sinker in vacuum compensates for the FTE of the apparatus itself. A determination of the fluid-specific effect requires measurements with two different sinkers-analogous to the two-sinker analysis, but with the measurements spread out over time. The apparatus part of the FTE is generally less than +/- 20 ppm. Measurements on propane, helium, neon, nitrogen, argon, toluene, and air are analyzed for the fluid-specific effect; this effect is correlated with the magnetic susceptibility of the fluid together with an apparatus constant. With this analysis, the force transmission "error" becomes an effect that can be accounted for rather than a significant source of uncertainty in density measurements carried out with magnetic suspension densimeters. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Ruhr Univ Bochum, Lehrstuhl Thermodynam, D-44780 Bochum, Germany. RP McLinden, MO (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM markm@boulder.nist.gov NR 18 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD APR PY 2007 VL 28 IS 2 BP 429 EP 448 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0176-0 PG 20 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 183DC UT WOS:000247551900004 ER PT J AU Mountain, RD AF Mountain, Raymond D. TI Solvation structure of ions in water SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2006 CL Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Heat Transfer Div, Int Union Pure & Appl Chem, Int Assoc Chem Thermodynam HO Univ Colorado DE anion; cation; molecular dynamics; potential functions; solvation; water ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; FORCE-FIELD; GUANIDINIUM; POTENTIALS; ALGORITHM; CHLORIDE; AMBIENT AB Molecular dynamics simulations of ions in water are reported for solutions of varying solute concentration at ambient conditions for six cations and four anions in 10 solutes. The solutes were selected to show trends in properties as the size and charge density of the ions change. The emphasis is on how the structure of water is modified by the presence of the ions and how many water molecules are present in the first solvation shell of the ions. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mountain, RD (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rmountain@nist.gov NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 6 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD APR PY 2007 VL 28 IS 2 BP 536 EP 543 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0154-6 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 183DC UT WOS:000247551900011 ER PT J AU Harvey, AH Huang, PH AF Harvey, A. H. Huang, P. H. TI First-principles calculation of the air-water second virial coefficient SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2006 CL Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Heat Transfer Div, Int Union Pure & Appl Chem, Int Assoc Chem Thermodynam HO Univ Colorado DE air; enthalpy coefficient; humidity; second virial coefficient; water ID MOIST AIR; ARGON; DENSITY AB Recent theoretical work has produced quantitatively accurate potential-energy surfaces for water with common gases. These pair potentials have been used to calculate second interaction virial coefficients with an accuracy superior to that obtained by most experiments. In this work, results for water-nitrogen, water-oxygen, and water-argon are combined to calculate an effective second virial coefficient for water with air. The results are in agreement with the existing experimental data, but they cover a wide range of temperatures while the experimental data extend only from 253 to 348 K. These results will be useful for humidity standards and other applications requiring thermodynamic properties of moist air. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NIST, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Harvey, AH (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM aharvey@boulder.nist.gov NR 14 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD APR PY 2007 VL 28 IS 2 BP 556 EP 565 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0197-8 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 183DC UT WOS:000247551900013 ER PT J AU Hanssen, LM Cagran, CP Prokhorov, AV Mekhontsev, SN Khromchenko, VB AF Hanssen, Leonard M. Cagran, Claus P. Prokhorov, Alexander V. Mekhontsev, Sergey N. Khromchenko, Vladimir B. TI Use of a high-temperature integrating sphere reflectometer for surface-temperature measurements SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2006 CL Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Heat Transfer Div, Int Union Pure & Appl Chem, Int Assoc Chem Thermodynam HO Univ Colorado DE emittance; hemispherical-directional reflectance factor; non-contact temperature; Pt-Rh; radiometer; SiC; sphere reflectometer; surface temperature AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed a new facility for the characterization of the infrared spectral emissivity of samples between 150 and 1,000 degrees C. For accurate measurement of the sample surface temperatures above 150 degrees C, the system employs a high-temperature reflectometer to obtain the surface temperature of the sample. This technique is especially useful for samples that have significant temperature gradients due to the thermal conductivity of the sample and the heating mechanism used. The sample temperature is obtained through two measurements: (a) an indirect sample emissivity measurement with an integrating sphere reflectometer and (b) a relative radiance measurement (at the same wavelengths as in (a)) of the sample as compared to a blackbody source. The results are combined with a knowledge of the blackbody temperature and Planck's law to obtain the sample temperature. The reflectometer's integrating sphere is a custom design that accommodates the sample and heater to allow reflectance measurements at temperature. The sphere measures the hemispherical-near- normal (8 degrees) reflectance factor of the sample compared relative to a previously calibrated room-temperature reference sample. The reflectometer technique of sample temperature measurement is evaluated with several samples of varying reflectance. Temperature results are compared with values simultaneously obtained from embedded thermocouples and temperature-drop calculations using a knowledge of the sample's thermal conductivity. C1 NIST, Opt Tech Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hanssen, LM (reprint author), NIST, Opt Tech Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hanssen@nist.gov NR 16 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD APR PY 2007 VL 28 IS 2 BP 566 EP 580 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0180-4 PG 15 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 183DC UT WOS:000247551900014 ER PT J AU Cagran, CP Hanssen, LM Noorma, M Gura, AV Mekhontsev, SN AF Cagran, Claus P. Hanssen, Leonard M. Noorma, Mart Gura, Alex V. Mekhontsev, Sergey N. TI Temperature-resolved infrared spectral emissivity of SiC and Pt-10Rh for temperatures up to 900 degrees C SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2006 CL Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Heat Transfer Div, Int Union Pure & Appl Chem, Int Assoc Chem Thermodynam HO Univ Colorado DE infrared; platinum-10% rhodium; silicon-carbide; spectral emissivity; spectral emittance; sphere reflectometer AB This article reports the first comprehensive results obtained from a fully functional, recently established infrared spectral-emissivity measurement facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). First, sample surface temperatures are obtained with a radiometer using actual emittance values from a newly designed sphere reflectometer and a comparison between the radiometer temperatures and contact thermometry results is presented. Spectral emissivity measurements are made by comparison of the sample spectral radiance to that of a reference blackbody at a similar (but not identical) temperature. Initial materials selected for measurement are potential candidates for use as spectral emissivity standards or are of particular technical interest. Temperature-resolved measurements of the spectral directional emissivity of SiC and Pt-10Rh are performed in the spectral range of 2-20 mu m, over a temperature range from 300 to 900 degrees C at normal incidence. Further, a careful study of the uncertainty components of this measurement is presented. C1 NIST, Opt Tech Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cagran, CP (reprint author), NIST, Opt Tech Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM claus.cagran@tugraz.at NR 21 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 21 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD APR PY 2007 VL 28 IS 2 BP 581 EP 597 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0183-1 PG 17 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 183DC UT WOS:000247551900015 ER PT J AU Tew, WL Labenski, JR Nam, SW Benz, SP Dresselhaus, PD Burroughs, CJ AF Tew, W. L. Labenski, J. R. Nam, S. W. Benz, S. P. Dresselhaus, P. D. Burroughs, C. J. TI Johnson noise thermometry near the zinc freezing point using resistance-based scaling SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2006 CL Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Heat Transfer Div, Int Union Pure & Appl Chem, Int Assoc Chem Thermodynam HO Univ Colorado DE ITS-90; Johnson noise; noise thermometry; temperature ID CALIBRATION; ITS-90 AB Johnson noise thermometry (JNT) is a primary method of measuring temperature which can be applied over wide ranges. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is currently using JNT to determine the deviations of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) from the thermodynamic temperature in the range of 505-933 K, overlapping the ranges of both acoustic gas-based and radiation-based thermometry. Advances in digital electronics have now made viable the computationally intensive and data-volume-intensive processing required for JNT using noise-voltage correlation in the frequency domain. The spectral noise power, and consequently the thermodynamic temperature T, of a high-temperature JNT probe is determined relative to a known reference spectrum using a switched-input digital noise-voltage correlator and simple resistance-scaling relationships. Comparison of the JNT results with standard platinum resistance thermometers calibrated on the ITS-90 gives the deviation of the thermodynamic temperature from the temperature on the ITS-90, T - T-90. Statistical uncertainties under 50 mu K center dot K-1 are achievable in less than 1 day of integration by fitting the effects of transmission-line time constants over bandwidths of 450 kHz. The methods and results in a 3 K interval near the zinc freezing point (T (90-ZnFP) equivalent to 692.677 K) are described. Preliminary results show agreement between the JNT-derived temperatures and the ITS-90. C1 NIST, Proc Measurement Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Tew, WL (reprint author), NIST, Proc Measurement Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wtew@nist.gov NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD APR PY 2007 VL 28 IS 2 BP 629 EP 645 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0196-9 PG 17 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 183DC UT WOS:000247551900018 ER PT J AU Boboridis, K Seifter, A Obst, AW Basak, D AF Boboridis, K. Seifter, A. Obst, A. W. Basak, D. TI Radiance temperature and normal spectral emittance (in the wavelength range of 1.5 to 5 mu m) of nickel at its melting point by a pulse-heating technique SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties/19th International Conference on Chemical Thermodynamics/61st Calorimetry Conference CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2006 CL Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Heat Transfer Div, Int Union Pure & Appl Chem, Int Assoc Chem Thermodynam, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab HO Univ Colorado DE emissivity; emittance; infrared; melting; nickel; pulse heating; pyrometry; radiance temperature ID EMISSIVITY; DEPENDENCE; NM AB The radiance temperature of nickel at its melting point was measured at four wavelengths (in the nominal range of 1.5 to 5 mu m) by a pulse-heating technique using a high-speed fiber-coupled four-channel infrared pyrometer. The method was based on rapid resistive self-heating of a specimen from room temperature to its melting point in less than 1 s while simultaneously measuring the radiance emitted by it in four spectral bands as a function of time. A plateau in the recorded radiance-versus-time traces indicated melting of the specimen. The melting-point radiance temperature for a given specimen was determined by averaging the temperature measured along the plateau at each wavelength. The results for several specimens were then, in turn, averaged to yield the melting-point radiance temperature of nickel, as follows: 1316 K at 1.77 mu m, 1211 K at 2.26 mu m, 995 K at 3.48 mu m, and 845 K at 4.75 mu m. The melting-point normal spectral emittance of nickel at these wavelengths was derived from the measured radiance in each spectral band using the published value of the thermodynamic (true) melting temperature of nickel. C1 Univ Cyprus, Dept Phys, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Orbital Sci Corp, Space Syst Grp, Dulles, VA 20166 USA. NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Boboridis, K (reprint author), Univ Cyprus, Dept Phys, POB 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus. EM kboboridis@fastmail.fm NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X EI 1572-9567 J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD APR PY 2007 VL 28 IS 2 BP 683 EP 696 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0150-x PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 183DC UT WOS:000247551900022 ER PT J AU Hammouda, B Mildner, DFR AF Hammouda, Boualem Mildner, David F. R. TI Small-angle neutron scattering resolution with refractive optics SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article AB The resolution of small-angle neutron scattering instruments is investigated for the case where refractive optics (lenses or prisms) are used. The appropriate equations are derived to describe the position and the spatial variance of the neutron beam at the detector in the horizontal and vertical directions, and the minimum value of the scattering vector. This is given for the spectrometer without any additional optics, and with the insertion of converging lenses or prisms. The addition of the lenses decreases the sample-aperture contribution to the resolution to enable an increase of neutron current at the sample. They also reduce the size of the penumbra of the beam at the detector, thereby lowering the minimum value of the scattering vector. The prisms correct the effect of gravity on the vertical beam position, and make the beam spot less asymmetric. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hammouda, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hammouda@nist.gov NR 7 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD APR PY 2007 VL 40 BP 250 EP 259 DI 10.1107/S002188980605638X PN 2 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 146IE UT WOS:000244926900005 ER PT J AU Chen, SH Broccio, M Liu, Y Fratini, E Baglioni, P AF Chen, Sow-Hsin Broccio, Matteo Liu, Yun Fratini, Emiliano Baglioni, Piero TI The two-Yukawa model and its applications: the cases of charged proteins and copolymer micellar solutions SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Small-Angle Scattering CY JUL 09-13, 2006 CL Kyoto, JAPAN ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; ORNSTEIN-ZERNIKE EQUATION; CLUSTER FORMATION; YUKAWA CLOSURE; SIMULATION; SYSTEMS; FLUIDS AB Charged and uncharged colloidal systems are known from experiment to display an extremely rich phase behavior, which is ultimately determined by the effective pair potential between particles in solution. As a confirmation, the recent striking observation of an equilibrium cluster phase in charged globular protein solutions [Stradner, Sedgwick, Cardinaux, Poon, Egelhaaf & Schurtenberger (2004). Nature, 432, 492-495] has been interpreted as the effect of competing short-range attractive and long-range repulsive interactions. The 'two-Yukawa (2Y) fluid' model assumes an interparticle potential consisting of a hard core plus an attractive and a repulsive Yukawa tail. We show that this rather simple model can indeed explain satisfactorily the structural properties of diverse colloidal materials, measured in small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments, including the cases of equilibrium cluster formation and soft-core repulsion. We apply this model to the analysis of SANS data from horse-heart cytochrome c protein solutions (whose effective potential can be modeled as a hard-sphere part plus a short-range attraction and a weaker screened electrostatic repulsion) and micellar solutions of a triblock copolymer (whose effective potential can be modeled as a hard-sphere part plus a repulsive shoulder and a short-range attraction). The accuracy of the 2Y model predictions is successfully tested against Monte Carlo simulations in both cases. C1 MIT, Dept Nucl Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Messina, Dipartimento Fis, I-98166 Messina, Italy. Univ Messina, CNISM, I-98166 Messina, Italy. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Florence, CSGI, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy. Univ Florence, Dept Chem, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy. RP Chen, SH (reprint author), MIT, Dept Nucl Sci & Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM sowhsin@mit.edu RI Liu, Yun/A-2478-2010; Fratini, Emiliano/C-9983-2010; Baglioni, Piero/B-1208-2011; Liu, Yun/F-6516-2012 OI Liu, Yun/0000-0002-0944-3153; Fratini, Emiliano/0000-0001-7104-6530; Baglioni, Piero/0000-0003-1312-8700; Liu, Yun/0000-0002-0944-3153 NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD APR PY 2007 VL 40 SU 1 BP S321 EP S326 DI 10.1107/S0021889807006723 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 162AX UT WOS:000246059800064 ER PT J AU Schultz, DR Perez, N Mendez, AJ Snodgrass, D Serafy, JE Prince, ED Crow, WA Capo, TR AF Schultz, D. R. Perez, N. Mendez, A. J. Snodgrass, D. Serafy, J. E. Prince, E. D. Crow, W. A., Jr. Capo, T. R. TI Tracking gender factors in fish surface mucus: temporal patterns in individual Koi (Cyprinus carpio) SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MALE COMMON CARP; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; SIBERIAN STURGEON; STEROID PROFILES; CHESAPEAKE BAY; SEX STEROIDS; COHO SALMON; PLASMA; VITELLOGENIN; PROTEINS C1 Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Med, Miami, FL 33101 USA. Univ Miami, Sch Med, Diabetes Res Inst, Clin Chem Lab, Miami, FL 33101 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL USA. 3M Co, Pharmaceut Div, St Paul, MN USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33152 USA. RP Schultz, DR (reprint author), Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Med, R-102,POB 016960, Miami, FL 33101 USA. EM dschultz@med.miami.edu NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0175-8659 EI 1439-0426 J9 J APPL ICHTHYOL JI J. Appl. Ichthyol. PD APR PY 2007 VL 23 IS 2 BP 184 EP 188 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00799.x PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 148EN UT WOS:000245057400013 ER PT J AU Baum, BA Yang, P Nasiri, S Heidinger, AK Heymsfield, A Li, J AF Baum, Bryan A. Yang, Ping Nasiri, Shaima Heidinger, Andrew K. Heymsfield, Andrew Li, Jun TI Bulk scattering properties for the remote sensing of ice clouds. Part III: High-resolution spectral models from 100 to 3250 cm(-1) SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TIME-DOMAIN SOLUTION; LIGHT-SCATTERING; INFRARED WAVELENGTHS; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; OPTICAL-THICKNESS; NATURAL CLOUDS; CIRRUS; CRYSTALS; PARTICLES; ABSORPTION AB This study reports on the development of bulk single-scattering models for ice clouds that are appropriate for use in hyperspectral radiative transfer cloud modeling over the spectral range from 100 to 3250 cm(-1). The models are developed in a manner similar to that recently reported for the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS); therefore these models result in a consistent set of scattering properties from visible to far-infrared wavelengths. The models incorporate a new database of individual ice-particle scattering properties that includes droxtals, 3D bullet rosettes, hexagonal solid and hollow columns, aggregates, and plates. The database provides single-scattering properties for each habit in 45 size bins ranging from 2 to 9500 mu m, and for 49 wavenumbers between 100 and 3250 cm(-1), which is further interpolated to 3151 discrete wavenumbers on the basis of a third-order spline interpolation method. Bulk models are developed by integrating various properties over both particle habit and size distributions. Individual bulk models are developed for 18 effective diameters D-eff, ranging from D-eff = 10 mu m to D-eff = 180 mu m. A total of 1117 particle size distributions are used in the analyses and are taken from analysis of the First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project Regional Experiment (FIRE)-I, FIRE-II, Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program intensive operation period (ARM-IOP), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Kwajalein Experiment (TRMM-KWAJEX), and Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers Florida-Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE) data. The models include microphysical and scattering properties such as median mass diameter, effective diameter, single-scattering albedo, asymmetry factor, and scattering phase function. The spectral models are appropriate for applications involving the interpretation of the radiometric measurements of ice clouds acquired by infrared spectrometers such as the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the NASA Aqua satellite and the Cross-Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) on the upcoming National Polar-Orbiting Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) platforms. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Silver Spring, MD USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI USA. RP Baum, BA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM bryan.baum@ssec.wisc.edu RI Yang, Ping/B-4590-2011; Baum, Bryan/B-7670-2011; Heymsfield, Andrew/E-7340-2011; Nasiri, Shaima/C-8044-2011; Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010; Li, Jun/H-3579-2015 OI Baum, Bryan/0000-0002-7193-2767; Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X; Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627 NR 32 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD APR PY 2007 VL 46 IS 4 BP 423 EP 434 DI 10.1175/JAM2473.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 161OR UT WOS:000246025400003 ER PT J AU Liu, QH Weng, FZ AF Liu, Quanhua Weng, Fuzhong TI Uses of NOAA-16 and-18 satellite measurements for verifying the limb-correction algorithm SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RADIOMETERS AB The Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) images display strong dependence on the scanning angle because of the temperature gradient of the atmosphere and the change in the optical pathlength between Earth and the satellite. Using a limb-adjustment algorithm, the temperature gradients can be restored from the images. Various limb-correction algorithms have been developed for infrared and microwave sounders by aid of radiative transfer simulations. Together with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-16 AMSU, the NOAA-18 satellite with AMSU (launched on 20 May 2005) provides the best opportunity to collocate observations from two satellites. The collocated measurement pairs from NOAA-16 and NOAA-18 contain data for which both observations have the same scanning angle and various scanning angles-in particular, off-nadir observations from NOAA-16 and nadir observations from NOAA-18. The coincident data pair having the same scan position from NOAA-16 and NOAA-18 can be used for intercalibration of the sensors of the two satellites. The coincident data pair having nadir measurement from NOAA-18 and off-nadir measurement from NOAA-16 can be used for testing the limb-adjustment algorithm using pure satellite measurements. This study applies collocated measurements to evaluate the performance of the current NOAA microwave limb-correction algorithm for brightness temperatures at AMSU-A channels 5, 6, and 7 for the first time. With the limb correction, the warm core of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 can also be detected using a cross-scan sensor such as AMSU-A. C1 Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. QSS Grp Inc, Camp Springs, MD USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Liu, QH (reprint author), Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, 5200 Auth Rd,Rm 703, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM quanhua.liu@noaa.gov RI Liu, Quanhua/B-6608-2008; Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Liu, Quanhua/0000-0002-3616-351X; Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 10 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD APR PY 2007 VL 46 IS 4 BP 544 EP 548 DI 10.1175/jam2476.1 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 161OR UT WOS:000246025400012 ER PT J AU Kang, DW Mathur, R Schere, K Yu, SC Eder, B AF Kang, Daiwen Mathur, Rohit Schere, Kenneth Yu, Shaocai Eder, Brian TI New categorical metrics for air quality model evaluation SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ETA-MODEL; SYSTEM AB Traditional categorical metrics used in model evaluations are "clear cut" measures in that the model's ability to predict an "exceedance" is defined by a fixed threshold concentration and the metrics are defined by observation - forecast sets that are paired both in space and time. These metrics are informative but limited in evaluating the performance of air quality forecast (AQF) systems because AQF generally examines exceedances on a regional scale rather than a single monitor. New categorical metrics - the weighted success index (WSI), area hit (aH), and area false-alarm ratio (aFAR) - are developed. In the calculation of WSI, credits are given to the observation - forecast pairs within the observed exceedance region (missed forecast) or the forecast exceedance region (false alarm), depending on the distance of the points from the central line (perfect observation - forecast match line or 1: 1 line on scatterplot). The aH and aFAR are defined by matching observed and forecast exceedances within an area (i.e., model grid cells) surrounding the observation location. The concept of aH and aFAR resembles the manner in which forecasts are usually issued. In practice, a warning is issued for a region of interest, such as a metropolitan area, if an exceedance is forecast to occur anywhere within the region. The application of these new categorical metrics, which are supplemental to the traditional counterparts (critical success index, hit rate, and false-alarm ratio), to the Eta Model - Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) forecast system has demonstrated further insight into evaluating the forecasting capability of the system (e. g., the new metrics can provide information about how the AQF system captures the spatial variations of pollutant concentrations). C1 NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kang, DW (reprint author), US EPA, Atmospher Modeling Div, Mail Drop E243-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM kang.daiwen@epa.gov RI yu, shaocai/G-7806-2011; yu, shaocai/F-1394-2014 NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD APR PY 2007 VL 46 IS 4 BP 549 EP 555 DI 10.1175/JAM2479.1 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 161OR UT WOS:000246025400013 ER PT J AU Sundaresan, SG Rao, MV Tian, YL Ridgway, MC Schreifels, JA Kopanski, JJ AF Sundaresan, Siddarth G. Rao, Mulpuri V. Tian, Yong-lai Ridgway, Mark C. Schreifels, John A. Kopanski, Joseph J. TI Ultrahigh-temperature microwave annealing of Al+- and P+-implanted 4H-SiC SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SILICON-CARBIDE; ION-IMPLANTATION; ALUMINUM; 4H; ACTIVATION; DEVICES AB In this work, an ultrafast solid-state microwave annealing has been performed, in the temperature range of 1700-2120 degrees C on Al+- and P+-implanted 4H-SiC. The solid-state microwave system used in this study is capable of raising the SiC sample temperatures to extremely high values, at heating rates of similar to 600 degrees C/s. The samples were annealed for 5-60 s in a pure nitrogen ambient. Atomic force microscopy performed on the annealed samples indicated a smooth surface with a rms roughness of 1.4 nm for 5x5 mu m(2) scans even for microwave annealing at 2050 degrees C for 30 s. Auger sputter profiling revealed a < 7 nm thick surface layer composed primarily of silicon, oxygen, and nitrogen for the samples annealed in N-2, at annealing temperatures up to 2100 degrees C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that this surface layer is mainly composed of silicon oxide and silicon nitride. Secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiling confirmed almost no dopant in diffusion after microwave annealing at 2100 degrees C for 15 s. However, a sublimation of similar to 100 nm of the surface SiC layer was observed for 15 s annealing at 2100 degrees C. Rutherford backscattering spectra revealed a lattice damage-free SiC material after microwave annealing at 2050 degrees C for 15 s, with scattering yields near the virgin SiC material. Van der Pauw-Hall measurements have revealed sheet resistance values as low as 2.4 k Omega/square for Al+-implanted material annealed at 2100 degrees C for 15 s and 14 Omega/square for the P+-implanted material annealed at 1950 degrees C for 30 s. The highest electron and hole mobilities measured in this work were 100 and 6.8 cm(2)/V s, respectively, for the P+- and Al+-implanted materials. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 George Mason Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. LT Technol, Fairfax, VA 22033 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Dept Elect Mat Engn, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. George Mason Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Semicond Elect Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sundaresan, SG (reprint author), 4400 Univ Dr,ST-2,217, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. EM rmulpuri@gmu.edu NR 24 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 1 PY 2007 VL 101 IS 7 AR 073708 DI 10.1063/1.2717016 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 157AM UT WOS:000245691000048 ER PT J AU Yu, TY Orescanin, MB Curtis, CD Zrnic, DS Forsyth, DE AF Yu, Tian-You Orescanin, Marko B. Curtis, Christopher D. Zrnic, Dusan S. Forsyth, Douglas E. TI Beam multiplexing using the phased-array weather radar SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PART I; PERFORMANCE; WSR-88D AB The recently installed S- band phased- array radar ( PAR) at the National Weather Radar Testbed ( NWRT) offers fast and flexible beam steering through electronic beam forming. This capability allows the implementation of a novel scanning strategy termed beam multiplexing ( BMX), with the goal of providing fast updates of weather information with high statistical accuracy. For conventional weather radar the data acquisition time for a sector scan or a volume coverage pattern ( VCP) can be reduced by increasing the antenna's rotation rate to the extent that the pedestal allows. However, statistical errors of the spectral moment estimates will increase due to the fewer samples that are available for the estimation. BMX is developed to exploit the idea of collecting independent samples and maximizing the usage of radar resources. An improvement factor is introduced to quantify the BMX performance, which is defined by the reduction in data acquisition time using BMX when the same data accuracy obtained by a conventional scanning strategy is maintained. It is shown theoretically that a fast update without compromising data quality can be achieved using BMX at small spectrum widths and a high signal- to- noise ratio ( SNR). Applications of BMX to weather observations are demonstrated using the PAR, and the results indicate that an average improvement factor of 2 - 4 can be obtained for SNR higher than 10 dB. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Yu, TY (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM tyu@ou.edu NR 31 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD APR PY 2007 VL 24 IS 4 BP 616 EP 626 DI 10.1175/JTECH2052.1 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 157TC UT WOS:000245742900006 ER PT J AU Kiemle, C Brewer, WA Ehret, G Hardesty, RM Fix, A Senff, C Wirth, M Poberaj, G LeMone, MA AF Kiemle, C. Brewer, W. A. Ehret, G. Hardesty, R. M. Fix, A. Senff, C. Wirth, M. Poberaj, G. LeMone, M. A. TI Latent heat flux profiles from collocated airborne water vapor and wind lidars during IHOP_2002 SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY-LAYER; DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION; RADAR-RASS; STATISTICS AB Latent heat flux profiles in the convective boundary layer ( CBL) are obtained for the first time with the combination of the Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt ( DLR) water vapor differential absorption lidar ( DIAL) and the NOAA high resolution Doppler wind lidar ( HRDL). Both instruments were integrated nadir viewing on board the DLR Falcon research aircraft during the International H2O Project ( IHOP_ 2002) over the U. S. Southern Great Plains. Flux profiles from 300 to 2500 m AGL are computed from high spatial resolution ( 150 m horizontal and vertical) two- dimensional water vapor and vertical velocity lidar cross sections using the eddy covariance technique. Three flight segments on 7 June 2002 between 1000 and 1300 LT over western Oklahoma and southwestern Kansas are analyzed. On two segments with strong convection, the latent heat flux peaks at ( 700 +/- 200) W m(-2) in the entrainment zone and decreases linearly to ( 200 +/- 100) W m(-2) in the lower CBL. A water vapor budget analysis reveals that this flux divergence [( 0.9 +/- 0.4) g kg(-1) h(-1)] plus the advection ( 0.3 g kg(-1) h(-1)) are nearly balanced by substantial CBL drying [( 1.5 +/- 0.2) g kg(-1) h(-1)] observed by airborne and surface in situ instruments, within the limits of the overall budget rms error of 0.5 g kg(-1) h(-1). Entrainment of dry air from aloft and net upward humidity transport caused the CBL drying and finally inhibited the initiation of deep convection. All cospectra show significant contributions to the flux between 1- and 10- km wavelength, with peaks between 2 and 6 km, originating from large eddies. The main flux uncertainty is due to low sampling ( 55% rmse at mid- CBL), while instrument noise ( 15%) and systematic errors ( 7%) play a minor role. The combination of a water vapor and a wind lidar on an aircraft appears as an attractive new tool that allows measuring latent heat flux profiles from a single overflight of the investigated area. C1 Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, DLR, Inst Atmospher Phys, D-82230 Wessling, Germany. NOAA, Environm Tech Lab, Boulder, CO USA. NCAR, Earth Observat Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Kiemle, C (reprint author), Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, DLR, Inst Atmospher Phys, D-82230 Wessling, Germany. EM christoph.kiemle@dlr.de RI Hardesty, Robert/H-9844-2013; Senff, Christoph/I-2592-2013; Brewer, Wm Alan/I-3920-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 21 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD APR PY 2007 VL 24 IS 4 BP 627 EP 639 DI 10.1175/JTECH1997.1 PG 13 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 157TC UT WOS:000245742900007 ER PT J AU Skrtic, D Antonucci, JM AF Skrtic, D. Antonucci, J. M. TI Dental composites based on amorphous calcium phosphate - Resin composition/physicochemical properties study SO JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE amorphous calcium phosphate; biaxial flexure strength; composite; copolymer; degree of vinyl conversion; ion release; polymerization shrinkage; water sorption ID BIOACTIVE POLYMERIC COMPOSITES; PHOSPHATE/METHACRYLATE COMPOSITES; CONVERSION; SHRINKAGE; CONTRACTION; HYBRID; ENAMEL AB This study explores how the resin composition/structure affects the physicochemical properties of copolymers and their amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)-fflled composites. A series of photo-polymerizable binary and ternary matrices are formulated utilizing 2,2-bis[p-(2'-hydroxy-3'-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane, 2,2-bis[p-(2'-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane (EBPADMA), or a urethane dimethacrylate as base monomers, and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate or hexamethylene dimethacrylate (HmDMA) with or without 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as diluent monomer. Unfilled copolymers and composites filled with 40% by mass zirconia-hybridized ACP are evaluated for biaxial flexure strength (BFS), degree of conversion (DC), mineral ion release, polymerization shrinkage (PS), and water sorption (WS). The average DC values are 82-94% and 74-91% for copolymers and composites, respectively. Unrelated to the resin composition, the PS values of composites are up to 8.4 vol.% and the BFS values of wet composite specimens are on average 51 +/- 8 MPa. The maximum WS values attained in copolymers and composites reach 4.8 mass%. Inclusion of hydrophobic HmDMA monomer in the matrices significantly reduces the WS. The levels of Ca and PO4 released from all types of composites are significantly above the minimum necessary for the re-deposition of apatite to occur. Elevated Ca, and to a lesser extent PO4 release, is observed in HEMA-containing, ternary EBPADMA formulations. Further resin reformulations may be needed to improve the PS of composite specimens. Poor dispersion of 'as-synthesized' ACP within the composite contributes to their inferior mechanical performance. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Skrtic, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM drago.skrtic@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE13169-07, R01 DE013169, R01 DE013169-07] NR 22 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0885-3282 J9 J BIOMATER APPL JI J. Biomater. Appl. PD APR PY 2007 VL 21 IS 4 BP 375 EP 393 DI 10.1177/0885328206064823 PG 19 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 151UG UT WOS:000245315700003 PM 16684798 ER PT J AU Wilson, KS Allen, AJ Washburn, NR Antonucci, JM AF Wilson, Kristen S. Allen, Andrew J. Washburn, Newell R. Antonucci, Joseph M. TI Interphase effects in dental nanocomposites investigated by small-angle neutron scattering SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A LA English DT Article DE aggregation; dispersion; nanoparticle; silane; silica; thermoset composite ID RESIN COMPOSITES; PARTICLES; MODULUS; SOLVENT; SILANE AB Small-angle and ultrasmall-angle neutron scattering (SANS and USANS) were used to characterize silica nanoparticle dispersion morphologies and the interphase in thermoset dimethacrylate polymer: nanocomposites. Silica nanoparticle fillers were silanized With varying mass ratios of 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS), a silane that interacts with the matrix through covalent and H-bonding, and n-octyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS), a silane that interacts through weak dispersion forces. Interphases with high OTMS mass fractions were found to be fractally rough with fractal dimensions, D-s, between 2.19 and 2.49. This roughness was associated with poor interfacial adhesion and inferior mechanical properties. Mean interparticle distances calculated for composites containing 10 mass % and 25 mass % silica suggest that the nanoparticles treated with more MPTMS than OTMS may be better dispersed than OTMS rich nanoparticles. The results indicate that the covalent bonding and H-bonding of MPTMS-rich nanoparticles with the matrix are necessary for preparing well-dispersed nanocomposites. In addition, interphases containing equal masses of MPTMS and OTMS may yield composites with overall optimal properties. Finally, the combined SANS/USANS data could distinguish the differences, as a function of silane chemistry, in the nanoparticle/silane and silane/matrix interfaces that affect the overall mechanical properties of the composites. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.* J Biomed Mater Res 81A: 113-123, 2007. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Chem, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Allen, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM andrew.allen@nist.gov NR 24 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1549-3296 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES A JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A PD APR PY 2007 VL 81A IS 1 BP 113 EP 123 DI 10.1002/jbm.a.30975 PG 11 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 145PC UT WOS:000244876000012 PM 17111405 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Sun, LM Weir, MD Takagi, S Chow, LC Hockey, B AF Xu, Hockin H. K. Sun, Limin Weir, Mike D. Takagi, Shozo Chow, Laurence C. Hockey, Bernard TI Effects of incorporating nanosized calcium phosphate particles on properties of whisker-reinforced dental composites SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE dental composite; nanoparticles; whisker reinforcement; flexural strength; elastic modulus; Ca and PO4 release; tooth caries ID RESIN COMPOSITES; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; BONE REPAIR; RESTORATIONS; FLUORIDE; ENAMEL; WATER AB Clinical data indicate that secondary caries and restoration fracture are the most common problems facing tooth restorations. Our ultimate goal was to develop mechanically-strong and caries-inhibiting dental composites. The specific goal of this pilot study was to understand the relationships between composite properties and the ratio of reinforcement filler/releasing filler. Nanoparticles of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) were synthesized and incorporated into a dental resin for the first time. Silicon carbide whiskers were fused with silica nanoparticles and mixed with the MCPM particles at MCPM/whisker mass ratios of 1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 0:1. The composites were immersed for 1-56 days to measure Ca and PO4 release. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 0:1 to 1:2, the composite flexural strength (mean +/- SD; n = 5) decreased from 174 +/- 26 MPa to 138 +/- 9 MPa (p < 0.05). A commercial nonreleasing composite had a strength of 112 +/- 14 MPa. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 1:2 to 1:1, the Ca concentration at 56 days increased from 0.77 +/- 0.04 mmol/L to 1.74 +/- 0.06 mmol/L (p < 0.05). The corresponding PO4 concentration increased from 3.88 +/- 0.21 mmol/L to 9.95 +/- 0.69 mmol/L (p < 0.05). Relationships were established between the amount of release and the MCPM volume fraction - 48.7 V-MCPM. In summary, the method V-MCPM in the resin: [Ca]= 42.9 V-MCPM and [PO4] of combining nanosized releasing fillers with reinforcing fillers yielded Ca- and PO4-releasing composites with mechanical properties matching or exceeding a commercial stress-bearing, nonreleasing composite. This method may be applicable to the use of other Ca-PO4 fillers in developing composites with high stress-bearing and caries-preventing capabilities, a combination not yet available in any dental materials. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals. Inc. C1 Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hockin.xu@nist.gov RI Weir, Michael/M-7729-2013 OI Weir, Michael/0000-0002-7961-3787 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE014190, R01 DE014190-05, R01 DE14190, R29 DE012476, R29 DE012476-05] NR 41 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1552-4973 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES B JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B PD APR PY 2007 VL 81B IS 1 BP 116 EP 125 DI 10.1002/jbm.b.30644 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 149IN UT WOS:000245140700014 PM 16924611 ER PT J AU McLinden, MO Losch-Will, C AF McLinden, Mark O. Losch-Will, Cornelia TI Apparatus for wide-ranging, high-accuracy fluid (p, rho, T) measurements based on a compact two-sinker densimeter SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE helium; nitrogen; pressure-density-temperature behavior; 2-trifluoromethyl-3-ethoxydodecafluorohexane; two-sinker densimeter ID TEMPERATURE-RANGE; DENSITY-MEASUREMENTS; SOLID OBJECTS; 12 MPA; PRESSURES; NITROGEN; ISOTHERMS; ATM; STANDARDS; EQUATION AB An apparatus for high-accuracy fluid (p, rho, T) measurements over wide ranges of temperature, pressure, and density (90 K to 520 K; 0 MPa to 40 MPa; 5 kg . m(-3) to 1700 kg . m(-3)) is described. The densimeter is based on the Archimedes (buoyancy) principle and is a two-sinker system incorporating a magnetic suspension coupling. The density is obtained directly, without the need for calibration fluids. The complete apparatus, including the thermostat, pressure and temperature measuring systems, auxiliary systems, and computer control, is described. The determination of the sinker volumes and calibrations of the measuring systems are detailed. The traceability to national standards and fundamental SI quantities is emphasized. The uncertainty (k = 2) in density is 0.0025% + 0.0006 kg . m(-3) at 293 K and 0.1 MPa. The uncertainty increases to 0.015% + 0.001 kg . m(-3) at the upper and lower temperature limits of the apparatus and a pressure of 40 MPa, primarily due to increased uncertainties in the sinker volumes. The uncertainty in temperature is 0.004 K and that in pressure ranges from 0.005% to 0.05%. Density measurements on high-purity nitrogen and helium demonstrate the performance of the densimeter and confirm the stated uncertainties. New data are presented for a high-density fluoroether; these measurements demonstrate the capabilities for liquids. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Rubotherm Prazisionsmesstech GmbH, D-44799 Bochum, Germany. RP McLinden, MO (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway,Mailstop 838-07, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM markm@boulder.nist.gov; cornelia.loesch-will@rubotherm.de NR 34 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD APR PY 2007 VL 39 IS 4 BP 507 EP 530 DI 10.1016/j.jet.2006.09.012 PG 24 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 161TO UT WOS:000246039200001 ER PT J AU Adams, JL Stensrud, DJ AF Adams, Jennifer L. Stensrud, David J. TI Impact of tropical easterly waves on the North American monsoon SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; GULF-OF-CALIFORNIA; SUMMER PRECIPITATION REGIME; LOW-LEVEL JET; MEXICAN MONSOON; CONVECTIVE PARAMETERIZATION; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; MODEL; SURGES; SYSTEM AB The North American monsoon (NAM) is a prominent summertime feature over northwestern Mexico and the southwestern United States. It is characterized by a distinct shift in midlevel winds front westerly to easterly as well as a sharp, marked increase in rainfall. This maximum in rainfall accounts for 60%-80% of the annual precipitation in northwestern Mexico and nearly 40% of the yearly rainfall over the southwestern United States. Gulf surges, or coastally trapped disturbances that occur over the Gulf of California, are important mechanisms in supplying the necessary moisture for the monsoon and are hypothesized in previous Studies to be initiated by the passage of a tropical easterly wave (TEW). Since the actual number of TEWs varies from year to year, it is possible that TEWs are responsible for producing some of the interannual variability in the moisture flux and rainfall seen in the NAM. To explore the impact of TEWs on the NAM, four 1-month periods are chosen for study that represent a reasonable variability in TEW activity. Two continuous month-long simulations are produced for each of the selected months using the Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model. One simulation is a control run that uses the complete boundary condition data, whereas a harmonic analysis is used to remove TEWs with periods of approximately 3.5 to 7.5 days from the model boundary conditions in the second simulation. These simulations with and without TEWs in the boundary conditions are compared to determine the impact of the waves on the NAM. Fields such as meridional moisture flux. rainfall totals, and Surge occurrences are examined to define similarities and differences between the model runs. Results suggest that the removal of TEWs not only reduces the strength of gulf surges, but also rearranges rainfall over the monsoon region. Results further suggest that TEWs influence rainfall over the Southern Plains of the United States, with TEWs leading to less rainfall in this region. While these results are only suggestive, since rainfall is the most difficult model forecast parameter, it may be that TEWs alone can explain part of the inverse relationship between NAM and Southern Plains rainfall. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Natl Weather Ctr, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Stensrud, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Natl Weather Ctr, Room 4368,120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM David.Stensrud@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD APR 1 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 7 BP 1219 EP 1238 DI 10.1175/JCLI4071.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 154ZU UT WOS:000245548100007 ER PT J AU Zhang, Q Kumar, A Xue, Y Wang, WQ Jin, FF AF Zhang, Qin Kumar, Arun Xue, Yan Wang, Wanqiu Jin, Fei-Fei TI Analysis of the ENSO cycle in the NCEP coupled forecast model SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; ZONAL ADVECTIVE FEEDBACKS; EL-NINO; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; WARM POOL; RECHARGE PARADIGM; ATMOSPHERE MODELS AB Simulations from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) coupled model are analyzed to document and understand the behavior of the evolution of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. The analysis is of importance for two reasons: 1) the coupled model used in this study is also used operationally to provide model-based forecast guidance on a seasonal time scale, and therefore, an understanding of the ENSO mechanism in this particular coupled system could also lead to an understanding of possible biases in SST predictions: and 2) multiple theories for ENSO evolution have been proposed, and coupled model simulations are a useful test bed for understanding the relative importance of different ENSO mechanisms. The analyses Of Coupled model simulations show that during the ENSO evolution the net surface heat flux acts as a damping mechanism for the mixed-layer temperature anomalies, and positive contribution from the advection terms to the ENSO evolution is dominated by the linear advective processes. The subsurface ternperature-SST feedback, referred to as themocline feedback in some theoretical literature, is found to be the primary positive feedback, whereas the advective feedback by anomalous zonal currents and the thermocline feedback are the primary sources responsible for the ENSO phase transition in the model simulation. The basic mechanisms for the model-simulated ENSO cycle are thus, to a large extent, consistent with those highlighted in the recharge oscillator. The atmospheric anticyclone (cyclone) over the western equatorial northern Pacific accompanied by a warm (cold) phase of the ENSO, as well as the oceanic Rossby waves outside of 15 degrees S-15 degrees N and the equatorial higher-order baroclinic modes, all appear to play minor roles in the model ENSO cycles. C1 NOAA, RSIS Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Zhang, Q (reprint author), NOAA, RSIS Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, 5200 Auth Rd,Rm 800, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM qin.zhang@noaa.gov NR 47 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD APR 1 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 7 BP 1265 EP 1284 DI 10.1175/JCLI4062.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 154ZU UT WOS:000245548100010 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Weir, MD Sun, L Takagi, S Chow, LC AF Xu, H. H. K. Weir, M. D. Sun, L. Takagi, S. Chow, L. C. TI Effects of calcium phosphate nanoparticles on Ca-PO4 composite SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dental composite; nano-particles; whisker reinforcement; tooth caries inhibition; Ca and PO4 ion release ID DENTAL RESIN COMPOSITES; IN-VITRO; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; FLUORIDE RELEASE; RESTORATIONS; WHISKERS; ENAMEL; WATER AB Nano-particles of dicalcium phosphate anhydrous ( DCPA) were synthesized for the first time. The objectives of this study were to incorporate DCPA nano-particles into resin for Ca-PO4 release to combat dental caries, and to investigate the filler level effects. Nano-DCPA and nano-silica-fused silicon nitride whiskers at a 1:1 ratio were used at filler mass fractions of 0-75%. The flexural strengths in MPa (mean +/- SD; n = 6) of DCPA-whisker composites ranged from (106 +/- 39) at 0% fillers to (114 +/- 23) at 75% fillers, similar to (112 +/- 22) of a non-releasing composite (TPH) (p > 0.1). The composite with 75% fillers in a NaCl solution (133 mmol/L, pH = 7.4, 37 degrees C) yielded a Ca concentration of (0.65 +/- 0.02) mmol/L and PO4 of (2.29 +/- 0.07) mmol/L. Relationships were established between ion-release and DCPA volume fraction V-DCPA: Ca = 4.46 V-DCPA(1.6), and PO4 = 66.9 V-DCPA(2.6). Nano-DCPA-whisker composites had high strength and released high levels of Ca-PO4 requisite for remineralization. These new nano-composites could provide the needed combination of stress-bearing and caries-inhibiting capabilities. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Bldg 224,Room A-153,Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hockin.xu@nist.gov RI Weir, Michael/M-7729-2013 OI Weir, Michael/0000-0002-7961-3787 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE014190-06, R01 DE017974-01A2, R01 DE017974, R01 DE014190, R01 DE14190] NR 30 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCHI A D R/A A D R PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3406 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PD APR PY 2007 VL 86 IS 4 BP 378 EP 383 PG 6 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 149XA UT WOS:000245179000015 PM 17384036 ER PT J AU Sundaresan, SG Rao, MV Tian, YL Schreifels, JA Wood, MC Jones, KA Davydov, AV AF Sundaresan, Siddarth G. Rao, Mulpuri V. Tian, Yonglai Schreifels, John A. Wood, Mark C. Jones, Kenneth A. Davydov, Albert V. TI Comparison of solid-state microwave annealing with conventional furnace annealing of ion-implanted SiC SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 48th Electronic Materials Conference (EMC) CY JUN, 2006 CL Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA HO Penn State Univ DE implantation; solid-state microwave annealing; silicon carbide ID SILICON-CARBIDE; ELECTRICAL ACTIVATION; DEVICE APPLICATIONS; ALUMINUM; PHOSPHORUS; FABRICATION; OXIDATION; NITROGEN; BORON; 4H AB Rapid solid-state microwave annealing was performed. for the first time on N+-, Al+-, and B+-implanted SiC, and the results were compared with the conventional furnace annealing. For microwave annealing, temperatures up to 2,000 degrees C were attained with heating rates exceeding 600 degrees C/s. An 1,850 degrees C/35 s microwave anneal yielded a root-mean-square (RMS) surface roughness of 2 nm, which is lower than the 6 nm obtained for 1,500 degrees C/15 min conventional furnace annealing. For the Al implants, a minimum room-temperature sheet resistance (R-s) of 7 k Omega/square was measured upon microwave annealing. For the microwave annealing, Rutherford backscattering (RBS) measurements indicated a better structural quality, and secondary-ion-mass-spectrometry (SIMS) boron implant depth profiles showed reduced boron redistribution compared to the corresponding results of the furnace annealing. C1 George Mason Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. LT Technol, Fairfax, VA 22033 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. USA, Res Lab, Sensors & Electron Devices Directorate, Adelphi, MD 20783 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rao, MV (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. EM rmulpuri@gmu.edu RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311 NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0361-5235 J9 J ELECTRON MATER JI J. Electron. Mater. PD APR PY 2007 VL 36 IS 4 BP 324 EP 331 DI 10.1007/s11664-006-0032-1 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 173GN UT WOS:000246861600010 ER PT J AU Main, JA Jones, NP AF Main, Joseph A. Jones, Nicholas P. TI Vibration of tensioned beams with intermediate damper. I: Formulation, influence of damper location SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS-ASCE LA English DT Article DE vibration; damping; modal analysis; eigenvalues; beams ID TENSILE AXIAL LOADS; VISCOUS DAMPER; TAUT CABLE; FREQUENCIES; BOUNDARY; CURVE; MODES AB Exact analytical solutions are formulated for free vibrations of tensioned beams with an intermediate viscous damper. The dynamic stiffness method is used in the problem formulation, and characteristic equations are obtained for both clamped and pinned supports. The complex eigenfrequencies form loci in the complex plane that originate at the undamped eigenfrequencies and terminate at the eigenfrequencies of the fully locked system, in which the damper acts as an intermediate pin support. The fully locked eigenfrequencies exhibit "curve veering," in which adjacent eigenfrequencies approach and then veer apart as the damper passes a node of an undamped mode shape. Consideration of the evolution of the eigenfrequency loci with varying damper location reveals three distinct regimes of behavior, which prevail from the taut-string limit to the case of a beam without tension. The second regime corresponds to damper locations near the first antinode of a given undamped mode shape; in this regime, the loci bend backwards to intersect the imaginary axis, and two distinct nonoscillatory decaying solutions emerge when the damper coefficient exceeds a critical value. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Whiting Sch Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Main, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bureau Dr,Stop 8611, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joseph.main@nist.gov; npjones@jhu.edu RI Jones, Nicholas/A-2328-2010 NR 27 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9399 J9 J ENG MECH-ASCE JI J. Eng. Mech.-ASCE PD APR PY 2007 VL 133 IS 4 BP 369 EP 378 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2007)133:4(369) PG 10 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 198SQ UT WOS:000248648200001 ER PT J AU Main, JA Jones, NP AF Main, Joseph A. Jones, Nicholas P. TI Vibration of tensioned beams with intermediate damper. II: Damper near a support SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS-ASCE LA English DT Article ID VISCOUS DAMPER; TAUT CABLE AB Analytical solutions are used to investigate the free vibrations of tensioned beams with a viscous damper attached transversely near a support. This problem is of particular relevance for stay-cable vibration suppression, but no restrictions on the level of axial load are introduced, and the results are quite broadly applicable. Characteristic equations for both clamped and pinned supports are rearranged into forms suitable for numerical solution by fixed-point iteration, whereby the complex eigenfrequencies and corresponding damping ratios can be accurately computed within a few iterations. Explicit asymptotic approximations for the complex eigenfrequencies are also obtained, subject to restrictions on the closeness of the eigenfrequencies to their undamped values. These asymptotic approximations are expressed in the same "universal" form identified in previous studies. It is observed that the maximum attainable modal damping ratios and the corresponding optimal values of the damper coefficient can be significantly affected by bending stiffness and by the nature of the support conditions, and a nondimensional parameter grouping is identified that enables an assessment of when bending stiffness should be considered. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Whiting Sch Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Main, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bureau Dr,Stop 8611, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joseph.main@nist.gov; npjones@jhu.edu RI Jones, Nicholas/A-2328-2010 NR 13 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9399 J9 J ENG MECH-ASCE JI J. Eng. Mech.-ASCE PD APR PY 2007 VL 133 IS 4 BP 379 EP 388 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2007)133:4(379) PG 10 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 198SQ UT WOS:000248648200002 ER PT J AU Nachtigall, PE Supin, AY Amundin, M Roken, B Moller, T Mooney, TA Taylor, KA Yuen, M AF Nachtigall, Paul E. Supin, Alexander Y. Amundin, Mats Roken, Bengt Moller, Thorsten Mooney, T. Aran Taylor, Kristen A. Yuen, Michelle TI Polar bear Ursus maritimus hearing measured with auditory evoked potentials SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bear hearing; polar bear; evoked potential ID SEAL PHOCA-HISPIDA; RINGED SEALS; PINNIPEDS AB While there has been recent concern about the effects of sound on marine mammals, including polar bears, there are no data available measuring the hearing of any bear. The in-air hearing of three polar bears was measured using evoked auditory potentials obtained while tone pips were played to three individually anaesthetized bears at the Kolmarden Djurpark. Hearing was tested in half-octave steps from 1 to 22.5 kHz. Measurements were not obtainable at 1 kHz and best sensitivity was found in the range from 11.2-22.5 kHz. Considering the tone pips were short and background noise measurements were available, absolute measurements were estimated based on an assumed mammalian integration time of 300 ms. These data show sensitive hearing in the polar bear over a wide frequency range and should cause those concerned with the introduction of anthropogenic noise into the polar bear's environment to operate with caution. C1 Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Marine Mammal Res Program, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Ecol & Evolut, Moscow, Russia. Kolmarden Djurpark, Kolmarden, Sweden. Pacific Isl Reg Off, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Nachtigall, PE (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Marine Mammal Res Program, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM nachtiga@hawaii.edu NR 33 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 13 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD APR 1 PY 2007 VL 210 IS 7 BP 1116 EP 1122 DI 10.1242/jeb.02734 PG 7 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 147WX UT WOS:000245036500011 PM 17371910 ER PT J AU Scheurer, JA Berejikian, BA Thrower, FP Ammann, ER Flagg, TA AF Scheurer, J. A. Berejikian, B. A. Thrower, F. P. Ammann, E. R. Flagg, T. A. TI Innate predator recognition and fright response in related populations of Oncorhynchus mykiss under different predation pressure SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Oncorhynchus mykiss; predator recognition; Salvelinus malma; scent ID CHEMICAL ALARM CUES; ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR; CHINOOK SALMON; GENETIC-DIVERGENCE; ATLANTIC SALMON; BROWN TROUT; WILD; HATCHERY; EVOLUTION; DOMESTICATION AB Innate predator recognition and fright response behaviours were compared in a laboratory study between second generation offspring from two related populations of steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss from Sashin Creek, Alaska. The stream population was anadromous and co-occurred with Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma, a piscivore and salmonid predator. Sashin Lake, formerly fishless, was stocked with fish from the stream population in 1926 and that population has been isolated from heterospecific piscine predation ever since. Fish from the lake population were predicted to show diminished innate fright response to Dolly Varden scent relative to the stream population. The behaviour of 60 individual juvenile O. mykiss from each population was measured and observed in aquaria before and after exposure to chemical cues of Dolly Varden, conspecific skin extract, or a control of distilled water. The alarm substances caused significant behavioural changes in both populations in the amount of time spent motionless, time spent in the lower water column and feeding frequency. No significant differences were observed between the stream and lake populations in the change in behaviour between pre- and post-stimulus observation periods for any of the measured fright responses, indicating that the sequestered lake population has not lost the ability to detect or respond to conspecific alarm substances or Dolly Varden scent. (c) 2007 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Manchester Res Stn, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau Ctr Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Scheurer, JA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Sustainable Fisheries Div, POB 21668, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. EM julie.scheurer@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 4 U2 22 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-1112 EI 1095-8649 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD APR PY 2007 VL 70 IS 4 BP 1057 EP 1069 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01367.x PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 155WP UT WOS:000245609600006 ER PT J AU Massee, KC Kim, J Berejikian, BA Hardy, RW AF Massee, K. C. Kim, J. Berejikian, B. A. Hardy, R. W. TI Prey selection and efficiency of naive and experienced juvenile sockeye salmon SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Artemia franciscana; foraging behaviour; live prey; sockeye salmon ID FORAGING BEHAVIOR; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; BROWN TROUT; LIVE PREY; MANAGEMENT; GROWTH; LAKES; FOOD AB Prey selection and growth efficiency of juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka switched between live prey and pelleted diets were investigated. First feeding sockeye salmon fry were placed into one of three dietary treatments for 7 months prior to assessing potential differences with a growth and a behavioural assay. Dietary treatments were (1) adult Artemia franciscana for 1 month, followed by pelleted feed for an additional 6 months (Art - BD), (2) pelleted feed from first feeding for 7 months (BD) and (3) adult A. franciscana for 1 month, and a combination of pelleted feed and live adult A. franciscana for 6 months (Art + BD). Equal numbers from each treatment group were then tagged, pooled into replicate 'common garden' tanks and fed novel live prey items (Daphnia sp. and mosquito Culex pipiens larvae) for an additional 3 weeks. No significant differences in the growth efficiency of sockeye salmon were found during the 3 week feeding trial on the novel prey items. Additional sockeye salmon from each dietary treatment were used in a behavioural assay to determine if the treatments had an impact on foraging efficiency (prey selection or time to capture prey). No significant differences in prey selection were found among treatment groups in time to capture pellets, A. franciscana or mosquito larvae. Also, no significant differences were found within treatment groups in time to capture different food sources. No substantive benefits in foraging efficiency of sockeye salmon associated with prior exposure to live prey were demonstrated. This suggests that altering existing hatchery practices for juvenile sockeye salmon by offering live food prior to release is unlikely to influence post-hatchery feeding behaviour or increase post-release survival. C1 Univ Idaho, Hagerman Fish Culture Expt Stn, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA. NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. RP Hardy, RW (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Hagerman Fish Culture Expt Stn, 3059F Natl Fish Hatchery Rd, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA. EM rhardy@uidaho.edu NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD APR PY 2007 VL 70 IS 4 BP 1213 EP 1223 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01389.x PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 155WP UT WOS:000245609600016 ER PT J AU Cheng, GJ Walker, ARH AF Cheng, Guangjun Walker, Angela R. Hight TI Synthesis and characterization of cobalt/gold bimetallic nanoparticles SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on the Scientific and Clinical Applications of Magnetic Carriers CY MAY 17-30, 2006 CL IMC Univ Appl Sci, Krems, AUSTRIA HO IMC Univ Appl Sci DE cobalt nanoparticles; magnetic nanoparticles; cobalt/gold; bimetallic nanoparticle; magnetic properties ID BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS; NANOCRYSTALS; AU; NANOSHELLS; PHASE; FE AB Cobalt/gold (Co/Au) bimetallic nanoparticles are prepared by chemically reducing gold (III) chloride to gold in the presence of pre-synthesized Co nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectrometry, and a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer have been used to characterize as-prepared bimetallic nanoparticles. Our findings demonstrate An not only grows onto Co nanoparticles, forming a surface coating, but also diffuses into Co nanoparticles. The introduction of An alters the crystalline structure of Co nanoparticles and changes their magnetic properties. Dodecanethiols induce a reorganization of as-prepared Co/Au bimetallic nanoparticles. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Walker, ARH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Phys Lab, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8443, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM angela.hightwalker@nist.gov RI Hight Walker, Angela/C-3373-2009 OI Hight Walker, Angela/0000-0003-1385-0672 NR 18 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD APR PY 2007 VL 311 IS 1 BP 31 EP 35 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.11.164 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 154RJ UT WOS:000245524800008 ER PT J AU Mirowski, E Moreland, J Russek, S Donahue, M Hsieh, KW AF Mirowski, Elizabeth Moreland, John Russek, Stephen Donahue, Michael Hsieh, Kuangwen TI Manipulation of magnetic particles by patterned arrays of magnetic spin-valve traps SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on the Scientific and Clinical Applications of Magnetic Carriers CY MAY 17-30, 2006 CL IMC Univ Appl Sci, Krems, AUSTRIA HO IMC Univ Appl Sci DE magnetic traps; magnetic tweezers; single molecule; microfluidics; spin-valve arrays ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; BIOLOGICAL-SYSTEMS; TWEEZERS; MICROMANIPULATION; DEVICES; MOLECULES; ADHESION; PLATFORM; SENSORS; BEAD AB A novel platform for microfluidic manipulation of magnetic particles is discussed. The particles are confined by an array of magnetic spin valves with bistable ferromagnetic "ON" and antiferromagnetic "OFF" net magnetization states. The switchable fringing fields near the spin-valve traps can be used to selectively confine or release particles for transport or sorting. Spin-valve traps may be potentially used as magnetic molecular tweezers or adapted to,a low-power magnetic random access memory (MRAM) switching architecture for massively parallel particle sorting applications. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Moreland, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM moreland@boulder.nist.gov RI Hsieh, Kuangwen/E-4419-2011 OI Hsieh, Kuangwen/0000-0003-3730-4406 NR 20 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD APR PY 2007 VL 311 IS 1 BP 401 EP 404 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.11.202 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 154RJ UT WOS:000245524800081 ER PT J AU Orji, NG Dixson, RG Martinez, A Bunday, BD Allgair, JA Vorburger, HV AF Orji, Ndubuisi G. Dixson, Ronald G. Martinez, Angela Bunday, Benjamin D. Allgair, John A. Vorburger, Theodore V. TI Progress on implementation of a reference measurement system based on a critical-dimension atomic force microscope SO JOURNAL OF MICRO-NANOLITHOGRAPHY MEMS AND MOEMS LA English DT Article DE linewidth; pitch; height; traceability; critical-dimension atomic force microscope; reference measurement system; metrology ID CMOS TECHNOLOGY NODE; CD-AFM; LINEWIDTH MEASUREMENTS; REFERENCE METROLOGY; SPECIFICATIONS; METHODOLOGIES; CALIBRATION; NIST; LER; NM AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and SEMATECH are working to address traceability issues in semiconductor dimensional metrology. In semiconductor manufacturing, many of the measurements made in the fab are not traceable to the SI unit of length. This is because a greater emphasis is often placed on precision and tool matching than on accuracy. Furthermore, the fast pace of development in the industry makes it difficult to introduce suitable traceable standard artifacts in a timely manner. To address this issue, NIST and SEMATECH implemented a critical-dimension atomic-force-microscope-based reference measurement system (RMS). The system is calibrated for height, pitch, and width, and has traceability to the SI definition of length in all three axes. Because the RMS is expected to function at a higher level of performance than inline tools, the level of characterization and handling of uncertain sources is on a level usually seen in instruments at national measurement institutes. In this work, we discuss recent progress in reducing the uncertainty of the instrument as well as details of a newly implemented performance monitoring system. We also present an example of how the RMS concept can be used in a semiconductor manufacturing environment. (c) 2007 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Adv Technol Dev Facil Inc, Austin, TX 78741 USA. Int SEMATECH Mfg Initiat, Austin, TX 78741 USA. RP Orji, NG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM george.orji@nist.gov NR 31 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-SOC PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 1932-5150 EI 1932-5134 J9 J MICRO-NANOLITH MEM JI J. Micro-Nanolithogr. MEMS MOEMS PD APR-JUN PY 2007 VL 6 IS 2 AR 023002 DI 10.1117/1.2728742 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Optics GA 195JK UT WOS:000248408300003 ER PT J AU Mitchell, WF AF Mitchell, William F. TI A refinement-tree based partitioning method for dynamic load balancing with adaptively refined grids SO JOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING LA English DT Article DE adaptive refinement; dynamic load balancing; grid partitioning; multilevel adaptive method; parallel finite elements; refinement tree; space filling curves AB The partitioning of an adaptive grid for distribution over parallel processors is considered in the context of adaptive multilevel methods for solving partial differential equations. A partitioning method based on the refinement-tree is presented. This method applies to most types of grids in two and three dimensions. For triangular and tetrahedral grids, it is guaranteed to produce connected partitions; no other partitioning method makes this guarantee. The method is related to the OCTREE method and space filling curves. Numerical results comparing it with several popular partitioning methods show that it computes partitions in an amount of time similar to fast load balancing methods like recursive coordinate bisection. and with mesh quality similar to slower, more optimal methods like the multilevel diffusive method in ParMETIS. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mitchell, WF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM william.mitchell@nist.gov NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0743-7315 J9 J PARALLEL DISTR COM JI J. Parallel Distrib. Comput. PD APR PY 2007 VL 67 IS 4 BP 417 EP 429 DI 10.1016/j.jpdc.2006.11.003 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 158WY UT WOS:000245827300006 ER PT J AU Litaker, RW Vandersea, MW Kibler, SR Reece, KS Stokes, NA Lutzoni, FM Yonish, BA West, MA Black, MND Tester, PA AF Litaker, R. Wayne Vandersea, Mark W. Kibler, Steven R. Reece, Kimberly S. Stokes, Nancy A. Lutzoni, Francois M. Yonish, Bryan A. West, Melissa A. Black, Megan N. D. Tester, Patricia A. TI Recognizing dinoflagellate species using ITS rDNA sequences SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dinoflagellate; evolution; molecular species identification; morphospecies; ribosomal DNA ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENES; PFIESTERIA-PISCICIDA; LIFE-HISTORY; ALEXANDRIUM DINOPHYCEAE; NORTH-AMERICAN; DNA-POLYMERASE; IDENTIFICATION; PCR; EVOLUTION; DIVERSITY AB Dinoflagellate taxonomy is based primarily on morphology and morphometric data that can be difficult to obtain. In contrast, molecular data can be rapidly and cost-effectively acquired, which has led to a rapid accumulation of sequence data in GenBank. Currently there are no systematic criteria for utilizing taxonomically unassigned sequence data to identify putative species that could in turn serve as a basis for testable hypotheses concerning the taxonomy, diversity, distribution, and toxicity of these organisms. The goal of this research was to evaluate whether simple, uncorrected genetic distances (p) calculated using ITS1/5.8S/ITS2 (ITS region) rDNA sequences could be used to develop criteria for recognizing putative species before formal morphological evaluation and classification. The current analysis used sequences from 81 dinoflagellate species belonging to 14 genera. For this diverse assemblage of dinoflagellate species, the within-species genetic distances between ITS region copies (p=0.000-0.021 substitutions per site) were consistently less than those observed between species (p=0.042-0.580). Our results indicate that a between-species uncorrected genetic distance of p >= 0.04 could be used to delineate most free-living dinoflagellate species. Recently evolved species, however, may have ITS p values < 0.04 and would require more extensive morphological and genetic analyses to resolve. For most species, the sequence of the dominant ITS region allele has the potential to serve as a unique species-specific "DNA barcode" that could be used for the rapid identification of dinoflagellates in field and laboratory studies. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Litaker, RW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM Wayne.Litaker@noaa.gov RI Black, Megan/G-6410-2016; OI Black, Megan/0000-0001-5511-1419 NR 70 TC 102 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 21 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD APR PY 2007 VL 43 IS 2 BP 344 EP 355 DI 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00320.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 150QQ UT WOS:000245231700015 ER PT J AU Lyman, JM Johnson, GC Kessler, WS AF Lyman, John M. Johnson, Gregory C. Kessler, William S. TI Distinct 17-and 33-day tropical instability waves in subsurface observations SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NORTH EQUATORIAL COUNTERCURRENT; PACIFIC-OCEAN; NUMERICAL-MODEL; LONG WAVES; GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE; OSCILLATIONS; ENERGETICS; CURRENTS; VARIABILITY AB Tropical instability waves (TIWs) within a half-degree of the equator in the Pacific Ocean have been consistently observed in meridional velocity with periods of around 20 days. On the other hand, near 5 degrees N, TIWs have been observed in sea surface height (SSH), thermocline depth, and velocity to have periods near 30 days. Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) Project moored equatorial velocity and temperature time series are used to investigate the spatial and temporal structure of TIWs during 3 years of La Nina conditions from 1998 through 2001. Along 140 degrees W, where the TIW temperature and velocity variabilities are at their maxima, these variabilities include two distinct TIWs with periods of 17 and 33 days, rather than one broadbanded process. As predicted by modeling studies, the 17-day TIW variability is shown to occur not only in meridional velocity at the equator, but also in subsurface temperature at 2 degrees N and 2 degrees S, while the 33-day TIW variability is observed primarily in subsurface temperature at 5 degrees N. These two TIWs, respectively, are shown to have characteristics similar to a Yanai wave/surface-trapped instability and an unstable first meridional mode Rossby wave. One implication of such a description is that the velocity variability on the equator is not directly associated with the dominant 33-day variability along 5 degrees N. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Lyman, JM (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM john.lyman@noaa.gov RI Johnson, Gregory/I-6559-2012 OI Johnson, Gregory/0000-0002-8023-4020 NR 40 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD APR PY 2007 VL 37 IS 4 BP 855 EP 872 DI 10.1175/JPO3023.1 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 163HS UT WOS:000246151300005 ER PT J AU Fedorov, A Barreiro, M Boccaletti, G Pacanowski, R Philander, SG AF Fedorov, Alexey Barreiro, Marcelo Boccaletti, Giulio Pacanowski, Ronald Philander, S. George TI The freshening of surface waters in high latitudes: Effects on the thermohaline and wind-driven circulations SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID ABRUPT CLIMATE-CHANGE; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; PAST 4 DECADES; THERMAL STRUCTURE; MODEL; SENSITIVITY; SALINITY; THERMOCLINE; STABILITY; COLLAPSE AB The impacts of a freshening of surface waters in high latitudes on the deep, slow, thermohaline circulation have received enormous attention, especially the possibility of a shutdown in the meridional overturning that involves sinking of surface waters in the northern Atlantic Ocean. A recent study by Fedorov et al. has drawn attention to the effects of a freshening on the other main component of the oceanic circulation-the swift, shallow, wind-driven circulation that varies on decadal time scales and is closely associated with the ventilated thermocline. That circulation too involves meridional overturning, but its variations and critical transitions affect mainly the Tropics. A surface freshening in mid- to high latitudes can deepen the equatorial thermocline to such a degree that temperatures along the equator become as warm in the eastern part of the basin as they are in the west, the tropical zonal sea surface temperature gradient virtually disappears, and permanently warm conditions prevail in the Tropics. In a model that has both the wind-driven and thermohaline components of the circulation, which factors determine the relative effects of a freshening on the two components and its impact on climate? Studies with an idealized ocean general circulation model find that vertical diffusivity is one of the critical parameters that affect the relative strength of the two circulation components and hence their response to a freshening. The spatial structure of the freshening and imposed meridional temperature gradients are other important factors. C1 Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Fedorov, A (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, POB 208209, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. EM alexey.fedorov@yale.edu RI fedorov, alexey/F-1879-2010 NR 36 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD APR PY 2007 VL 37 IS 4 BP 896 EP 907 DI 10.1175/JPO3033.1 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 163HS UT WOS:000246151300007 ER PT J AU Hartman, MR Rush, JJ Udovic, TJ Bowman, RC Hwang, SJ AF Hartman, Michael R. Rush, John J. Udovic, Terrence J. Bowman, Robert C., Jr. Hwang, Son-Jong TI Structure and vibrational dynamics of isotopically labeled lithium borohydride using neutron diffraction and spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE neutron scattering; lithium borohydride; NMR; hydrogen storage ID ALKALI BOROHYDRIDES; LIBH4; HYDROGEN; HYDRIDES; STORAGE; SODIUM; RAMAN AB The crystalline structure of a Li-7 and B-11 labeled lithium borohydride has been investigated using neutron powder diffraction at 3.5, 360, and 400 K. The B-H bond lengths and H-B-H angles for the [BH4](-) tetrahedra indicated that the tetrahedra maintained a nearly ideal configuration throughout the temperature range investigated. The atomic displacement parameters at 360 K suggest that the [BH4](-) tetrahedra become increasingly disordered as a result of large amplitude librational and reorientational motions as the orthorhombic to hexagonal phase transition (T = 384 K) is approached. In the high-temperature hexagonal phase, the [BH4](-) tetrahedra displayed extreme disorder about the trigonal axis along which they are aligned. Neutron vibrational spectroscopy data were collected at 5 K over an energy range of 10-170meV, and were found to be in good agreement with prior Raman and low-resolution neutron spectroscopy studies. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Hartman, MR (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Radiat Ctr 100, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM mike.hartman@oregonstate.edu OI Bowman, Robert/0000-0002-2114-1713 NR 19 TC 124 Z9 124 U1 1 U2 33 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD APR PY 2007 VL 180 IS 4 BP 1298 EP 1305 DI 10.1016/j.jsssc.2007.01.031 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 165RO UT WOS:000246323400018 ER PT J AU Duthinh, D Fritz, WP AF Duthinh, Dat Fritz, William P. TI Safetv evaluation of low-rise steel structures under wind loads by nonlinear database-assisted technique SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE stress design; steel structures; structural design; databases; nonlinear analysis; ultimate strength; wind loads AB The design of a large proportion of the low-rise metal buildings in the United States is based on the ASCE 7-93 Standard and the use of allowable stress design (ASD). In this paper we examine, for a typical case, the question of whether such buildings satisfy requirements implicit in more recent versions of the ASCE Standard. We base our investigation into this question on all three wind loading conditions specified in the ASCE 7-02 Standard. In particular, we use the nonlinear database-assisted design technique to assess the degree of safety of a typical portal frame belonging to the wind-force resisting system of a low-rise industrial structure designed in accordance with ASCE 7-93 and ASD. The conclusion of our assessment is that the frame being considered satisfies all ASCE 7-02 requirements with respect to wind loading, but that its safety level is relatively low, and could be improved substantially at very low cost. C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Duthinh, D (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dduthinh@nist.gov; wfritz@nist.gov NR 10 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD APR PY 2007 VL 133 IS 4 BP 587 EP 594 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:4(587) PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 150EQ UT WOS:000245198800012 ER PT J AU Singh, RB Huber, AH Braddock, JN AF Singh, Rakesh B. Huber, Alan H. Braddock, James N. TI Sensitivity analysis and evaluation of MicroFacPM: A Microscale Motor Vehicle Emission factor Model for Particulate Matter Emissions SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CO AB A microscale emission factor model (MicroFacPM) for predicting real-time site-specific motor vehicle particulate matter emissions was presented in the companion paper titled "Development of a Microscale Emission Factor Model for Particulate Matter (MicroFacPM) for Predicting Real-Time Motor Vehicle Emissions." The emission rates discussed are in mass per unit distance with the model providing estimates of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) and coarse particulate matter. This paper complements the companion paper by presenting a sensitivity analysis of the model to input variables and evaluation model outputs using data from limited field studies. The sensitivity analysis has shown that MicroFacPM emission estimates are very sensitive to vehicle fleet composition, speed, and the percentage of high-emitting vehicles. The vehicle fleet composition can affect fleet emission rates from 8 mg/mi to 1215 mg/mi, an increase of 5% in the smoking (high-emitting) current average U.S. light-duty vehicle fleet (compared with 0%) increased PM(2.5) emission rates by similar to 272% for 2000; and for the current U.S. fleet, PM(2.5) emission rates are reduced by a factor of similar to 0.64 for speeds >50 miles per hour (mph) relative to a speed of 10 mph. MicroFacPM can also be applied to examine the contribution of emission rates per vehicle class, model year, and sources of PM. The model evaluation is presented for the Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel, Pennsylvania Turnpike, PA, and some limited evaluations at two locations: Sepulveda Tunnel, Los Angeles, CA, and Van Nuys Tunnel, Van Nuys, CA. In general, the performance of MicroFacPM has shown very encouraging results. C1 US EPA, NERL, NOAA, Natl Res Council Res Associate, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Natl Atmospher & Ocean Adm, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Huber, AH (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, NOAA, Natl Res Council Res Associate, Mail Code E243-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM huber.alan@epa.gov NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD APR PY 2007 VL 57 IS 4 BP 420 EP 433 DI 10.3155/1047-3289.57.4.420 PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 155XJ UT WOS:000245611600003 PM 17458461 ER PT J AU Kleebe, HJ Braue, W Quinn, GD AF Kleebe, Hans-Joachim Braue, Wolfgang Quinn, George D. TI Depletion of grain-boundary phase and elastic creep deformation upon ultra-long flexural stress rupture experiments of NC-132 silicon nitride SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; INTERGRANULAR FILM THICKNESS; ADVANCED STRUCTURAL CERAMICS; FRACTURE MECHANISM MAPS; HEAT-TREATMENTS; OXIDATION; SI3N4; CRYSTALLIZATION; CHEMISTRY AB A unique grain-boundary structure evolution was observed in two MgO-doped silicon nitride specimens (Norton, NC-132) that were tested in ultra-long flexure stress rupture experiments with an applied stress of 266 MPa and fractured at 14 941 and 17 376 h. Transmission electron microscopy showed that, although the starting material had a secondary glass phase both at multi-grain junctions and along grain boundaries, the tested specimens contained no residual glass phase. Concurrent with the elimination of the secondary glass phase, a continuous network of cracked grain boundaries was observed after long-term flexure testing consistent with the concept of elastic creep. It is, therefore, concluded that at ultra-long annealing times, this material is affected by creep deformation via microcrack nucleation and growth due to the depletion of the amorphous siliceous grain-boundary phase, which is seen as a truly transient, fugitive secondary phase. C1 Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Appl Geosci, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany. DLR, German Aerosp Ctr, Inst Mat Res, D-51147 Cologne, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kleebe, HJ (reprint author), Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Appl Geosci, Schnittspahnstr 9, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany. EM kleebe@geo.tu-darmstadt.de RI Kleebe, Hans-Joachim/C-5709-2016 NR 44 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD APR PY 2007 VL 90 IS 4 BP 1286 EP 1290 DI 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01586.x PG 5 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 156UL UT WOS:000245675300046 ER PT J AU Campbell, JM Vestal, ML Blank, PS Stein, SE Epstein, JA Yergey, AL AF Campbell, Jennifer M. Vestal, Marvin L. Blank, Paul S. Stein, Stephen E. Epstein, Jonathan A. Yergey, Alfred L. TI Fragmentation of leucine enkephalin as a function of laser fluence in a MALDI TOF-TOF SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID COLLISION-INDUCED DISSOCIATION; SURFACE-INDUCED DISSOCIATION; DESORPTION/IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS MODEL; DESORPTION IONIZATION; PROTONATED PEPTIDES; INTERNAL ENERGY; ORGANIC-SOLIDS; ION FORMATION; UV-MALDI AB The effects of laser fluence on ion formation in MALDI were studied using a tandem TOF mass spectrometer with a Nd-YAG laser and alpha-cyano hydrocinnamic acid matrix. Leucine enkephalin ionization and fragmentation were followed as a function of laser fluence ranging from the threshold of ion formation to the maximum available, that is, about 280-930 mJ/mm(2). The most notable finding was the appearance of immonium ions at fluence values close to threshold, increasing rapidly and then tapering in intensity with the appearance of typical backbone fragment ions. The data suggest the presence of two distinct environments for ion formation. One is associated with molecular desorption at low values of laser fluence that leads to extensive immonium ion formation. The second becomes dominant at higher fluences, is associated initially with backbone type fragments, but, at the highest values of fluence, progresses to immonium fragments. This second environment is suggestive of ion desorption from large pieces of material ablated from the surface. Arrhenius rate law considerations were used to estimate temperatures associated with the onset of these two processes. C1 NICHHD, Cellular & Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Appl Biosyst Inc, Framingham, MA USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NICHHD, Unit Biol Computat, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Yergey, AL (reprint author), NICHHD, Cellular & Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bldg 10,Room 9D52, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM aly@helix.nih.gov FU Intramural NIH HHS; NICHD NIH HHS [Z01 HD001417-12] NR 55 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1044-0305 J9 J AM SOC MASS SPECTR JI J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. PD APR PY 2007 VL 18 IS 4 BP 607 EP 616 DI 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.11.008 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 154XH UT WOS:000245540800003 PM 17204430 ER PT J AU Davies, JR Lagueux, KM Sanderson, B Beechie, TJ AF Davies, Jeremy R. Lagueux, Kerry M. Sanderson, Beth Beechie, Timothy J. TI Modeling stream channel characteristics from drainage-enforced dems in Puget Sound, Washington, USA SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE geographic information systems; geospatial analysis; fluvial geomorphology; channel morphology; digital elevation models; drainage enforcement; salmon habitat modeling ID DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; RESTORATION; HABITAT; GIS; STRATEGIES; AGREEMENT AB Mapping stream channels and their geomorphic attributes is an important step in many watershed research and management projects. Often insufficient field data exist to map hydromorphologic attributes across entire drainage basins, necessitating the application of hydrologic modeling tools to digital elevation models (DEMs) via a geographic information system (GIS). In this article, we demonstrate methods for deriving synthetic stream networks via GIS across large and diverse basins using drainage-enforced DEMs, along with techniques for estimating channel widths and gradient on the reach scale. The two-step drainage enforcement method we used produced synthetic stream networks that displayed a high degree of positional accuracy relative to the input streams. The accuracies of our estimated channel parameters were assessed with field data, and predictions of bankfull width, wetted width and gradient were strongly correlated with measured values (r(2) = 0.92, r(2) = 0.95, r(2) = 0.88, respectively). Classification accuracies of binned channel attributes were also high. Our methodology allows for the relatively rapid mapping of stream channels and associated morphological attributes across large geographic areas. Although initially developed to provide salmon recovery planners with important salmon habitat information, we suggest these methodologies are relevant to a variety of research and management questions. C1 NOAA, Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. New England Aquarium, Boston, MA 02110 USA. RP Davies, JR (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM jeremy.davies@noaa.gov NR 42 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 2007 VL 43 IS 2 BP 414 EP 426 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00032.x PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 153PA UT WOS:000245446200011 ER PT J AU French, JR Drennan, WM Zhang, JA Black, PG AF French, Jeffrey R. Drennan, William M. Zhang, Jun A. Black, Peter G. TI Turbulent fluxes in the hurricane boundary layer. Part I: Momentum flux SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID AIR-SEA EXCHANGE; TROPICAL CYCLONES; DRAG COEFFICIENT; WIND STRESS; HEAT-FLUX; OPEN-OCEAN; AIRCRAFT; WAVES; STATE; VERIFICATION AB An important outcome from the ONR-sponsored Coupled Boundary Layer Air-Sea Transfer (CBLAST) Hurricane Program is the first-ever direct measurements of momentum flux from within hurricane boundary layers. In 2003, a specially instrumented NOAA P3 aircraft obtained measurements suitable for computing surface wind stress and ultimately estimating drag coefficients in regions with surface wind between 18 and 30 m s(-1). Analyses of data are presented from 48 flux legs flown within 400 m of the surface in two storms. Results suggest a roll-off in the drag coefficient at higher wind speeds, in qualitative agreement with laboratory and modeling studies and inferences of drag coefficients using a log-profile method. However, the amount of roll-off and the wind speed at which the roll-off occurs remains uncertain, underscoring the need for additional measurements. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP French, JR (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. EM jfrench@uwyo.edu RI Zhang, Jun/F-9580-2012; OI Drennan, William/0000-0003-1708-4311 NR 35 TC 104 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD APR PY 2007 VL 64 IS 4 BP 1089 EP 1102 DI 10.1175/JAS3887.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 157TA UT WOS:000245742600004 ER PT J AU Drennan, WM Zhang, JA French, JR McCormick, C Black, PG AF Drennan, William M. Zhang, Jun A. French, Jeffrey R. McCormick, Cyril Black, Peter G. TI Turbulent fluxes in the hurricane boundary layer. Part II: Latent heat flux SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID AIR-SEA EXCHANGE; MOMENTUM FLUX; WIND STRESS; BULK PARAMETERIZATION; TROPICAL CYCLONES; WATER-VAPOR; SENSIBLE HEAT; TOGA COARE; OPEN-OCEAN; AIRCRAFT AB As part of the recent ONR-sponsored Coupled Boundary Layer Air-Sea Transfer (CBLAST) Departmental Research Initiative, an aircraft was instrumented to carry out direct turbulent flux measurements in the high wind boundary layer of a hurricane. During the 2003 field season flux measurements were made during Hurricanes Fabian and Isabel. Here the first direct measurements of latent heat fluxes measured in the hurricane boundary layer are reported. The previous wind speed range for humidity fluxes and Dalton numbers has been extended by over 50%. Up to 30 m s(-1), the highest 10-m winds measured, the Dalton number is not significantly different from the Humidity Exchange over the Sea (HEXOS) result, with no evidence of an increase with wind speed. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Drennan, WM (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM wdrennan@rsmas.miami.edu RI Zhang, Jun/F-9580-2012; OI Drennan, William/0000-0003-1708-4311 NR 54 TC 89 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD APR PY 2007 VL 64 IS 4 BP 1103 EP 1115 DI 10.1175/JAS3889.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 157TA UT WOS:000245742600005 ER PT J AU Ming, Y Ramaswamy, V Donner, LJ Phillips, VTJ Klein, SA Ginoux, PA Horowitz, LW AF Ming, Yi Ramaswamy, V. Donner, Leo J. Phillips, Vaughan T. J. Klein, Stephen A. Ginoux, Paul A. Horowitz, Larry W. TI Modeling the interactions between aerosols and liquid water clouds with a self-consistent cloud scheme in a general circulation model SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LARGE-SCALE MODELS; HYGROSCOPIC GROWTH; STRATIFORM CLOUDS; CONDENSATION NUCLEI; SULFATE AEROSOLS; ORGANIC AEROSOL; MARINE AEROSOL; DROPLET NUMBER; CLIMATE MODEL; SEA-SALT AB To model aerosol-cloud interactions in general circulation models (GCMs), a prognostic cloud scheme of cloud liquid water and amount is expanded to include droplet number concentration (N-d) in a way that allows them to be calculated using the same large-scale and convective updraft velocity field. In the scheme, the evolution of droplets fully interacts with the model meteorology. An explicit treatment of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation enables the scheme to take into account the contributions to N-d of multiple aerosol species (i.e., sulfate, organic, and sea-salt aerosols) and to consider kinetic limitations of the activation process. An implementation of the prognostic scheme in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) AM2 GCM yields a vertical distribution of N-d with a characteristic maximum in the lower troposphere; this feature differs from the profile that would be obtained if N-d is diagnosed from the sulfate mass concentration based on an often-used empirical relationship. Prognosticated N-d exhibits large variations with respect to the sulfate mass concentration. The mean values are generally consistent with the empirical relationship over ocean, but show negative biases over the Northern Hemisphere midlatitude land, perhaps owing to the neglect of subgrid variations of large-scale ascents and inadequate convective sources. The prognostic scheme leads to a substantial improvement in the agreement of model-predicted present-day liquid water path (LWP) and cloud forcing with satellite measurements compared to using the empirical relationship. The simulations with preindustrial and present-day aerosols show that the combined first and second indirect effects of anthropogenic sulfate and organic aerosols give rise to a steady-state global annual mean flux change of -1.8 W m(-2), consisting of -2.0 W m(-2) in shortwave and 0.2 W m(-2) in longwave. The ratios of the flux changes in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) to that in Southern Hemisphere (SH) and of the flux changes over ocean to that over land are 2.9 and 0.73, respectively. These estimates are consistent with the averages of values from previous studies stated in a recent review. The model response to higher N-d alters the cloud field; LWP and total cloud amount increase by 19% and 0.6%, respectively. Largely owing to high sulfate concentrations from fossil fuel burning, the NH midlatitude land and oceans experience strong radiative cooling. So does the tropical land, which is dominated by biomass burning-derived organic aerosol. The computed annual, zonal-mean flux changes are determined to be statistically significant, exceeding the model's natural variations in the NH low and midlatitudes and in the SH low latitudes. This study reaffirms the major role of sulfate in providing CCN for cloud formation. C1 Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. RP Ming, Y (reprint author), Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Yi.Ming@noaa.gov RI Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Ming, Yi/F-3023-2012; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Klein, Stephen/H-4337-2016 OI Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Klein, Stephen/0000-0002-5476-858X NR 47 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD APR PY 2007 VL 64 IS 4 BP 1189 EP 1209 DI 10.1175/JAS3874.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 157TA UT WOS:000245742600009 ER PT J AU Tulich, SN Randall, DA Mapes, BE AF Tulich, Stefan N. Randall, David A. Mapes, Brian E. TI Vertical-mode and cloud decomposition of large-scale convectively coupled gravity waves in a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID EQUATORIAL WAVES; MOISTURE BUDGETS; CUMULUS PARAMETERIZATION; STRATIFORM PRECIPITATION; TROPICAL CONVECTION; WESTERN PACIFIC; KELVIN WAVE; TOGA COARE; MESOSCALE; CLUSTERS AB This paper describes an analysis of large-scale [O(1000 km)] convectively coupled gravity waves simulated using a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model. The waves develop spontaneously under uniform radiative cooling and approximately zero-mean-flow conditions, with wavenumber 2 of the domain appearing most prominently and right-moving components dominating over left-moving components for random reasons. The analysis discretizes the model output in two ways. First, a vertical-mode transform projects profiles of winds, temperature, and heating onto the vertical modes of the model's base-state atmosphere. Second, a cloud-partitioning algorithm sorts sufficiently cloudy grid columns into three categories: shallow convective, deep convective, and stratiform anvil. Results show that much of the tilted structures of the waves can be captured by just two main vertical spectral "bands," each consisting of a pair of vertical modes. The "slow" modes have propagation speeds of 16 and 18 m s(-1) ( and roughly a full-wavelength vertical structure through the troposphere), while the "fast" modes have speeds of 35 and 45 m s(-1) ( and roughly a half-wavelength structure). Deep convection anomalies in the waves are more or less in phase with the low-level cold temperature anomalies of the slow modes and in quadrature with those of the fast modes. Owing to the characteristic life cycle of deep convective cloud systems, shallow convective heating peaks similar to 2 h prior to maximum deep convective heating, while stratiform heating peaks similar to 3 h after. The onset of deep convection in the waves is preceded by a gradual deepening of shallow convection lasting a period of many hours. Results of this study are in broad agreement with simple two-mode models of unstable large-scale wave growth, under the name " stratiform instability." Differences here are that 1) the key dynamical modes have speeds in the range 16-18 m s(-1), rather than 23-25 m s(-1) (owing to a shallower depth of imposed radiative cooling), and 2) deep convective heating, as well as stratiform heating, is essential for the generation and maintenance of the slow modes. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Tulich, SN (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, 216 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM stefan.tulich@noaa.gov RI Mapes, Brian/A-5647-2010; Randall, David/E-6113-2011 OI Randall, David/0000-0001-6935-4112 NR 62 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD APR PY 2007 VL 64 IS 4 BP 1210 EP 1229 DI 10.1175/JAS3884.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 157TA UT WOS:000245742600010 ER PT J AU Zurita-Gotor, P AF Zurita-Gotor, Pablo TI The relation between baroclinic adjustment and turbulent diffusion in the two-layer model SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID EDDY HEAT-FLUX; BETA-PLANE; INSTABILITY; JETS; FLOW; DISSIPATION; SELECTION; DYNAMICS; SCALE; WAVE AB Baroclinic adjustment and turbulent diffusion are two popular paradigms used to describe the eddy-mean flow closure in the two-layer model, with very different implications for the criticality of the system. Baroclinic adjustment postulates the existence of preferred equilibrium states, while the turbulent diffusion framework predicts smooth variations of the mean state with the forcing. This study investigates the relevance of each paradigm over a wide range of the parameter space, including very strong changes in the diabatic forcing. The results confirm the weak sensitivity of the criticality against changes in the forcing noted by baroclinic adjustment studies but do not support the existence of preferred equilibrium states. The weak sensitivity of the mean state when the forcing is varied is consistent with the steepness of the diffusive closure predicted by homogeneous turbulence theories. These turbulent predictions have been tested locally against observed empirical diffusivities, extending a previous study by Pavan and Held. The results suggest that a local closure works well, even at low criticalities when the eddy momentum fluxes are important, provided that the criticality is generalized to include the effect of the meridional curvature potential vorticity (PV) gradient. When friction is weak, the development of this curvature may be important for halting the cascade and making the flow more linear. A remarkable difference from previous homogeneous results is that the empirical closure does not appear to steepen at low criticality. This may be due to the use of a generalized criticality or to the distinction between a local and domain-averaged closure. C1 Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, UCAR Visiting Sci Program, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Zurita-Gotor, P (reprint author), Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Ciencias Fis, Dept Geofis & Meteorol, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. EM pzurita@alum.mit.edu RI Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/A-5045-2008 OI Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/0000-0002-6873-7645 NR 28 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD APR PY 2007 VL 64 IS 4 BP 1284 EP 1300 DI 10.1175/JAS3886.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 157TA UT WOS:000245742600014 ER PT J AU Rasmussen, EN Straka, JM AF Rasmussen, Erik N. Straka, Jerry M. TI Evolution of low-level angular momentum in the 2 June 1995 Dimmitt, Texas, tornado cyclone SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER RADAR; VORTEX; CIRCULATION; SUPERCELL AB The life cycle of the 2 June 1995 Dimmitt, Texas, tornado cyclone, observed during the Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment ( VORTEX), is described. The tornado cyclone here is defined as a significantly axisymmetric flow larger than the visible tornado and characterized by increasing angular momentum with increasing radius. Its life cycle included three phases with somewhat differing evolution of angular momentum, herein called intensifying, transition, and weakening. During the intensifying stage, the funnel and debris cloud gradually increased in size. The azimuthally averaged secondary circulation of the larger-scale tornado cyclone, as determined using high-resolution single-Doppler data obtained by a mobile radar, was primarily inward and upward, consistent with the presence of a wall cloud outside the tornado. The azimuthally averaged angular momentum increased monotonically away from the tornado, so inward advection allowed the angular momentum to increase slowly with time in part of the tornado cyclone. During the transition phase, downdrafts began to occur within the tornado cyclone. The transport of angular momentum by the secondary circulation nearly was offset by eddy flux convergence of angular momentum so that the azimuthally averaged angular momentum tendency was only weakly negative at most radii. The tornado was visually impressive during this stage, featuring a 400-m diameter debris cloud extending to cloud base, while the surrounding wall cloud shrank and eroded. During the weakening phase, the funnel and debris cloud gradually shrank, and the funnel went through a rope stage prior to disappearing. The weakening phase was characterized by extensive downdrafts at all radii outside the tornado, and large-scale near-ground outflow as observed by mobile mesonet systems in a portion of the tornado cyclone. The secondary circulation acted to transport smaller angular momentum downward from aloft, and outward along the ground. All terms of the angular momentum budget became negative throughout most of the low-level (0-800-m AGL) tornado cyclone during the weakening phase. Several hypotheses for this evolution are evaluated, including changes in water loading in the tornado cyclone, cooling of the near-ground air, and the distribution of tangential velocity with height with its concomitant influence on the nonhydrostatic vertical pressure gradient force. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Cooperat Int Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Rasmussen, EN (reprint author), POB 267, Mesa, CO 81643 USA. EM rasm1@wildblue.net NR 17 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD APR PY 2007 VL 64 IS 4 BP 1365 EP 1378 DI 10.1175/JAS3829.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 157TA UT WOS:000245742600019 ER PT J AU Spraker, TR DeLong, RL Lyons, ET Melin, SR AF Spraker, Terry R. DeLong, Robert L. Lyons, Eugene T. Melin, Sharon R. TI Hookworm enteritis with bacteremia in California sea lion pups on San Miguel Island SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE bacteremia; California sea lions; emaciation; enteritis; hookworms; Uncinaria spp.; Zalophus californianus ID NORTHERN FUR-SEAL; UNCINARIA-LUCASI STILES; ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; CALLORHINUS-URSINUS; PREVALENCE; SPP.; ANCYLOSTOMATIDAE; PINNIPEDS; NEMATODA; ALASKA AB Large breeding populations of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) are located on San Miguel and San Nicolas Islands in the Southern California Bight. In 2001, there was a substantial increase in pup mortality in late summer and fall. From June 2002 to January 2003, 208 freshly dead pups were examined on San Miguel Island, the most western of the Channel Islands off the coast of southern California. Tissues from 186 of these pups were examined histologically. The primary lesions in 133 (72%) of the pups were an enteritis associated with hookworms and infections in major organs. Emaciation/starvation in 43 pups (26%) was the second most important cause of death. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Kentucky, Gluck Equine Res Ctr, Dept Vet Sci, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. RP Spraker, TR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM terry.spraker@colostate.edu NR 19 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 EI 1943-3700 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2007 VL 43 IS 2 BP 179 EP 188 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 177BW UT WOS:000247129600002 PM 17495302 ER PT J AU Aguirre, AA Keefe, TJ Reif, JS Kashinsky, L Yochem, PK Saliki, JT Stott, JL Goldstein, T Dubey, JP Braun, R Antonelis, G AF Aguirre, A. Alonso Keefe, Thomas J. Reif, John S. Kashinsky, Lizabeth Yochem, Pamela K. Saliki, Jeremiah T. Stott, Jeffrey L. Goldstein, Tracey Dubey, J. P. Braun, Robert Antonelis, George TI Infectious disease monitoring of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Brucella; Chlamydophila; Hawaiian monk seal; Leptospira bratislava; Monachus schauinslandi; phocine herpesvirus; serology; Toxoplasma gondii ID MONACHUS-SCHAUINSLANDI; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; MOLECULAR-IDENTIFICATION; CHLAMYDOPHILA-ABORTUS; MARINE MAMMALS; PHOCA-VITULINA; ENHYDRA-LUTRIS; CELL-LINES; ISLAND; CHLAMYDIACEAE AB As part of conservation efforts between 1997 and 2001, more than 25% (332 animals) of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) population was sampled in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Serum samples were tested for antibodies to viruses, bacteria, and parasites known to cause morbidity and mortality in other marine mammal species. Antibodies were found to phocine herpesvirus-1 by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, but seropositive results were not confirmed by virus neutralization test. Antibodies to Leptospira bratislava, L. hardjo, L. icterohaemorrhagiae, and L. pomona were detected in seals from several sites with the microagglutination test. Antibodies to Brucella spp. were detected using 10 conventional serologic tests, but because of inconsistencies in test results and laboratories used, and the lack of validation by culture, the Brucella serology should be interpreted with caution. Antibodies to B. canis were not detected by card test. Chlamydophila abortus antibodies were detected by complement fixation (CF) test, and prevalence increased significantly as a function of age; the low sensitivity and specificity associated with the CF make interpretation of results difficult. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Dirofilaria immitis were rarely found. There was no serologic evidence of exposure to four morbilliviruses, influenza A virus, canine adenovirus, caliciviruses, or other selected viruses. Continuous surveillance provides a means to detect the introduction or emergence of these or other infectious diseases, but it is dependent on the development or improvement of diagnostic tools. Continued and improved surveillance are both needed as part of future conservation efforts of Hawaiian monk seals. C1 Wildlife Trust, New York, NY 10001 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm & Radiol Hlth Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Hubbs Sea World Res Inst, San Diego, CA 92109 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Lab Marine Mammal Immunol, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, ANRI PBESL, BARC EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Aguirre, AA (reprint author), Wildlife Trust, 460 W 34th St,17th Floor, New York, NY 10001 USA. EM aguirre@wildlifetrust.org NR 52 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 29 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2007 VL 43 IS 2 BP 229 EP 241 PG 13 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 177BW UT WOS:000247129600007 PM 17495307 ER PT J AU Branch, TA Stafford, KM Palacios, DM Allison, C Bannister, JL Burton, CLK Cabrera, E Carlson, CA Vernazzani, BG Gill, PC Hucke-Gaete, R Jenner, KCS Jenner, MNM Matsuoka, K Mikhalev, YA Miyashita, T Morrice, MG Nishiwaki, S Sturrock, VJ Tormosov, D Anderson, RC Baker, AN Best, PB Borsa, P Brownell, RL Childerhouse, S Findlay, KP Gerrodette, T Ilangakoon, AD Joergensen, M Kahn, B Ljungblad, DK Maughan, B McCauley, RD Mckay, S Norris, TF Whale, O Rankin, S Samaran, F Thiele, D Van Waerebeek, K Warneke, RM AF Branch, T. A. Stafford, K. M. Palacios, D. M. Allison, C. Bannister, J. L. Burton, C. L. K. Cabrera, E. Carlson, C. A. Vernazzani, B. Galletti Gill, P. C. Hucke-Gaete, R. Jenner, K. C. S. Jenner, M.-N. M. Matsuoka, K. Mikhalev, Y. A. Miyashita, T. Morrice, M. G. Nishiwaki, S. Sturrock, V. J. Tormosov, D. Anderson, R. C. Baker, A. N. Best, P. B. Borsa, P. Brownell, R. L., Jr. Childerhouse, S. Findlay, K. P. Gerrodette, T. Ilangakoon, A. D. Joergensen, M. Kahn, B. Ljungblad, D. K. Maughan, B. McCauley, R. D. McKay, S. Norris, T. F. Whale, Oman Rankin, S. Samaran, F. Thiele, D. Van Waerebeek, K. Warneke, R. M. CA Dolphin Res Grp TI Past and present distribution, densities and movements of blue whales Balaenoptera musculus in the Southern Hemisphere and northern Indian Ocean SO MAMMAL REVIEW LA English DT Review DE Antarctic blue whales; Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda; Balaenoptera musculus indica; Balaenoptera musculus intermedia; distribution; pygmy blue whales; true blue whales; whaling ID ANTARCTIC SEA-ICE; EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; RELATIVE ABUNDANCE; WHALING RECORDS; SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SATELLITE; VARIABILITY; MADAGASCAR; BOUNDARY; PATTERNS AB 1. Blue whale locations in the Southern Hemisphere and northern Indian Ocean were obtained from catches (303 239), sightings (4383 records of >= 8058 whales), strandings (103), Discovery marks (2191) and recoveries (95), and acoustic recordings. 2. Sighting surveys included 7 480 450 km of effort plus 14 676 days with unmeasured effort. Groups usually consisted of solitary whales (65.2%) or pairs (24.6%); larger feeding aggregations of unassociated individuals were only rarely observed. Sighting rates (groups per 1000 km from many platform types) varied by four orders of magnitude and were lowest in the waters of Brazil, South Africa, the eastern tropical Pacific, Antarctica and South Georgia; higher in the Subantarctic and Peru; and highest around Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Chile, southern Australia and south of Madagascar. 3. Blue whales avoid the oligotrophic central gyres of the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, but are more common where phytoplankton densities are high, and where there are dynamic oceanographic processes like upwelling and frontal meandering. 4. Compared with historical catches, the Antarctic ('true') subspecies is exceedingly rare and usually concentrated closer to the summer pack ice. In summer they are found throughout the Antarctic; in winter they migrate to southern Africa (although recent sightings there are rare) and to other northerly locations (based on acoustics), although some overwinter in the Antarctic. 5. Pygmy blue whales are found around the Indian Ocean and from southern Australia to New Zealand. At least four groupings are evident: northern Indian Ocean, from Madagascar to the Subantarctic, Indonesia to western and southern Australia, and from New Zealand northwards to the equator. Sighting rates are typically much higher than for Antarctic blue whales. 6. South-east Pacific blue whales have a discrete distribution and high sighting rates compared with the Antarctic. Further work is needed to clarify their subspecific status given their distinctive genetics, acoustics and length frequencies. 7. Antarctic blue whales numbered 1700 (95% Bayesian interval 860-2900) in 1996 (less than 1% of original levels), but are increasing at 7.3% per annum (95% Bayesian interval 1.4-11.6%). The status of other populations in the Southern Hemisphere and northern Indian Ocean is unknown because few abundance estimates are available, but higher recent sighting rates suggest that they are less depleted than Antarctic blue whales. C1 Univ Cape Town, Marine Res Assessment & Management Grp, Dept Math & Appl Math, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Div Environm Res, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Int Whaling Commiss, Cambridge CB4 9NP, England. Western Australian Museum, Welshpool DC, WA 6986, Australia. CCC, Santiago, Chile. Coll Atlantic, Bar Harbor, ME USA. Australocetus Res, Blue Whale Study, Narrawong, Vic 3285, Australia. Univ Austral Chile, Inst Ecol & Evoluc, Valdivia, Chile. Ctr Whale Res WA Inc, Fremantle, WA 6959, Australia. Inst Cetacean Res, Chuo Ku, Tokyo 1040055, Japan. S Ukrainian Pedag Univ, UA-65009 Odessa, Ukraine. Natl Res Inst Far Seas Fisheries, Cetacean Resources Management Sect, Shizuoka 4248633, Japan. Whale Ecol Grp, Sch Life & Environm Sci, Warrnambool, Vic 3280, Australia. Ulitsa Karla Marksa, Kaliningrad 236000, Russia. S African Museum, MRI Whale Unit, ZA-8000 Cape Town, South Africa. IRD Genet Populat, Noumea 98848, New Caledonia. Dept Conservat, Marine Conservat Unit, Wellington, New Zealand. Univ Cape Town, Oceanog Dept, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa. US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. APEX Environm, Sanur 80228, Bali, Indonesia. Ljungblad Associates, Elk Mt, WY 82324 USA. Curtin Univ Technol, CMST, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. Deakin Univ, Sch Life & Environm Sci, Whale Ecol Grp, Warrnambool, Vic 3280, Australia. Biowaves Inc, Encinitas, CA 92024 USA. CNRS, Ctr Etud Biol Chize, Villiers en Bois, France. CEPEC, Peruvian Ctr Cetacean Res, Museo Delfines, Pucusana, Peru. RP Branch, TA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM tbranch@gmail.com RI Palacios, Daniel/B-9180-2008; Branch, Trevor/A-5691-2009; PONNAMPALAM, LOUISA/B-8885-2010; OI Palacios, Daniel/0000-0001-7069-7913; Hucke-Gaete, Rodrigo/0000-0003-3515-9145 NR 218 TC 80 Z9 94 U1 9 U2 72 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0305-1838 J9 MAMMAL REV JI Mammal Rev. PD APR PY 2007 VL 37 IS 2 BP 116 EP 175 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2007.00106.x PG 60 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 178NR UT WOS:000247227900002 ER PT J AU Perrin, WF Robertson, KM Van Bree, PJH Mead, JG AF Perrin, William F. Robertson, Kelly M. Van Bree, Peter J. H. Mead, James G. TI Cranial description and genetic identity of the holotype specimen of Tursiops aduncus (Ehrenberg, 1832) SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cetacea; delphinidae; bottlenose dolphin; nomenclature; taxonomy; morphology; genetics; mtDNA; discriminant analysis; Indo-Pacific; Red Sea ID BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; GENUS TURSIOPS; SYMPATRIC MORPHOTYPES; CHINESE WATERS; SEQUENCES; AUSTRALIA; WHALE AB Two species of bottlenose dolphins are currently recognized by most cetologists: the pan-tropical and temperate Tursiops truncatus and the endemic Indo-Pacific T aduncus. The latter was described from a specimen from the Red Sea, with nothing in the description that would allow referral of the specimen to one or the other of the two species. Because both species occur in the northern Indian Ocean, it was possible that the holotype specimen was actually a common bottlenose dolphin, not of the Indo-Pacific species. The holotype skull was thought lost but has been found in the Berlin Museum. We describe the skull and examine its affinities through comparison of a partial mtDNA control-region sequence with sequences from South Africa and through application of classification functions from a discriminant analysis of the two putative species from Taiwan. The mtDNA sequence is identical to that of South African specimens referred to the Indo-Pacific species, and the multivariate likelihood assignment associates the skull with Taiwanese specimens referred to that species. These results ensure the correctness of use of the name T aduncus for the species. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Amsterdam, Zool Museum, NL-1090 GT Amsterdam, Netherlands. Smithsonian Inst, Div Mammals, MRC 108, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Perrin, WF (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM william.perrin@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 2007 VL 23 IS 2 BP 343 EP 357 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00119.x PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 154ZF UT WOS:000245546600007 ER PT J AU Moore, SE Wynne, KM Kinney, JC Grebmeier, JM AF Moore, Sue E. Wynne, Kate M. Kinney, Jaclyn Clement Grebmeier, Jacqueline M. TI Gray whale occurrence and forage southeast of Kodiak, Island, Alaska SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN BERING-SEA; ESCHRICHTIUS-ROBUSTUS; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; CLAYOQUOT SOUND; CALIFORNIA; HABITAT; PRODUCTIVITY; ECOSYSTEM; AMPHIPODS; CANADA C1 Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, MAP Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Kodiak, AK USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Moore, SE (reprint author), Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 1013 NE 40th St, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. EM sue.moore@noaa.gov RI Grebmeier, Jacqueline/L-9805-2013 OI Grebmeier, Jacqueline/0000-0001-7624-3568 NR 28 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 2007 VL 23 IS 2 BP 419 EP 428 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00102.x PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 154ZF UT WOS:000245546600012 ER PT J AU Gardner, SC Ylitalo, GM Varanasi, U AF Gardner, S. C. Ylitalo, G. M. Varanasi, U. TI Comparative assessment of organochlorine concentrations in porpoise melon and blubber SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; ISOVALERIC ACID; ST-LAWRENCE; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS; MARINE MAMMALS; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; HARBOR PORPOISES C1 US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Varanasi, U (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd East, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Usha.Varanasi@noaa.gov NR 48 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 2007 VL 23 IS 2 BP 434 EP 444 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00112.x PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 154ZF UT WOS:000245546600014 ER PT J AU Adams, GP Testa, JW Goertz, CEC Ream, RR Sterling, JT AF Adams, Gregg P. Testa, J. Ward Goertz, Caroline E. C. Ream, Rolf R. Sterling, Jeremy T. TI Ultrasonographic characterization of reproductive anatomy and early embryonic detection in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) in the field SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; ULTRASOUND; DECLINE; MOOSE C1 Univ Saskatchewan, Western Coll Vet Med, Vet Biomed Sci, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada. Univ Alaska, Biol Sci Dept, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheres Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Alaska Sea Life Ctr, Seward, AK 99664 USA. Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Adams, GP (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Western Coll Vet Med, Vet Biomed Sci, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada. EM gregg.adams@usask.ca NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 2007 VL 23 IS 2 BP 445 EP 452 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00104.x PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 154ZF UT WOS:000245546600015 ER PT J AU Perrin, WF Aquino, MT Dolar, MLL Alava, MNR AF Perrin, William F. Aquino, M. Theresa Dolar, M. Louella L. Alava, Moonyeen N. R. TI External appearance of the dwarf spinner dolphin Stenella longirostris roseiventris SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Badjao Inn, Palawan, Philippines. Trop Marine Res Conservat, San Diego, CA 92122 USA. Conservat Int Phhilippines, Quezon City 1101, Philippines. RP Perrin, WF (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shore Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM wperrin@ucsd.edu NR 9 TC 3 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 2007 VL 23 IS 2 BP 464 EP 467 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00117.x PG 4 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 154ZF UT WOS:000245546600017 ER PT J AU Dameron, OJ Parke, M Albins, MA Brainard, R AF Dameron, Oliver J. Parke, Michael Albins, Mark A. Brainard, Russell TI Marine debris accumulation in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: An examination of rates and processes SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE marine debris; derelict fishing gear; accumulation rate; coral reefs; Northwestern Hawaiian Islands ID ZONE CHLOROPHYLL FRONT; ACANTHASTER-PLANCI; MONK SEAL; HABITAT; CORALS AB Large amounts of derelict fishing gear accumulate and cause damage to shallow coral reefs of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). To facilitate maintenance of reefs cleaned during 1996-2005 removal efforts, we identify likely high-density debris areas by assessing reef characteristics (depth, benthic habitat type, and energy regime) that influence sub-regional debris accumulation. Previously cleaned backreef and lagoonal reefs at two NWHI locations were resurveyed for accumulated debris using two survey methods. Accumulated debris densities and weights were found to be greater in lagoonal reef areas. Sample weight-based debris densities are extrapolated to similar habitats throughout the NWHI using a spatial 'net habitat' dataset created by generalizing IKONOS satellite derivatives for depth and habitat classification. Prediction accuracy for this dataset is tested using historical debris point data. Annual NWHI debris accumulation is estimated to be 52.0 metric tonnes. For planning purposes, individual NWHI atolls/reefs are allotted a proportion of this total. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Joint Inst Marine & Atomospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. RP Dameron, OJ (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, 1125B Ala Moana Blvd, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. EM oliver.dameron@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD APR PY 2007 VL 54 IS 4 BP 423 EP 433 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.11.019 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 162FY UT WOS:000246073400017 PM 17217968 ER PT J AU O'Connor, T Whitall, D AF O'Connor, Thomas Whitall, David TI Linking hypoxia to shrimp catch in the northern Gulf of Mexico SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BROWN SHRIMP; ABUNDANCE; AZTECUS; FISHES; SHELF AB Wide spread and reoccurring hypoxia has been observed in the northern Gulf of Mexico since routine monitoring began in the 1980s. Although the potential ecological effects of hypoxia (habitat loss, mortalities) are well known, there is relatively little information linking hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico to fisheries decline. Previous analyses have shown a negative relationship between hypoxic area and brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus) catch for the Texas and Louisiana coasts combined from 1985 to 1997. Extending these analyses with data through 2004, we found that the correlation between hypoxic area and landings holds (r = -0.52), plus there was a significant negative relationship (r = -0.59) between hypoxia and shrimp landings for the Texas coast alone. We hypothesize that this pattern is not seen in the Louisiana fishery alone because of differences in fisheries practices (inshore vs. offshore) between Louisiana and Texas. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, SSMC 4, NISCI 1, Natl Ocean Serv,Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Whitall, D (reprint author), NOAA, SSMC 4, NISCI 1, Natl Ocean Serv,Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, 1305 E W Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM dave.whitall@noaa.gov NR 14 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 4 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD APR PY 2007 VL 54 IS 4 BP 460 EP 463 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.01.017 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 162FY UT WOS:000246073400021 PM 17360006 ER PT J AU Kim, SH Zachariah, MR AF Kim, Soo H. Zachariah, Michael R. TI Gas-phase growth of diameter-controlled carbon nanotubes SO MATERIALS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE catalysts; carbon nanotubes; pulsed laser ablation; sintering process; nanoparticles; electrical mobility classification ID SINGLE-WALLED NANOTUBES; NANOPARTICLES; NANOFIBERS; OXIDATION; KINETICS; FIBERS AB We demonstrate gas-phase (aerosol) generation of diameter-controlled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by employing size-controlled monodisperse nickel nanoparticles produced by the combination of pulsed laser ablation and electrostatic classification. The electrostatic classifier sorted agglomerated mono-area nickel particles, and then a subsequent heating process at similar to 1200 degrees C created sintered single primary particles with very narrow size distribution. These isolated single primary particles were then sent to an aerosol reactor where free-flight CNTs were grown with acetylene and hydrogen mix at temperature of similar to 750 degrees C. The resulting CNTs formed in this continuous gas-phase process were found to have a uniform diameter, which is commensurate with the diameter of the size-controlled catalytic nickel particles. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, UMCP NIST Colab Nanoparticle Based Mfg & Metrol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zachariah, MR (reprint author), Pusan Natl Univ, Dept Nanosyst & Proc Engn, Pusan 609735, South Korea. EM mrz@umd.edu NR 20 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-577X J9 MATER LETT JI Mater. Lett. PD APR PY 2007 VL 61 IS 10 BP 2079 EP 2083 DI 10.1016/j.matlet.2006.08.031 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 157ZR UT WOS:000245760900032 ER PT J AU Enomoto, T Ohfuchi, W Nakamura, H Shapiro, MA AF Enomoto, T. Ohfuchi, W. Nakamura, H. Shapiro, M. A. TI Remote effects of tropical storm Cristobal upon a cut-off cyclone over Europe in August 2002 SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VARYING BASIC FLOW; WAVE-PACKETS; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; MODELS; CONVECTION; CLIMATE; SCHEME AB In August 2002, many parts of central Europe were affected by heavy precipitation and flooding caused by a cut-off cyclone. This study shows that this cyclone developed as a result of the propagation of a Rossby wave packet. The wave-packet propagation along the relatively weak subtropical jet was accompanied by wave-breaking and re-emission in the subtropics. In particular, there was an interaction between the Rossby wave packet and a precipitation band along the east coast of North America associated with tropical storm Cristobal. This interaction had a significant influence upon the formation of the European cut-off low. Results from numerical simulations from two different initial conditions are investigated to study this interaction. Downstream influences from tropical storm Cristobal upon the development of this cyclone and associated flooding precipitation are confirmed by sensitivity analysis using ensemble forecasts. It is concluded from analysis and simulations that poor forecast skills of tropical storm Cristobal affected the predictability of the European cut-off low. C1 Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, JAMSTEC, Earth Simulator Ctr, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, JAMSTEC, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Tokyo 113, Japan. NOAA, Off Weather & Air Qual, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Enomoto, T (reprint author), 3173-25 Showamachi,Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. EM eno@jamstec.go.jp OI Enomoto, Takeshi/0000-0003-1946-1168 NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PD APR PY 2007 VL 96 IS 1-2 BP 29 EP 42 DI 10.1007/s00703-006-0219-2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150SA UT WOS:000245236600004 ER PT J AU Kacker, RN Lawrence, JF AF Kacker, Raghu N. Lawrence, James F. TI Trapezoidal and triangular distributions for Type B evaluation of standard uncertainty SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID ISO GUIDE AB The Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), recognizes Type B state-of-knowledge probability distributions specified by scientific judgment as valid means to quantify uncertainty. The ISO-GUM discusses symmetric probability distributions only. Sometimes an asymmetric distribution is needed. We describe a trapezoidal distribution which may be asymmetric depending on the settings of its parameters. We describe the probability density function, cumulative distribution function (cdf), inverse function of the cdf, moment generating function, moments about origin (zero), expected value and variance of a trapezoidal distribution. We show that triangular and rectangular distributions are special cases of the trapezoidal distribution. Then we derive the moment generating functions, moments, expected values and variances of various special cases of the trapezoidal distribution. Finally, we illustrate through a real life example how a Type B asymmetric trapezoidal distribution may be useful in quantifying a correction for bias (systematic error) in a result of measurement and in quantifying the standard uncertainty associated with the correction. C1 NIST, Div Math & Computat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Math Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Kacker, RN (reprint author), NIST, Div Math & Computat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM raghu.kacker@nist.gov NR 12 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 EI 1681-7575 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD APR PY 2007 VL 44 IS 2 BP 117 EP 127 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/44/2/003 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168VX UT WOS:000246553200008 ER PT J AU Wilpers, G Oates, CW Diddams, SA Bartels, A Fortier, TM Oskay, WH Bergquist, JC Jefferts, SR Heavner, TP Parker, TE Hollberg, L AF Wilpers, G. Oates, C. W. Diddams, S. A. Bartels, A. Fortier, T. M. Oskay, W. H. Bergquist, J. C. Jefferts, S. R. Heavner, T. P. Parker, T. E. Hollberg, L. TI Absolute frequency measurement of the neutral Ca-40 optical frequency standard at 657nm based on microkelvin atoms SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID SAPPHIRE FEMTOSECOND OSCILLATOR; BROAD-BAND CONTINUUM; RAMSEY FRINGES; SPECTROSCOPY; MICROWAVE; CLOCK; UNCERTAINTY; RESOLUTION; STABILITY; NOISE AB We report an absolute frequency measurement of the optical clock transition at 657 nm in Ca-40 with a relative uncertainty of 7.5 x 10(-15), one of the most accurate frequency measurements of a neutral atom optical transition to date. The frequency ( 455 986 240 494 135.8 +/- 3.4) Hz was measured by stabilizing a diode laser system to a spectroscopic signal derived from an ensemble of 10(6) atoms cooled in two stages to a temperature of 10 mu K. The measurement used a femtosecond-laser-based frequency comb to compare the Ca transition frequency with that of the single-ion Hg-199(+) optical frequency standard at NIST. The Hg+ frequency was simultaneously calibrated relative to the NIST Cs fountain via the NIST time scale to yield an absolute value for the Ca transition frequency. The relative fractional instability between the two optical standards was 2 x 10(-15) for 10 s of averaging time and 2 x 10(-16) for 2000 s. C1 NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Oates, CW (reprint author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM oates@boulder.nist.gov RI Bartels, Albrecht/B-3456-2009; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 37 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD APR PY 2007 VL 44 IS 2 BP 146 EP 151 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/44/2/005 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168VX UT WOS:000246553200010 ER PT J AU Toman, B AF Toman, Blaza TI Statistical interpretation of key comparison degrees of equivalence based on distributions of belief SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB The Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA) requires the calculation of unilateral degrees of equivalence (DoE), defined as the difference between a laboratory's measurement and a key comparison reference value (KCRV). The functional form of the KCRV has been a source of much debate, with most of the proposed solutions being based on a frequentist interpretation of probability. The focus of this article is on the case when the result of each laboratory's measurement is interpreted as a mean and standard deviation of a probability distribution of belief about a measurand. Bayesian statistical methods are best suited to deal with this situation and lead to interesting insights about the form of the KCRV and the DoE. C1 NIST, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Toman, B (reprint author), NIST, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD APR PY 2007 VL 44 IS 2 BP L14 EP L17 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/44/2/N03 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168VX UT WOS:000246553200005 ER PT J AU Gombos, D Hansen, JA Du, J McQueen, J AF Gombos, Daniel Hansen, James A. Du, Jun McQueen, Jeff TI Theory and applications of the minimum spanning tree rank histogram SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ENSEMBLE FORECASTS; VERIFICATION; TEMPERATURE AB A minimum spanning tree (MST) rank histogram (RH) is a multidimensional ensemble reliability verification tool. The construction of debiased, decorrelated, and covariance-homogenized MST RHs is described. Experiments using Euclidean L-2, variance, and Mahalanobis norms imply that, unless the number of ensemble members is less than or equal to the number of dimensions being verified, the Mahalanobis norm transforms the problem into a space where ensemble imperfections are most readily identified. Short-Range Ensemble Forecast Mahalanobis-normed MST RHs for a cluster of northeastern U.S. cities show that forecasts of the temperature-humidity index are the most reliable of those considered, followed by mean sea level pressure, 2-m temperature, and 10-m wind speed forecasts. MST RHs of a Southwest city cluster illustrate that 2-m temperature forecasts are the most reliable weather component in this region, followed by mean sea level pressure, 10-m wind speed, and the temperature-humidity index. Forecast reliabilities of the Southwest city cluster are generally less reliable than those of the Northeast cluster. C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Gombos, D (reprint author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM dgombos@mit.edu NR 16 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2007 VL 135 IS 4 BP 1490 EP 1505 DI 10.1175/MWR3362.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160ER UT WOS:000245924200019 ER PT J AU Liu, HX Xue, M Purser, RJ Parrish, DF AF Liu, Haixia Xue, Ming Purser, R. James Parrish, David F. TI Retrieval of moisture from simulated GPS slant-path water vapor observations using 3DVAR with anisotropic recursive filters SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID PREDICTION SYSTEM ARPS; NONHYDROSTATIC ATMOSPHERIC SIMULATION; VARIATIONAL STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; ZENITH DELAY OBSERVATIONS; DATA ASSIMILATION; BACKGROUND-ERROR; PART I; NUMERICAL ASPECTS; MODEL; COVARIANCES AB Anisotropic recursive filters are implemented within a three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) framework to efficiently model the effect of flow-dependent background error covariance. The background error covariance is based on an estimated error field and on the idea of Riishojgaard. In the anisotropic case, the background error pattern can be stretched or flattened in directions oblique to the alignment of the grid coordinates and is constructed by applying, at each point, six recursive filters along six directions corresponding, in general, to a special configuration of oblique lines of the grid. The recursive filters are much more efficient than corresponding explicit filters used in an earlier study and are therefore more suitable for real-time numerical weather prediction. A set of analysis experiments are conducted at a mesoscale resolution to examine the effectiveness of the 3DVAR system in analyzing simulated global positioning system (GPS) slant-path water vapor observations from ground-based GPS receivers and observations from collocated surface stations. It is shown that the analyses produced with recursive filters are at least as good as those with corresponding explicit filters. In some cases, the recursive filters actually perform better. The impact of flow-dependent background errors modeled using the anisotropic recursive filters is also examined. The use of anisotropic filters improves the analysis, especially in terms of finescale structures. The analysis system is found to be effective in the presence of typical observational errors. The sensitivity of isotropic and anisotropic recursive-filter analyses to the decorrelation scales is also examined systematically. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. Natl Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Xue, M (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, 100 E Boyd, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM mxue@ou.edu RI Xue, Ming/F-8073-2011 OI Xue, Ming/0000-0003-1976-3238 NR 34 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2007 VL 135 IS 4 BP 1506 EP 1521 DI 10.1175/MWR3345.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160ER UT WOS:000245924200020 ER PT J AU Hawblitzel, DP Zhang, FQ Meng, ZY Davis, CA AF Hawblitzel, Daniel P. Zhang, Fuqing Meng, Zhiyong Davis, Christopher A. TI Probabilistic evaluation of the dynamics and predictability of the mesoscale convective vortex of 10-13 June 2003 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID WARM-CORE VORTEX; LIVED MESOCONVECTIVE VORTICES; ENSEMBLE PREDICTION SYSTEM; QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC MODEL; DATA ASSIMILATION; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; KALMAN FILTER; PART I; OCEANIC CYCLOGENESIS; ERROR COVARIANCES AB This study examines the dynamics and predictability of the mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) of 10-13 June 2003 through ensemble forecasting. The MCV of interest developed from a preexisting upper-level disturbance over the southwest United States on 10 June and matured as it traveled northeastward. This event is of particular interest given the anomalously strong and long-lived nature of the circulation. An ensemble of 20 forecasts using a 2-way nested mesoscale model with horizontal grid increments of 30 and 10 km are employed to probabilistically evaluate the dynamics and predictability of the MCV. Ensemble mean and spread as well as correlations between different forecast variables at different forecast times are examined. It is shown that small-amplitude large-scale balanced initial perturbations may result in very large ensemble spread, with individual solutions ranging from a very strong MCV to no MCV at all. Despite similar synoptic-scale conditions, the ensemble MCV forecasts vary greatly depending on intensity and coverage of simulated convection, illustrating the critical role of convection in the development and evolution of this MCV. Correlation analyses reveal the importance of a preexisting disturbance to the eventual development of the MCV. It is also found that convection near the center of the MCV the day after its formation may be an important factor in determining the eventual growth of a surface vortex and that a stronger midlevel vortex is more conducive to convection, especially on the downshear side, consistent with the findings of previous MCV studies. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Wilmington, OH USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Zhang, FQ (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM fzhang@tamu.edu RI Meng, Zhiyong/K-8351-2012; Zhang, Fuqing/E-6522-2010 OI Zhang, Fuqing/0000-0003-4860-9985 NR 57 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2007 VL 135 IS 4 BP 1544 EP 1563 DI 10.1175/MWR3346.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160ER UT WOS:000245924200022 ER PT J AU Egger, J Weickmann, K AF Egger, Joseph Weickmann, Klaus TI Latitude-height structure of the atmospheric angular momentum cycle associated with the Madden-Julian oscillation SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID VERTICAL FLUXES; CIRCULATION; PACIFIC; LENGTH; TORQUES AB The angular momentum cycle of the Madden-Julian oscillation is analyzed by regressing the zonally averaged axial angular momentum (AAM) budget including fluxes and torques against the first two principal components P(1) and P(2) of the empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). The maximum of P(1) coincides with an OLR minimum near 150 degrees E and a shift from anomalously negative AAM to positive AAM in the equatorial troposphere. AAM anomalies of one sign develop first in the upper-equatorial troposphere and then move downward and poleward to the surface of the subtropics within two weeks. During the same time the opposite sign AAM anomaly develops in the upper-equatorial troposphere. The tropical troposphere is warming when P(1) approaches its maximum while the stratosphere is cooling. The torques are largest in the subtropics and are linked with the downward and poleward movement of AAM anomalies. The evolution is conveniently summarized using a time-height depiction of the global mean AAM and vertical flux anomaly. C1 Univ Munich, Meteorol Inst, D-80333 Munich, Germany. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Phys Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Egger, J (reprint author), Univ Munich, Meteorol Inst, Theresien Str 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany. EM J.Egger@lrz.uni-muenchen.de NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2007 VL 135 IS 4 BP 1564 EP 1575 DI 10.1175/MWR3363.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160ER UT WOS:000245924200023 ER PT J AU Rice, P Wallis, TM Russek, SE Kabos, P AF Rice, Paul Wallis, T. Mitch Russek, Stephen E. Kabos, Pavel TI Broadband electrical characterization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and contacts SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRANSISTOR OPERATION; DEPOSITION; TRANSPORT AB The electrical response of an individual multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) and its contacts, welded to a coplanar waveguide (CPW), was measured up to 24 GHz using a technique that removes environment effects. This is the first time MWNT contact effects have been systematically isolated from the CPW. Each contact response was quite different and also showed a pronounced sensitivity to ambient light. Adding more contact material clearly changed the high-frequency electrical response and the sensitivity to light. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Rice, P (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 20 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD APR PY 2007 VL 7 IS 4 BP 1086 EP 1090 DI 10.1021/nl062725s PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 155TG UT WOS:000245600500044 PM 17375962 ER PT J AU Allen, AJ Thomas, JJ Jennings, HM AF Allen, Andrew J. Thomas, Jeffrey J. Jennings, Hamlin M. TI Composition and density of nanoscale calcium-silicate-hydrate in cement SO NATURE MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; X-RAY-SCATTERING; C-S-H; PORTLAND-CEMENT; TRICALCIUM SILICATE; FRACTAL MICROSTRUCTURES; PORE STRUCTURE; SURFACE-AREA; PASTE; POROSITY AB Although Portland cement concrete is the world's most widely used manufactured material, basic questions persist regarding its internal structure and water content, and their effect on concrete behaviour. Here, for the first time without recourse to drying methods, we measure the composition and solid density of the principal binding reaction product of cement hydration, calcium silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) gel, one of the most complex of all gels. We also quantify a nanoscale calcium hydroxide phase that coexists with C-S-H gel. By combining small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering data, and by exploiting the hydrogen/deuterium neutron isotope effect both in water and methanol, we determine the mean formula and mass density of the nanoscale C-S-H gel particles in hydrating cement. We show that the formula, (CaO)(1.7)(SiO2)(H2O)(1.80), and density, 2.604 Mg m(-3), differ from previous values for C-S-H gel, associated with specific drying conditions. Whereas previous studies have classified water within C-S-H gel by how tightly it is bound, in this study we classify water by its location-with implications for de. ning the chemically active (C-S-H) surface area within cement, and for predicting concrete properties. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Allen, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM andrew.allen@nist.gov RI Jennings, Hamlin/B-7006-2009; Thomas, Jeffrey/B-7103-2009; USAXS, APS/D-4198-2013; OI Thomas, Jeffrey/0000-0003-2897-2023; Ilavsky, Jan/0000-0003-1982-8900 NR 46 TC 307 Z9 322 U1 22 U2 179 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1476-1122 J9 NAT MATER JI Nat. Mater. PD APR PY 2007 VL 6 IS 4 BP 311 EP 316 DI 10.1038/nmat1871 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 152KD UT WOS:000245360000023 PM 17384634 ER PT J AU Chen, ZG Carter, SG Bratschitsch, R Dawson, P Cundiff, ST AF Chen, Zhigang Carter, Sam G. Bratschitsch, Rudolf Dawson, Philip Cundiff, Steven T. TI Effects of disorder on electron spin dynamics in a semiconductor quantum well SO NATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LANDE G-FACTOR; GAAS-ALXGA1-XAS HETEROSTRUCTURES; RESONANCE; GAAS; RELAXATION; GAS AB Using the spin of the electron to carry information, instead of or in addition to its charge, could provide advances in the capabilities of microelectronics. Successful implementation of spin-based electronics requires preservation of the electron spin coherence. In n-doped semiconductors, long spin-coherence times have been observed, with a maximum at a 'magic' electron density. Here, we vary the density in a two-dimensional electron gas, and show that spin coherence is lost because of the interplay between localization by disorder and dynamical scattering. By measuring the electron Land ' e g-factor dependence on density, we determine the density of states ( DOS), which characterizes the disorder potential. Using our knowledge of the DOS, a simple model estimates the temperature and excitation intensity dependence of the g factor, qualitatively agreeing with experiments. This agreement confirms the importance of disorder and provides predictive power for designing spin-based electronic devices. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Manchester, Sch Phys & Astron, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England. RP Bratschitsch, R (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Carter, Sam/G-4589-2012; Bratschitsch, Rudolf/C-9027-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; Bratschitsch, Rudolf/0000-0002-2368-2548 NR 25 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1745-2473 J9 NAT PHYS JI Nat. Phys. PD APR PY 2007 VL 3 IS 4 BP 265 EP 269 DI 10.1038/nphys537 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 160WE UT WOS:000245972300023 ER PT J AU Lehman, JH Hurst, KE Radojevic, AM Dillon, AC Osgood, RM AF Lehman, John H. Hurst, Katherine E. Radojevic, Antonije M. Dillon, Anne C. Osgood, Richard M., Jr. TI Multiwall carbon nanotube absorber on a thin-film lithium niobate pyroelectric detector SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FABRICATION; LINBO3 AB Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were applied in a bulk layer to a pyroelectric film to increase the detector sensitivity nearly fourfold without a substantial penalty to the low-frequency response (4 - 100 Hz). In addition, the spectral sensitivity over the wavelength range from 600 to 1800 run was uniformly enhanced, with variations less than 1%. The results demonstrate the suitability of MWNTs as an efficient thermal absorber having low thermal mass. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sources Detectors & Displays Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Charles Stark Draper Lab Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Columbia Univ, Microelect Sci Labs, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Lehman, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sources Detectors & Displays Grp, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM lehman@boulder.nist.gov NR 14 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 7 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD APR 1 PY 2007 VL 32 IS 7 BP 772 EP 774 DI 10.1364/OL.32.000772 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 148XE UT WOS:000245109900015 PM 17339932 ER PT J AU Homer, C Dewitz, J Fry, J Coan, M Hossain, N Larson, C Herold, N McKerrow, A VanDriel, JN Wickham, J AF Homer, Collin Dewitz, Jon Fry, Joyce Coan, Michael Hossain, Nazmul Larson, Charles Herold, Nate McKerrow, Alexa VanDriel, J. Nick Wickham, James TI Completion of the 2001 National Land Cover Database for the conterminous United States SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Earth Resources Observ & Sci EROS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. SAIC, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. N Carolina State Univ, SE Gap Anal Project, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab E243 05, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Homer, C (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Earth Resources Observ & Sci EROS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. OI Dewitz, Jon/0000-0002-0458-212X NR 8 TC 595 Z9 614 U1 0 U2 62 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD APR PY 2007 VL 73 IS 4 BP 337 EP 341 PG 5 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 152TO UT WOS:000245385000002 ER PT J AU Ozeri, R Itano, WM Blakestad, RB Britton, J Chiaverini, J Jost, JD Langer, C Leibfried, D Reichle, R Seidelin, S Wesenberg, JH Wineland, DJ AF Ozeri, R. Itano, W. M. Blakestad, R. B. Britton, J. Chiaverini, J. Jost, J. D. Langer, C. Leibfried, D. Reichle, R. Seidelin, S. Wesenberg, J. H. Wineland, D. J. TI Errors in trapped-ion quantum gates due to spontaneous photon scattering SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY STANDARD; MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY; PRECISION-MEASUREMENT; OSCILLATOR-STRENGTHS; HYPERFINE-STRUCTURE; LIGHT-SCATTERING; STATE; BEAM; ENTANGLEMENT; DECOHERENCE AB We analyze the error in trapped-ion, hyperfine qubit, quantum gates due to spontaneous scattering of photons from the gate laser beams. We investigate single-qubit rotations that are based on stimulated Raman transitions and two-qubit entangling phase gates that are based on spin-dependent optical dipole forces. This error is compared between different ion species currently being investigated as possible quantum-information carriers. For both gate types we show that with attainable laser powers the scattering error can be reduced to below current estimates of the fault-tolerance error threshold. C1 NIST, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ozeri, R (reprint author), Weizmann Inst Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. RI Jost, John/F-4701-2010; Wesenberg, Janus/B-6733-2009; OI Wesenberg, Janus/0000-0002-5572-0297; Britton, Joe/0000-0001-8103-7347 NR 59 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2007 VL 75 IS 4 AR 042329 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.042329 PG 14 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 162GJ UT WOS:000246074600054 ER PT J AU Rehacek, J Hradil, Z Knill, E Lvovsky, AI AF Rehacek, Jaroslav Hradil, Zdenek Knill, E. Lvovsky, A. I. TI Diluted maximum-likelihood algorithm for quantum tomography SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL HOMODYNE TOMOGRAPHY; DENSITY-MATRIX; WIGNER FUNCTION; LIGHT MODE; PHASE; DISTRIBUTIONS; VACUUM; STATES AB We propose a refined iterative likelihood-maximization algorithm for reconstructing a quantum state from a set of tomographic measurements. The algorithm is characterized by a very high convergence rate and features a simple adaptive procedure that ensures likelihood increase in every iteration and convergence to the maximum-likelihood state. We apply the algorithm to homodyne tomography of optical states and quantum tomography of entangled spin states of trapped ions and investigate its convergence properties. C1 Palacky Univ 17, Dept Opt, Olomouc 77200, Czech Republic. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Comp Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Calgary, Inst Quantum Informat Sci, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. RP Rehacek, J (reprint author), Palacky Univ 17, Dept Opt, Olomouc 77200, Czech Republic. EM rehacek@phoenix.inf.upol.cz; hradil@optics.upol.cz; knill@boulder.nist.gov; lvov@ucalgary.ca RI Lvovsky, Alexander/C-6830-2008; Hradil, Zdenek/L-2927-2015; OI Lvovsky, Alexander/0000-0003-3165-6654; Hradil, Zdenek/0000-0001-8732-4638; Rehacek, Jaroslav/0000-0002-4969-2760 NR 33 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2007 VL 75 IS 4 AR 042108 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.042108 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 162GJ UT WOS:000246074600020 ER PT J AU Stalnaker, JE Le Coq, Y Fortier, TM Diddams, SA Oates, CW Hollberg, L AF Stalnaker, J. E. Le Coq, Y. Fortier, T. M. Diddams, S. A. Oates, C. W. Hollberg, L. TI Measurement of excited-state transitions in cold calcium atoms by direct femtosecond frequency-comb spectroscopy SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID LASER AB We apply direct frequency-comb spectroscopy, in combination with precision cw spectroscopy, to measure the 4s4p P-3(1)-> 4s5s S-3(1) transition frequency in cold calcium atoms. A 657 nm ultrastable cw laser was used to excite atoms on the narrow (gamma similar to 400 Hz) 4s(2) S-1(0)-> 4s4p P-3(1) clock transition, and the direct output of the frequency comb was used to excite those atoms from the 4s4p P-3(1) state to the 4s5s S-3(1) state. The resonance of this second stage was detected by observing a decrease in population of the ground state as a result of atoms being optically pumped to the metastable 4s4p P-3(0,2) states. The 4s4p P-3(1)-> 4s5s S-3(1) transition frequency is measured to be nu=489 544 285 713(56) kHz; an improvement by almost four orders of magnitude over the previously measured value. In addition, we demonstrate spectroscopy on magnetically trapped atoms in the 4s4p P-3(2) state. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Phys Div P23, MS H803, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Stalnaker, JE (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, MS 847, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2007 VL 75 IS 4 AR 040502 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.040502 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 162GJ UT WOS:000246074600006 ER PT J AU Herrera-Gomez, A Woicik, JC Kendelewicz, T Miyano, KE Spicer, WE AF Herrera-Gomez, A. Woicik, J. C. Kendelewicz, T. Miyano, K. E. Spicer, W. E. TI X-ray standing wave analysis of overlayer-induced substrate relaxation: The clean and Bi-covered (110) GaP surface SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID GEOMETRICAL STRUCTURE; INTERFACE; PHOTOEMISSION; SPECTROSCOPY; ABSORPTION; ORDER AB The relaxation of the surface P atoms, for both the clean and Bi-covered GaP(110) surface, was studied with x-ray standing wave (XSW) spectroscopy using surface-sensitive x-ray photoelectron as the XSW modulated signal. The photoemission signal of the outermost surface layer is mixed with the signal from the remaining near surface of the underlying substrate, so further analysis is required to calculate the geometry of the relaxation of the surface atoms. We present a general analysis method for extracting the geometry of the surface reconstruction that minimizes the propagation of the uncertainties associated with fitting XSW data. It takes advantage of the fact that the coherent distance may be more accurately determined than the coherent fraction in XSW data analysis. This method makes use of the electron attenuation length, and shows that the relaxation is only weakly dependent on the uncertainties of this parameter. Results indicate that, for the clean GaP surface, P relaxes with a small outward rotational displacement, with the axis of the rotation located at the second-layer Ga site, whereas, for the Bi-covered case, relaxation consists of a rotation in the opposite direction. The magnitude of the contraction is not negligible, and might be important in the interpretation of low-energy electron diffraction data and in ab initio calculations. C1 CINVESTAV Queretaro, Queretaro 76010, Queretaro, Mexico. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Brooklyn Coll, Dept Phys, Brooklyn, NY 11210 USA. RP Herrera-Gomez, A (reprint author), CINVESTAV Queretaro, Queretaro 76010, Queretaro, Mexico. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR PY 2007 VL 75 IS 16 AR 165318 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.165318 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 162GW UT WOS:000246075900052 ER PT J AU Pufall, MR Rippard, WH Schneider, ML Russek, SE AF Pufall, M. R. Rippard, W. H. Schneider, M. L. Russek, S. E. TI Low-field current-hysteretic oscillations in spin-transfer nanocontacts SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC MULTILAYERS; DRIVEN; EXCITATIONS AB We measured spin-transfer-driven, large-amplitude, current-hysteretic, low-frequency (< 500 MHz), narrowband oscillations in nanocontacts made to spin valve structures. The oscillations occur in zero field, persist up to 5 mT for in-plane applied fields, and to beyond 400 mT for out-of-plane fields. Unlike for previous measurements, here the oscillation frequency is well below that for uniform-mode ferromagnetic resonance, is a weak function of the applied field and current, and is highly anharmonic. The oscillations are hysteretic with dc current, appearing at high currents but persisting to lower currents upon decrease of the current. We suggest that these observations are consistent with the dynamics of a nonuniform magnetic state, one nucleated by both the spin-transfer torque and dc current-generated Oersted fields, with dynamics driven by spin transfer. The electrical oscillations are large amplitude and narrowband, with the largest amplitudes on the order of 1 mV and the narrowest linewidths below 1 MHz. C1 NIST, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Pufall, MR (reprint author), NIST, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 26 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR PY 2007 VL 75 IS 14 AR 140404 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.140404 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 162GO UT WOS:000246075100009 ER PT J AU Woicik, JC Shirley, EL Hellberg, CS Andersen, KE Sambasivan, S Fischer, DA Chapman, BD Stern, EA Ryan, P Ederer, DL Li, H AF Woicik, J. C. Shirley, E. L. Hellberg, C. S. Andersen, K. E. Sambasivan, S. Fischer, D. A. Chapman, B. D. Stern, E. A. Ryan, P. Ederer, D. L. Li, H. TI Ferroelectric distortion in SrTiO3 thin films on Si(001) by x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy: Experiment and first-principles calculations SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; STRONTIUM-TITANATE; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; CORE-HOLE; SPECTRA; BATIO3; ORIGIN; OXIDES AB Ti K and Ti L-2,L-3 x-ray absorption fine-structure near-edge spectra of SrTiO3 thin films grown coherently on Si(001) reveal the presence of a ferroelectric (FE) distortion at room temperature. This unique phase is a direct consequence of the compressive biaxial strain achieved by coherent epitaxial growth. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Res Lab, Ctr Computat Mat Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Tulane Univ, Dept Phys, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. Motorola Labs, Embedded Syst Res, Tempe, AZ 85284 USA. RP Woicik, JC (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hellberg, C. Stephen/E-5391-2010 NR 36 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 5 U2 17 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR PY 2007 VL 75 IS 14 AR 140103 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.140103 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 162GO UT WOS:000246075100003 ER PT J AU Yang, B Tewary, VK AF Yang, B. Tewary, V. K. TI Multiscale modeling of point defects in Si-Ge(001) quantum wells SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID 3-DIMENSIONAL GREENS-FUNCTIONS; INTERATOMIC POTENTIALS; ATOMISTIC SIMULATIONS; BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; LATTICE STATICS; SILICON; SOLIDS AB A computationally efficient hybrid Green's function (GF) technique is developed for multiscale modeling of point defects in a trilayer lattice system that links seamlessly the length scales from lattice (subnanometers) to continuum (bulk). The model accounts for the discrete structure of the lattice including nonlinear effects at the atomistic level and full elastic anisotropy at the continuum level. The model is applied to calculate the discrete core structure of point defects (vacancies and substitutional impurities) in Si-Ge(001) quantum wells (QWs) that are of contemporary technological interest. Numerical results are presented for the short range and long range lattice distortions and strains in the lattice caused by the defects and their formation energy and Kanzaki forces that are basic characteristics of the defects. The continuum and the lattice GFs of the material system are used to link the different length scales, which enables us to model the point defects and extended defects such as the quantum well in a unified formalism. Nonlinear effects in the core of the point defects are taken into account by using an iterative scheme. The Tersoff potential is used to set up the lattice structure, compute the unrelaxed forces and force constants in the lattice, and derive the elastic constants required for the continuum GF. It is found that the overall elastic properties of the material and the properties of defects vary considerably when the material is strained from the bulk to the QW state. This change in the defect properties is very significant and can provide a characteristic signature of the defect. For example, in the case of a single vacancy in Ge, the strain reverses the sign of the relaxation volume. It is also found that the defect properties, such as the defect core structures, change abruptly across a Ge/Si interface. The transition occurs over a region extending from two to four lattice constants, depending upon the defect species. C1 Florida Inst Technol, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Yang, B (reprint author), Florida Inst Technol, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA. EM boyang@fit.edu RI Yang, Bo/A-5716-2010 NR 37 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR PY 2007 VL 75 IS 14 AR 144103 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.144103 PG 11 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 162GO UT WOS:000246075100030 ER PT J AU Zambano, AJ Oguchi, H Takeuchi, I Choi, Y Jiang, JS Liu, JP Lofland, SE Josell, D Bendersky, LA AF Zambano, A. J. Oguchi, H. Takeuchi, I. Choi, Y. Jiang, J. S. Liu, J. P. Lofland, S. E. Josell, D. Bendersky, L. A. TI Dependence of exchange coupling interaction on micromagnetic constants in hard/soft magnetic bilayer systems SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID PERMANENT-MAGNETS; ALLOYS; FILMS; IDENTIFICATION; ANISOTROPY; BEHAVIOR AB To elucidate the dependence of exchange coupling behavior of hard/soft magnetic bilayer systems on various micromagnetic constants, the coupling length (lambda) and the nucleation field (H-N) were systematically measured on five thin-film libraries made of soft magnetic/hard magnetic bilayers. Hysteresis loops of CoPt/FexCo1-x (0 <= x <= 1), CoPt/Ni, CoPt/Fe, Sm2Co7/(Fe,Co, or Ni), and Sm2Co7/Ni were measured using a magneto-optical Kerr effect setup. The one-dimensional model proposed by Leineweber and Kronmuller [J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 176, 145 (1997)] and micromagnetic simulations were used to interpret the behavior of lambda and H-N obtained by the high-throughput investigation. We found that the dominant factors determining lambda and H-N are the hard layer magnetic constants and the saturation magnetization (M) of the soft layer. H-N and lambda display a direct correlation with the domain-wall width of the hard layer and have an anticorrelation with M of the soft layers. They were found to not be substantially dependent on exchange stiffness (A) and anisotropy (K) constants within the group of soft layer materials studied here. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Superconduct Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Phys, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. Rowan Univ, Dept Phys, Glassboro, NJ 08028 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zambano, AJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM azambano@umd.edu RI Oguchi, Hiroyuki/R-5305-2016; OI Lofland, Samuel/0000-0002-1024-5103 NR 21 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR PY 2007 VL 75 IS 14 AR 144429 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.144429 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 162GO UT WOS:000246075100077 ER PT J AU Russo, D Hura, GL Copley, JRD AF Russo, Daniela Hura, Greg L. Copley, John R. D. TI Effects of hydration water on protein methyl group dynamics in solution SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID ELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; TRANSITION; PROBE AB Elastic and quasielastic neutron scattering experiments have been used to investigate the dynamics of methyl groups in a protein-model hydrophobic peptide in solution. The results suggest that, when the hydrophobic side chains are hydrated by a single hydration water layer, the only allowed motions are confined and attributed to librational and rotational movement associated with the methyl groups. They provide unique experimental evidence that the structural and dynamical properties of the interfacial water strongly influence the side-chain dynamics and the activation of diffusive motion. C1 Care Of Inst Laue Langevin, CNR, INFM & CRS, SOFT, F-38042 Grenoble, France. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Russo, D (reprint author), Care Of Inst Laue Langevin, CNR, INFM & CRS, SOFT, 6 Rue Horowitz,BP156, F-38042 Grenoble, France. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 65239-01] NR 23 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD APR PY 2007 VL 75 IS 4 AR 040902 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.75.040902 PN 1 PG 3 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 162GD UT WOS:000246073900016 PM 17500858 ER PT J AU Skrtic, D Antonucci, JM AF Skrtic, D. Antonucci, J. M. TI Effect of chemical structure and composition of the resin phase on vinyl conversion of amorphous calcium pholsphate-filled composites SO POLYMER INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE amorphous calcium phosphate; copolymers; composites; degree of vinyl conversion ID BIOACTIVE POLYMERIC COMPOSITES; DENTAL COMPOSITES; PHOSPHATE/METHACRYLATE COMPOSITES; PHOSPHATE COMPOSITES; SHRINKAGE STRESS; CONTRACTION; HYDROXYAPATITE; HYBRID; ENAMEL AB The objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of chemical structure and composition of the polymer matrix on the degree of vinyl conversion (DC) of copolymers (unfilled resins) and their amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) composites attained upon photopolymerization. The DC can also be an indicator of the relative potential of these polymeric materials to leach out into the oral environment un-reacted monomers that could adversely affect their biocompatibility. The following resins were examined: (1) 2,2-bis[p-(2'-hydroxy-3'-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane (Bis-GMA)/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) (1:1 mass ratio; BT resin) combined with hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA; BTH resin) and with HEMA and zirconyl dimethacrylate (BTHZ resin); (2) urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA)/HEMA resins; and (3) pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate (PMGDMA)/TEGDMA (PT resin). To make composite specimens, resins were mixed with a mass fraction of 40% zirconia-hybridized ACP. Copolymers and their composites were evaluated using near infrared spectroscopy for DC after 1 d and 28 d post-cure at 23 degrees C. Inclusion of HEMA into the BT and UDMA resins yielded copolymers and composites with the highest DCs. The significantly lower DCs of PT copolymers and their composites are attributed to the rigid aromatic core structure, tetravinyl functionality and limited methacrylate side-chain flexibility of the surface-active PMGDMA monomer. There was, however, an increase in the 28 d DC for the PT materials as there was for the BTHZ system. Surprisingly, the usual decrease observed in DC in going from unfilled polymer to composite was reversed for the PT system. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Skrtic, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM drago.skrtic@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE013169, R01 DE013169-07] NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0959-8103 J9 POLYM INT JI Polym. Int. PD APR PY 2007 VL 56 IS 4 BP 497 EP 505 DI 10.1002/pi.2129 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 149HT UT WOS:000245138600010 PM 18714369 ER PT J AU Abrecht, M Adare, A Ekin, JW AF Abrecht, M. Adare, A. Ekin, J. W. TI Magnetization and magnetoresistance of common alloy wires used in cryogenic instrumentation SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article AB We present magnetization and magnetoresistance data at liquid-helium and liquid-nitrogen temperatures for wire materials commonly used for instrumentation wiring of specimens, sensors, and heaters in cryogenic probes. The magnetic susceptibilities in Systeme International units at 4.2 K were found to be: Manganin 1.25x10(-2), Nichrome 5.6x10(-3), and phosphor bronze -3.3x10(-5), indicating that phosphor bronze is the most suitable for high-field applications. We also show the ferromagnetic hysteresis loop of Constantan wire at liquid-helium temperature. The magnetoresistance of these four wires was relatively small: the changes in resistance at 4 K due to a 10 T transverse magnetic field are -2.56% for Constantan, -2.83% for Manganin, +0.69% for Nichrome, and +4.5% for phosphor bronze, compared to about +188% for a typical copper wire under the same conditions. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Abrecht, M (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Synchrotron Radiat, Stoughton, WI 53589 USA. EM ekin@boulder.nist.gov NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD APR PY 2007 VL 78 IS 4 AR 046104 DI 10.1063/1.2719652 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 162FZ UT WOS:000246073500053 PM 17477695 ER PT J AU Kuznetsova, I Thomas, P Meier, T Zhang, T Li, X Mirin, RP Cundiff, ST AF Kuznetsova, I. Thomas, P. Meier, T. Zhang, T. Li, X. Mirin, R. P. Cundiff, S. T. TI Signatures of many-particle correlations in two-dimensional Fourier-transform spectra of semiconductor nanostructures SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE semiconductor nanostructures; many-body correlations; two-dimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy; four-wave-mixing ID COHERENT EXCITATION SPECTROSCOPY; 4-WAVE-MIXING SPECTROSCOPY; OPTICAL-RESPONSE AB On the basis of a microscopic theory, the signatures of many-particle correlations in Two-Dimensional Fourier-Transform Spectra (2D-FTS) of semiconductor nanostructures are identified and compared to experimental data. Spectra in the photon energy range of the heavy-hole and light-hole excitonic resonances show characteristic features due to correlations, which depend on the relative polarization directions of the excitation pulses. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Marburg, Dept Phys, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. Univ Marburg, Ctr Mat Sci, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kuznetsova, I (reprint author), Univ Marburg, Dept Phys, Renthof 5, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. EM irina.kuznetsova@physik.uni-marburg.de RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; Mirin, Richard/0000-0002-4472-4655 NR 25 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PD APR PY 2007 VL 142 IS 3 BP 154 EP 158 DI 10.1016/j.ssc.2007.02.010 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 168GY UT WOS:000246512700007 ER PT J AU Sonnerup, RE McNichol, AP Quay, PD Gammon, RH Bullister, JL Sabine, CL Slater, RD AF Sonnerup, Rolf E. McNichol, Ann P. Quay, Paul D. Gammon, Richard H. Bullister, John L. Sabine, Christopher L. Slater, Richard D. TI Anthropogenic delta C-13 changes in the North Pacific Ocean reconstructed using a multiparameter mixing approach (MIX) SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON; INDIAN-OCEAN; ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; SURFACE OCEANS; WORLD OCEANS; CO2 UPTAKE; C-13; WATER; EXCHANGE; AIR AB A multiparameter mixing approach, 'MIX', for determining oceanic anthropogenic CO2 was used to reconstruct the industrial-era change in the C-13/C-12 of dissolved inorganic carbon (delta C-13 of DIC) along the 1992 165 degrees E WOCE P13N section in the North Pacific Ocean. The back-calculation approach was tested against a known anthropogenic tracer, chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11), and also by reconstructing an ocean general circulation model's (OGCM) anthropogenic delta C-13 change. MIX proved accurate to +/- 10% against measured CFC-11, but only to +/-similar to 25% reconstructing the OGCM's delta C-13 change from 1992 model output. The OGCM's CFC distribution was also poorly reconstructed using MIX, indicating that this test suffers from limitations in the OGCM's representation of water masses in the ocean. The MIX industrial-era near-surface (200 M) delta C-13 change reconstructed from the WOCE P13N data ranged from -0.8 parts per thousand in the subtropics (15-30 degrees N), to -0.6 parts per thousand in the tropics (10 degrees N), and -0.4 to -0.2 parts per thousand north of 40 degrees N. Depth-integrated changes along 165 degrees E were -400 parts per thousand.m to -500 parts per thousand.m at low latitudes, and were smaller (-200 parts per thousand.m) north of 40 degrees N. The MIX North Pacific delta C-13 change is consistent with the global anthropogenic CO2 inventory of 118 +/- 17 Pg from Delta C*. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Natl Ocean Sci AMS Facil, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Princeton Univ, AOS Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Sonnerup, RE (reprint author), Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Box 357941, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM rolf@u.washington.edu NR 56 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0280-6509 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PD APR PY 2007 VL 59 IS 2 BP 303 EP 317 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00250.x PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 156DS UT WOS:000245628900014 ER PT J AU Lau, JW Schofield, MA Zhu, Y AF Lau, J. W. Schofield, M. A. Zhu, Y. TI A straightforward specimen holder modification for remnant magnetic-field measurement in TEM SO ULTRAMICROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE Lorentz microscopy; Hall probe; TEM holder; in situ magnetization ID TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPE; ELEMENTS AB We report a simple means to modify an analytic sample holder to perform ambient Hall probe measurements of the sample area inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM). These measurements are important in the case of electron microscopy studies involving magnetic materials. We characterize the magnetic field of the JEOL 2100F-LM, a microscope dedicated in design to perform magnetic imaging, and also of the JEOL 3000F FEG-TEM operated in Lorentz mode. In the case of the 3000F, we measure vertical remnant field about 300 Oe due to the objective lens of the microscope. In the case of the 2100F, design of the objective lens reduces the remnant field to about 4 Oe. We characterize the field along two orthogonal directions, and spatial characteristics of the field profile are made for both microscopes during all stages of specimen entry into the column. In the case of the 2100F, we additionally measure the field conditions as a function of objective lens excitation, which is important for in situ magnetization experiments. Finally, we provide experimental results illustrating the importance of these measurements. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Ctr Funct Nanomat, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Lau, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Mail Stop 8552, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM june.lau@nist.gov RI Lau, June/C-7509-2013 NR 12 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3991 J9 ULTRAMICROSCOPY JI Ultramicroscopy PD APR-MAY PY 2007 VL 107 IS 4-5 BP 396 EP 400 DI 10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.10.004 PG 5 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 138PC UT WOS:000244373700016 PM 17140734 ER PT J AU Wasula, AC Bosart, LF Schneider, R Weiss, SJ Johns, RH Manikin, GS Welsh, P AF Wasula, Alicia C. Bosart, Lance F. Schneider, Russell Weiss, Steven J. Johns, Robert H. Manikin, Geoffrey S. Welsh, Patrick TI Mesoscale aspects of the rapid intensification of a tornadic convective line across central Florida: 22-23 February 1998 SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID RETURN-FLOW; ETA-MODEL; MEXICO; GULF; BOUNDARIES; OUTBREAK AB The 22-23 February 1998 central Florida tornado outbreak was one of the deadliest and costliest in Florida's history; a number of long-track tornadoes moved across the Florida peninsula after 0000 UTC 23 February 1998. In the 12-24 h prior to 0000 UTC 23 February, a vigorous upper-level synoptic system was tracking across the southeast United States, and a north-south-oriented convective band located ahead of the cold front was moving eastward across the Gulf of Mexico. Strong vertical wind shear was present in the lowest 1 km, due to a similar to 25 m s(-1) low-level jet at 925 hPa and south-southeasterly surface flow over the Florida peninsula. Further, CAPE values across the central Florida peninsula exceeded 2500 J kg(-1). Upon making landfall on the Florida peninsula, the convective band rapidly intensified and developed into a line of tornadic supercells. This paper examines the relationship between a diabatically induced front across the central Florida peninsula and the rapid development of tornadic supercells in the convective band after 0000 UTC 23 February. Results suggest that persistent strong frontogenesis helped to maintain the front and enhanced ascent in the warm, moist unstable air to the south of the east-west-oriented front on the Florida peninsula, thus allowing the updrafts to rapidly intensify as they made landfall. Further, surface observations from three key locations along the surface front suggest that a mesolow moved eastward along the front just prior to the time when supercells developed. It is hypothesized that the eastward-moving mesolow may have caused the winds in the warm air to the south of the surface front to back to southeasterly and create a favorable low-level wind profile in which supercells could rapidly develop. C1 SUNY Albany, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA. Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK USA. EMC, NCEP, Mesoscale Modeling Branch, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ N Florida, Adv Weather Informat Syst Lab, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA. RP Wasula, AC (reprint author), SUNY Albany, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA. EM alicia@atmos.albany.edu NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2007 VL 22 IS 2 BP 223 EP 243 DI 10.1175/WAF977.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160DR UT WOS:000245921100001 ER PT J AU Donavon, RA Jungbluth, KA AF Donavon, Rodney A. Jungbluth, Karl A. TI Evaluation of a technique for radar identification of large hail across the upper midwest and central plains of the United States SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID DETECTION ALGORITHM; WSR-88D; SIZE AB Radar data were analyzed for severe thunderstorms that produced severe hail ( >19 mm diameter) across the central and northern plains of the United States during the 2001-04 convective seasons. Results showed a strongly linear relationship between the 50-dBZ echo height and the height of the melting level-so strong that a severe hail warning methodology was successfully deployed at the National Weather Service Warning and Forecast Offices in North Dakota and Iowa. Specifically, for each of 183 severe hailstorms, the 50-dBZ echo height near the hail event time was plotted against the depth of the environmental melting level. Linear regression revealed a coefficient of determination of 0.86, which suggested a strong linear relationship between the 50-dBZ echo height and the melting-level depth for the severe hail producing storms. As the height of the melting level increased, the expected 50-dBZ echo height increased. A severe warning criterion for large hail was based on the 10th percentile from the linear regression, producing a probability of detection of 90% and a false alarm rate of 22%. Additional analysis found that the 50-dBZ echo-height technique performs very well for weakly to moderately sheared thunderstorm environments. However, for strongly sheared, supercell-type environments, signatures such as weak-echo regions and three-body scatter spikes led to more rapid severe thunderstorm detection in many cases. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Des Moines, IA USA. RP Donavon, RA (reprint author), 9607 NW Beaver Dr, Johnston, IA 50131 USA. EM rodney.donavon@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2007 VL 22 IS 2 BP 244 EP 254 DI 10.1175/WAF1008.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160DR UT WOS:000245921100002 ER PT J AU Schneider, D Sharp, S AF Schneider, Douglas Sharp, Scott TI Radar signatures of tropical cyclone tornadoes in central North Carolina SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTS; SUPERCELL AB During the tropical cyclone season of 2004, there were four tropical cyclones that spawned tornadoes in central North Carolina: Frances, Gaston, Ivan, and Jeanne. This study examines the environmental characteristics and radar signatures from these events. The tornado warning decision-making process is a difficult one during any severe weather event, but it is even more difficult in a tropical cyclone environment because of the subtlety of features and rapid tornadogenesis that can occur. Previous studies that have examined the characteristics of a tropical cyclone environment found that high low-level moisture content, high shear, and a midlevel intrusion of dry air are favorable for tornadoes. The tropical cyclones that are examined in the current study all exhibited these characteristics. Radar signatures associated with these tornadoes were more subtle and weaker when compared with nontropical cyclone tornadoes, but were still discernable. This study analyzed the radar signatures from tornadic and nontornadic storms in a tropical cyclone environment with the purpose of determining the best indicators of tornadogenesis. Three precursors were found to give good lead time for tornado touchdowns: 1) a near gate-to-gate mesocyclone rotational velocity of 20 kt ( 10.3 m s(-1)) or greater, 2) a hook or appendage signature in the reflectivity data, and 3) the presence of a velocity enhancement signature of 30 kt ( 15.4 m s(-1)) or greater between 7000 ft ( 2.1 km) and 14 000 ft ( 4.2 km) AGL. Using these signatures together in the tornado warning decision-making process can increase lead time and accuracy in the tropical cyclone environment. C1 Natl Weather Serv Forecast Off, Morristown, TN 37814 USA. Natl Weather Serv Forecast Off, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Schneider, D (reprint author), 5974 Commerce Blvd, Morristown, TN 37814 USA. EM douglas.schneider@noaa.gov NR 10 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2007 VL 22 IS 2 BP 278 EP 286 DI 10.1175/WAF992.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160DR UT WOS:000245921100004 ER PT J AU Kousky, VE Higgins, RW AF Kousky, V. E. Higgins, R. W. TI An alert classification system for monitoring and assessing the ENSO cycle SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; EL-NINO; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; PRECIPITATION; ANOMALIES; PATTERNS; RAINFALL; OCEAN; CIRCULATION AB An alert classification system for the ENSO cycle is introduced. The system includes watches, advisories, and a five-class intensity scale for warm and cold phases of the ENSO cycle. A watch is issued when conditions are favorable for the formation of an El Nino or La Nina within the next 6 months. An advisory is issued when El Nino or La Nina conditions are present, based on NOAA's operational definitions. The intensity scale, referred to as the ENSO Intensity Scale ( EIS), is used for operational and retrospective assessments of the intensity of warm ( El Nino) and cold ( La Nina) episodes, without being prescriptive concerning ENSO-related anomalies or impacts. The Climate Prediction Center's ( CPC's) monthly Climate Diagnostics Bulletin and ENSO Diagnostic Discussions will serve as the primary vehicles for disseminating real-time information concerning the ENSO alert status to the scientific community and public at large. An objective method that relates the EIS to anomalies is used to assess the effects of warm and cold episodes. The method is illustrated using precipitation in the global Tropics and subtropics and in the conterminous United States. The methodology is quite general and can be used to relate the ENSO cycle to other quantities. C1 NOAA, NWS NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Dev Branch, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Kousky, VE (reprint author), NOAA, NWS NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Dev Branch, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM vernon.kousky@noaa.gov NR 52 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2007 VL 22 IS 2 BP 353 EP 371 DI 10.1175/WAF987.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160DR UT WOS:000245921100009 ER PT J AU Jin, MB Deal, C Wang, J Alexander, V Gradinger, R Saitoh, S Iida, T Wan, ZW Stabeno, P AF Jin, Meibing Deal, Clara Wang, Jia Alexander, Vera Gradinger, Rolf Saitoh, Sei-ichi Iida, Takahiro Wan, Zhenwen Stabeno, Phyllis TI Ice-associated phytoplankton blooms in the southeastern Bering Sea SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; PACK ICE; ECOSYSTEM; MICROALGAE; TEMPERATURE; VARIABILITY; ACCLIMATION; ALGAE; MODEL; SHELF AB Ice-associated phytoplankton blooms in the southeastern Bering Sea can critically impact the food web structure, from lower tropic level production to marine fisheries. By coupling pelagic and sea ice algal components, our 1-D ecosystem model successfully reproduced the observed ice-associated blooms in 1997 and 1999 at the NOAA/PMEL mooring M2. The model results suggest that the ice-associated blooms were seeded by sea ice algae released from melting sea ice. For an ice-associated bloom to grow and reach the typical magnitude of phytoplankton bloom in the region, ice melting-resulted low-salinity stratification must not be followed by a strong mixing event that would destroy the stratification. The ice-associated blooms had little impacts on the annual primary production, but had significant impacts in terms of shifting phytoplankton species, and the timing and magnitude of the bloom. These changes, superimposed on a gradual ecosystem shift attributed to global warming, can dramatically alter the Bering Sea ecosystem. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Fisheries Sci, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan. Xiamen Univ, State Key Lab Marine Environm Sci, Xiamen 361005, Peoples R China. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Jin, MB (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM ffjm@uaf.edu RI Jin, Meibing/F-7666-2010; Gradinger, Rolf/E-4965-2015 OI Gradinger, Rolf/0000-0001-6035-3957 NR 25 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 31 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 6 AR L06612 DI 10.1029/2006GL028849 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 155BO UT WOS:000245552900003 ER PT J AU Wang, MH Tang, JW Shi, W AF Wang, Menghua Tang, Junwu Shi, Wei TI MODIS-derived ocean color products along the China east coastal region SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; SEAWIFS; IMAGERY; WATER AB Ocean water-leaving radiance spectra extending from the visible (blue) to the near-infrared (NIR) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) measurements are reported here for the China east coastal region. The China east coastal region contains some of the most consistently highly turbid coastal waters to be found anywhere. For turbid waters, standard MODIS data processing often produces significant errors in the derived ocean color products due to significant ocean water-leaving radiance contributions at the two NIR bands. In this paper, we demonstrate an atmospheric correction approach using MODIS short wave infrared (SWIR) bands for deriving more accurate ocean color products in coastal regions. The ocean is generally still black at the SWIR bands even for very turbid waters due to much stronger water absorption at the SWIR wavelengths. The approach has been tested for and applied to various coastal regions (e. g., the U. S. and China east coastal regions) using MODIS data. In situ data collected along the China east coastal region have been used to validate performance of the algorithm. Using MODIS Aqua measurements from July of 2002 to December of 2005, seasonal variations in the visible and the NIR ocean water-leaving radiances for the Hangzhou Bay in the China east coastal region are derived and analyzed. Very significant ocean NIR contributions along various locations in the China east coastal region (e. g., Hangzhou Bay) are observed. C1 NOAA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. State Ocean Adm, Natl Satellite Ocean Applicat Serv, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. RP Wang, MH (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, E-RA3,5200 Auth Rd,Room 102, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM menghua.wang@noaa.gov RI Shi, Wei/F-5625-2010; Wang, Menghua/F-5631-2010 OI Wang, Menghua/0000-0001-7019-3125 NR 13 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 30 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 6 AR L06611 DI 10.1029/2006GL028599 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 155BM UT WOS:000245552700001 ER PT J AU Wu, WR Dickinson, RE Wang, H Liu, YQ Shaikh, M AF Wu, Wanru Dickinson, Robert E. Wang, Hui Liu, Yongqiang Shaikh, Muhammad TI Covariabilities of spring soil moisture and summertime United States precipitation in a climate simulation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE climate simulation; soil moisture-precipitation coupling; land-atmosphere interaction; SVD ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; LAND-ATMOSPHERE SYSTEM; US GREAT-PLAINS; RAINFALL VARIABILITY; MODEL; CIRCULATION; DROUGHT; MONSOON; SCALES; OCEAN AB This paper explores the space-time connections between springtime soil moisture and summer precipitation over the continental United States by applying a singular value decomposition (SVD) method to a 50-year climate simulation. The first two SVD modes were analyzed. The two leading SVD modes account for 43% of the squared covariance between spring soil moisture and summer precipitation. Their corresponding components explain 14% of the soil moisture variance and 19% of the precipitation variance, respectively, which is larger than that contributed by tropical Pacific sea-surface temperatures (SSTs). The temporal correlations between the two expansion coefficients of each SVD mode are 0.83 and 0.88, respectively, indicating a significant association between spring soil moisture variation and summer precipitation variability. Both positive and negative cross-correlations exist over different regions of the United States in the two modes. Linear regression relates surface relative humidity and surface air temperature to the soil moisture SVD time series. The patterns revealed by the SVD analysis show where the local soil moisture-precipitation coupling contributes to the model's simulation of precipitation. Copyright (c) 2006 Royal Meteorological Society. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Athens, GA USA. RP Wu, WR (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, NWS, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM wanru.wu@noaa.gov RI Wang, Hui/B-6516-2008 NR 59 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0899-8418 EI 1097-0088 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD MAR 30 PY 2007 VL 27 IS 4 BP 429 EP 438 DI 10.1002/joc.1419 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 153SA UT WOS:000245454200002 ER PT J AU Lu, J Lee, JC Salit, ML Cam, MC AF Lu, Jun Lee, Joseph C. Salit, Marc L. Cam, Margaret C. TI Transcript-based redefinition of grouped oligonucleotide probe sets using AceView: High-resolution annotation for microarrays SO BMC BIOINFORMATICS LA English DT Article ID GENE-EXPRESSION MEASUREMENTS; ARRAYS; MODEL; INDEX; INCONSISTENCIES; HYBRIDIZATION; PLATFORMS; RESOURCES; LEVEL AB Background: Extracting biological information from high-density Affymetrix arrays is a multi-step process that begins with the accurate annotation of microarray probes. Shortfalls in the original Affymetrix probe annotation have been described; however, few studies have provided rigorous solutions for routine data analysis. Results: Using AceView, a comprehensive human transcript database, we have reannotated the probes by matching them to RNA transcripts instead of genes. Based on this transcript-level annotation, a new probe set definition was created in which every probe in a probe set maps to a common set of AceView gene transcripts. In addition, using artificial data sets we identified that a minimal probe set size of 4 is necessary for reliable statistical summarization. We further demonstrate that applying the new probe set definition can detect specific transcript variants contributing to differential expression and it also improves cross-platform concordance. Conclusion: We conclude that our transcript-level reannotation and redefinition of probe sets complement the original Affymetrix design. Redefinitions introduce probe sets whose sizes may not support reliable statistical summarization; therefore, we advocate using our transcript-level mapping redefinition in a secondary analysis step rather than as a replacement. Knowing which specific transcripts are differentially expressed is important to properly design probe/primer pairs for validation purposes. For convenience, we have created custom chip-description-files (CDFs) and annotation files for our new probe set definitions that are compatible with Bioconductor, Affymetrix Expression Console or third party software. C1 NIDDK, Genom Core Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cam, MC (reprint author), NIDDK, Genom Core Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM lujun@mail.nih.gov; jclee8@gmail.com; salit@nist.gov; maggie.cam@nih.gov FU Intramural NIH HHS NR 38 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 1471-2105 J9 BMC BIOINFORMATICS JI BMC Bioinformatics PD MAR 29 PY 2007 VL 8 AR 108 DI 10.1186/1471-2105-8-108 PG 14 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 158PV UT WOS:000245804400002 PM 17394657 ER PT J AU Guan, S AF Guan, Shane TI New species show how little we know of the sea SO NATURE LA English DT Letter ID SP N. CETACEA C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Protected Resources, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Guan, S (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Protected Resources, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAR 29 PY 2007 VL 446 IS 7135 BP 492 EP 492 DI 10.1038/446492c PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 150TQ UT WOS:000245242900026 PM 17392763 ER PT J AU Hobbie, EK Fry, DJ AF Hobbie, E. K. Fry, D. J. TI Rheology of concentrated carbon nanotube suspensions SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FIBER SUSPENSIONS; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; ELASTIC PROPERTIES; COMPOSITES; BEHAVIOR; FLOCCULATION; POLYETHYLENE; SIMULATIONS; ORIENTATION; DISPERSION AB The rheological properties of non-Brownian carbon nanotube suspensions are measured over a range of nanotube volume fractions spanning the transition from semidilute to concentrated. The polymer-stabilized nanotubes are "sticky" and form a quiescent elastic network with a well-defined shear modulus and yield stress that both depend strongly on nanotube volume fraction with different but related critical exponents. We compare controlled-strain-rate and controlled-stress measurements of yielding in shear flow, and we study the effect of slow periodic stress reversal on yielding and the arrest of flow. Our measurements support a universal scaling of both the linear viscoelastic and steady-shear viscometric response. The former allows us to extract the elastic shear modulus of semidilute nanotube networks for values that are near or below the resolution limit of the rheometers used, while the latter provides a similar extrapolation of the yield stress. A simple scaling argument is used to model the dependence of yield stress and elastic modulus on concentration. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hobbie, EK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM erik.hobbie@nist.gov RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 33 TC 100 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 39 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAR 28 PY 2007 VL 126 IS 12 AR 124907 DI 10.1063/1.2711176 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 151VB UT WOS:000245317800062 PM 17411161 ER PT J AU West, JJ Fiore, AM Naik, V Horowitz, LW Schwarzkopf, MD Mauzerall, DL AF West, J. Jason Fiore, Arlene M. Naik, Vaishali Horowitz, Larry W. Schwarzkopf, M. Daniel Mauzerall, Denise L. TI Ozone air quality and radiative forcing consequences of changes in ozone precursor emissions SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; REGIONAL EMISSIONS; METHANE; CLIMATE; MODEL; POLLUTION; CH4; CO AB Changes in emissions of ozone (O(3)) precursors affect both air quality and climate. We first examine the sensitivity of surface O(3) concentrations (O(3)(srf)) and net radiative forcing of climate (RF(net)) to reductions in emissions of four precursors - nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), non-methane volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and methane (CH(4)). We show that long-term CH(4)-induced changes in O(3), known to be important for climate, are also relevant for air quality; for example, NOx reductions increase CH(4), causing a long-term O(3) increase that partially counteracts the direct O(3) decrease. Second, we assess the radiative forcing resulting from actions to improve O(3) air quality by calculating the ratio of Delta RF(net) to changes in metrics of O(3)srf. Decreases in CH(4) emissions cause the greatest RFnet decrease per unit reduction in O(3)srf, while NOx reductions quality, therefore, CH(4) abatement best reduces climate forcing. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Woodrow Wilson Sch Publ & Int Affairs, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ USA. RP West, JJ (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM jwest@princeton.edu RI Mauzerall, Denise/I-5977-2013; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Naik, Vaishali/A-4938-2013; West, Jason/J-2322-2015 OI Mauzerall, Denise/0000-0003-3479-1798; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Naik, Vaishali/0000-0002-2254-1700; West, Jason/0000-0001-5652-4987 NR 21 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 4 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 27 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 6 AR L06806 DI 10.1029/2006GL029173 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 155BI UT WOS:000245552300005 ER PT J AU Benkoski, JJ Jones, RL Douglas, JF Karim, A AF Benkoski, Jason J. Jones, Ronald L. Douglas, Jack F. Karim, Alamgir TI Photocurable oil/water interfaces as a universal platform for 2-D self-assembly SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; PERMANENT DIPOLE-MOMENT; LIQUID INTERFACES; CHARGED PARTICLES; COLLOIDAL PARTICLES; WATER-INTERFACE; LATEX-PARTICLES; AIR-WATER; NANOPARTICLES; MONOLAYERS AB We present a novel platform, dubbed fossilized liquid assembly, for the creation of 2-D assemblies from nanoscale building blocks. The system consists of an oil/water interface in which the oil phase can be flash-cured upon UV exposure. The photopolymerizable material, 1,12-dodecanediol dimethacrylate, solidifies in as little as 1 s when exposed to UV light. The rapid cross-linking allows one to obtain a "snapshot" of the assembly process for particles that segregate to the oil/water interface. Among the particles investigated were nonpolar 0.39 mu m poly(methyl methacrylate) latex spheres, nonpolar 10 mu m polystyrene latex spheres, highly polarizable 5 nm Au nanocrystals, dipolar 10 nm CdTe quantum dots, and magnetic 25 nm magnetite nanoparticles. The aggregates formed by this process were typically either globular or fractal in appearance. By comparing with simulation, we can perform quantitative image analysis on the resulting micrographs to define a rigorous set of standards for distinguishing among the main classes of aggregation: flocculation, equilibrium phase separation, and true self-assembly. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Benkoski, JJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jason.benkoski@jhuapl.edu NR 56 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD MAR 27 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 7 BP 3530 EP 3537 DI 10.1021/la062230i PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 147OS UT WOS:000245012900009 PM 17311427 ER PT J AU Donner, SD Knutson, TR Oppenheimer, M AF Donner, Simon D. Knutson, Thomas R. Oppenheimer, Michael TI Model-based assessment of the role of human-induced climate change in the 2005 Caribbean coral bleaching event SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE climate models; coral reefs; ocean warming; adaptation; symbiosis ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; ATLANTIC; VARIABILITY; HURRICANES; MORTALITY; OCEAN; REEFS AB Episodes of mass coral bleaching around the world in recent decades have been attributed to periods of anomalously warm ocean temperatures. In 2005, the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the tropical North Atlantic that may have contributed to the strong hurricane season caused widespread coral bleaching in the Eastern Caribbean. Here, we use two global climate models to evaluate the contribution of natural climate variability and anthropogenic forcing to the thermal stress that caused the 2005 coral bleaching event. Historical temperature data and simulations for the 1870-2000 period show that the observed warming in the region is unlikely to be due to unforced climate variability alone. Simulation of background climate variability suggests that anthropogenic warming may have increased the probability of occurrence of significant thermal stress events for corals in this region by an order of magnitude. Under scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions, mass coral bleaching in the Eastern Caribbean may become a biannual event in 20-30 years. However, if corals and their symbionts can adapt by 1-1.5 degrees C, such mass bleaching events may not begin to recur at potentially harmful intervals until the latter half of the century. The delay could enable more time to alter the path of greenhouse gas emissions, although long-term "committed warming" even after stabilization of atmospheric CO2 levels may still represent an additional long-term threat to corals. C1 Princeton Univ, Woodrow Wilson Sch Publ & Int Affairs, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Donner, SD (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Woodrow Wilson Sch Publ & Int Affairs, 405A Robertson Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM sddonner@princeton.edu RI kohki, sowa/D-2955-2011 NR 31 TC 99 Z9 103 U1 12 U2 57 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAR 27 PY 2007 VL 104 IS 13 BP 5483 EP 5488 DI 10.1073/pnas.0610122104 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 152AE UT WOS:000245331700042 PM 17360373 ER PT J AU Valentine, PC Collie, JS Reid, RN Asch, RG Guida, VG Blackwood, DS AF Valentine, Page C. Collie, Jeremy S. Reid, Robert N. Asch, Rebecca G. Guida, Vince G. Blackwood, Dann S. TI The occurrence of the colonial ascidian Didemnum sp on Georges Bank gravel habitat - Ecological observations and potential effects on groundfish and scallop fisheries SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Invasive Sea Squirt Conference CY APR 21-22, 2005 CL Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Wood Hole, MA HO Woods Hole Oceanog Inst DE colonial ascidian; colonial tunicate; Didemnum; Georges Bank; gravel habitat C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Howard Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Valentine, PC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Sci Ctr, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM pvalentine@usgs.gov NR 4 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD MAR 26 PY 2007 VL 342 IS 1 SI SI BP 179 EP 181 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2006.10.038 PG 3 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 142SE UT WOS:000244669400025 ER PT J AU Kim, B Beebe, JM Olivier, C Rigaut, S Touchard, D Kushmerick, JG Frisbie, CD AF Kim, BongSoo Beebe, Jeremy M. Olivier, Celine Rigaut, Stephane Touchard, Daniel Kushmerick, James G. Frisbie, C. Daniel TI Temperature and length dependence of charge transport in redox-active molecular wires incorporating ruthenium (II) bis (Sigma-arylacetylide) complexes SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Kim, BongSoo] Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. [Beebe, Jeremy M.; Kushmerick, James G.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Olivier, Celine; Rigaut, Stephane; Touchard, Daniel] Univ Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6226, F-35042 Rennes, France. [Frisbie, C. Daniel] Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM jeremy.beebe@nist.gov; frisbie@cems.umn.edu RI Frisbie, C Daniel/F-3995-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 627-INOR BP 67 EP 67 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722805058 ER PT J AU Hu, H Zhao, B Puretzky, A Styers-Barnett, D Rouleau, C Geohegan, DB Liu, Y Brown, C Neumann, D Kabbour, H Ahn, C Zielinski, J Coe, C Cooper, A Simpson, L Dillon, A Parilla, P Heben, M Kleinhammes, A Wu, Y AF Hu, Hui Zhao, Bin Puretzky, Alexander Styers-Barnett, David Rouleau, Christopher Geohegan, David B. Liu, Yun Brown, Craig Neumann, Dan Kabbour, Houria Ahn, Channing Zielinski, John Coe, Charles Cooper, Alan Simpson, Lin Dillon, Anne Parilla, Philip Heben, Michael Kleinhammes, Alfred Wu, Yue TI INOR 1250-Single-walled carbon nanohorns: Tunable media for hydrogen storage and metal nanoparticle decoration SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Hu, Hui; Puretzky, Alexander; Rouleau, Christopher; Geohegan, David B.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sceince & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. [Zhao, Bin; Styers-Barnett, David] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Nanophase Mat Sci, Oak Ridge, TN USA. [Liu, Yun; Brown, Craig; Neumann, Dan] Natl Inst Stand Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. [Kabbour, Houria; Ahn, Channing] CALTECH, Dept Mat Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Zielinski, John; Coe, Charles; Cooper, Alan] Air Prod & Chem Inc, Allentown, PA USA. [Simpson, Lin; Dillon, Anne; Parilla, Philip; Heben, Michael] Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO USA. [Kleinhammes, Alfred; Wu, Yue] Univ N Carolina, Dept Phys & Astron, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM huihu@ornl.gov RI Liu, Yun/F-6516-2012; Rouleau, Christopher/Q-2737-2015; Puretzky, Alexander/B-5567-2016; Geohegan, David/D-3599-2013 OI Liu, Yun/0000-0002-0944-3153; Rouleau, Christopher/0000-0002-5488-3537; Puretzky, Alexander/0000-0002-9996-4429; Brown, Craig/0000-0002-9637-9355; Geohegan, David/0000-0003-0273-3139 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 1250-INOR BP 130 EP 130 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722806130 ER PT J AU Chaka, AM AF Chaka, Anne M. TI How do we achieve nanocatalysis by design? SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Chaka, Anne M.] NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 108-INOR BP 216 EP 216 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722805205 ER PT J AU Nikoobakht, B AF Nikoobakht, Babak TI INOR 837-A unique opportunity for industrial scale fabrication of semiconductor nanowire-based devices SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Nikoobakht, Babak] NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM babakn@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 837-INOR BP 327 EP 327 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722806327 ER PT J AU Nesbitt, DJ Dong, F Savage, C AF Nesbitt, David J. Dong, Feng Savage, Chandra TI INOR 652-The peripatetic proton: High resolution spectroscopy and large amplitude tunneling dynamics in jet cooled molecular ions SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Nesbitt, David J.] Univ Colorado, JILA NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Nesbitt, David J.] Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Dong, Feng] Los Gatos Res, Mountain View, CA 94041 USA. [Savage, Chandra] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM djn@jila.colorado.edu; f.dong@lgrinc.com; chandra@lanl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 652-INOR BP 329 EP 329 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722806329 ER PT J AU Eustis, S El-Sayed, MA AF Eustis, Susie El-Sayed, Mostafa A. TI Following the formation of gold nanoparticles atom by atom: Photochemical molecular mechanism for the formation of gold nanoparticles by disproportionation SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Eustis, Susie] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [El-Sayed, Mostafa A.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biochem, Laser Dynam Lab, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM susie.eustis@nist.gov; mostafa.el-sayed@chemistry.gatech.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 638-INOR BP 497 EP 497 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722805485 ER PT J AU Vierling, RJ DiCesare, JC Vanderah, DJ AF Vierling, Ryan J. DiCesare, John C. Vanderah, David J. TI (Oligo)ethylene oxide SAMs on Au: A system to understand protein adsorption on surfaces SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [DiCesare, John C.] Univ Tulsa, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tulsa, OK 74104 USA. [Vanderah, David J.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ryan-vierling@utulsa.edu; john-dicesare@utulsa.edu; djvander@.nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 880-CHED BP 524 EP 524 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722804522 ER PT J AU Mansfeldt, CB Bott, CB Holbrook, RD AF Mansfeldt, Cresten B. Bott, Charles B. Holbrook, R. David TI Behavior and removal of multiwalled carbon nanotubes during simulated drinking water treatment processes SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Mansfeldt, Cresten B.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. [Bott, Charles B.] Virginia Tech, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Holbrook, R. David] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mans0094@umn.edu; cbott@vt.edu; dave.holbrook@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 5-ENVR BP 568 EP 568 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722802518 ER PT J AU Ovadia, M Zavitz, D Chou, HA Vanderah, DJ AF Ovadia, Marc Zavitz, Daniel Chou, H. A. Vanderah, David J. TI MEDI 224-Niacin receptor agonists SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Ovadia, Marc; Zavitz, Daniel; Chou, H. A.] Univ Chicago, Joseph P Kennedy Ctr, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Vanderah, David J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM movadia@peds.bsd.uchicago.edu; dzavit1@uic.edu; maingroup@yahoo.com; djvander@.nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 444-MEDI BP 945 EP 945 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722806787 ER PT J AU Balu, R Siegrist, K Plusquellic, D Gregurick, SK AF Balu, Radhakrishnan Siegrist, K. Plusquellic, David Gregurick, Susan K. TI Vibrational anharmonic coupling in bioorganic crystals SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Balu, Radhakrishnan] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Plusquellic, David] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Gregurick, Susan K.] Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM radbalu1@umbc.edu; karen.siegrist@nist.gov; david.plusquellic@nist.gov; greguric@umbc.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 603-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722807476 ER PT J AU Becker, ML Gallant, ND Lavery, KA Amis, EJ AF Becker, Matthew L. Gallant, Nathan D. Lavery, Kristopher A. Amis, Eric J. TI Combinatorial methods for tissue engineering SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 233rd National Meeting of the Cellulose-and-Renewable-Materials-Division of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS) CY MAR 25-29, 2007 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Chem Soc (ACS), Cellulose & Renewable Mat Div C1 [Becker, Matthew L.; Gallant, Nathan D.; Lavery, Kristopher A.; Amis, Eric J.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM matthew.becker@nist.gov; nathan.gallant@nist.gov; klavery@nist.gov; eric.amis@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 126-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GO UT WOS:000207723100572 ER PT J AU Beers, KL Xu, C AF Beers, Kathryn L. Xu, Chang TI Gradient and patterned polymer brushes using microchannel confinement SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 233rd National Meeting of the Cellulose-and-Renewable-Materials-Division of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS) CY MAR 25-29, 2007 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Chem Soc (ACS), Cellulose & Renewable Mat Div C1 [Beers, Kathryn L.; Xu, Chang] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM chang.xu@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 38-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GO UT WOS:000207723100119 ER PT J AU Benkoski, JJ Bowles, SE Jones, RL Douglas, JF Pyun, J Karim, A AF Benkoski, Jason J. Bowles, Steven E. Jones, Ronald L. Douglas, Jack F. Pyun, Jeffrey Karim, Alamgir TI Facile imaging of self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles using fossilized liquid assembly SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 233rd National Meeting of the Cellulose-and-Renewable-Materials-Division of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS) CY MAR 25-29, 2007 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Chem Soc (ACS), Cellulose & Renewable Mat Div C1 [Benkoski, Jason J.; Jones, Ronald L.; Douglas, Jack F.; Karim, Alamgir] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Bowles, Steven E.; Pyun, Jeffrey] Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM jason.benkoski@nist.gov; jpyun@email.arizona.edu; ronald.jones@nist.gov; jack.douglas@nist.gov; jpyun@email.arizona.edu; alamgir.karim@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 50-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GO UT WOS:000207723100576 ER PT J AU Chaka, AM Jarvis, EAA AF Chaka, Anne M. Jarvis, Emily A. A. TI Oxidation mechanism and ferryl formation on alpha-Fe2O3 (0001) surface SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Chaka, Anne M.; Jarvis, Emily A. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Jarvis, Emily A. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM emily.jarvis@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 174-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722807459 ER PT J AU Chastek, TQ Beers, KL Amis, EJ AF Chastek, Thomas Q. Beers, Kathryn L. Amis, Eric J. TI Microfluidic dynamic light scattering used for high throughput measurements SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 233rd National Meeting of the Cellulose-and-Renewable-Materials-Division of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS) CY MAR 25-29, 2007 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Chem Soc (ACS), Cellulose & Renewable Mat Div C1 [Chastek, Thomas Q.; Beers, Kathryn L.; Amis, Eric J.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. EM tchastek@nist.gov; eric.amis@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 57-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GO UT WOS:000207723100463 ER PT J AU Chastek, TT Hudson, SD AF Chastek, Thuy Truong Hudson, Steven D. TI Colloidal lithiography and particle decoration metrology SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Chastek, Thuy Truong; Hudson, Steven D.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM thuy.chastek@nist.gov; steven.hudson@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 50-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722801512 ER PT J AU Chin, JW Forster, AL Rice, K AF Chin, Joannie W. Forster, Amanda L. Rice, Kirk TI Durability aspects of poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) fibers used in body armor SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 233rd National Meeting of the Cellulose-and-Renewable-Materials-Division of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS) CY MAR 25-29, 2007 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Chem Soc (ACS), Cellulose & Renewable Mat Div C1 [Chin, Joannie W.; Forster, Amanda L.; Rice, Kirk] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Rice, Kirk/E-5775-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 482-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GO UT WOS:000207723100170 ER PT J AU Chin, JW Byrd, E Dickens, B Clemenzi, R Hettenhouser, J Ellison, A Garver, J Stanley, D Colomb, V Martin, J AF Chin, Joannie W. Byrd, Eric Dickens, Brian Clemenzi, Robert Hettenhouser, John Ellison, Art Garver, Jason Stanley, Debbie Colomb, Vincent Martin, Jonathan TI A high throughput system for accelerated weathering and automated characterization of polymeric materials SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 233rd National Meeting of the Cellulose-and-Renewable-Materials-Division of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS) CY MAR 25-29, 2007 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Chem Soc (ACS), Cellulose & Renewable Mat Div C1 [Chin, Joannie W.; Byrd, Eric; Dickens, Brian; Clemenzi, Robert; Hettenhouser, John; Ellison, Art; Garver, Jason; Stanley, Debbie; Colomb, Vincent; Martin, Jonathan] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM debbie.stanley@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 56-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GO UT WOS:000207723100168 ER PT J AU Fasolka, MJ AF Fasolka, Michael J. TI Pushing the envelope: Strategies for adapting combi methods to new materials systems SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 233rd National Meeting of the Cellulose-and-Renewable-Materials-Division of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS) CY MAR 25-29, 2007 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Chem Soc (ACS), Cellulose & Renewable Mat Div C1 [Fasolka, Michael J.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.fasolka@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 59-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GO UT WOS:000207723100564 ER PT J AU Fasolka, MJ AF Fasolka, Michael J. TI Gradient library approaches for the design of nanostructured polymer films SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 233rd National Meeting of the Cellulose-and-Renewable-Materials-Division of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS) CY MAR 25-29, 2007 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Chem Soc (ACS), Cellulose & Renewable Mat Div C1 [Fasolka, Michael J.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.fasolka@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 67-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GO UT WOS:000207723100338 ER PT J AU Frenkel, M Chirico, RD Diky, VV Muzny, CD Dong, QA Marsh, KN Dymond, JH Wakeham, WA Stein, SE Koenigsberger, E Goodwin, ARH Magee, JW Thijssen, MS Haynes, WM Watanasiri, S Satyro, M Schmidt, M Johns, AI Hardin, GR AF Frenkel, Michael Chirico, Robert D. Diky, Vladimir V. Muzny, Chris D. Dong, Qian Marsh, Kenneth N. Dymond, John H. Wakeham, William A. Stein, Stephen E. Koenigsberger, Erich Goodwin, Anthony R. H. Magee, Joseph W. Thijssen, Michiel S. Haynes, William M. Watanasiri, Suphat Satyro, Marco Schmidt, Martin Johns, Andrew I. Hardin, Gary R. TI New global communication process in thermodynamics and its impact on quality of published experimental data SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Frenkel, Michael; Chirico, Robert D.; Diky, Vladimir V.; Muzny, Chris D.; Dong, Qian; Magee, Joseph W.; Haynes, William M.; Hardin, Gary R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Marsh, Kenneth N.] Univ Canterbury, Dept Chem & Proc Engn, Christchurch 1, New Zealand. [Dymond, John H.] Univ Glasgow, Dept Chem, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. [Wakeham, William A.] Univ Southampton, Sch Engn Sci, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. [Stein, Stephen E.] NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Koenigsberger, Erich] Murdoch Univ, Sch Math & Phys Sci, Div Sci & Engn, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. [Goodwin, Anthony R. H.] Schlumberger Technol Corp, Sugar Land, TX 77478 USA. [Thijssen, Michiel S.] BRILL, STM, NL-2321 JC Leiden, Netherlands. [Watanasiri, Suphat] Aspen Technol Corp, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA. [Satyro, Marco] Virtual Mat Grp Inc, Calgary, AB T3G 3S1, Canada. [Schmidt, Martin] FIZ Chem Berlin, D-10587 Berlin, Germany. [Johns, Andrew I.] TUV NFL Ltd, Oil Gas & Chem Grp, E Kilbride G75 0QU, Lanark, Scotland. EM frenkel@boulder.nist.gov; diky@boulder.nist.gov; chris.muzny@nist.gov; qian.dong@nist.gov; k.marsh@cape.canterbury.ac.nz; stephen.stein@nist.gov; michiel.thijssen@gmail.com; suphat.watanasiri@aspentech.com; marco@virtualmaterials.com; schmidt@fiz-chemie.de; ajohns@tuvnel.com RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009 OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 50-CINF PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722801055 ER PT J AU Heilweil, EJ AF Heilweil, Edwin J. TI Terahertz spectroscopy and modeling of biosystems and materials SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Heilweil, Edwin J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM edwin.heilweil@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 38-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722807753 ER PT J AU Helgeson, ME Vasquez, PA Wagner, NJ Kaler, EW Cook, PL Porcar, L AF Helgeson, Matthew E. Vasquez, Paula A. Wagner, Norman J. Kaler, Eric W. Cook, Pamela L. Porcar, Lionel TI Structural evolution and shear banding in self-assembled worm-like micellar solutions SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Helgeson, Matthew E.; Wagner, Norman J.; Kaler, Eric W.] Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Vasquez, Paula A.; Porcar, Lionel] Univ Delaware, Dept Math Sci, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Porcar, Lionel] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM vasquez@math.udel.edu; wagnernj@udel.edu; cook@math.udel.edu; lionel.porcar@nist.gov RI Wagner, Norman/B-6558-2012 OI Wagner, Norman/0000-0001-9565-619X NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 279-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722801322 ER PT J AU Heller, SR AF Heller, Stephen R. TI When will the evolution of chemical information on the Internet turn into a revolution? SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Heller, Stephen R.] NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM srheller@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 8-CINF PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722801002 ER PT J AU Kali, G Georgiou, TK Ivan, B Patrickios, CS Loizou, E Thomann, Y Tiller, JC AF Kali, Gergely Georgiou, Theoni K. Ivan, Bela Patrickios, Costas S. Loizou, Elena Thomann, Yi Tiller, Joerg C. TI Structural characterization of glassy and rubbery anionic amphiphilic model conetworks SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Kali, Gergely; Ivan, Bela] Hungarian Acad Sci, Chem Res Ctr, Dept Polymer Chem & Mat Sci, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. [Georgiou, Theoni K.; Patrickios, Costas S.] Univ Cyprus, Deparment Chem, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus. [Loizou, Elena] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Thomann, Yi; Tiller, Joerg C.] Univ Freiburg, Freiburg Mat Res Ctr, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. [Thomann, Yi; Tiller, Joerg C.] Univ Freiburg, Inst Macromol Chem, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. EM g.kali@chemres.hu; chpgtg1@ucy.ac.cy; costasp@ucy.ac.cy; elena.loizou@nist.gov; joerg.tiller@fmf.uni-freiburg.de RI Georgiou, Theoni/A-4229-2008; Kali, Gergely/D-5833-2011 OI Georgiou, Theoni/0000-0003-4474-6931; Kali, Gergely/0000-0002-8538-6971 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 127-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722801536 ER PT J AU Karim, A Kim, S Berry, B Briber, RM Kim, HC AF Karim, Alamgir Kim, Sangcheol Berry, Brian Briber, Robert M. Kim, Ho-Cheol TI Unconventional processing for defects control in block-copolymer thin films SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 233rd National Meeting of the Cellulose-and-Renewable-Materials-Division of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS) CY MAR 25-29, 2007 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Chem Soc (ACS), Cellulose & Renewable Mat Div C1 [Karim, Alamgir; Kim, Sangcheol; Berry, Brian] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Briber, Robert M.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Kim, Ho-Cheol] IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, Div Res, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. EM alamgir.karim@nist.gov; rbriber@umd.edu; hckim@us.ibm.com RI Briber, Robert/A-3588-2012 OI Briber, Robert/0000-0002-8358-5942 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 251-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GO UT WOS:000207723100314 ER PT J AU Levy, D Briggman, KA AF Levy, Dustin Briggman, Kimberly A. TI Nonlinear optical studies of supported bilayer membranes: Phospholipid organization and transmembrane polypeptide incorporation SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Levy, Dustin; Briggman, Kimberly A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dlevy@nist.gov; kbriggma@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 392-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722801257 ER PT J AU Mamontov, E Vlcek, L Wesolowski, DJ Cummings, PT Wang, W Rosenqvist, J Brown, CM Sakai, VG Cole, DR AF Mamontov, Eugene Vlcek, Lukas Wesolowski, David J. Cummings, Peter T. Wang, Wei Rosenqvist, Jorgen Brown, Craig M. Sakai, Victoria Garcia Cole, David R. TI Quasielastic neutron scattering and molecular dynamics studies of structure and dynamics of surface water on nanopowder rutile and cassiterite SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Mamontov, Eugene] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Vlcek, Lukas; Cummings, Peter T.] Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. [Wesolowski, David J.; Rosenqvist, Jorgen; Cole, David R.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Wang, Wei] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Brown, Craig M.; Sakai, Victoria Garcia] NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Brown, Craig M.; Sakai, Victoria Garcia] Indiana Univ, Cyclotron Facil, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mamontove@ornl.gov; lukas.vlcek@vanderbilt.edu; peter.cummings@vanderbilt.edu; wangw@ornl.gov; craig.brown@nist.gov; coledr@ornl.gov RI Wang, Wei/B-5924-2012; Cummings, Peter/B-8762-2013; Vlcek, Lukas/N-7090-2013; Mamontov, Eugene/Q-1003-2015 OI Cummings, Peter/0000-0002-9766-2216; Vlcek, Lukas/0000-0003-4782-7702; Mamontov, Eugene/0000-0002-5684-2675 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 261-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722801480 ER PT J AU Marino, JP AF Marino, John P. TI RNA and protein structural requirements in NCp7 chaperoned HIV-1 DIS maturation SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Marino, John P.] NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM marino@umbi.umd.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 84-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722807603 ER PT J AU Migler, KB Bur, AJ Moon, D AF Migler, Kalman B. Bur, Anthony J. Moon, Doyoung TI A multi-sample melt micro-rheometer SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 233rd National Meeting of the Cellulose-and-Renewable-Materials-Division of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS) CY MAR 25-29, 2007 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Chem Soc (ACS), Cellulose & Renewable Mat Div C1 [Migler, Kalman B.; Bur, Anthony J.; Moon, Doyoung] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kalman.migler@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 55-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GO UT WOS:000207723100524 ER PT J AU Patton, DL Xu, C Beers, KL AF Patton, Derek L. Xu, Chang Beers, Kathryn L. TI Statistical copolymer brush composition gradients via microchannel confined surface-initiated photopolymerization SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 233rd National Meeting of the Cellulose-and-Renewable-Materials-Division of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS) CY MAR 25-29, 2007 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Chem Soc (ACS), Cellulose & Renewable Mat Div C1 [Patton, Derek L.; Xu, Chang; Beers, Kathryn L.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM derek.patton@nist.gov; chang.xu@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 125-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GO UT WOS:000207723100483 ER PT J AU Siegrist, K Balu, R Gregurick, S Plusquellic, DF AF Siegrist, K. Balu, R. Gregurick, S. Plusquellic, D. F. TI High resolution terahertz spectroscopy and modeling of peptide nanotubes SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Siegrist, K.; Plusquellic, D. F.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 21701 USA. [Balu, R.; Gregurick, S.] Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM karen.siegrist@nist.gov; greguric@umbc.edu; david.plusquellic@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 516-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722807771 ER PT J AU Sung, LP Gu, XH Clerici, C Hu, HQ Loizou, E Ho, DL AF Sung, Li-Piin Gu, Xiaohong Clerici, Cyril Hu, Haiqing Loizou, Elena Ho, Derek L. TI Effect of pigment dispersion on optical properties and durability of a TiO2 pigmented epoxy coating SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 233rd National Meeting of the Cellulose-and-Renewable-Materials-Division of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS) CY MAR 25-29, 2007 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Chem Soc (ACS), Cellulose & Renewable Mat Div C1 [Hu, Haiqing] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Polymer Mat Res Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Loizou, Elena] NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lipiin@nist.gov; cyril.clerici@nist.gov; haiqing.hu@nist.gov; elena.loizou@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 170-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GO UT WOS:000207723100293 ER PT J AU Teague, LC Hinson, E Kwochka, WR Kushmerick, JG AF Teague, Lucile C. Hinson, Erin Kwochka, William R. Kushmerick, James G. TI Self-assembled monolayers of alkyl tethered moieties SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Teague, Lucile C.; Kushmerick, James G.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Hinson, Erin; Kwochka, William R.] Western Carolina Univ, Dept Chem & Phys, Cullowhee, NC 28723 USA. EM lucile.teague@nist.gov; kwochka@email.wcu.edu; james.kushmerick@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 271-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722801432 ER PT J AU Wagner, N Kalman, D Porcar, L AF Wagner, Norman Kalman, Dennis Porcar, Lionel TI Microstructure and rheology of shear thinning and thickening near hard sphere colloidal suspensions SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Wagner, Norman; Kalman, Dennis] Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Porcar, Lionel] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wagner@che.udel.edu; lionel.porcar@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 143-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722801284 ER PT J AU Walker, ML Elliot, JT Reipa, V AF Walker, Marlon L. Elliot, John T. Reipa, Vytautas TI An in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry study of the effects of potential on fibrinogen/thrombin SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Walker, Marlon L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Elliot, John T.; Reipa, Vytautas] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Marlon.Walker@NIST.GOV; john.elliott@nist.gov; vytas@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 535-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722801565 ER PT J AU White, CC Hunston, D Tan, KT AF White, Christopher C. Hunston, Don Tan, Kar T. TI Effect of strain on durability of model elastomers SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 233rd National Meeting of the Cellulose-and-Renewable-Materials-Division of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS) CY MAR 25-29, 2007 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Chem Soc (ACS), Cellulose & Renewable Mat Div C1 [Hunston, Don; Tan, Kar T.] NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Mat & Construct Reesearch Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM christopher.white@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 168-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GO UT WOS:000207723100111 ER PT J AU Wolf, LK Briggman, K AF Wolf, Lauren K. Briggman, Kimberly TI Doubly-resonant sum-frequency generation spectroscopy of retinal-phospholipid films SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Wolf, Lauren K.; Briggman, Kimberly] NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lauren.wolf@nist.gov; kbriggma@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 25 PY 2007 VL 233 MA 390-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V14GL UT WOS:000207722801543 ER PT J AU Kishi, MJ Megrey, BA Ito, S Werner, FE AF Kishi, Michio J. Megrey, Bernard A. Ito, Shin-ihi Werner, Francisco E. TI In memoriam Daniel M. Ware SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Fisheries, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600813, Japan. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Tohoku Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Shiogama, Miyagi 9850001, Japan. Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Kishi, MJ (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Fisheries, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600813, Japan. EM mjkishi@nifty.com NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAR 24 PY 2007 VL 202 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 1 EP 1 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.10.001 PG 1 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 151SL UT WOS:000245311000001 ER PT J AU Kishi, MJ Megrey, BA Ito, SI Werner, FE AF Kishi, Michio J. Megrey, Bernard A. Ito, Shin-Ichi Werner, Francisco E. TI Special issue on NEMURO and NEMURO.FISH - Preface SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Hokkaido Univ, Fac Fisheries Sci N13, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600813, Japan. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Kishi, MJ (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Fac Fisheries Sci N13, W8, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600813, Japan. EM mjkishi@nifty.com RI Ito, Shin-ichi/E-2981-2012 OI Ito, Shin-ichi/0000-0002-3635-2580 NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAR 24 PY 2007 VL 202 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 3 EP 6 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.10.008 PG 4 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 151SL UT WOS:000245311000002 ER PT J AU Kishi, MJ Kashiwai, M Ware, DM Megrey, BA Eslinger, DL Werner, FE Noguchi-Aita, M Azumaya, T Fujii, M Hashimoto, S Huang, DJ Iizumi, H Ishida, Y Kang, S Kantakov, GA Kim, HC Komatsu, K Navrotsky, VV Smith, SL Tadokoro, K Tsuda, A Yamamura, O Yamanaka, Y Yokouchi, K Yoshie, N Zhang, J Zuenko, YI Zvalinsky, VI AF Kishi, Michio J. Kashiwai, Makoto Ware, Daniel M. Megrey, Bernard A. Eslinger, David L. Werner, Francisco E. Noguchi-Aita, Maki Azumaya, Tomonori Fujii, Masahiko Hashimoto, Shinji Huang, Daji Iizumi, Hitoshi Ishida, Yukimasa Kang, Sukyung Kantakov, Gennady A. Kim, Hyun-cheol Komatsu, Kosei Navrotsky, Vadim V. Smith, S. Lan Tadokoro, Kazuaki Tsuda, Atsushi Yamamura, Orio Yamanaka, Yasuhiro Yokouchi, Katsumi Yoshie, Naoki Zhang, Jing Zuenko, Yury I. Zvalinsky, Vladimir I. TI NEMURO - a lower trophic level model for the North Pacific marine ecosystem SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems CY JUN 05-10, 2005 CL Dubrovnik, CROATIA DE ecosystem model; NEMURO; North Pacific Ocean; PICES ID SUB-ARCTIC PACIFIC; COPEPOD NEOCALANUS-CRISTATUS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; LIFE-HISTORIES; GRAZING COPEPODS; OCEAN; IRON; MESOZOOPLANKTON; PLUMCHRUS; SEA AB The PICES CCCC (North Pacific Marine Science Organization, Climate Change and Carrying Capacity program) MODEL Task Team achieved a consensus on the structure of a prototype lower trophic level ecosystem model for the North Pacific Ocean, and named it the North Pacific Ecosystem Model for Understanding Regional Oceanography, "NEMURO". Through an extensive dialog between modelers, plankton biologists and oceanographers, an extensive review was conducted to define NEMURO's process equations and their parameter values for distinct geographic regions. We present in this paper the formulation, structure and governing equations of NEMURO as well as examples to illustrate its behavior. NEMURO has eleven state variables: nitrate, ammonium, small and large phytoplankton biomass, small, large and predatory zooplankton biomass, particulate and dissolved organic nitrogen, particulate silica, and silicic acid concentration. Several applications reported in this issue of Ecological Modelling have successfully used NEMURO, and an extension that includes fish as an additional state variable. Applications include studies of the biogeochemistry of the North Pacific, and variations of its ecosystem's lower trophic levels and two target fish species at regional and basin-scale levels, and on time scales from seasonal to interdecadal. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Hokkaido Univ, Fac Fisheries Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600813, Japan. JAMSTEC, Frontier Res Ctr global Change, Ecosyst Change Res Program, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. Fisheries Oceanog Res Studio Oyashio Ya, Abashiri, Hokkaido 0930031, Japan. Aquat Ecosyst Associates, Nanaimo, BC V9T 1M2, Canada. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Tokyo Univ Agr, Dept Aquat Biosci, Abashiri, Hokkaido 0992493, Japan. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Sci, Kita Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Natl Res Inst Far Seas Fisheries, Simizu Ku, Shizuoka 4248633, Japan. Second Inst Oceanog, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. Hokkaido Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Kushiro 0850802, Japan. Fisheries Res Agcy, Natl Res Inst Fisheries Sci, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2368648, Japan. Korea Ocean Res & Dev Inst, Seoul 425600, South Korea. Sakhalin Res Inst Fisheries & Oceanog, Yuzhno Sakhalinsk, Russia. Russia Pacific Oceanol Inst, Vladivostok 690041, Russia. Univ Tokyo, Ocean Res Inst, Nakano Ku, Tokyo 1648639, Japan. Seikai Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Nagasaki 8512213, Japan. E China Normal Univ, State Key Lab Estuarine & Coastal Res, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R China. Pacific Fisheries Res Ctr, Vladivostok 690600, Russia. Tohoku Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Shiogama, Miyagi 9850001, Japan. Hokkaido Univ, Sustainabil Governance Project, Creat Res Initiat Sosei, Kita Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600809, Japan. Tokai Univ, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, Shizuoka 4248610, Japan. RP Kishi, MJ (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Fac Fisheries Sci, N13 W8, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600813, Japan. EM mjkishi@nifty.com RI Yamamura, Orio/B-3152-2008; Smith, S./D-2493-2012; Yamanaka, Yasuhiro/H-7393-2012 OI Yamamura, Orio/0000-0002-8887-2043; Smith, S./0000-0002-2338-5893; Yamanaka, Yasuhiro/0000-0003-3369-3248 NR 47 TC 144 Z9 151 U1 4 U2 42 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAR 24 PY 2007 VL 202 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 12 EP 25 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.08.021 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 151SL UT WOS:000245311000004 ER PT J AU Rose, KA Megrey, BA Werner, FE Ware, DM AF Rose, Kenneth A. Megrey, Bernard A. Werner, Francisco E. Ware, Dan M. TI Calibration of the NEMURO nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton food web model to a coastal ecosystem: Evaluation of an automated calibration approach SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems CY JUN 05-10, 2005 CL Dubrovnik, CROATIA DE calibration; coastal; data assimilation; ecosystem model; NEMURO; North Pacific; nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton; model; upwelling ID PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION; DATA ASSIMILATION; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; PACIFIC; ALGORITHMS; SIMULATION AB A one spatial-box version of the NEMURO oceanic lower trophic food web model was applied to a coastal upwelling environment typified by West Coast Vancouver Island. We used both ad hoc calibration and the automatic calibration program PEST. NEMURO was first calibrated to I year of monthly field data using the usual ad hoc approach of trial and error changes to 18 candidate parameters. Four PEST calibrations were then performed. The first three PEST calibrations used model predictions in year 10 from the ad hoc calibration as data in a twin experiment design; the fourth PEST calibration repeated the ad hoc procedure by having PEST calibrate NEMURO to the field data. When provided with ad hoc calibration model predictions as data, PEST accurately recovered the known 18 parameter values, even when small and large phytoplankton were lumped into total phytoplankton. When 57 parameters were allowed to vary PEST-estimated-reasonable values for all 57 parameters, but they differed from the ad hoc calibrated values. However, when applied to the field data, PEST-estimated parameter values that differed greatly from the ad hoc values. The PEST calibration fitted some of the field data better than the ad hoc calibration but at the cost of unequal small and large phytoplankton concentrations. Thus, with proper and careful implementation, PEST offers a viable approach for objective calibration of NEMURO to site-specific monitoring data. We recommend that automatic calibration methods, such as PEST, be used for application of the NEMURO model to new locations. When the field data allow for specification of time series for each phytoplankton and zooplankton state variable, PEST will provide an objective, defensible, and repeatable way to calibrate the many parameters of the NEMURO model. If the available data are insufficient for specification of each state variable, then ad hoc calibration will likely be needed to allow for inclusion of qualitative decisions about model fit. Use of PEST in this situation will provide better understanding of the data-model mis-matches and will provide an alternative calibration to the necessary, but subjective, ad hoc calibration. Comparison of the ad hoc and PEST calibrations (even if unsuccessful) will help in the interpretation of the ad hoc calibration. Robust parameter estimation by any method depends on the quality and consistency of the calibration dataset. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. MRC, Nanaimo, BC V9T 1M2, Canada. RP Rose, KA (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM karose@lsu.edu NR 40 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAR 24 PY 2007 VL 202 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 38 EP 51 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.08.016 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 151SL UT WOS:000245311000006 ER PT J AU Wainwright, TC Feinberg, LR Hooff, RC Peterson, WT AF Wainwright, Thomas C. Feinberg, Leah R. Hooff, Rian C. Peterson, William T. TI A comparison of two lower trophic models for the California Current System SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems CY JUN 05-10, 2005 CL Dubrovnik, CROATIA DE California Current; ecosystem model; biophysical model; plankton; upwelling; ocean production; NEMURO ID COASTAL TRANSITION ZONE; PLANKTON PROCESSES; UPWELLING SYSTEM; NUTRIENT; DYNAMICS; BEHAVIOR; STATION AB Both simple and more complex lower trophic ecosystem models were applied to the near shore pelagic zone of the California Current System. The ecosystem models were a simple nitrogen-phytoplankton-zooplankton (NPZ) model derived from that of Edwards et al. (J. Mar. Res. 58, 37-60, 2000), and a modified version of the more complex PICES North Pacific Ecosystem Model for Understanding Regional Oceanography (NEMURO), which includes both nitrogen and silicate cycles, as well as multiple phytoplankton and zooplankton components. These models were framed within two simplified physics models, similar to those constructed by Newberger et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 108 (3), 3061, doi:10.1029/2001JC001182, 2003). The first physics model was a zero-dimensional closed system, used for structural analysis of the biological models. The second was, a one-dimensional (horizontal, with no vertical structure) cross-shelf model of the mixed layer, used to examine the biological response to upwelling. The predictions of the two biological models within the one-dimensional physical framework were compared with observed nutrients, chlorophyll, and zooplankton on the Newport Hydrographic Line. Equilibrium behavior of the zero-dimensional models was similar to that in previous studies; differences between the models resulted primarily from differences in the density dependence of mortality. Both models were found to be highly sensitive to the same four parameters: source nitrate concentration, maximum grazing rate, zooplankton Ivlev constant, and zooplankton mortality rate. In the cross-shelf case, both biological models had a similar timing of phytoplankton response to upwelling, but maximum phytoplankton concentration and zooplankton dynamics differed, with the simpler NPZ model resulting in lower dissolved nutrients but higher plankton densities than the modified NEMURO model. While the modified NEMURO model provided a slightly better overall fit to observations, neither model was able to fully capture observed phytoplankton and zooplankton dynamics. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resource Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Wainwright, TC (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2032 SE OSU Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM thomas.wainwright@noaa.gov RI Wainwright, Thomas/F-4550-2010 OI Wainwright, Thomas/0000-0001-5147-479X NR 25 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAR 24 PY 2007 VL 202 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 120 EP 131 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.06.019 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 151SL UT WOS:000245311000012 ER PT J AU Megrey, BA Rose, KA Klumb, RA Hay, DE Werner, FE Eslinger, DL Smith, SL AF Megrey, Bernard A. Rose, Kenneth A. Klumb, Robert A. Hay, Douglas E. Werner, Francisco E. Eslinger, David L. Smith, S. Lan TI A bioenergetlics-based population dynamics model of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) coupled to a lower trophic level nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton model: Description, calibration, and sensitivity analysis SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems CY JUN 05-10, 2005 CL Dubrovnik, CROATIA DE lower trophic level model; NEMURO; NEMURO.FISH; bioenergetics; population dynamics; herring; coupled marine ecosystem model ID INDIVIDUAL-BASED MODEL; SOMATIC ENERGY CONTENT; EARLY-LIFE HISTORY; SPATIALLY EXPLICIT; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; VANCOUVER-ISLAND; ECOSYSTEM MODEL; LARVAL FISH; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; MARINE ECOSYSTEM AB We describe an approach to dynamically couple a fish bioenergetics-based population dynamics model to the NEMURO lower trophic level nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton model. The coupled models, denoted NEMURO.FISH and configured for Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasii) on the west coast of Vancouver island, are capable of simulating the daily dynamics of the lower trophic levels and the daily average weight and numbers of individual herring in each of 10 age classes over multiple years. New recruits to the herring population are added each June based on either constant recruitment or dynamic recruitment generated from an environmental Ricker spawner-recruitment relationship. The dynamics of the three zooplankton groups in the NEMURO model determine the consumption rate of the herring; herring consumption affects the zooplankton, and egestion and excretion contribute to the nitrogen dynamics. NEMURO was previously calibrated to field data for the West Coast Vancouver Island. Thirty-year simulations of herring growth and population dynamics were performed that used repeated environmental conditions for the lower trophic levels of NEMURO and historical environmental variables for the herring spawner-recruit relationship. Herring dynamics were calibrated to the west coast of Vancouver Island such that the coupled models reasonably duplicated observed herring weights-at-age and total herring biomass. Additional 30-year simulations under constant recruitment with herring coupled and uncoupled from NEMURO clearly showed the effects of the feedback mechanism between the two models and also showed that herring have small to moderate effects on their prey. Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis showed the importance of feeding- and respiration-related parameters to predicted individual and population herring growth. The utility of the NEMURO.FISH framework for improving our understanding of climate change effects on marine ecosystem dynamics is discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Fisheries Inst, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Great Plains Fish & Wildlife Management Assistanc, Pierre, SD 57501 USA. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacific Biol Stn, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5K6, Canada. Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. JAMSTEC, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Ecosyst Change Res Program, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. RP Megrey, BA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM bern.megrey@noaa.gov RI Smith, S./D-2493-2012 OI Smith, S./0000-0002-2338-5893 NR 78 TC 95 Z9 97 U1 5 U2 36 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAR 24 PY 2007 VL 202 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 144 EP 164 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.08.020 PG 21 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 151SL UT WOS:000245311000014 ER PT J AU Ito, SI Megrey, BA Kishi, MJ Mukai, D Kurita, Y Ueno, Y Yamanaka, Y AF Ito, Shin-Ichi Megrey, Bernard A. Kishi, Michio J. Mukai, Daiki Kurita, Yutaka Ueno, Yasuhiro Yamanaka, Yasuhiro TI On the interannual variability of the growth of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira): A simple 3-box model using NEMURO.FISH SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems CY JUN 05-10, 2005 CL Dubrovnik, CROATIA DE fish/ecosystem coupled model; Japanese sardine; Kuroshio-Oyashio region; NEMURO; NEMURO.FISH; Pacific saury ID SARDINE SARDINOPS-MELANOSTICTUS; NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC; RECRUITMENT; DESIGN; FISH AB To elucidate the interannual response of Pacific saury growth to climate variability, a simple 3-box model of NEMURO.FISH was forced by observed sea surface temperature (SST) from 1950 to 2002. In the model, fish wet weight is calculated according to a fish bioenergetics equation. The observed condition factor of Pacific saury showed large decadal variability with significant year-to-year variability. in the model, wet weight of Pacific saury also showed decadal and year-to-year variability, however the amplitude of decadal variability was much smaller than observed. The cause of the model failure is suggested to be the absence of a multi-species fish formulation in the model. The Japanese sardine population, which has a large biomass that exhibits great decadal fluctuations, is proposed as potentially affecting zooplankton density in the saury migration region. We also investigated differences of interannual growth variability between spawning seasons. Since Pacific saury spawns from autumn to the following spring, we consider three seasonal (autumn, winter and spring) cohorts in the model. The amplitude of growth variability is largest for the spring-spawned cohort and smallest in the winter-spawned cohort. This difference is caused by the difference of life history of each spawned cohort. The spring-spawned cohort spawns only once in their life-cycle, however other cohorts spawn twice. During the (autumn) fishery season, age 1 spring-spawned cohort has not yet spawned, while the other cohorts have spawned once. As a result, the spring-spawned cohorts retain the memory of the environmental influence during the early life stages while the other cohorts, through their spawning, have erased that memory. Hence, the spring-spawned cohort shows a larger fluctuation in wet weight than other cohorts. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Tohoku Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Tagajo, Miyagi 9850001, Japan. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Hokkaido Univ, Fac Fisheries Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600813, Japan. Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Ecosyst Change Res Program, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. Tohoku Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Hachinohe Branch, Hachinohe, Aomori 0310841, Japan. Hokkaido Univ, Fac Environm Earth Sci, Kita Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. RP Ito, SI (reprint author), Tohoku Natl Fisheries Res Inst, 3-27-5 Shinhama Cho, Tagajo, Miyagi 9850001, Japan. EM goito@affrc.go.jp RI Ito, Shin-ichi/E-2981-2012; Yamanaka, Yasuhiro/H-7393-2012 OI Ito, Shin-ichi/0000-0002-3635-2580; Yamanaka, Yasuhiro/0000-0003-3369-3248 NR 18 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAR 24 PY 2007 VL 202 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 174 EP 183 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.07.046 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 151SL UT WOS:000245311000016 ER PT J AU Rose, KA Werner, FE Megrey, BA Aita, MN Yamanaka, Y Hay, DE Schweigert, JF Foster, MB AF Rose, Kenneth A. Werner, Francisco E. Megrey, Bernard A. Aita, Maki Noguchi Yamanaka, Yasuhiro Hay, Douglas E. Schweigert, Jake F. Foster, Matthew Birch TI Simulated herring growth responses in the Northeastern Pacific to historic temperature and zooplankton conditions generated by the 3-dimensional NEMURO nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton model SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems CY JUN 05-10, 2005 CL Dubrovnik, CROATIA DE 3D-NEMURO; bioenergetics; climate; fish; growth; Pacific herring; NPZ model; NEMURO; NEMURO.FISH; North Pacific; regime shift ID BERING-SEA; FISH PRODUCTION; RECRUITMENT; POPULATIONS; ECOSYSTEM; VARIABILITY; FISHERIES; REGIMES; BIOMASS; CLIMATE AB The infrequent occurrence of climate regime shifts and the long-lived life history of many harvested fish species imply that quantitative understanding of the effects of climate shifts on fish will require long-term data spanning decades. We use the output of the 3-dimensional (3D) NEMURO nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton model applied to the Nor-them Pacific as input to a Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) bicenergetics model, and predict herring weights-at-age and growth from 1948 to 2000 for the West Coast Vancouver Island (WCVI), Prince William Sound (PWS), and Bering Sea (BS) locations. The feeding parameters of the bioenergetics model were calibrated from steady-state predictions of herring weights-at-age at each location compared to observed mean weights-at-age. Herring weights-at-age were then simulated from 1948 to 2000 using the 3D-NEMURO generated time series of monthly temperature and zooplankton densities. Herring growth rates, annual temperature, and zooplankton density time series were analyzed statistically for coincident shifts in their mean values. We also simulated herring growth rates using the 1948-2000 time series and averaged (climatological) temperature and zooplankton densities to determine the relative importance of temperature and zooplankton to predicted herring growth responses. All three locations showed a shift in herring growth during the mid and late 1970s. Herring growth decreased in WCVI and PWS, and increased in BS; these changes were coincident with a warming of temperature and a decrease in predatory zooplankton density. Herring growth responses in PWS and BS were more complex than those predicted for WCVI, with additional shifts predicted besides the late 1970s shift. Interannual variation in zooplankton densities caused the herring growth response for WCVI. Temperature and zooplankton densities affected the herring growth responses in both Alaskan locations, with zooplankton dominating the response for PWS and temperature dominating the response for BS. We compare our simulated herring growth responses to observed responses, and discuss the advantages and drawbacks of using the output of broadly applied lower trophic model as input to fish models in order to examine long-term responses to regime shifts at multiple locations. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Fisheries Inst, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Ecosyst Change Res Program, Kanazawa Ku, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. Hokkaido Univ, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Ecosyst Change Res Program, Kita Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Earth Sci, Kita Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacific Biol Stn, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5K6, Canada. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Commerical Fisheries, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Rose, KA (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Fisheries Inst, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM karose@lsu.edu RI Yamanaka, Yasuhiro/H-7393-2012 OI Yamanaka, Yasuhiro/0000-0003-3369-3248 NR 37 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAR 24 PY 2007 VL 202 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 184 EP 195 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.06.020 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 151SL UT WOS:000245311000017 ER PT J AU Megrey, BA Rose, KA Ito, S Hay, DE Werner, FE Yamanaka, Y Aita, MN AF Megrey, Bernard A. Rose, Kenneth A. Ito, Shin-ichi Hay, Douglas E. Werner, Francisco E. Yamanaka, Yasuhiro Aita, Maki Noguchi TI North Pacific basin-scale differences in lower and higher trophic level marine ecosystem responses to climate impacts using a nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton model coupled to a fish bioenergetics model SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems CY JUN 05-10, 2005 CL Dubrovnik, CROATIA DE bioenergetic models; climate change; higher trophic level; lower trophic level; marine ecosystem model; NEMURO; NEMURO.FISH; 3D-NEMURO; Pacific herring; Pacific saury; simulation model ID SPATIALLY EXPLICIT; COLOLABIS-SAIRA; REGIME SHIFTS; LIFE-HISTORY; MANAGEMENT; SAURY; OCEAN; OSCILLATION; MIGRATION; OTOLITH AB We present a modeling approach where we use one common model formulation of a 11 state variable lower trophic level model that includes two groups of phytoplankton, three groups of zooplankton, and representations of nitrogen and silicate embedded in a three-dimensional ocean general circulation model (OGCM) and forced with a common climate forcing. Results are applied to a fish bioenergetics model for two geographically distinct ocean regions off Japan including the Oyashio, mixed, and Kuroshio subregions and off California including the subarctic, transition and subtropical subregions. The model is applied to two fish species (Pacific saury: Cololabis saira and Pacific herring: Clupea harengus pallasi) with different life histories in each region and the influence of three different "regime shift" periods was explored. With this approach, we narrow the observed biological response and model dynamics to reflect local conditions and eliminate differences related to the model formulations in each region. In general, the trend in temperature was negatively correlated with trends in the zooplankton community. Out-of-phase herring growth trends were observed between the Japan and California regions (r = -0.259, p = 0.02). In-phase growth trends between herring and saury were observed at the California region (r = 0.61, p < 0.01). We did note some evidence of a basin-scale PDO mode response. During 1980-1985, simulated saury and herring in both regions showed a consistent increase in weight-at-age. In the Oyashio subregion, temperature decreased and all three zooplankton groups increased beginning around 1980. The same pattern of a decrease in temperature and an increase in zooplankton densities was observed between 1980 and 1985 in the subarctic subregion of California. Results are discussed in the context of ecosystem-based fisheries management. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Fisheries Inst, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Tohoku Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Shiogama, Miyagi 9850001, Japan. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacific Biol Stn, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5K6, Canada. Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Hokkaido Univ, Fac Environm Earth Sci, Kita Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Ecosyst Change Res Program, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. RP Megrey, BA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bin C15700, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM bern.megrey@noaa.gov RI Ito, Shin-ichi/E-2981-2012; Yamanaka, Yasuhiro/H-7393-2012 OI Ito, Shin-ichi/0000-0002-3635-2580; Yamanaka, Yasuhiro/0000-0003-3369-3248 NR 53 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAR 24 PY 2007 VL 202 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 196 EP 210 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.08.018 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 151SL UT WOS:000245311000018 ER PT J AU Werner, FE Ito, SI Megrey, BA Kishi, MJ AF Werner, Francisco E. Ito, Shin-Ichi Megrey, Bernard A. Kishi, Michio J. TI Synthesis of the NEMURO model studies and future directions of marine ecosystem modeling SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems CY JUN 05-10, 2005 CL Dubrovnik, CROATIA DE marine ecosystem model; NEMURO; NEMURO.FISH; PICES; North Pacific Ocean ID PHYTOPLANKTON-ZOOPLANKTON MODEL; LOWER TROPHIC ECOSYSTEM; PACIFIC SAURY; NORTH-SEA; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; IRON FERTILIZATION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; LEVEL MODEL; LARVAL FISH; OCEAN AB NEMURO, the North Pacific Ecosystem Model for Understanding Regional oceanography, simulates the temporal evolution and dynamics of the North Pacific's nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton food web. The approach of developing a single model formulation allowed quantitative comparisons across various locations and time periods. Building on a common foundation enabled the linkages between lower trophic levels to the higher trophic (fish) components to proceed systematically. NEMURO was extended to NEMUROTISH by using the lower trophic level output of NEMURO as input to a bioenergetic-based model of fish growth and population dynamics. This paper summarizes the contributions of individual papers that comprise this issue of Ecological Modelling and that all used the NEMURO family of models. Contributions represent a rich set of case-studies and in-depth modeling studies focused on the North Pacific that addressed: oceanic biogeochemistry, regional and seasonal variability of phytoplankton and zooplankton, reconstruction of 40-50 years of plankton dynamics, effects of climate on herring and saury growth and population dynamics, the feasibility of automatic calibration methods, the sensitivity of the model to parameter values, and projections of future states of the ecosystem under global warming. Next steps in the evolution of NEMURO are suggested and include increased resolution of the physical model underlying NEMURO, the addition of new biological state variables at the lower trophic levels to better represent the diversity of oceanic species and their potential for different responses under changing environmental conditions, and the addition of more higher trophic level species to allow for inter-specific (competition and predation) interactions. The NEMURO effort involved a diverse group of researchers working jointly on a common problem for several years. Consequently, the resulting contributions, even at the level of the individual papers, provide a broader perspective and integration of the results than would have occurred by working in isolation. The benefits of a large-scale collaborative effort to develop a common model formulation are clearly illustrated by the papers in this issue. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Tohoku Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Shiogama, Miyagi 9850001, Japan. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Hokkaido Univ, Fac Fisheries Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600813, Japan. RP Werner, FE (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, CB 3300, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM cisco@unc.edu RI Ito, Shin-ichi/E-2981-2012 OI Ito, Shin-ichi/0000-0002-3635-2580 NR 68 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAR 24 PY 2007 VL 202 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 211 EP 223 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.08.019 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 151SL UT WOS:000245311000019 ER PT J AU Kieke, D Rhein, M Stramma, L Smethie, WM Bullister, JL LeBel, DA AF Kieke, Dagmar Rhein, Monika Stramma, Lothar Smethie, William M. Bullister, John L. LeBel, Deborah A. TI Changes in the pool of Labrador Sea Water in the subpolar North Atlantic SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PAST 4 DECADES; WESTERN BOUNDARY; FORMATION RATES; CIRCULATION; DEEP; OCEAN; GYRE; INVENTORIES; OSCILLATION; CONVECTION AB Measurements of chlorofluorocarbon inventories during 1997 - 2003 allow the detection and quantification of significant changes in the formation rates of two modes of Labrador Sea Water (LSW): Upper (ULSW) and deep LSW, both here defined in fixed density intervals. Both modes contribute to the cold limb of the Meridional Overturning Circulation. Results reveal that the lighter ULSW formed since the mid-1990s has started to replace the large pool of the deep LSW stored in the western North Atlantic. Formation of deep LSW was absent in 1997 - 2003. Formation of ULSW compensated for this absence during 1998/99 (7.9 Sv), but afterwards significantly declined to 2.5 Sv. The decrease of the overall LSW formation throughout 1997 - 2003 correlates with a declining eastward baroclinic mass transport between the centers of the subpolar and subtropical gyres since 1997, a warming of LSW, and a gradually decreasing North Atlantic Oscillation index after 1999. C1 Univ Bremen, Inst Umweltphys, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. Univ Kiel, Leibniz Inst Meereswissensch, Kiel, Germany. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Kieke, D (reprint author), Univ Bremen, Inst Umweltphys, Otto Hahn Allee, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. EM dkieke@physik.uni-bremen.de RI Rhein, Monika/P-1969-2016; OI Rhein, Monika/0000-0003-1496-2828; Kieke, Dagmar/0000-0002-2414-0695; Stramma, Lothar/0000-0003-1391-4808 NR 28 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 24 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 6 AR L06605 DI 10.1029/2006GL028959 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 149ZT UT WOS:000245186100004 ER PT J AU Lu, J Vecchi, GA Reichler, T AF Lu, Jian Vecchi, Gabriel A. Reichler, Thomas TI Expansion of the Hadley cell under global warming SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL PACIFIC; CLIMATE; CIRCULATIONS; ATMOSPHERE; MODELS; GCM AB A consistent weakening and poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation is diagnosed in the climate change simulations of the IPCC AR4 project. Associated with this widening is a poleward expansion of the subtropical dry zone. Simple scaling analysis supports the notion that the poleward extent of the Hadley cell is set by the location where the thermally driven jet first becomes baroclinically unstable. The expansion of the Hadley cell is caused by an increase in the subtropical static stability, which pushes poleward the baroclinic instability zone and hence the outer boundary of the Hadley cell. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Univ Corp Atmospher Res Visiting Scientist Progra, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam Div, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Lu, J (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Univ Corp Atmospher Res Visiting Scientist Progra, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM jian.lu@noaa.gov RI Vecchi, Gabriel/A-2413-2008 OI Vecchi, Gabriel/0000-0002-5085-224X NR 19 TC 211 Z9 220 U1 10 U2 68 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 24 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 6 AR L06805 DI 10.1029/2006GL028443 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 149ZT UT WOS:000245186100001 ER PT J AU Berelson, WM Balch, WM Najjar, R Feely, RA Sabine, C Lee, K AF Berelson, W. M. Balch, W. M. Najjar, R. Feely, R. A. Sabine, C. Lee, K. TI Relating estimates of CaCO3 production, export, and dissolution in the water column to measurements of CaCO3 rain into sediment traps and dissolution on the sea floor: A revised global carbonate budget SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; CALCIUM-CARBONATE; ORGANIC-CARBON; DEEP-SEA; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; INORGANIC CARBON; BENTHIC REMINERALIZATION; CHEMICAL LYSOCLINE AB [1] The global CaCO3 budget is constrained by new estimates of standing stocks, fluxes through the water column, and dissolution in the water column and on the sea floor. Previous estimates of carbonate production and export are indistinguishable within a large range of values, 0.4 - 1.8 Gt PIC yr(-1). Globally, excess alkalinity (TA*) and water mass tracers indicate dissolution of 1.0 Gt PIC yr(-1) between 200 and 1500 m, suggesting production and export must at least equal this amount. Most water column dissolution occurs at high latitudes, and alkalinity fluxes from outer shelf and upper slope sediments ( 100 - 1500 m) only support 5 - 10% of the TA* inventory. Below 2000 m, the sinking flux of PIC (0.6 Gt PIC yr(-1)) is consistent with the rate of sea floor dissolution (0.4 Gt PIC yr(-1)) plus burial (0.1 Gt PIC yr(-1)). This rain rate constrains the export value to > 1.6 Gt PIC yr(-1). Satellite-based estimates of standing stocks of CaCO3 indicate a decrease equatorward, which is opposite in trend to sediment trap fluxes. This observation may be explained by an equatorward decrease in sinking particle dissolution, systematic changes in PIC residence time with latitude, or satellite retrieval problems. Globally averaged euphotic zone standing stock (5.4 mmol m(-2)) and export estimates indicate PIC residence times of 5 - 18 days. C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Bigelow Lab Ocean Sci, Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Pohang, South Korea. RP Berelson, WM (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, 3651 Univ Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM berelson@earth.usc.edu RI Lee, Kitack/G-7184-2015 NR 85 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 5 U2 38 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD MAR 24 PY 2007 VL 21 IS 1 AR GB1024 DI 10.1029/2006GB002803 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150AC UT WOS:000245187000001 ER PT J AU Williams, BJ Goldstein, AH Millet, DB Holzinger, R Kreisberg, NM Hering, SV White, AB Worsnop, DR Allan, JD Jimenez, JL AF Williams, Brent J. Goldstein, Allen H. Millet, Dylan B. Holzinger, Rupert Kreisberg, Nathan M. Hering, Susanne V. White, Allen B. Worsnop, Douglas R. Allan, James D. Jimenez, Jose L. TI Chemical speciation of organic aerosol during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation 2004: Results from in situ measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID THERMAL-DESORPTION GC/MS; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS; MASS-SPECTROMETER; GAS-PHASE; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; AIR-POLLUTION; PARTICLE-SIZE; URBAN; QUANTIFICATION AB We report the first ever hourly in situ measurements of speciated organic aerosol composition. Measurements were made during July and August 2004 at Chebogue Point, Nova Scotia, using a novel thermal desorption aerosol GC/MS-FID (TAG) instrument as part of the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT). Hourly time resolution measurements of organic marker compounds were used to define several different source types contributing to the aerosols observed, including two aged anthropogenic sources from the United States, oxidized biogenic aerosols from Maine and Canada, local biogenic contributions to secondary organic aerosol (SOA), local anthropogenic contributions to hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA), and a potential marine or dairy source. These TAG-defined sources were used to separate aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements of total organics, SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+, along with total aerosol black carbon (BC) into several distinct particle types. Average organic aerosol mass ranged from 33% of the total aerosol mass during anthropogenic U.S. outflow events to 81% of total aerosol mass during biogenic oxidation events arriving from Maine and Canada during 26 July to 15 August 2004. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Aerosol Dynam Inc, Berkeley, CA USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA USA. Univ Manchester, Sch Earth Atmospher & Environm Sci, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Williams, BJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM brentw@nature.berkeley.edu RI Jimenez, Jose/A-5294-2008; Holzinger, Rupert/C-9160-2009; Worsnop, Douglas/D-2817-2009; White, Allen/A-7946-2009; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Hering, Susanne/B-1906-2012; Millet, Dylan/G-5832-2012; Allan, James/B-1160-2010; Williams, Brent/A-2886-2013 OI Jimenez, Jose/0000-0001-6203-1847; Worsnop, Douglas/0000-0002-8928-8017; Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; Allan, James/0000-0001-6492-4876; NR 44 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 32 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 24 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10S26 DI 10.1029/2006JD007601 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150AU UT WOS:000245188800001 ER PT J AU Butler, JH King, DB Lobert, JM Montzka, SA Yvon-Lewis, SA Hall, BD Warwick, NJ Mondeel, DJ Aydin, M Elkins, JW AF Butler, James H. King, Daniel B. Lobert, Juergen M. Montzka, Stephen A. Yvon-Lewis, Shari A. Hall, Bradley D. Warwick, Nicola J. Mondeel, Debra J. Aydin, Murat Elkins, James W. TI Oceanic distributions and emissions of short-lived halocarbons SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; METHYL-BROMIDE; PACIFIC-OCEAN; ATMOSPHERIC CH3BR; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; BIOGENIC HALOCARBONS; OZONE DEPLETION; TRACE GASES; PEM-WEST; SEA AB [1] Using data from seven cruises over a 10-year span, we report marine boundary layer mixing ratios (i.e., dry mole fractions as pmol mol(-1) or ppt), degrees of surface seawater saturation, and air-sea fluxes of three short-lived halocarbons that are significant in tropospheric and potentially stratospheric chemistry. CHBr3, CH2Br2, and CH3I were all highly supersaturated almost everywhere, all the time. Highest saturations of the two polybrominated gases were observed in coastal waters and areas of upwelling, such as those near the equator and along ocean fronts. CH3I distributions reflected the different chemistry and cycling of this gas in both the water and the atmosphere. Seasonal variations in fluxes were apparent where cruises overlapped and were consistent among oceans. Undersaturations of these gases were noted at some locations in the Southern Ocean, owing to mixing of surface and subsurface waters, not necessarily biological or chemical sinks. The Pacific Ocean appears to be a much stronger source of CHBr3 to the marine boundary layer than the Atlantic. The high supersaturations, fluxes, and marine boundary layer mixing ratios in the tropics are consistent with the suggestion that tropical convection could deliver some portion of these gases and their breakdown products to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Butler, JH (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM james.h.butler@noaa.gov; daniel.king@drexel.edu; science@jurgenlobert.net; stephen.a.montzka@noaa.gov; syvon-lewis@ocean.tamu.edu; bradley.hall@noaa.gov; nicola.warwick@atm.ch.cam.ac.uk; debra.j.mondeel@noaa.gov; maydin@uci.edu; james.w.elkins@noaa.gov RI Yvon-Lewis, Shari/E-4108-2012; Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; OI Yvon-Lewis, Shari/0000-0003-1378-8434; Montzka, Stephen/0000-0002-9396-0400 NR 50 TC 86 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 33 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 EI 1944-9224 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD MAR 23 PY 2007 VL 21 IS 1 AR GB1023 DI 10.1029/2006GB002732 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150AA UT WOS:000245186800001 ER PT J AU Cavicchi, RE Avedisian, CT AF Cavicchi, Richard E. Avedisian, C. Thomas TI Bubble nucleation and growth anomaly for a hydrophilic microheater attributed to metastable nanobubbles SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION; MICROBOILING BEHAVIOR; SURFACE; LIQUIDS; WATER AB Nanobubbles on a hydrophilic surface immersed in water and ethanol are inferred from the response of the surface to two consecutive heat pulses with a variable separation time. Bubble nucleation occurs at specific positions on the surface during the first heat pulse but at lower nucleation temperatures and random locations on the second. Nanobubbles are hypothesized to form on collapse of the bubble from the first pulse. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Cornell Univ, Sibley Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Avedisian, CT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cta2@cornell.edu NR 27 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 23 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 12 AR 124501 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.124501 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 149GP UT WOS:000245135400030 PM 17501129 ER PT J AU Sen, S Xie, YP Kumar, SK Yang, HC Bansal, A Ho, DL Hall, L Hooper, JB Schweizer, KS AF Sen, Sudeepto Xie, Yuping Kumar, Sanat K. Yang, Hoichang Bansal, Amitabh Ho, Derek L. Hall, Lisa Hooper, Justin B. Schweizer, Kenneth S. TI Chain conformations and bound-layer correlations in polymer nanocomposites SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; BEHAVIOR; FILMS; REINFORCEMENT; SIMULATIONS; DIMENSIONS; ELASTOMERS; MIXTURES AB Small angle neutron scattering studies on polystyrene loaded with spherical silica nanoparticles under contrast-matched conditions unequivocally show that chain conformations follow unperturbed Gaussian statistics independent of chain molecular weight and filler composition. Liquid state theory calculations are consistent with this conclusion and also predict filler-induced modification of interchain polymer correlations which have a distinctive scattering signature that is in nearly quantitative agreement with our observations. C1 Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Rensselaer Nanotechnol Ctr, Troy, NY 12180 USA. GE Global Res Ctr, Niskayuna, NY 12309 USA. NIST, Polymer Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Kumar, SK (reprint author), Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA. EM sk2794@columbia.edu RI Hall, Lisa/K-1941-2012; Xie, Yuping/K-5579-2014; OI Xie, Yuping/0000-0002-2064-6277 NR 23 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 10 U2 59 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 23 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 12 AR 128302 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.128302 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 149GP UT WOS:000245135400065 PM 17501164 ER PT J AU Stark, H Brown, SS Goldan, PD Aldener, M Kuster, WC Jakoubek, R Fehsenfeld, FC Meagher, J Bates, TS Ravishankara, AR AF Stark, H. Brown, S. S. Goldan, P. D. Aldener, M. Kuster, W. C. Jakoubek, R. Fehsenfeld, F. C. Meagher, J. Bates, T. S. Ravishankara, A. R. TI Influence of nitrate radical on the oxidation of dimethyl sulfide in a polluted marine environment SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID RING-DOWN SPECTROSCOPY; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR; IN-SITU; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; MOLECULAR CHLORINE; ORGANIC SULFIDES; RATE COEFFICIENT AB Simultaneous in situ measurements of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and nitrate radical (NO3) from the NOAA research vessel Ronald H. Brown off the New England Coast during the summer of 2002 show a clear anticorrelation between these compounds. The anticorrelation indicates a strong interaction between anthropogenic NOx emissions and natural sulfur emissions from the ocean surface. The anticorrelation was invariant with the distance from the continent over the range sampled during this study. Diurnal averages showed maxima in DMS concentrations during dawn and dusk and a lower minimum of approximate to 30 pptv at night compared to the daytime minimum of approximate to 40 pptv, indicating a stronger oxidation by NO3 at night than by OH at daytime under polluted conditions. This conclusion is also supported by agreement between a box model calculation and the measurements. Including DMS oxidation by halogens (Cl and BrO) into the model improved the agreement significantly. Calculation of the relative DMS loss due to either NO3 or OH oxidation indicated that between 65 and 90% of the DMS oxidation was due to NO3, depending on NO3 mixing ratios. The area over which DMS oxidation by NO3 is at least as strong as by OH can extend as far as 3000 km from coastal anthropogenic NOx sources. These increased DMS oxidation rates by NO3 may have an impact on global non-sea-salt sulfate aerosol production, depending on the DMS chemical oxidation mechanism. C1 NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Stark, H (reprint author), NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM harald.stark@noaa.gov RI Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Stark, Harald/E-7433-2010; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013 OI Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; NR 74 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 22 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10S10 DI 10.1029/2006JD007669 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 150AP UT WOS:000245188300001 ER PT J AU Bullard, JW AF Bullard, Jeffrey W. TI Approximate rate constants for nonideal diffusion and their application in a stochastic model SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-REACTIONS; TRANSPORT; VISCOSITY AB Rate constants are presented for diffusion in dilute nonideal solutions with or without the presence of a spatially varying potential field. Expressions for the rate constants have been derived by earlier workers, and essentially the same derivation is reviewed and expanded in this paper to justify the expressions used for the rate constants. The diffusion rate constants are used in a random walker model to demonstrate how solution nonidealities can be captured accurately using this approach. Examples are presented of ideal solute diffusion as well as nonideal diffusion of nonelectrolytes and simple electrolytes in water. The use of the approach to simulate advection is described, and a possible strategy for extending the approach to more concentrated solutions is briefly discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bullard, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD MAR 22 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 11 BP 2084 EP 2092 DI 10.1021/jp0658391 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 145WI UT WOS:000244896100009 PM 17388286 ER PT J AU Zhao, YL Garrison, SL Gonzalez, C Thweatt, WD Marquez, M AF Zhao, Yi-Lei Garrison, Stephen L. Gonzalez, Carlos Thweatt, William David Marquez, Manuel TI N-Nitrosation of amines by NO2 and NO: A theoretical study SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID FISH-MEAL; NITROSAMINE FORMATION; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; SECONDARY-AMINES; NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE; CHEMISTRY; EXPOSURE; STORAGE; MODEL; SKIN AB Gas-phase nitrosation of amines implies a nonionic pathway different from the nitrosonium nitrosation via acidification of nitrite. Electronic structure calculations discussed in this work suggest a free radical mechanism, in which NO2 abstracts a hydrogen atom from the nitrogen in primary and secondary amines to form an intermediate complex of an aminyl radical and nitrous acid. The aminyl radical intermediate is then quenched by nitric oxide, leading to the formation of nitrosamine. High-level calculations (CBS-QB3) show that alkyl substitutions on amines can activate the H-abstraction reaction. Thus, while H-abstraction from NH3 was found to exhibit a reaction barrier (Delta H) of 106 kJ/mol, similar calculations indicate that the corresponding barriers decrease to 72 and 45 kJ/mol for methylamine and dimethylamine, respectively. Heterocyclic secondary amines have also been investigated in a similar manner. The five-membered-ring (5-m-r) amine appears to be the most reactive: pyrrolidine (Delta H = 30 kJ/mol), azetidine (Delta H = 44 kJ/mol), piperidine (Delta H = 44 kJ/mol), and aziridine (Delta H = 74 kJ/mol). The reaction barrier for 1H-pyrrole, an aromatic 5-m-r secondary amine, was found to be 59 kJ/mol. The origin of the high activity for the 5-m-r alkylamine stems from a hydrogen-bond-like interaction between the aminyl radical and the nascent nitrous acid molecule. This theoretical study suggests that, in the presence of nitrogen oxides, the gas-phase nitrosation of secondary amines is feasible. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Theoret & Computat Nanosci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Philip Morris Interdisciplinary Network Emerging, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. Philip Morris Inc, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. Arizona State Univ, Harrington Dept Bioengn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Zhao, YL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Theoret & Computat Nanosci, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8380, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yilei.zhao@nist.gov; Carlos.gonzalez@nist.gov; Manuel.M.Sanchez@pmusa.com NR 33 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 25 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD MAR 22 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 11 BP 2200 EP 2205 DI 10.1021/jp0677703 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 145WI UT WOS:000244896100022 PM 17388303 ER PT J AU Dalosto, SD AF Dalosto, Sergio D. TI Computer simulation of the interaction of Cu(I) with Cys residues at the binding site of the yeast metallochaperone Cu(I)-Atx1 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-ABSORPTION; N-TERMINAL DOMAIN; COPPER-TRANSPORTING ATPASE; QUANTUM-MECHANICAL CALCULATIONS; CUPROUS-THIOLATE CLUSTERS; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; ATX1 METALLOCHAPERONE; HELICAL PROTEINS; FINE-STRUCTURE AB The copper binding site and electronic structure of the metallochaperone protein Atx1 were investigated using the combination of quantum mechanics methods and molecular mechanics methods in the ONIOM(QM:MM) scheme at the density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP/ 6-31G(d):AMBER level. The residues in the binding site, -Met13-Thr14-Cys15-Cu(I)-Cys18-Gly17-Ser16-, were modeled with QM and the rest of the residues with MM. Our results indicate that the structure for Cu(I)-Atx1 has the copper atom coordinated to two sulfur atoms from Cys15 (2.110 A) and Cys18 (2.141 A) with an angle S-Cu(I) -S of 166 degrees. The potential energy surface of the copper atom is used to estimate its binding energy and the force field for the copper ligands. The potential surface is shallow for the bending mode S-Cu-S, which explains the origin of the disorder observed in crystallographic and nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Using molecular dynamics for Cu(I)-Atx1 in a box of water molecules and in vacuum, with the force field derived in this work, we observed a correlated motion between the side chains of Thr14 and of Lys65 which enhances distortions in the S-Cu-S geometry. The results are compared with recent experiments and the previous models. The vibrational spectra for the copper ligands and for the residues in the binding site were computed. The localized modes for the copper ligands and the amide bands were assigned. The presence of the copper atom affects the amide bands' frequencies of the residues Cys15 and Cys18, giving resolved bands that can be used to sense changes in the binding site upon translocation of copper atom or interaction with target proteins. Furthermore, the EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine structure) spectrum of the proposed structure for Cu(I)-Atx1 was calculated and reproduced the experiments fairly well. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dalosto, SD (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM sergio.dalosto@nist.gov NR 62 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD MAR 22 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 11 BP 2932 EP 2940 DI 10.1021/jp066689x PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 145WM UT WOS:000244896500023 PM 17388422 ER EF