FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Kropka, JM Sakai, VG Green, PF AF Kropka, Jamie M. Sakai, Victoria Garcia Green, Peter F. TI Local polymer dynamics in polymer-C-60 mixtures SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GLASS-TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; NANOPARTICLE COMPOSITES; NANOCOMPOSITES; PARTICLES; BEHAVIOR; FILMS AB The complexity of intermolecular interactions in polymer-nanoparticle systems leads to spatial variations in structure and dynamics at both the meso-and nanoscale. Much of this behavior is manifested in properties such as the glass transition and the viscosity. Incoherent neutron scattering measurements of C-60-polymer mixtures reveal that local polymer chain backbone motions in the glassy state are suppressed relative to those of the pure polymer. Moreover, the scattering spectrum of the melt suggests that the influence of C-60 on polymer dynamics is limited to the vicinity of the particles at nanosecond time scales. A model is presented to reconcile these observations with the bulk dynamical properties exhibited by the mixtures. C1 [Kropka, Jamie M.] Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci Appl Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Kropka, Jamie M.] Univ Texas Austin, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Sakai, Victoria Garcia] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Green, PF (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci Appl Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM pfgreen@umich.edu OI Garcia Sakai, Victoria/0000-0001-6570-4218 NR 23 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 38 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD APR PY 2008 VL 8 IS 4 BP 1061 EP 1065 DI 10.1021/nl072980s PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 287IQ UT WOS:000254911200014 PM 18355055 ER PT J AU Morris, JA Rezek, TC McNeill, NA Watanabe, WO AF Morris, James A., Jr. Rezek, Troy C. McNeill, Neil A. Watanabe, Wade O. TI Aquaculture of the Atlantic red porgy SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID BLACK-SEA BASS; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; PAGRUS-PAGRUS; CENTROPRISTIS-STRIATA; LARVAL DEVELOPMENT; FEED-UTILIZATION; STRESS-RESPONSE; NORTH-CAROLINA; SKIN COLOR; GROWTH AB Aquaculture of red porgy Pagrus pagrus (Sparidae) in North America was assessed by the investigation of broodstock conditioning and egg production, larval growth and survivorship, and juvenile grow out. Red porgy broodstock were collected off the coast of North Carolina and held in an outdoor recirculating seawater tank under ambient photoperiod and offshore bottom temperatures. Red porgy broodstock (n = 20) produced up to 300,000 viable eggs/d during their natural spawning period between January and March 2005. Larval survival to 10 d posthatch (dph) was 75.0 +/- 2.2% (mean +/- SE). Survival declined markedly after 13 dph and was 2.4% by 35 dph, when 1,200 postmetamorphic-stage juveniles remained. Larvae reached 11.2 +/- 1. 12 mm and 29.3 +/- 0.55 mg at 35 dph, and juveniles reached 55 mm total length (TL) at 90 dph. Juvenile grow-out trials in recirculating tanks resulted in red porgy reaching 195 0.32 mm TL and 158 +/- 0.14 g at 313 dph and a weight-specific growth rate of 6.8%. The results suggest a lower larval growth rate for western Atlantic red porgy compared with Mediterranean red porgy culture; however, juvenile growth rates were significantly higher than previously reported. Given the high market demand for reef fish species, the red porgy appears to be a good candidate for marine fish culture in North America. C1 [Morris, James A., Jr.; Rezek, Troy C.; McNeill, Neil A.; Watanabe, Wade O.] Natil Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Morris, JA (reprint author), Natil Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM james.morris@noaa.gov NR 44 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD APR PY 2008 VL 70 IS 2 BP 184 EP 191 DI 10.1577/AO6-073.1 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 293TG UT WOS:000255357200012 ER PT J AU Picha, ME Turano, MJ Beckman, BR Borski, RJ AF Picha, Matthew E. Turano, Marc J. Beckman, Brian R. Borski, Russell J. TI Endocrine biomarkers of growth and applications to aquaculture: A minireview of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, and IGF-Binding proteins as potential growth indicators in fish SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Physiological Insights Towards Improving Fish Culture CY FEB 26-MAR 02, 2007 CL San Antonio, TX SP World Aquaculture Soc, Natl Shellfish Assoc, Amer Fisheries Soc, Fish Culture Sect ID BREAM SPARUS-AURATA; GILTHEAD SEA BREAM; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; CATFISH ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS; PARR-SMOLT TRANSFORMATION; MESSENGER-RNA EXPRESSION; SOMATOTROPIC AXIS RESPONSIVENESS; ADRENERGIC STRESS-RESPONSE; SELECTIVE BREEDING PROGRAM AB Growth in fish and other vertebrates is under endocrine control, particularly through the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis. For this reason, it has been of interest to aquaculture researchers and the industry to establish endocrine biomarkers that can both reflect and predict growth rates in fish subject to various biotic and abiotic manipulations. Ultimately, by understanding the hormones that control growth and utilizing them as biomarkers, we hope to achieve optimal growth conditions in the aquaculture environment with less need for lengthy and costly grow-out trials. While the most appropriate endocrine biomarkers for growth can be both species and situation specific, IGF-I may be the most promising candidate for measuring instantaneous growth in fish. This is based on the direct contributions of IGF-I in regulating cell proliferation and ultimately somatic growth, along with its previously established correlations with the specific growth rate in fish under various conditions that alter growth. However, other endocrine indices, such as GH and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), are also important contributors and may in some instances prove a strong corollary to growth rate. This review discusses the potential utility of GH, IGF-I, and IGFBPs as growth biomarkers for those manipulations most relevant to the aquaculture industry, namely, feeding regimen, diet composition, temperature, photoperiod, and stress. C1 [Picha, Matthew E.; Borski, Russell J.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Turano, Marc J.] N Carolina State Univ, N Carolina Sea Grant, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Beckman, Brian R.] NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Borski, RJ (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM russell_borski@ncsu.edu NR 111 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 22 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD APR PY 2008 VL 70 IS 2 BP 196 EP 211 DI 10.1577/AO7-038.1 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 293TG UT WOS:000255357200015 ER PT J AU Connolly, PJ Jezorek, IG Martens, KD Prentice, EF AF Connolly, Patrick J. Jezorek, Ian G. Martens, Kyle D. Prentice, Earl F. TI Measuring the performance of two stationary interrogation systems for detecting downstream and upstream movement of PIT-tagged salmonids SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE ATLANTIC SALMON; INTEGRATED TRANSPONDER TAGS; CHINOOK SALMON; HABITAT USE; COLUMBIA RIVERS; SMALL STREAMS; FISH; SURVIVAL; BEHAVIOR; SNAKE AB We tested the performance of two stationary interrogation systems designed for detecting the movement of fish with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags. These systems allowed us to determine the direction of fish movement with high detection efficiency and high precision in a dynamic stream environment. We describe an indirect method for deriving an estimate for detection efficiency and the associated variance that does not rely on a known number of fish passing the system. By using six antennas arranged in a longitudinal series of three arrays, we attained detection efficiencies for downstream- and upstream-moving fish exceeding 96% during high-flow periods and approached 100% during low-flow periods for the two interrogation systems we tested. Because these systems did not rely on structural components, such as bridges or culverts, they were readily adaptable to remote, natural stream sites. Because of built-in redundancy, these systems were able to perform even with a loss of one or more antennas owing to dislodgement or electrical failure. However, the reduction in redundancy resulted in decreased efficiency and precision and the potential loss of ability to determine the direction of fish movement. What we learned about these systems should be applicable to a wide variety of other antenna configurations and to other types of PIT tags and transceivers. C1 [Connolly, Patrick J.; Jezorek, Ian G.; Martens, Kyle D.] Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, US Geol Survey, Cook, WA 98605 USA. [Prentice, Earl F.] Manchester Res Field Stn, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. RP Connolly, PJ (reprint author), Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, US Geol Survey, 5501A Cook-Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM pconnolly@usgs.gov NR 34 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 4 U2 18 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD APR PY 2008 VL 28 IS 2 BP 402 EP 417 DI 10.1577/M07-008.1 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 293BR UT WOS:000255310300007 ER PT J AU Diaz, GA AF Diaz, Guillermo A. TI The effect of circle hooks and straight (J) hooks on the catch rates and numbers of white marlin and blue marlin released alive by the US pelagic longline fleet in the Gulf of Mexico SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID WESTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC; SHANK J HOOKS; MORTALITY; FISHERY; TUNA; STANDARDIZATION; SURVIVAL; BYCATCH; MODELS; CAUGHT AB The effect of circle and straight (J) hooks on the catch rates of white marlin Kajikia albida (formerly Tetrapturus albidus) and blue marlin Makaira nigricans and the proportions released alive by the U.S. pelagic longline fleet targeting yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares in the Gulf of Mexico was assessed with data collected by scientific observers aboard commercial vessels between 1992 and 2004. Catch rates were lower with circle hooks than with straight hooks, but the differences were not significant; while the catch rates of the targeted species, yellowfin tuna, were the same for both hook types. However, a significantly higher proportion of marlins was released alive from circle hooks than from J hooks. C1 SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Diaz, GA (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM guillermo.diaz@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD APR PY 2008 VL 28 IS 2 BP 500 EP 506 DI 10.1577/M07-089.1 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 293BR UT WOS:000255310300016 ER PT J AU Fabrizio, MC Scharf, FS Shepherd, GR Rosendale, JE AF Fabrizio, Mary C. Scharf, Frederick S. Shepherd, Gary R. Rosendale, John E. TI Factors affecting catch-and-release mortality of bluefish SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID FISH; SABLEFISH; SURVIVAL; AIR; TEMPERATURE; RESPONSES; EXPOSURE; HOOKING AB Recreational harvests of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix along the U.S. coast from Maine to Florida exceed commercial harvests, and in recent years about 60-70% of angler-captured fish are released alive. The proportion of fish that survive hooking, handling, and release back to the ocean is unknown; however, if catch-and-release mortality is high, it may represent a significant component of the overall bluefish mortality rate. We estimated long-term (21-d) hooking mortality rates of field-captured bluefish and investigated the effects of various factors on postrelease mortality. Age, length, and the occurrence of bleeding were significant factors associated with catch-and-release mortality, which we estimated to be 38.8%. About 65% of the mortality was initial mortality, and the remainder was delayed mortality. We also performed a laboratory study to examine the physiological response of bluefish to two independent processes (hooking and release versus transfer in coolers to the laboratory) relevant to the field study. Laboratory-held fish that were hooked and released exhibited elevated concentrations of potassium in their blood, suggesting that they experienced either an osmotic imbalance or cellular damage. Laboratory-held fish exposed to the transfer treatment only exhibited osmotic imbalance (elevated plasma sodium concentration) and evidence of anaerobic metabolism (elevated plasma lactate concentration). Our findings indicate that bluefish age and size contribute to variable levels of metabolic stress and that delayed postrelease mortality is considerable. C1 [Fabrizio, Mary C.] Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Dept Fisheries Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. [Scharf, Frederick S.] Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol & Marine Biol, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. [Shepherd, Gary R.] NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Administrat Fisheries, Woods Hole Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Rosendale, John E.] NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Administrat Fisheries, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Fabrizio, MC (reprint author), Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Dept Fisheries Sci, POB 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. EM mfabrizio@vims.edu OI Fabrizio, Mary/0000-0002-6115-5490 NR 36 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD APR PY 2008 VL 28 IS 2 BP 533 EP 546 DI 10.1577/M07-033.1 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 293BR UT WOS:000255310300020 ER PT J AU Moser, ML Pennington, HT Roos, JM AF Moser, Mary L. Pennington, Howard T. Roos, Jeremy M. TI Grating size needed to protect adult Pacific lampreys in the Columbia River basin SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID LAMPETRA-TRIDENTATA; SEA LAMPREYS; GREAT-LAKES; BARRIERS AB Adult Pacific lampreys Lampetra tridentata routinely pass through picketed leads and diffuser gratings at lower Columbia River hydropower dams and enter areas where they can be delayed, injured, or killed. We assessed the bar spacing needed to exclude adult lampreys that enter the fishways at Bonneville Dam (river kilometer [rkm] 235). The experimental fish used (n = 242) ranged from 53 to 79 cm in total length and from 282 to 800 g in weight. All were able to swim through a 2.5-cm vertical gap, 47% passed through a 2.2-cm gap, and none passed through a gap of 1.9 cm or less. In dewatering simulations, none of the additional 50 Pacific lampreys tested were able to pass through a 1.9-cm diffuser grating, while 86% were able to pass through a traditional 2.5-cm grating. Based on these results, we conclude that bar spacing of 1.9 cm or less is needed to exclude most adult Pacific lampreys in the Columbia River drainage. An initial field test of the 1.9-cm grating at John Day Dam (rkm 347) confirmed these results. C1 [Moser, Mary L.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Pennington, Howard T.; Roos, Jeremy M.] Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commiss, Gladstone, OR 97027 USA. RP Moser, ML (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD APR PY 2008 VL 28 IS 2 BP 557 EP 562 DI 10.1577/M07-126.1 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 293BR UT WOS:000255310300022 ER PT J AU Feldman, U Seely, JE Landi, E Ralchenko, Y AF Feldman, U. Seely, J. E. Landi, E. Ralchenko, Yu. TI Bright EUV lines emitted by highly ionized tungsten ions as diagnostic indicators of the tungsten transport in ITER core plasmas (T(e) > 7 KeV) SO NUCLEAR FUSION LA English DT Article ID SPECTROMETER; SPECTRA AB In this paper we investigate the possible use of spectral lines from highly ionized tungsten (W) ions to measure transport and other physical properties of ITER plasmas. Firstly, we calculate the fractional abundances of W ions for plasmas having electron temperatures in the 7-40 keV range and an electron density of 10(14) cm(-3). Secondly, we calculate the wavelengths and emissivities versus temperature of the brightest spectral lines expected to be emitted by the W ions at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths longer than 45 A. To complement the grazing incidence spectroscopy technique traditionally used to study such spectra, we propose the use of segmented multilayer-coated telescopes for imaging the ITER plasmas in selected EUV lines, similar to the space-based instruments routinely used to study temperatures, emission measures and motions of 0.1-2 keV solar coronal plasmas. C1 [Feldman, U.; Landi, E.] Artep Inc, Ellicott City, MD 21042 USA. [Feldman, U.; Seely, J. E.; Landi, E.] USN, Res Lab, Div Space Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Ralchenko, Yu.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Feldman, U (reprint author), Artep Inc, 2922 Excelsior Spring Court, Ellicott City, MD 21042 USA. RI Landi, Enrico/H-4493-2011; Ralchenko, Yuri/E-9297-2016 OI Ralchenko, Yuri/0000-0003-0083-9554 NR 14 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY PI VIENNA PA WAGRAMERSTRASSE 5, PO BOX 100, A-1400 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0029-5515 J9 NUCL FUSION JI Nucl. Fusion PD APR PY 2008 VL 48 IS 4 AR 045004 DI 10.1088/0029-5515/48/4/045004 PG 8 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 296WC UT WOS:000255575500004 ER PT J AU Dutton, PH Squires, D AF Dutton, Peter H. Squires, Dale TI Reconciling biodiversity with fishing: A holistic strategy for Pacific sea turtle recovery SO OCEAN DEVELOPMENT AND INTERNATIONAL LAW LA English DT Article DE holistic recovery strategy; responsible fishing; sea turtles ID LEATHERBACK TURTLES; DERMOCHELYS-CORIACEA; PELAGIC LONGLINES; MORTALITY; PROTECTION; FISHERIES; INDONESIA; TREND; COAST AB Recovery of sea turtle populations requires addressing: multiple sources of mortality; nonmarket, diffuse benefits with costs localized on the poor; and a transboundary resource with incomplete jurisprudence, markets, and institutions. Holistic recovery strategies include: beach conservation protecting nesting females, their eggs, and critical breeding habitat to maximize hatchling production; enhanced at-sea survival of turtles on the high seas and in commercial coastal fisheries; and reduced artisanal coastal fisheries mortality of turtles. The traditional approach of focusing long-term sustained conservation efforts on the nesting beaches has by itself led to increases in several sea turtle populations. However; current conservation is inadequate to reverse declines in other cases such as the critically endangered leatherback populations in the Pacific. This article discusses policy instruments comprising a holistic recovery strategy that reconciles fishing with biodiversity conservation. C1 [Dutton, Peter H.; Squires, Dale] NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Squires, D (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM Dale.Squires@noaa.gov NR 63 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0090-8320 J9 OCEAN DEV INT LAW JI Ocean Dev. Int. Law PD APR-JUN PY 2008 VL 39 IS 2 BP 200 EP 222 DI 10.1080/00908320802013685 PG 23 WC International Relations; Law SC International Relations; Government & Law GA 317LM UT WOS:000257021700005 ER PT J AU Krogmeier, JR Kang, H Clarke, ML Yim, P Hwang, J AF Krogmeier, Jeffrey R. Kang, HyeongGon Clarke, Matthew L. Yim, Peter Hwang, Jeeseong TI Probing the dynamic fluorescence properties of single water-soluble quantum dots SO OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALS; BLINKING; INTERMITTENCY AB The influence of surface modifications, including carboxyl-, amine-, and mercaptoundecanoicacid-functioilalized chemistries, on the dynamic fluorescence properties of single quantum dots (QDs) are probed using a combined confocal fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy system. Water-soluble QDs with carboxyl- or amine-functionalized surfaces prepared through a linker arm show significant fluorescence intermittency and appear statistically identical. In contrast, water-soluble QDs functionalized via mercaptoundecanoicacid, an electron-donating thiol group, demonstrate suppressed fluorescence intermittency suggesting the photostability of water-soluble QDs is strongly dependant upon the method of surface functionalization. In addition, the long-term photostability of the mercaptoundecanoicacid-functionalized QD demonstrates an excitation-time-dependent blue-shift in the fluorescence emission spectra. Our measurement and analysis techniques promise a wealth of insight in elucidating the photophysics of bio-conjugated QDs and assessing and designing bio-conjugated QDs for biomedical applications requiring long-term photostabililty. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Krogmeier, Jeffrey R.; Kang, HyeongGon; Clarke, Matthew L.; Yim, Peter; Hwang, Jeeseong] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Opt Tech Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hwang, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Opt Tech Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jch@nist.gov NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0030-4018 J9 OPT COMMUN JI Opt. Commun. PD APR 1 PY 2008 VL 281 IS 7 BP 1781 EP 1788 DI 10.1016/j.optcom.2007.07.068 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 280QJ UT WOS:000254441000004 ER PT J AU Arthur, KE Balazs, GH AF Arthur, Karen E. Balazs, George H. TI A comparison of immature green turtles (Chelonia mydas) diets among seven sites in the main Hawaiian islands' SO PACIFIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SEA-TURTLES; VARIABILITY; NUMBERS; GROWTH AB Understanding resource acquisition and feeding ecology of threatened species is integral to their conservation because diet is intimately linked with growth rate and reproductive output. We examined diets of immature green sea turtles, Chelonia mnydas (L.), from seven sites on the islands of Hawai'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, and Lana'i in January and August 2003. Diet analysis was based on 191 samples collected from 181 live green turtles by stomach lavage. These samples were identified and quantified using dissection microscopy and the principles of microstereology. Diet of green turtles in the Main Hawaiian Islands was dominated by red algae, and diet items most commonly encountered were Acanthophora spicifera (an introduced species), Hypnea sp., Pterocladiella sp., and Cladophora sp. Sea grasses (Halophila hawaiiana and H. decipiens) were an important component of diet in turtles from Kane'ohe Bay. Content of green turtle diets differed among foraging grounds, and these differences may provide an insight into previously documented differences in turtle growth rates among sites. C1 [Arthur, Karen E.] Univ Queensland, Ctr Marine Studies, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. [Balazs, George H.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Arthur, KE (reprint author), Smithsonian Marine Stn Ft Pierce, 701 Seaway Dr, Ft Pierce, FL 34949 USA. EM arthur@si.edu RI Arthur, Karen/A-3089-2012 NR 41 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 17 PU UNIV HAWAII PRESS PI HONOLULU PA 2840 KOLOWALU ST, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA SN 0030-8870 EI 1534-6188 J9 PAC SCI JI Pac. Sci. PD APR PY 2008 VL 62 IS 2 BP 205 EP 217 DI 10.2984/1534-6188(2008)62[205:ACOIGT]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 287VL UT WOS:000254944500004 ER PT J AU Tsuda, RT Vroom, PS Abbott, IA Fisher, JR Foster, KB AF Tsuda, Roy T. Vroom, Peter S. Abbott, Isabella A. Fisher, Jack R. Foster, Kevin B. TI Additional marine benthic algae from Howland and Baker Islands, central Pacific SO PACIFIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CHLOROPHYTA; HALIMEDA; BRYOPSIDALES; ACCOUNT; OCEAN; POLYSIPHONIA; TAXONOMY; ECOLOGY AB Marine benthic algae from Howland Island and Baker Island were identified from collections made during earlier expeditions in 1924, 1935, and 1964, and during five separate expeditions between 1998 and 2004. Eighty-nine (six blue-green algae, 53 red algae, five brown algae, and 25 green algae) of the 99 species represent new records for the two islands. Forty-seven and 86 species are documented with voucher specimens from Howland Island and Baker Island, respectively. This study increases the total number of benthic marine algal species from the two islands to 104 species. A similar number (107 species) was previously reported from the nearby low coral islands in the Phoenix Group located 400 kin to the southwest. Only 38% (39 of 104 species) of the algal species from Howland Island and Baker Island are reported from the Phoenix Group. The presence of Udotea palmetta Decaisne on Baker Island is of interest because the record is the first for this green algal genus in the central Pacific region. C1 [Tsuda, Roy T.; Abbott, Isabella A.; Fisher, Jack R.] Bernice P Bishop Museum, Dept Nat Sci, Honolulu, HI 96817 USA. [Vroom, Peter S.] NOAA Fisheries Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Coral Reef Ecosyst Div, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. [Abbott, Isabella A.] Univ Hawaii, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Foster, Kevin B.] Pacific Isl Ecoreg Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Dept Interior, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RP Tsuda, RT (reprint author), Bernice P Bishop Museum, Dept Nat Sci, 1525 Bernice St, Honolulu, HI 96817 USA. EM roy.tsuda@bishopinuseum.org NR 32 TC 3 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV HAWAII PRESS PI HONOLULU PA 2840 KOLOWALU ST, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA SN 0030-8870 J9 PAC SCI JI Pac. Sci. PD APR PY 2008 VL 62 IS 2 BP 271 EP 290 DI 10.2984/1534-6188(2008)62[271:AMBAFH]2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 287VL UT WOS:000254944500009 ER PT J AU Cho, JY Moldovan, M Young, DP Lowhorn, ND Chan, JY AF Cho, Jung Young Moldovan, Monica Young, David P. Lowhorn, Nathan D. Chan, Julia Y. TI Physical properties of LnAg(y)X(4-y) (Ln = La, Ce; X = Al, Ga; y approximate to 0.72) SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Strongly Correlated Electron Systems (SCES 2007) CY MAY 13-18, 2007 CL Houston, TX SP Inst Complex Adapt Matter, Natl Sci Fdn, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Spallat Neutron Source, Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Univ Houston, Texas Ctr Superconduct, Univ Houston, Div Res & Dept Phys, Rice Univ, Wiess Sch Nat Sci, Off Dean, Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Rice Univ, Vice Provost Res & Grad Studies DE LnAg(y)X(4-y); flux growth; single-crystal X-ray diffraction; magnetic susceptibility; rare earth intermetallics ID SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AB Single crystals of LnAg(y)X(4-y) (Ln = La, Ce; X = Al, Ga; y approximate to 0.72) were synthesized by aluminum or gallium flux and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. LnAg(y)X(4-y) (Ln = La, Ce; X = Al, Ga; y approximate to 0.72) crystallize in the tetragonal space group 14/mmm (No. 139) with lattice parameter a = approximate to 4.3 angstrom and c = 10.7 angstrom, Z = 2. CeAg0.72Al3.28 and CeAg0.67Ga3.33 are metallic, and magnetic measurements indicate that they both order ferromagnetically near 3 K. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Cho, Jung Young; Chan, Julia Y.] Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Moldovan, Monica; Young, David P.] Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Lowhorn, Nathan D.] NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chan, JY (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM jchan@lsu.edu RI Chan, Julia/C-5392-2008 OI Chan, Julia/0000-0003-4434-2160 NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD APR 1 PY 2008 VL 403 IS 5-9 BP 795 EP 796 DI 10.1016/j.physb.2007.10.033 PG 2 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 284ES UT WOS:000254689900027 ER PT J AU Christianson, AD Goremychkin, EA Gardher, JS Kang, HJ Chung, JH Manuel, R Thompson, JD Sarrao, JL Lawrence, JM AF Christianson, A. D. Goremychkin, E. A. Gardher, J. S. Kang, H. J. Chung, J. -H. Manuel, R. Thompson, J. D. Sarrao, J. L. Lawrence, J. M. TI Neutron diffraction study of magnetic field induced behavior in the heavy Fermion Ce3CO4Sn13 SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Strongly Correlated Electron Systems (SCES 2007) CY MAY 13-18, 2007 CL Houston, TX SP Inst Complex Adapt Matter, Natl Sci Fdn, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Spallat Neutron Source, Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Univ Houston, Texas Ctr Superconduct, Univ Houston, Div Res & Dept Phys, Rice Univ, Wiess Sch Nat Sci, Off Dean, Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Rice Univ, Vice Provost Res & Grad Studies AB The specific heat Of Ce3CO4Sn13 exhibits a crossover from heavy Fermion behavior with antiferromagnetic correlations at low field to single impurity Kondo behavior above 2 T. We have performed neutron diffraction measurements in magnetic fields up to 6 T on single crystal samples. The (0 0 1) position shows a dramatic increase in intensity in field which appears to arise from static polarization of the 4f level and which at 0.14 K also exhibits an anomaly near 2T reflecting the crossover to single impurity behavior. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Christianson, A. D.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Christianson, A. D.; Lawrence, J. M.] Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Christianson, A. D.; Thompson, J. D.; Sarrao, J. L.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Goremychkin, E. A.; Manuel, R.] Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. [Goremychkin, E. A.] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Gardher, J. S.; Kang, H. J.; Chung, J. -H.] Ctr Neutron Res, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Gardher, J. S.] Indiana Univ, IUCF, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. [Kang, H. J.; Chung, J. -H.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Christianson, AD (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM postfab@googlemail.com RI christianson, andrew/A-3277-2016 OI christianson, andrew/0000-0003-3369-5884 NR 6 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD APR 1 PY 2008 VL 403 IS 5-9 BP 909 EP 910 DI 10.1016/j.physb.2007.10.073 PG 2 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 284ES UT WOS:000254689900072 ER PT J AU Sokolov, DA Aronson, MC Strycker, GL Lumsden, MD Nagler, SE Erwin, R AF Sokolov, D. A. Aronson, M. C. Strycker, G. L. Lumsden, M. D. Nagler, S. E. Erwin, R. TI Elastic neutron scattering in quantum critical antiferromagnet Cr0.963V0.037 SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Strongly Correlated Electron Systems (SCES 2007) CY MAY 13-18, 2007 CL Houston, TX SP Inst Complex Adapt Matter, Natl Sci Fdn, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Spallat Neutron Source, Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Univ Houston, Texas Ctr Superconduct, Univ Houston, Div Res & Dept Phys, Rice Univ, Wiess Sch Nat Sci, Off Dean, Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Rice Univ, Vice Provost Res & Grad Studies DE chromium; neutron scattering; QCP AB We have performed elastic neutron scattering studies of the quantum critical antiferromagnet Cr0.963V0.037. We have found that unlike pure Cr, which orders at two incommensurate wavevectors, Cr0.963V0.037 orders at four incommensurate and one commensurate wavevectors. We have found strong temperature dependent scattering at the commensurate and incommensurate wavevectors below 250 K. Results indicate that the primary effect of V doping on Cr is the modification of the nesting conditions of the Fermi surface and not the decreasing of the Neel temperature. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Sokolov, D. A.; Aronson, M. C.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Aronson, M. C.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Strycker, G. L.] Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Lumsden, M. D.; Nagler, S. E.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Erwin, R.] NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sokolov, DA (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM sokolov@bnl.gov RI Nagler, Stephen/B-9403-2010; Nagler, Stephen/E-4908-2010; Sokolov, D/G-7755-2011; Lumsden, Mark/F-5366-2012 OI Nagler, Stephen/0000-0002-7234-2339; Lumsden, Mark/0000-0002-5472-9660 NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD APR 1 PY 2008 VL 403 IS 5-9 BP 1276 EP 1278 DI 10.1016/j.physb.2007.10.125 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 284ES UT WOS:000254689900199 ER PT J AU Hsieh, D Qian, D Berger, RF Cava, RJ Lynn, JW Huang, Q Hasan, MZ AF Hsieh, D. Qian, D. Berger, R. F. Cava, R. J. Lynn, J. W. Huang, Q. Hasan, M. Z. TI Unconventional spin order in the triangular lattice system NaCrO2: A neutron scattering study SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Strongly Correlated Electron Systems (SCES 2007) CY MAY 13-18, 2007 CL Houston, TX SP Inst Complex Adapt Matter, Natl Sci Fdn, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Spallat Neutron Source, Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Univ Houston, Texas Ctr Superconduct, Univ Houston, Div Res & Dept Phys, Rice Univ, Wiess Sch Nat Sci, Off Dean, Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Rice Univ, Vice Provost Res & Grad Studies DE NaCrO2; triangular lattice; low dimensional magnetism; neutron scattering ID OXIDES AB We report high resolution neutron scattering measurements on the rhombohedrally stacked triangular antiferromagnet NaCrO2 which has recently been shown to exhibit an unusually broad fluctuating cross-over regime extending far below the onset of spin freezing at T-c. Our results show that at T, purely two-dimensional quasi-static spin correlations of the 120 degrees type exist. Below some cross-over temperature (T similar to 0.75T(c)) a small incommensuration develops which helps resolve the inter-layer spin frustration and drives short-range three-dimensional magnetic order. This incommensuration assisted dimensional cross-over suggests that inter-layer frustration is responsible for stabilizing the rare 2D correlated phase above 0.75T(c). (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Hsieh, D.; Qian, D.; Hasan, M. Z.] Princeton Univ, Joseph Henry Labs Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Berger, R. F.; Cava, R. J.] Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Lynn, J. W.; Huang, Q.] NIST, Ctr Neuron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hsieh, D (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Joseph Henry Labs Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM dhsieh@princetoii.edu; mzhasan@princeton.edu RI HASAN, M. Zahid/D-8237-2012; Qian, Dong/O-1028-2015 NR 11 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD APR 1 PY 2008 VL 403 IS 5-9 BP 1341 EP 1343 DI 10.1016/j.physb.2007.10.295 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 284ES UT WOS:000254689900221 ER PT J AU dela Cruz, CR Lorenz, B Ratcliff, W Lynn, J Gospodinov, MM Chu, CW AF dela Cruz, C. R. Lorenz, B. Ratcliff, W. Lynn, J. Gospodinov, M. M. Chu, C. W. TI The pressure effect on the magnetic commensurability and ferroelectricity in multiferroic HoMn2O5 SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Strongly Correlated Electron Systems (SCES 2007) CY MAY 13-18, 2007 CL Houston, TX SP Inst Complex Adapt Matter, Natl Sci Fdn, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Spallat Neutron Source, Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Univ Houston, Texas Ctr Superconduct, Univ Houston, Div Res & Dept Phys, Rice Univ, Wiess Sch Nat Sci, Off Dean, Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Rice Univ, Vice Provost Res & Grad Studies DE multiferroic ferroelectricity; frustrated; incommensurate-commensurate magnetic transition AB The multiferroic HoMn2O5 is a frustrated magnetic system with a non-collinear commensurate structure in its ferroelectric state. This work presents polarization measurements under isotropic pressure showing the stabilization of the high ferroelectric polarization state. This is associated with the pressure induced phase transition from an incommensurate magnetic structure to a commensurate one once the critical pressure is passed as shown by elastic powder neutron diffraction measurements. In addition, the small increase in the polarization upon spin reorientation in the commensurate magnetic state of HoMn2O5 is associated with a change in the magnetic structure without change in commensurability. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [dela Cruz, C. R.; Lorenz, B.; Chu, C. W.] Univ Houston, TcSUH, Houston, TX 77204 USA. [dela Cruz, C. R.; Lorenz, B.; Chu, C. W.] Univ Houston, Dept Phys, Houston, TX 77204 USA. [Ratcliff, W.; Lynn, J.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Gospodinov, M. M.] Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, BU-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria. RP dela Cruz, CR (reprint author), Univ Houston, TcSUH, Houston, TX 77204 USA. EM crdelacruz@uh.edu RI dela Cruz, Clarina/C-2747-2013 OI dela Cruz, Clarina/0000-0003-4233-2145 NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD APR 1 PY 2008 VL 403 IS 5-9 BP 1359 EP 1361 DI 10.1016/j.physb.2007.10.360 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 284ES UT WOS:000254689900227 ER PT J AU Natelson, D Yu, LH Keane, ZK Ciszek, JW Tour, JM AF Natelson, D. Yu, L. H. Keane, Z. K. Ciszek, J. W. Tour, J. M. TI Anomalous gate dependence of the Kondo effect in single-molecule transistors SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Strongly Correlated Electron Systems (SCES 2007) CY MAY 13-18, 2007 CL Houston, TX SP Inst Complex Adapt Matter, Natl Sci Fdn, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Spallat Neutron Source, Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Univ Houston, Texas Ctr Superconduct, Univ Houston, Div Res & Dept Phys, Rice Univ, Wiess Sch Nat Sci, Off Dean, Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Rice Univ, Vice Provost Res & Grad Studies DE Kondo; single-molecule transistor; Anderson model ID ELECTRON TRANSISTOR AB In semiconductor quantum dots, the Kondo temperature has been observed to depend exponentially on the gate voltage. This dependence arises because in these structures the gate capacitively shifts the energy of the singly occupied Kondo-active level relative to the chemical potential of the conduction electrons in the source and drain. In single-molecule transistors incorporating transition metal complexes, we find that the expected gate dependence in the Kondo regime is not observed. While the data show that the gate does shift electronic levels, the Kondo temperature found from both the differential conductance temperature and bias voltage dependence is approximately independent of gate voltage. We discuss possible explanations for this surprising observation, including the possible effect of molecular vibrational modes. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Natelson, D.; Yu, L. H.; Keane, Z. K.] Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA. [Yu, L. H.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Ciszek, J. W.; Tour, J. M.] Rice Univ, Dept Chem, Houston, TX 77005 USA. [Ciszek, J. W.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Natelson, D (reprint author), Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA. EM natelson@rice.edu RI Yu, Lam/F-9025-2012; OI Tour, James/0000-0002-8479-9328 NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD APR 1 PY 2008 VL 403 IS 5-9 BP 1526 EP 1528 DI 10.1016/j.physb.2007.10.179 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 284ES UT WOS:000254689900287 ER PT J AU De Long, LE Kryukov, SA Joshi, AG Xu, W Bosomtwi, A Kirby, BJ Fitzsimmons, MR AF De Long, L. E. Kryukov, S. A. Joshi, Amish G. Xu, Wentao Bosomtwi, A. Kirby, B. J. Fitzsimmons, M. R. TI Extreme magnetic anisotropy and multiple superconducting transition signatures in a [Nb(23 nm)/Ni(5 nm)](5) multilayer SO PHYSICA C-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Vortex V Conference on Nanoscience and Engineering in Superconductivity CY SEP 08-14, 2007 CL Rhodes, GREECE DE superconducting multilayers; magnetic multilayers; neutron reflectometry; mesoscopic superconductors; superconducting critical field; superconducting phase diagrams ID PICK-UP SYSTEMS; NB/NI MULTILAYERS; SQUID MAGNETOMETERS; PHASE-TRANSITION; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; HETEROSTRUCTURES; SUPERLATTICES; TEMPERATURE; STATE; PROBE AB We have applied polarized neutron reflectometry, and novel SQUID and vibrating reed magnetometry to probe a [Nb(23 nm)/Ni(5 nm)](5) multilayer (ML) whose superconducting state magnetic anisotropy is dominated by confined (in-plane) supercurrents in DC magnetic fields, H, applied nearly parallel to the ML plane. The upper critical field exhibits abrupt shifts (0.1-0.6 K) in near-parallel fields, but is field-independent for mu H-0 < 0.8 T when the ML is exactly aligned with the DC field, indicating suppression of orbital pairbreaking and the possible presence of unconventional superconducting pairing states. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [De Long, L. E.; Kryukov, S. A.; Joshi, Amish G.; Xu, Wentao; Bosomtwi, A.] Univ Kentucky, Dept Phys & Astron, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. [Joshi, Amish G.] Natl Phys Lab, New Delhi 110012, India. [Kirby, B. J.; Fitzsimmons, M. R.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Manuel Lujan Jr Neutron Scattering Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Kirby, B. J.] NIST, Centerfor Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP De Long, LE (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Phys & Astron, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. EM delong@pa.uky.edu RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Joshi, Amish/E-3674-2010 OI Joshi, Amish/0000-0002-7981-6648 NR 36 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4534 J9 PHYSICA C JI Physica C PD APR 1 PY 2008 VL 468 IS 7-10 BP 523 EP 530 DI 10.1016/j.physc.2007.11.073 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 322DL UT WOS:000257355300007 ER PT J AU Feist, J Nagele, S Pazourek, R Persson, E Schneider, BI Collins, LA Burgdorfer, J AF Feist, J. Nagele, S. Pazourek, R. Persson, E. Schneider, B. I. Collins, L. A. Burgdoerfer, J. TI Nonsequential two-photon double ionization of helium SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID DEPENDENT SCHRODINGER-EQUATION; DIFFERENTIAL CROSS-SECTIONS; HIGH-HARMONIC-GENERATION; LASER-DRIVEN HELIUM; ABOVE-THRESHOLD; WATER WINDOW; SINGLE; HE; MECHANISM; DYNAMICS AB We present accurate time-dependent ab initio calculations on fully differential and total integrated (generalized) cross sections for the nonsequential two-photon double ionization of helium at photon energies from 40 to 54 eV. Our computational method is based on the solution of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation and subsequent projection of the wave function onto Coulomb waves. We compare our results with other recent calculations and discuss the emerging similarities and differences. We investigate the role of electronic correlation in the representation of the two-electron continuum states, which are used to extract the ionization yields from the fully correlated final wave function. In addition, we study the influence of the pulse length and shape on the cross sections in time-dependent calculations and address convergence issues. C1 [Feist, J.; Nagele, S.; Pazourek, R.; Persson, E.; Burgdoerfer, J.] Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Theoret Phys, A-1040 Vienna, Austria. [Schneider, B. I.] Natl Sci Fdn, Div Phys, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. [Schneider, B. I.] NIST, Elect & Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Collins, L. A.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Feist, J (reprint author), Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Theoret Phys, Wiedner Hauptstr 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria. EM johannes.feist@tuwien.ac.at RI Nagele, Stefan/E-6938-2011; Feist, Johannes/J-7394-2012 OI Nagele, Stefan/0000-0003-1213-0294; Feist, Johannes/0000-0002-7972-0646 NR 49 TC 131 Z9 131 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 4 AR 043420 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.77.043420 PG 13 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 295EF UT WOS:000255457100122 ER PT J AU Iskin, M Williams, CJ AF Iskin, M. Williams, C. J. TI Trapped p-wave superfluids: A local-density approach SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID INTERACTING FERMI GAS; BCS AB The local-density approximation is used to study the ground state superfluid properties of harmonically trapped p-wave Fermi gases as a function of fermion-fermion attraction strength. While the density distribution is bimodal on the weakly attracting BCS side, it becomes unimodal with increasing attraction and saturates towards the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) side. This nonmonotonic evolution is related to the topological gapless-to-gapped phase transition, and may be observed via radio-frequency spectroscopy since quasiparticle transfer current requires a finite threshold only on the BEC side. C1 NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Iskin, M (reprint author), NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009 NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 4 AR 041607 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.77.041607 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 295EF UT WOS:000255457100016 ER PT J AU Jiang, KJ Deng, L Hagley, EW Payne, MG AF Jiang, K. J. Deng, L. Hagley, E. W. Payne, M. G. TI Fast-responding nonlinear phase shifter using a signal-wave gain medium SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; PHOTONS AB Using a full density matrix formalism we show that for a lifetime broadened four-level scheme with a signal wave gain medium a large nonlinear phase shift can be induced without signal wave slowdown and attenuation. In this system the signal wave acquires a large nonlinear phase shift and travels with superluminal propagation characteristics. This raises the possibility of rapidly responding nonlinear phase shifting and possibly phase gating devices for information science. C1 [Jiang, K. J.; Deng, L.; Hagley, E. W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Jiang, K. J.] CAS, Wuhan Inst Phys & Math, Ctr Cold Atom Phys, Wuhan 200062, Peoples R China. [Payne, M. G.] Bowling Green State Univ, Dept Phys, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA. RP Jiang, KJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012; Hagley, Edward/B-4285-2012; Jiang, Kaijun/F-2712-2014 OI Jiang, Kaijun/0000-0003-3126-4335 NR 13 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 4 AR 045804 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.77.045804 PG 3 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 295EF UT WOS:000255457100207 ER PT J AU O'Hara, MJ O'Leary, DP AF O'Hara, Michael J. O'Leary, Dianne P. TI Adiabatic theorem in the presence of noise SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID APPROXIMATION; SYSTEMS AB We provide rigorous bounds for the error of the adiabatic approximation of quantum mechanics under four sources of experimental error: perturbations in the initial condition, systematic time-dependent perturbations in the Hamiltonian, coupling to low-energy quantum systems, and decoherent time-dependent perturbations in the Hamiltonian. For decoherent perturbations, we find both upper and lower bounds on the evolution time to guarantee that the adiabatic approximation performs within a prescribed tolerance. Our results include explicit definitions of constants, and we apply them to the spin-1/2 particle in a rotating magnetic field and to the superconducting flux qubit. We compare the theoretical bounds on the superconducting flux qubit to simulation results. C1 [O'Hara, Michael J.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [O'Leary, Dianne P.] Univ Maryland, Dept Comp Sci, Inst Adv Comp Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [O'Leary, Dianne P.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Compuatat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP O'Hara, MJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mjohara@gmail.com; oleary@cs.umd.edu NR 36 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 4 AR 042319 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.77.042319 PG 20 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 295EF UT WOS:000255457100056 ER PT J AU Satija, II Dakin, DC Vaishnav, JY Clark, CW AF Satija, Indubala I. Dakin, Daniel C. Vaishnav, J. Y. Clark, Charles W. TI Physics of a two-dimensional electron gas with cold atoms in non-Abelian gauge potentials SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL LATTICES; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; WAVE-FUNCTIONS; TRANSITION AB Motivated by the possibility of creating non-Abelian fields using cold atoms in optical lattices, we explore the richness and complexity of noninteracting two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) in a lattice, subjected to such fields. In the continuum limit, a non-Abelian system characterized by a two-component "magnetic flux" describes a harmonic oscillator existing in two different charge states (mimicking a particle-hole pair) where the coupling between the states is determined by the non-Abelian parameter, namely, the difference between the two components of the "magnetic flux." A key feature of the non-Abelian system is a splitting of the Landau energy levels, which broaden into bands, as the spectrum depends explicitly on the transverse momentum. These Landau bands result in a coarse-grained "moth," a continuum version of the generalized Hofstadter butterfly. Furthermore, the bands overlap, leading to effective relativistic effects. Importantly, similar features also characterize the corresponding two-dimensional lattice problem when at least one of the components of the magnetic flux is an irrational number. The lattice system with two competing "magnetic fluxes" penetrating the unit cell provides a rich environment in which to study localization phenomena. Some unique aspects of the transport properties of the non-Abelian system are the possibility of inducing localization by varying the quasimomentum, and the absence of localization of certain zero-energy states exhibiting a linear energy-momentum relation. Furthermore, non-Abelian systems provide an interesting localization scenario where the localization transition is accompanied by a transition from relativistic to nonrelativistic theory. C1 [Satija, Indubala I.; Dakin, Daniel C.] George Mason Univ, Dept Phys, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. [Satija, Indubala I.; Vaishnav, J. Y.; Clark, Charles W.] NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Dakin, Daniel C.] Opt Air Data Syst, Manassas, VA 20110 USA. RP Satija, II (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Dept Phys, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 20 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 4 AR 043410 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.77.043410 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 295EF UT WOS:000255457100112 ER PT J AU Stickney, JA Kafle, RP Anderson, DZ Zozulya, AA AF Stickney, James A. Kafle, Rudra P. Anderson, Dana Z. Zozulya, Alex A. TI Theoretical analysis of a single- and double-reflection atom interferometer in a weakly confining magnetic trap SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; PHASE DIFFUSION; GASES AB The operation of a BEC based atom interferometer, where the atoms are held in a weakly confining magnetic trap and manipulated with counterpropagating laser beams, is analyzed. A simple analytic model is developed to describe the dynamics of the interferometer. It is used to find the regions of parameter space with high and low contrast of the interference fringes for both single and double reflection interferometers. We demonstrate that for a double reflection interferometer the coherence time can be increased by shifting the recombination time. The theory is compared with recent experimental realizations of these interferometers. C1 [Stickney, James A.; Kafle, Rudra P.; Zozulya, Alex A.] Worcester Polytech Inst, Dept Phys, Worcester, MA 01609 USA. [Anderson, Dana Z.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys & JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Anderson, Dana Z.] Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Stickney, JA (reprint author), Worcester Polytech Inst, Dept Phys, 100 Inst Rd, Worcester, MA 01609 USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 4 AR 043604 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.77.043604 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 295EF UT WOS:000255457100128 ER PT J AU Burton, BP Cockayne, E Tinte, S Waghmare, UV AF Burton, B. P. Cockayne, Eric Tinte, Silvia Waghmare, U. V. TI Effect of nearest neighbor Pb-O divacancy pairs on the ferroelectric-relaxor transition in Pb(Sc(1/2)Nb(1/2))O(3) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID LEAD SCANDIUM TANTALATE; GRIFFITHS PHASE; BEHAVIOR; PBTIO3; 1ST-PRINCIPLES; SINGULARITY; DEFECTS; SYSTEMS; BATIO3 AB Molecular dynamics simulations were performed on a first-principles-based effective Hamiltonian for Pb(Sc(1/2)Nb(1/2))O(3) (PSN) with nearest neighbor Pb-O divacancy pairs. Simulations were performed for PSN with ideal chemical order, chemical short-range order, and random chemical disorder. Divacancy concentration vs temperature, X([Pb-O]) vs T, phase diagrams were calculated, and they are shown to be topologically equivalent to the previously calculated hydrostatic pressure vs temperature diagram. In PSN with ideal chemical order, the Burns temperature defines an isotherm, which is analogous to the "Griffiths phase" in the magnetic dilution problem. C1 [Burton, B. P.; Cockayne, Eric] NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Tinte, Silvia] Univ Nacl Litoral, Inst De Desarrollo Technol Ind Quim INTEC, RA-3000 Santa Fe, Argentina. [Waghmare, U. V.] JNCASR, J Nehru Theoret Sci Unit, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India. RP Burton, BP (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 48 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 14 AR 144114 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.144114 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 295EH UT WOS:000255457300024 ER PT J AU Feng, YJ Soininen, JA Ankudinov, AL Cross, JO Seidler, GT Macrander, AT Rehr, JJ Shirley, EL AF Feng, Yejun Soininen, J. A. Ankudinov, A. L. Cross, J. O. Seidler, G. T. Macrander, A. T. Rehr, J. J. Shirley, E. L. TI Exciton spectroscopy of hexagonal boron nitride using nonresonant x-ray Raman scattering SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; K EDGE; ORIENTATION DEPENDENCE; ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS; OPTICAL-SPECTRA; CORE EXCITONS; ENERGY; METALS; BN; DENSITY AB We report nonresonant x-ray Raman scattering (XRS) measurements on the boron K edge of hexagonal boron nitride for transferred momentum (q) from 2 to 9 A(-1) along directions both in and out of the basal plane. A symmetry-based argument, together with real-space full multiple scattering calculations of the projected density of states in the spherical harmonics basis, reveals that a strong pre-edge feature is a dominantly Y-10-type exciton with no other s, p, or d components. This conclusion is supported by a second, independent calculation of the q-dependent XRS cross section based on the Bethe-Salpeter equation. This study demonstrates methods which should be applicable to the determination of final-state symmetries for localized resonances in other q-dependent XRS studies of anisotropic single-crystal systems. C1 [Feng, Yejun; Cross, J. O.; Macrander, A. T.] Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Soininen, J. A.] Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. [Ankudinov, A. L.; Seidler, G. T.; Rehr, J. J.] Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Shirley, E. L.] NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Feng, YJ (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM yejun@aps.anl.gov; seidler@phys.washington.edu RI Seidler, Gerald/I-6974-2012; Feng, Yejun/A-5417-2009 OI Feng, Yejun/0000-0003-3667-056X NR 64 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 16 AR 165202 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.165202 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 295EJ UT WOS:000255457500052 ER PT J AU Gradhand, M Heiliger, C Zahn, P Mertig, I AF Gradhand, Martin Heiliger, Christian Zahn, Peter Mertig, Ingrid TI Tunneling magnetoresistance with amorphous electrodes SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; SPIN INJECTION; IRON FILMS; AB-INITIO; JUNCTIONS; FE; DIFFRACTION; NICKEL; NI AB A detailed first-principles analysis of the transport properties of different magnetic electrode materials for MgO tunnel junctions is performed to elucidate the microscopic origin of the tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) effect. The spin-dependent transport properties of the magnetic materials are analyzed separately from the particular interface geometry with the tunneling barrier. We use the bulk properties of the barrier to identify the important tunneling states. For MgO these are Delta(1)-like states. From the analysis of this effective spin polarization we can predict the potential of certain magnetic materials to create a high TMR ratio in a tunnel junction. This polarization is as high as 98 and 86 % for Fe and Co, respectively for only a few monolayers, but is very small and negative, -7 %, for amorphous Fe. This explains the finding that for crystalline Co and Fe one monolayer next to the MgO barrier is sufficient to reach TMR ratios higher than 500 % independent of whether the crystalline monolayer is coupled to a non-magnetic or to an amorphous lead. However, in direct contact with MgO amorphous Fe reduces the TMR ratio drastically to 44 %. C1 [Gradhand, Martin; Mertig, Ingrid] Max Planck Inst Mikrostrukturphys, D-06120 Halle, Germany. [Gradhand, Martin; Zahn, Peter; Mertig, Ingrid] Univ Halle Wittenberg, Fachbereich Phys, D-06099 Halle, Germany. [Heiliger, Christian] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Heiliger, Christian] Univ Maryland, Maryland Nanoctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Gradhand, M (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Mikrostrukturphys, Weinberg 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany. EM martin.gradhand@physik.uni-halle.de; christian.heiliger@nist.gov RI Zahn, Peter/B-2529-2010 OI Zahn, Peter/0000-0003-4756-5239 NR 58 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 13 AR 134403 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.134403 PG 11 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 295EG UT WOS:000255457200056 ER PT J AU Hoefer, MA Silva, TJ Stiles, MD AF Hoefer, M. A. Silva, T. J. Stiles, M. D. TI Model for a collimated spin-wave beam generated by a single-layer spin torque nanocontact SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID PHASE-LOCKING; MULTILAYERS; DRIVEN AB A model of spin-torque-induced magnetization dynamics based on semiclassical spin diffusion theory for a single-layer nanocontact is presented. The model incorporates effects due to the current-induced Oersted field and predicts the generation of a variety of spatially dependent, coherent, precessional magnetic wave structures. Directionally controllable collimated spin-wave beams, vortex spiral waves, and localized standing waves are found to be excited by the interplay of the Oersted field and the orientation of an applied field. These fields act as a spin-wave "corral" around the nanocontact that controls the propagation of spin waves in certain directions. C1 [Hoefer, M. A.; Silva, T. J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Stiles, M. D.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hoefer, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM hoefer@boulder.nist.gov RI Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012; Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013; OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156; Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642; HOEFER, MARK/0000-0001-5883-6562 NR 25 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 14 AR 144401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.144401 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 295EH UT WOS:000255457300036 ER PT J AU Stone, MB Lumsden, MD Qiu, Y Samulon, EC Batista, CD Fisher, IR AF Stone, M. B. Lumsden, M. D. Qiu, Y. Samulon, E. C. Batista, C. D. Fisher, I. R. TI Dispersive magnetic excitations in the S=1 antiferromagnet Ba(3)Mn(2)O(8) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SINGLET-GROUND-STATE; BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; SYSTEM KCUCL3; SPIN GAP; TLCUCL3; FIELD AB We present powder inelastic neutron scattering measurements of the S=1 dimerized antiferromagnet Ba(3)Mn(2)O(8). The T=1.4 K magnetic spectrum exhibits a spin gap of Delta approximate to 1.0 meV and a dispersive spectrum with a bandwidth of approximately 1.5 meV. A comparison to coupled dimer models accurately describes the dispersion and scattering intensity and determines the exchange constants in Ba(3)Mn(2)O(8). The wave vector dependent scattering intensity confirms the proposed S=1 dimer bond. Temperature dependent measurements of the magnetic excitations indicate the presence of both singlet-triplet and thermally activated triplet-quintet excitations. C1 [Stone, M. B.; Lumsden, M. D.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Qiu, Y.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Qiu, Y.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Samulon, E. C.; Fisher, I. R.] Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Samulon, E. C.; Fisher, I. R.] Stanford Univ, Geballe Lab Adv Mat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Batista, C. D.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Stone, MB (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Stone, Matthew/G-3275-2011; Batista, Cristian/J-8008-2016; Lumsden, Mark/F-5366-2012 OI Stone, Matthew/0000-0001-7884-9715; Lumsden, Mark/0000-0002-5472-9660 NR 34 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 13 AR 134406 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.134406 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 295EG UT WOS:000255457200059 ER PT J AU Berg, RF Moldover, MR Yao, MW Zimmerli, GA AF Berg, Robert F. Moldover, Michael R. Yao, Minwu Zimmerli, Gregory A. TI Shear thinning near the critical point of xenon SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID CRITICAL FLUIDS; DROPLET MODEL; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; MICELLAR-SOLUTION; VISCOSITY; FLOW; TEMPERATURE; WATER; MIXTURES; DYNAMICS AB We measured shear thinning, a viscosity decrease ordinarily associated with complex liquids, near the critical point of xenon. The data span a wide range of reduced shear rate: 10(-3) (gamma) over dot tau < 700, where (gamma) over dot tau is the shear rate scaled by the relaxation time tau of critical fluctuations. The measurements had a temperature resolution of 0.01 mK and were conducted in microgravity aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia to avoid the density stratification caused by Earth's gravity. The viscometer measured the drag on a delicate nickel screen as it oscillated in the xenon at amplitudes 3 mu m < x(0) < 430 mu m and frequencies 1 Hz < omega/2 pi < 5 Hz. To separate shear thinning from other nonlinearities, we computed the ratio of the viscous force on the screen at (gamma) over dot tau to the force at (gamma) over dot tau approximate to 0: C(gamma) F(x(0), omega tau, (gamma) over dot tau)/F (x(0), omega tau, 0). At low frequencies, (omega tau)(2) < (gamma) over dot tau, C(gamma) depends only on (gamma) over dot tau, as predicted by dynamic critical scaling. At high frequencies, (omega tau)(2) > (gamma) over dot tau, C gamma depends also on both x(0) and omega. The data were compared with numerical calculations based on the Carreau-Yasuda relation for complex fluids: eta((gamma) over dot)/ eta(0) = [1 + A(gamma)|(gamma) over dot tau|](-x eta/(3+x eta)), where x eta = 0.069 is the critical exponent for viscosity and mode-coupling theory predicts A(gamma)= 0.121. For xenon we find A(gamma) = 0.137 +/- 0.029, in agreement with the mode coupling value. Remarkably, the xenon data close to the critical temperature T(c) were independent of the cooling rate (both above and below T(c)) and these data were symmetric about T(c) to within a temperature scale factor. The scale factors for the magnitude of the oscillator's response differed from those for the oscillator's phase; this suggests that the surface tension of the two-phase domains affected the drag on the screen below T(c). C1 [Berg, Robert F.; Moldover, Michael R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Yao, Minwu] Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44142 USA. [Zimmerli, Gregory A.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Berg, RF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 51 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD APR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 4 AR 041116 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.77.041116 PN 1 PG 23 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 295ED UT WOS:000255456900019 PM 18517587 ER PT J AU Kamitakahara, WA Wada, N AF Kamitakahara, William A. Wada, Noboru TI Neutron spectroscopy of water dynamics in NaX and NaA zeolites SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID DEFICIENT LAYER SILICATES; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; SUPERCOOLED WATER; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; INTERCALATED MOLECULES; ROTATIONAL-DYNAMICS; DIFFUSIVE MOTIONS; CONFINED WATER; SCATTERING; MONTMORILLONITE AB We have investigated the dynamics of water molecules in zeolites NaA and NaX by high-resolution quasielastic neutron scattering methods. Between 260 and 310 K, the local translational diffusive motion of water in the zeolites is one to two orders of magnitude slower than in bulk water. The Q dependence of the scattering shows effects of confinement and the presence of both relatively mobile and immobile molecules. The speed of the diffusive motion depends strongly on hydration level. Comparison with other hydrated siliceous materials indicates that the host charge per water molecule is a major factor in determining the time scale of diffusion. C1 [Kamitakahara, William A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Wada, Noboru] Toyo Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Toyota, Saitama 3508585, Japan. RP Kamitakahara, WA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 55 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD APR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 4 AR 041503 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.77.041503 PN 1 PG 10 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 295ED UT WOS:000255456900056 PM 18517624 ER PT J AU Tiampo, KF Weatherley, DK Weinstein, SA AF Tiampo, K. F. Weatherley, D. K. Weinstein, S. A. TI Earthquakes: Simulations, sources and tsunamis SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Tiampo, K. F.] Univ Western Ontario, Dept Earth Sci, London, ON, Canada. [Weatherley, D. K.] Univ Queensland, ESSCC, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. [Weinstein, S. A.] Pacific Tsunami Warning Ctr, Ewa Beach, HI 96706 USA. RP Tiampo, KF (reprint author), Univ Western Ontario, Dept Earth Sci, London, ON, Canada. EM ktiampo@uwo.ca RI Minerals Institute, Sustainable/F-8043-2010; Tiampo, Kristy/I-1355-2015 OI Tiampo, Kristy/0000-0002-5500-7600 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD APR PY 2008 VL 165 IS 3-4 BP 449 EP 450 DI 10.1007/s00024-008-0332-x PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 301AA UT WOS:000255867100001 ER PT J AU Weinstein, SA Lundgren, PR AF Weinstein, Stuart A. Lundgren, Paul R. TI Finite fault modeling in a tsunami warning center context SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Finite fault modeling; earthquake rupture history; tsunami warning center ID STRONG-MOTION; MANTLE MAGNITUDE; RUPTURE HISTORY; EARTHQUAKE; INVERSION; CALIFORNIA; RECORDS; WAVES AB The US NOAA/NWS tsunami warning centers have relied on earthquake location and depth, and scalar measures of earthquake size and slowness to assess the potential for the generation of a destructive tsunami by an earthquake. Recent earthquakes, such as Peru 2001, Sumatra 2004 and the Java 2006, manifest some of the difficulties the warning centers face as they try to cope with unusual earthquakes. We have undertaken a study of a simple teleseismic waveform inverse model and applied it to the earthquakes of June 23, 2001 in Peru and of July 17, 2006 in Java. Synthetic numerical experiments suggest that the most salient features of the rupture history of an earthquake can be recovered. Furthermore the calculations can be conducted quickly enough to be useful in a warning center context. We have applied our technique to the Peru 2001 and recent Java 2006 earthquakes. Our overall results are consistent with those obtained from other studies. The results show why the Peru event initially looked slow to the US tsunami warning centers and that the Java event is a truly slow or tsunami earthquake. Clearly, the warning centers stand to benefit from an increased understanding of the earthquakes they monitor. Furthermore, better knowledge of the slip distribution along a fault will improve tsunami wave-height forecasts. C1 [Weinstein, Stuart A.] Richard H Hagemeyers Pacific Tsunami Warning Ctr, Ewa Beach, HI 96706 USA. [Lundgren, Paul R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Weinstein, SA (reprint author), Richard H Hagemeyers Pacific Tsunami Warning Ctr, Ewa Beach, HI 96706 USA. EM stuart.weinstein@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER BASEL AG PI BASEL PA PICASSOPLATZ 4, BASEL, 4052, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 EI 1420-9136 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD APR PY 2008 VL 165 IS 3-4 BP 451 EP 474 DI 10.1007/s00024-008-0316-x PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 301AA UT WOS:000255867100002 ER PT J AU Smith, RK Montgomery, MT Vogl, S AF Smith, Roger K. Montgomery, Michael T. Vogl, Stefanie TI A critique of Emanuel's hurricane model and potential intensity theory SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE tropical cyclone; typhoon; boundary layer; friction layer; gradient wind balance ID HIGH-RESOLUTION SIMULATION; TROPICAL CYCLONES; MAXIMUM INTENSITY; BOUNDARY-LAYER; ISABEL 2003; BONNIE 1998; PART I; EYEWALL; EYE; SENSITIVITY AB We present a critique of Emanuel's steady-state hurricane model, which is a precursor to his theory for hurricane potential intensity ( PI). We show that a major deficiency of the theory is the tacit assumption of gradient wind balance in the boundary layer, a layer that owes its existence to gradient wind imbalance in the radial momentum equation. If a more complete boundary-layer formulation is included using the gradient wind profiles obtained from Emanuel's theory, the tangential wind speed in the boundary layer becomes supergradient, invalidating the assumption of gradient wind balance. We show that the degree to which the tangential wind is supergradient depends on the assumed boundary-layer depth. The full boundary-layer solutions require a knowledge of the tangential wind profile above the boundary layer in the outer region where there is subsidence into the layer and they depend on the breadth of this profile. This effect is not considered in Emanuel's theory. We argue that a more complete theory for the steady-state hurricane would require the radial pressure gradient above the boundary layer to be prescribed or determined independently of the boundary layer. The issues raised herein highlight a fundamental problem with Emanuel's theory for PI, since that theory makes the same assumptions as in the steady-state hurricane model. Our current findings together with recent studies examining intense hurricanes suggest a way forward towards a more consistent theory for hurricane PI. Copyright (C) 2008 Royal Meteorological Society. C1 [Smith, Roger K.; Vogl, Stefanie] Univ Munich, Inst Meteorol, D-80333 Munich, Germany. [Montgomery, Michael T.] USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Meteorol, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. [Montgomery, Michael T.] NOAAs Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL USA. RP Smith, RK (reprint author), Univ Munich, Inst Meteorol, Theresienstr 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany. EM roger.smith@lmu.de NR 29 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2008 VL 134 IS 632 BP 551 EP 561 DI 10.1002/qj.241 PN A PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 349PI UT WOS:000259292600001 ER PT J AU Van Sang, N Smith, RK Montgomery, MT AF Van Sang, Nguyen Smith, Roger K. Montgomery, Michael T. TI Tropical-cyclone intensification and predictability in three dimensions SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE hurricane; tropical cyclone; typhoon; vortical hot towers; coherent structures; rapid intensification; predictability ID VORTEX ROSSBY-WAVES; PRIMITIVE EQUATION MODEL; HURRICANE-BONNIE 1998; PART I; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; VERTICAL SHEAR; DOPPLER RADAR; SPIRAL BANDS; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; BAROCLINIC VORTICES AB We present numerical-model experiments to investigate the dynamics of tropical-cyclone amplification and its predictability in three dimensions. For the prototype amplification problem beginning with a weak-tropical-storm-strength vortex, the emergent flow becomes highly asymmetric and dominated by deep convective vortex structures, even though the problem as posed is essentially axisymmetric. The asymmetries that develop are highly sensitive to the boundary-layer moisture distribution. When a small random moisture perturbation is added in the boundary layer at the initial time, the pattern of evolution of the flow asymmetries is changed dramatically, and a non-negligible spread in the local and azimuthally-averaged intensity results. We conclude, first, that the flow on the convective scales exhibits a degree of randomness, and only those asymmetric features that survive in an ensemble average of many realizations can be regarded as robust; and secondly, that there is an intrinsic uncertainty in the prediction of maximum intensity using either maximum-wind or minimum-surface-pressure metrics. There are clear implications for the possibility of deterministic forecasts of the mesoscale structure of tropical cyclones, which may have a major impact on the intensity and on rapid intensity changes. Some other aspects of vortex structure are addressed also, including vortex-size parameters, and sensitivity to the inclusion of different physical processes or higher spatial resolution. We investigate also the analogous problem on a beta-plane, a prototype problem for tropical-cyclone motion. A new perspective on the putative role of the wind-evaporation feedback process for tropical-cyclone intensification is offered also. The results provide new insight into the fluid dynamics of the intensification process in three dimensions, and at the same time suggest limitations of deterministic prediction for the mesoscale structure. Larger-scale characteristics, such as the radius of gale-force winds and beta-gyres, are found to be less variable than their mesoscale counterparts. Copyright (C) 2008 Royal Meteorological Society. C1 [Montgomery, Michael T.] USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Meteorol, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. [Van Sang, Nguyen; Smith, Roger K.] Univ Munich, Inst Meteorol, D-80539 Munich, Germany. [Montgomery, Michael T.] NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, Boulder, CO USA. RP Montgomery, MT (reprint author), USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Meteorol, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. EM mtmontgo@nps.edu FU US Office of Naval Research [N00014-03-1-0185]; National Science Foundation [ATM-0715426, ATM-0649943, ATM-0649944, ATM-0649946]; German Research Council (DFG) FX This research was supported in part by Grant No. N00014-03-1-0185 from the US Office of Naval Research and by National Science Foundation Grants ATM-0715426, ATM-0649943, ATM-0649944, and ATM-0649946. The first author is grateful for travel support provided by the German Research Council (DFG) as part of the Project 'Improved quantitative precipitation forecasting in Vietnam'. NR 78 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0035-9009 EI 1477-870X J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2008 VL 134 IS 632 BP 563 EP 582 DI 10.1002/qj.235 PN A PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 349PI UT WOS:000259292600002 ER PT J AU Kramer, M Schiller, C Voigt, C Schlager, H Popp, PJ AF Kraemer, M. Schiller, C. Voigt, C. Schlager, H. Popp, P. J. TI A climatological view of HNO(3) partitioning in cirrus clouds SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE molar ratios; ice clouds; ice water content ID NITRIC-ACID; REACTIVE NITROGEN; ICE PARTICLES; STRATOSPHERE; TROPOSPHERE; CHEMISTRY AB A new in situ climatology of cirrus ice water content (IWC) is used, together with observed molar ratios of HNO(3)/H(2)O in cirrus ice particles, to estimate the range of HNO(3) content in cirrus ice in the temperature interval 185-240 K. We find that nearly over the complete temperature range HNO(3) percentages in ice between 0.01 and 100% are possible in cirrus clouds and that IWC is a major parameter determining the content of HNO(3) in ice at given temperatures. Considering average conditions, the HNO(3) content increases with decreasing temperature from 1% to about 10% in the range 240-200 K. For colder ice clouds, the average HNO(3) content again decreases down to 6%. At higher temperatures, less efficient HNO(3) uptake limits the HNO(3) content in cirrus ice, while at low temperatures small IWCs permit only little HNO(3) in ice, thus causing the convex-shaped average HNO(3) content curve. The highest HNO(3) content is expected in tropical ice clouds with very large IWCs, especially at temperatures between 190 and 210 K. Thus, tropical cirrus clouds show the highest potential to vertically redistribute HNO(3). Copyright (C) 2008 Royal Meteorological Society. C1 [Kraemer, M.; Schiller, C.] Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Chem & Dynam Geosphare, Julich, Germany. [Voigt, C.; Schlager, H.] DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Inst Phys Atmosphare, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. [Popp, P. J.] NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Popp, P. J.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Kramer, M (reprint author), FZ Julich, ICG 1, Julich, Germany. EM m.kraemer@fz-juelich.de RI Voigt, Christiane/G-3279-2010; Kramer, Martina/A-7482-2013; Schiller, Cornelius/B-1004-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 FU EC [GOCE-CT-2004-505390]; Helmholtz Young Investigators Fund; SFB-641 TROP-ICE FX The authors thank the coordinators and all teams contributing to the field experiments compiled in the study presented here. Progress in the challenging task of providing an estimate of the nitric acid content of ice for most atmospheric conditions is only possible due to the large effort flowing into all the experiments.; Funding from various agencies for the different projects is acknowledged, in particular for SCOUT-O3 which is funded by the EC within FP6 under contract GOCE-CT-2004-505390. C. Voigt appreciates funding by the Helmholtz Young Investigators Fund and the SFB-641 TROP-ICE. The authors also would like to thank Bernd Kaarcher for stimulating discussions. As always, Rolf P. Muller is gratefully acknowledged. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2008 VL 134 IS 633 BP 905 EP 912 DI 10.1002/qj.253 PN B PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 349PJ UT WOS:000259292700008 ER PT J AU Rufenacht, A Burroughs, CJ Benz, SP AF Rufenacht, A. Burroughs, C. J. Benz, S. P. TI Precision sampling measurements using ac programmable Josephson voltage standards SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID ARRAYS AB We have performed a variety of precision measurements by comparing ac and dc waveforms generated by two independent ac programmable Josephson voltage standard (ACPJVS) systems. The objective of these experiments was to demonstrate the effectiveness of using a sampling digital voltmeter to measure small differences between Josephson waveforms for frequencies up to 3.6 kHz. The low uncertainties that we obtained confirm the feasibility of using this differential sampling method for high accuracy comparisons between ACPJVS waveforms and signals from other sources. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Rufenacht, A.; Burroughs, C. J.; Benz, S. P.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Rufenacht, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 17 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD APR PY 2008 VL 79 IS 4 AR 044704 DI 10.1063/1.2901683 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 295EC UT WOS:000255456800027 PM 18447541 ER PT J AU Mohr, PJ Taylor, BN Newell, DB AF Mohr, Peter J. Taylor, Barry N. Newell, David B. TI CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006 SO REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID ANOMALOUS MAGNETIC-MOMENT; FINE-STRUCTURE CONSTANT; QUANTIZED HALL RESISTANCE; PROTON GYROMAGNETIC RATIO; HYDROGEN ENERGY-LEVELS; ELECTRON G-FACTOR; OSCILLATORY FIELD MEASUREMENT; OPTICAL FREQUENCY-MEASUREMENT; HYPERFINE-STRUCTURE INTERVAL; NIST CALCULABLE CAPACITOR AB This paper gives the 2006 self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) for international use. Further, it describes in detail the adjustment of the values of the constants, including the selection of the final set of input data based on the results of least-squares analyses. The 2006 adjustment takes into account the data considered in the 2002 adjustment as well as the data that became available between 31 December 2002, the closing date of that adjustment, and 31 December 2006, the closing date of the new adjustment. The new data have led to a significant reduction in the uncertainties of many recommended values. The 2006 set replaces the previously recommended 2002 CODATA set and may also be found on the World Wide Web at physics.nist.gov/constants. C1 [Mohr, Peter J.; Taylor, Barry N.; Newell, David B.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mohr, PJ (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mohr@nist.gov; barry.taylor@nist.gov; dnewell@nist.gov NR 358 TC 655 Z9 664 U1 4 U2 56 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0034-6861 J9 REV MOD PHYS JI Rev. Mod. Phys. PD APR-JUN PY 2008 VL 80 IS 2 BP 633 EP 730 DI 10.1103/RevModPhys.80.633 PG 98 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 310KN UT WOS:000256528500008 ER PT J AU Cundiff, S Ye, J Hall, J AF Cundiff, Steven Ye, Jun Hall, John TI Rulers of light SO SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN LA English DT Article C1 [Cundiff, Steven; Ye, Jun; Hall, John] JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. [Cundiff, Steven; Ye, Jun; Hall, John] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cundiff, S (reprint author), JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; NR 4 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 12 PU SCI AMERICAN INC PI NEW YORK PA 415 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0036-8733 J9 SCI AM JI Sci.Am. PD APR PY 2008 VL 298 IS 4 BP 74 EP 81 PG 8 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 280RY UT WOS:000254445100031 PM 18380144 ER PT J AU Biesecker, DA Webb, DF Cyr, OCS AF Biesecker, D. A. Webb, D. F. Cyr, O. C. St. TI STEREO space weather and the Space Weather Beacon SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE STEREO; space weather; coronal mass ejection; solar wind; forecasting ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; ADVANCED COMPOSITION EXPLORER; JANUARY 1997; MAGNETIC CLOUD; EARTH; TIME; ELECTRON; STORMS AB The Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) is primarily a solar and interplanetary research mission, with one of the natural applications being in the area of space weather. The obvious potential for space weather applications is so great that NOAA has worked to incorporate the real-time data into their forecast center as much as possible. A subset of the STEREO data will be continuously downlinked in a real-time broadcast mode, called the Space Weather Beacon. Within the research community there has been considerable interest in conducting space weather related research with STEREO. Some of this research is geared towards making an immediate impact while other work is still very much in the research domain. There are many areas where STEREO might contribute and we cannot predict where all the successes will come. Here we discuss how STEREO will contribute to space weather and many of the specific research projects proposed to address STEREO space weather issues. The data which will be telemetered down in the Space Weather Beacon is also summarized here. Some of the lessons learned from integrating other NASA missions into the forecast center are presented. We also discuss some specific uses of the STEREO data in the NOAA Space Environment Center. C1 [Biesecker, D. A.] NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Webb, D. F.] Boston Coll, Inst Sci Res, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. [Cyr, O. C. St.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Biesecker, DA (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM doug.biesecker@noaa.gov NR 54 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 EI 1572-9672 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PD APR PY 2008 VL 136 IS 1-4 BP 45 EP 65 DI 10.1007/s11214-007-9165-7 PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 322OC UT WOS:000257384200004 ER PT J AU Aschwanden, MJ Burlaga, LF Kaiser, ML Ng, CK Reames, DV Reiner, MJ Gombosi, TI Lugaz, N Manchester, W IV Roussev, II Zurbuchen, TH Farrugia, CJ Galvin, AB Lee, MA Linker, JA Mikic, Z Riley, P Alexander, D Sandman, AW Cook, JW Howard, RA Odstrcil, D Pizzo, VJ Kota, J Liewer, PC Luhmann, JG Inhester, B Schwenn, RW Solanki, SK Vasyliunas, VM Wiegelmann, T Blush, L Bochsler, P Cairns, IH Robinson, PA Bothmer, V Kecskemety, K Llebaria, A Maksimovic, M Scholer, M Wimmer-Schweingruber, RF AF Aschwanden, Markus J. Burlaga, L. F. Kaiser, M. L. Ng, C. K. Reames, D. V. Reiner, M. J. Gombosi, T. I. Lugaz, N. Manchester, W., IV Roussev, I. I. Zurbuchen, T. H. Farrugia, C. J. Galvin, A. B. Lee, M. A. Linker, J. A. Mikic, Z. Riley, P. Alexander, D. Sandman, A. W. Cook, J. W. Howard, R. A. Odstrcil, D. Pizzo, V. J. Kota, J. Liewer, P. C. Luhmann, J. G. Inhester, B. Schwenn, R. W. Solanki, S. K. Vasyliunas, V. M. Wiegelmann, T. Blush, L. Bochsler, P. Cairns, I. H. Robinson, P. A. Bothmer, V. Kecskemety, K. Llebaria, A. Maksimovic, M. Scholer, M. Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F. TI Theoretical modeling for the STEREO mission SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE STEREO mission; solar corona; solar wind; coronal mass ejection (CME); solar filaments; heliosphere; interplanetary shocks; interplanetary particle beams; solar energetic particle events (SEP); solar flares; space weather; stereoscopy; 3D reconstruction techniques; white-light emission; EUV emission; interplanetary radio emission ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; SOLAR RADIO-BURSTS; ACTIVE-REGION LOOPS; SPACE WEATHER EVENT; WHITE-LIGHT IMAGES; MAGNETIC-FLUX ROPE; AB-INITIO APPROACH; GLOBAL MHD MODEL; WHOLE SUN MONTH; 3-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION AB We summarize the theory and modeling efforts for the STEREO mission, which will be used to interpret the data of both the remote-sensing (SECCHI, SWAVES) and in-situ instruments (IMPACT, PLASTIC). The modeling includes the coronal plasma, in both open and closed magnetic structures, and the solar wind and its expansion outwards from the Sun, which defines the heliosphere. Particular emphasis is given to modeling of dynamic phenomena associated with the initiation and propagation of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The modeling of the CME initiation includes magnetic shearing, kink instability, filament eruption, and magnetic reconnection in the flaring lower corona. The modeling of CME propagation entails interplanetary shocks, interplanetary particle beams, solar energetic particles (SEPs), geoeffective connections, and space weather. This review describes mostly existing models of groups that have committed their work to the STEREO mission, but is by no means exhaustive or comprehensive regarding alternative theoretical approaches. C1 [Aschwanden, Markus J.] Lockheed Martin ATC, Solar & Astrophys Lab, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. [Burlaga, L. F.; Kaiser, M. L.; Ng, C. K.; Reames, D. V.; Reiner, M. J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Gombosi, T. I.; Lugaz, N.; Manchester, W., IV; Roussev, I. I.; Zurbuchen, T. H.] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Farrugia, C. J.; Galvin, A. B.; Lee, M. A.] Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Linker, J. A.; Mikic, Z.; Riley, P.] SAIC, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. [Alexander, D.; Sandman, A. W.] Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77251 USA. [Cook, J. W.; Howard, R. A.] USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Odstrcil, D.; Pizzo, V. J.] NOAA, SEC, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Kota, J.] Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Liewer, P. C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Luhmann, J. G.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Inhester, B.; Schwenn, R. W.; Solanki, S. K.; Vasyliunas, V. M.; Wiegelmann, T.] Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. [Blush, L.; Bochsler, P.] Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. [Cairns, I. H.; Robinson, P. A.] Univ Sydney, Sch Phys, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. [Bothmer, V.] Univ Gottingen, Inst Astrophys, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. [Kecskemety, K.] HKFI RMKI, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. [Llebaria, A.] CNRS, Astron Spatiale Lab, F-13376 Marseille, France. [Maksimovic, M.] Observ Paris, CNRS, F-92195 Meudon, France. [Maksimovic, M.] Observ Paris, LESIA, F-92195 Meudon, France. [Scholer, M.] Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Ctr Interdisciplinary Plasma Sci, D-85740 Munich, Germany. [Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F.] Univ Kiel, Phys IEAP, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. RP Aschwanden, MJ (reprint author), Lockheed Martin ATC, Solar & Astrophys Lab, 3251 Hanover St, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. EM aschwanden@1msa1.com RI Lugaz, Noe/C-1284-2008; Roussev, Ilia/E-9141-2011; Gombosi, Tamas/G-4238-2011; Manchester, Ward/I-9422-2012; Galvin, Antoinette/A-6114-2013; Solanki, Sami/E-2487-2013; OI Lugaz, Noe/0000-0002-1890-6156; Gombosi, Tamas/0000-0001-9360-4951; Solanki, Sami/0000-0002-3418-8449; Cairns, Iver/0000-0001-6978-9765 NR 218 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 EI 1572-9672 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PD APR PY 2008 VL 136 IS 1-4 BP 565 EP 604 DI 10.1007/s11214-006-9027-8 PG 40 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 322OC UT WOS:000257384200019 ER PT J AU Osamura, K Nyilas, A Thoener, M Seeber, B Fluekiger, R Ilyin, Y Nijhuis, A Ekin, J Clickner, C Walsh, RP Toplosky, V Shin, H Katagiri, K Ochiai, S Hojo, M Kubo, Y Miyashita, K AF Osamura, K. Nyilas, A. Thoener, M. Seeber, B. Fluekiger, R. Ilyin, Y. Nijhuis, A. Ekin, J. Clickner, C. Walsh, R. P. Toplosky, V. Shin, H. Katagiri, K. Ochiai, S. Hojo, M. Kubo, Y. Miyashita, K. TI International round robin test for mechanical properties of Nb(3)Sn superconductive wires at room temperature SO SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPOSITES AB An international RRT has been carried out in order to establish the test method for mechanical properties of commercial Nb(3)Sn superconductive wires under the cooperation of eleven worldwide research groups. From the stress - strain curve, the following quantities were evaluated; modulus of elasticity, transition of elastic to plastic deformation, proof strength, tensile strength and elongation to fracture. The scatter of measured values was analyzed to evaluate the COV, which is the standard deviation divided by the average. The results made clear how the experimental conditions influence the determination of physical quantities. The most important point is that large COVs for modulus of elasticity and proof strength from the initial slope are caused by the narrow elastic limit. Methods have been discussed to improve the statistics of experimental results obtained from the international RRT. C1 [Osamura, K.] RIAS, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068202, Japan. [Nyilas, A.] Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, D-76344 Eggenstein Leopoldshafen, Germany. [Thoener, M.] European Adv Superconductors, D-63450 Hanau, Germany. [Seeber, B.; Fluekiger, R.] Univ Geneva, Inst Appl Phys, GAP, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. [Ilyin, Y.; Nijhuis, A.] Univ Twente, Fac Sci & Technol, NL-7522 Enschede, Netherlands. [Ekin, J.; Clickner, C.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Walsh, R. P.; Toplosky, V.] Natl High Magnet Field Lab FSU, FSU, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. [Shin, H.] Andong Univ, Sch Mech Engn, Andong 760749, Kyungbuk, South Korea. [Katagiri, K.] Iwate Univ, Veda Morioka 0208551, Japan. [Ochiai, S.; Hojo, M.] Kyoto Univ, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan. [Kubo, Y.] Mitsubishi Elect, Miyashita Sagamihara 2291112, Japan. [Miyashita, K.] Hitachi Cable, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki 3000026, Japan. RP Osamura, K (reprint author), RIAS, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068202, Japan. RI Shojiro, Ochiai/I-6837-2015 NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-2048 J9 SUPERCOND SCI TECH JI Supercond. Sci. Technol. PD APR PY 2008 VL 21 IS 4 AR 045006 DI 10.1088/0953-2048/21/4/045006 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 280EF UT WOS:000254407300007 ER PT J AU Church, JA White, NJ Aarup, T Wilson, WS Woodworth, PL Domingues, CM Hunter, JR Lambeck, K AF Church, John A. White, Neil J. Aarup, Thorkild Wilson, W. Stanley Woodworth, Philip L. Domingues, Catia M. Hunter, John R. Lambeck, Kurt TI Understanding global sea levels: past, present and future SO SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Sea-level rise; Climate change; Coasts; Extreme events; IPCC; Greenhouse ID GREENLAND ICE-SHEET; SUBSURFACE TEMPERATURE; ALTIMETRIC HEIGHT; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; WATER STORAGE; STERIC HEIGHT; MASS-BALANCE; HEAT-STORAGE; RISE; ANTARCTICA AB The coastal zone has changed profoundly during the 20th century and, as a result, society is becoming increasingly vulnerable to the impact of sea-level rise and variability. This demands improved understanding to facilitate appropriate planning to minimise potential losses. With this in mind, the World Climate Research Programme organised a workshop (held in June 2006) to document current understanding and to identify research and observations required to reduce current uncertainties associated with sea-level rise and variability. While sea levels have varied by over 120 m during glacial/interglacial cycles, there has been little net rise over the past several millennia until the 19th century and early 20th century, when geological and tide-gauge data indicate an increase in the rate of sea-level rise. Recent satellite-altimeter data and tide-gauge data have indicated that sea levels are now rising at over 3 mm year(-1). The major contributions to 20th and 21st century sea-level rise are thought to be a result of ocean thermal expansion and the melting of glaciers and ice caps. Ice sheets are thought to have been a minor contributor to 20th century sea-level rise, but are potentially the largest contributor in the longer term. Sea levels are currently rising at the upper limit of the projections of the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (TAR IPCC), and there is increasing concern of potentially large ice-sheet contributions during the 21st century and beyond, particularly if greenhouse gas emissions continue unabated. A suite of ongoing satellite and in situ observational activities need to be sustained and new activities supported. To the extent that we are able to sustain these observations, research programmes utilising the resulting data should be able to significantly improve our understanding and narrow projections of future sea-level rise and variability. C1 [Church, John A.; White, Neil J.; Domingues, Catia M.] CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Ctr Australian Weather & Climate Res Partnership, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. [Church, John A.; White, Neil J.; Domingues, Catia M.] CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Australian Bur Meteorol & CSIRO, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. [Church, John A.; White, Neil J.; Hunter, John R.; Lambeck, Kurt] Antarctic Climate & Ecosyst Cooperat Res Ctr, Hobart, Tas, Australia. [Aarup, Thorkild] UNESCO, Intergovt Oceanog Commiss, Paris, France. [Wilson, W. Stanley] US Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Washington, DC USA. [Woodworth, Philip L.] Proudman Oceanog Lab, Permanent Serv Mean Sea Level, Liverpool, Merseyside, England. [Lambeck, Kurt] Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT, Australia. RP Church, JA (reprint author), CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Ctr Australian Weather & Climate Res Partnership, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. EM John.Church@csiro.au RI White, Neil/B-2077-2013; Church, John/A-1541-2012; Jiao, Liqing/A-8821-2011; Domingues, Catia /A-2901-2015 OI Church, John/0000-0002-7037-8194; Domingues, Catia /0000-0001-5100-4595 FU CSIRO; Australian Government's Cooperative Research Centres Programme; Australian Climate Change Science Program FX This paper is a contribution to the CSIRO Climate Change Research Program and the CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship and was supported by the Australian Government's Cooperative Research Centres Programme through the Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre. JAC, NJW and JRH were partly funded by the Australian Climate Change Science Program. NR 93 TC 111 Z9 113 U1 5 U2 85 PU SPRINGER JAPAN KK PI TOKYO PA CHIYODA FIRST BLDG EAST, 3-8-1 NISHI-KANDA, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 101-0065, JAPAN SN 1862-4065 EI 1862-4057 J9 SUSTAIN SCI JI Sustain. Sci. PD APR PY 2008 VL 3 IS 1 BP 9 EP 22 DI 10.1007/s11625-008-0042-4 PG 14 WC GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY; Environmental Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 417UM UT WOS:000264104000003 ER PT J AU Siewert, T Samardzic, I Kolumbic, Z Klaric, S AF Siewert, Thomas Samardzic, Ivan Kolumbic, Zvonimir Klaric, Stefanija TI ON-LINE MONITORING SYSTEM - AN APPLICATION FOR MONITORING KEY WELDING PARAMETERS OF DIFFERENT WELDING PROCESSES SO TEHNICKI VJESNIK-TECHNICAL GAZETTE LA English DT Article DE on-line monitoring system; welding parameters; welding processes AB This paper describes the application of an on-line system for the monitoring, aquisition and processing of key welding parameters. The on-fine monitoring system has been successfully applied in practice to measure key welding parameters for different welding processes. Relevant examples of the information that can be obtained from the system during a welding cycle are presented. C1 [Siewert, Thomas] NIST, Boulder, CO USA. [Samardzic, Ivan; Kolumbic, Zvonimir; Klaric, Stefanija] Strojarski Fak Slavonskom Brodu, Slavonski Brod 35000, Croatia. RP Siewert, T (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV OSIJEK, TECH FAC PI SLAVONSKI BROD PA TRG IVANE BRLIC-MAZURANIC 2, SLAVONSKI BROD, HR-35000, CROATIA SN 1330-3651 J9 TEH VJESN JI Teh. Vjesn. PD APR-JUN PY 2008 VL 15 IS 2 BP 9 EP 18 PG 10 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA 483AF UT WOS:000268933000003 ER PT J AU Delle Monache, L Wilczak, J McKeen, S Grell, G Pagowski, M Peckham, S Stull, R Mchenry, J McQueen, J AF Delle Monache, Luca Wilczak, James McKeen, Stuart Grell, Georg Pagowski, Mariusz Peckham, Steven Stull, Roland Mchenry, John McQueen, Jeffrey TI A Kalman-filter bias correction method applied to deterministic, ensemble averaged and probabilistic forecasts of surface ozone SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID MULTISCALE GEM MODEL; CHEMISTRY; VERIFICATION AB Kalman filtering (KF) is used to estimate systematic errors in surface ozone forecasts. The KF updates its estimate of future ozone-concentration bias using past forecasts and observations. The optimum filter parameter is estimated via sensitivity analysis. KF performance is tested for deterministic, ensemble-averaged and probabilistic forecasts. Eight simulations were run for 56 d during summer 2004 over northeastern USA and southern Canada, with 358 ozone surface stations. KF improves forecasts of ozone-concentration magnitude (measured by root mean square error) and the ability to predict rare events (measured by the critical success index), for deterministic and ensemble-averaged forecasts. It improves the 24-h maximum ozone-concentration prediction (measured by the unpaired peak prediction accuracy), and improves the linear dependency and timing of forecasted and observed ozone concentration peaks (measured by a lead/lag correlation). KF also improves the predictive skill of probabilistic forecasts of concentration greater than thresholds of 10-50 ppbv, but degrades it for thresholds of 70-90 ppbv. KF reduces probabilistic forecast bias. The combination of KF and ensemble averaging presents a significant improvement for real-time ozone forecasting because KF reduces systematic errors while ensemble-averaging reduces random errors. When combined, they produce the best overall ozone forecast. C1 [Delle Monache, Luca; Stull, Roland] Univ British Columbia, Earth & Ocean Sci Dept, Atmospher Sci Programme, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. [Wilczak, James] Natl Ocean & Atmsphere Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [McKeen, Stuart; Grell, Georg; Peckham, Steven] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [McKeen, Stuart] Natl Ocean & Atmsphere Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Grell, Georg; Pagowski, Mariusz; Peckham, Steven] Natl Ocean & Atmsphere Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Syst Div, Boulder, CO USA. [Pagowski, Mariusz] Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Mchenry, John] N Carolina State Univ, Baron Adv Meteorol Syst, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [McQueen, Jeffrey] Natl Ocean & Atmsphere Adm, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Natl Weather Serv, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Delle Monache, L (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. EM ldm@llnl.gov RI McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; grell, georg/B-6234-2015; pagowski, mariusz/H-4498-2013 OI grell, georg/0000-0001-5214-8742; pagowski, mariusz/0000-0002-7703-0529 NR 39 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU CO-ACTION PUBLISHING PI JARFALLA PA RIPVAGEN 7, JARFALLA, SE-175 64, SWEDEN SN 0280-6509 EI 1600-0889 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PD APR PY 2008 VL 60 IS 2 BP 238 EP 249 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00332.x PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 278HZ UT WOS:000254277200010 ER PT J AU Kim, JW Roman, DR Lee, BY Kim, Y AF Kim, Jeong Woo Roman, Daniel R. Lee, Bang-Yong Kim, Yeadong TI Altimetry enhanced free-air gravity anomalies in the high latitude region SO TERRESTRIAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Coast and Land Applications of Satellite Altimetry CY JUL 21-22, 2006 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Acad Surveying & Mapping, Natl Chiao Tung Univ, Asia GIS & GPS Co, Chung Hsing Surv Co, Huanyu Surv Engn Cons, Real World Engn Cons DE altimetry-derived gravity anomaly; Barents Sea; ERS-1 ID GEOSAT; FIELD; RESOLUTION; ERS-1 AB Available marine free-air gravity anomalies (FAGA) derived from multiple satellite altimetry missions have had geologically useful, short wavelength features removed during processing. An approach is described for augmenting these FAGA in the high latitude region with coherent higher frequency data. This added-value approach is demonstrated over the Barents Sea in the Arctic using existing FAGA predictions from the Danish National Cadastre (KMS98) as a reference. Short wavelength components between 4 and 111 km were added from reduced and correlation-filtered ERS1 168-day mission altimetry that had been sorted into ascending and descending datasets for separate processing. The processed data were then recombined by spectral quadrant swapping to generate a correlated, high frequency gravity field related to the local geologic sources. This added-value surface adjusted the reference FAGA to better reflect features at wavelengths related to the distances between altimetry tracks. C1 [Kim, Jeong Woo] Univ Calgary, Dept Geomat Engn, Calgary, AB, Canada. [Kim, Jeong Woo] Sejong Univ, Dept Geoinformat Engn, Seoul 143747, South Korea. [Roman, Daniel R.] NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Lee, Bang-Yong; Kim, Yeadong] KORDI, Korea Polar Res Inst, Inchon 406840, South Korea. RP Kim, JW (reprint author), Univ Calgary, Dept Geomat Engn, Calgary, AB, Canada. EM jw.kim@ucalgary.ca NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHINESE GEOSCIENCE UNION PI TAIPEI PA PO BOX 23-59, TAIPEI 10764, TAIWAN SN 1017-0839 J9 TERR ATMOS OCEAN SCI JI Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. PD APR PY 2008 VL 19 IS 1-2 BP 111 EP 116 DI 10.3319/TAO.2008.19.1-2.111(SA) PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 300WQ UT WOS:000255856500012 ER PT J AU Kelsey, RH Webster, LF Kenny, DJ Stewart, JR Scott, GI AF Kelsey, R. Heath Webster, Laura F. Kenny, David J. Stewart, Jill R. Scott, Geoffrey I. TI Spatial and temporal variability of ribotyping results at a small watershed in South Carolina SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE microbial source tracking; Escherichia coli; ribotpying; variability ID ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE PATTERNS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI RIBOTYPES; FECAL CONTAMINATION; DISCRIMINANT-ANALYSIS; INDICATOR BACTERIA; SOURCE TRACKING; SURFACE WATERS; POLLUTION; PROFILES; SHELLFISH AB The utility of library-based ribotyping methods for a very small study area was evaluated through comparison of local results to libraries with differing spatial and temporal scales. Ribotyping of Escherichia coli isolates was used to evaluate sources of fecal pollution at a coastal golf course in Beaufort County, South Carolina. Thirty-five E. coli isolates were obtained from water samples from a detention pond for testing against several local and regional libraries of known-source isolate patterns. A library of 92 E. coli ribotype patterns was created from wildlife feces obtained on the site. Additional libraries were available for comparison, including a library from Morgan Island, a small, geographically isolated area (including a monkey colony), and a library from ongoing statewide assessments. Seventeen (49%) of the unknown E. coli isolates matched isolates from raccoon and deer scat from the local library. Two isolates (6%) were matched with monkey sources from Morgan island, and 13 (37%) were matched to raccoon, deer, and cows from the statewide assessment. Evaluation of repeated ribotyping analyses at the study area revealed evidence of temporal variability of potential sources in the local library. Only one of the isolates from the second year of fecal samples successfully matched with a fecal isolate from the previous year. The results from this study suggest that source identification results were variable both spatially and temporally, and that local, temporally specific libraries are most appropriate for library-based MST studies in small watersheds. Results also suggest that it will be difficult to employ adequate sample sizes to satisfactorily address unknown pattern variability. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Kelsey, R. Heath] JHT Inc, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. [Stewart, Jill R.] JHT Inc, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Charleston, SC USA. [Kenny, David J.] Univ N Carolina, Inst Coastal Studies, Manteo, NC USA. RP Kelsey, RH (reprint author), JHT Inc, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. EM heath.kelsey@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD APR PY 2008 VL 42 IS 8-9 BP 2220 EP 2228 DI 10.1016/j.watres.2007.11.038 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 300LO UT WOS:000255825500039 PM 18206209 ER PT J AU Sampson, CR Franklin, JL Knaff, JA Demaria, M AF Sampson, Charles R. Franklin, James L. Knaff, John A. Demaria, Mark TI Experiments with a simple tropical cyclone intensity consensus SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID HURRICANE PREDICTION SYSTEM; WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC; MODEL; FORECASTS; SCHEME; WINDS; DECAY; IMPROVEMENTS; PERFORMANCE; LANDFALL AB Consensus forecasts (forecasts created by combining output from individual forecasts) have become an integral part of operational tropical cyclone track forecasting. Consensus aids, which generally have lower average errors than individual models, benefit from the skill and independence of the consensus members, both of which are present in track forecasting, but are limited in intensity forecasting. This study conducts experiments with intensity forecast aids on 4 yr of data (2003-06). First, the skill of the models is assessed; then simple consensus computations are constructed for the Atlantic, eastern North Pacific, and western North Pacific basins. A simple (i. e., equally weighted) consensus of three top-performing intensity forecast models is found to generally outperform the individual members in both the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific, and a simple consensus of two top-performing intensity forecast models is found to generally outperform the individual members in the western North Pacific. An experiment using an ensemble of dynamical model track forecasts and a selection of model fields as input in a statistical-dynamical intensity forecast model to produce intensity consensus members is conducted for the western North Pacific only. Consensus member skill at 72 h is low (-0.4% to 14.2%), and there is little independence among the members. This experiment demonstrates that a consensus of these highly dependent members yields an aid that performs as well as the most skillful member. Finally, adding a less skillful, but more independent, dynamical model-based forecast aid to the consensus yields an 11-member consensus with mixed yet promising performance compared with the 10-model consensus. Based on these findings, the simple three-member consensus model could be used as a standard of comparison for other deterministic ensemble methods for the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific. Both the two- and three-member consensus forecasts may also provide useful guidance for operational forecasters. Likewise, in the western North Pacific, the 10- and 11-member consensus could be used as operational forecast aids and standards of comparison for other ensemble intensity forecast methods. C1 [Sampson, Charles R.] NRL, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. [Franklin, James L.] Natl Hurricane Ctr, Miami, FL USA. [Knaff, John A.; Demaria, Mark] NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Sampson, CR (reprint author), NRL, 7 Grace Hopper Ave,Stop 2, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. EM sampson@nrlmry.navy.mil RI Knaff, John /F-5599-2010; Sampson, Charles/F-5684-2010; DeMaria, Mark/F-5583-2010 OI Knaff, John /0000-0003-0427-1409; NR 38 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2008 VL 23 IS 2 BP 304 EP 312 DI 10.1175/2007WAF2007028.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 289TT UT WOS:000255077500008 ER PT J AU Hou, K Outlaw, RA Wang, S Zhu, MY Quinlan, RA Manos, DM Kordesch, ME Arp, U Holloway, BC AF Hou, Kun Outlaw, Ronald A. Wang, Sigen Zhu, Mingyao Quinlan, Ronald A. Manos, Dennis M. Kordesch, Martin E. Arp, Uwe Holloway, Brian C. TI Uniform and enhanced field emission from chromium oxide coated carbon nanosheets SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; NANOTUBES; EMITTERS AB Carbon nanosheets, a two-dimensional carbon nanostructure, are promising electron cathode materials for applications in vacuum microelectronic devices. This letter demonstrates a simple approach to improve the spatial emission uniformity of carbon nanosheets by coating them with a chromium oxide thin film. Photoelectron emission microscopy observations and in situ field emission tests revealed that chromium oxide coated carbon nanosheets not only have spatial uniformity but also have coating thickness dependent field emission properties. For example, a coating thickness of similar to 1.5 nm gave a substantially greater field emission than as-grown nanosheets or other thickness coatings. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Hou, Kun; Outlaw, Ronald A.; Wang, Sigen; Zhu, Mingyao; Quinlan, Ronald A.; Manos, Dennis M.] Coll William & Mary, Dept Appl Sci, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. [Kordesch, Martin E.] Ohio Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Athens, OH 45701 USA. [Arp, Uwe] NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Holloway, Brian C.] Luna Innovat Inc, Luna Nanoworks Div, Danville, VA 24541 USA. RP Hou, K (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Dept Appl Sci, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. EM kxhoux@wm.edu RI Arp, Uwe/C-2854-2009; OI Arp, Uwe/0000-0002-6468-9455 NR 17 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 31 PY 2008 VL 92 IS 13 AR 133112 DI 10.1063/1.2894201 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 283XN UT WOS:000254669900080 ER PT J AU Jurchescu, OD Hamadani, BH Xiong, HD Park, SK Subramanian, S Zimmerman, NM Anthony, JE Jackson, TN Gundlach, DJ AF Jurchescu, Oana D. Hamadani, Behrang H. Xiong, Hao D. Park, Sungkyu K. Subramanian, Sankar Zimmerman, Neil M. Anthony, John E. Jackson, Thomas N. Gundlach, David J. TI Correlation between microstructure, electronic properties and flicker noise in organic thin film transistors SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID 1/F NOISE; SEMICONDUCTORS; PENTACENE AB We report on observations of a correlation between the microstructure of organic thin films and their electronic properties when incorporated in field-effect transistors. We present a simple method to induce enhanced grain growth in solution-processed thin film transistors by chemical modification of the source-drain contacts. This leads to improved device performance and gives a unique thin film microstructure for fundamental studies concerning the effect of structural order on the charge transport. We demonstrate that the 1/f flicker noise is sensitive to organic semiconductor thin film microstructure changes in the transistor channel. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Jurchescu, Oana D.; Hamadani, Behrang H.; Xiong, Hao D.; Gundlach, David J.] NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Jurchescu, Oana D.; Park, Sungkyu K.; Jackson, Thomas N.] Penn State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Ctr Thin Film Devices, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Jurchescu, Oana D.; Park, Sungkyu K.; Jackson, Thomas N.] Penn State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Subramanian, Sankar; Anthony, John E.] Univ Kentucky, Dept Chem, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. [Zimmerman, Neil M.] NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jurchescu, OD (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM oana.jurchescu@nist.gov; david.gundlach@nist.gov RI park, sung kyu/H-5338-2011; Jackson, Thomas/A-4224-2012; OI Anthony, John/0000-0002-8972-1888 NR 10 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 31 PY 2008 VL 92 IS 13 AR 132103 DI 10.1063/1.2903508 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 283XN UT WOS:000254669900037 ER PT J AU Gloeckner, DR Luczkovich, JJ AF Gloeckner, David R. Luczkovich, Joseph J. TI Experimental assessment of trophic impacts from a network model of a seagrass ecosystem: Direct and indirect effects of gulf flounder, spot and pinfish on benthic polychaetes SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mixed trophic impacts; network analysis; seagrass beds ID NORTH-CAROLINA; LAGODON-RHOMBOIDES; FOOD WEBS; LEIOSTOMUS-XANTHURUS; SHOOT-DENSITY; STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY; HALODULE-WRIGHTII; CHESAPEAKE BAY; MARINE FISHES; LEAF HEIGHT AB Trophic cascades are predicted to occur when the abundance of predators is increased, directly reducing the abundance of the intermediate prey and indirectly increasing the abundance of the prey at the base of a food web. Mixed trophic impact analysis of a network model developed for Apalachee Bay, near St. Marks, FL, USA predicted such a trophic cascade, in that increased abundance of juvenile gulf flounder Paralichthys albigutta ((x) over bar= 149 turn SL, effective trophic level 3.9) should have a negative impact on juvenile spot Leiostomus xanthurus ((x) over bar =30 runt SL, effective trophic level 2.9) and a positive impact on benthic polychaetes (effective trophic levels 2.3 for deposit feeders and 3.0 for predatory polychaetes) in Halodule wrightii seagrass beds. We tested the predictions of the mixed trophic impact analysis by manipulating the abundance of the high trophic-level species (juvenile gulf flounder) in a cage-exclusion study in the North River, near Harkers Island, NC, USA. We compared the polychaete communities in St. Marks, FL and Harkers Island, NC, and showed that they are 5 1 % similar (Jaccard's Index) at the family level, with the same eight dominant families (Nereidae, Capitellidae, Syllidae, Spionidae, Cirratulidae, Terebellidae, Sabellidae, and Maldanidae) present in both locations. We used 24 open-bottom cages to enclose the benthos and its seagrass-associated animal communities. We manipulated each cage by assigning it to one of the following treatments: (1) inclusion of fishes in upper and intermediate trophic levels (I juvenile gulf flounder and 10 juvenile spot, the flounder+ spot treatment); (2) inclusion of the intermediate predator (10 juvenile spot with no gulf flounder, the spot-only treatment); and (3) no fish added (unmanipulated controls). Core samples taken within the cages provided pre- and post-experimental measures of polychaete density and biomass, and the difference in density and biomass were used as response variables. At the end of the experiment, we collected, weighed, and analyzed the gut contents of all juvenile spot present in the cages. Juvenile pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides, (x) over bar= 30 turn SL) were present at the end of the study, having arrived as larvae or being trapped during cage set-up, and these fish were also examined, because they also eat polychaetes and their natural densities exceeded our introduced spot densities. Significant differences among treatments were detected for the polychaete family Terebellidae for both the change in density and biomass (pre-experiment - post-experiment). Densities of the Terebellidae changed in the direction predicted by the network model's impact analysis, declining in the cages with spot added compared with the control cages. Analyses of the other response variables (post-experiment spot and pinfish densities and biomass, difference between pre- and post-experiment polychaete densities and biomass for other families, and post-experiment spot and pinfish stomach content biomass) showed no significant differences among treatments. Several variables (Nereidae densities, pinfish densities and biomass, and pinfish stomach content biomass) varied between cages with low and high seagrass cover (significant blocking effect, P<0.001). Nereidae densities declined significantly in cages with high (73%) rather than with low coverage (31% cover) of seagrass. Pinfish density and biomass were significantly greater in the high seagrass cages at the end of the experiments (P<0.001), suggesting that dense seagrass attracted them. We conclude thatthe high density of pinfish in dense seagrass was responsible for the decline in density of the Nereidae. The direct effect of intermediate predators (pinfish feeding on polychaete prey) can be influenced by preferential recruitment of fishes to structurally complex habitats. The direction of change of indirect effects, but not the magnitude, in multi-trophic-level food webs can be predicted by the mixed trophic impact analysis of network models. However, these indirect effects are likely to be small in magnitude relative to direct effects and may be difficult to detect experimentally, especially in low-power experimental caging studies with natural fluctuations in recruitment rates of competitor species. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 E Carolina Univ, Dept Biol, Greenville, NC 27858 USA. E Carolina Univ, Inst Coastal & Marine Resources, Greenville, NC 27858 USA. RP Gloeckner, DR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Ctr, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM David.Gloeckner@noaa.gov NR 58 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD MAR 31 PY 2008 VL 357 IS 2 BP 109 EP 120 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.031 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 286LB UT WOS:000254846300002 ER PT J AU Cundiff, ST AF Cundiff, Steven T. TI Coherent spectroscopy of semiconductors SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Review ID GAAS QUANTUM-WELLS; FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY; HEAVY-HOLE EXCITONS; NONLINEAR-OPTICAL RESPONSE; PHOTON-ECHO; 4-WAVE-MIXING SIGNALS; LIGHT-HOLE; BULK GAAS; QUASI-2-DIMENSIONAL EXCITONS; POLARIZATION DEPENDENCE AB The coherent optical response of semiconductors has been the subject of substantial research over the last couple of decades. The interest has been motivated by unique aspects of the interaction between light and semiconductors that are revealed by coherent techniques. The ability to probe the dynamics of charge carriers has been a significant driver. This paper presents a review of selected results in coherent optical spectroscopy of semiconductors. (c) 2008 Optical Society of America. C1 [Cundiff, Steven T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Cundiff, Steven T.] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cundiff, ST (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 142 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 4 U2 33 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD MAR 31 PY 2008 VL 16 IS 7 BP 4639 EP 4664 DI 10.1364/OE.16.004639 PG 26 WC Optics SC Optics GA 290CL UT WOS:000255100400028 PM 18542562 ER PT J AU Germer, TA Wolters, C Brayton, D AF Germer, Thomas A. Wolters, Christian Brayton, Don TI Calibration of wafer surface inspection systems using spherical silica nanoparticles SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID POLARIZED-LIGHT SCATTERING; METALLIC SPHERES; SIZE; SUBSTRATE; PARTICLES AB Silica nanospheres with diameters ranging from 60 nm to 269 nm are investigated as an alternative to polystyrene spheres for calibrating laser-scattering-based wafer surface inspection systems, since they are less susceptible to changes upon ultraviolet exposure. Polystyrene and silica spheres were classified by differential mobility analysis before being deposited onto bare silicon wafers, and scattered signals were measured by two commercial tools using 488 nm and 355 nm laser light. The instrument signals were modeled by integrating a theoretically-determined differential cross section over the collection geometry of each tool, and the predicted signals were compared to the measured signals. The resulting calibrations, whether performed using the polystyrene spheres, the silica spheres, or both, were found to be equivalent and to meet industry requirements, provided the index of refraction of the silica spheres was allowed to be a floating parameter. The indices were found to be 1.413 and 1.421 at 488 nm and 355 nm, respectively, consistent with a void fraction of 11.4%. (c) 2008 Optical Society of America. C1 [Germer, Thomas A.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Wolters, Christian; Brayton, Don] KLA Tencor Corp, Milpitas, CA 95035 USA. RP Germer, TA (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM thomas.germer@nist.gov NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD MAR 31 PY 2008 VL 16 IS 7 BP 4698 EP 4705 DI 10.1364/OE.16.004698 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 290CL UT WOS:000255100400032 PM 18542566 ER PT J AU Chen, CX Depa, P Maranas, JK Sakai, VG AF Chen, Chunxia Depa, Praveen Maranas, Janna K. Sakai, Victoria Garcia TI Comparison of explicit atom, united atom, and coarse-grained simulations of poly (methyl methacrylate) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; ATOMISTIC SIMULATIONS; MODEL; MELTS; TIME; DEPENDENCE; BLENDS; CHAIN AB We evaluate explicit atom, united atom, and coarse-grained force fields for molecular dynamics simulation of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) by comparison to structural and dynamic neutron scattering data. The coarse-grained force field is assigned based on output of the united atom simulation, for which we use an existing force field. The atomic structure of PMMA requires the use of two types of coarse-grained beads, one representing the backbone part of the repeat unit and the other representing the side group. The explicit atom description more closely resembles dynamic experimental data than the united atom description, although the latter provides a reasonable approximation. The coarse-grained description provides structural and dynamic properties in agreement with the united atom description on which it is based, while allowing extension of the time trajectory of the simulation. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Chen, Chunxia; Depa, Praveen; Maranas, Janna K.] Penn State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Sakai, Victoria Garcia] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chen, CX (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM jmaranas@psu.edu NR 35 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAR 28 PY 2008 VL 128 IS 12 AR 124906 DI 10.1063/1.2833545 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 281ZK UT WOS:000254537200073 PM 18376972 ER PT J AU Spielman, IB Phillips, WD Porto, JV AF Spielman, I. B. Phillips, W. D. Porto, J. V. TI Condensate fraction in a 2D Bose gas measured across the Mott-insulator transition SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUPERFLUID; ATOMS AB We realize a single-band 2D Bose-Hubbard system with Rb atoms in an optical lattice and measure the condensate fraction as a function of lattice depth, crossing from the superfluid to the Mott-insulating phase. We quantitatively identify the location of the superfluid to normal transition by observing when the condensed fraction vanishes. Our measurement agrees with recent quantum Monte Carlo calculations for a finite-sized 2D system to within experimental uncertainty. C1 [Spielman, I. B.; Phillips, W. D.; Porto, J. V.] NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Spielman, I. B.; Phillips, W. D.; Porto, J. V.] Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Spielman, IB (reprint author), NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ian.spielman@nist.gov NR 28 TC 83 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 28 PY 2008 VL 100 IS 12 AR 120402 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.120402 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 281CK UT WOS:000254473800002 PM 18517841 ER PT J AU Ludlow, AD Zelevinsky, T Campbell, GK Blatt, S Boyd, MM de Miranda, MHG Martin, MJ Thomsen, JW Foreman, SM Ye, J Fortier, TM Stalnaker, JE Diddams, SA Le Coq, Y Barber, ZW Poli, N Lemke, ND Beck, KM Oates, CW AF Ludlow, A. D. Zelevinsky, T. Campbell, G. K. Blatt, S. Boyd, M. M. de Miranda, M. H. G. Martin, M. J. Thomsen, J. W. Foreman, S. M. Ye, Jun Fortier, T. M. Stalnaker, J. E. Diddams, S. A. Le Coq, Y. Barber, Z. W. Poli, N. Lemke, N. D. Beck, K. M. Oates, C. W. TI Sr lattice clock at 1 x 10(-16) fractional uncertainty by remote optical evaluation with a Ca clock SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY; NOISE; LASER C1 [Ludlow, A. D.; Zelevinsky, T.; Campbell, G. K.; Blatt, S.; Boyd, M. M.; de Miranda, M. H. G.; Martin, M. J.; Thomsen, J. W.; Foreman, S. M.; Ye, Jun] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Ludlow, A. D.; Zelevinsky, T.; Campbell, G. K.; Blatt, S.; Boyd, M. M.; de Miranda, M. H. G.; Martin, M. J.; Thomsen, J. W.; Foreman, S. M.; Ye, Jun] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Fortier, T. M.; Stalnaker, J. E.; Diddams, S. A.; Le Coq, Y.; Barber, Z. W.; Poli, N.; Lemke, N. D.; Beck, K. M.; Oates, C. W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ye, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM ye@jila.colorado.edu RI Campbell, Gretchen/E-8338-2010; Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Poli, Nicola/B-2166-2012; Blatt, Sebastian/F-8986-2012; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013; Lemke, Nathan/L-9059-2013; Thomsen, Jan W./M-9087-2016; OI Campbell, Gretchen/0000-0003-2596-1919; Poli, Nicola/0000-0003-4225-6832; Blatt, Sebastian/0000-0003-2466-9967; Lemke, Nathan/0000-0003-4165-0715; Thomsen, Jan W./0000-0003-3423-6989; , /0000-0003-2486-4164 NR 33 TC 377 Z9 399 U1 5 U2 38 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 28 PY 2008 VL 319 IS 5871 BP 1805 EP 1808 DI 10.1126/science.1153341 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 279ZF UT WOS:000254394000041 PM 18276849 ER PT J AU Rosenband, T Hume, DB Schmidt, PO Chou, CW Brusch, A Lorini, L Oskay, WH Drullinger, RE Fortier, TM Stalnaker, JE Diddams, SA Swann, WC Newbury, NR Itano, WM Wineland, DJ Bergquist, JC AF Rosenband, T. Hume, D. B. Schmidt, P. O. Chou, C. W. Brusch, A. Lorini, L. Oskay, W. H. Drullinger, R. E. Fortier, T. M. Stalnaker, J. E. Diddams, S. A. Swann, W. C. Newbury, N. R. Itano, W. M. Wineland, D. J. Bergquist, J. C. TI Frequency ratio of Al+ and Hg+ single-ion optical clocks; Metrology at the 17th decimal place SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NOBEL LECTURE; TRAPPED ION; LASER; UNCERTAINTY; SPECTROSCOPY; LINEWIDTHS; STANDARD; LEVEL AB Time has always had a special status in physics because of its fundamental role in specifying the regularities of nature and because of the extraordinary precision with which it can be measured. This precision enables tests of fundamental physics and cosmology, as well as practical applications such as satellite navigation. Recently, a regime of operation for atomic clocks based on optical transitions has become possible, promising even higher performance. We report the frequency ratio of two optical atomic clocks with a fractional uncertainty of 5.2 x 10(-17). The ratio of aluminum and mercury single- ion optical clock frequencies nu(Al+)/nu(Hg+) is 1.052871833148990438( 55), where the uncertainty comprises a statistical measurement uncertainty of 4.3 x 10(-17), and systematic uncertainties of 1.9 x 10(-17) and 2.3 x 10(-17) in the mercury and aluminum frequency standards, respectively. Repeated measurements during the past year yield a preliminary constraint on the temporal variation of the fine- structure constant alpha of alpha/alpha = (-1.6 +/- 2. 3) x 10(-17)/year. C1 [Rosenband, T.; Hume, D. B.; Schmidt, P. O.; Chou, C. W.; Brusch, A.; Lorini, L.; Oskay, W. H.; Drullinger, R. E.; Fortier, T. M.; Stalnaker, J. E.; Diddams, S. A.; Swann, W. C.; Newbury, N. R.; Itano, W. M.; Wineland, D. J.; Bergquist, J. C.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Rosenband, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM trosen@boulder.nist.gov RI Brusch, Anders/B-1027-2011; Schmidt, Piet/F-6384-2011; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 OI Schmidt, Piet/0000-0003-0773-5889; NR 30 TC 758 Z9 774 U1 14 U2 113 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 28 PY 2008 VL 319 IS 5871 BP 1808 EP 1812 DI 10.1126/science.1154622 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 279ZF UT WOS:000254394000042 PM 18323415 ER PT J AU Jimeno, M Christensen, KJ Roginsky, A AF Jimeno, M. Christensen, K. J. Roginsky, A. TI Two-tier Bloom filter to achieve faster membership testing SO ELECTRONICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Testing for element membership in a Bloom filter requires hashing of a test element (e.g. a string) and multiple lookups in memory. A design of a new two-tier Bloom filter with on-chip hash functions and cache is described. For elements with a heavy-tailed distribution for popularity, membership testing time can be significantly reduced. C1 [Jimeno, M.; Christensen, K. J.] Univ S Florida, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. [Roginsky, A.] NIST, Comp Secur Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jimeno, M (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, 4202 E Fowler Ave,ENB 118, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. EM mjimeno@cse.usf.edu NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY-IET PI HERTFORD PA MICHAEL FARADAY HOUSE SIX HILLS WAY STEVENAGE, HERTFORD SG1 2AY, ENGLAND SN 0013-5194 J9 ELECTRON LETT JI Electron. Lett. PD MAR 27 PY 2008 VL 44 IS 7 BP 503 EP 504 DI 10.1049/el:20080081 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 295HK UT WOS:000255465400032 ER PT J AU Livesey, NJ Filipiak, MJ Froidevaux, L Read, WG Lambert, A Santee, ML Jiang, JH Pumphrey, HC Waters, JW Cofield, RE Cuddy, DT Daffer, WH Drouin, BJ Fuller, RA Jarnot, RF Jiang, YB Knosp, BW Li, QB Perun, VS Schwartz, MJ Snyder, WV Stek, PC Thurstans, RP Wagner, PA Avery, M Browell, EV Cammas, JP Christensen, LE Diskin, GS Gao, RS Jost, HJ Loewenstein, M Lopez, JD Nedelec, P Osterman, GB Sachse, GW Webster, CR AF Livesey, N. J. Filipiak, M. J. Froidevaux, L. Read, W. G. Lambert, A. Santee, M. L. Jiang, J. H. Pumphrey, H. C. Waters, J. W. Cofield, R. E. Cuddy, D. T. Daffer, W. H. Drouin, B. J. Fuller, R. A. Jarnot, R. F. Jiang, Y. B. Knosp, B. W. Li, Q. B. Perun, V. S. Schwartz, M. J. Snyder, W. V. Stek, P. C. Thurstans, R. P. Wagner, P. A. Avery, M. Browell, E. V. Cammas, J. -P. Christensen, L. E. Diskin, G. S. Gao, R. -S. Jost, H. -J. Loewenstein, M. Lopez, J. D. Nedelec, P. Osterman, G. B. Sachse, G. W. Webster, C. R. TI Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder O-3 and CO observations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MOZAIC AIRBORNE PROGRAM; DIAL MEASUREMENTS; WATER-VAPOR; EOS MLS; OZONE; TRANSPORT; AIRCRAFT; AIR; RETRIEVAL; SATELLITE AB Global satellite observations of ozone and carbon monoxide from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the EOS Aura spacecraft are discussed with emphasis on those observations in the 215-100 hPa region (the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere). The precision, resolution and accuracy of the data produced by the MLS "version 2.2'' processing algorithms are discussed and quantified. O-3 accuracy is estimated at similar to 40 ppbv + 5% (similar to 20 ppbv + 20% at 215 hPa) while the CO accuracy is estimated at similar to 30 ppbv + 30% for pressures of 147 hPa and less. Comparisons with expectations and other observations show good agreements for the O3 product, generally consistent with the systematic errors quoted above. In the case of CO, a persistent factor of similar to 2 high bias is seen at 215 hPa. However, the morphology is shown to be realistic, consistent with raw MLS radiance data, and useful for scientific study. The MLS CO data at higher altitudes are shown to be consistent with other observations. C1 [Livesey, N. J.; Froidevaux, L.; Read, W. G.; Lambert, A.; Santee, M. L.; Jiang, J. H.; Waters, J. W.; Cofield, R. E.; Cuddy, D. T.; Daffer, W. H.; Drouin, B. J.; Fuller, R. A.; Jarnot, R. F.; Jiang, Y. B.; Knosp, B. W.; Li, Q. B.; Perun, V. S.; Schwartz, M. J.; Snyder, W. V.; Stek, P. C.; Thurstans, R. P.; Wagner, P. A.; Christensen, L. E.; Osterman, G. B.; Webster, C. R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Filipiak, M. J.; Pumphrey, H. C.] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. [Avery, M.; Browell, E. V.; Diskin, G. S.; Sachse, G. W.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Cammas, J. -P.; Nedelec, P.] CNRS, UMR5560, Lab Aerol, F-31400 Toulouse, France. [Gao, R. -S.] NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Jost, H. -J.] Novawave Technol, Redwood City, CA 94065 USA. [Loewenstein, M.; Lopez, J. D.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Livesey, NJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 183-701, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM nathaniel.j.livesey@jpl.nasa.gov RI Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; Schwartz, Michael/F-5172-2016; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Schwartz, Michael/0000-0001-6169-5094; NR 35 TC 122 Z9 124 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 27 PY 2008 VL 113 IS D15 AR D15S02 DI 10.1029/2007JD008805 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 281XS UT WOS:000254532800001 ER PT J AU Rosenlof, KH Reid, GC AF Rosenlof, Karen H. Reid, George C. TI Trends in the temperature and water vapor content of the tropical lower stratosphere: Sea surface connection SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TROPOPAUSE TEMPERATURES; RADIOSONDE DATA; TEMPORAL HOMOGENIZATION; PART I; CIRCULATION; CYCLE AB The tropical lower stratosphere is an important region of the atmosphere, where strong convective activity in the underlying troposphere affects both its chemical and dynamical properties. Temperatures near the tropopause influence the input of water vapor from the troposphere and act as an indicator of the dynamical properties of the region. This paper addresses long-term trends in the temperature of the tropical lower stratosphere. Correlations with recent changes in tropical stratospheric water vapor are also noted. Special attention is given to the convectively active tropical western Pacific Ocean, where sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are among the highest in the world. The region contains several island radiosonde stations with records reliably extending over several decades. Results show only weak cooling trends occurred before the 1990s, but a strong and rapid cooling of 4 degrees to 6 degrees C took place in the mid-1990s and has persisted since that time. The properties of the temperature records during and following this cooling event are discussed, and a significant anticorrelation with SST anomalies in the underlying ocean is noted. The rate of ocean warming increased in the early 1990s, coinciding approximately with the mid-decade cooling event, while individual monthly anomalies in both time series are also anticorrelated. Past work has shown that cooling of the tropical lower stratosphere is a dynamical result of tropospheric convection, which in turn partially depends upon sea surface temperatures. Convection may therefore be the link between the ocean and the stratosphere, and the increased cooling may be an indication of strengthening tropical convection. C1 [Rosenlof, Karen H.; Reid, George C.] NOAA, Earth Sci Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Rosenlof, KH (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Sci Res Lab, Mail Stop R CSD-6,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. EM karen.h.rosenlof@noaa.gov RI Rosenlof, Karen/B-5652-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Rosenlof, Karen/0000-0002-0903-8270; NR 36 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 27 PY 2008 VL 113 IS D6 AR D06107 DI 10.1029/2007JD009109 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 281XP UT WOS:000254532500002 ER PT J AU Yu, SC Mathur, R Schere, K Kang, DW Pleim, J Young, J Tong, D Pouliot, G McKeen, SA Rao, ST AF Yu, Shaocai Mathur, Rohit Schere, Kenneth Kang, Daiwen Pleim, Jonathan Young, Jeffrey Tong, Daniel Pouliot, George McKeen, Stuart A. Rao, S. T. TI Evaluation of real-time PM2.5 forecasts and process analysis for PM2.5 formation over the eastern United States using the Eta-CMAQ forecast model during the 2004 ICARTT study SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOLS; AIR-QUALITY MODELS; SYSTEM AB The performance of the Eta-Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system in forecasting PM2.5 and chemical species is assessed over the eastern United States with the observations obtained by aircraft (NOAA P-3 and NASA DC-8) and four surface monitoring networks (AIRNOW, IMPROVE, CASTNet and STN) during the 2004 International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) study. The results of the statistical analysis at the AIRNOW sites show that the model was able to reproduce the day-to-day and spatial variations of observed PM2.5 and captured a majority (73%) of PM2.5 observations within a factor of 2, with normalized mean bias of -21%. The consistent underestimations in regional PM2.5 forecast at other networks (IMPROVE and STN) were mainly due to the underestimation of total carbonaceous aerosols at both urban and rural sites. The significant underestimation of the "other'' category, which predominantly is composed of primary emitted trace elements in the current model configuration, is also one of the reasons leading to the underestimation of PM2.5 at rural sites. The systematic overestimations of SO42- both at the surface sites and aloft, in part, suggest too much SO2 cloud oxidation due to the overestimation of SO2 and H2O2 in the model. The underestimation of NH4+ at the rural sites and aloft may be attributed to the exclusion of some sources of NH3 in the emission inventory. The systematic underestimations of NO3- may result from the general overestimations of SO42-. Note that there are compensating errors among the underestimation of PM2.5 species (such as total carbonaceous aerosols) and overestimation of PM2.5 species (such as SO42-), leading to generally better performance of PM2.5 mass. The systematic underestimation of biogenic isoprene (by similar to 30%) and terpene (by a factor of 4) suggests that their biogenic emissions may have been biased low, whereas the consistent overestimations of toluene by the model under the different conditions suggest that its anthropogenic emissions might be too high. The contributions of various physical and chemical processes governing the distribution of PM2.5 during this period are investigated through detailed analysis of model process budgets using the integrated process rate (IPR) analysis along back trajectories at five selected locations in Pennsylvania and Georgia. The results show that the dominant processes for PM2.5 formation and removal vary from the site to site, indicating significant spatial variability. C1 [Yu, Shaocai; Mathur, Rohit; Schere, Kenneth; Pleim, Jonathan; Young, Jeffrey; Tong, Daniel; Pouliot, George; Rao, S. T.] NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci & Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Yu, Shaocai; Mathur, Rohit; Schere, Kenneth; Kang, Daiwen; Pleim, Jonathan; Young, Jeffrey; Tong, Daniel; Pouliot, George; Rao, S. T.] US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [McKeen, Stuart A.] NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Yu, SC (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci & Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM yu.shaocai@epa.gov RI Tong, Daniel/A-8255-2008; yu, shaocai/G-7806-2011; McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; yu, shaocai/F-1394-2014; Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/C-1331-2017 OI Tong, Daniel/0000-0002-4255-4568; Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/0000-0001-6190-6082 NR 39 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 29 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 27 PY 2008 VL 113 IS D6 AR D06204 DI 10.1029/2007JD009226 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 281XP UT WOS:000254532500003 ER PT J AU Coskuner, O Jarvis, EAA AF Coskuner, Orkid Jarvis, Emily A. A. TI Coordination studies of Al-EDTA in aqueous solution SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID METAL-IONS; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; EXCHANGE-REACTIONS; TRANSITION-METALS; FORCE-FIELD; ALUMINUM; WATER; TOXICITY; DIVALENT; COMPLEX AB The degree of aluminum toxicity is based on its complexation with,organic ligands. One of these complexes is AlEDTA(-) (Al = aluminum, EDTA = ethylenediaminetetraacetate), the structure of which in aqueous solution has been debated on the basis of X-ray absorption and NMR measurements with different interpretations proposing different coordination. In addition, there is a lack of consensus regarding the relationship of crystalline AlEDTA(-) and its geometry in solution. This debate must be resolved, not merely for scientific interest, but because the use of an incorrect coordination might lead to the wrong interpretation of bioactivity and kinetics data. In this work, we predict the coordination of Al in aqueous AlEDTA(-) by employing ab initio calculations and Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations. Our results indicate that AlEDTA(-) favors Al in octahedral coordination in aqueous solution. Furthermore, the predicted crystalline and solution-phase structures of AlEDTA(-) are similar and agree well with recent X-ray measurements, supporting the strong chelating nature of this metal-organic complex in aqueous solution. C1 [Coskuner, Orkid; Jarvis, Emily A. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20889 USA. [Coskuner, Orkid] Stanford Univ, Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Palo Alto, CA 94025 USA. RP Coskuner, O (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Coll Sci, Computat Mat Sci Ctr, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. EM orkid.coskuner@nist.gov RI Coskuner, Orkid/O-5376-2016 OI Coskuner, Orkid/0000-0002-0772-9350 NR 56 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD MAR 27 PY 2008 VL 112 IS 12 BP 2628 EP 2633 DI 10.1021/jp7098575 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 277JV UT WOS:000254209400017 PM 18293948 ER PT J AU Roth, PB Mikulskil, CM Doucette, GJ AF Roth, Patricia B. Mikulskil, Christina M. Doucette, Gregory J. TI Influence of microbial interactions on the susceptibility of Karenia spp. to algicidal bacteria SO AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE algicidal bacteria; antagonism; CFB complex; Karenia brevis; microbial interactions ID GERMAN WADDEN SEA; MARINE-BACTERIA; GYMNODINIUM-NAGASAKIENSE; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION; NATURAL-PRODUCTS; RED TIDE; ALTEROMONAS; BLOOMS; GROWTH AB A bacterial strain (D38BY) belonging to the family Flavobacteriaceae and antagonistic towards an algicidal bacterium (strain S03; Flavobacteriaceae) was isolated from a culture of the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis that had previously been characterized as resistant to attack by strain S03. This antagonistic bacterium increased the survival time of otherwise susceptible, bacteria-free K brevis cultures in a concentration-dependent manner during exposure to the algicidal bacterium. Experimental evidence indicated that direct contact was required in order for strain D38BY to inhibit the killing activity of algicidal strain S03. While further work is needed to determine its precise mode of action, the antagonistic properties of strain D38BY provide further evidence that the resistance or susceptibility of certain algal taxa to algicidal attack can be more a function of interactions within the ambient microbial community than an intrinsic property of the alga. C1 [Roth, Patricia B.; Mikulskil, Christina M.; Doucette, Gregory J.] Natl Ocean Serv, NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Roth, Patricia B.] Coll Charleston, Grice Marine Biol Lab, Grad Program Marine Biol, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Doucette, GJ (reprint author), Natl Ocean Serv, NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM greg.doucette@noaa.gov RI Doucette, Gregory/M-3283-2013 NR 40 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 13 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0948-3055 J9 AQUAT MICROB ECOL JI Aquat. Microb. Ecol. PD MAR 26 PY 2008 VL 50 IS 3 BP 251 EP 259 DI 10.3354/ame01167 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 291US UT WOS:000255223000005 ER PT J AU Wu, H Zhou, W Udovic, TJ Rush, JJ Yildirim, T AF Wu, Hui Zhou, Wei Udovic, Terrence J. Rush, John J. Yildirim, Taner TI Crystal chemistry of perovskite-type hydride NaMgH3: Implications for hydrogen storage SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-PRESSURE SYNTHESIS; ALKALINE-EARTH HYDRIDE; TEMPERATURE FUEL-CELLS; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; STRUCTURAL-CHARACTERIZATION; SOLID ELECTROLYTES; METAL-HYDRIDES; SYSTEM; SELECTION AB The crystal structure, lattice dynamics, and local metal-hydrogen bonding of the perovskite hydride NaMgH3 were investigated using combined neutron powder diffraction, neutron vibrational spectroscopy, and first-principles calculations. NaMgH3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic GdFeO3-type perovskite structure (Pnma) with a(-)b(+)a(-) octahedral tilting in the temperature range of 4 to 370 K. In contrast with previous structure Studies, the refined Mg-H lengths and H-Mg-H angles indicate that the MgH6 octahedra maintain a near ideal configuration, which is corroborated by bond valence methods and our DFT calculations, and is consistent with perovskite oxides with similar tolerance factor values. The temperature dependences of the lattice distortion, octahedral tilting angle, and atomic displacement of H are also consistent with the recently observed high H mobility at elevated temperature. The stability and dynamics of NaMgH3 are discussed and rationalized in terms of the details of our observed perovskite structure. Further experiments reveal that its perovskite crystal structure and associated rapid hydrogen motion can be used to improve the slow hydrogenation kinetics of some strongly bound light-metal-hydride systems such as MgH2 and possibly to design new alloy hydrides with desirable hydrogen-storage properties. C1 [Wu, Hui; Zhou, Wei; Udovic, Terrence J.; Rush, John J.; Yildirim, Taner] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Wu, Hui; Zhou, Wei; Rush, John J.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Yildirim, Taner] Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Wu, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr,MS 6102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM huiwu@nist.gov RI Wu, Hui/C-6505-2008; Zhou, Wei/C-6504-2008; yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 OI Wu, Hui/0000-0003-0296-5204; Zhou, Wei/0000-0002-5461-3617; NR 53 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD MAR 25 PY 2008 VL 20 IS 6 BP 2335 EP 2342 DI 10.1021/cm703356v PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 276GH UT WOS:000254128800042 ER PT J AU Park, MJ Nedoma, AJ Geissler, PL Balsara, NP Jackson, A Cookson, D AF Park, Moon Jeong Nedoma, Alisyn J. Geissler, Phillip L. Balsara, Nitash P. Jackson, Andrew Cookson, David TI Humidity-induced phase transitions in ion-containing block copolymer membranes SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID MICROPHASE SEPARATION; POLYSTYRENE; BEHAVIOR; SOLVENTS; SYSTEMS; STATE AB The phase behavior of ion-containing block copolymer membranes in equilibrium with humidified air is studied as a function of the relative humidity (RH) of the surrounding air, ion content of the copolymer, and temperature. Increasing RH at constant temperature results in both disorder-to-order and order-to-order transitions. In-situ small-angle neutron scattering experiments on the open block copolymer system, when combined with wafer uptake measurement, indicate that the disorder-to-order transition is driven by an increase in the partial molar entropy of the water molecules in the ordered phase relative to that in the disordered phase. This is in contrast to most systems wherein increasing entropy results in stabilization of the disordered phase. C1 [Park, Moon Jeong; Nedoma, Alisyn J.; Balsara, Nitash P.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Park, Moon Jeong; Nedoma, Alisyn J.; Cookson, David] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Park, Moon Jeong; Balsara, Nitash P.] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Geissler, Phillip L.] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Geissler, Phillip L.] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Balsara, Nitash P.] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Jackson, Andrew] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Jackson, Andrew] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Cookson, David] Argonne Natl Lab, Australian Synchroton Res Program, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Balsara, NP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Jackson, Andrew/B-9793-2008; Park, Moon Jeong/F-5752-2013; OI Jackson, Andrew/0000-0002-6296-0336; Nedoma, Alisyn/0000-0002-3537-2846 NR 25 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 4 U2 28 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD MAR 25 PY 2008 VL 41 IS 6 BP 2271 EP 2277 DI 10.1021/ma702320t PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 276HZ UT WOS:000254133200049 ER PT J AU Hiscock, MR Lance, VP Apprill, AM Bidigare, RR Johnson, ZI Mitchell, BG Smith, WO Barber, RT AF Hiscock, Michael R. Lance, Veronica P. Apprill, Amy M. Bidigare, Robert R. Johnson, Zackary I. Mitchell, B. Greg Smith, Walker O., Jr. Barber, Richard T. TI Photosynthetic maximum quantum yield increases are an essential component of the Southern Ocean phytoplankton response to iron SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE climate change; iron fertilization; primary production; high-latitude photophysiology; photochemical efficiency ID EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; ENRICHMENT EXPERIMENT; ATLANTIC SECTOR; LIGHT; FERTILIZATION; SIZE; MODELS; COLOR; WATER AB It is well established that an increase in iron supply causes an increase in total oceanic primary production in many regions, but the physiological mechanism driving the observed increases has not been clearly identified. The Southern Ocean iron enrichment experiment, an iron fertilization experiment in the waters closest to Antarctica, resulted in a 9-fold increase in chlorophyll (Chl) concentration and a 5-fold increase in integrated primary production. Upon iron addition, the maximum quantum yield of photosynthesis (phi(m)) rapidly doubled, from 0.011 to 0.025 mol C.mol quanta(-1). Paradoxically, this increase in light-limited productivity was not accompanied by a significant increase in light-saturated productivity (P-max(b)). P-max(b) maximum Chl normalized productivity, was 1.34 mg C.mg Chl(-1).h(-1) outside and 1.49 mg C.mg Chl(-1)-h(-1) inside the iron-enriched patch. The importance of phi(m) as compared with P-max(b) in controlling the biological response to iron addition has vast implications for understanding the ecological response to iron. We show that an iron-driven increase in phi(m) is the proximate physiological mechanism affected by iron addition and can account for most of the increases in primary production. The relative importance of phi(m) over P-max(b) in this iron-fertilized bloom highlights the limitations of often-used primary productivity algorithms that are driven by estimates of P-max(b) but largely ignore variability in phi(m) and light-limited productivity. To use primary productivity models that include variability in iron supply in prediction or forecasting, the variability of light-limited productivity must be resolved. C1 [Hiscock, Michael R.] Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Hiscock, Michael R.; Lance, Veronica P.; Barber, Richard T.] Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. [Apprill, Amy M.; Bidigare, Robert R.; Johnson, Zackary I.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Mitchell, B. Greg] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Smith, Walker O., Jr.] Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Hiscock, MR (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, 300 Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM mhiscock@princeton.edu RI Johnson, Zackary/E-4601-2011 OI Johnson, Zackary/0000-0003-0793-8512 NR 41 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 12 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAR 25 PY 2008 VL 105 IS 12 BP 4775 EP 4780 DI 10.1073/pnas.0705006105 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 285JI UT WOS:000254772700044 PM 18349145 ER PT J AU Berglund, AJ Hanssen, JL McClelland, JJ AF Berglund, Andrew J. Hanssen, James L. McClelland, Jabez J. TI Narrow-line magneto-optical cooling and trapping of strongly magnetic atoms SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRANSITIONS AB Laser cooling on weak transitions is a useful technique for reaching ultracold temperatures in atoms with multiple valence electrons. However, for strongly magnetic atoms a conventional narrow-line magneto-optical trap (MOT) is destabilized by competition between optical and magnetic forces. We overcome this difficulty in Er by developing an unusual narrow-line MOT that balances optical and magnetic forces using laser light tuned to the blue side of a narrow (8 kHz) transition. The trap population is spin polarized with temperatures reaching below 2 mu K. Our results constitute an alternative method for laser cooling on weak transitions, applicable to rare-earth-metal and metastable alkaline earth elements. C1 [Berglund, Andrew J.; Hanssen, James L.; McClelland, Jabez J.] NIST, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Hanssen, James L.] Univ Maryland, Maryland NanoCtr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Berglund, AJ (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McClelland, Jabez/A-2358-2015 OI McClelland, Jabez/0000-0001-5672-5965 NR 18 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 21 PY 2008 VL 100 IS 11 AR 113002 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.113002 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 278MZ UT WOS:000254292300021 PM 18517781 ER PT J AU Piniak, GA Storlazzi, CD AF Piniak, Gregory A. Storlazzi, Curt D. TI Diurnal variability in turbidity and coral fluorescence on a fringing reef flat: Southern Molokai, Hawaii SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE turbidity; irradiance; coral; photochemistry; Montipora capitata; PAM fluorometry ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; MEASURED IN-SITU; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; PHOTOCHEMICAL EFFICIENCY; SCLERACTINIAN CORALS; SEDIMENT FLUX; PHOTOINHIBITION; PHOTOPROTECTION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ZOOXANTHELLAE AB Terrigenous sediment in the nearshore environment can pose both acute and chronic stresses to coral reefs. The reef flat off southern Molokai, Hawaii, typically experiences daily turbidity events, in which trade winds and tides combine to resuspend terrigenous sediment and transport it alongshore. These chronic turbidity events could play a role in restricting coral distribution on the reef flat by reducing the light available for photosynthesis. This study describes the effects of these turbidity events on the Hawaiian reef coral Montipora capitata using in situ diurnal measurements of turbidity, light levels, and chlorophyll fluorescence yield via pulse-amplitude-modulated (PAM) fluorometry. Average surface irradiance was similar in the morning and the afternoon, while increased afternoon turbidity resulted in lower subsurface irradiance, higher fluorescence yield (Delta F/F'(m)), and lower relative electron transport rates (rETR). Model calculations based on observed light extinction coeffecients suggest that in the absence of turbidity events, afternoon subsurface irradiances would be 1.43 times higher than observed, resulting in rETR for M. capitata that are 1.40 times higher. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Piniak, Gregory A.] NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. [Storlazzi, Curt D.] USGS Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Piniak, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM greg.piniak@noaa.gov; cstorlazzi@usgs.gov OI Storlazzi, Curt/0000-0001-8057-4490 NR 57 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD MAR 20 PY 2008 VL 77 IS 1 BP 56 EP 64 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2007.08.023 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 285KR UT WOS:000254776200006 ER PT J AU Haidvogel, DB Arango, H Budgell, WP Cornuelle, BD Curchitser, E Di Lorenzo, E Fennel, K Geyer, WR Hermann, AJ Lanerolle, L Levin, J McWilliams, JC Miller, AJ Moore, AM Powell, TM Shchepetkin, AF Sherwood, CR Signell, RP Warner, JC Wilkin, J AF Haidvogel, D. B. Arango, H. Budgell, W. P. Cornuelle, B. D. Curchitser, E. Di Lorenzo, E. Fennel, K. Geyer, W. R. Hermann, A. J. Lanerolle, L. Levin, J. McWilliams, J. C. Miller, A. J. Moore, A. M. Powell, T. M. Shchepetkin, A. F. Sherwood, C. R. Signell, R. P. Warner, J. C. Wilkin, J. TI Ocean forecasting in terrain-following coordinates: Formulation and skill assessment of the Regional Ocean Modeling System SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE regional ocean prediction; incompressible navier-stokes equations; split-explicit time stepping; sea ice modeling; biogeo-chemical cycles ID SEA-ICE DYNAMICS; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; CIRCULATION; TOPOGRAPHY; VARIABILITY; PERFORMANCE; ALTIMETER; EXPLICIT; EQUATION; SURFACE AB Systematic improvements in algorithmic design of regional ocean circulation models have led to significant enhancement in simulation ability across a wide range of space/time scales and marine system types. As an example, we briefly review the Regional Ocean Modeling System, a member of a general class of three-dimensional, free-surface, terrain-following numerical models. Noteworthy characteristics of the ROMS computational kernel include: consistent temporal averaging of the barotropic mode to guarantee both exact conservation and constancy preservation properties for tracers; redefined barotropic pressure-gradient terms to account for local variations in the density field; vertical interpolation performed using conservative parabolic splines; and higher-order, quasi-monotone advection algorithms. Examples of quantitative skill assessment are shown for a tidally driven estuary, an ice-covered high-latitude sea, a wind- and buoyancy-forced continental shelf, and a mid-latitude ocean basin. The combination of moderate-order spatial approximations, enhanced conservation properties, and quasi-monotone advection produces both more robust and accurate, and less diffusive, solutions than those produced in earlier terrain-following ocean models. Together with advanced methods of data assimilation and novel observing system technologies, these capabilities constitute the necessary ingredients for multi-purpose regional ocean prediction systems. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Haidvogel, D. B.; Arango, H.; Curchitser, E.; Levin, J.; Wilkin, J.] Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. [Budgell, W. P.] Inst Marine Res, N-5024 Bergen, Norway. [Cornuelle, B. D.; Miller, A. J.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Di Lorenzo, E.] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Fennel, K.] Dalhousie Univ, Halifax, NS, Canada. [Geyer, W. R.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Hermann, A. J.] Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Lanerolle, L.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Silver Spring, MD USA. [McWilliams, J. C.; Shchepetkin, A. F.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Moore, A. M.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Powell, T. M.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Sherwood, C. R.; Signell, R. P.; Warner, J. C.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Haidvogel, DB (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. EM dale@imcs.rutgers.edu RI Fennel, Katja/A-7470-2009; Wilkin, John/E-5343-2011; Reboreda, Rosa/A-2518-2012; Di Lorenzo, Emanuele/E-9107-2012; OI Fennel, Katja/0000-0003-3170-2331; Wilkin, John/0000-0002-5444-9466; Di Lorenzo, Emanuele/0000-0002-1935-7363; Signell, Richard/0000-0003-0682-9613; Cornuelle, Bruce/0000-0003-2110-3319 NR 58 TC 394 Z9 401 U1 7 U2 40 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9991 EI 1090-2716 J9 J COMPUT PHYS JI J. Comput. Phys. PD MAR 20 PY 2008 VL 227 IS 7 BP 3595 EP 3624 DI 10.1016/j.jcp.2007.06.016 PG 30 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 288SK UT WOS:000255005900009 ER PT J AU Sun, W Deehr, CS Dryer, M Fry, CD Smith, ZK Akasofu, SI AF Sun, W. Deehr, C. S. Dryer, M. Fry, C. D. Smith, Z. K. Akasofu, S. -I. TI Simulated Solar Mass Ejection Imager and "Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory-like" views of the solar wind following the solar flares of 27-29 May 2003 SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID REAL-TIME; INTERPLANETARY SHOCK; APRIL 2001; HELIOSPHERE; MODEL; SMEI; PREDICTION; ARRIVALS; SHEET; CMES AB The three- dimensional Hakamada- Akasofu- Fry ( HAFv. 2) kinematic solar wind model can be extended to predict what the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory ( STEREO) spacecraft might expect in observing large- scale plasma clouds ejected from the Sun. In order to demonstrate this capability, the HAFv. 2 model was used to simulate the first observations of a halo coronal mass ejection ( CME) from the Solar Mass Ejection Imager ( SMEI) instrument on the Coriolis spacecraft, acquired after the solar events of 27- 29 May 2003. Projections of the Thomson- scattered white light intensity on the plane of sky, as observed by the SMEI cameras, were calculated from the three- dimensional simulations. These simulations of the background solar wind and two shock fronts compare favorably with the white light observations of plasma clouds by the SMEI instrument. The method thus developed is then applied to hypothetical locations of the STEREO spacecraft in a later phase of the STEREO mission. It is shown that the model can be a valuable aid and guide in the identification of multiple shock- induced variations of the solar wind. C1 [Sun, W.; Deehr, C. S.] Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Dryer, M.; Fry, C. D.] Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. [Dryer, M.; Smith, Z. K.] NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Akasofu, S. -I.] Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Sun, W (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, 903 Koyukuk Ave, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM wsun_1939@yahoo.com; cdeehr@gi.alaska.edu; murray.dryer@noaa.gov; gfry@expi.com; zdenka.smith@noaa.gov; sakasofu@iarc.uaf.edu RI xue, yansheng/A-9712-2012 NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD MAR 20 PY 2008 VL 6 IS 3 AR S03006 DI 10.1029/2006SW000298 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 281WC UT WOS:000254528600001 ER PT J AU Levy, H Schwarzkopf, MD Horowitz, L Ramaswamy, V Findell, KL AF Levy, Hiram, II Schwarzkopf, M. Daniel Horowitz, Larry Ramaswamy, V. Findell, K. L. TI Strong sensitivity of late 21st century climate to projected changes in short-lived air pollutants SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; PART I; MODEL; AEROSOLS AB This study examines the impact of projected changes ( A1B " marker'' scenario) in emissions of four short- lived air pollutants ( ozone, black carbon, organic carbon, and sulfate) on future climate. Through year 2030, simulated climate is only weakly dependent on the projected levels of short- lived air pollutants, primarily the result of a near cancellation of their global net radiative forcing. However, by year 2100, the projected decrease in sulfate aerosol ( driven by a 65% reduction in global sulfur dioxide emissions) and the projected increase in black carbon aerosol ( driven by a 100% increase in its global emissions) contribute a significant portion of the simulated A1B surface air warming relative to the year 2000: 0.2 degrees C ( Southern Hemisphere), 0.4 degrees C globally, 0.6 degrees C ( Northern Hemisphere), 1.5 - 3 degrees C ( wintertime Arctic), and 1.5 - 2 degrees C ( similar to 40% of the total) in the summertime United States. These projected changes are also responsible for a significant decrease in central United States late summer root zone soil water and precipitation. By year 2100, changes in short- lived air pollutants produce a global average increase in radiative forcing of similar to 1 W/m(2); over east Asia it exceeds 5 W/ m 2. However, the resulting regional patterns of surface temperature warming do not follow the regional patterns of changes in short- lived species emissions, tropospheric loadings, or radiative forcing ( global pattern correlation coefficient of - 0.172). Rather, the regional patterns of warming from short- lived species are similar to the patterns for well- mixed greenhouse gases ( global pattern correlation coefficient of 0.8) with the strongest warming occurring over the summer continental United States, Mediterranean Sea, and southern Europe and over the winter Arctic. C1 [Levy, Hiram, II; Schwarzkopf, M. Daniel; Horowitz, Larry; Ramaswamy, V.; Findell, K. L.] Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, NOAA, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Levy, H (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, NOAA, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM hiram.levy@noaa.gov RI Findell, Kirsten/D-4430-2014; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014 OI Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314 NR 42 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 19 PY 2008 VL 113 IS D6 AR D06102 DI 10.1029/2007JD009176 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 281UC UT WOS:000254523400004 ER PT J AU Levine, NM Doney, SC Wanninkhof, R Lindsay, K Fung, IY AF Levine, Naomi Marcil Doney, Scott C. Wanninkhof, Rik Lindsay, Keith Fung, Inez Y. TI Impact of ocean carbon system variability on the detection of temporal increases in anthropogenic CO(2) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON; NORTHERN INDIAN-OCEAN; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CLIMATE; PACIFIC; MODEL; SEAWATER; TRACER; WATER AB Estimates of temporal trends in oceanic anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO(2)) rely on the ability of empirical methods to remove the large natural variability of the ocean carbon system. A coupled carbon-climate model is used to evaluate these empirical methods. Both the Delta C* and multiple linear regression (MLR) techniques reproduce the predicted increase in dissolved inorganic carbon for the majority of the ocean and have similar average percent errors for decadal differences (24.1% and 25.5%, respectively). However, this study identifies several regions where these methods may introduce errors. Of particular note are mode and deep water formation regions, where changes in air-sea disequilibrium and structure in the MLR residuals introduce errors. These results have significant implications for decadal repeat hydrography programs, indicating the need for subannual sampling in certain regions of the oceans in order to better constrain the natural variability in the system and to robustly estimate the intrusion of anthropogenic CO(2). C1 [Levine, Naomi Marcil] MIT, Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Joint Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Fung, Inez Y.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Atmospher Sci Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Doney, Scott C.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Marine Chem & Geochem Dept, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Lindsay, Keith] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Wanninkhof, Rik] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Levine, NM (reprint author), MIT, Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Joint Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM nlevine@whoi.edu; sdoney@whoi.edu RI Doney, Scott/F-9247-2010; OI Doney, Scott/0000-0002-3683-2437; Levine, Naomi/0000-0002-4963-0535 NR 59 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAR 19 PY 2008 VL 113 IS C3 AR C03019 DI 10.1029/2007JC004153 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 281UQ UT WOS:000254524800002 ER PT J AU Farrugia, CJ Gratton, FT Lund, EJ Sandholt, PE Cowley, SWH Torbert, RB Gnavi, G Mann, IR Bilbao, L Mouikis, C Kistler, L Smith, CW Singer, HJ Watermann, JF AF Farrugia, C. J. Gratton, F. T. Lund, E. J. Sandholt, P. E. Cowley, S. W. H. Torbert, R. B. Gnavi, G. Mann, I. R. Bilbao, L. Mouikis, C. Kistler, L. Smith, C. W. Singer, H. J. Watermann, J. F. TI Two-stage oscillatory response of the magnetopause to a tangential discontinuity/vortex sheet followed by northward IMF: Cluster observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID WIND-MAGNETOSPHERE INTERACTION; INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY; NEAR-EARTH MAGNETOTAIL; SOLAR-WIND; GEOTAIL OBSERVATIONS; PLASMA SHEET; PRESSURE VARIATIONS; BOW SHOCK; FLANKS AB We discuss the motion and structure of the magnetopause/ boundary layer observed by Cluster in response to a joint tangential discontinuity/vortex sheet (TD/VS) observed by the Advanced Composition Explorer spacecraft on 7 December 2000. The observations are then supplemented by theory. Sharp polarity reversals in the east-west components of the field and flow B-y and V-y occurred at the discontinuity. These rotations were followed by a period of strongly northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). These two factors elicited a two-stage response at the magnetopause, as observed by Cluster situated in the boundary layer at the duskside terminator. First, the magnetopause suffered a large deformation from its equilibrium position, with large-amplitude oscillations of similar to 3-min period being set up. These are argued to be mainly the result of tangential stresses associated with Delta V-y the contribution of dynamic pressure changes being small in comparison. This strengthens recent evidence of the importance to magnetospheric dynamics of changes in azimuthal solar wind flow. The TD/VS impact caused a global response seen by ground magnetometers in a magnetic local time range spanning at least 12 h. The response monitored on ground magnetometers is similar to that brought about by magnetopause motions driven by dynamic pressure changes. Second, Cluster recorded higher-frequency waves (similar to 79 s). Two clear phases could be distinguished from the spectral power density, which decreased by a factor of similar to 3 in the second phase. Applying compressible linearized MHD theory, we show that these waves are generated by the Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability. Varying the local magnetic shear at the Cluster locale, as suggested by the temporal profile of the IMF clock angle, we find that locally stability was reinstated, so that the reduced power in the second phase is argued to be due residual KH activity arriving from locations farther to the dayside. C1 [Farrugia, C. J.; Lund, E. J.; Torbert, R. B.; Mouikis, C.; Kistler, L.; Smith, C. W.] Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Farrugia, C. J.; Kistler, L.] Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Gratton, F. T.; Gnavi, G.; Bilbao, L.] Univ Buenos Aires, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. [Gratton, F. T.; Gnavi, G.; Bilbao, L.] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Inst Fis Plasma, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. [Gratton, F. T.] Pontificia Univ Catolica Argentina, Dept Fis, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. [Sandholt, P. E.] Univ Oslo, Dept Phys, N-0317 Oslo, Norway. [Cowley, S. W. H.] Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. [Mann, I. R.] Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Avadh Bhatai Phys Lab, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada. [Singer, H. J.] NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Watermann, J. F.] Danish Inst Fundamental Metrol, Geomagnetism & Space Phys Program, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Farrugia, CJ (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM farrugia@tweedledee.sr.unh.edu; faustogratton@infip.org OI Lund, Eric/0000-0003-1312-9375; Bilbao, Luis/0000-0002-2042-7912 NR 40 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD MAR 19 PY 2008 VL 113 IS A3 AR A03208 DI 10.1029/2007JA012800 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 281VM UT WOS:000254527000006 ER PT J AU Skofronick-Jackson, G Heymsfield, A Holthaus, E Albers, C Kim, MJ AF Skofronick-Jackson, Gail Heymsfield, Andrew Holthaus, Eric Albers, Cerese Kim, Min-Jeong TI Nonspherical and spherical characterization of ice in Hurricane Erin for wideband passive microwave comparisons SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID PART I; MODEL; APPROXIMATION; VERIFICATION; TEMPERATURE; RADIOMETER; PARTICLES; EVOLUTION AB In order to better understand the characteristics and physical-to-radiative relationships of frozen hydrometeors in hurricane systems, computed brightness temperatures (TB) from 10.7 to 183 +/- 10 GHz were compared with radiometric observations of Hurricane Erin (2001) from the NASA ER-2 aircraft. The focus was on the high frequencies (>= 85 GHz) that are particularly sensitive to frozen hydrometeors. In order to initialize the cloud profiles used in the radiative transfer calculations, data from airborne radars, dropsondes, and cloud models were used. Three different ice habit and size parameterizations were used with these cloud profiles to obtain the particle radiative signatures including (1) spherical particles with size distributions derived from in situ observations, (2) spherical "fluffy" snow and graupel particles with modified Marshall-Palmer size distributions, and (3) a non-spherical bullet rosette habit where the radiation attributes (scattering, absorption, and asymmetry properties) were computed using the Discrete Dipole Approximation. In addition, three different reflectivity to ice water content (Z-IWC) relationships were used with the three habit and size parameterizations to provide a measure of the sensitivity of the Z-IWC relationship. This work showed that both the scattering and asymmetry coefficients, along with the ice water content in each layer, play an important role in determining the resultant high frequency brightness temperatures. All low frequency (< 40 GHz) calculations matched the observations with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9. At higher frequencies (> 90 GHz), correlation coefficients ranged from 0.7 to 0.92. Comparing between the three ice habit and size parameterizations showed less than a 0.2 difference in correlation coefficient, while the comparisons between the three Z-IWC relationships caused changes of up to 0.15 in the correlation coefficients, but they had a significant effect on the mean differences between the observations and the calculations. C1 [Skofronick-Jackson, Gail] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Heymsfield, Andrew] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Holthaus, Eric] Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. [Albers, Cerese] Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Kim, Min-Jeong] NOAA, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Skofronick-Jackson, G (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 614-6,Bldg 33,RoomA428, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM gail.s.jackson@nasa.gov RI Heymsfield, Andrew/E-7340-2011; Skofronick-Jackson, Gail/D-5354-2012 NR 33 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 18 PY 2008 VL 113 IS D6 AR D06201 DI 10.1029/2007JD008866 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 281UB UT WOS:000254523300002 ER PT J AU Wang, W Liang, S Meyers, T AF Wang, Wenhui Liang, Shunlin Meyers, Tilden TI Validating MODIS land surface temperature products using long-term nighttime ground measurements SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE land surface temperature; MODIS; validation; FLUXNET; CarboEurope-IP ID DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX; EMISSIVITY; ALGORITHM; RETRIEVAL AB The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), onboard the NASA Terra and Aqua Earth Observing System satellites, provides multiple land surface temperature (LST) products on a daily basis. However, these products have not been adequately validated. This paper presents preliminary results of validating two MODIS Terra daily LST products, MOD11_L2 (version 4) and MOD07_L2 (version 4), using the FLUXNET and Carbon Europe Integrated Project (CarboEurope-IP) long-term ground measurements over eight vegetated sites. Since ground-measured LSTs were only available over one fixed point in each validation site, the study was carefully designed to mitigate the scale mismatch issue by using nighttime ground measurements concurrent to more than 1800 MODIS Terra overpasses. The preliminary results show that MOD11-L2 LSTs have smaller absolute biases and root mean squared errors (RMSE) than those of MOD07-L2 LSTs in most cases. The match of MOD11_L2 LSTs with ground measurements in the Brookings, Audubon, Canaan Valley, and Black Hills sites is good, yielding absolute biases less than 0.8 degrees C and RMSEs less than 1.7 degrees C. In the Fort Peck, Hainich, Tharandt, and Bondville sites, MOD11_L2 LSTs were underestimated by 2-3 degrees C. Biases in MOD11-L2 LSTs correlate to those in MOD07_L2 LSTs. Since the MOD07_L2 LST product is one of the input parameters to the MOD11_L2 LST algorithm, biases in MOD11_L2 LSTs may be influenced by biases in MOD07_L2 LSTs. The errors in both products depend weakly on sensor view zenith angle but are independent of surface air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and soil moisture. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Wang, Wenhui; Liang, Shunlin] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Meyers, Tilden] NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Washington, DC USA. RP Wang, W (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM whwang1@umd.edu RI Wang, Wenhui/D-3240-2012; liang, shunlin/C-2809-2015; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 NR 28 TC 101 Z9 116 U1 1 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAR 18 PY 2008 VL 112 IS 3 BP 623 EP 635 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2007.05.024 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 280RK UT WOS:000254443700002 ER PT J AU Kent, MS Yim, H Murton, JK Satija, S Majewski, J Kuzmenko, I AF Kent, M. S. Yim, H. Murton, J. K. Satija, S. Majewski, J. Kuzmenko, I. TI Oligomerization of membrane-bound diphtheria toxin (CRM197) facilitates a transition to the open form and deep insertion SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID T-DOMAIN; BILAYER-MEMBRANES; REFINED STRUCTURE; CATALYTIC DOMAIN; PROTEIN TOXINS; A-FRAGMENT; TRANSLOCATION; CHANNEL; RECEPTOR; RESOLUTION AB Diphtheria toxin (DT) contains separate domains for receptor-specific binding, translocation, and enzymatic activity. After binding to cells, DT is taken up into endosome-like acidic compartments where the translocation domain inserts into the endosomal membrane and releases the catalytic domain into the cytosol. The process by which the catalytic domain is translocated across the endosomal membrane is known to involve pH-induced conformational changes; however, the molecular mechanisms are not yet understood, in large part due to the challenge of probing the conformation of the membrane-bound protein. In this work neutron reflection provided detailed conformational information for membrane-bound DT (CRM197) in situ. The data revealed that the bound toxin oligomerizes with increasing DT concentration and that the oligomeric form (and only the oligomeric form) undergoes a large extension into solution with decreasing pH that coincides with deep insertion of residues into the membrane. We interpret the large extension as a transition to the open form. These results thus indicate that as a function of bulk DT concentration, adsorbed DT passes from an inactive state with a monomeric dimension normal to the plane of the membrane to an active state with a dimeric dimension normal to the plane of the membrane. C1 [Kent, M. S.; Yim, H.; Murton, J. K.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Satija, S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Majewski, J.] Los Alamos Neutron Sci Ctr, Los Alamos, NM USA. [Kuzmenko, I.] Argonne Natl Labs, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Kent, MS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM mskent@sandia.gov RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 NR 45 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD MAR 15 PY 2008 VL 94 IS 6 BP 2115 EP 2127 DI 10.1529/biophysj.107.113498 PG 13 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 269UQ UT WOS:000253676200016 PM 18055530 ER PT J AU Jablonski, A Tanuma, S Powell, CJ AF Jablonski, A. Tanuma, S. Powell, C. J. TI Modified predictive formula for the electron stopping power SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MEAN FREE PATHS; 50-2000 EV RANGE; BACKSCATTERING FACTOR; ELEMENTAL SOLIDS; SPECTROSCOPY; SCATTERING; SURFACES; SIMULATIONS AB We report an improved predictive formula for the electron stopping power (SP) based on an analysis and fit of SPs and electron inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs) calculated from optical data for 37 elemental solids and energies between 200 eV and 30 keV. The formula is a function of energy, density, and IMFP, and is recommended for solids with atomic numbers larger than 6. While the mean deviation between predicted and calculated SPs was 7.25%, larger deviations were found for four additional materials, Li (22.2%), Be (17.9%), graphite (15.3%), and diamond (15.7%). The predictive SP formula can be applied to multicomponent materials. Test comparisons for two compounds, guanine and InSb, showed average deviations of 16.0% and 19.1%, respectively. The improved SP formula is expected to be useful in simulations of electron trajectories in solids with the continuous slowing-down approximation (e. g., in Auger-electron spectroscopy and electron microprobe analysis). (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Jablonski, A.] Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. [Tanuma, S.] Natl Inst Mat Sci, Mat Anal Stn, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan. [Powell, C. J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jablonski, A (reprint author), Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, Ul Kasprzaka 44-52, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. EM cedric.powell@nist.gov RI Tanuma, Shigeo/H-2681-2011 NR 33 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAR 15 PY 2008 VL 103 IS 6 AR 063708 DI 10.1063/1.2891047 PG 11 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 281ZH UT WOS:000254536900053 ER PT J AU Rumyantsev, SL Shur, MS Levinshtein, ME Motayed, A Davydov, AV AF Rumyantsev, S. L. Shur, M. S. Levinshtein, M. E. Motayed, A. Davydov, A. V. TI Low-frequency noise in GaN nanowire transistors SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BULK 1/F NOISE AB Noise in nanostructures is one of the key problems impeding their applications in electronic devices. We show that the level of 1/f and recombination-generation noise in GaN nanowire field effect transistors can be suppressed by ultraviolet radiation by up to an order of magnitude. This strong suppression of the noise is explained by the illumination changing the occupancy of traps responsible for noise. (c) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Rumyantsev, S. L.; Shur, M. S.] Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Elect Comp & Syst Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA. [Levinshtein, M. E.] Russian Acad Sci, Ioffe Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia. [Motayed, A.; Davydov, A. V.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rumyantsev, SL (reprint author), Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Elect Comp & Syst Engn, CII 9017, Troy, NY 12180 USA. EM roumis2@rpi.edu RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010; Levinshtein, Michael/A-4325-2014; Shur, Michael/A-4374-2016 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311; Shur, Michael/0000-0003-0976-6232 NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAR 15 PY 2008 VL 103 IS 6 AR 064501 DI 10.1063/1.2895398 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 281ZH UT WOS:000254536900117 ER PT J AU Tanuma, S Powell, CJ Penn, DR AF Tanuma, S. Powell, C. J. Penn, D. R. TI Calculations of stopping powers of 100 eV-30 keV electrons in 31 elemental solids SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MEAN FREE PATHS; KRAMERS-KRONIG ANALYSIS; OPTICAL-DATA; INELASTIC-SCATTERING; CONDENSED MATTER; CROSS-SECTIONS; ENERGY; RANGE; MODEL; ATOMS AB We present calculated electron stopping powers (SPs) for 31 elemental solids (Li, Be, glassy C, graphite, diamond, Na, Mg, K, Sc, Ti, V, Fe, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, In, Sn, Cs, Gd, Tb, Dy, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, and Bi). These SPs were determined with an algorithm previously used for the calculation of electron inelastic mean free paths and from energy-loss functions (ELFs) derived from experimental optical data. The SP calculations were made for electron energies between 100 eV and 30 keV and supplement our earlier SP calculations for ten additional solids (Al, Si, Cr, Ni, Cu, Ge, Pd, Ag, Pt, and Au). Plots of SP versus atomic number for the group of 41 solids show clear trends. Multiple peaks and shoulders are seen that result from the contributions of valence-electron and various inner-shell excitations. Satisfactory agreement was found between the calculated SPs and values from the relativistic Bethe SP equation with recommended values of the mean excitation energy (MEE) for energies above 10 keV. We determined effective MEEs versus maximum excitation energy from the ELFs for each solid. Plots of effective MEE versus atomic number showed the relative contributions of valence-electron and different core-electron excitations to the MEE. For a maximum excitation energy of 30 keV, our effective MEEs agreed well for Be, graphite, Na, Al, and Si with recommended MEEs; a difference for Li was attributed to sample oxidation in the SP measurements for the recommended MEE. Substantially different effective MEEs were found for the three carbon allotropes (graphite, diamond, and glassy C). (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Tanuma, S.] Natl Inst Mat Sci, Mat Anal Stn, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan. [Powell, C. J.; Penn, D. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tanuma, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Mat Sci, Mat Anal Stn, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan. EM cedric.powell@nist.gov RI Tanuma, Shigeo/H-2681-2011 NR 46 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAR 15 PY 2008 VL 103 IS 6 AR 063707 DI 10.1063/1.2891044 PG 14 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 281ZH UT WOS:000254536900052 ER PT J AU Liebmann, B Blade, I Bond, NA Gochis, D Allured, D Bates, GT AF Liebmann, Brant Blade, Ileana Bond, Nicholas A. Gochis, David Allured, Dave Bates, Gary T. TI Characteristics of north American summertime rainfall with emphasis on the monsoon SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID WARM-SEASON PRECIPITATION; SOUTHWEST UNITED-STATES; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SURFACE TEMPERATURES; MIDSUMMER DROUGHT; GAUGE NETWORK; SYSTEM; REGIME; STREAMFLOW; MEXICO AB The core region of the North American summer monsoon is examined using spatially averaged daily rainfall observations obtained from gauges, with the objective of improving understanding of its climatology and variability. At most grid points, composite and interannual variations of the onset and end of the wet season are well defined, although, among individual stations that make up a grid average, variability is large. The trigger for monsoon onset in southern and eastern Mexico appears to be related to a change in vertical velocity, while for northwestern Mexico, Arizona, and New Mexico it is related to a reduction in stability, as indicated by a decrease in the lifted index. The wet-season rain rate is a combination of the wet-day rain rate, which decreases with distance from the coast, and the wet-day frequency, which is largest over the Sierra Madre Occidental. Thus the maximum total rate lies slightly to the west of the highest orography. As has been previously noted, onset is not always well correlated with total seasonal precipitation, so in these areas, variations of wet-day frequency and wet-day rain rate must be important. Correlations are small between the wet-day frequency and the wet-day rate, and the former is better correlated than the latter with the seasonal rain rate. Summer rainfall in central to southern Mexico exhibits moderate negative correlations with the leading pattern of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the equatorial Pacific, which projects strongly onto El Nino. The influence of equatorial SSTs on southern Mexico rainfall seems to operate mainly through variability of the wet-day frequency, rather than through variations of the wet-day rain rate. C1 [Liebmann, Brant; Allured, Dave; Bates, Gary T.] Climate Diagnost Ctr, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Blade, Ileana] Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis, Dept Astron & Meteorol, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. [Bond, Nicholas A.] Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Gochis, David] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Appl Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Liebmann, B (reprint author), NOAA ESRL PSD Climate Diagnost, R-PSD1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM brant.liebmann@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR 15 PY 2008 VL 21 IS 6 BP 1277 EP 1294 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1762.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 280IY UT WOS:000254421100008 ER PT J AU da Silva, PM Hegaret, H Lambert, C Wikfors, GH Le Goic, N Shumway, SE Soudant, P AF da Silva, Patricia Mirella Hegaret, Helene Lambert, Christophe Wikfors, Gary H. Le Goic, Nelly Shumway, Sandra E. Soudant, Philippe TI Immunological responses of the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) with varying parasite (Perkinsus olseni) burden, during a long-term exposure to the harmful alga, Karenia selliformis, and possible interactions SO TOXICON LA English DT Article DE bivalve; Ruditapes philippinarum; hemocyte; harmful algae bloom; Karenia selliformis; Perkinsus olseni ID DINOFLAGELLATE PROROCENTRUM-MINIMUM; JUVENILE BIVALVE MOLLUSKS; CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; EASTERN OYSTER; NEW-ZEALAND; MYTILUS-GALLOPROVINCIALIS; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; ARGOPECTEN-IRRADIANS; CLEARANCE RATES; CULTURED STRAIN AB The present study evaluated the possible effects of a toxic dinoflagellate, Karenia selliformis, upon immunological hemocyte functions of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum, and on the progression of infection by Perkinsus olseni. Clams with variable levels of perkinsosis were exposed for 6 weeks to simulated blooms of cultured the K selliformis (10(2) and 10(3) Cell ml(-1)). Samples were collected after 0, 2, 3, and 6 weeks of exposure. The following hemocyte parameters were measured by flow cytometry: percentage of dead cells, cell size and complexity, apoptosis, phagocytosis, and production of reactive oxygen species. Agglutination activities of K selliformis on horse erythrocytes, serum protein concentration, and condition index of clams were also assessed. The harmful alga K selliformis caused a significant decrease in hemocyte size and percentage of apoptotic cells. In contrast, P. olseni did not affect clams strongly; the only significant effect was an increase in hemocyte size in heavily infected clams. After 2 and 3 weeks, the prevalence and burden of P. olseni decreased in clams exposed to K selliformis, but after 6 weeks, and a diminution in K selliformis cell density in the exposure, this effect disappeared. In vitro tests exposing P. olseni to K selliformis showed direct algal toxicity to the parasite (increased percentage of dead cells and altered morphology). Initial exposure of P. olseni-infected clams to K selliformis appeared to modify the host-parasite interaction by causing effects in both organisms. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [da Silva, Patricia Mirella; Lambert, Christophe; Le Goic, Nelly; Soudant, Philippe] Univ Bretagne Occidentale, IUEM, LEMAR, CNRS UMR 6539, F-29280 Plouzane, France. [Hegaret, Helene; Shumway, Sandra E.] Univ Connecticut, Dept Marine Sci, Groton, CT 06340 USA. [Wikfors, Gary H.] NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA Fisheries Serv, Milford Lab, Milford, MA 06460 USA. RP Soudant, P (reprint author), Univ Bretagne Occidentale, IUEM, LEMAR, CNRS UMR 6539, Pl Nicolas Copern, F-29280 Plouzane, France. EM Philippe.Soudant@univ-brest.fr RI Hegaret, Helene/B-7206-2008; OI Hegaret, Helene/0000-0003-4639-9013; Lambert, Christophe/0000-0002-5885-467X NR 63 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD MAR 15 PY 2008 VL 51 IS 4 BP 563 EP 573 DI 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.11.006 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 294AU UT WOS:000255377300009 PM 18171580 ER PT J AU Barber, ZW Stalnaker, JE Lemke, ND Poli, N Oates, CW Fortier, TM Diddams, SA Hollberg, L Hoyt, CW Taichenachev, AV Yudin, VI AF Barber, Z. W. Stalnaker, J. E. Lemke, N. D. Poli, N. Oates, C. W. Fortier, T. M. Diddams, S. A. Hollberg, L. Hoyt, C. W. Taichenachev, A. V. Yudin, V. I. TI Optical lattice induced light shifts in an Yb atomic clock SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS AB We present an experimental study of the lattice-induced light shifts on the (1)S(0)->(3)P(0) optical clock transition (nu(clock)approximate to 518 THz) in neutral ytterbium. The "magic" frequency nu(magic) for the (174)Yb isotope was determined to be 394 799 475(35) MHz, which leads to a first order light shift uncertainty of 0.38 Hz. We also investigated the hyperpolarizability shifts due to the nearby 6s6p(3)P(0)-> 6s8p(3)P(0), 6s8p(3)P(2), and 6s5f(3)F(2) two-photon resonances at 759.708, 754.23, and 764.95 nm, respectively. By measuring the corresponding clock transition shifts near these two-photon resonances, the hyperpolarizability shift was estimated to be 170(33) mHz for a linear polarized, 50 mu K deep, lattice at the magic wavelength. These results indicate that the differential polarizability and hyperpolarizability frequency shift uncertainties in a Yb lattice clock could be held to well below 10(-17). C1 [Barber, Z. W.; Stalnaker, J. E.; Lemke, N. D.; Poli, N.; Oates, C. W.; Fortier, T. M.; Diddams, S. A.; Hollberg, L.; Hoyt, C. W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Taichenachev, A. V.; Yudin, V. I.] SB RAS, Inst Laser Phys, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. RP Barber, ZW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Poli, Nicola/B-2166-2012; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013; Lemke, Nathan/L-9059-2013; Taichenachev, Aleksei/K-7065-2015 OI Poli, Nicola/0000-0003-4225-6832; Lemke, Nathan/0000-0003-4165-0715; Taichenachev, Aleksei/0000-0003-2273-0066 NR 16 TC 76 Z9 81 U1 4 U2 18 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 14 PY 2008 VL 100 IS 10 AR 103002 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.103002 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 274TP UT WOS:000254024500019 PM 18352181 ER PT J AU Laver, M Forgan, EM Abrahamsen, AB Bowell, C Geue, T Cubitt, R AF Laver, M. Forgan, E. M. Abrahamsen, A. B. Bowell, C. Geue, Th. Cubitt, R. TI Uncovering flux line correlations in superconductors by reverse monte carlo refinement of neutron scattering data SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GLASS PHASE; LATTICE; DIFFRACTION; DISORDER; NIOBIUM; SYSTEMS; CREEP; ORDER AB We describe the use of reverse Monte Carlo refinement to extract structural information from angle-resolved data of a Bragg peak. Starting with small-angle neutron scattering data, the positional order of an ensemble of flux lines in superconducting Nb is revealed. We discuss the uncovered correlation functions in the light of topical theories, in particular, the "Bragg glass" paradigm. C1 [Laver, M.] NIST, Ctr Neuron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Laver, M.; Forgan, E. M.; Bowell, C.] Univ Birmingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. [Laver, M.; Cubitt, R.] Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France. [Laver, M.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Abrahamsen, A. B.] Tech Univ Denmark, Riso Natl Lab, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. [Geue, Th.] Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. RP Laver, M (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neuron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI cubitt, robert/B-9408-2008 NR 24 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 14 PY 2008 VL 100 IS 10 AR 107001 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.107001 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 274TP UT WOS:000254024500061 PM 18352223 ER PT J AU Solomon, S Manning, M AF Solomon, Susan Manning, Martin TI The IPCC must maintain its rigor SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Solomon, Susan; Manning, Martin] NOAA, IPCC Working Grp 1, Tech Support Unit, Boulder, CO USA. [Solomon, Susan] NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Manning, Martin] Univ Victoria, Wellington, New Zealand. RP Solomon, S (reprint author), NOAA, IPCC Working Grp 1, Tech Support Unit, Boulder, CO USA. RI Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 14 PY 2008 VL 319 IS 5869 BP 1457 EP 1457 DI 10.1126/science.1155724 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 273PI UT WOS:000253943800001 PM 18339905 ER PT J AU Kirby, S Dobosy, R Williamson, D Dumas, E AF Kirby, Scott Dobosy, Ronald Williamson, Derek Dumas, Ed TI An aircraft-based data analysis method for discerning individual fluxes in a heterogeneous agricultural landscape SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE aircraft; carbon dioxide flux; regional scale; land use; heterogeneous ID ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE-LAYER; CARBON-DIOXIDE EXCHANGE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; ENERGY-BALANCE; HEAT-FLUX; TOWER; REGIONS; ERRORS; BOREAS; WATER AB The utility of aircraft-based flux data is hindered in heterogeneous landscapes by the averaging length required for proper flux calculations. In regions where the scale of heterogeneity is smaller than the traditional 3-5 km averaging length, it has been problematic to relate measured flux signals to an individual land use. This paper introduces the "Flux Fragment" method (FFM) which is based on traditional eddy-covariance flux techniques but uses a conditional sampling scheme to better segregate flux signals by surface type with aircraft-based data. Flux measurements from a low-flying aircraft and from towers were obtained as part of a campaign in the 'patchy' agricultural landscape of the Midwestern United States. The fluxes from maize and soybean were computed and compared to the tower-based flux signals from both land uses. The FFM-derived fluxes of CO2 clearly discern the maize and soybean signals in all midday flights and display the same diurnal patterns as observed using the flux towers. The quantitative match between airborne and fixed measures of CO2 exchange is good, but displays significant discrepancies. The discrepancies arise, we argue, from the natural variation in flux within the same land-use class over the landscape, a variation invisible to a single tower. Spatially averaged fluxes from the FFM complement towers' temporal coverage to provide an improved basis for scaling local fluxes to regional estimates based on total areas of each land use. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Kirby, Scott; Williamson, Derek] Univ Alabama, Dept Civil Construct & Environm Engn, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. [Dobosy, Ronald; Dumas, Ed] NOAA, ATDD, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Kirby, S (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Civil Construct & Environm Engn, Box 870205, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. EM SAK4UA@yahoo.com RI Dobosy, Ronald/C-3303-2016; Dumas, Edward/C-6669-2016 OI Dobosy, Ronald/0000-0001-8399-8774; Dumas, Edward/0000-0002-9154-9052 NR 39 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 EI 1873-2240 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD MAR 13 PY 2008 VL 148 IS 3 BP 481 EP 489 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.10.011 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 297LW UT WOS:000255619200013 ER PT J AU Magi, BI Fu, Q Redemann, J Schmid, B AF Magi, Brian I. Fu, Qiang Redemann, Jens Schmid, Beat TI Using aircraft measurements to estimate the magnitude and uncertainty of the shortwave direct radiative forcing of southern African biomass burning aerosol SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Review ID SINGLE SCATTERING ALBEDO; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SAFARI 2000; TRACE GASES; SAVANNA FIRES; STABLE DISCONTINUITIES; CARBONACEOUS PARTICLES; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; EAST-COAST AB We estimate the shortwave, diurnally averaged direct radiative forcing (RF) in cloud-free conditions of the biomass burning aerosol characterized by measurements made from the University of Washington (UW) research aircraft during the Southern African Regional Science Initiative in August and September 2000 (SAFARI-2000). We describe the methodology used to arrive at the best estimates of the measurement-based RF and discuss the confidence intervals of the estimates of RF that arise from uncertainties in measurements and assumptions necessary to describe the aerosol optical properties. We apply the methodology to the UW aircraft vertical profiles and estimate that the top of the atmosphere RF (RFtoa) ranges from -1.5 +/- 3.2 to -14.4 +/- 3.5 W m(-2), while the surface RF (RFsfc) ranges from -10.5 +/- 2.4 to -81.3 +/- 7.5 W m(-2). These estimates imply that the aerosol RF of the atmosphere (RFatm) ranges from 5.0 +/- 2.3 to 73.3 +/- 11.0 W m(-2). We compare some of our estimates to RF estimated using Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) aerosol optical properties and show that the agreement is good for RFtoa, but poor for RFsfc. We also show that linear models accurately describe the relationship of RF with the aerosol optical depth at a wavelength of 550 nm (tau(550)). This relationship is known as the radiative forcing efficiency (RFE) and we find that RFtoa (unlike RFatm and RFsfc) depends not only on variations in tau(550), but that the linear model itself is dependent on the magnitude of tau(550). We then apply the models for RFE to daily tau(550) derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite to estimate the RF over southern Africa from March 2000 to December 2006. Using the combination of UW and MODIS data, we find that the annual RFtoa, RFatm, and RFsfc over the region is -4.7 +/- 2.7 W m(-2), 11.4 +/- 5.7 W m(-2), and -18.3 +/- 5.8 W m(-2), respectively. C1 [Magi, Brian I.; Fu, Qiang] Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Magi, Brian I.] Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. [Redemann, Jens] Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. [Schmid, Beat] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Magi, BI (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM brian.magi@noaa.gov RI Magi, Brian/K-2000-2015 OI Magi, Brian/0000-0001-8131-0083 NR 102 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 13 PY 2008 VL 113 IS D5 AR D05213 DI 10.1029/2007JD009258 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 276TL UT WOS:000254165900006 ER PT J AU Seitzinger, S AF Seitzinger, Sybil TI Nitrogen cycle - Out of reach SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material ID DENITRIFICATION C1 [Seitzinger, Sybil] Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, NOAA CMER Program, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Seitzinger, S (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, NOAA CMER Program, 71 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM sybil@marine.rutgers.edu NR 5 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 44 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAR 13 PY 2008 VL 452 IS 7184 BP 162 EP 163 DI 10.1038/452162a PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 273JG UT WOS:000253925600026 PM 18337810 ER PT J AU Sanz, A Ruppel, M Douglas, JF Cabral, JT AF Sanz, Alejandro Ruppel, Markus Douglas, Jack F. Cabral, Joao T. TI Plasticization effect of C-60 on the fast dynamics of polystyrene and related polymers: an incoherent neutron scattering study SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th European Conference on Neutron Scattering CY JUN, 2007 CL Lund, SWEDEN ID FILLED POLY(DIMETHYL SILOXANE); GLASS-TRANSITION; GAS SORPTION; PHOTORESIST POLYMERS; CHAIN DIMENSIONS; ANTIPLASTICIZATION; FILMS; TRANSPORT; NANOCOMPOSITES; POLYCARBONATES AB We utilize inelastic incoherent neutron scattering (INS) to quantify how fullerenes affect the 'fast' molecular dynamics of a family of polystyrene related macromolecules. In particular, we prepared bulk nanocomposites of (hydrogenous and ring-deuterated) polystyrene and poly(4-methyl styrene) using a rapid precipitation method where the C-60 relative mass fraction ranged from 0% to 4%. Elastic window scan measurements, using a high resolution (0.9 mu eV) backscattering spectrometer, are reported over a wide temperature range (2-450 K). Apparent Debye-Waller (DW) factors < u(2)>, characterizing the mean-square amplitude of proton displacements, are determined as a function of temperature, T. We find that the addition of C-60 to these polymers leads to a progressive increase in < u(2)> relative to the pure polymer value over the entire temperature range investigated, where the effect is larger for larger nanoparticle concentration. This general trend seems to indicate that the C-60 nanoparticles plasticize the fast (approximate to 10(-15) s) local (approximate to 1 angstrom) dynamics of these polymer glasses. Generally, we expect nanoparticle additives to affect polymer dynamics in a similar fashion to thin films in the sense that the high interfacial area may cause both a speeding up and slowing down of the glass state dynamics depending on the polymer-surface interaction. C1 [Sanz, Alejandro; Ruppel, Markus; Cabral, Joao T.] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Chem Engn, London SW7 2AZ, England. [Douglas, Jack F.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cabral, JT (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Chem Engn, London SW7 2AZ, England. EM j.cabral@imperial.ac.uk RI Cabral, Joao T./E-6534-2015 OI Cabral, Joao T./0000-0002-2590-225X NR 54 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 13 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 EI 1361-648X J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD MAR 12 PY 2008 VL 20 IS 10 AR 104209 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/20/10/104209 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 275VU UT WOS:000254101000010 ER PT J AU Jung, Y Kline, RJ Fischer, DA Lin, EK Heeney, M McCulloch, I DeLongchamp, DM AF Jung, Youngsuk Kline, R. Joseph Fischer, Daniel A. Lin, Eric K. Heeney, Martin McCulloch, Iain DeLongchamp, Dean M. TI The effect of interfacial roughness on the thin film morphology and charge transport of high-performance polythiophenes SO ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; HIGH CARRIER MOBILITY; DIELECTRIC ROUGHNESS; PRINTING TECHNIQUES; SMOOTHING LAYER; SUBSTRATE; CIRCUITS; POLYMERS; SURFACES; DISPLAYS AB We control and vary the roughness of a dielectric upon which a high-performance polymer semiconductor, poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (pBTTT) is cast, to determine the effects of roughness on thin-film microstructure and the performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). pBTTT forms large, well-oriented terraced domains with high carrier mobility after it is cast upon flat, low-surface-energy substrates and heated to a mesophase. Upon dielectrics with root-mean square (RMS) roughness greater than 0.5 nm, we find significant morphological changes in the pBTTT active layer and significant reductions in its charge carrier mobility. The pBTTT films on rough dielectrics exhibit significantly less order than those on smooth dielectrics through characterization with atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction. This critical RMS roughness implies that there exists a condition at which the pBTTT domains no longer conform to the local nanometer-scale curvature of the substrate. C1 [Jung, Youngsuk; Kline, R. Joseph; Fischer, Daniel A.; Lin, Eric K.; DeLongchamp, Dean M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Heeney, Martin] Queen Mary Univ London, Dept Mat, London E1 4NS, England. [McCulloch, Iain] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Chem, London SW7 2AZ, England. RP Jung, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM deand@nist.gov RI Kline, Regis/B-8557-2008; Heeney, Martin/O-1916-2013 OI Heeney, Martin/0000-0001-6879-5020 NR 38 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 10 U2 35 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1616-301X J9 ADV FUNCT MATER JI Adv. Funct. Mater. PD MAR 11 PY 2008 VL 18 IS 5 BP 742 EP 750 DI 10.1002/adfm.200701089 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 280TF UT WOS:000254448400009 ER PT J AU Heald, CL Henze, DK Horowitz, LW Feddema, J Lamarque, JF Guenther, A Hess, PG Vitt, F Seinfeld, JH Goldstein, AH Fung, I AF Heald, C. L. Henze, D. K. Horowitz, L. W. Feddema, J. Lamarque, J. -F. Guenther, A. Hess, P. G. Vitt, F. Seinfeld, J. H. Goldstein, A. H. Fung, I. TI Predicted change in global secondary organic aerosol concentrations in response to future climate, emissions, and land use change SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MODEL VERSION-3 CCSM3; COMPOUND EMISSIONS; ISOPRENE EMISSIONS; SYSTEM MODEL; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; 3-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; IMPACT; PHOTOOXIDATION; SENSITIVITY AB The sensitivity of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) concentration to changes in climate and emissions is investigated using a coupled global atmosphere-land model driven by the year 2100 IPCC A1B scenario predictions. The Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3) is updated with recent laboratory determined yields for SOA formation from monoterpene oxidation, isoprene photooxidation and aromatic photooxidation. Biogenic emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes are simulated interactively using the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols (MEGAN2) within the Community Land Model (CLM3). The global mean SOA burden is predicted to increase by 36% in 2100, primarily the result of rising biogenic and anthropogenic emissions which independently increase the burden by 26% and 7%. The later includes enhanced biogenic SOA formation due to increased emissions of primary organic aerosol (5-25% increases in surface SOA concentrations in 2100). Climate change alone (via temperature, removal rates, and oxidative capacity) does not change the global mean SOA production, but the global burden increases by 6%. The global burden of anthropogenic SOA experiences proportionally more growth than biogenic SOA in 2100 from the net effect of climate and emissions (67% increase predicted). Projected anthropogenic land use change for 2100 (A2) is predicted to reduce the global SOA burden by 14%, largely the result of cropland expansion. South America is the largest global source region for SOA in the present day and 2100, but Asia experiences the largest relative growth in SOA production by 2100 because of the large predicted increases in Asian anthropogenic aromatic emissions. The projected decrease in global sulfur emissions implies that SOA will contribute a progressively larger fraction of the global aerosol burden. C1 [Heald, C. L.; Goldstein, A. H.; Fung, I.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Heald, C. L.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. [Henze, D. K.; Seinfeld, J. H.] CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Horowitz, L. W.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 80540 USA. [Feddema, J.] Univ Kansas, Dept Geog, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. [Lamarque, J. -F.; Guenther, A.; Hess, P. G.; Vitt, F.; Seinfeld, J. H.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Heald, CL (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM heald@atmos.colostate.edu RI Heald, Colette/A-6813-2011; Henze, Daven/A-1920-2012; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Feddema, Johannes/J-4400-2012; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; Hess, Peter/M-3145-2015 OI Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; Feddema, Johannes/0000-0002-0800-0908; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; Hess, Peter/0000-0003-2439-3796 NR 98 TC 145 Z9 146 U1 5 U2 60 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 11 PY 2008 VL 113 IS D5 AR D05211 DI 10.1029/2007JD009092 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 276TK UT WOS:000254165800007 ER PT J AU Zuidema, P Joyce, R AF Zuidema, Paquita Joyce, Robert TI Water vapor, cloud liquid water paths, and rain rates over northern high latitude open seas SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID POLAR PATHFINDER DATASET; SURFACE HEAT-BUDGET; ARCTIC-OCEAN; RADIATION PROPERTIES; ANNUAL CYCLE; MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SATELLITE DATA; RECENT TRENDS; PART I AB Data from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSMI; years 1987-2006), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer, and a surface-based radiometer at Barrow, Alaska are examined for insights into the behavior of water vapor, cloud liquid water and rainrates over the northern high latitude seas. We evaluated two separate sets of retrievals, and achieved the best results through combining one that contained explicit monthly mean sea ice fractions with the Wentz V6 water vapor path (WVP), cloud liquid water path (LWP), and rainrate (RR) retrievals. The water vapor path retrieval shows no sensitivity to a proxy for sub-pixel sea ice presence, while the liquid water path retrievals are sensitive to sea ice presence during summertime but otherwise the Wentz internal sea-ice screening appears effective. The rainrate retrieval is highly sensitive to any sea ice during all seasons. The seasonal cycle and 1987-2006 time trends are examined. The WVP annual cycle has an amplitude of similar to 1 cm at all locations, approximately double a broad winter minimum, with a July maximum phasing that is consistent with a continental influence. Little change occurs between January and April in WVP and LWP. The springtime LWP increase usually occurs in tandem with the WVP increase and slightly lags the falltime WVP decrease. The maximum lag occurs over the northern Pacific, where the maximum LWP occurs in August, one month later than over the northern Atlantic, and is correlated to an August precipitation maximum. The strongest SSMI-derived trend is an increase in wintertime moisture south of Greenland, with wintertime LWP increases in the Labrador Sea. North of the Bering Strait, where much of the recent summer and autumn sea ice loss has occurred, the autumn WVP and LWP increased from 1989 to 2001 with a subsequent LWP decrease in recent years. The recent decline appears linked to a decrease in cyclone activity. Winter and spring LWP increases from 2002 to the present are noted in the surface-based data set from Barrow, Alaska. Over the Barents Sea, where much of the recent winter sea ice loss has occurred, winter WVP and LWP have increased over the past decade. A comparison to National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmospheric Model Version 3.5 values finds modeled WVPs are slightly underestimated but the amplitude of the annual cycle is similar to that observed. Modeled winter LWPs slightly exceed those measured while the modeled summer LWPs exceed by a factor of two those observed (which are more likely to be positively biased also). The modeled rainrates are similar to retrieved values in the north Pacific, and exceed retrieved values by approximately a factor of 2 in the northeast Atlantic. C1 [Zuidema, Paquita] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MPO, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Joyce, Robert] NOAA NWS NCEP Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Zuidema, P (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MPO, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM pzuidema@rsmas.miami.edu RI Zuidema, Paquita/C-9659-2013 OI Zuidema, Paquita/0000-0003-4719-372X NR 78 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 11 PY 2008 VL 113 IS D5 AR D05205 DI 10.1029/2007JD009040 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 276TK UT WOS:000254165800006 ER PT J AU Castro, SL Wick, GA Jackson, DL Emery, WJ AF Castro, Sandra L. Wick, Gary A. Jackson, Darren L. Emery, William J. TI Error characterization of infrared and microwave satellite sea surface temperature products for merging and analysis SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID SST ANALYSIS; IN-SITU; VALIDATION; CLIMATE; RETRIEVALS; ACCURACY; IMPACT AB The complementary nature of infrared and microwave sea surface temperature (SST) products provides opportunities for merging the data, but significant differences among the products must first be understood and characterized. This paper presents a method for specifying the uncertainty in existing infrared and microwave SST products in terms of available satellite-derived parameters, explores which environmental and sensor parameters contribute most to the errors, and determines if the derived uncertainty estimates can enable significant reductions in the differences among the SST products. Collocations among the satellite retrievals and SST measurements from buoys are used to derive the error estimates. Simple multidimensional lookup tables expressing the expected bias and standard deviation of individual retrievals as functions of various combinations of parameters provide an effective characterization of the uncertainty suitable for operational applications. Bias adjustments derived from the satellite zenith angle, 11-12 mm brightness temperature difference, and SST for the infrared, and wind speed, water vapor content, and SST for the microwave products significantly reduce the variability of differences both between the satellite products and with buoy observations. Further improvements are possible through inclusion of additional independent corrections based on the climatological SST anomaly and aerosol optical depth. These corrections reduce the monthly rms difference between the products by as much as 42% and reduce differences with independent buoys by as much as 10%. The largest individual corrections are to the infrared data in regions of low SST, but the microwave corrections are more geographically distributed and affect more retrievals. C1 [Castro, Sandra L.; Emery, William J.] Univ Colorado, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Wick, Gary A.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Jackson, Darren L.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Castro, SL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, 431 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM gary.a.wick@noaa.gov RI Castro, Sandra/A-4979-2012; Jackson, Darren/D-5506-2015; OI Jackson, Darren/0000-0001-5211-7866; Emery, William/0000-0002-7598-9082 NR 27 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAR 11 PY 2008 VL 113 IS C3 AR C03010 DI 10.1029/2006JC003829 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 276TZ UT WOS:000254167300001 ER PT J AU Remijan, AJ Hollis, JM Lovas, FJ Stork, WD Jewell, PR Meier, DS AF Remijan, Anthony J. Hollis, J. M. Lovas, F. J. Stork, Wilmer D. Jewell, P. R. Meier, D. S. TI Detection of interstellar cyanoformaldehyde (CNCHO) SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS LA English DT Article DE ISM : abundances; ISM : clouds; ISM : individual (Sagittarius B2(N-LMH)); ISM : molecules; radio lines : ISM ID GREEN-BANK TELESCOPE; FORMYL CYANIDE; GALACTIC-CENTER; GLYCOLALDEHYDE; CHOCN; MOLECULES; SPECTRUM; SUGAR; LINES; HCOCN AB Cyanoformaldehyde (CNCHO) has been detected toward the star-forming region Sagittarius B-2(N) with the 100 m Green Bank Telescope (GBT) by means of four P-branch rotational transitions in emission, the 7(0, 7)-6(1, 6) at 8.6 GHz, the 8(0, 8)-7(1, 7) at 19.4 GHz, the 9(0, 9)-8(1, 8) at 30.3 GHz, and the 10(0, 10)-9(1, 9) at 41.3 GHz, and one P-branch transition in absorption, the 5(1, 5)-6(0, 6) at 2.1 GHz. The five b-type transitions have favorable transition line strengths (S-ij mu(2) > 10 D-2) and occur in spectral regions that have little possibility of confusion with other molecular 2 species. The transition line strengths and energy levels involved in the four cyanoformaldehyde transitions in emission are similar; however, transitions with larger beam sizes give systematically higher column densities, suggesting that CNCHO is spatially extended and not concentrated toward the Sgr B2(N-LMH) position. Moreover, with a GBT beamwidth of similar to 350'', the 5(1, 5)-6(0, 6) transition of CNCHO was detected in absorption, confirming the widespread spatial extent of this molecule. We suggest that cyanoformaldehyde is likely formed in a neutral-radical reaction of two other interstellar molecules known for widespread spatial distributions: formaldehyde (H2CO) and the cyanide (CN) radical. C1 [Remijan, Anthony J.; Jewell, P. R.] Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. [Hollis, J. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Computat & Informat Sci & Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Lovas, F. J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Stork, Wilmer D.] Plastipak Packaging Inc, Champaign, IL 61821 USA. [Stork, Wilmer D.] Parkland Coll, Dept Nat Sci, Champaign, IL 61821 USA. [Meier, D. S.] Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. RP Remijan, AJ (reprint author), Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA J9 ASTROPHYS J LETT JI Astrophys. J. Lett. PD MAR 10 PY 2008 VL 675 IS 2 BP L85 EP L88 DI 10.1086/533529 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 291ZC UT WOS:000255235100008 ER PT J AU Cook, M Johnson, RB Nicklason, P Barnett, H Rust, MB AF Cook, Matthew A. Johnson, Ronald B. Nicklason, Pete Barnett, Harold Rust, Michael B. TI Marking live feeds with inert metal oxides for fish larvae feeding and nutrition studies SO AQUACULTURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Fish and Shellfish Larviculture Symposium CY SEP 05-08, 2005 CL Ghent Univ, Ghent, BELGIUM SP Ghent Univ, Artenia Reference Ctr HO Ghent Univ DE inert markers; consumption; microparticulate diets; rotifer; Artemia ID APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY; MARKERS; DIETS AB Yttrium oxide (Y2O3), ytterbium oxide (Yb2O3), lanthanum oxide (La2O3) and dysprosium oxide (Dy2O3) were evaluated as potential live feed markers for feeding and nutrition studies with fish larvae, by determining the uptake and depletion of markers over time in two trials, and quantifying ingestion of Y2O3-marked rotifers (Branchionus plicatilis) by Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in a third trial. In the first two trials, Artemia nauplii and rotifers quickly took up markers within 10 min to concentrations useful for nutrition studies (>2% dry weight). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) among temperatures in depletion of markers (10, 15, 20 degrees C) with Artemia or rotifers. Depletion from rotifers was not significantly different (P>0.05) between 5 and 20 min nor between 5 and 30 min for Artemia when marked at a concentration of 50 mg of marker per litre of seawater. In the second trial, rotifers and Artemia were marked with a higher concentration (250 mg L-1) and allowed to deplete for a longer time (90 min). In the third trial, visual estimates of Artemia consumed by Atlantic cod larvae were similar to consumption estimates determined by analysis of Y2O3-marked Artemia using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (r(2)=0.77). C1 [Cook, Matthew A.; Nicklason, Pete] Univ Idaho, Inst Aquaculture Res, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA. [Cook, Matthew A.; Johnson, Ronald B.; Nicklason, Pete; Barnett, Harold; Rust, Michael B.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technologies Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Rust, MB (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Inst Aquaculture Res, 3059F Natl Fish Hatchery Rd, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA. EM Mike.Rust@noaa.gov NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1355-557X J9 AQUAC RES JI Aquac. Res. PD MAR 7 PY 2008 VL 39 IS 4 BP 347 EP 353 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01709.x PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 270YY UT WOS:000253757300004 ER PT J AU Stevens, BG Persselin, S Matweyou, J AF Stevens, Bradley G. Persselin, Sara Matweyou, Julie TI Survival of blue king crab Paralithodes platypus Brandt, 1850, larvae in cultivation: effects of diet, temperature and rearing density SO AQUACULTURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Fish and Shellfish Larviculture Symposium CY SEP 05-08, 2005 CL Ghent Univ, Ghent, BELGIUM SP Ghent Univ, Artenia Reference Ctr HO Ghent Univ DE king crab; Paralithodes platypus; larvae; survival; diet; temperature; rearing density ID CAMTSCHATICA TILESIUS DECAPODA; CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; LITHODIDAE; GLAUCOTHOE; PREFERENCE; JUVENILE; ANOMURA AB Blue king crab (Paralithodes platypus) larvae were cultivated to test the effects of diet, temperature and rearing density. Dietary treatments included no feeding (unfed), Artemia nauplii enriched with diatoms Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii (THAL), unenriched Artemia fed in addition to Thalassiosira (A+THAL) and a control diet of Artemia enriched with frozen Isochrysis paste (ISO 6). Trials were conducted at 6 degrees C, and a rearing density of 10 zoea L(-1), with six replicates per treatment. The ISO 6 diet was also tested at 3 degrees C (ISO 3) and 9 degrees C (ISO 9), and at densities of 20 (ISO 20) and 40 (ISO 40) zoea L(-1). Survival of zoea larvae fed the A+THAL diet (91.7%) was significantly higher than all others, whereas unfed zoea larvae died within 2 weeks. Temperature and rearing density had no significant effects on survival. Time required to reach stage C1 was significantly greater at 3 degrees C (109 days) than at 6 degrees C (70 days), but did not decrease further at 9 degrees C. After reaching the postlarval (glaucothoe) stage, half of the replicates in the ISO 20 and ISO 40 treatments were fed continuously, but survival did not differ significantly from unfed glaucothoe. We conclude that blue king crab larvae are not lecithotrophic and can be cultivated with high survival using the proper diet. These techniques can be used to produce large numbers of juvenile crab for laboratory research, or could be modified for use in stock-enhancement programmes. C1 [Stevens, Bradley G.; Persselin, Sara; Matweyou, Julie] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Kodiak, AK USA. RP Stevens, BG (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, 706 S Rodney French Blvd, New Redford, MA USA. NR 24 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1355-557X J9 AQUAC RES JI Aquac. Res. PD MAR 7 PY 2008 VL 39 IS 4 BP 390 EP 397 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01798.x PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 270YY UT WOS:000253757300009 ER PT J AU Elipot, S Lumpkin, R AF Elipot, Shane Lumpkin, Rick TI Spectral description of oceanic near-surface variability SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID VELOCITY SPECTRA; INTERNAL WAVES; PACIFIC AB This paper provides a spectral description of near-surface oceanic velocity variability on a global scale. Rotary spectra of drifter velocities are estimated in zonal bands of the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The partition of energy between cyclonic and anticyclonic frequencies clearly identifies inertial oscillations at all latitudes. The meridional distribution of near-inertial energy is described in detail. The polarization of super-inertial energy is consistent with internal waves dynamics. Thus, the distribution of super-inertial energy may be a manifestation of freely propagating near-inertial waves on the beta-plane. C1 [Elipot, Shane; Lumpkin, Rick] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Elipot, S (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM shane.elipot@noaa.gov RI Lumpkin, Rick/C-9615-2009 OI Lumpkin, Rick/0000-0002-6690-1704 NR 24 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 7 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 5 AR L05606 DI 10.1029/2007GL032874 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 276PZ UT WOS:000254155900006 ER PT J AU Deskevich, MP Mccoy, AB Hutson, JM Nesbitt, DJ AF Deskevich, Michael P. Mccoy, Anne B. Hutson, Jeremy M. Nesbitt, David J. TI Large-amplitude quantum mechanics in polyatomic hydrides. II. A particle-on-a-sphere model for XHn (n=4,5) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACE; INFRARED-LASER SPECTROSCOPY; DIFFUSION MONTE-CARLO; VIBRATIONAL SYSTEM; HYDRONIUM ION; MU-M; ROVIBRATIONAL SPECTRA; SCHRODINGER-EQUATION; LANCZOS CALCULATION; GROUND-STATE AB This paper describes the application of a relatively simple, but computationally tractable, "particle-on-a-sphere" (POS) model for quantum-mechanical calculation of large-amplitude, H atom dynamics in polyatomic hydrides (XHn), based on radially relaxed, two-dimensional angular motion of H atoms on the surface of a sphere. This work focuses on systems with many degrees of freedom, i.e., XH4 (eight dimensional) and XH5 (ten dimensional), with corresponding molecular analogs of CH4 and CH5+ and is applicable to rovibrationally excited states with J >= 0. A pairwise-additive potential fit for CH5+, which yields remarkable agreement with geometries, energies, and barrier heights on the full-dimensional surface of Brown [J. Chem. Phys. 121, 4105 (2004)] is presented. Comparisons with experimental data and diffusion quantum Monte Carlo (DMC) methods test convergence for the POS model and provide insight into multidimensional quantum rovibrational dynamics. In particular, POS energy-level patterns for a series of scaled CH5+ potentials indicate an absence of strong tunneling behavior, consistent with the highly delocalized wave functions, large zero-point energies, and small interconversion barriers noted in previous DMC studies of Brown et al. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Deskevich, Michael P.; Nesbitt, David J.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Deskevich, Michael P.; Nesbitt, David J.] Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Mccoy, Anne B.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Hutson, Jeremy M.] Univ Durham, Dept Chem, Durham DH1 3LE, England. RP Deskevich, MP (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM djn@jila.colorado.edu RI Hutson, Jeremy/F-4748-2012 OI Hutson, Jeremy/0000-0002-4344-6622 NR 80 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAR 7 PY 2008 VL 128 IS 9 AR 094306 DI 10.1063/1.2828478 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 271AP UT WOS:000253761600016 PM 18331092 ER PT J AU Naidon, P Tiesinga, E Julienne, PS AF Naidon, Pascal Tiesinga, Eite Julienne, Paul S. TI Two-body transients in coupled atomic-molecular Bose-Einstein condensates SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FESHBACH RESONANCES; PHOTOASSOCIATION; SCATTERING; COLLISIONS AB We discuss the dynamics of an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate when pairs of atoms are converted into molecules by single-color photoassociation. Three main regimes are found, and it is shown that they can be understood on the basis of time-dependent two-body theory. In particular, the so-called rogue dissociation regime [Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 090403 (2002)], which has a density-dependent limit on the photoassociation rate, is identified with a transient regime of the two-atom dynamics exhibiting universal properties. Finally, we illustrate how these regimes could be explored by photoassociating condensates of alkaline-earth atoms. C1 [Naidon, Pascal; Julienne, Paul S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Tiesinga, Eite; Julienne, Paul S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Naidon, P (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, 100 Bureau Dr Stop 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 24 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 7 PY 2008 VL 100 IS 9 AR 093001 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.093001 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 271BS UT WOS:000253764500024 PM 18352702 ER PT J AU Maynard, JA Turner, PJ Anthony, KRN Baird, AH Berkelmans, R Eakin, CM Johnson, J Marshall, PA Packer, GR Rea, A Willis, BL AF Maynard, Jeffrey A. Turner, Peter J. Anthony, Kenneth R. N. Baird, Andrew H. Berkelmans, Ray Eakin, C. Mark Johnson, Johanna Marshall, Paul A. Packer, Gareck R. Rea, Anthony Willis, Bette L. TI ReefTemp: An interactive monitoring system for coral bleaching using high-resolution SST and improved stress predictors SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; PATTERNS AB Anomalously high sea surface temperatures (SST) have led to repeated mass coral bleaching events on a global scale. Existing satellite-based systems used to monitor conditions conducive to bleaching are based on low-resolution (0.5 degrees, similar to 50 km) SST data. While these systems have served the research and management community well, they have inherent weaknesses that limit their capacity to predict stress on coral reefs at local scales, over which bleaching severity is known to vary dramatically. Here we discuss the development and testing of ReefTemp, a new operational remote sensing application for the Great Barrier Reef that assesses bleaching risk daily using: high-resolution ( 2 km) SST, regionally validated thermal stress indices, and color-graded legends directly related to past observations of bleaching severity. Given projections of sea temperature rise, ReefTemp is timely as it can accurately predict bleaching severity at a local scale and therefore help to give focus to future research and monitoring efforts. C1 [Maynard, Jeffrey A.; Johnson, Johanna; Marshall, Paul A.; Packer, Gareck R.] Great Barrier Reef Marine Pk Author, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. [Turner, Peter J.] CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Remote Sensing, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. [Anthony, Kenneth R. N.] Univ Queensland, Ctr Marine Studies, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. [Anthony, Kenneth R. N.; Baird, Andrew H.; Willis, Bette L.] James Cook Univ N Queensland, ARC Ctr Excellence Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. [Berkelmans, Ray] Australian Inst Marine Sci, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. [Eakin, C. Mark] NOAA, Coral Reef Watch, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Rea, Anthony] Australian Bur Meteorol, Space Based Observat Sect, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia. [Willis, Bette L.] James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Marine & Trop Biol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. RP Maynard, JA (reprint author), Great Barrier Reef Marine Pk Author, 2-68 Flinders St, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. EM j.maynard@gbrmpa.gov.au RI Baird, Andrew/C-8449-2009; Anthony, Kenneth/G-4299-2011; Eakin, C. Mark/F-5585-2010 OI Baird, Andrew/0000-0001-8504-4077; NR 15 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 6 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 5 AR L05603 DI 10.1029/2007GL032175 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 276PY UT WOS:000254155800003 ER PT J AU Li, SL Perlwitz, J Quan, XW Hoerling, MP AF Li, Shuanglin Perlwitz, Judith Quan, Xiaowei Hoerling, Martin P. TI Modelling the influence of North Atlantic multidecadal warmth on the Indian summer rainfall SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OSCILLATION; PRECIPITATION; CLIMATE; OCEAN AB Ensemble experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model reveal that a positive ( warm) ocean phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) increases Indian summer rainfall. The intensification is driven by extratropical North Atlantic warmth, with some cancellation associated with monsoon weakening in response to tropical North Atlantic warmth. Mechanistically, warm extratropical North Atlantic SSTs increase local rainfall, inducing an arching extratropical wavetrain response. The latter leads to intensified northern subsidence of monsoon mean meridional streamflow as well as widespread low surface pressure over North Africa, the Middle East and the western Indian Ocean contributing to a strengthened Indian monsoon trough and increased monsoon rainfall. Warm tropical North Atlantic SSTs primarily increase local tropical Atlantic rainfall that induces a tropically-confined response consisting of low level easterly wind anomalies over the Indian Ocean and dynamically induced subsident drying over India. Citation: Li, S., J.Perlwitz, X. Quan, and M. P. Hoerling ( 2008), Modelling the influence of North Atlantic multidecadal warmth on the Indian summer rainfall, C1 [Li, Shuanglin] NZC IAP CAS, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Perlwitz, Judith; Quan, Xiaowei] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Perlwitz, Judith; Quan, Xiaowei; Hoerling, Martin P.] NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Li, SL (reprint author), NZC IAP CAS, POB 9804, Beijing, Peoples R China. EM shuanglin.li@mail.iap.ac.cn RI Perlwitz, Judith/B-7201-2008 OI Perlwitz, Judith/0000-0003-4061-2442 NR 21 TC 37 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 5 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 5 AR L05804 DI 10.1029/2007GL032901 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 276PX UT WOS:000254155700004 ER PT J AU Zhou, LM Dickinson, R Dirmeyer, P Chen, HS Dai, YJ Tian, YH AF Zhou, Liming Dickinson, Robert Dirmeyer, Paul Chen, Haishan Dai, Yongjiu Tian, Yuhong TI Asymmetric response of maximum and minimum temperatures to soil emissivity change over the Northern African Sahel in a GCM SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE EMISSIVITY; CLIMATE AB Pronounced changes in land use and surface properties like those that have occurred in the Sahel could lead to reduced land surface emissivity and thus might have an asymmetric impact on daytime and nighttime surface air temperature. This paper analyzes the sensitivity of simulated climate and energy balance to changes in soil emissivity over the Sahel using the recently developed Community Land Model/Community Atmosphere Model. Model simulations indicate that the reduction of soil emissivity warms minimum temperature (T(min)) much faster than maximum temperature (T(max)) and thus decreases the diurnal temperature range (DTR) significantly. Lower emissivity reduces the outgoing longwave radiation and thus provides more energy to the atmosphere through increasing of sensible heat flux, ground and surface air temperatures. Statistical results show that, on average, a decrease of soil emissivity of 0.1 will increase Tmin by 0.55 degrees C and 0.41 degrees C, and decrease DTR by 0.59 degrees C and 0.46 degrees C under clear-sky and all-sky conditions, respectively, while Tmax changes little. The warming in Tmin and the decrease in DTR are much stronger during the dry season than the wet season and are higher in clear-sky conditions than all-sky conditions. These results suggest that changes in land surface emissivity over some particular regions might explain part of the observed decrease in DTR, especially over semi-arid regions. Citation: Zhou, L., R. Dickinson, P. Dirmeyer, H. Chen, Y. Dai, and Y. Tian ( 2008), Asymmetric response of maximum and minimum temperatures to soil emissivity change over the Northern African Sahel in a GCM. C1 [Zhou, Liming; Dickinson, Robert] Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Zhou, Liming; Dirmeyer, Paul] Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Chen, Haishan] Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol, Jiangsu Key Lab Meterol Disaster, Nanjing 210044, Peoples R China. [Dai, Yongjiu] Beijing Normal Univ, Sch Geog, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. [Tian, Yuhong] NOAA NESDIS, IMSG, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Zhou, LM (reprint author), Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM lmzhou@eas.gatech.edu RI Dai, Yongjiu/D-1070-2010; Zhou, Liming/A-2688-2012; Dai, Yongjiu/D-6261-2014; Dirmeyer, Paul/B-6553-2016; OI Dai, Yongjiu/0000-0002-3588-6644; Dirmeyer, Paul/0000-0003-3158-1752; Chen, Haishan/0000-0002-2403-3187 NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 5 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 5 AR L05402 DI 10.1029/2007GL032953 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 276PX UT WOS:000254155700005 ER PT J AU Kim, DI Grobelny, J Pradeep, N Cook, RF AF Kim, Doo-In Grobelny, Jaroslaw Pradeep, Namboodiri Cook, Robert F. TI Origin of adhesion in humid air SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; JKR-DMT TRANSITION; CAPILLARY CONDENSATION; SURFACE INTERACTIONS; DISPERSION FORCES; HAMAKER CONSTANTS; MENISCUS; CONTACT; ENERGY; THERMODYNAMICS AB The origin of adhesion in humid air is investigated by pull-off force measurements between nanoscale contacts using atomic force microscopes in controlled environments from ultrahigh vacuum through various humidity conditions to water. An equivalent work of adhesion (WOA) model with a simplified interface stress distribution is developed, combining the effects of screened van der Waals and meniscus forces, which describes adhesion in humid air and which self-consistently treats the contact stress and deformation. Although the pull-off force is found to vary significantly with humidity, the equivalent WOA is found to be invariant. Increasing humidity alters the nature of the surface adhesion from a compliant contact with a localized, intense meniscus force to a stiff contact with an extended, weak meniscus force. C1 [Kim, Doo-In; Grobelny, Jaroslaw; Pradeep, Namboodiri; Cook, Robert F.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Grobelny, Jaroslaw] Univ Lodz, PL-90236 Lodz, Poland. RP Kim, DI (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dooin.kim@nist.gov OI Grobelny, Jaroslaw/0000-0003-2648-2186 NR 35 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD MAR 4 PY 2008 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1873 EP 1877 DI 10.1021/la702412y PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 266TP UT WOS:000253460200050 PM 18193903 ER PT J AU Piletska, EV Villoslada, FN Chianella, I Bossi, A Karim, K Whitcombe, MJ Piletsky, SA Doucette, GJ Ramsdell, JS AF Piletska, Elena V. Villoslada, Fernando Navarro Chianella, Iva Bossi, Alessandra Karim, Kal Whitcombe, Michael J. Piletsky, Sergey A. Doucette, Gregory J. Ramsdell, John S. TI Extraction of domoic acid from seawater and urine using a resin based on 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE domoic acid; solid-phase extraction; high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ID TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SHELLFISH; SERUM AB A new solid-phase extraction (SPE) matrix with high affinity for the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) was designed and tested. A computational modelling study led to the selection of 2(trifluoromethyl) acrylic acid (TFMAA) as a functional monomer capable of imparting affinity towards domoic acid. Polymeric adsorbents containing TFMAA were synthesised and tested in high ionic strength solutions such as urine and seawater. The TFMAA-based polymers demonstrated excellent performance in solid-phase extraction of domoic acid, retaining the toxin while salts and other interfering compounds such as aspartic and glutamic acids were removed by washing and selective elution. It was shown that the TFMAA-based polymer provided the level of purification of domoic acid from urine and seawater acceptable for its quantification by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) without any additional pre-concentration and purification steps. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Piletska, Elena V.; Villoslada, Fernando Navarro; Chianella, Iva; Bossi, Alessandra; Karim, Kal; Whitcombe, Michael J.; Piletsky, Sergey A.] Cranfield Univ, Bedford MK45 4DT, England. [Doucette, Gregory J.; Ramsdell, John S.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ctr Coastal Envrionm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Piletska, EV (reprint author), Cranfield Univ, Bedford MK45 4DT, England. EM e.piletska@cranfield.ac.uk RI Whitcombe, Michael/B-9207-2008; Doucette, Gregory/M-3283-2013; OI Whitcombe, Michael/0000-0002-4260-8554; Bossi, Alessandra Maria/0000-0002-2542-8412; Piletska, Elena/0000-0003-0122-1764; Piletsky, Sergey/0000-0003-2052-5763 NR 18 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD MAR 3 PY 2008 VL 610 IS 1 BP 35 EP 43 DI 10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.032 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 275GU UT WOS:000254060700004 PM 18267137 ER PT J AU Nguyen, NV Xiong, HD Suehle, JS Kirillov, OA Vogel, EM Majhi, P Wen, HC AF Nguyen, N. V. Xiong, H. D. Suehle, J. S. Kirillov, O. A. Vogel, E. M. Majhi, P. Wen, H. -C. TI Internal photoemission spectroscopy of [TaN/TaSiN] and [TaN/TaCN] metal stacks on SiO(2) and [HfO(2)/SiO(2)] dielectric stack SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GATE DIELECTRICS; AL2O3; HFO2; ZRO2 AB There is an intense search for metal gates for the next generation metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor. The barrier height (Phi(0)) at its interface with a gate dielectric must be known to select a suitable metal. In this letter, internal photoemission was used to determine Phi(0) of two technologically important ternary metals, [TaN/TaSiN] and [TaN/TaCN], on a single SiO(2) layer and a [HfO(2)/SiO(2)] stack. On SiO(2), Phi(0) was found to be 3.36 and 3.55 eV at the [TaN/TaSiN] stack/SiO(2) and [TaN/TaCN stack]/SiO(2) interfaces, respectively. However, on the [HfO(2)/SiO(2)] stack, Phi(0) was found be the same at 2.5 eV for both metal stacks. These results are compared to flatband voltage measurements. (c) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Nguyen, N. V.; Xiong, H. D.; Suehle, J. S.; Kirillov, O. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Vogel, E. M.] Univ Texas Dallas, Dept Elect Engn, Dallas, TX 75080 USA. [Majhi, P.; Wen, H. -C.] SEMATECH, Austin, TX 78741 USA. RP Nguyen, NV (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nhan.nguyen@nist.gov RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008; Kirillov, Oleg/A-4242-2009 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361; NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 3 PY 2008 VL 92 IS 9 AR 092907 DI 10.1063/1.2890760 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 271AO UT WOS:000253761500077 ER PT J AU Belu, A Mahoney, C Wormuth, K AF Belu, Anna Mahoney, Christine Wormuth, Klaus TI Chemical imaging of drug eluting coatings: Combining surface analysis and confocal Raman microscopy SO JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE LA English DT Article DE imaging; drug; characterization; elution; stent ID ION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; TOF-SIMS; RELEASE; VISUALIZATION; FLUORESCENCE; SYSTEMS; TISSUE; LIPIDS; STENT; BEAMS AB Chemical images of the surfaces and the interiors of coatings of rapamycin in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) obtained by mass spectrometry and light scattering methods reveal a three dimensional picture of the chemical morphology of drug eluting coatings before, during, and after drug elution. The coating formulations examined ranged from 5 to 50 wt.% rapamycin in PLGA with and without a top layer ("capcoat") of PLGA. Surface sensitive electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) indicated that the outer surface of the coatings (without a PLGA capcoat) were drug-rich prior to elution. TOF-SIMS depth profiling using SF5+ polyatomic primary ions revealed a drug-enriched region at the near surface of the non-capcoated coatings ranging in thickness from 5 to 115 nm. The chemical morphology of the rapamycin/PLGA coatings on stents was determined using scanning confocal Raman microscopy, from the surface through the bulk of the coatings. Images of the coatings on stents showed a homogeneous distribution of rapamycin for the coatings with low concentrations of drug (5 wt.%) and more Don-uniform distributions for higher concentrations of rapamycin (>25 wt.%). Images acquired from the interior of the films during the elution process indicated that rapamycin diffuses out of the coating but also segregates into drug-rich domains with increasing elution time. Optical interferometry measurements of coating thickness suggested that PLGA eroded from the coating during the elution experiment. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Belu, Anna] Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, MN USA. [Mahoney, Christine] NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Wormuth, Klaus] Surmodics Inc, Eden Prairie, MN USA. RP Belu, A (reprint author), Medtronic Inc, 710 Medtronic Pkway LT130, Minneapolis, MN USA. EM anna.belu@medtronic.com NR 32 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-3659 J9 J CONTROL RELEASE JI J. Control. Release PD MAR 3 PY 2008 VL 126 IS 2 BP 111 EP 121 DI 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.11.015 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 273PC UT WOS:000253943000002 PM 18201791 ER PT J AU Seminoff, JA Shanker, K AF Seminoff, Jeffrey A. Shanker, Kartik TI Marine turtles and IUCN Red Listing: A review of the process, the pitfalls, and novel assessment approaches SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE assessment; IUCN criteria; endangered; modelling; population trend; sea turtle ID POPULATION VIABILITY ANALYSIS; PACIFIC LEATHERBACK TURTLES; CORIACEA NESTING POPULATION; ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT; LOGGERHEAD SEA-TURTLES; GREEN TURTLES; CHELONIA-MYDAS; DERMOCHELYS-CORIACEA; COSTA-RICA; ERETMOCHELYS-IMBRICATA AB Marine turtles have been exploited by humans since pre-history, with particular intensity in the last century, the result of which has been the depletion of most nesting populations in the world. In many cases these declines have been reversed thanks to a variety of effective conservation programs. Several nesting populations maintain positive growth trends, although most are probably depleted relative to historic levels, while others continue in a severely depleted state, with little or no population growth in recent decades. This mosaic of population trajectories along with demographic and life-history traits that buffer against extinction has created unique challenges for marine turtle assessments such as those by the World Conservation Union's (IUCN) Marine Turtle Specialist Group, which conducts global assessments for the IUCN Red List. While the Red Listing approach describes extinction risk, which theoretically can be useful for developing conservation priorities, the descriptors that have been assigned to marine turtles so far (e.g. Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered) state an unrealistic imminence of extinction, a problem enhanced by the fact that its global resolution fails to reflect the disparate population trends ongoing in different regions worldwide. Coupled with misuse of the Red List by governments and conservation organizations worldwide, these shortcomings have led to increased debate regarding its efficacy for marine turtles. In this paper we describe the Red Listing assessment process, the problems associated with this approach for marine turtles, as well as the overall value of Red List assessments for marine turtle conservation. We suggest that Red list assessments for marine turtles at the global scale do not accurately depict the current status of marine turtles and may have unintended consequences for their conservation. Largely the data do not exist, or are not reliable, making the use of the current criteria intractable. We discuss novel methods for conducting marine turtle assessments, such as using a wider array of the current Red List Criteria, modelling future population dynamics, and developing regional assessments and/or conservation prescriptive assessments. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Seminoff, Jeffrey A.] NOAA, Marine Turtle Res Program, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. [Shanker, Kartik] Indian Inst Sci, Bangalore 566012, Karnataka, India. [Shanker, Kartik] Ashoka Trust Res Ecol & Environm, Bangalore 566012, Karnataka, India. RP Seminoff, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Marine Turtle Res Program, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM jeffrey.seminoff@noaa.gov; kshanker@ces.iisc.ernet.in NR 134 TC 40 Z9 52 U1 6 U2 67 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 EI 1879-1697 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD MAR 3 PY 2008 VL 356 IS 1-2 BP 52 EP 68 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.007 PG 17 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 284CN UT WOS:000254683000005 ER PT J AU Kobayashi, DR Polovina, JJ Parker, DM Kamezaki, N Cheng, IJ Uchida, I Dutton, PH Balazs, GH AF Kobayashi, Donald R. Polovina, Jeffrey J. Parker, Denise M. Kamezaki, Naoki Cheng, I-Jiunn Uchida, Itaru Dutton, Peter H. Balazs, George H. TI Pelagic habitat characterization of loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, in the North Pacific Ocean (1997-2006): Insights from satellite tag tracking and remotely sensed data SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biotelemetry; habitat use; oceanography; remote sensing; resource utilization; satellite tracking; sea turtles ID DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION; FLIPPER BEAT FREQUENCY; MARINE PROTECTED AREAS; TIGER SHARKS; SELECTIVE PREDATION; SEAGRASS ECOSYSTEM; ELECTIVITY INDEXES; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; DIVING BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AB We analyzed satellite track data for 186 loggerhead sea turtles in the North Pacific Ocean using remotely sensed environmental data to characterize pelagic habitat. A large number of candidate habitat variables were merged to the satellite track data and statistically compared to background values over a large spatiotemporal grid which bounded overall occupancy. Five statistically significant variables were identified out of the 16 environmental variables examined. Two of these variables have strong seasonal, interannual, and spatial patterns (sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a concentration), while three others were primarily spatial (earth magnetic force, earth magnetic declination, and earth magnetic inclination). Habitat selectivity for these variables was quantified using preference curve methodology established in the foraging literature. The output from the selectivity curves was used to predict a multivariate loggerhead sea turtle habitat index across the pelagic North Pacific. This predicted habitat was ground-truthed with newly available satellite track data. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Kobayashi, Donald R.; Polovina, Jeffrey J.; Parker, Denise M.; Balazs, George H.] NOAA, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, US Dept Commerce, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Kobayashi, Donald R.] Univ Technol Sydney, Dept Environm Sci, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia. [Parker, Denise M.] Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Kamezaki, Naoki] Sea Turtle Assoc Japan, Osaka 5730163, Japan. [Cheng, I-Jiunn] Natl Taiwan Ocean Univ, Inst Marine Biol, Chilung 20224, Taiwan. [Uchida, Itaru] Port Nagoya Publ Aquarium, Minato Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4550033, Japan. [Dutton, Peter H.] NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, US Dept Commerce, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Kobayashi, DR (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, US Dept Commerce, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM Donald.Kobayashi@noaa.gov NR 91 TC 54 Z9 60 U1 4 U2 52 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 EI 1879-1697 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD MAR 3 PY 2008 VL 356 IS 1-2 BP 96 EP 114 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.019 PG 19 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 284CN UT WOS:000254683000008 ER PT J AU Rice, MR Balazs, GH AF Rice, Marc R. Balazs, George H. TI Diving behavior of the Hawaiian green turtle (Chelonia mydas) during oceanic migrations SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diving; Hawaiian islands; migration; sea turtles; TDR ID SEA-TURTLES; ASCENSION ISLAND; DIVE PROFILES; LEPIDOCHELYS-OLIVACEA; SATELLITE TRACKING; DEPTH DISTRIBUTION; DURATIONS; PACIFIC AB The diving behavior of an adult female and two adult male green turtles was recorded during their roundtrip breeding migration from Laniakea, Oahu, to French Frigate Shoals in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. These data represent the first detailed records of diving behavior of green turtles as they migrate to their breeding grounds. All three turtles exhibited a biphasic diving behavior. During the daylight hours, diving depth was shallow (1-4 m) and duration was short (1-18 min). It was assumed that the turtles were moving deliberately toward their destination during this time. Between 1900 and 1930 h daily, the turtles began a diving pattern consisting of deep dives with a mean maximum dive depth of 35-55 m and a mean duration of 35 to 44 min. The shallow diurnal diving began between 0600 and 0700 h, after the nocturnal deep-diving pattern ended. The adult female made two dives in excess of 135 to and one male made several dives in excess of 100 in. These are the deepest dives ever recorded for a naturally diving green turtle. It took an average of 36 days for the turtles to make the trip to French Frigate Shoals and an average of 30 days to make the return trip. The deep nocturnal diving was unexpected and this behavior is in need of further investigation. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 [Rice, Marc R.] Hawaii Preparatory Acad, Kamuela, HI 96743 USA. [Balazs, George H.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Rice, MR (reprint author), Hawaii Preparatory Acad, 65-1692 Kohala Mt Rd, Kamuela, HI 96743 USA. EM mrice@hpa.edu NR 33 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 EI 1879-1697 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD MAR 3 PY 2008 VL 356 IS 1-2 BP 121 EP 127 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.010 PG 7 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 284CN UT WOS:000254683000010 ER PT J AU Bailey, H Shillinger, G Palacios, D Bograd, S Spotila, J Paladino, F Block, B AF Bailey, H. Shillinger, G. Palacios, D. Bograd, S. Spotila, J. Paladino, F. Block, B. TI Identifying and comparing phases of movement by leatherback turtles using state-space models SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dermochelys coriacea; internesting; pacific ocean; satellite telemetry; switching state-space model ID DERMOCHELYS-CORIACEA; SEA-TURTLES; SATELLITE TELEMETRY; LOCATION ACCURACY; GREEN TURTLES; TRACKING DATA; COSTA-RICA; MIGRATION; OCEAN; BEHAVIOR AB Leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) are currently critically endangered and could be on the verge of extinction within the Pacific Ocean. In 2004-7, satellite transmitters were attached to 46 female turtles nesting at Playa Grande, Costa Rica, to further investigate their distribution and movements in the eastern Pacific to improve conservation measures. State-space models (SSM) provide a valuable tool for modelling movement data by simultaneously accounting for measurement error and variability in the movement dynamics. Track simulations and a measure of the uncertainty for each position estimate allowed model performance with large amounts of missing satellite data to be assessed, as this is common for marine animals. A switching SSM was applied to the tracks of the turtles, which also provided an estimate of the behavioural mode at each location. This enabled the internesting period to be objectively defined based on a shift between these two modes. This switch occurred later than the last observed nesting event, indicating turtles did not immediately move offshore and the length of time and area that turtles utilise during internesting could previously have been underestimated. The movement parameters, mean turning angle and autocorrelation in speed and direction, for each mode were similar to those in the Atlantic Ocean, but the foraging phase was more prolonged and widely dispersed suggesting that food patches are less predictable in the Pacific. This may explain the long period between nesting seasons. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Bailey, H.; Palacios, D.; Bograd, S.] NOAA, NMFS, SWFSC, Div Environm Res, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. [Shillinger, G.; Block, B.] Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. [Palacios, D.] Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Spotila, J.] Drexel Univ, Sch Environm Sci Engn & Policy, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. [Paladino, F.] Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Wayne, IN 46805 USA. RP Bailey, H (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, SWFSC, Div Environm Res, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM helen.bailey@noaa.gov RI Palacios, Daniel/B-9180-2008; Logger, Satellite/C-1379-2010; Bailey, Helen/E-6813-2012 OI Palacios, Daniel/0000-0001-7069-7913; Bailey, Helen/0000-0001-7445-4687 NR 39 TC 55 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD MAR 3 PY 2008 VL 356 IS 1-2 BP 128 EP 135 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.020 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 284CN UT WOS:000254683000011 ER PT J AU Lita, AE Miller, AJ Nam, SW AF Lita, Adriana E. Miller, Aaron J. Nam, Sae Woo TI Counting near-infrared single-photons with 95% efficiency SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION-EDGE SENSORS; QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY; BELL THEOREM; NOISE AB Single-photon detectors operating at visible and near-infrared wavelengths with high detection efficiency and low noise are a requirement for many quantum-information applications. Superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs) are capable of detecting visible and near-infrared light at the single-photon level and are capable of discriminating between one- and two-photon absorption events; however these capabilities place stringent design requirements on the TES heat capacity, thermometry, and optical detection efficiency. We describe the fabrication and evaluation of a fiber-coupled, photon-number-resolving TES detector optimized for absorption at 1550 and 1310 nm wavelengths. The measured system detection efficiency at 1556 nm is 95 % +/- 2 %, which to our knowledge is the highest system detection efficiency reported for a near-infrared single-photon detector. Work of US government: not subject to US copyright. C1 [Lita, Adriana E.; Nam, Sae Woo] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Miller, Aaron J.] Albion Coll, Dept Phys, Albion, MI 49224 USA. RP Lita, AE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM lita@boulder.nist.gov NR 17 TC 260 Z9 263 U1 5 U2 46 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD MAR 3 PY 2008 VL 16 IS 5 BP 3032 EP 3040 DI 10.1364/OE.16.003032 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 276DK UT WOS:000254121300021 PM 18542389 ER PT J AU Churnside, JH Bravo, HE Naugolnykh, KA Fuks, IM AF Churnside, J. H. Bravo, H. E. Naugolnykh, K. A. Fuks, I. M. TI Effects of underwater sound and surface ripples on scattered laser light SO ACOUSTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB The acousto-optic interaction at a water surface perturbed by random waves and by an underwater sound source is studied. The interferometric method is applied to measure the features of the power spectra of the scattered light field. Detection of sound-induced perturbation of the rough surface is performed. The corresponding theory of the scattered light spectra modulation is presented and its results are compared with the data of the experiment. C1 [Churnside, J. H.; Bravo, H. E.] NOAA Zeltech, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Churnside, JH (reprint author), NOAA Zeltech, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Churnside, James/H-4873-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 1063-7710 J9 ACOUST PHYS+ JI Acoust. Phys. PD MAR-APR PY 2008 VL 54 IS 2 BP 204 EP 209 DI 10.1134/S1063771008020073 PG 6 WC Acoustics SC Acoustics GA 284JD UT WOS:000254701800007 ER PT J AU Angevine, WM AF Angevine, Wayne M. TI Transitional, entraining, cloudy, and coastal boundary layers SO ACTA GEOPHYSICA LA English DT Article DE transitional boundary layer; marine boundary layer; entrainment; coastal boundary layer; pollutant transport; advected turbulence ID LARGE-EDDY SIMULATIONS; OBSERVED EVENING TRANSITION; POLLUTANT TRANSPORT; MIXED-LAYER; TURBULENCE STRUCTURE; MORNING TRANSITION; OFFSHORE FLOW; MIXING HEIGHT; NEW-ENGLAND; WIND SHEAR AB Atmospheric boundary layers are marvelously varied and complex. Recent research has examined some of that variety. Boundary layers over land undergo drastic changes throughout the day as the sun rises and sets, and as clouds form and dissipate. Air is entrained at the top of the boundary layer at varying rates. As air moves over the coast, the boundary layer reacts to changes in surface forcing. All of these changes affect pollutant transport and weather formation. In this paper, research attempting to understand transitional, cloud-topped, and coastal boundary layers, and boundary-layer top entrainment, is reviewed. C1 [Angevine, Wayne M.] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Angevine, Wayne M.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Angevine, WM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Wayne.M.Angevine@noaa.gov RI Angevine, Wayne/H-9849-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Angevine, Wayne/0000-0002-8021-7116; NR 50 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU VERSITA PI WARSAW 41 PA 9 DRUGA POPRZECNA ST, 04-604 WARSAW 41, POLAND SN 1895-6572 J9 ACTA GEOPHYS JI Acta Geophys. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 56 IS 1 BP 2 EP 20 DI 10.2478/s11600-007-0035-1 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 247TZ UT WOS:000252106800002 ER PT J AU Banta, RM AF Banta, Robert M. TI Stable-boundary-layer regimes from the perspective of the low-level jet SO ACTA GEOPHYSICA LA English DT Article DE stable boundary layer; low-level jet; Doppler lidar; atmospheric turbulence; turbulence kinetic energy ID ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE-LAYER; SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; INTERMITTENT TURBULENCE; DOPPLER LIDAR; MIXING HEIGHT; PART II; CASES-99; CLIMATOLOGY; OSCILLATIONS; MODEL AB This paper reviews results from two field studies of the nocturnal stable atmospheric boundary layer (SBL) over the Great Plains of the United States. Data from a scanning remote-sensing system, a High-Resolution Doppler Lidar (HRDL), provided measurements of mean and turbulent wind components at high spatial and temporal resolution through the lowest 500-1000 m of the atmosphere. This data set has allowed the characteristics of the low-level jet (LLJ) maximum (speed, height, direction) to be documented through entire nights. LLJs form after sunset and produce strong shear in the layer below the LLJ maximum or nose, which is a source of turbulence and mixing in the SBL. Simultaneous HRDL measurements of turbulence quantities related to turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) has allowed the turbulence in the subjet layer to be related to LLJ properties. Turbulence structure was found to be a function of the bulk stability of the subjet layer. For the strong-LLJ (> 15 m s(-1)), weakly stable cases the strength of the turbulence is proportional to the strength of the LLJ. For these cases with nearly continuous turbulence in the subjet layer, low-level jet scaling, in which lengths are scaled by the LLJ height and velocity variables are scaled by the LLJ speed, was found to be appropriate. For the weak-wind (< 5 m s(-1) in the lowest 200 m), very stable boundary layer (vSBL), the boundary layer was found to be very shallow (sometimes < 10 m deep), and turbulent fluxes between the earth's surface and the atmosphere were found to be essentially shut down. For more intermediate wind speeds and stabilities, the SBL shows varying degrees of intermittency due to various mechanisms, including shearinstability and other gravity waves, density currents, and other mesoscale disturbances. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Banta, RM (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. EM robert.banta@noaa.gov RI Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 72 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 13 PU VERSITA PI WARSAW 41 PA 9 DRUGA POPRZECNA ST, 04-604 WARSAW 41, POLAND SN 1895-6572 J9 ACTA GEOPHYS JI Acta Geophys. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 56 IS 1 BP 58 EP 87 DI 10.2478/s11600-007-0049-8 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 247TZ UT WOS:000252106800004 ER PT J AU Grachev, AA Andreas, EL Fairall, CW Guest, PS Persson, POG AF Grachev, Andrey A. Andreas, Edgar L. Fairall, Christopher W. Guest, Peter S. Persson, P. Ola G. TI Turbulent measurements in the stable atmospheric boundary layer during SHEBA: ten years after SO ACTA GEOPHYSICA LA English DT Article DE flux-profile relationships; Monin-Obukhov similarity theory; Richardson number; SHEBA; stable boundary layer; turbulent Prandtl number ID FLUX-PROFILE RELATIONSHIPS; MONIN-OBUKHOV SIMILARITY; SURFACE-LAYER; SELF-CORRELATION; GRADIENT RELATIONSHIP; WIND-SPEED; INTERMITTENCY; TEMPERATURE; STABILITY; REGIMES AB This paper surveys results of the comprehensive turbulent measurements in the stable boundary layer (SBL) made over the Arctic pack ice during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean experiment (SHEBA) in the Beaufort Gyre from October 1997 through September 1998. Turbulent fluxes and mean meteorological data were continuously measured and reported hourly at five levels on a 20-m main SHEBA tower. Eleven months of measurements during SHEBA cover a wide range of stability conditions, from the weakly unstable regime to very stable stratification, and allow studying the SBL in detail. A brief overview of the SBL regimes, the flux-profile relationships, the turbulent Prandtl number, and other parameters obtained during SHEBA is given. The traditional Monin-Obukhov approach, z-less scaling, and gradient-based scaling are evaluated and discussed based on the data from SHEBA. C1 [Grachev, Andrey A.; Persson, P. Ola G.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Grachev, Andrey A.; Fairall, Christopher W.; Persson, P. Ola G.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Andreas, Edgar L.] NW Res Associates Inc, Seattle Div, Lebanon, NH USA. [Guest, Peter S.] USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA USA. RP Grachev, AA (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. EM Grachev@noaa.gov NR 65 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU DE GRUYTER OPEN LTD PI WARSAW PA BOGUMILA ZUGA 32A ST, 01-811 WARSAW, POLAND SN 1895-7455 J9 ACTA GEOPHYS JI Acta Geophys. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 56 IS 1 BP 142 EP 166 DI 10.2478/s11600-007-0048-9 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 247TZ UT WOS:000252106800008 ER PT J AU Wu, XQ Li, XF AF Wu, Xiaoqing Li, Xiaofan TI A review of cloud-resolving model studies of convective processes SO ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Review DE cloud-resolving models (CRMs); convective processes; simulations of convection and clouds ID LONG-TERM BEHAVIOR; TROPICAL EQUILIBRIUM STATES; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; LARGE-SCALE DYNAMICS; TOGA-COARE; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; WESTERN PACIFIC; SQUALL-LINE AB Convective processes affect large-scale environments through cloud-radiation interaction, cloud microphysical processes, and surface rainfall processes. Over the last three decades, cloud-resolving models (CRMs) have demonstrated to be capable of simulating convective-radiative responses to an imposed large-scale forcing. The CRM-produced cloud and radiative properties have been utilized to study the convective-related processes and their ensemble effects on large-scale circulations. This review summarizes the recent progress on the understanding of convective processes with the use of CRM simulations, including precipitation processes; cloud microphysical and radiative processes; dynamical processes; precipitation efficiency; diurnal variations of tropical oceanic convection; local-scale atmosphere-ocean coupling processes; and tropical convective-radiative equilibrium states. Two different ongoing applications of CRMs to general circulation models (GCMs) are discussed: replacing convection and cloud schemes for studying the interaction between cloud systems and large-scale circulation, and improving the schemes for climate simulations. C1 [Wu, Xiaoqing] Iowa State Univ, Dept Geol & Atmospher Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Li, Xiaofan] NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Li, Xiaofan] Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Wu, XQ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Geol & Atmospher Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM wuxq@iastate.edu RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; AAS, AAS/C-2949-2014; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014; Wu, Xiangqian/F-5634-2010 OI Wu, Xiangqian/0000-0002-7804-5650 NR 135 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 8 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0256-1530 J9 ADV ATMOS SCI JI Adv. Atmos. Sci. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 25 IS 2 BP 202 EP 212 DI 10.1007/s00376-008-0202-6 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 274TH UT WOS:000254023500004 ER PT J AU Yan, BH Weng, FH AF Yan, Banghua Weng, Fuzhong TI Applications of AMSR-E measurements for tropical cyclone predictions part I: Retrieval of sea surface temperature and wind speed SO ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE ocean surface temperature; ocean surface wind; AMSR-E; hurricane vortex analysis ID SENSOR MICROWAVE IMAGER; SATELLITE DATA ASSIMILATION; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; INTENSITY; CLOUD; WATER; CALIBRATION; FREQUENCIES; EMISSIVITY; MODELS AB Existing satellite microwave algorithms for retrieving Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Wind (SSW) are applicable primarily for non-raining cloudy conditions. With the launch of the Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua satellite in 2002, the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) onboard provides some unique measurements at lower frequencies which are sensitive to ocean surface parameters under adverse weather conditions. In this study, a new algorithm is developed to derive SST and SSW for hurricane predictions such as hurricane vortex analysis from the AMSR-E measurements at 6.925 and 10.65 GHz. In the algorithm, the effects of precipitation emission and scattering on the measurements are properly taken into account. The algorithm performances are evaluated with buoy measurements and aircraft dropsonde data. It is found that the root mean square (RMS) errors for SST and SSW are about 1.8 K and 1.9 m s(-1), respectively, when the results are compared with the buoy data over open oceans under precipitating clouds (e.g., its liquid water path is larger than 0.5 mm), while they are 1.1 K for SST and 2.0 m s(-1) for SSW, respectively, when the retrievals are validated against the dropsonde measurements over warm oceans. These results indicate that our newly developed algorithm can provide some critical surface information for tropical cycle predictions. Currently, this newly developed algorithm has been implemented into the hybrid variational scheme for the hurricane vortex analysis to provide predictions of SST and SSW fields. C1 [Yan, Banghua] NOAA, Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Weng, Fuzhong] NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Yan, BH (reprint author), NOAA, Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. EM Banghua.Yan@noaa.gov RI AAS, AAS/C-2949-2014; Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 37 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU SCIENCE CHINA PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0256-1530 J9 ADV ATMOS SCI JI Adv. Atmos. Sci. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 25 IS 2 BP 227 EP 245 DI 10.1007/s00376-008-0227-x PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 274TH UT WOS:000254023500006 ER PT J AU Hobbs, L Fowler, CW AF Hobbs, Larry Fowler, Charles W. TI Putting humans in ecology: Consistency in science and managment SO AMBIO LA English DT Article ID MANAGEMENT AB Normal and abnormal levels of human participation in ecosystems can be revealed through the use of macro-ecological patterns. Such patterns also provide consistent and objective guidance that will lead to achieving and maintaining ecosystem health and sustainability. This paper focuses on the consistency of this type of guidance and management. Such management, in sharp contrast to current management practices, ensures that our actions as individuals, institutions, political groups, societies, and as a species are applied consistently across all temporal, spatial, and organizational scales. This approach supplants management of today, where inconsistency results from debate, politics, and legal and religious polarity. Consistency is achieved when human endeavors are guided by natural patterns. Pattern-based management meets long-standing demands for enlightened management that requires humans to participate in complex systems in consistent and sustainable ways. C1 [Hobbs, Larry] Antioch Univ Seattle, Bainbridge Isl, WA 98110 USA. [Fowler, Charles W.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Hobbs, L (reprint author), Antioch Univ Seattle, 7112 NE Baker Hill Rd, Bainbridge Isl, WA 98110 USA. EM info@inlandwhale.com; Charles.Fowler@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-7447 EI 1654-7209 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD MAR PY 2008 VL 37 IS 2 BP 119 EP 124 DI 10.1579/0044-7447(2008)37[119:PHIECI]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 293CB UT WOS:000255311300009 PM 18488555 ER PT J AU Ramprakash, J Doseeva, V Galkin, A Krajewski, W Muthukumar, L Pullalarevu, S Demirkan, E Herzberg, O Moult, J Schwarz, FP AF Ramprakash, J. Doseeva, V. Galkin, A. Krajewski, W. Muthukumar, L. Pullalarevu, S. Demirkan, E. Herzberg, O. Moult, J. Schwarz, F. P. TI Comparison of the chemical and thermal denaturation of proteins by a two-state transition model SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE chemical denaturation; differential scanning calorimetry; denaturation free energy change; fluorescence; oligomers; proteins; protein conformational stability; thermodynamics; two-state transition model ID HAEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BINDING-PROTEIN; THERMODYNAMICS; STABILIZATION; TRYPTOPHAN; MECHANISM; DOMAIN; CORE AB The conformational stabilities of eight proteins in terms of the free energy differences between the native "folded" state of the protein and its "unfolded" state were determined at 298 K by two methods: chemical denaturation at 298 K and extrapolation to 298 K of the thermal denaturation results at high temperature. The proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli from the Haemophilus influenzae and E coli genes at different levels of expression, covered a molecular mass range from 13 to 37 kg mol(-1) per monomeric unit (some exhibiting unique structural features), and were oligomeric up to four subunits. The free energy differences were determined by application of a two-state transition model to the chemical and thermal denaturation results, ranged from 9.4 to 148 kJ mol(-1) at 298 K, and were found to be within the experimental uncertainties of both methods for all of the proteins. Any contributions from intermediate states detectable from chemical and thermal denaturation differences in the unfolding free energy differences in these proteins are within the experimental uncertainties of both methods. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Ramprakash, J.; Doseeva, V.; Galkin, A.; Krajewski, W.; Muthukumar, L.; Pullalarevu, S.; Demirkan, E.; Herzberg, O.; Moult, J.] UMBI, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA. [Schwarz, F. P.] NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Schwarz, FP (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM fred@carb.nist.gov NR 25 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD MAR 1 PY 2008 VL 374 IS 1 BP 221 EP 230 DI 10.1016/j.ab.2007.10.005 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 260KV UT WOS:000253010100026 PM 17964274 ER PT J AU Altieri, KE Seitzinger, SP Carlton, AG Turpin, BJ Klein, GC Marshall, AG AF Altieri, K. E. Seitzinger, S. P. Carlton, A. G. Turpin, B. J. Klein, G. C. Marshall, A. G. TI Oligomers formed through in-cloud methylglyoxal reactions: Chemical composition, properties, and mechanisms investigated by ultra-high resolution FT-ICR mass spectrometry SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE methylglyoxal; oligomers; cloud processing; FT-ICR MS; SOA; isoprene ID SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; ION-CYCLOTRON RESONANCE; DILUTE AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; DICARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; OXALIC-ACID; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL; MARINE ATMOSPHERE; GAS-PHASE; ISOPRENE; GLYOXAL AB Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a substantial component of total atmospheric organic particulate matter, but little is known about the composition of SOA formed through cloud processing. We conducted aqueous phase photo-oxidation experiments of methylglyoxal and hydroxyl radical to simulate cloud processing. In addition to predicted organic acid monomers, oligomer formation from methylglyoxal-hydroxyl radical reactions was detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The chemical composition of the oligomers and the mechanism of their formation were investigated by ultra-high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and LCQ DUO ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI-MS-MS). Reaction products included 415 compounds detected in the mass range 245-800 Da and the elemental composition of all 415 compounds were determined by ultra-high resolution,FT-ICR MS. The ratio of total organic molecular weight per organic carbon weight (OM:OC) of the oligomers (1.0-2.5) was lower than the OM:OC of the organic acid monomers (2.3-3.8) formed, suggesting that the oligomers are less hygroscopic than the organic acid monomers formed from methylglyoxal-hydroxyl radical reaction. The OM:OC of the oligomers (average = 2.0) is consistent with that of aged atmospheric aerosols and atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS). A mechanism is proposed in which the organic acid monomers formed through hydroxyl radical reactions oligomerize through esterification. The mechanism is supported by the existence of series of oligomers identified by elemental composition from FT-ICR MS and ion fragmentation patterns from ESI-MS-MS. Each oligomer series starts with an organic acid monomer formed from hydroxyl radical oxidation, and increases in molecular weight and total oxygen content through esterification with a hydroxy acid (C3H6O3) resulting in multiple additions of 72.02113 Da (C3H4O2) to the parent organic acid monomer. Methylglyoxal is a water-soluble product of both gas phase biogenic (i.e., isoprene) and anthropogenic (i.e., aromatics, alkenes) hydrocarbon oxidation. The varied and multiple sources of methylglyoxal increase the potential for these low volatility Cloud processing products (e.g., oxalic acid and oligomers) to significantly contribute to SOA. Aqueous phase oligomer formation investigated here and aerosol phase oligomer formation appear to be more similar than previously realized, which may simplify the incorporation of oligomers into atmospheric SOA models. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Altieri, K. E.; Seitzinger, S. P.] Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. [Seitzinger, S. P.] Rutgers State Univ, NOAA, CMER Program, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. [Carlton, A. G.] NOAA, ARL, ASMD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Turpin, B. J.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. [Klein, G. C.] Christopher Newport Univ, Dept Biol Chem & Environm Sci, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. [Marshall, A. G.] Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, Tallahassee, FL USA. [Marshall, A. G.] Florida State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Altieri, KE (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, 71 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM altieri@marine.rutgers.edu RI Carlton, Annmarie/A-7867-2011; Turpin, Barbara /D-8346-2012; Altieri, Katye/M-5231-2014 OI Carlton, Annmarie/0000-0002-8574-1507; Altieri, Katye/0000-0002-6778-4079 NR 60 TC 169 Z9 171 U1 11 U2 115 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 42 IS 7 BP 1476 EP 1490 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.11.015 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 278CY UT WOS:000254262300009 ER PT J AU Butler, TJ Cohen, MD Vermeylen, FM Likens, GE Schmeltz, D Artz, RS AF Butler, Thomas J. Cohen, Mark D. Vermeylen, Frangoise M. Likens, Gene E. Schmeltz, David Artz, Richard S. TI Regional precipitation mercury trends in the eastern USA, 1998-2005: Declines in the Northeast and Midwest, no trend in the Southeast SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE mercury wet deposition; mercury emissions; mercury precipitation concentration ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; UNITED-STATES; DEPOSITION; EMISSIONS; AMERICA; CHINA; AREA; WET AB Mercury emissions in the USA declined between the 1990s and the beginning of this decade, largely due to the closure of municipal and medical waste incinerators. Declines in emissions have been greater in the Northeastern (NE) than the Midwestern (MW), and Southeastern (SE) regions of the eastern USA. During this time, global emissions of mercury have declined in Europe but have not declined in Asia and Africa. We have examined the patterns and trends in annual volume-weighted mean precipitation concentration for 33 Mercury Deposition Network (MDN) sites in the eastern USA, for the period 1998-2005. Individual linear regressions indicate that, I I of 12 sites in the NE and all nine sites in the MW show declining patterns in mercury concentration, but only nine of these 21 sites show statistically significant downward trends (p<0.10). For the SE, seven of 12 sites show a decreasing pattern, but only two sites show significant downward trends (p<0.10). Random coefficient models were used to test the trends in mercury concentration for each of the three regions as a whole. These results for the NE and the MW are statistically significant (p<0.01), and show annual declines of -1.70 +/- 0.51% (S.E.) per year, and -3.52 +/- 0.74% per year for the NE and MW, respectively. The SE region as a whole shows no significant trend in mercury concentration during the same period. Different mercury transformation and deposition processes in the SE may account for these results. A comprehensive mercury emissions record was not available for the same 1998-2005 time period as the precipitation concentration analysis. Therefore, while the empirical relation between changing regional mercury emissions and changing precipitation mercury concentrations is suggestive, it cannot be confidently assessed at this time. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Butler, Thomas J.; Cohen, Mark D.; Artz, Richard S.] NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Vermeylen, Frangoise M.] Cornell Univ, Off Stat Consulting, Ithaca, NY USA. [Likens, Gene E.] Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. [Schmeltz, David] US EPA, Clean Air Markets Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Butler, TJ (reprint author), Inst Ecosyst Studies, 211 Rice Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM tjb2@cornell.edu RI Artz, Richard/P-6371-2015; Cohen, Mark/P-6936-2015 OI Artz, Richard/0000-0002-1335-0697; Cohen, Mark/0000-0003-3183-2558 NR 35 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 42 IS 7 BP 1582 EP 1592 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.084 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 278CY UT WOS:000254262300017 ER PT J AU Pongprueksa, P Lin, CJ Lindberg, SE Jang, C Braverman, T Bullock, OR Ho, TC Chu, HW AF Pongprueksa, Pruek Lin, Che-Jen Lindberg, Steve E. Jang, Carey Braverman, Thomas Bullock, O. Russell, Jr. Ho, Thomas C. Chu, Hsing-Wei TI Scientific uncertainties in atmospheric mercury models III: Boundary and initial conditions, model grid resolution, and Hg(II) reduction mechanism SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE atmospheric mercury; boundary and initial conditions; CMAQ-Hg; grid resolution; mercury reduction mechanism ID MEASUREMENT NETWORK CAMNET; EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; TOTAL GASEOUS MERCURY; WET DEPOSITION; HYDROGEN; SENSITIVITY; EMISSIONS; CHEMISTRY; DETECTOR AB In this study, the model response in terms of simulated mercury concentration and deposition to boundary condition (BC), initial condition (IC), model grid resolution (12 km versus 36 km), and two alternative Hg(II) reduction mechanisms, was investigated. The model response to the change of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) concentration from 0 to 2 ng m(-3) in IC/BC is found to be very linear (r(2) > 0.99) based on the results of sensitivity simulations in July 2001. An increase of 1 ng m(-3) of GEM in BC resulted in an increase of 0.81 ng m(-3) in the monthly average of total mercury concentration, and 1270 ng m(-2) in the monthly total deposition. IC has similar but weaker effects compared to those of BC. An increase of 1 ng m-3 of GEM in IC resulted in an increase of 0.14 ng m(-3) in the monthly average of total mercury concentration, and 250 ng m-2 in the monthly total deposition. Varying reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) or particulate mercury (PHg) in BC/IC has much less significant impact. Simulation results at different grid resolutions show good agreement (slope = 0.950-1.026, r =: 0.816-0.973) in mercury concentration, dry deposition, and total deposition. The agreement in wet deposition is somewhat weaker (slope = 0.770-0.794, r = 0.685-0.892) due to the difference in emission dilution and simulated precipitation that subsequently change reaction rates in the aqueous phase. Replacing the aqueous Hg(II)-HO2, reduction by either RGM reduction by CO (5 x 10(-18) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1)) or photoreduction of RGM (1 x 10(-5)s(-1)) gives Significantly better model agreement with the wet deposition measured by Mercury Deposition Network (MDN). Possible ranges of the reduction rates are estimated based on model sensitivity results. The kinetic estimate requires further verification by laboratory studies. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Pongprueksa, Pruek; Lin, Che-Jen] Lamar Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Beaumont, TX 77710 USA. [Lin, Che-Jen] S China Univ Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China. [Lindberg, Steve E.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN USA. [Lindberg, Steve E.] Univ Nevada, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Jang, Carey; Braverman, Thomas] US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Standards, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Bullock, O. Russell, Jr.] NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Ho, Thomas C.] Lamar Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Beaumont, TX 77710 USA. [Chu, Hsing-Wei] Lamar Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Beaumont, TX 77710 USA. RP Lin, CJ (reprint author), Lamar Univ, Dept Civil Engn, 211 Redbird Lane,ML 10024, Beaumont, TX 77710 USA. EM Jerry.Lin@lamar.edu RI Lin, Che-Jen/K-1808-2013 OI Lin, Che-Jen/0000-0001-5990-3093 NR 36 TC 39 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 42 IS 8 BP 1828 EP 1845 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.11.020 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 284SO UT WOS:000254726300014 ER PT J AU Le Marshall, J Jung, J Zapotocny, T Redder, C Dunn, M Daniels, J Riishojgaard, LP AF Le Marshall, J. Jung, J. Zapotocny, T. Redder, C. Dunn, M. Daniels, J. Riishojgaard, Lars Peter TI Impact of MODIS atmospheric motion vectors on a global NWP system SO AUSTRALIAN METEOROLOGICAL MAGAZINE LA English DT Article ID DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; POLAR-REGIONS; CLOUD-DRIFT; WINDS C1 [Le Marshall, J.; Jung, J.; Zapotocny, T.; Redder, C.; Dunn, M.; Daniels, J.; Riishojgaard, Lars Peter] Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Jung, J.; Zapotocny, T.] CIMSS, Madison, WI USA. [Redder, C.; Riishojgaard, Lars Peter] Global Modeling Assimilat Off, NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Dunn, M.] La Trobe Univ, Bundoora, Vic, Australia. [Daniels, J.] NOAA NESDIS STAR, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Le Marshall, J (reprint author), Bur Meteorol, Ctr Australian Weather & Climate Res, GPO Box 1289, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia. EM j.lemarshall@bom.gov.au RI Daniels, Jaime/E-7933-2011 OI Daniels, Jaime/0000-0002-9438-6631 NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AUSTRALIAN BUREAU METEOROLOGY PI MELBOURNE PA GPO BOX 1289, MELBOURNE, VIC 3001, AUSTRALIA SN 0004-9743 J9 AUST METEOROL MAG JI Aust. Meteorol. Mag. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 57 IS 1 BP 45 EP 51 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 318IL UT WOS:000257084700004 ER PT J AU Choi, J Wang, NS Reipa, V AF Choi, Jonghoon Wang, Nam Sun Reipa, Vytas TI Conjugation of the photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles to streptavidin SO BIOCONJUGATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOTS; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; CYTOTOXICITY; NANOCRYSTALS; PROTEINS; WATER; SEPARATION; CHEMISTRY; PROBES AB We have covalently attached multiple photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles (SNs) to streptavidin molecules. Conjugation of SNs to a target protein is achieved using the multistage photoassisted procedure. In a first step, the terminal hydrogen in the freshly prepared SNs is substituted with an alkane monolayer that serves as a platform for chemical linkage to a heterobifunctional cross-linker: 4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoic acid, succinimidyl ester. A resulting surface coating stabilizes nanoparticles against oxidation and aggregation. Next, an open end of bifunctional cross- linker - diazirine succinimidyl ester is reacted with carboxyl moieties of streptavidin and forms an amide bond. Gel and capillary electrophoresis of the SN-streptavidin complex demonstrated separate elution of the conjugation product and unreacted protein. Then, the number of SNs per protein molecule was determined by measuring complex charge variation by capillary electrophoresis. Conjugate functionality was tested by allowing it to interact with biotinylated polystyrene microbeads. Intense photoluminescence at carefully washed microbeads demonstrated selective binding of silicon nanoparticle bearing streptavidin to biotinylated microbeads. The high quantum yield of streptavidin-SN conjugate in combination with the small size and biocompatibility of silicon nanoparticles presents an attractive platform for the fluorescence labeling in diverse bioassays. C1 [Choi, Jonghoon; Reipa, Vytas] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Choi, Jonghoon; Wang, Nam Sun] Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Reipa, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM vytas@nist.gov RI Choi, Jonghoon/A-7693-2011; Wang, Nam Sun/E-4253-2016 OI Choi, Jonghoon/0000-0003-3554-7033; NR 35 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1043-1802 J9 BIOCONJUGATE CHEM JI Bioconjugate Chem. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 19 IS 3 BP 680 EP 685 DI 10.1021/bc700373y PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 277AO UT WOS:000254185000015 PM 18290602 ER PT J AU Leevy, WM Gammon, ST Johnson, JR Lampkins, AJ Jiang, H Marquez, M Piwnica-Worms, D Suckow, MA Smith, BD AF Leevy, W. Matthew Gammon, Seth T. Johnson, James R. Lampkins, Andrew J. Jiang, Hua Marquez, Manuel Piwnica-Worms, David Suckow, Mark A. Smith, Bradley D. TI Noninvasive optical Imaging of Staphylococcus aureus bacterial infection in living mice using a bis-dipicolylamine-zinc(II) affinity group conjugated to a near-infrared fluorophore SO BIOCONJUGATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BIOFUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES; ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CANDIDA-ALBICANS; RECOGNITION; VANCOMYCIN; COMPLEXES; APOPTOSIS; TISSUE AB Optical imaging of bacterial infection in living animals is usually conducted with genetic reporters such as light-emitting enzymes or fluorescent proteins. However, there are many circumstances where genetic reporters are not applicable, and there is a need for exogenous synthetic probes that can selectively target bacteria. The focus of this study is a fluorescent imaging probe that is composed of a bacterial affinity group conjugated to a near-infrared dye. The affinity group is a synthetic zinc (II) coordination complex that targets the anionic surfaces of bacterial cells. The probe allows detection of Staphylococcus aureus infection (5 x 10(7) cells) in a mouse leg infection model using whole animal near-infrared fluorescence imaging. Region of interest analysis showed that the signal ratio for infected leg to uninfected leg reaches 3.9 +/- 0.5 at 21 h postinjection of the probe. Ex vivo imaging of the organs produced a signal ratio of 8 for infected to uninfected leg. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that the probe targeted the bacterial cells in the infected tissue. Optimization of the imaging filter set lowered the background signal due to autofluorescence and substantially improved imaging contrast. The study shows that near-infrared molecular probes are amenable to noninvasive optical imaging of localized S. aureus infection. C1 [Leevy, W. Matthew; Johnson, James R.; Lampkins, Andrew J.; Jiang, Hua; Smith, Bradley D.] Univ Notre Dame, Dept Chem & Biochem, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. [Leevy, W. Matthew; Johnson, James R.; Lampkins, Andrew J.; Jiang, Hua; Smith, Bradley D.] Univ Notre Dame, Walther Canc Res Ctr, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. [Gammon, Seth T.; Piwnica-Worms, David] Washington Univ, Sch Med, Mallinckrodt Inst Radiol, Mol Imaging Ctr, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. [Jiang, Hua] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Chem, Key Lab Photochem, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. [Marquez, Manuel] NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computat Nanosci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Marquez, Manuel] Arizona State Univ, Harrington Dept Bioengn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Suckow, Mark A.] Univ Notre Dame, Freimann Life Sci Ctr, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Leevy, WM (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Chem & Biochem, 251 Nieuwland Sci Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. EM smith.115@nd.edu RI Suckow, Mark/C-2696-2014; Gammon, Seth/C-8778-2014; OI Suckow, Mark/0000-0001-7317-697X FU NCI NIH HHS [P50 CA94056, P50 CA094056]; NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY019587, R01 EY019587-11]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM059078, R01 GM059078, R01 GM059078-10] NR 30 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 34 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1043-1802 J9 BIOCONJUGATE CHEM JI Bioconjugate Chem. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 19 IS 3 BP 686 EP 692 DI 10.1021/bc700376v PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 277AO UT WOS:000254185000016 PM 18260609 ER PT J AU Ainsworth, CH Pitcher, TJ Rotinsulu, C AF Ainsworth, Cameron H. Pitcher, Tony J. Rotinsulu, Christovel TI Evidence of fishery depletions and shifting cognitive baselines in Eastern Indonesia SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE shifting baselines; fuzzy logic; local ecological knowledge; fishery depletion; Indonesia; Raja Ampat ID GULF-OF-CALIFORNIA; FUZZY-LOGIC; MARINE; ECOSYSTEMS; ANECDOTES; DECLINE AB We analyzed fisher interview data collected in the Raja Ampat archipelago of Eastern Indonesia to demonstrate a perceived decline in the abundance of living marine resources targeted by commercial and artisanal fisheries. The decline appeared ubiquitous among all tested species and a clear trend emerged in which older fishers recall greater past abundance than younger fishers. This provides evidence for the shifting baseline syndrome, a dangerous cognitive condition in which each generation of fishery stakeholders accepts a lower standard of resource abundance as normal. We used a fuzzy expert system to standardize and quantify the anecdotal evidence, and combine it with additional depletion indicators to produce a decadal time series of resource abundance from 1970 to present. Using governmental catch-per-unit-effort data from more recent years we hindcasted to establish an absolute scale with which to interpret the perceived decline. The interview information suggested that some exploited species may have declined by as much as an order of magnitude since 1970. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Ainsworth, Cameron H.; Pitcher, Tony J.] Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. [Rotinsulu, Christovel] Conservat Int Indonesia, Sorong, Papua, Indonesia. RP Ainsworth, CH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM c.ainsworth@fisheries.ubc.ca; pitcher.t@gmail.com; c.rotinsulu@conservation.org RI Ainsworth, Cameron/E-8507-2011 NR 30 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 141 IS 3 BP 848 EP 859 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.01.006 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 284TS UT WOS:000254729500025 ER PT J AU Moran, O Roessle, MW Mariuzza, RA Dimasi, N AF Moran, Oscar Roessle, Manfred W. Mariuzza, Roy A. Dimasi, Nazzareno TI Structural features of the full-length adaptor protein GADS in solution determined using small-angle x-ray scattering SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SH3 BINDING MOTIF; STRUCTURE PREDICTION; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; SLP-76; DOMAIN; RECOGNITION; FLEXIBILITY; SPECIFICITY; RESOLUTION; COMPLEXES AB The Grb2-related adaptor protein GADS plays a central role during the initial phases of signal transduction in T lymphocytes. GADS possesses N- and C-terminal Src homology 3 (SH3) domains flanking a central Src homology 2 (SH2) domain and a 126-residue region rich in glutamine and proline residues, presumed to be largely unstructured. The SH2 domain of GADS binds the adaptor protein LAT; the C-terminal SH3 domain pairs GADS to the adaptor protein SLP-76, whereas the function of the central region is unknown. High-resolution three-dimensional models are available for the isolated SH2 and C-terminal SH3 domains in complex with their respective binding partners, LAT and SLP-76. However, in part because of its intrinsic instability, there is no structural information for the entire GADS molecule. Here, we report the low-resolution structure of full-length GADS in solution using small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). Based on the SAXS data, complemented by gel filtration experiments, we show that full-length GADS is monomeric in solution and that its overall structural parameters are smaller than those expected for a protein with a long unstructured region. Ab initio and rigid body modeling of the SAXS data reveal that full-length GADS is a relatively compact molecule and that the potentially unstructured region retains a significant degree of structural order. The biological function of GADS is discussed based on its overall structure. C1 [Moran, Oscar] Consiglio Nazl Ricerche, Ist Biofis, I-16149 Genoa, Italy. [Roessle, Manfred W.] DESY, European Mol Biol Lab, Hamburg Outstn, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany. [Mariuzza, Roy A.] NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20870 USA. [Dimasi, Nazzareno] Ist Giannina Gaslini, I-16147 Genoa, Italy. RP Moran, O (reprint author), Consiglio Nazl Ricerche, Ist Biofis, I-16149 Genoa, Italy. EM moran@ge.ibf.crir.it; ndimasi@2mail.com NR 35 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD MAR 1 PY 2008 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1766 EP 1772 DI 10.1529/biophysj.107.116590 PG 7 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 264TR UT WOS:000253313800029 PM 17993503 ER PT J AU Gu, L Hanson, PJ Mac Post, W Kaiser, DP Yang, B Nemani, R Pallardy, SG Meyers, T AF Gu, Lianhong Hanson, Paul J. Mac Post, W. Kaiser, Dale P. Yang, Bai Nemani, Ramakrishna Pallardy, Stephen G. Meyers, Tilden TI The 2007 eastern US spring freezes: Increased cold damage in a warming world? SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE extreme temperature fluctuation; frost damage; plant phenology; climate warming; carbon cycle ID ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; FROST HARDINESS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; WINTER THAW; RED SPRUCE; SCOTS PINE; GROWTH; TOLERANCE; INJURY; TREES AB Plant ecologists have long been concerned with a seemingly paradoxical scenario in the relationship between plant growth and climate change: warming may actually increase the risk of plant frost damage. The underlying hypothesis is that mild winters and warm, early springs, which are expected to occur as the climate warms, may induce premature plant development, resulting in exposure of vulnerable plant tissues and organs to subsequent late-season frosts. The 2007 spring freeze in the eastern United States provides an excellent opportunity to evaluate this hypothesis and assess its large-scale consequences. In this article, we contrast the rapid prefreeze phenological advancement caused by unusually warm conditions with the dramatic postfreeze setback, and report complicated patterns of freeze damage to plants. The widespread devastation of crops and natural vegetation occasioned by this event demonstrates the need to consider large fluctuations in spring temperatures a real threat to terrestrial ecosystem structure and functioning in a warming climate. C1 [Gu, Lianhong; Hanson, Paul J.; Mac Post, W.; Kaiser, Dale P.; Yang, Bai] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Nemani, Ramakrishna] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Pallardy, Stephen G.] Univ Missouri, Dept Forestry, Columbia, MO USA. [Meyers, Tilden] Natl Ocean Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Gu, L (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM lianhong-gu@ornl.gov RI Hanson, Paul J./D-8069-2011; Post, Wilfred/B-8959-2012; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; Gu, Lianhong/H-8241-2014 OI Hanson, Paul J./0000-0001-7293-3561; Gu, Lianhong/0000-0001-5756-8738 NR 38 TC 190 Z9 204 U1 8 U2 84 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD MAR PY 2008 VL 58 IS 3 BP 253 EP 262 DI 10.1641/B580311 PG 10 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 275KQ UT WOS:000254070700011 ER PT J AU Howard-Reed, C Nabinger, SJ Emmerich, SJ AF Howard-Reed, Cynthia Nabinger, Steven J. Emmerich, Steven J. TI Characterizing gaseous air cleaner performance in the field SO BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate (Indoor Air 2005) CY SEP 04-09, 2005 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Tsinghua Univ, Minist Educ China, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Beijing Municipal Commiss Sci & Technol, Shanghai Municipal Commiss Sci & Technol, US EPA, Amer Ind Hyg Assoc, Amer Soc Heating Refrigerating & Air-Conditioning Engineers, Int Commiss Occupat Hlth, SC Indoor Air Qual & Hlth, Int Council Res & Innovat Bldg & Construct, European Commiss Asia Pro Eco Programme Promot Sustainable Solut Environm Europe & Asia, Korean Soc Indoor Environm, Soc Indoor Environm DE activated carbon air cleaner; building study; indoor air; model evaluation; VOC transport AB As part of an ongoing effort to better understand the performance of indoor air cleaners in buildings, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has completed a series of gaseous air cleaner field tests and model simulations. This paper focuses on experiments to measure the removal of decane with a sorption-based in-duct gaseous air cleaner and a sorption-based portable air cleaner in a single-zone test house. Due to the lack of standardized gaseous air cleaner field testing protocols, a field test method was developed using semi-real-time concentration measurements and mass balance analysis. A total of 24 experiments were completed with directly measured single-pass removal efficiencies ranging from 24% to 56% and removal efficiencies based on a transient whole building mass balance ranging from 30% to 44%. Experimental results revealed important factors affecting field performance such as air cleaner contaminant loading for the in-duct air cleaner and room air mixing for the portable air cleaner. An additional six tests were conducted to evaluate the predictive capability of the indoor air quality model CONTAM. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Howard-Reed, C (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bureau Dr,MS 8633, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM chreed@nist.gov RI Reed, 0./B-5695-2009; Emmerich, Steven/F-4661-2010 NR 20 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0360-1323 J9 BUILD ENVIRON JI Build. Environ. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 43 IS 3 BP 368 EP 377 DI 10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.03.020 PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 233CZ UT WOS:000251069300018 ER PT J AU Snodgrass, D Crabtree, RE Serafy, JE AF Snodgrass, Derke Crabtree, Roy E. Serafy, Joseph E. TI Abundance, growth, and diet of young-of-the-year bonefish (Albula spp.) off the Florida Keys, USA SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ELOPS-SAURUS; VULPES; ESTUARIES; LADYFISH; WATERS C1 [Snodgrass, Derke; Serafy, Joseph E.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Crabtree, Roy E.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Reg Off, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Snodgrass, D (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM Derke.Snodgrass@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 82 IS 2 BP 185 EP 193 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 282LJ UT WOS:000254569000002 ER PT J AU Morss, RE Lazo, JK Brown, BG Brooks, HE Ganderton, PT Mills, BN AF Morss, Rebecca E. Lazo, Jeffrey K. Brown, Barbara G. Brooks, Harold E. Ganderton, Philip T. Mills, Brian N. TI Societal and economic research and applications for weather forecasts - Priorities for the North American THORPEX program SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; VERIFICATION; INFORMATION; POLICY; UNCERTAINTY; BENEFITS; PROJECT; IMPACTS; LESSONS; SCIENCE AB Despite the meteorological community's long-term interest in weather-society interactions, efforts to understand socioeconomic aspects of weather prediction and to incorporate this knowledge into the weather prediction system have yet to reach critical mass. This article aims to reinvigorate interest in societal and economic research and applications (SERA) activities within the meteorological and social science communities by exploring key SERA issues and proposing SERA priorities for the next decade. The priorities were developed by the authors, building on previous work, with input from a diverse group of social scientists and meteorologists who participated in a SERA workshop in August 2006. The workshop was organized to provide input to the North American regional component of THORPEX: A Global Atmospheric Research Programme, but the priorities identified are broadly applicable to all weather forecast research and applications. To motivate and frame SERA activities, we first discuss the concept of high-impact weather forecasts and the chain from forecast creation to value realization. Next, we present five interconnected SERA priority themes-use of forecast information in decision making, communication of forecast uncertainty, user-relevant verification, economic value of forecasts, and decision support - and propose research integrated across the themes. SERA activities can significantly improve understanding of weather-society interactions to the benefit of the meteorological community and society. However, reaching this potential will require dedicated effort to bring together and maintain a sustainable interdisciplinary community. C1 [Morss, Rebecca E.; Lazo, Jeffrey K.; Brown, Barbara G.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Brooks, Harold E.] Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. [Ganderton, Philip T.] Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Mills, Brian N.] Environm Canada, Waterloo, ON, Canada. RP Lazo, JK (reprint author), NCAR RAL, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM lazo@ucar.edu NR 61 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 89 IS 3 BP 335 EP 346 DI 10.1175/BAMS-89-3-335 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 286MA UT WOS:000254848800014 ER PT J AU Manderson, JP AF Manderson, John P. TI The spatial scale of phase synchrony in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) production increased among southern New England nurseries in the 1990s SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SHRIMP CRANGON-SEPTEMSPINOSA; NORTHEASTERN US ESTUARIES; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE; NARRAGANSETT BAY; CLIMATE-CHANGE; PREDATION; HABITAT; GROWTH; LARVAE AB The spatial scales at which the dynamics of subpopulations are synchronized affect regional population persistence and reflect the operational spatial scales of factors regulating populations. I examined phase synchrony in the fluctuations of age-0 winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) production among 19 southern New England (SNE), USA, coastal nurseries. From 1990 to 2004, nursery production was synchronized at scales up to similar to 200 km based on spatial trends in cross-correlations of first-differenced age-0 abundance time series. However, sliding window analysis of 1975-2005 time series collected in six nurseries <= 55 km apart in northern SNE indicated that synchrony increased from low to high values in the early 1990s. Synchrony in production also increased among three nurseries <= 65 km apart in southern SNE from 1984 to 2004. Thus, interannual fluctuations in nursery production appeared to become synchronized at coarser spatial scales throughout SNE during the 1990s. This coarsening of the spatial scale of control of winter flounder nursery production was coincident with an increase in the frequency of springs with warm temperatures believed to negatively affect early life history processes. Spatial synchronization of winter flounder nursery ground production could destabilize the age-class structure and population dynamics in the region. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Ecosyst Proc Div, Behav Ecol Branch,James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Manderson, JP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Ecosyst Proc Div, Behav Ecol Branch,James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, 74 Magruder Rd, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. EM john.manderson@noaa.gov NR 54 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 65 IS 3 BP 340 EP 351 DI 10.1139/F07-169 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 271FT UT WOS:000253775000002 ER PT J AU Melin, SR DeLong, RL Siniff, DB AF Melin, S. R. DeLong, R. L. Siniff, D. B. TI The effects of El Nino on the foraging behavior of lactating California sea lions (Zalophus californianus californianus) during the nonbreeding season SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID SAN-MIGUEL-ISLAND; FUR SEALS; NEW-ZEALAND; DIVING BEHAVIOR; ARCTOCEPHALUS-FORSTERI; CALLORHINUS-URSINUS; ATTENDANCE PATTERNS; PHOCARCTOS-HOOKERI; DIVE BEHAVIOR; FEMALE AB We compared the nonbreeding-season foraging behavior of lactating California sea lions (Zalophus californianus californianus (Lesson, 1828)) at San Miguel Island, California, during El Nino conditions in 1993 and non-El Nino conditions in 1996. Lactating females were instrumented with satellite-linked time-depth recorders between January and March in 1993 (n = 6) and 1996 (n = 10) and data were collected through May in each year. Females foraged northwest of the colony, up to 367 kin from it and 230 kin from the California coast. Mean dive depths ranged from 19.5 to 279.3 m, but most females achieved dives deeper than 400 in. Most females fed exclusively in the offshore habitat, traveled farther from the colony, spent more time traveling, made deeper and longer dives, and terminated lactation earlier during the 1993 El Nino. The results suggest that prey were concentrated in the offshore habitat and located farther from the colony and deeper in the water column during El Nino. Females did not change their foraging direction, foraging-trip duration, foraging effort, or prey species consumed. C1 [Melin, S. R.; DeLong, R. L.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98155 USA. [Siniff, D. B.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Melin, SR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98155 USA. EM sharon.melin@noaa.gov NR 50 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 23 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 86 IS 3 BP 192 EP 206 DI 10.1139/Z07-132 PG 15 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 281TU UT WOS:000254522600005 ER PT J AU Pugh, RS Becker, PR Porter, BJ Ellisor, MB Moors, AJ Wise, SA AF Pugh, Rebecca S. Becker, Paul R. Porter, Barbara J. Ellisor, Michael B. Moors, Amanda J. Wise, Stephen A. TI Design and applications of the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST's) environmental specimen banking programs SO CELL PRESERVATION TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; DOLPHINS STENO-BREDANENSIS; HERRING GULL EGGS; MARINE MAMMALS; TEMPORAL TRENDS; URIA-AALGE; TISSUES; CONTAMINATION; MERCURY; LIVER AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) environmental specimen banking system consists of two environmental specimen banks (ESBs): the National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank established in 1979, and the Marine Environmental Specimen Bank established in 2002. Both facilities were specifically designed to store environmental specimens over long periods of time (50-100 years) and in such a way that future researchers could use these specimens to answer questions regarding trends in newly recognized environmental contaminants and verification of past analytical results. The NIST environmental banking system maintains collections of human liver specimens, human blood serum and blood spots, human diet samples, marine sediments, fish tissues, mussels, oysters, marine mammal tissues, and bird eggs and feathers collected as part of several monitoring and research programs supported by the U.S. Government. The NIST environmental banking system emphasizes: (1) carefully designed (and published) collection and banking procedures, (2) cryogenic storage to ensure sample stability, (3) high efficiency particulate air (HEPA)-filtered clean air conditions in the sample preparation and freezer rooms, (4) cryogenic homogenization systems for sample preparation, (5) computerized sample inventory and tracking system, (6) computerized security and monitoring systems, and (7) redundancy to minimize sample loss due to equipment or system failure. The NIST ESBs provide a resource of research specimens that are used to address questions regarding temporal and geographic trends in environmental contamination (including documentation of newly recognized contaminants), changes in ecosystem structure and function, genetic separation of populations of animals, and the health status of marine animals. C1 [Pugh, Rebecca S.; Becker, Paul R.; Ellisor, Michael B.; Moors, Amanda J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Porter, Barbara J.; Wise, Stephen A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pugh, RS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Div Analyt Chem, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM Rebecca.Pugh@nist.gov NR 40 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 8 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1538-344X J9 CELL PRESERV TECHNOL JI Cell Preserv. Technol. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 6 IS 1 BP 59 EP 72 DI 10.1089/cpt.2007.0517 PG 14 WC Cell Biology; Medical Laboratory Technology SC Cell Biology; Medical Laboratory Technology GA 289PF UT WOS:000255065700003 ER PT J AU Yi-Brunozzi, HY Brinson, RG Brabazon, DI Lener, D Le Grice, SFJ Marino, JP AF Yi-Brunozzi, Hye Young Brinson, Robert G. Brabazon, Danielle Im. Lener, Daniela Le Grice, Stuart F. J. Marino, John P. TI High-resolution NMR analysis of the conformations of native and base analog substituted retroviral and LTR-retrotransposon PPT primers SO CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HIV-1 REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE; STRAND DNA-SYNTHESIS; POLYPURINE TRACT; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; RNA/DNA HYBRID; RNA DUPLEXES; TY3; INITIATION; STABILITY AB A purine-rich region of the plus-strand RNA genome of retroviruses and long terminal repeat (LTR)-containing retrotransposons, known as the polypurine tract (PPT), is resistant to hydrolysis by the RNase H domain of reverse transcriptase (RT) and ultimately serves as a primer for plus-strand DNA synthesis. The mechanisms underlying PPT resistance and selective processing remain largely unknown. Here, two RNA/DNA hybrids derived from the PPTs of HIV-1 and Ty3 were probed using high-resolution NMR for preexisting structural distortions in the absence of RT. The PPTs were selectively modified through base-pair changes or by incorporation of the thymine isostere, 2,4-difluoro-5-methylbenzene (dF), into the DNA strand. Although both wild-type (WT) and mutated hybrids adopted global A-form-like helical geometries, observed structural perturbations in the base-pair and dF-modified hybrids suggested that the PPT hybrids may function as structurally coupled domains. C1 [Yi-Brunozzi, Hye Young; Brinson, Robert G.; Lener, Daniela; Le Grice, Stuart F. J.] NCI, HIV Drug Resistance Program, Frederick Natl Inst Hlth, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. [Brinson, Robert G.; Marino, John P.] Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. [Brinson, Robert G.; Marino, John P.] Univ Maryland, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. [Brabazon, Danielle Im.] Loyola Coll Maryland, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA. RP Le Grice, SFJ (reprint author), NCI, HIV Drug Resistance Program, Frederick Natl Inst Hlth, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. EM slegrice@ncifcrf.gov; marino@umbi.umd.edu FU Intramural NIH HHS [Z01 BC010493-05]; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM059107, GM59107] NR 37 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 1074-5521 J9 CHEM BIOL JI Chem. Biol. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 15 IS 3 BP 254 EP 262 DI 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.01.012 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 282LY UT WOS:000254570500011 PM 18355725 ER PT J AU Beichl, I Sullivan, F AF Beichl, Isabel Sullivan, Francis TI Combinatorics in computing SO COMPUTING IN SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Beichl, Isabel] Cornell Univ, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Sullivan, Francis] Univ Pittsburgh, IDA Ctr Comp Sci, Pittsburgh, PA USA. RP Beichl, I (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM isabel.beichl@nist.gov; fran@super.org NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1521-9615 J9 COMPUT SCI ENG JI Comput. Sci. Eng. PD MAR-APR PY 2008 VL 10 IS 2 BP 12 EP 13 DI 10.1109/MCSE.2008.52 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA 263LO UT WOS:000253218800004 ER PT J AU Vallis, GK Gerber, EP AF Vallis, Geoffrey K. Gerber, Edwin P. TI Local and hemispheric dynamics of the North Atlantic Oscillation, annular patterns and the zonal index SO DYNAMICS OF ATMOSPHERES AND OCEANS LA English DT Article DE atmospheric dynamics; zonal index; empirical orthogonal functions; North Atlantic Oscillation ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; EDDY FEEDBACK; BAROCLINIC WAVES; FLOW VACILLATION; LIFE-CYCLES; VARIABILITY; TELECONNECTIONS; MECHANISM; TEMPERATURES; PERSISTENCE AB In this paper we discuss the atmospheric dynamics of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the zonal index, and annular patterns of variability (also known as annular modes). Our goal is to give a unified treatment of these related phenomena, to make explicit how they are connected and how they differ, and to illustrate their dynamics with the aid of an idealized primitive equation model. Our focus is on tropospheric dynamics. We first show that the structure of the empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the NAO and annular modes follows, at least in part, from the structure of the baroclinic zone. Given a single baroclinic zone, and concomitantly a single eddy-driven jet, the meridional structure of the EOFs follows from the nature of the jet variability, and if the jet variability is constrained to conserve zonal momentum then the observed structure of the EOF can be explained with a simple model. In the zonal direction, if the baroclinic zone is statistically uniform then so is the first EOF, even though there may be little correlation of any dynamical fields in that direction. If the baroclinic activity is zonally concentrated, then so is the first EOF. Thus, at the simplest order of description, the NAO is a consequence of the presence of an Atlantic storm track; the strong statement of this would be that the NAO is the variability of the Atlantic storm track. The positive phase of the NAO corresponds to eddy momentum fluxes (themselves a consequence of wave breaking) that push the eddy-driven jet polewards, separating it distinctly from the subtropical jet. The negative phase of the NAO is characterized by an equatorial shift and, sometimes, a weakening of the eddy fluxes and no separation between sub-tropical and eddy-driven jets. Variations in the zonal index (a measure of the zonally averaged zonal flow) also occur as a consequence of such activity, although the changes occurring are not necessarily synchronous at different longitudes, and the presence of annular modes (i.e., the associated patterns of variability) does not necessarily indicate zonally symmetric dynamics. The NAO, is not, however, a consequence of purely local dynamics, for the storm tracks depend for their existence on patterns of topographic and thermal forcing of near hemispheric extent. The Atlantic storm track in particular is a consequence of the presence of the Rocky mountains, the temperature contrast between the cold continent and warm ocean, and the lingering presence of the Pacific storm track. The precise relationship between the NAO and the storm tracks remains to be determined, as do a number of aspects of storm track dynamics, including their precise relation to the stationary eddies and to the regions of largest baroclinicity. Similarly, the influences of the stratosphere and of sea-surface temperature anomalies, and the causes and predictability of the inter-annual variability of the NAO remain open problems. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Vallis, Geoffrey K.; Gerber, Edwin P.] Princeton Univ, GFDL, AOS Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Vallis, GK (reprint author), Princeton Univ, GFDL, AOS Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM gkv@princeton.edu OI Gerber, Edwin/0000-0002-6010-6638 NR 47 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0265 J9 DYNAM ATMOS OCEANS JI Dyn. Atmos. Oceans PD MAR PY 2008 VL 44 IS 3-4 BP 184 EP 212 DI 10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2007.04.003 PG 29 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 300RN UT WOS:000255843000005 ER PT J AU Mueter, FJ Litzow, MA AF Mueter, Franz J. Litzow, Michael A. TI Sea ice retreat alters the biogeography of the Bering Sea continental shelf SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE benthic fauna; Bering Sea; biogeography; climate change; cold pool; continental shelf; fisheries; global warming; sea ice ID CRAB CHIONOECETES-OPILIO; CLIMATE-CHANGE; FISH DISTRIBUTIONS; ECOSYSTEM; SHRIMP; COD; ALASKA; SHIFTS AB Seasonal ice cover creates a pool of cold bottom water on the eastern Bering Sea continental shelf each winter. The southern edge of this cold pool, which defines the ecotone between arctic and subarctic communities, has retreated; 230 km northward since the early 1980s. Bottom trawl surveys of fish and invertebrates in the southeastern Bering Sea (1982 2006) show a coincident reorganization in community composition by latitude. Survey catches show community-wide northward distribution shifts, and the area formerly covered by the cold pool has seen increases in total biomass, species richness, and average trophic level as subarctic fauna have colonized newly favorable habitats. Warming climate has immediate management implications, as 57% of variability in commercial snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) catch is explained by winter sea ice extent. Several measures of community distribution and structure show linear relationships with bottom temperature, suggesting warming climate as the primary cause of changing biogeography. However, residual variability in distribution not explained by climate shows a strong temporal trend, suggesting that internal community dynamics also contribute to changing biogeography. Variability among taxa in their response to temperature was not explained by commercial status or life history traits, suggesting that species-specific responses to future warming will be difficult to predict. C1 [Mueter, Franz J.] Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Litzow, Michael A.] Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Mueter, FJ (reprint author), Sigma Plus, 697 Fordham Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. EM fmueter@alaska.net NR 31 TC 196 Z9 201 U1 9 U2 76 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 18 IS 2 BP 309 EP 320 DI 10.1890/07-0564.1 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 294WQ UT WOS:000255437400003 PM 18488598 ER PT J AU Moore, SE Huntington, HP AF Moore, Sue E. Huntington, Henry P. TI Arctic marine mammals and climate change: Impacts and resilience SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Arctic; climate change; impacts; marine mammals; resilience; sea ice ID SEA-ICE COVER; NORTHERN BERING-SEA; TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE; SATELLITE TRACKING; EASTERN CHUKCHI; BOWHEAD WHALES; BELUGA WHALES; ALASKA; ECOSYSTEM; CETACEAN AB Evolutionary selection has refined the life histories of seven species (three cetacean [narwhal, beluga, and bowhead whales], three pinniped [walrus, ringed, and bearded seals], and the polar bear) to spatial and temporal domains influenced by the seasonal extremes and variability of sea ice, temperature, and day length that define the Arctic. Recent changes in Arctic climate may challenge the adaptive capability of these species. Nine other species (five cetacean [fin, humpback, minke, gray, and killer whales] and four pinniped [harp, hooded, ribbon, and spotted seals]) seasonally occupy Arctic and subarctic habitats and may be poised to encroach into more northern latitudes and to remain there longer, thereby competing with extant Arctic species. A synthesis of the impacts of climate change on all these species hinges on sea ice, in its role as: (1) platform, (2) marine ecosystem foundation, and (3) barrier to non-ice-adapted marine mammals and human commercial activities. Therefore, impacts are categorized for: (1) ice-obligate species that rely on sea ice platforms, (2) ice-associated species that are adapted to sea ice-dominated ecosystems, and (3) seasonally migrant species for which sea ice can act as a barrier. An assessment of resilience is far more speculative, as any number of scenarios can be envisioned, most of them involving potential trophic cascades and anticipated human perturbations. Here we provide resilience scenarios for the three ice-related species categories relative to four regions defined by projections of sea ice reductions by 2050 and extant shelf oceanography. These resilience scenarios suggest that: (1) some populations of ice-obligate marine mammals will survive in two regions with sea ice refugia, while other stocks may adapt to ice-free coastal habitats, (2) ice-associated species may find suitable feeding opportunities within the two regions with sea ice refugia and, if capable of shifting among available prey, may benefit from extended foraging periods in formerly ice-covered seas, but (3) they may face increasing competition from seasonally migrant species, which will likely infiltrate Arctic habitats. The means to track and assess Arctic ecosystem change using sentinel marine mammal species are suggested to offer a framework for scientific investigation and responsible resource management. C1 [Moore, Sue E.] Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. [Huntington, Henry P.] Huntington Consulting, Eagle River, AK 99577 USA. RP Moore, SE (reprint author), Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 1013 NE 40th St, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. EM sue.moore@noaa.gov RI Daniel, Emily/A-7387-2012 NR 62 TC 116 Z9 117 U1 40 U2 284 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 18 IS 2 SU S BP S157 EP S165 DI 10.1890/06-0571.1 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 294CK UT WOS:000255381500011 PM 18494369 ER PT J AU O'Corry-Crowe, G AF O'Corry-Crowe, Gregory TI Climate change and the molecular ecology of arctic marine mammals SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE Arctic; climate change; DNA; marine mammals; molecular ecology ID ODOBENUS-ROSMARUS-ROSMARUS; NARWHALS MONODON-MONOCEROS; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; WHALES DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; POPULATION GENETIC-STRUCTURE; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA SEQUENCES; SEALS PHOCA-GROENLANDICA; EASTERN HUDSON-BAY; POLAR BEARS; MICROSATELLITE VARIATION AB Key to predicting likely consequences of future climate change for Arctic marine mammals is developing a detailed understanding of how these species use their environment today and how they were affected by past climate-induced environmental change. Genetic analyses are uniquely placed to address these types of questions. Molecular genetic approaches are being used to determine distribution and migration patterns, dispersal and breeding behavior, population structure and abundance over time, and the effects of past and present climate change in Arctic marine mammals. A review of published studies revealed that population subdivision, dispersal, and gene flow in Arctic marine mammals was shaped primarily by evolutionary history, geography, sea ice, and philopatry to predictable, seasonally available resources. A meta-analysis of data from 38 study units across seven species found significant relationships between neutral genetic diversity and population size and climate region, revealing that small, isolated subarctic populations tend to harbor lower diversity than larger Arctic populations. A few small populations had substantially lower diversity than others. By contrast, other small populations retain substantial neutral diversity despite extensive population declines in the 19th and 20th centuries. The evolutionary and contemporary perspectives gained from these studies can be used to model the consequences of different climate projections for individual behavior and population structure and ultimately individual fitness and population viability. Future research should focus on: (1) the use of ancient-DNA techniques to directly reconstruct population histories through the analysis of historical and prehistorical material, (2) the use of genomic technologies to identify, map, and survey genes that directly influence fitness, (3) long-term studies to monitor populations and investigate evolution in contemporary time, (4) further Arctic-wide, multispecies analyses, preferably across different taxa and trophic levels, and (5) the use of genetic parameters in population and species risk analyses. C1 [O'Corry-Crowe, Gregory] SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP O'Corry-Crowe, G (reprint author), Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, 5600 Old Dixie Highway, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. EM gocrowe@hboi.edu RI Daniel, Emily/A-7387-2012 NR 163 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 18 U2 140 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 18 IS 2 SU S BP S56 EP S76 DI 10.1890/06-0795.1 PG 21 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 294CK UT WOS:000255381500005 PM 18494363 ER PT J AU Huber, ML Smith, BL Ott, LS Bruno, TJ AF Huber, M. L. Smith, B. L. Ott, L. S. Bruno, T. J. TI Surrogate mixture model for the thermophysical properties of synthetic aviation fuel S-8: Explicit application of the advanced distillation curve SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article ID THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; REFRIGERANT MIXTURES; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; N-DODECANE; JET FUEL; STATE; IMPROVEMENTS; FORMULATION; PREDICTION AB Fluid volatility is an important property of liquid fuels that previously has not been adequately addressed in the development of surrogate models for the thermophysical properties of these fluids. Especially important and timely is the development of surrogates for aviation fuels. In the present context, models refer to mathematical descriptions such as equations of state that provide a predictive capability. In this work, we demonstrate how the incorporation of volatility data, in the form of a distillation curve, leads to the development of improved surrogate models for aviation fuels. As an example, we present a seven-component surrogate mixture model for the thermophysical properties of a natural gas derived, synthetic aviation fuel known as S-8. We then compare the properties of the surrogate model with experimental density, sound speed, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and distillation curve data for the real fuel. C1 [Huber, M. L.; Smith, B. L.; Ott, L. S.; Bruno, T. J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bruno@boulder.nist.gov NR 53 TC 101 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD MAR-APR PY 2008 VL 22 IS 2 BP 1104 EP 1114 DI 10.1021/ef700562c PG 11 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 277BY UT WOS:000254188900053 ER PT J AU Biswas, A Fenves, SJ Shapiro, V Sriram, R AF Biswas, Arpan Fenves, Steve J. Shapiro, Vadim Sriram, Ram TI Representation of heterogeneous material properties in the Core Product Model SO ENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACES; SOLIDS; DESIGN; FIELDS AB The Core Product Model (CPM) was developed at National Institute of Standards as a high level abstraction for representing product related information, to support data exchange, in a distributive and a collaborative environment. In this paper, we extend the CPM to components with continuously varying material properties. Such components are becoming increasing important and popular due to progress in design, analysis and manufacturing techniques. The key enabling concept for modeling continuously varying material properties is that of distance fields associated with a set of material features, where values and rates of material properties are specified. Material fields, representing distribution of material properties within a component, are usually expressed as functions of distances to material features, and are controlled with a variety of differential, integral or algebraic constraints. Our formulation is independent of any particular platform or representation, and applies to most proposed techniques for representing continuously varying material properties. The proposed model is described using Unified Modeling Language and is illustrated through a number of specific examples. C1 [Biswas, Arpan; Shapiro, Vadim] Univ Wisconsin, Spatial Automat Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Fenves, Steve J.; Sriram, Ram] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shapiro, V (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Spatial Automat Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM abiswas@wisc.edu; sfenves@cme.nist.gov; vshapiro@engr.wisc.edu; sriram@nist.gov NR 48 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0177-0667 J9 ENG COMPUT-GERMANY JI Eng. Comput. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 24 IS 1 BP 43 EP 58 DI 10.1007/s00366-007-0065-y PG 16 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Mechanical SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 253TE UT WOS:000252539700004 ER PT J AU Ver Hoef, JM AF Ver Hoef, Jay M. TI Spatial methods for plot-based sampling of wildlife populations SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Development of Statistical Analysis in Wildlife, Fisheries and Ecological Research CY OCT 13-16, 2004 CL Univ Missouri Columbia, Dept Stat, Columbia, MO HO Univ Missouri Columbia, Dept Stat DE geostatistics; variogram; block kriging; finite population; BLUP; small area AB Classical sampling methods can be used to estimate the mean of a finite or infinite population. Block kriging also estimates the mean, but of an infinite population in a continuous spatial domain. In this paper, I consider a finite population version of block kriging (FPBK) for plot-based sampling. The data are assumed to come from a spatial stochastic process. Minimizing mean-squared-prediction errors yields best linear unbiased predictions that are a finite population version of block kriging. FPBK has versions comparable to simple random sampling and stratified sampling, and includes the general linear model. This method has been tested for several years for moose surveys in Alaska, and an example is given where results are compared to stratified random sampling. In general, assuming a spatial model gives three main advantages over classical sampling: (1) FPBK is usually more precise than simple or stratified random sampling, (2) FPBK allows small area estimation, and (3) FPBK allows nonrandom sampling designs. C1 [Ver Hoef, Jay M.] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Ver Hoef, JM (reprint author), Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM jay.verhoef@noaa.gov OI Ver Hoef, Jay/0000-0003-4302-6895 NR 12 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 15 IS 1 BP 3 EP 13 DI 10.1007/s10651-007-0035-y PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 258MW UT WOS:000252873000002 ER PT J AU Christ, A Ver Hoef, J Zimmerman, DL AF Christ, Aaron Ver Hoef, Jay Zimmerman, Dale L. TI An animal movement model incorporating home range and habitat selection SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Development of Statistical Analysis in Wildlife, Fisheries and Ecological Research CY OCT 13-16, 2004 CL Univ Missouri Columbia, Dept Stat, Columbia, MO HO Univ Missouri Columbia, Dept Stat DE brown bear; GPS telemetry; Markov chain Monte Carlo; resource selection function; utilization distribution; vector autoregression ID TELEMETRY DATA AB Wildlife biologists are often interested in how an animal uses space and the habitat resources within that space. We propose a single model that estimates an animal's home range and habitat selection parameters within that range while accounting for the inherent autocorrelation in frequently sampled telemetry data. The model is applied to brown bear telemetry data in southeast Alaska. C1 [Zimmerman, Dale L.] Univ Iowa, Dept Stat & Actuarial Sci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. [Christ, Aaron] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. [Ver Hoef, Jay] Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Zimmerman, DL (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Stat & Actuarial Sci, 241 Schaeffer Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. EM aaron_christ@fishgame.state.ak; jay.verhoef@noaa.gov; dzimmer@stat.uiowa.edu NR 12 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 15 IS 1 BP 27 EP 38 DI 10.1007/s10651-007-0036-x PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 258MW UT WOS:000252873000004 ER PT J AU Basmadjian, E Perkins, EM Phillips, CR Heilprin, DJ Watts, SD Diener, DR Myers, MS Koerner, KA Mengel, MJ Robertson, G Armstrong, JL Lissner, AL Frank, VL AF Basmadjian, Edward Perkins, Edwin M. Phillips, Charles R. Heilprin, Daniel J. Watts, Susan D. Diener, Douglas R. Myers, Mark S. Koerner, Kelly A. Mengel, Michael J. Robertson, George Armstrong, Jeffrey L. Lissner, Andrew L. Frank, Victoria L. TI Liver lesions in demersal fishes near a large ocean outfall on the San Pedro Shelf, California SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE histopathology; lesions; outfall; white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus); wastewater; marine monitoring; San Pedro Shelf; neoplasms; foci of cellular alteration; hydropic vacuolation ID CROAKER GENYONEMUS-LINEATUS; TOXICOPATHIC HEPATIC-LESIONS; SOLE PLEURONECTES-VETULUS; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; WHITE CROAKER; HYDROPIC VACUOLATION; CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE; WINTER FLOUNDER; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION AB The prevalence of toxicopathic liver lesions in demersal fish on the San Pedro Shelf, California was determined for a 15-year period (1988-2003). Fish livers were sampled at fixed locations as part of the Orange County Sanitation Districts (OCSD) ocean monitoring program. Histopathological examination of selected fish liver tissues was studied to determine whether the wastewater discharge had affected fish health. The prevalence of toxicopathic lesion classes neoplasms (NEO), preneoplastic foci of cellular alteration (FCA), and hydropic vacuolation (HYDVAC) varied among species and locations. For all species sampled, severe lesions occurred in 6.2% of the fish examined (n = 7,694). HYDVAC (4.1%) was the most common toxicopathic lesion type followed by FCA (1.4%) and NEO (0.7%). HYDVAC occurred only in white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus), accounting for 84.8% of the toxicopathic lesions for this species. Prevalence of HYDVAC, NEO, and FCA in white croaker was 15.2, 2.0, and 0.7%, respectively. The prevalence of HYDVAC and NEO in white croaker increased with age and size but there was no sexual difference. A linear regression model was used for hypothesis testing to account for significant differences in fish size (and age for croakers) at the different sampling locations. This analysis showed that for HYDVAC there was no spatial or location effect for lesion rate or size/age of onset. For NEO, the model predicted that white croaker near the wastewater outfall may acquire these lesions at a smaller size/younger age, and at a higher rate, than at other sites. However, this result may be biased due to the unequal size frequency distributions and the low prevalence of NEO in white croaker at the different sampling sites. Bigmouth sole (Hippoglossina stomata) had a prevalence of FCA and NEO of 1.3 and 0.35%, respectively, but the prevalence and distribution of lesions was too few for statistical testing. There was no sexual difference for lesion prevalence in hornyhead turbot (Pleuronichthys verticalis) and the prevalence of FCA and NEO was 3.4 and 0.37%, respectively. FCA prevalence increased with size in hornyhead turbot and there were no significant spatial differences for lesion rates and fish size at lesion onset. Overall, consistent spatial differences for lesion prevalence were not demonstrated and highlight the analytical difficulties of detecting a possible point source impact when the effect is rare, correlated with the size/age structure of the population, and may be caused by exposure to unknown multiple sources. Thus, the usefulness of liver histopathology as a point-source monitoring tool is best applied to where the spatial scale of impact generally exceeds the home range of the target species. C1 [Basmadjian, Edward; Phillips, Charles R.; Heilprin, Daniel J.; Lissner, Andrew L.; Frank, Victoria L.] Sci Applicat Int Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. [Perkins, Edwin M.; Koerner, Kelly A.] Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Watts, Susan D.; Diener, Douglas R.] Weston Solut Inc, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. [Mengel, Michael J.; Robertson, George; Armstrong, Jeffrey L.] Orange Cty Sanitat Dist, Environm Compliance & Monitoring Div, Fountain Valley, CA 92708 USA. [Myers, Mark S.] NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Basmadjian, E (reprint author), Sci Applicat Int Corp, 9455 Towne Ctr Dr, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. EM basmadjiane@saic.com NR 42 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 138 IS 1-3 BP 239 EP 253 DI 10.1007/s10661-007-9794-z PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 258MX UT WOS:000252873100024 PM 17516140 ER PT J AU Madenjian, CP O'Connor, DV Rediske, RR O'Keefe, JP Pothoven, SA AF Madenjian, Charles P. O'Connor, Daniel V. Rediske, Richard R. O'Keefe, James P. Pothoven, Steven A. TI Net trophic transfer efficiencies of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners to lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) from their food SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE trophic transfer efficiency; polychlorinated biphenyl congeners; lake whitefish ID TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; BIOENERGETICS MODEL; PCB CONGENERS; SALMON; FISH; BIOACCUMULATION; DIOXIN; PREY AB Lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) were fed rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) in four laboratory tanks over a 133-d experiment. At the start of the experiment, 10 to 14 of the fish in each tank were sacrificed, and the concentrations of 40 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners within these fish were determined. Polychlorinated biphenyl congener concentrations were also determined in the 15 lake whitefish remaining in each of the four tanks at the end of the experiment as well as in the rainbow smelt fed to the lake whitefish. Each lake whitefish was weighed at the start and the end of the experiment, and the amount of food eaten by the lake whitefish during the experiment was tracked. Using these measurements, net trophic transfer efficiency (gamma) from the rainbow smelt to the take whitefish in each of the four tanks was calculated for each of the 40 PCB congeners. Results showed that gamma decreased exponentially as log K-OW for the congeners increased from 6 to 8. Further, gamma averaged 0.70 for the tetrachloro congeners but averaged only 0.45 for the higher chlorinated congeners. C1 [Madenjian, Charles P.; O'Connor, Daniel V.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Rediske, Richard R.; O'Keefe, James P.] Grand Valley State Univ, Annis Water Resources Inst, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. [Pothoven, Steven A.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. RP Madenjian, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM cmadenjian@usgs.gov OI Pothoven, Steven/0000-0002-7992-5422 NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY-SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 27 IS 3 BP 631 EP 636 DI 10.1897/07-274.1 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 265PX UT WOS:000253374500018 PM 17967070 ER PT J AU Bailey, KM Abookire, AA Duffy-Anderson, JT AF Bailey, Kevin M. Abookire, Alisa A. Duffy-Anderson, Janet T. TI Ocean transport paths for the early life history stages of offshore-spawning flatfishes: a case study in the Gulf of Alaska SO FISH AND FISHERIES LA English DT Review DE fish larvae; juvenile nursery; larval distribution; larval transport; ocean currents; spawning strategy ID PLAICE PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA; SOLE MICROSTOMUS-PACIFICUS; NORTH-SEA PLAICE; TIDAL-STREAM TRANSPORT; EASTERN BERING-SEA; DOVER SOLE; GLYPTOCEPHALUS-ZACHIRUS; REX SOLE; SHELIKOF STRAIT; NURSERY AREAS AB Offshore- and deepwater-spawning flatfish species face the problem of transport of their planktonic stages to shallow juvenile nursery grounds that are often far shoreward in bays or estuaries. We compare life history attributes of four offshore-spawning flatfish species in the Gulf of Alaska: Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias), rex sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus) and Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus) to examine how their larvae get from a spawning location at the edge or beyond the continental shelf to specific inshore nursery zones. We utilize historical records of survey catches of different life stages to characterize the stage-specific changes in distribution of spawning, planktonic stages and juvenile nursery areas. We infer transport mechanisms based on the shifts in distribution of the life stages and in comparison with local physical oceanography. This comparison provides insight into the different mechanisms marine species may use to solve the common 'problem' of planktonic drift and juvenile settlement. C1 [Bailey, Kevin M.; Duffy-Anderson, Janet T.] Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Abookire, Alisa A.] Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak Facil, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Bailey, KM (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM kevin.bailey@noaa.gov RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 76 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1467-2960 J9 FISH FISH JI Fish. Fish. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 9 IS 1 BP 44 EP 66 DI 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2007.00268.x PG 23 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 260WT UT WOS:000253041800002 ER PT J AU Jump, CM Duffy-Anderson, JT Mier, KL AF Jump, Christina M. Duffy-Anderson, Janet T. Mier, Kathryn L. TI Comparison of the Sameoto, Manta, and MARMAP neustonic ichthyoplankton samplers in the Gulf of Alaska SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE neuston; sampling gear; ichthyoplankton; sameoto; manta; MARMAP; Gulf of Alaska ID NET; SURFACE AB A comparison of three types of neuston-sampling gear, the Sameoto, the Manta, and the Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment, and Prediction Program (MARMAP) array was conducted to examine and understand the effectiveness of each sampler in collecting larval fishes in the Gulf of Alaska. Comparison criteria included: number of individuals collected, assemblage diversity, and lengths of larvae. The MARMAP array had lower overall abundance compared to the Sameoto and Manta arrays. Species diversity was comparable among the gears, though the MARMAP array had a slightly higher and more evenly distributed range of taxa compared to the Sameoto and Manta arrays. Larval lengths were statistically comparable among gears, though the MARMAP array had relatively fewer large larvae compared to the Sameoto and Manta arrays. Based on these results, choice of gears should be considered depending on whether the primary objective is to obtain estimates of abundance or estimates of diversity. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Jump, Christina M.; Duffy-Anderson, Janet T.; Mier, Kathryn L.] NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Jump, CM (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Christina.Jump@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 89 IS 3 BP 222 EP 229 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2007.08.019 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 276CD UT WOS:000254118000002 ER PT J AU Twiner, MJ Ryan, JC Morey, JS Smith, KJ Hammad, SM Van Dolah, FM Hess, P McMahon, T Satake, M Yasumoto, T Doucette, GJ AF Twiner, Michael J. Ryan, James C. Morey, Jeanine S. Smith, Kent J. Hammad, Samar M. Van Dolah, Frances M. Hess, Philipp McMahon, Terry Satake, Masayuki Yasumoto, Takeshi Doucette, Gregory J. TI Transcriptional profiling and inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in human T lymphocyte cells by the marine toxin azaspiracid SO GENOMICS LA English DT Article DE azaspiracid-1; cholesterol; fatty acid; gene expression; harmful algal bloom; immunoblot; low-density lipoprotein receptor; T lymphocyte cells; microarray; shellfish toxin ID GENE-EXPRESSION; CHLORIDE CHANNEL; GROWTH-INHIBITION; MICROARRAY DATA; CYCLIN G2; PROTEINS; INSULIN; MICE; ACTIVATION; GLUCOSE AB Azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1) is a marine biotoxin reported to accumulate in shellfish from several countries, including eastern Canada, Morocco, and much of western Europe, and is frequently associated with severe gastrointestinal human intoxication. As the mechanism of action of AZA-1 is currently unknown, human DNA microarrays and qPCR were used to profile gene expression patterns in human T lymphocyte cells following AZA-1 exposure. Some of the early (1 h) responding genes consisted of transcription factors, membrane proteins, receptors, and inflammatory genes. Four-and 24-h responding genes were dominated by genes involved in de novo lipid biosynthesis of which 17 of 18 involved in cholesterol biosynthesis were significantly up regulated. The up regulation of synthesis genes was likely in response to the ca. 50% reduction in cellular cholesterol, which correlated with up regulated protein expression levels of the low-density lipoprotein receptor. These data collectively detail the inhibition of de novo cholesterol synthesis, which is the likely cause of cytotoxicity and potentially a target pathway of the toxin. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Twiner, Michael J.; Ryan, James C.; Morey, Jeanine S.; Van Dolah, Frances M.; Doucette, Gregory J.] NOAA Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Smith, Kent J.] Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Charleston, SC 29401 USA. [Hammad, Samar M.] Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Charleston, SC 29401 USA. [Hess, Philipp; McMahon, Terry] Marine Inst, Oranmore, Ireland. [Satake, Masayuki] Tohoku Univ, Grad Sch Agr Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 980, Japan. [Yasumoto, Takeshi] Tama Lab, Japan Food Res Lab, Tokyo, Japan. [Yasumoto, Takeshi] Okinawa Hlth Biotechnol Res Dev Ctr, Gushikawa, Okainawa, Japan. RP Twiner, MJ (reprint author), NOAA Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM Mike.Twiner@noaa.gov RI Hess, Philipp/G-1761-2010; Doucette, Gregory/M-3283-2013; OI Hess, Philipp/0000-0002-9047-1345; Ryan, James/0000-0002-1101-3785 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL079274] NR 61 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0888-7543 J9 GENOMICS JI Genomics PD MAR PY 2008 VL 91 IS 3 BP 289 EP 300 DI 10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.10.015 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 266ZB UT WOS:000253475900009 PM 18191373 ER PT J AU Olson, JM Alagarswamy, G Andresen, JA Campbell, DJ Davis, AY Ge, JJ Huebner, M Lofgren, BM Lusch, DP Moore, NJ Pijanowski, BC Qi, JG Thornton, PK Torbick, NM Wang, J AF Olson, Jennifer M. Alagarswamy, Gopal Andresen, Jeffrey A. Campbell, David J. Davis, Amelie Y. Ge, Jianjun Huebner, Marianne Lofgren, Brent M. Lusch, David P. Moore, Nathan J. Pijanowski, Bryan C. Qi, Jiaguo Thornton, Philip K. Torbick, Nathan M. Wang, Jing TI Integrating diverse methods to understand climate-land interactions in East Africa SO GEOFORUM LA English DT Article DE climate change; land use; Africa; modeling; biocomplexity; human-environment interaction ID KAJIADO DISTRICT; COVER CHANGE; UNCERTAINTY; RESILIENCE; MANAGEMENT; EMISSIONS; IMPACTS; MODELS; AREAS; KENYA AB The questions of how land use change affects climate, and how climate change affects land use, require examination of societal and environmental systems across space at multiple scales, from the global climate to regional vegetative dynamics to local decision making by farmers and herders. It also, requires an analysis of causal linkages and feedback loops between systems. These questions and the conceptual approach of the research design of the Climate-Land Interaction Project (CLIP) are rooted in the classical human-environment research tradition in Geography. This paper discusses a methodological framework to quantify the two-way interactions between land use and regional climate systems, using ongoing work by a team of multi-disciplinary scientists examining climate-land dynamics at multiple scales in East Africa. East Africa is a region that is undergoing rapid land use change, where changes in climate would have serious consequences for people's livelihoods, and requiring new coping and land use strategies. The research involves exploration of linkages between two important foci of global change research, namely, land use/land cover (LULC) and climate change. These linkages are examined through modeling agricultural systems, land use driving forces and patterns, the physical properties of land cover, and the regional climate. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are being used to illustrate a diverse pluralism in scientific discovery. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Olson, Jennifer M.; Ge, Jianjun; Torbick, Nathan M.] Michigan State Univ, Ctr Global Change & Earth Observat, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Olson, Jennifer M.; Thornton, Philip K.] Int Livestock Res Inst, Nairobi, Kenya. [Alagarswamy, Gopal; Andresen, Jeffrey A.; Campbell, David J.; Ge, Jianjun; Lusch, David P.; Moore, Nathan J.; Torbick, Nathan M.] Michigan State Univ, Dept Geog, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Campbell, David J.] Michigan State Univ, Coll Social Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Davis, Amelie Y.; Pijanowski, Bryan C.] Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Huebner, Marianne] Michigan State Univ, Dept Stat & Probabil, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Lofgren, Brent M.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Wang, Jing] Univ Illinois, Dept Math Stat & Comp Sci, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. RP Olson, JM (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Ctr Global Change & Earth Observat, 209 Manly Miles Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM olsonj@msu.edu; alagarsw@msu.edu; andresen@msu.edu; djc@msu.edu; aydavis@purdue.edu; gejianju@msu.edu; huebner@msu.edu; Brent.Lofgren@noaa.gov; lusch@msu.edu; moorena@msu.edu; bpijanow@purdue.edu; qi@msu.edu; p.thomton@cgiar.org; torbick@msu.edu; wangjing@math.uic.edu OI Lofgren, Brent/0000-0003-2189-0914 NR 55 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 21 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7185 J9 GEOFORUM JI Geoforum PD MAR PY 2008 VL 39 IS 2 BP 898 EP 911 DI 10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.03.011 PG 14 WC Geography SC Geography GA 287NY UT WOS:000254925000033 ER PT J AU Chaloupka, M Bjorndal, KA Balazs, GH Bolten, AB Ehrhart, LM Limpus, CJ Suganuma, H Troeeng, S Yamaguchi, M AF Chaloupka, Milani Bjorndal, Karen A. Balazs, George H. Bolten, Alan B. Ehrhart, Llewellyn M. Limpus, Colin J. Suganuma, Hiroyuki Troeeng, Sebastian Yamaguchi, Manami TI Encouraging outlook for recovery of a once severely exploited marine megaherbivore SO GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Chelonia mydas; conservation; green sea turtle; marine; stock recovery ID TURTLES CHELONIA-MYDAS; SOMATIC GROWTH DYNAMICS; GREEN TURTLE; SEA-TURTLES; COSTA-RICA; SURVIVAL PROBABILITY; POPULATION; DECLINE; TRENDS; CONSERVATION AB Aim To critically review the status of the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) using the best available scientific studies as there is a prevailing view that this species is globally endangered and its marine ecosystem functions compromised. Location Ogasawara (Japan), Hawaii (USA), Great Barrier Reef (Australia), Florida (USA), Tortuguero (Costa Rica). Methods We compiled seasonal nesting activity data from all reliable continuous long-term studies (> 25 years), which comprised data series for six of the world's major green turtle rookeries. We estimated the underlying time-specific trend in these six rookery-specific nester or nest abundance series using a generalized smoothing spline regression approach. Results Estimated rates of nesting population increase ranged from c. 4-14% per annum over the past two to three decades. These rates varied considerably among the rookeries, reflecting the level of historical exploitation. Similar increases in nesting population were also evident for many other green turtle stocks that have been monitored for shorter durations than the long-term studies presented here. Main conclusions We show that six of the major green turtle nesting populations in the world have been increasing over the past two to three decades following protection from human hazards such as exploitation of eggs and turtles. This population recovery or rebound capacity is encouraging and suggests that the green turtle is not on the brink of global extinction even though some stocks have been seriously depleted and are still below historical abundance levels. This demonstrates that relatively simple conservation strategies can have a profound effect on the recovery of once-depleted green turtle stocks and presumably the restoration of their ecological function as major marine consumers. C1 [Chaloupka, Milani] Univ Queensland, Ecol Modelling Serv Pty Ltd, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. [Bjorndal, Karen A.; Bolten, Alan B.] Univ Florida, Ctr Sea Turtle Res, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Balazs, George H.] Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Ehrhart, Llewellyn M.] Univ Cent Florida, Dept Biol, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. [Ehrhart, Llewellyn M.] Hubbs Sea World Res Inst, Melbourne, FL 32951 USA. [Limpus, Colin J.] Environm Protect Agcy, Queensland Pk & Wildlife Serv, City E, Qld 4002, Australia. [Suganuma, Hiroyuki] Everlasting Nat Asia, Kanagawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2210822, Japan. [Troeeng, Sebastian] Carribbean Conservat Corp, San Pedro, Costa Rica. [Troeeng, Sebastian] Lund Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. [Yamaguchi, Manami] Ogasawara Marine Ctr, Ogasawara, Tokyo 1002101, Japan. RP Chaloupka, M (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Ecol Modelling Serv Pty Ltd, PO Box 6150, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. EM m.chaloupka@uq.edu.au OI Bjorndal, Karen/0000-0002-6286-1901 NR 61 TC 86 Z9 91 U1 5 U2 36 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1466-822X J9 GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR JI Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 17 IS 2 BP 297 EP 304 DI 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00367.x PG 8 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 259UI UT WOS:000252966000015 ER PT J AU Song, WS Hong, SH Bushby, ST AF Song, Won Seok Hong, Seung Ho Bushby, Steven T. TI A performance analysis of BACnet (R) local area networks SO HVAC&R RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB ISO-16484-5 (EN ISO 2003) and ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 135-2004 (BACnet (R)) is a standard data communication protocol for building automation and control systems. In this study, the performance of three BACnet local area networking options is investigated with simulation models developed using ARENA, a tool for simulating discrete event dynamic systems. This study evaluates the delay characteristics of Master-Slave/Token-Passing (MS/TP), ANSI/ATA-878.1 (ARC-NET), and ISO-8802-3 (Ethernet) medium access control (MAC) layers being used to deliver BACnet application services. Analysis of the simulation results was used to develop recommendations that should be considered when designing and operating BACnet systems. C1 [Song, Won Seok] I Controls Inc, R&D Ctr, Songnam, South Korea. [Hong, Seung Ho] Hanyang Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Ansan, South Korea. [Bushby, Steven T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Mech Syst & Controls Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Song, WS (reprint author), I Controls Inc, R&D Ctr, Songnam, South Korea. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 1078-9669 J9 HVAC&R RES JI HVAC&R Res. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 14 IS 2 BP 289 EP 305 DI 10.1080/10789669.2008.10391009 PG 17 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 285QF UT WOS:000254790600010 ER PT J AU Henderson, MJ Horne, JK Towler, RH AF Henderson, M. J. Horne, J. K. Towler, R. H. TI The influence of beam position and swimming direction on fish target strength SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beam position; orientation; target strength; target tracking; yaw ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; IN-SITU; THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; WALLEYE POLLOCK; TILT ANGLE; TRACKING; BEHAVIOR; DISTRIBUTIONS; BACKSCATTER; FREQUENCIES AB Fish orientation is consistently identified as a major influence on fish target strength (TS). Generally, orientation is defined as the tilt angle of the fish with respect to the acoustic transducer, whereas a more accurate definition includes tilt, roll, and yaw. Thus far, the influences of roll and yaw on fish TS have only been examined cursorily. We used in situ single-target data to create fish tracks, to estimate fish tilt and yaw, and correlated these estimates with TS. The results show that tilt, yaw, and beam position have a significant influence on fish TS. To investigate further how yaw and beam position affect TS, we calculated the expected backscatter from each fish within simulated fish aggregations using a backscatter model. The TS of individual fish at 38 and 120 kHz varied by as much as 11 and 19 dB with changes in yaw and beam position. Altering the fish's tilt, yaw, and beam position resulted in TS differences of 14 and 26 dB at 38 and 120 kHz, respectively. Orientation had a minimal influence on an aggregation's average TS if the aggregation had a variable tilt-angle distribution and was dispersed throughout the acoustic beam. C1 [Horne, J. K.; Towler, R. H.] Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Henderson, M. J.; Horne, J. K.; Towler, R. H.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Henderson, MJ (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Dept Fisheries Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, POB 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. EM mhender@vims.edu OI Henderson, Mark/0000-0002-5603-8302 NR 41 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 65 IS 2 BP 226 EP 237 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fsm190 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 278GX UT WOS:000254274200012 ER PT J AU Yeung, C McConnaughey, RA AF Yeung, Cynthia McConnaughey, Robert A. TI Using acoustic backscatter from a sidescan sonar to explain fish and invertebrate distributions: a case study in Bristol Bay, Alaska SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acoustic backscatter; benthic invertebrates; Bering Sea; groundfish; habitat; trawl survey ID EASTERN BERING-SEA; SOLE HIPPOGLOSSOIDES-ELASSODON; IMPROVED STATISTICAL-METHOD; HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS; DISCRIMINATION SYSTEM; MARINE HABITATS; QTC-VIEW; CLASSIFICATION; MODELS; FLATFISH AB Environmental variables that are ecologically relevant and easily measured over large areas are useful for modelling species distributions and habitats. Continuous acoustic, sonar-backscatter data convey information about physical properties of the seabed, and hence could be a valuable addition to that suite of variables. We tested the potential utility of acoustic backscatter for improving habitat models of marine species using data from a pilot sidescan-sonar survey. Raw digital-backscatter data were processed with QTC SIDEVIEW and CLAMS software. Resultant acoustic variables-Q-values (Q1, Q2, and Q3), representing the first three principal components of the data derived from image analysis of backscatter echoes, and a complexity metric (compx) measuring the variance of Q-values in a geographic area-were used in multiple linear regression to model individual species abundance from bottom-trawl survey data. Habitat models for flathead sole (Hippoglossoides elassodon), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), basket star (Gorgonocephalus eucnemis), and sponges (Porifera) included acoustic variables as significant predictors. For these six taxa, full models explained 67-86% of variability in abundance, with 9-54% of that total contributed by the acoustic predictors, suggesting that acoustic data could advance habitat research for some bottom-associated marine species. C1 [Yeung, Cynthia; McConnaughey, Robert A.] Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Yeung, C (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 7600 Sand Pt Wy NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM cynthia.yeung@noaa.gov RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 58 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 18 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 65 IS 2 BP 242 EP 254 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fsn011 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 278GX UT WOS:000254274200014 ER PT J AU Plaisant, C Grinstein, G Scholtz, J Whiting, M O'Connell, T Laskowski, S Chien, L Tat, A Wright, W Gorg, C Liu, Z Parekh, N Singhal, K Stasko, J AF Plaisant, Catherine Grinstein, Georges Scholtz, Jean Whiting, Mark O'Connell, Theresa Laskowski, Sharon Chien, Lynn Tat, Annie Wright, William Gorg, Carsten Liu, Zhicheng Parekh, Neel Singhal, Kanupriya Stasko, John TI Evaluating visual analytics at the 2007 VAST symposium contest SO IEEE COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Plaisant, Catherine] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Grinstein, Georges] Univ Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA USA. [Scholtz, Jean; Whiting, Mark] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [O'Connell, Theresa; Laskowski, Sharon] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Gorg, Carsten; Liu, Zhicheng; Parekh, Neel; Singhal, Kanupriya; Stasko, John] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Plaisant, C (reprint author), Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM plaisant@cs.umd.edu NR 7 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0272-1716 J9 IEEE COMPUT GRAPH JI IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. PD MAR-APR PY 2008 VL 28 IS 2 BP 12 EP 21 DI 10.1109/MCG.2008.27 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 267XT UT WOS:000253543200003 PM 18350929 ER PT J AU Rose, S Nakassis, A AF Rose, Scott Nakassis, Anastase TI Minimizing information leakage in the DNS SO IEEE NETWORK LA English DT Article AB The domain name system is the global lookup service for network resources. To protect DNS information, the DNS security extensions have been developed and deployed on branches of the DNS to provide authentication and integrity protection using digital signatures. However, signed DNS nodes were found to have an unfortunate side effect: an attacker can query them as reconnaissance before attacking hosts on a particular network. There are different ways a zone administrator can minimize information leakage and still take advantage of DNSSEC for integrity and source authentication. This article describes the risk and examines the protocol and operational options and looks at their advantages and drawbacks. C1 [Rose, Scott; Nakassis, Anastase] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rose, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM scottr@nist.gov; tassos@nist.gov NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0890-8044 J9 IEEE NETWORK JI IEEE Netw. PD MAR-APR PY 2008 VL 22 IS 2 BP 22 EP 25 DI 10.1109/MNET.2008.4476067 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA 280FD UT WOS:000254409900005 ER PT J AU Yam, SSH Gu, XJ Mohammed, W Smith, PW AF Yam, Scott S. -H. Gu, Xijia Mohammed, Waleed Smith, Peter W. TI Multimode fiber Bragg grating wavelength filter in a 10-Gb/s system SO IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE fiber Bragg grating (FBG); multimode fiber (MMF); optical communications; optical networks ID LOCAL-AREA-NETWORKS; LINKS; EQUALIZATION; TRANSMISSION; ENHANCEMENT; DISPERSION AB A 10-Gb/s transmission experiment has been performed on multishell multimode fiber Bragg gratings. The device can simultaneously serve as wavelength filter and mode selector and is compatible with conventional raded refractive index multimode fiber (MMF) components. This could be a promising technology for wavelength-division multiplexing and mode diversity in practical MMF-based optical access networks. C1 [Yam, Scott S. -H.] Queens Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. [Yam, Scott S. -H.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Gu, Xijia] Ryerson Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada. [Mohammed, Waleed; Smith, Peter W.] Univ Toronto, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada. RP Yam, SSH (reprint author), Queens Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. EM scott.yam@queensu.ca; xgu@ryerson.ca; waleed.mohammed@utoronto.ca; pwes@csri.utoronto.ca NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1041-1135 J9 IEEE PHOTONIC TECH L JI IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. PD MAR-APR PY 2008 VL 20 IS 5-8 BP 584 EP 586 DI 10.1109/LPT.2008.918820 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 330ON UT WOS:000257952800085 ER PT J AU Williams, DF Mortazawi, A AF Williams, Dylan F. Mortazawi, Amir TI The beginnings of this TRANSACTIONS SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Williams, Dylan F.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Mortazawi, Amir] Univ Michigan, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Williams, DF (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 56 IS 3 BP 565 EP 565 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2008.916869 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 272QC UT WOS:000253873500001 ER PT J AU Holloway, CL Love, DC Kuester, EF Salandrino, A Engheta, N AF Holloway, C. L. Love, D. C. Kuester, E. F. Salandrino, A. Engheta, N. TI Sub-wavelength resonators: On the use of metafilms to overcome the lambda/2 size limit SO IET MICROWAVES ANTENNAS & PROPAGATION LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC POLARIZABILITY; DIPOLE SCATTERERS; COMPOSITE MEDIUM; SMALL APERTURES; PARTICLES; TRANSMISSION; REFLECTION; ANTENNA; ARRAYS; MEDIA AB Metamaterials - in particular, double negative materials - have been used in the design of electromagnetic resonators as a means to overcome the classical lambda/2 size limitation. The surface equivalent of a metamaterial is a so-called metafilm - a surface distribution of suitably chosen electrically small scatterers. In this paper we illustrate how metafilms can be used to overcome the lambda/2 size limit in order to design resonators of very small dimension. We present expressions that relate the polarisability densities of the scatterers of the metafilm needed to achieve in principle any desired resonator size. To validate the analytical results, comparisons to full-wave simulations of resonators containing various metafilms are shown. The effect of loss is investigated, and it is shown that smaller resonator size is achieved at the expense of lower Q (quality factor). The results can be scaled; that is, the dimensions of the scatterers can range from relatively large to relatively small, depending on the frequencies of interest. C1 [Holloway, C. L.] US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder Labs, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Love, D. C.] Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, Ypsilanti, MI 48197 USA. [Kuester, E. F.] Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Salandrino, A.; Engheta, N.] Univ Penn, Dept Elect & Syst Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Holloway, CL (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder Labs, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM holloway@boulder.nist.gov RI Salandrino, Alessandro/B-5898-2011 OI Salandrino, Alessandro/0000-0002-8643-9764 NR 40 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 13 PU INST ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY-IET PI HERTFORD PA MICHAEL FARADAY HOUSE SIX HILLS WAY STEVENAGE, HERTFORD SG1 2AY, ENGLAND SN 1751-8725 EI 1751-8733 J9 IET MICROW ANTENNA P JI IET Microw. Antennas Propag. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 2 IS 2 BP 120 EP 129 DI 10.1049/iet-map:20060309 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 281HS UT WOS:000254488100003 ER PT J AU Cui, QF Liu, CL Zha, XF AF Cui, Qifeng Liu, Chengliang Zha, Xuan F. TI Simulation and optimization of a piezoelectric micropump for medical applications SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE MEMS; valveless micropump; medical application; piezoelectric actuation; simulation; optimization ID VALVELESS MICROPUMPS; DIFFUSER MICROPUMP; DESIGN; SYSTEMS; PUMP AB We designed a valveless micropump excited by a piezoelectric actuator for medical applications. The complete electric-fluid-solid coupling model is built upon using ANSYS software (Canonsburg, PA) to investigate the behaviors of the micropump. The effects of the geometrical dimensions on the micropump characteristics and its efficiency are analyzed. The simulation results show that there is an optimal thickness of the piezoelectric layer to obtain a large pump flow, and that this optimal thickness is affected by the material and the thickness of the pump membrane. To enhance the performance of the micropump, some important diffuser parameters, such as the diffuser length, the diffuser angle, and the neck width, should be optimized. However, the variations of the diffuser's geometrical dimensions do not affect the optimal thickness of the piezoelectric layer. C1 [Cui, Qifeng; Liu, Chengliang; Zha, Xuan F.] Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Mech Engn, Shanghai 200240, Peoples R China. [Zha, Xuan F.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Zha, Xuan F.] Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cui, QF (reprint author), Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Mech Engn, Dognchuan Rd 800, Shanghai 200240, Peoples R China. EM qfcui@sjtu.edu.cn; xfzha@ieee.org NR 17 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 17 PU SPRINGER LONDON LTD PI ARTINGTON PA ASHBOURNE HOUSE, THE GUILDWAY, OLD PORTSMOUTH ROAD, ARTINGTON GU3 1LP, GUILDFORD, ENGLAND SN 0268-3768 J9 INT J ADV MANUF TECH JI Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 36 IS 5-6 BP 516 EP 524 DI 10.1007/s00170-006-0867-x PG 9 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA 267RP UT WOS:000253527200011 ER PT J AU Nazarian, A Presser, C AF Nazarian, Ashot Presser, Cary TI Thermal and chemical kinetic characterization of multiphase and multicomponent substances by laser heating SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE absorption; chemical behavior; laser heating; laser-driven thermal reactor; thermal analysis; thermophysical properties ID INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; AEROSOL; ONLINE AB A novel approach is described that determines the thermal behavior and decomposition of multiphase solid and liquid substances, such as chemical wastes, fuels, aerosol particles, and propellants through rapid and controlled beating with laser radiation. The laser-driven thermal reactor (LDTR) was developed to provide near temporally resolved determination of substance thermophysical properties and chemical reaction characteristics over a wide range of temperatures (up to 2000 K), heating rates (up to several hundreds of degrees per second), gas pressures, and ambient environments. Described is the experimental arrangement and supporting theory that is used to determine substance thermophysical and chemical behavior. Examples of the application of this technique are given for different substances, namely, a simulant multicomponent organic chemical waste, nitromethane, and activated carbon. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Presser, Cary] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Nazarian, Ashot] Sci Applicat Int Corp, Vienna, VA 22182 USA. RP Presser, C (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cpresser@nist.gov NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0017-9310 J9 INT J HEAT MASS TRAN JI Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 51 IS 5-6 BP 1365 EP 1378 DI 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.11.021 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 277XY UT WOS:000254249200034 ER PT J AU Stern, RJ Tamura, Y Embley, RW Ishizuka, O Merle, SG Basu, NK Kawabata, H Bloomer, SH AF Stern, Robert J. Tamura, Yoshihiko Embley, Robert W. Ishizuka, Osamu Merle, Susan G. Basu, Neil K. Kawabata, Hiroshi Bloomer, Sherman H. TI Evolution of West Rota volcano, an extinct submarine volcano in the southern Mariana Arc: Evidence from sea floor morphology, remotely operated vehicle observations and Ar-40-Ar-39 geochronological studies SO ISLAND ARC LA English DT Article DE bimodal magmatism; hydrothermal mineralization; Mariana Arc; pumice; Quaternary volcano; submarine caldera ID IZU-BONIN ARC; CENTRAL JAPAN; KERMADEC ARC; PUMICE; CALDERA; CRUST; PETROLOGY; ERUPTION; ORIGIN; ISLAND AB West Rota Volcano (WRV) is a recently discovered extinct submarine volcano in the southern Mariana Arc. It is large (25 km diameter base), shallow (up to 300 m below sealevel), and contains a large caldera (6 x 10 km, with up to 1 km relief). The WRV lies near the northern termination of a major NNE-trending normal fault. This and a second, parallel fault just west of the volcano separate uplifted, thick frontal are crust to the east from subsiding, thin back-arc basin crust to the west. The WRV is distinct from other Mariana Arc volcanoes: (i) it consists of a lower, predominantly andesite section overlain by a bimodal rhyolite-basalt layered sequence; (ii) andesitic rocks are locally intensely altered and mineralized; (iii) it has a large caldera; and (iv) WRV is built on a major fault. Submarine felsic calderas are common in the Izu and Kermadec Arcs but are otherwise unknown from the Marianas and other primitive, intraoceanic arcs. Ar-40-Ar-39 dating indicates that andesitic volcanism comprising the lower volcanic section occurred 0.33-0.55 my ago, whereas eruption of the upper rhyolites and basalts occurred 37-51 thousand years ago. Four sequences of rhyolite pyroclastics each are 20-75 m thick, unwelded and show reverse grading, indicating submarine eruption. The youngest unit consists of 1-2 m diameter spheroids of rhyolite pumice, interpreted as magmatic balloons, formed by relatively quiet effusion and inflation of rhyolite into the overlying seawater. Geochemical studies indicate that felsic magmas were generated by anatexis of amphibolite-facies meta-andesites, perhaps in the middle are crust. The presence of a large felsic volcano and caldera in the southern Marianas might indicate interaction of large normal faults with a mid-crustal magma body at depth, providing a way for viscous felsic melts to reach the surface. C1 [Stern, Robert J.; Basu, Neil K.] Univ Texas Richardson, Dept Geosci, Richardson, TX 75083 USA. [Bloomer, Sherman H.] Oregon State Univ, Coll Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Embley, Robert W.; Merle, Susan G.] Oregon State Univ, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Ishizuka, Osamu] Geol Survey Japan, Inst Geosci, AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. [Tamura, Yoshihiko; Kawabata, Hiroshi] Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Inst Res Earth Evolut, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan. RP Stern, RJ (reprint author), Univ Texas Richardson, Dept Geosci, Richardson, TX 75083 USA. EM rjstern@utdallas.edu NR 46 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 11 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1038-4871 J9 ISL ARC JI Isl. Arc. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 17 IS 1 BP 70 EP 89 DI 10.1111/j.1440-1738.2007.00600.x PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 269TT UT WOS:000253673900006 ER PT J AU Bartolo, LM Glotzer, SC Lowe, CS Powell, AC Sadoway, DR Warren, JA Tewary, VK Krane, MJM Rajan, K AF Bartolo, L. M. Glotzer, S. C. Lowe, C. S. Powell, A. C. Sadoway, D. R. Warren, J. A. Tewary, V. K. Krane, M. J. M. Rajan, K. TI Materials informatics: Facilitating the integration of data-driven materials research with education SO JOM LA English DT Article AB Materials informatics integrated into undergraduate and graduate materials education is a key component and critical issue to address the nation's shortage of well-trained, future scientists. C1 [Bartolo, L. M.; Glotzer, S. C.] Kent State Univ, Mat Informat lab, Kent, OH USA. [Glotzer, S. C.] Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Glotzer, S. C.] Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Glotzer, S. C.] Univ Michigan, Dept Macromol Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Glotzer, S. C.] Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Sadoway, D. R.] MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Warren, J. A.; Tewary, V. K.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Krane, M. J. M.] Purdue Univ, Sch Mat Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Rajan, K.] Iowa State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Bartolo, LM (reprint author), Kent State Univ, Mat Informat lab, Kent, OH USA. EM lbartolo@kent.edu RI Warren, James/B-1698-2008 OI Warren, James/0000-0001-6887-1206 NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1047-4838 J9 JOM-US JI JOM PD MAR PY 2008 VL 60 IS 3 BP 51 EP 52 DI 10.1007/s11837-008-0033-z PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 272IK UT WOS:000253852900012 ER PT J AU Foley, KM Fuentes, M AF Foley, K. M. Fuentes, M. TI A statistical framework to combine multivariate spatial data and physical models for hurricane surface wind prediction SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE Bayesian inference; nonseparable multivariate models; spatial statistics; storm surge; wind fields ID STORM-SURGE; DATA ASSIMILATION; ANDREW LANDFALL; SOUTH FLORIDA; FIELDS; INUNDATION AB Storm surge is the onshore rush of seawater associated with hurricane force winds. Storm surge can compound the effects of inland flooding caused by rainfall, leading to loss of property and loss of life for residents of coastal areas. Numerical ocean models are essential for predicting which coastal areas are most likely to be impacted by storm surge. These numerical physics-based models are driven primarily by the surface wind forcings which are currently specified by a deterministic formula. Although these equations incorporate important physical knowledge about the structure of hurricane surface wind fields, they cannot always capture the asymmetric and dynamic nature of a hurricane. This article develops a new multivariate spatial statistical framework to improve the estimation of these wind field inputs while accounting for potential bias in the observations. We find that this spatial model consistently improves parameter estimation and prediction for surface wind data for a case study of Hurricane Charley of 2004 when compared to the original physical model. These methods are also shown to improve storm surge estimates when used as the forcing fields for a numerical three-dimensional coastal ocean model. C1 [Foley, K. M.] US EPA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Admn, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. [Fuentes, M.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Foley, KM (reprint author), US EPA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Admn, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. EM foley.kristen@epa.gov; fuentes@stat.ncsu.edu NR 32 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC & INT BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 I ST NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 1085-7117 J9 J AGR BIOL ENVIR ST JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 13 IS 1 BP 37 EP 59 DI 10.1198/108571108X276473 PG 23 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 270QG UT WOS:000253734700003 ER PT J AU Point, D Alonso, JIG Davis, WC Christopher, SJ Guichard, A Donard, OFX Becker, PR Turk, GC Wise, SA AF Point, David Alonso, J. Ignacio Garcia Davis, W. Clay Christopher, Steven J. Guichard, Aurore Donard, Olivier F. X. Becker, Paul R. Turk, Gregory C. Wise, Stephen A. TI Consideration and influence of complexed forms of mercury species on the reactivity patterns determined by speciated isotope dilution model approaches: A case for natural biological reference materials SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; MASS-SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS; GC-ICP-MS; SOLUTION CHEMISTRY; METAL-COMPLEXES; MONOMETHYLMERCURY CH3HG+; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; REFERENCE SEDIMENTS; BUTYLTIN COMPOUNDS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION AB The processes driving the inadvertent transformations of inorganic mercury (iHg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in cryogenically homogenized fresh-frozen (FF) and freeze-dried (FD) biological standard reference materials (SRM) were investigated using alkaline digestion, derivatization and gas chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GC-ICP-MS). Labile inorganic mercury ((201) iHg) and methylmercury (Me (202) Hg) isotopic standards and their cysteine-complexed analogs (Hg-201(CYS)(2) and Me (202) HgCys) were used in a double-spike speciated isotope dilution (SID) model to document the influence of complexing ligands on the equilibration, the reactivity and the transformation processes between isotopic mercury species and their endogenous analogs. Cysteine-complexed and labile Me 202 Hg spiking standards displayed similar equilibration processes in both classes of materials, leading to accurate MeHg determinations with negligible methylation transformations. Labile (201)iHg standards provided accurate iHg concentration results in both material series, although an apparent demethylation reaction specific of FF materials was detected, with a negligible effect in FD materials. Cysteine-complexed (201) iHg standards led to higher but inaccurate iHg concentrations and higher demethylation yields in both materials. This comparison illustrated a significant influence of complexing ligands on the equilibration processes between labile and/or complexed (201)iHg species and their endogenous analogs. The derivatization step was found to catalyze these non-equilibrium conditions with different derivatization yields between labile and complexed. iHg species, whereas no differences were observed for MeHg species. When complexation disparities existed in solution between 201iHg species and their endogenous analogs, this process specifically affected the determination of (200/201) iHg ratios relative to (200/202) iHg, (200/201) MeHg and (200/202) iHg ratios, which are all involved in the double-spike SID model to establish transformation yields and mercury species concentrations. This process and the influence of demethylating agents were presumably responsible for the apparent demethylation reaction only observed in FF materials. This result gave rise to several questions on the influence of freeze-drying procedures on the lability/complexation patterns of mercury species and/or on the activity of demethylating agents. A complementary analytical step consisting of maximizing the equilibrium conditions between isotopic and endogenous mercury species together with inhibiting the activity of demethylating agent is proposed. When applying these conditions, the two classes of materials displayed negligible transformation reactions, improving their commutability for the simultaneous determination of iHg and MeHg. The approach proposed in this work allowed for the first time documentation of the potential and limitations of speciated isotope dilution procedures to handle the problem of lability/complexation and ligand interactions in natural biological matrices when considering multiple-spike SID approaches. C1 [Point, David; Davis, W. Clay; Christopher, Steven J.; Guichard, Aurore; Becker, Paul R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Alonso, J. Ignacio Garcia] Univ Oviedo, Dept Phys & Analyt Chem, Fac Chem, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain. [Donard, Olivier F. X.] CNRS, Inst Pluridisciplinaire Rech Environm & Mat, Equipe Chim Analyt Bioinorgan & Environm, UMR 5254, F-64053 Pau, France. [Turk, Gregory C.; Wise, Stephen A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Point, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM david.point@noaa.gov RI Alonso, Jose/H-6795-2015; OI Alonso, Jose/0000-0002-8356-3866; Point, David/0000-0002-5218-7781 NR 50 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 12 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 23 IS 3 BP 385 EP 396 DI 10.1039/b7l6205g PG 12 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 279KP UT WOS:000254354400011 ER PT J AU Rucker, M Banta, RM Steyn, DG AF Rucker, Magdalena Banta, Robert M. Steyn, Douw G. TI Along-valley structure of daytime thermally driven flows in the Wipp Valley SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID KALI-GANDAKI VALLEY; PULSED DOPPLER LIDAR; ALPINE VALLEY; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; DIURNAL WINDS; GAP FLOW; AEROLOGICAL SOUNDINGS; MOUNTAIN-VALLEY; OCTOBER 1999; INN VALLEY AB High-resolution Doppler lidar observations obtained during the Mesoscale Alpine Program ( MAP) 1999 field campaign are used to investigate the along-valley structure of daytime valley flows in the Wipp Valley, Austria. The observations show that under varying ambient conditions the valley flow increases in speed through a narrow section of the valley. Furthermore, the along-valley volume flux diverges along the valley segment under investigation, which suggests that the observed along-valley acceleration of the valley flow cannot be explained by the horizontal constriction of the valley sidewalls. It is hypothesized that the along-valley acceleration of the flow is caused by an intravalley change in the horizontal pressure gradient induced by differential heating rates of the valley atmosphere. C1 [Rucker, Magdalena] Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. [Rucker, Magdalena; Banta, Robert M.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Steyn, Douw G.] Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. RP Steyn, DG (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, 6339 Stores Rd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. EM dsteyn@eos.ubc.ca RI Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 44 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 47 IS 3 BP 733 EP 751 DI 10.1175/2007JAMC1319.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 286RH UT WOS:000254863200001 ER PT J AU Matrosov, SY Shupe, MD Djalalova, IV AF Matrosov, Sergey Y. Shupe, Matthew D. Djalalova, Irina V. TI Snowfall retrievals using millimeter-wavelength cloud radars SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER RADAR; SIZE AB It is demonstrated that millimeter-wavelength radars that are designed primarily for cloud studies can be also used effectively for snowfall retrievals. Radar reflectivity-liquid equivalent snowfall rate (Z(e)-S) relations specifically tuned for K-a- and W-band radar frequencies are applied to measurements taken by vertically pointing ground-based 8-mm cloud radars (MMCR) that are designed for the U. S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program and by the nadir-pointing spaceborne 94-GHz CloudSat radar. Comparisons of the MMCR-based snowfall accumulations estimated during experimental events with no significant snowflake riming and controlled gauge measurements indicated an 87% standard deviation between radar and gauge data that is consistent with the uncertainties in the coefficients of the Z(e)-S relations resulting from variability in snowflake microphysical properties. Comparisons of CloudSat-based snowfall-rate retrievals in heavy snowfall were consistent with estimates from surface S-band precipitation surveillance radars made using algorithms that were specifically designed for use with these radars. A typical difference between the CloudSat and the S-band precipitation radar estimates of snowfall rate for approximately collocated resolution pixels was within a factor of 2, which is of the order of the uncertainty of each estimate. The results of this study suggest that the ground-based and satellite-borne radars operating at K-a(-) and W bands can provide valuable retrieval information on vertical profiles of snowfall, which is an important component of the global water cycle. This information is particularly important in Arctic regions where precipitation information from other sources is scarce. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Matrosov, SY (reprint author), R-PSD2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sergey.matrosov@noaa.gov RI Shupe, Matthew/F-8754-2011 OI Shupe, Matthew/0000-0002-0973-9982 NR 17 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 EI 1558-8432 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 47 IS 3 BP 769 EP 777 DI 10.1175/2007JAMC1768.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 286RH UT WOS:000254863200003 ER PT J AU Rippard, WH Pufall, MR Schneider, ML Garello, K Russek, SE AF Rippard, W. H. Pufall, M. R. Schneider, M. L. Garello, K. Russek, S. E. TI Spin transfer precessional dynamics in Co(60)Fe(20)B(20) nanocontacts SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MULTILAYERS; EXCITATION; VALVES; COFEB AB We report on the precessional dynamics in spin transfer oscillators having Co(60)Fe(20)B(20) free layers as a function of annealing time at 225 degrees C. Repeated annealing reduces the critical current I(c) by roughly a factor of 3 and increases the tunability of the oscillation frequency with current df/dI. The decrease in I(c) correlates with an increasing giant magnetoresistance (GMR) during the first 3 h of annealing. For longer times, df/dI continues to increase, although the GMR does not. The variations in the macroscopic Co(60)Fe(20)B(20) magnetization parameters and contact dimensions with annealing are not sufficient to account for the later changes. (c) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Rippard, W. H.; Pufall, M. R.; Schneider, M. L.; Garello, K.; Russek, S. E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Rippard, WH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM rippard@boulder.nist.gov NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAR 1 PY 2008 VL 103 IS 5 AR 053914 DI 10.1063/1.2838490 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 274TS UT WOS:000254025000064 ER PT J AU Popelka-Filcoff, RS Miksa, EJ Robertson, JD Glascock, MD Wallace, H AF Popelka-Filcoff, Rachel S. Miksa, Elizabeth J. Robertson, J. David Glascock, Michael D. Wallace, Henry TI Elemental analysis and characterization of ochre sources from Southern Arizona SO JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ochre; elemental analysis; INAA; Arizona; Tucson basin; iron oxide; pigments ID NORTH-AMERICA AB Iron oxides and other associated minerals (ochre) were widely used in ancient times, however, the use and procurement of these materials is not well understood and there has been little research on the elemental characterization of the material compared to other artifact classes. To assess the possibility of identifying ochre differences between locations, the original potential geological sources should be thoroughly characterized. This paper describes the collection of potential geologic sources of ochre in the Tucson basin of Arizona, sampling of those sources, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and subsequent multivariate analysis of the data. This paper has several goals, including characterizing geochemical trends within and between ochre sources, identifying the important elements in geochemical characterization of ochre, and establishing a database for further investigations. This preliminary study indicates that the inter- and intra-source variations in geological sources of ochre in the Tucson basin region can be differentiated. Future analysis of iron oxide artifacts will be performed to examine correlations between artifacts and sources and provide a basis for further deductions concerning ancient ochre procurement. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Popelka-Filcoff, Rachel S.; Robertson, J. David] Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. [Popelka-Filcoff, Rachel S.; Robertson, J. David; Glascock, Michael D.] Univ Missouri, Res Reactor Ctr, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. [Miksa, Elizabeth J.] SW Petrog Specialists Inc, Tucson, AZ 85715 USA. [Wallace, Henry] Desert Archaeol Inc, Tucson, AZ 85716 USA. RP Popelka-Filcoff, RS (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8395, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rachel.popelka-filcoff@nist.gov; petromiksa@cox.net; robertsonjo@missouri.edu; glascockm@rnissouri.edu; henry@desert.com RI Popelka-Filcoff, Rachel/I-4546-2014; OI Glascock, Michael D./0000-0003-0686-7556; Popelka-Filcoff, Rachel/0000-0001-6826-6401 NR 32 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-4403 J9 J ARCHAEOL SCI JI J. Archaeol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 35 IS 3 BP 752 EP 762 DI 10.1016/j.jas.2007.05.018 PG 11 WC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geology GA 270TU UT WOS:000253743900020 ER PT J AU Raja, MKRV Gutman, SI Yoe, JG McMmillin, LM Zhao, J AF Raja, M. K. Rama Varma Gutman, Seth I. Yoe, James G. McMmillin, Larry M. Zhao, Jiang TI The validation of AIRS retrievals of integrated precipitable water vapor using measurements from a network of ground-based GPS receivers over the contiguous United States SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METEOROLOGY; AIRS/AMSU/HSB; RADIOSONDE; DESIGN; SYSTEM AB A robust and easily implemented verification procedure based on the column-integrated precipitable water (IPW) vapor estimates derived from a network of ground-based global positioning system (GPS) receivers has been used to assess the quality of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) IPW retrievals over the contiguous United States. For a period of six months from April to October 2004, excellent agreement has been realized between GPS-derived IPW estimates and those determined from AIRS, showing small monthly bias values ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 mm and root-mean-square (rms) differences of 4 turn or less. When the spatial (latitude-longitude) window for the GPS and AIRS matchup observations is reduced from the initial 1/2 degrees by 1/2 degrees to 1/4 degrees by 1/4 degrees, the rms differences are reduced. Analysis revealed that the observed IPW biases between the instruments are strongly correlated to the reported surface pressure differences between the GPS and AIRS observational points. Adjusting the AIRS IPW values to account for the surface pressure discrepancies resulted in significant reductions of the bias between GPS and AIRS. A similar reduction can be obtained by comparing only (GPS-AIRS) match-up pairs for which the corresponding surface pressure differences are 0.5 mb or less. The comparisons also revealed that the AIRS IPW tends to be relatively dry in moist atmospheres (when IPW values >40 mm) but wetter in dry cases (when IPW values <10 mm). This is consistent with the documented bias of satellite measurements toward the first guess used in retrieval algorithms. However, additional study is needed to verify whether the AIRS water vapor retrieval process is the source of the discrepancies. It is shown that the IPW bias and rms differences have a seasonal dependency, with a maximum in summer (bias similar to 1.2 mm, rms similar to 4.14 mm) and minimum in winter (bias < -0.5 mm, rms similar to 3 mm). C1 [Yoe, James G.; McMmillin, Larry M.] NOAA NESDIS ORA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Raja, M. K. Rama Varma] IM Syst Grp Inc, Kensington, MD USA. [Gutman, Seth I.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Syst Div, Boulder, CO USA. [Zhao, Jiang] QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Yoe, JG (reprint author), NOAA NESDIS ORA, World Weather Bldg,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM james.g.yoe@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 25 IS 3 BP 416 EP 428 DI 10.1175/2007JTECHA889.1 PG 13 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 284XL UT WOS:000254741100005 ER PT J AU Dennis, T Dyer, SD Dienstfrey, A Singh, G Rice, P AF Dennis, Tasshi Dyer, Shellee D. Dienstfrey, Andrew Singh, Gurpreet Rice, Paul TI Analyzing quantitative light scattering spectra of phantoms measured with optical coherence tomography SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS LA English DT Article DE dispersion; scattering; Mie; nanotube; optical coherence tomography (OCT); phantom; phase; spectral domain; uncertainty ID INTERFEROMETRY; SPECTROSCOPY; WAVELENGTH; TISSUE AB We demonstrate the ability of multiple forms of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the frequency domain to quantitatively size scatterers. Combined with a variety of distinct phantoms, we gain insight into the measurement uncertainties associated with using scattering spectra to size scatterers. We size spherical scatterers on a surface using swept-source OCT with an analysis based on a simple slab-mode resonance model. Automating this technique, a two-dimensional (2-D) image is created by raster scanning across a surface phantom designed to have a distinct size transition to demonstrate accuracy and repeatability. We also investigate the potential of a novel sphere-nanotube structure as a quantitative calibration artifact for use in comparing measured intensity and phase scattering spectra directly to Mie theory predictions. In another experiment, we demonstrate tissue-relevant sizing of scatterers as small as 5 mu m on a surface by use of a Fourier domain OCT system with 280 nm of bandwidth from a supercontinuum source. We perform an uncertainty analysis for our high-resolution sizing system, estimating a sizing error of 9% for measurements of spheres with a diameter of 15 mu m. With appropriate modifications, our uncertainty analysis has general applicability to other sizing techniques utilizing scattering spectra. C1 [Dennis, Tasshi; Dyer, Shellee D.; Dienstfrey, Andrew] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Singh, Gurpreet; Rice, Paul] Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Dennis, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tasshi@boulder.nist.gov RI Singh, Gurpreet/J-9083-2012 NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-SOC PHOTOPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 1083-3668 J9 J BIOMED OPT JI J. Biomed. Opt. PD MAR-APR PY 2008 VL 13 IS 2 AR 024004 DI 10.1117/1.2899150 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Optics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Optics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 309CM UT WOS:000256438300022 PM 18465967 ER PT J AU Lin, JL Lee, MI Kim, D Kang, IS Frierson, DMW AF Lin, Jia-Lin Lee, Myong-In Kim, Daehyun Kang, In-Sik Frierson, Dargan M. W. TI The impacts of convective parameterization and moisture triggering on AGCM-simulated convectively coupled equatorial waves SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS; SIMPLE MULTICLOUD PARAMETERIZATION; AIR-SEA INTERACTION; PART I; LOW-FREQUENCY; KELVIN WAVES; STRATIFORM INSTABILITY; CUMULUS CONVECTION AB This study examines the impacts of convective parameterization and moisture convective trigger on convectively coupled equatorial waves simulated by the Seoul National University (SNU) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). Three different convection schemes are used, including the simplified Arakawa-Schubert (SAS) scheme, the Kuo (1974) scheme, and the moist convective adjustment (MCA) scheme, and a moisture convective trigger with variable strength is added to each scheme. The authors also conduct a "no convection" experiment with deep convection schemes turned off. Space-time spectral analysis is used to obtain the variance and phase speed of dominant convectively coupled equatorial waves, including the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), Kelvin, equatorial Rossby (ER), mixed Rossby-gravity (MRG), and eastward inertio-gravity (EIG) and westward inertio-gravity (WIG) waves. The results show that both convective parameterization and the moisture convective trigger have significant impacts on AGCM-simulated, convectively coupled equatorial waves. The MCA scheme generally produces larger variances of convectively coupled equatorial waves including the MJO, more coherent eastward propagation of the MJO, and a more prominent MJO spectral peak than the Kuo and SAS schemes. Increasing the strength of the moisture trigger significantly enhances the variances and slows down the phase speeds of all wave modes except the MJO, and usually improves the eastward propagation of the MJO for the Kuo and SAS schemes, but the effect for the MCA scheme is small. The no convection experiment always produces one of the best signals of convectively coupled equatorial waves and the MJO. C1 [Lin, Jia-Lin] CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. [Lin, Jia-Lin] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Lee, Myong-In] NASA, GSFC, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Kim, Daehyun; Kang, In-Sik] Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul, South Korea. [Frierson, Dargan M. W.] Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Lin, JL (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Geog, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM lin789@osu.edu RI Frierson, Dargan/F-1763-2010; 안, 민섭/D-9972-2015; OI Frierson, Dargan/0000-0001-8952-5644; Lee, Myong-In/0000-0001-8983-8624 NR 94 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 21 IS 5 BP 883 EP 909 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1790.1 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 278DK UT WOS:000254263700003 ER PT J AU Mo, KC Schemm, JE AF Mo, Kingtse C. Schemm, Jae E. TI Droughts and persistent wet spells over the United States and Mexico SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID AMERICAN REGIONAL REANALYSIS; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; SEVERITY INDEX; SOIL-MOISTURE; GREAT-PLAINS; SUMMERTIME PRECIPITATION; NORTH-AMERICA; VARIABILITY; CLIMATE; ENSO AB Droughts and persistent wet spells over the United States and northwest Mexico have preferred regions of occurrence and persistence. Wet or dry conditions that persist more than 1 yr tend to occur over the interior United States west of 90 degrees-95 degrees W and northwest Mexico. In contrast, events over the eastern United States are less likely to occur and often last less than 6 months. The long persistent drought and wet spells are often modulated by low-frequency sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs). The persistent dry or wet conditions over northwest Mexico and the Southwest are associated with decadal variability of SSTAs over the North Pacific. Persistent events over the northwestern mountains are associated with two decadal SSTA modes. One mode has loadings over three southern oceans and another one is an El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) like decadal mode. Wet and dry conditions over the Pacific Northwest and the Great Plains are often associated with ENSO. The seasonal cycle of precipitation over the central-eastern United States, the East Coast, and the Ohio Valley is weak. Drought and wet spells over these regions are less persistent because the ENSO events have opposite impacts on precipitation for summer and winter. C1 [Mo, Kingtse C.; Schemm, Jae E.] Climate Analy Ctr, NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Mo, KC (reprint author), Climate Analy Ctr, NOAA, NWS, NCEP, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM kingtse.mo@noaa.gov NR 37 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 21 IS 5 BP 980 EP 994 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1616.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 278DK UT WOS:000254263700008 ER PT J AU Govoni, JJ West, MA Settle, LR Lynch, RT Greene, MD AF Govoni, John J. West, Melissa A. Settle, Lawrence R. Lynch, Robert T. Greene, Michael D. TI Effects of underwater explosions on larval fish: Implications for a coastal engineering project SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dredging; explosives; fish injury assessment; Wilmington Harbor AB Determination of the impacts of underwater explosions on animals has focused upon the mortality of adult fish, turtles, and marine mammals. For these animals, mortality can be predicted and abundance and distribution in the impact area can be determined with acceptable accuracy. The sensitivity of larvae and small juveniles, however, has not been adequately examined, and the abundance and distribution of young fishes is difficult to estimate. We determined sensitivities of the larvae and small juveniles of two species of fishes to shock wave exposure under experimental conditions. This determination was used to develop models that relate larval and small juvenile fish mortality to shock wave exposure. Resulting shock waves were monitored at three distances from the blast. Injuries were assessed by gross examination and by histopathology. Specific impulse was determined the critical parameter for injury assessment because it was of high magnitude over a longer distance when compared with pressure maxima or energy flux density. Impulse ranged from 1.855 to 12.080 Pa s. The proportion of fish lethally injured by these impulses ranged from 0.14 to 1.00. Total injury doses of 50% ranged from 5.286 to 8.910. Total injury doses of 50% were applied to an engineering blasting project in Wilmington Harbor, North Carolina. This application indicated that nearly 8.2 X 10(8) larvae could be killed over the duration of the project. This represents 2-3% of the larvae in the system and is unlikely to seriously affect fishes at the population level. C1 [Govoni, John J.; West, Melissa A.; Settle, Lawrence R.; Greene, Michael D.] Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. [Lynch, Robert T.] Res Associates Inc, Littleton, CO 80217 USA. RP Govoni, JJ (reprint author), Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM Jeff.Govoni@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 12 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 24 IS 2B SU S BP 228 EP 233 DI 10.2112/05-0518.1 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 280SC UT WOS:000254445500024 ER PT J AU Fenves, SJ Foufou, S Bock, C Sriram, RD AF Fenves, Steven J. Foufou, Sebti Bock, Conrad Sriram, Ram D. TI CPM2: A core model for product data SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE product data representation; function; form; behavior; UML ID INFORMATION AB The initial core product model (CPM), developed at NIST for the support of in-house research projects, has been extended to create CPM2, intended to support a broad range of information relevant to product lifecycle management. CPM2 is a generic, abstract model with generic semantics. CPM2 gives equal status to three aspects of a product or artifact: its function, its form, and its behavior Thus, CPM2 can support functional reasoning about a product in the conceptual stages of design, the recording and the modeling of its behavior in the postdesign stages as well as the "traditional" design phases. Three levels of CPM2 models, denoted as the conceptual, intermediate, and implementation models, are described. Extensions of the initial CPM are briefly presented. The facilities in CPM2 for building experimental intermediate systems are demonstrated and a short illustrative example is given. The full practical evaluation of CPM2 will require the development and use of implementation models. C1 [Fenves, Steven J.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Fenves, Steven J.; Foufou, Sebti; Bock, Conrad; Sriram, Ram D.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Foufou, Sebti] Univ Burgundy, LE2i Lab, F-21078 Dijon, France. RP Fenves, SJ (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM sfenves@cme.nist.gov; sfoufou@bourgogne.fr; cbock@cme.nist.gov; sriram@cme.nist.gov RI Foufou, Sebti/E-2081-2015 OI Foufou, Sebti/0000-0002-3555-9125 NR 29 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 1530-9827 J9 J COMPUT INF SCI ENG JI J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 8 IS 1 AR 014501 DI 10.1115/1.2830842 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 277VQ UT WOS:000254243200009 ER PT J AU Jones, A Deshmukh, A Kumara, S Li, MS AF Jones, Albert Deshmukh, Abhijit Kumara, Soundar Li, Man-Sze TI Engineering complex, information-based, networked industrial systems: A research roadmap SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID SHOP-FLOOR CONTROL; FRAMEWORK; PERSPECTIVE; SIMULATION; EMERGENCE; AGENT; MODEL AB The explosive pace of globalization and the rapid development of information and communications technologies continue to impact the evolution of industrial systems. They have become completely dependent on information-generating, exchanging, and processing far more electronic data than ever before. They have become geographically dispersed organizations that comprise numerous, tightly interconnected networks of diverse companies. As a result, current-day industrial systems exhibit highly nonlinear chaotic, and unpredictable behaviors. How best to engineer these new systems is a question of both theoretical and practical importance. Albert Einstein believed that you cannot use old approaches to solve new, and fundamentally different, problems. ("We cannot solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them. ") That old approach, Descartes' reductionism, said that you could infer the behavior of the entire system by knowing only the behavior of its components. This view is not valid for these new systems, because their behavior emerges in complex ways front the interactions of those components. Therefore, in this paper we argue that a different approach to engineering these new types of industrial systems is needed. We base that approach on our view that these systems are remarkably similar to living systems. In this paper, we describe the major characteristics of living systems, summarize their similarities with these new systems, and use these similarities as a basis for a new research agenda. C1 [Jones, Albert] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Deshmukh, Abhijit] Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Kumara, Soundar] Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Jones, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM albert.jones@nist.gov; deshmukh@iemail.tamu.edu; skumara@psu.edu; msli@icfocis.co.uk NR 70 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 1530-9827 J9 J COMPUT INF SCI ENG JI J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 8 IS 1 AR 011005 DI 10.1115/1.2844398 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 277VQ UT WOS:000254243200006 ER PT J AU Hanna, SK Haukenes, AH Foy, RJ Buck, CL AF Hanna, S. K. Haukenes, A. H. Foy, R. J. Buck, C. L. TI Temperature effects on metabolic rate, swimming performance and condition of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gadus macrocephalus; metabolism; Pacific cod; swimming performance; temperature; U-crit ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; YEARLING COHO SALMON; ATLANTIC COD; RAINBOW-TROUT; EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE; SOCKEYE-SALMON; ACID-BASE; CORTISOL; FISH; STRESS AB Critical swimming speed (U-crit) and rate of oxygen consumption of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus acclimated to 4 and 11 degrees C were determined to assess the influence of water temperature on performance. The physiological effect of exercise trials on fish held at two temperatures was also assessed by comparing haematocrit and plasma concentrations of cortisol, metabolites and ions collected from fish before and after testing. The U-crit of fish acclimated and exercised at 4 degrees C did not differ from those acclimated and exercised at 11 degrees C [1.07 body lengths (total length) s(-1)]. While the standard metabolic rate of 11 degrees C acclimated fish was 28% higher than that of 4 degrees C fish, no significant difference was observed between fish acclimated at the two temperatures. Plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose and lactate increased significantly from pre- to post-swim in both groups, yet only concentrations of cortisol differed significantly between temperature treatments. Higher concentrations of cortisol in association with greater osmoregulatory disturbance in animals acclimated at the lower temperature indicate that the lower water temperature acted as an environmental stressor. Lack of significant differences in U-crit between temperature treatments, however, suggests that Pacific cod have robust physiological resilience with respect to swimming performance within temperature changes from 4 to 11 degrees C. (c) 2008 The Authors Journal compilation (c) 2008 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 [Buck, C. L.] Univ Alaska, Dept Biol Sci, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Hanna, S. K.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Haukenes, A. H.] Univ Arkansas, Aquaculture Fisheries Ctr, Pine Bluff, AR 71601 USA. [Foy, R. J.] Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak Lab, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Buck, CL (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Dept Biol Sci, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM afclb1@uaa.alaska.edu NR 42 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 6 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 72 IS 4 BP 1068 EP 1078 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01791.x PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 267AD UT WOS:000253479300018 ER PT J AU Lofgren, BM Bieniek, P AF Lofgren, Brent M. Bieniek, Peter TI Large-scale 700 hPa height patterns associated with cyclone passage and strong winds on Lake Erie SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Erie; strong wind events; high wind events; teleconnections; cyclones ID ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION PATTERNS; GREAT-LAKES; PRECIPITATION; WINTER; BASIN AB The difference in 700 hPa height patterns was examined on a seasonal basis between years with high numbers and low numbers of cyclone passages through Lake Erie, and high and low numbers of strong wind events at Cleveland Hopkins Airport. These show that both cyclones and strong wind events often are associated with atmospheric patterns resembling the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation, or the negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation. Custom teleconnection indices were derived from these maps of 700 hPa height differences, and the seasonal means of each of these indices were linearly regressed against the number of cyclones and the number of strong wind events in that season for each year. This procedure led to moderate, but statistically significant, correlation coefficients. This gives some basis for probabilistic prediction of cyclone passages and strong wind events at Lake Erie. Actual application in prediction will require skill also in predicting the geopotential heights, and predictions generalized over larger areas may have greater significance and robustness. C1 [Lofgren, Brent M.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Bieniek, Peter] Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Lofgren, BM (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM Brent.Lofgren@noaa.gov OI Lofgren, Brent/0000-0003-2189-0914 NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 34 IS 1 BP 36 EP 53 DI 10.3394/0380-1330(2008)34[36:LHHPAW]2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 291PN UT WOS:000255209400004 ER PT J AU Robichaud, DJ Hodges, JT Brown, LR Lisak, D Maslowski, P Yeung, LY Okumura, M Miller, CE AF Robichaud, David J. Hodges, Joseph T. Brown, Linda R. Lisak, Daniel Maslowski, Piotr Yeung, Laurence Y. Okumura, Mitchio Miller, Charles E. TI Experimental intensity and lineshape parameters of the oxygen A-band using frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE oxygen; A-band; intensities; cavity ring-down spectroscopy ID FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY; MOLECULAR LINE ABSORPTION; SCATTERING ATMOSPHERE; QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS; LASER SPECTROSCOPY; PRESSURE-SHIFT; HIGH-PRECISION; BROADENED HF; O-2; TRANSITIONS AB Line intensities, self- and air-broadened linewidths, pressure-induced shifts, and collisional narrowing coefficients were measured from 2 <= J'<= 32 in the P branch of the O-2 A-band (12975-13110 cm(-1)) utilizing Galatry line profiles. Spectra were recorded using the frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectrometer located at NIST, Gaithersburg, MD with a spectral resolution <0.0001 cm(-1) and noise-equivalent absorption coefficient of 6 x 10(-8) m(-1) Hz(-1/2). Line intensities, obtained from calibrated gas samples for 2 <= X <= 32, are similar to 1% lower than the values in current spectroscopic databases. At higher J(18 <= J' <= 32), the measured air- and self- broadened half widths are up to 20% lower than the extrapolated values given in HITRAN 2004, while corresponding half-widths for 2 <= J' <= 15 are in better agreement. Available self-broadened half widths are fitted to empirical expressions with an rms of 0.8%. We discuss the implications of our results for accurate remote sensing of surface pressure and photon path length distributions. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 [Hodges, Joseph T.; Lisak, Daniel; Maslowski, Piotr] NIST, Proc Measurments Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Robichaud, David J.; Yeung, Laurence Y.; Okumura, Mitchio] CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Brown, Linda R.; Miller, Charles E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Lisak, Daniel; Maslowski, Piotr] Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika, Inst Fizyki, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. RP Hodges, JT (reprint author), NIST, Proc Measurments Div, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joseph.bodges@nist.gov; Linda.R.Brown@jpl.nasa.gov; mo@caltech.edu; charles.e.miller@jpl.nasa.gov RI Hodges, Joseph/B-4578-2009; Yeung, Laurence/D-4574-2009; Lisak, Daniel/E-1470-2014; Maslowski, Piotr/H-4476-2014; Okumura, Mitchio/I-3326-2013 OI Yeung, Laurence/0000-0001-9901-2607; Maslowski, Piotr/0000-0001-8882-7106; Okumura, Mitchio/0000-0001-6874-1137 NR 61 TC 49 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 EI 1096-083X J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 248 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2007.10.010 PG 13 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 264BI UT WOS:000253259800001 ER PT J AU Tziperman, E Zanna, L Penland, C AF Tziperman, Eli Zanna, Laure Penland, Cecile TI Nonnormal thermohaline circulation dynamics in a coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE MODELS; NORTH-ATLANTIC; OPTIMAL EXCITATION; INTERDECADAL VARIATIONS; PREDICTABILITY; CM2; VARIABILITY; ENSO; SIMULATION AB Using the GFDL coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model CM2.1, the transient amplification of thermohaline circulation ( THC) anomalies due to its nonnormal dynamics is studied. A reduced space based on empirical orthogonal functions ( EOFs) of temperature and salinity anomaly fields in the North Atlantic is constructed. Under the assumption that the dynamics of this reduced space is linear, the propagator of the system is then evaluated and the transient growth of THC anomalies analyzed. Although the linear dynamics are stable, such that any initial perturbation eventually decays, nonnormal effects are found to result in a significant transient growth of temperature, salinity, and THC anomalies. The growth time scale for these anomalies is between 5 and 10 yr, providing an estimate of the predictability time of the North Atlantic THC in this model. There are indications that these results are merely a lower bound on the nonnormality of THC dynamics in the present coupled GCM. This seems to suggest that such nonnormal effects should be seriously considered if the predictability of the THC is to be quantitatively evaluated from models or observations. The methodology presented here may be used to produce initial perturbations to the ocean state that may result in a stricter estimate of ocean and THC predictability than the common procedure of initializing with an identical ocean state and a perturbed atmosphere. C1 [Tziperman, Eli; Zanna, Laure] Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Tziperman, Eli; Zanna, Laure] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Penland, Cecile] NOAA, ESRL Phys Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Tziperman, E (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 24 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM eli@eps.harvard.edu OI Zanna, Laure/0000-0002-8472-4828 NR 35 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 38 IS 3 BP 588 EP 604 DI 10.1175/2007JPO3769.1 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 276EQ UT WOS:000254124500003 ER PT J AU Johns, WE Beal, LM Baringer, MO Molina, JR Cunningham, SA Kanzow, T Rayner, D AF Johns, W. E. Beal, L. M. Baringer, M. O. Molina, J. R. Cunningham, S. A. Kanzow, T. Rayner, D. TI Variability of shallow and deep western boundary currents off the Bahamas during 2004-05: Results from the 26 degrees N RAPID-MOC array SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATION; NORTH-ATLANTIC; HEAT-TRANSPORT; OUTER RIDGE; 26.5-DEGREES-N; OCEAN; EAST; FLOW; PERFORMANCE; ABACO AB Data from an array of six moorings deployed east of Abaco, Bahamas, along 26.5 degrees N during March 2004-May 2005 are analyzed. These moorings formed the western boundary array of a transbasin observing system designed to continuously monitor the meridional overturning circulation and meridional heat flux in the subtropical North Atlantic, under the framework of the joint U.K.-U.S. Rapid Climate Change ( RAPID)-Meridional Overturning Circulation ( MOC) Program. Important features of the western boundary circulation include the southward-flowing deep western boundary current ( DWBC) below 1000 m and the northward-flowing "Antilles" Current in the upper 1000 m. Transports in the western boundary layer are estimated from direct current meter observations and from dynamic height moorings that measure the spatially integrated geostrophic flow between moorings. The results of these methods are combined to estimate the time-varying transports in the upper and deep ocean over the width of the western boundary layer to a distance of 500 km offshore of the Bahamas escarpment. The net southward transport of the DWBC across this region, inclusive of northward deep recirculation, is -26.5 Sv ( Sv equivalent to 106 m(3) s(-1)), which is divided nearly equally between upper ( -13.9 Sv) and lower ( -12.6 Sv) North Atlantic Deep Water ( NADW). In the top 1000 m, 6.0 Sv flows northward in a thermocline-intensified jet near the western boundary. These transports are found to agree well with historical current meter data in the region collected between 1986 and 1997. Variability in both shallow and deep components of the circulation is large, with transports above 1000 m varying between -15 and +25 Sv and deep transports varying between -60 and +3 Sv. Much of this transport variability, associated with barotropic fluctuations, occurs on relatively short time scales of several days to a few weeks. Upon removal of the barotropic fluctuations, slower baroclinic transport variations are revealed, including a temporary stoppage of the lower NADW transport in the DWBC during November 2004. C1 [Johns, W. E.; Beal, L. M.] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Met & Phy Oceanog, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Baringer, M. O.] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Molina, J. R.] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Met Phys Oceanog, Miami, FL 33152 USA. [Cunningham, S. A.; Kanzow, T.; Rayner, D.] Natl Oceanog Ctr, Ocean Observing & Climate Res Grp, Southampton, Hants, England. RP Johns, WE (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Met & Phy Oceanog, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM bjohns@rsmas.miami.edu RI Baringer, Molly/D-2277-2012 OI Baringer, Molly/0000-0002-8503-5194 NR 30 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 38 IS 3 BP 605 EP 623 DI 10.1175/2007JPO3791.1 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 276EQ UT WOS:000254124500004 ER PT J AU Sura, P Sardeshmukh, PD AF Sura, Philip Sardeshmukh, Prashant D. TI A Global view of non-Gaussian SST variability SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; STOCHASTIC CLIMATE MODELS; ANOMALIES; OCEAN; HEAT AB The skewness and kurtosis of daily sea surface temperature ( SST) variations are found to be strongly linked at most locations around the globe in a new high-resolution observational dataset, and are analyzed in terms of a simple stochastically forced mixed layer ocean model. The predictions of the analytic theory are in remarkably good agreement with observations, strongly suggesting that a univariate linear model of daily SST variations with a mixture of SST-independent ( additive) and SST-dependent ( multiplicative) noise forcing is sufficient to account for the skewness-kurtosis link. Such a model of non-Gaussian SST dynamics should be useful in predicting the likelihood of extreme events in climate, as many important weather and climate phenomena, such as hurricanes, ENSO, and the North Atlantic Oscillation ( NAO), depend on a detailed knowledge of the underlying local SSTs. C1 [Sura, Philip; Sardeshmukh, Prashant D.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Sura, Philip; Sardeshmukh, Prashant D.] CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Sura, P (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. EM sura@met.fsu.edu NR 19 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 38 IS 3 BP 639 EP 647 DI 10.1175/2007JPO3761.1 PG 9 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 276EQ UT WOS:000254124500006 ER PT J AU Walsh, EJ Banner, ML Wright, CW Vandemark, DC Chapron, B Jensen, J Lee, S AF Walsh, E. J. Banner, M. L. Wright, C. W. Vandemark, D. C. Chapron, B. Jensen, J. Lee, S. TI The southern ocean waves experiment. Part III: Sea surface slope statistics and near-nadir remote sensing SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID PROBABILITY DENSITY-FUNCTIONS; SPECTRUM SPATIAL VARIATION; WIND-GENERATED WAVES; ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY; RADAR BACKSCATTER; MODEL; DEPENDENCE; SCATTERING AB During the Southern Ocean Waves Experiment (SOWEX), registered ocean wave topography and backscattered power data at Ka band ( 36 GHz) were collected with the NASA Scanning Radar Altimeter ( SRA) off the coast of Tasmania under a wide range of wind and sea conditions, from quiescent to gale-force winds with 9-m significant wave height. Collection altitude varied from 35 m to over 1 km, allowing determination of the sea surface mean square slope ( mss), the directional wave spectrum, and the detailed variation of backscattered power with incidence angle, which deviated from a simple Gaussian scattering model. The non-Gaussian characteristics of the backscatter increased systematically with the mss, suggesting that a global model to characterize Ka-band radar backscatter from the sea surface within 25 of nadir might be possible. C1 [Walsh, E. J.; Wright, C. W.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Isl, VA USA. [Banner, M. L.] Univ New S Wales, Sch Math, Sydney, NSW, Australia. [Vandemark, D. C.] Univ New Hampshire, Ocean Proc Anal Lab, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Chapron, B.] IFREMER, Ctr Brest, Dept Oceanog Spatiale, F-29280 Plouzane, France. [Jensen, J.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Res Aircraft Facil, Broomfield, CO USA. [Lee, S.] CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic, Australia. RP Walsh, EJ (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, PSD3 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM edward.walsh@nasa.gov RI Jensen, Jorgen/C-9211-2009; Chapron, Bertrand/O-6527-2015; OI Banner, Michael/0000-0002-0799-5341 NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 EI 1520-0485 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 38 IS 3 BP 670 EP 685 DI 10.1175/2007JPO3771.1 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 276EQ UT WOS:000254124500008 ER PT J AU Gourdeau, L Kessler, WS Davis, RE Sherman, J Maes, C Kestenare, E AF Gourdeau, Lionel Kessler, William S. Davis, Russ E. Sherman, Jeff Maes, Christophe Kestenare, Elodie TI Zonal jets entering the coral sea SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DEPTH-INTEGRATED FLOW; SOUTHWEST PACIFIC; CIRCULATION; ISLAND; WATER AB The South Equatorial Current ( SEC) entering the Coral Sea through the gap between New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands was observed by an autonomous underwater vehicle ( Spray glider) and an overlapping oceanographic cruise during July-October 2005. The measurements of temperature, salinity, and absolute velocity included high-horizontal-resolution profiles to 600-m depth by the glider, and sparser, 2000-m-deep profiles from the cruise. These observations confirm the splitting of the SEC into a North Vanuatu Jet ( NVJ) and North Caledonian Jet ( NCJ), with transport above 600 m of about 20 and 12 Sv, respectively. While the 300-km-wide NVJ is associated with the slope of the main thermocline and is thus found primarily above 300 m, the NCJ is a narrow jet about 100 km wide just at the edge of the New Caledonian reef. It extends to at least a 1500-m depth with very little shear above 600 m and has speeds of more than 20 cm s(-1) to at least 1000 m. An Argo float launched east of New Caledonia with a parking depth fixed at 1000 m became embedded in the NCJ and crossed the glider/cruise section at high speed about 3 months before the glider, suggesting that the jet is the continuation of a western boundary current along the east side of the island and extends across the Coral Sea to the coast of Australia. In the lee of New Caledonia, the glider passed through a region of eddies whose characteristics are poorly understood. C1 [Gourdeau, Lionel; Maes, Christophe] IRD, Noumea, New Caledonia. [Kessler, William S.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Davis, Russ E.; Sherman, Jeff] Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA USA. [Kestenare, Elodie] LEGOS, Toulouse, France. RP Gourdeau, L (reprint author), IRD, Noumea, New Caledonia. EM lionel.gourdeau@noumea.ird.nc RI maes, christophe/L-4049-2015; OI maes, christophe/0000-0001-6532-7141; Davis, Russ/0000-0003-1903-6313 NR 21 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 38 IS 3 BP 715 EP 725 DI 10.1175/2007JPO3780.1 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 276EQ UT WOS:000254124500011 ER PT J AU Hong, G Yang, P Weng, FZ Liu, QH AF Hong, Gang Yang, Ping Weng, Fuzhong Liu, Quanhua TI Microwave scattering properties of sand particles: Application to the simulation of microwave radiances over sandstorms SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article ID DISCRETE-DIPOLE APPROXIMATION; DUST STORMS; LIGHT-SCATTERING; MINERAL DUST; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; OPTICAL-THICKNESS; ICE CRYSTALS; WATER-VAPOR; ATTENUATION AB The single-scattering properties of sand/dust particles assumed to be ellipsoids are computed from the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) method at microwave frequencies 6.9-89.0 GHz in comparison with the corresponding Lorenz-Mie solutions. It is found that the single-scattering properties of sand particles are strongly sensitive to the shapes of the particles. The bulk scattering properties of sandstorms composed of spherical or nonspherical particles are investigated by averaging the single-scattering properties of these particles over log-normal particle size distributions. Furthermore, a vector radiative transfer model is used to simulate microwave radiances. The microwave brightness temperatures in the vertical polarization model are essentially not sensitive to sand particle habit, whereas microwave brightness temperature polarization differences are influenced by particle habit. It is shown that microwave brightness temperatures and brightness temperature polarization differences may be useful for estimating the effective particle sizes and mass loading of sandstorms. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Hong, Gang; Yang, Ping] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Weng, Fuzhong] NOAA, NESDIS, Satellite Meterol & Climatol Div, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Liu, Quanhua] QSS Grp Inc, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Liu, Quanhua] NOAA, NESDIS, Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Yang, P (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, TAMU 3150, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM pyang@ariel.met.tamu.edu RI Yang, Ping/B-4590-2011; Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010; Hong, Gang/A-2323-2012; Liu, Quanhua/B-6608-2008 OI Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179; Liu, Quanhua/0000-0002-3616-351X NR 67 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 EI 1879-1352 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 109 IS 4 BP 684 EP 702 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2007.08.018 PG 19 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 242JD UT WOS:000251720500012 ER PT J AU Thompson, AK Coplan, MA Cooper, JW Hughes, PP Vest, RE Clark, C AF Thompson, Alan K. Coplan, Michael A. Cooper, John W. Hughes, Patrick P. Vest, Robert E. Clark, Charles TI Observation of the He-3(n,tp) reaction by detection of far-ultraviolet radiation SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE He-3; Lyman alpha radiation; neutron detection; thermal neutron detection ID CHARGE-CHANGING COLLISIONS; EXCHANGE CROSS SECTIONS; HYDROGEN; ENERGIES; PHYSICS; HELIUM; GASES; NIST; IONS AB We have detected Lyman alpha radiation, 121.6 nm light produced from the n = 2 to n = 1 transition in atomic hydrogen, as a product of the He-3 (n, tp) nuclear reaction occurring in a cell of He-3 gas. The predominant source of this radiation appears to be decay of the 2p state of tritium produced by charge transfer and excitation collisions with the background He-3 gas. Under the experimental conditions reported here we find yields of tens of Lyman alpha photons for every neutron reaction. These results suggest a method of cold neutron detection that is complementary to existing technologies that use proportional counters. In particular, this approach may provide single neutron sensitivity with wide dynamic range capability, and a class of neutron detectors that are compact and operate at relatively low voltages. C1 [Thompson, Alan K.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Coplan, Michael A.; Cooper, John W.] Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Coplan, Michael A.; Vest, Robert E.; Clark, Charles] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Hughes, Patrick P.] Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Clark, Charles] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Clark, Charles] Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Thompson, AK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alan.thompson@.nist.gov; coplan@umd.edu; jwc@umd.edu; phughes@umd.edu; robert.vest@nist.gov; charles.clark@nist.gov RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2008 VL 113 IS 2 BP 69 EP 78 DI 10.6028/jres.113.006 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 321UD UT WOS:000257331100001 PM 27096112 ER PT J AU Desrosiers, MF Publ, JM Cooper, SL AF Desrosiers, M. F. Publ, J. M. Cooper, S. L. TI An absorbed-dose/dose-rate dependence for the alanine-EPR dosimetry system and its implications in high-dose ionizing radiation metrology SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alanine; dosimeter; dosimetry; electron paramagnetic resonance; gamma ray; ionizing radiation ID IRRADIATION TEMPERATURE-COEFFICIENT; RANGE; WATER AB NIST developed the alanine dosimetry system in the early 1990s to replace radiochromic dye film dosimeters. Later in the decade the alanine system was firmly established as a transfer service for high-dose radiation dosimetry and an integral part of the internal calibration scheme supporting these services. Over the course of the last decade, routine monitoring of the system revealed a small but significant observation that, after examination, led to the characterization of a previously unknown absorbed-dose-dependent,dose-rate effect for the alanine system. Though the potential impact of this effect is anticipated to be extremely limited for NIST's customer-based transfer dosimetry service, much greater implications may be realized for international measurement comparisons between National Measurement Institutes. C1 [Desrosiers, M. F.; Publ, J. M.; Cooper, S. L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Desrosiers, MF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM marc.desrosiers@nist.gov; james.puhl@nist.gov; sarenee.cooper@nist.gov NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2008 VL 113 IS 2 BP 79 EP 95 DI 10.6028/jres.113.007 PG 17 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 321UD UT WOS:000257331100002 PM 27096113 ER PT J AU Nedzelnitsky, V Wagner, RP AF Nedzelnitsky, Victor Wagner, Randall P. TI Non-contact methods for measuring front cavity depths of laboratory standard microphones using a depth-measuring microscope SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acoustical calibration; calibration of microphones; depth-measuring microscope; front cavity depth; laboratory standard microphone; microphone calibration; microphone front cavity depth; reciprocity calibration; standard microphones AB To achieve an acceptable degree of accuracy at high frequencies in some standardized methods for primary calibration of laboratory standard (LS) microphones, the front cavity depth l(fc) of each microphone must be known. This dimension must be measured using non-contact methods to prevent damage to the microphone diaphragm. The basic capabilities of an optical depth-measuring microscope were demonstrated by the agreement of its measurements within 0.7 mu m of the known values of reference gage blocks. Using this microscope, two basic methods were applied to measure l(fc) One (D) uses direct measurements at the microphone front surface annulus and conventional data reduction techniques. The other (GB) uses measurements at the surface of a gage block placed on the annulus, and plane-fitting data reduction techniques intended to reduce the effects of the slightly imperfect geometries of the microphones. The GB method was developed to provide a smoother surface of measurement than the relatively rough surface of the annulus, and to simulate the contact that occurs between the annulus and the smooth, plane surface of an acoustic coupler during microphone calibration. Using these methods, full data sets were obtained at 33 measurement positions (D), or 25 positions (GB). In addition, D and GB subsampling methods were applied by using subsamples of either the D or the GB full data sets. All these methods were applied to six LS microphones, three each of two different types. The GB subsampling methods are preferred for several reasons. The measurement results for l(fc) obtained by these methods agree well with those obtained by the GB method using the full data set. The expanded uncertainties of results from the GB subsampling methods are not very different from the expanded uncertainty of results from the GB method using the full data set, and are smaller than the expanded uncertainties of results from the D subsampling methods. Measurements of l(fc) using the GB subsampling method with only nine measurement positions exhibit expanded uncertainties (with coverage factor k = 2) within 4 mu m and can improve the uncertainty of microphone calibrations by an order of magnitude over the result from use of generic standardized microphone type nominal l(fc) values and tolerance limits. C1 [Nedzelnitsky, Victor; Wagner, Randall P.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Metrol Div, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nedzelnitsky, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Metrol Div, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM victor.nedzelnitsky@nist.gov; randall.wagner@nist.gov NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2008 VL 113 IS 2 BP 97 EP 119 DI 10.6028/jres.113.008 PG 23 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 321UD UT WOS:000257331100003 PM 27096114 ER PT J AU Chiao, JC Goldman, JM David, H Kazanzides, P Peine, WJ Stiehl, JB Yen, D Dagalakis, NG AF Chiao, J. C. Goldman, Julian M. David, Heck Kazanzides, Peter Peine, William J. Stiehl, James B. Yen, Dwight Dagalakis, Nicholas G. TI Metrology and standards needs for some categories of medical devices SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE computer assisted surgical navigation; medical devices; networked medical device interoperability; neurostimulation implants; surgical robots; surgical simulation systems ID SPINAL-CORD STIMULATION; TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY; ROBOTIC SYSTEM; PAIN; SURGERY AB With rapid advances in meso, micro- and nano-scale technology devices and electronics, a new generation of advanced medical devices is emerging, which promises medical treatment that is less invasive and more accurate, automated, and effective. We examined the technological and economic status of five categories of medical devices. A set of metrology needs is identified for each of these categories and suggestions are made to address them. C1 [Chiao, J. C.] Univ Texas Arlington, Dept Elect Engn, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. [Goldman, Julian M.] Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA. [David, Heck] Baylor Hlth Care Syst, Inst Hlth Care Res & Improvement, Dallas, TX 75206 USA. [Kazanzides, Peter] Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Peine, William J.] Purdue Univ, Sch Mech Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Peine, William J.] Purdue Univ, Regenstrief Ctr Healthcare Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Stiehl, James B.] Columbia St Marys Hosp, Dept Orthopaed Surg, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA. [Yen, Dwight] US FDA, Gen Surg Devices Branch, Off Device Evaluat, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. [Dagalakis, Nicholas G.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chiao, JC (reprint author), Univ Texas Arlington, Dept Elect Engn, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. EM jcchiao@uta.edu; jmgoldman@partners.org; davidhec@baylorhealth.edu; pkaz@jhu.edu; peine@purdue.edu; jbstiehl@aol.com; dwight.yen@fda.hhs.gov; nicholas.dagalakis@nist.gov RI Kazanzides, Peter/A-3358-2010; OI Kazanzides, Peter/0000-0002-6117-5467 NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 9 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2008 VL 113 IS 2 BP 121 EP 129 DI 10.6028/jres.113.009 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 321UD UT WOS:000257331100004 PM 27096115 ER PT J AU Powell, EN Callender, WR Staff, GM Parsons-Hubbard, KM Brett, CE Walker, SE Raymond, A Ashton-Alcox, KA AF Powell, Eric N. Callender, W. Russell Staff, George M. Parsons-Hubbard, Karla M. Brett, Carlton E. Walker, Sally E. Raymond, Anne Ashton-Alcox, Kathryn A. TI Molluscan shell condition after eight years on the sea floor - Taphonomy in the Gulf of Mexico and Bahamas SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE taphonomy; preservation; environment of preservation; dissolution; shell carbonate; burial; discoloration; mollusc; long-term experiment ID GARDEN BRINE SEEP; SEDIMENT-WATER-INTERFACE; LEE STOCKING ISLAND; BAHIA-LA-CHOYA; NORTHERN-GULF; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; OYSTER SHELL; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; CALCIUM-CARBONATE; NORTHWESTERN GULF AB In 1993 and 1994, the shelf and slope experimental taphonomy initiative (SSETI) deployed shells of a suite of molluscan species in a range of environments of deposition (EODs) representing a range of depths, sediment types, and environmental conditions with the goal of measuring taphonomic rates over an extended period of time. In 1999 and 2001, SSETI retrieved skeletal remains from 41 locations in the Bahamas and on the Gulf of Mexico continental shelf and upper slope that had been on the seafloor for eight years. Here, we compare taphonomic processes in two different ocean basins, across 24 environments of preservation (EOP) to evaluate the influence of species, sedimentary environment, degree of burial, and water depth on the preservational process. Taphonomic signature after eight years was almost exclusively a function of location of deployment and, frequently, taphonomically-distinctive locations of deployment were subsumed within distinctive EODs. EOD-level characteristics were insufficiently discriminative to delineate environments of preservation. EOPs and EODs are not synonymous concepts. Across all sites and species, the dominant taphonomic process was discoloration. Dissolution was of penultimate importance; nevertheless the cumulative impact over eight years was insufficient to produce a significant loss in shell weight in any EOP. Maximum dissolution intensity was normally observed on the outer shell surface; the inner and outer shell surfaces are inherently different in their time course of shell deterioration. Principal components analysis (PCA) demonstrated limited co-occurrence of discrete taphonomic processes among the 24 EOPs. Breakage and edge rounding fell on the same PCA axis, but these two processes were independent of all others. PCA divided dissolution into three independent components that discriminated the inner and outer shell surface of bivalves (and spire and body whorl of gastropods) and pitting from the development of a chalky surface. Discoloration was dissembled into five distinctive discoloring processes: fading without subsequent discoloration, the development of a brown-to-red coloration, orange/orange mottled discoloration, development of a green/green mottled color, and gray-to-black discoloration. The only concordance of ostensibly distinctive taphonomic processes was the association of small pits on the shell surface with orange discoloration on the shell. Depth did not exert a single significant effect on any of the eight primary taphonomic factors resolved by PCA, likely because of burial processes. The trends in taphonomic signature cannot be explained by any simple combination of sediment type and degree of exposure. A comparison between two-year and eight-year deployments suggests that important revelations can be gleaned from short-term experimental deployments, yet the same comparison discloses the spuriousness of other inferences. Thus, long-term experiments are essential to understand the time course of preservation. The taphonomic process is, in general, slow, and nonlinearity in rates over time constrains the subset of inferences that can be deduced accurately from short deployment periods. C1 [Powell, Eric N.; Ashton-Alcox, Kathryn A.] Rutgers State Univ, Haskin Shellfish Res Lab, Port Norris, NJ 08349 USA. [Callender, W. Russell] NOAA, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Staff, George M.] Austin Community coll, Dept Geol, Austin, TX 78758 USA. [Parsons-Hubbard, Karla M.] Oberlin Coll, Dept Geol, Oberlin, OH 44074 USA. [Brett, Carlton E.] Univ Cincinnati, Dept Geol, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. [Walker, Sally E.] Univ Georgia, Dept Geol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Raymond, Anne] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Powell, EN (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Haskin Shellfish Res Lab, 6959 Miller Ave, Port Norris, NJ 08349 USA. EM eric@hsrl.rutgers.edu NR 142 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 EI 1943-6319 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 27 IS 1 BP 191 EP 225 DI 10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[191:MSCAEY]2.0.CO;2 PG 35 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 285HN UT WOS:000254768000020 ER PT J AU Roth, RS Vanderah, TA Bordet, P Grey, IE Mumme, WG Cai, L Nino, JC AF Roth, R. S. Vanderah, T. A. Bordet, P. Grey, I. E. Mumme, W. G. Cai, L. Nino, J. C. TI Pyrochlore formation, phase relations, and properties in the CaO-TiO2-(Nb,Ta)(2)O-5 systems SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Ca-Ti-Nb-O; CaO : TiO2 : Nb2O5; phase diagram; pyrochlore; crystal structure; dielectric relaxation ID BI2O3-ZNO-NB2O5 CUBIC PYROCHLORE; DIELECTRIC-RELAXATION; ZIRCONOLITE; REFINEMENTS; CERAMICS; DISORDER; SERIES AB Phase equilibria studies of the CaO:TiO2:Nb2O5 system confirmed the formation of six ternary phases: pyrochlore (A(2)B(2)O(6)O') and five members of the (110) perovskite-slab series CanTi,Nb)(n)O3n+2, With n = 4.5, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Relations in the quasibinary Ca2Nb2O7-CaTiO3 system, which contains the Ca-n(Nb)(n)O3n+2 phases, were determined in detail. CaTiO3 forms solid solutions with Ca2Nb2O7 as well as CaNb2O6, resulting in a triangular single-phase perovskite region with corners CaTiO3-70CaTi(2)O(6):30Ca(2) Nb2O7-80CaTiO(3):20CaNb(2)O(6). A pyrochlore solid solution forms approximately along a line from 42.7:42.7:14.6 to 42.2:40.8:17.0 CaO:TiO2:Nb2O5, suggesting formulas ranging from Ca1.48Ti1.48Nb1.02O7 to Ca1.41Ti1.37Nb1.14O7 (assuming filled oxygen sites), respectively. Several compositions in the CaO:TiO2:Ta2O5 system were equilibrated to check its similarity to the mobia system in the pyrochlore region, which was confirmed. Structural refinements of the pyrochlores Ca1.46Ti1.38Nb1.11O7 and Ca1.51Ti1.32V0.04Ta1.10O7 using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data are reported (Fd3m (#227), a = 10.2301(2) angstrom (Nb), a = 10.2383(2) angstrom (Ta)), with Ti mixing on the A-type Ca sites as well as the octahedral B-type sites. Identical displacive disorder was found for the mobate and tantalate pyrochlores: Ca occupies the ideal 16d position, but Ti is displaced 0.7 A to partially occupy a ring of six 96g sites, thereby reducing its coordination number from eight to five (distorted trigonal bipyramidal). The O' oxygens in both pyrochlores were displaced 0.48 angstrom from the ideal 8b position to a tetrahedral cluster of 32e sites. The refinement results also suggested that some of the Ti in the A-type positions may occupy distorted tetrahedra, as observed in some zirconolite-type phases. The Ca-Ti-(Nb,Ta)-O pyrochlores both exhibited dielectric relaxation similar to that observed for some Bi-containing pyrochlores, which also exhibit displacively disordered crystal structures. Observation of dielectric relaxation in the Ca-Ti-(Nb,Ta)-O pyrochlores suggests that it arises from the displacive disorder and not from the presence of polarizable lone-pair cations such as Bi3+. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Roth, R. S.; Vanderah, T. A.] NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Bordet, P.] CNRS, Cristallog Lab, F-38042 Grenoble, France. [Grey, I. E.; Mumme, W. G.] CSIRO Mineral, Clayton, Vic 3169, Australia. [Cai, L.; Nino, J. C.] Univ Florida, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Vanderah, TA (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM terrell.vanderah@nist.gov RI Cai, Lu/E-5833-2011; Nino, Juan/A-6496-2008 OI Nino, Juan/0000-0001-8256-0535 NR 31 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 6 U2 43 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 EI 1095-726X J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 181 IS 3 BP 406 EP 414 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2007.12.005 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 273JB UT WOS:000253925100003 ER PT J AU Grey, IE Vanderah, TA Mumme, WG Roth, RS Guzman, J Nino, JC Levin, I AF Grey, I. E. Vanderah, T. A. Mumme, W. G. Roth, R. S. Guzman, J. Nino, J. C. Levin, I. TI Crystal structure, stoichiometry, and dielectric relaxation in B3.32M7.09O22.7 and structurally related ternary phases SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE crystal structure of new bismuth niobate; dielectric relaxation in bismuth mobates; chemically twinned pyrochlore phases; structure of Bi3.32Nb7.09O22.7 ID BI2O3-ZNO-NB2O5 CUBIC PYROCHLORE; SYSTEM BI2O3-FE2O3-NB2O5 AB The crystal structure of the phase previously reported to occur at 4:9 Bi2O3:Nb2O5 has been determined using single-crystal X-ray and powder neutron diffraction (P6(3)/mmc; a = 7.4363(1)angstrom, c = 19.7587(5)angstrom; Z = 2). The structural study combined with phase equilibrium analyses indicate that the actual composition is B3.32Nb7.09O22.7. This binary compound is the end-member of a family of four phases which form along a line between it and the pyrochlore phase field in the Bi2O3:Fe2O3:Nb2O5 system. The structures are derived from the parent pyrochlore end-member by chemical twinning, and can also be described as unit-cell intergrowths of the pyrochlore and hexagonal tungsten bronze (HTB) structures. The dielectric properties of the three chemically twinned pyrochlore phases, B3.32Nb7.09O22.7, Bi9.3Fe1.1Nb16.9O57.8 and Bi5.67FeNb10O35, were characterized. All exhibit low-temperature, broad dielectric relaxation similar to that of the Bi-Fe-Nb-O pyrochlore. At 1 MHz and approximate to 175 K the observed relative permittivites were 345, 240, and 205, respectively, compared to 125 for the Bi-Fe-Nb-O pyrochlore. The higher relative permittivities observed for the chemically twinned pyrochlore derivatives are ascribed to the presence of HTB blocks in their structures: The Bi atoms located in the HT13 blocks feature highly asymmetric coordination environments compared to pyrochlore, and the magnitude of the relative permittivity increases with the proportion of Bi located within the HTB portions of the structures. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Grey, I. E.; Mumme, W. G.] CSIRO Minerals, Clayton, Vic 3169, Australia. [Vanderah, T. A.; Levin, I.] NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Guzman, J.; Nino, J. C.] Univ Florida, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Grey, IE (reprint author), CSIRO Minerals, Box 312 Clayton S, Clayton, Vic 3169, Australia. EM ian.grey@csiro.au RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010; Nino, Juan/A-6496-2008 OI Nino, Juan/0000-0001-8256-0535 NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 EI 1095-726X J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 181 IS 3 BP 499 EP 507 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2007.12.022 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 273JB UT WOS:000253925100015 ER PT J AU Lammers, MO Brainard, RE Au, WWL Mooney, TA Wong, KB AF Lammers, Marc O. Brainard, Russell E. Au, Whitlow W. L. Mooney, T. Aran Wong, Kevin B. TI An ecological acoustic recorder (EAR) for long-term monitoring of biological and anthropogenic sounds on coral reefs and other marine habitats SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID COURTSHIP AB Keeping track of long-term biological trends in many marine habitats is a challening task that is exacerbated when the habitats in question are in remote locations. Monitoring the ambient sound field may be a useful way of assessing biological activity because many behavioral processes are accompanied by sound production. This article reports the preliminary results of an effort to develop and use an Ecological Acoustic Recorder (EAR) to monitor biological activity on coral reefs and in surrounding waters for periods of I year or longer. The EAR is a microprocessor-based autonomous recorder that periodically samples the ambient sound field and also automatically detects sounds that meet specific criteria. The system was used to record the sound field of coral reefs and other marine habitats on Oahu, HI. Snapping shrimp produced the dominant acoustic energy on the reefs examined and exhibited clear diel acoustic trends. Other biological sounds recorded included those produced by fish and cetaceans, which also exhibited distinct temporal variability. Motor vessel activity could also be monitored effectively with the EAR. The results indicate that acoustic monitoring may be an effective means of tracking biological and anthropogenic activity at locations where continuous monitoring by traditional survey methods is impractical. (C) 2008 Acoustical Society of America. C1 [Lammers, Marc O.; Au, Whitlow W. L.; Mooney, T. Aran] Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. [Lammers, Marc O.] Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Brainard, Russell E.; Wong, Kevin B.] NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Islands Fisheries Sci Ctr, Coral Reef Ecosyst Div, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. RP Lammers, MO (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, 46-007 Lilipuna Rd, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. EM lammers@hawaii.edu NR 26 TC 82 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 22 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 123 IS 3 BP 1720 EP 1728 DI 10.1121/1.2836780 PG 9 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 277JK UT WOS:000254208300048 PM 18345859 ER PT J AU Cook, R Isakov, V Touma, JS Benjey, W Thurman, J Kinnee, E Ensley, D AF Cook, Rich Isakov, Vlad Touma, Jawad S. Benjey, William Thurman, James Kinnee, Ellen Ensley, Darrell TI Resolving local-scale emissions for modeling air quality near roadways SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; HAZARDOUS POLLUTANTS; ULTRAFINE PARTICLES; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; OUTDOOR; EXPOSURE; INDOOR; PROXIMITY; HIGHWAY AB A large body of literature published in recent years suggests increased health risk due to exposure of people to air pollution in close proximity to roadways. As a result, there is a need to more accurately represent the spatial concentration gradients near roadways to develop mitigation strategies. In this paper, we present a practical, readily adaptable methodology, using a "bottom-up" approach to develop a detailed highway vehicle emission inventory that includes emissions for individual road links. This methodology also takes advantage of geographic information system (GIS) software to improve the spatial accuracy of the activity information obtained from a Travel Demand Model. In addition, we present an air quality modeling application of this methodology in New Haven, CT. This application uses a hybrid modeling approach, in which a regional grid-based model is used to characterize average local ambient concentrations, and a Gaussian dispersion model is used to provide texture within the modeling domain because of spatial gradients associated with highway vehicle emissions and other local sources. Modeling results show substantial heterogeneity of pollutant concentrations within the modeling domain and strong spatial gradients associated with roadways, particularly for pollutants dominated by direct emissions. C1 [Isakov, Vlad; Touma, Jawad S.; Benjey, William] US EPA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Cook, Rich] US EPA, Off Transportat & Air Qual, Ann Arbor, MI USA. [Thurman, James] US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Ann Arbor, MI USA. [Kinnee, Ellen; Ensley, Darrell] Comp Sci Corp, Durham, NC USA. RP Isakov, V (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Mail Drop E243-04,109 TW Alexander Dr,Res Triangl, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Isakov.Vlad@epa.gov NR 37 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 15 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 58 IS 3 BP 451 EP 461 DI 10.3155/1047-3289.58.3.451 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 272RB UT WOS:000253876100010 PM 18376647 ER PT J AU Schecter, DA Nicholls, ME Persing, J Bedard, AJ Pielke, RA AF Schecter, David A. Nicholls, Melville E. Persing, John Bedard, Alfred J., Jr. Pielke, Roger A., Sr. TI Infrasound emitted by tornado-like vortices: Basic theory and a numerical comparison to the acoustic radiation of a single-cell thunderstorm SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID THERMAL COMPRESSION WAVES; VORTEX ROSSBY-WAVES; GRAVITY-WAVES; 2-DIMENSIONAL VORTEX; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; ANGULAR-MOMENTUM; INVISCID FLUIDS; PLANAR VORTEX; SPIRAL BANDS; TOTAL-ENERGY AB This paper addresses the physics and numerical simulation of the adiabatic generation of infrasound by tornadoes. Classical analytical results regarding the production of infrasound by vortex Rossby waves and by corotating "suction vortices" are reviewed. Conditions are derived for which critical layers damp vortex Rossby waves that would otherwise grow and continually produce acoustic radiation. These conditions are similar to those that theoretically suppress gravity wave radiation from larger mesoscale cyclones, such as hurricanes. To gain perspective, the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) is used to simulate the infrasound that radiates from a single-cell thunderstorm in a shear-free environment. In this simulation, the dominant infrasound in the 0.1-10-Hz frequency band appears to radiate from the vicinity of the melting level, where diabatic processes involving hail are active. It is shown that the 3D Rossby waves of a tornado-like vortex (simulated with RAMS) can generate stronger infrasound if the maximum wind speed of the vortex exceeds a modest threshold. Technical issues regarding the numerical simulation of tornado infrasound are also addressed. Most importantly, it is shown that simulating tornado infrasound likely requires a spatial resolution that is an order of magnitude finer than the current practical limit (10-m grid spacing) for modeling thunderstorms. C1 [Schecter, David A.] NW Res Associates Inc, Redmond, WA 98052 USA. [Nicholls, Melville E.; Bedard, Alfred J., Jr.; Pielke, Roger A., Sr.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Persing, John] Colorado State Univ, Dept Math, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Bedard, Alfred J., Jr.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Schecter, DA (reprint author), NW Res Associates Inc, 4118 148th Ave NE, Redmond, WA 98052 USA. EM schecter@nwra.com RI Pielke, Roger/A-5015-2009 NR 75 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 65 IS 3 BP 685 EP 713 DI 10.1175/2007JAS2384.1 PG 29 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 279LL UT WOS:000254356600001 ER PT J AU Haertel, PT Kiladis, GN Denno, A Rickenbach, TM AF Haertel, Patrick T. Kiladis, George N. Denno, Andrew Rickenbach, Thomas M. TI Vertical-mode decompositions of 2-day waves and the Madden-Julian oscillation SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; PACIFIC WARM POOL; ATMOSPHERE RESPONSE EXPERIMENT; COUPLED EQUATORIAL WAVES; LARGE-SCALE CIRCULATIONS; TOGA COARE; WESTERN PACIFIC; GRAVITY-WAVES; STRATIFORM PRECIPITATION; TROPICAL CONVECTION AB Vertical structures of 2-day waves and the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) are projected onto vertical normal modes for a quiescent tropical troposphere. Three modes capture the gross tropospheric structure of 2-day waves, while only two modes are needed to represent most of the baroclinic structure of the MJO. Deep circulations that project onto the first baroclinic mode are associated with deep cumulonimbus and stratiform rainfall. Shallow circulations that project onto higher wavenumber modes are associated with precipitating shallow cumulus and congestus and stratiform rainfall. For both disturbances the horizontal divergence contributed by shallow modes is an important factor in the column-integrated moist enthalpy budget. These modes converge moist static energy for a time prior to when deep circulations export moist static energy. These results highlight the importance of properly representing the effects of shallow cumulus, congestus, and stratiform precipitation in theories of convectively coupled waves and in atmospheric models. C1 [Haertel, Patrick T.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Kiladis, George N.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Denno, Andrew] Univ N Dakota, Dept Atmospher Sci, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. [Rickenbach, Thomas M.] San Jose State Univ, Dept Meteorol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. RP Haertel, PT (reprint author), 500 W Prospect Rd,23A, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM patrick.haertel@colostate.edu NR 47 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 65 IS 3 BP 813 EP 833 DI 10.1175/2007JAS2314.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 279LL UT WOS:000254356600006 ER PT J AU Zuellig, RE Kashian, DR Brooks, ML Kiffney, PM Clements, WH AF Zuellig, Robert E. Kashian, Donna R. Brooks, Marjorie L. Kiffney, Peter M. Clements, William H. TI The influence of metal exposure history and ultraviolet-B radiation on benthic communities in Colorado Rocky Mountain streams SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE UVB; metals; macroinvertebrates; tolerance; streams; Colorado ID POLYCHAETE NEREIS-DIVERSICOLOR; AMBIENT UV-RADIATION; UPPER ARKANSAS RIVER; HEAVY-METALS; MAYFLIES EPHEMEROPTERA; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT; ASELLUS-AQUATICUS; OZONE DEPLETION; TOLERANCE AB Interest in understanding the influence of ultraviolet-B (UVB; 280-320 mm) radiation in aquatic ecosystems has increased since the early 1990s. Pollution from historic mining operations coupled with physicochemical characteristics of Rocky Mountain streams that increase exposure of benthic communities to UVB provided an opportunity to examine how UVB interacted with heavy metal contamination to structure stream communities. We integrated a series of UVB addition experiments done in stream microcosms with a large-scale UVB shading experiment to test the hypothesis that effects of UVB were greater on benthic communities from metal-polluted streams than from reference streams. Microcosm experiments involved short-term exposure (7-10 d) of natural benthic macroinvertebrate communities collected from reference and metal-contaminated sites to lamp-generated UVB. In all cases, abundance decreased in UVB-treated streams compared to controls. Moreover, effects of UVB addition were significantly greater on communities from metal-polluted sites than from reference sites. The field experiment involved shading portions of the streambed from UVB for 60 d at 12 streams along a Zn gradient. Median Zn concentration at these sites ranged between 5 and 530 mu g/L, and mean UVB reaching the streambed varied from 6.5 to 29.0 J/cm(2). Results of the field experiment indicated that removal of UVB significantly increased total macroinvertebrate abundance and abundance of grazers, mayflies, caddisflies, Orthocladiinae midges, and the mayfly Baetis bicaudatus compared to controls. Grazer abundance was significantly greater in UVB removal treatments compared to controls but UVB removal had no effect on algal biomass. As with the microcosm experiments, the effects of UVB removal on benthic communities were generally greater at metal-polluted sites than at reference sites. We speculate that the energetic cost of regulating metals might inhibit the ability of some organisms to repair efficiently DNA damaged by UVB exposure. Our results demonstrate that benthic communities in Colorado Rocky Mountain streams are negatively influenced by UVB radiation and that communities subjected to long-term metal exposure are more sensitive to UVB than are reference communities. As a consequence, the effects of increased UVB radiation reaching the earth's surface might be more severe than previously considered in systems receiving multiple stressors. C1 [Zuellig, Robert E.; Brooks, Marjorie L.; Clements, William H.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery Wildlife & Conservat Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Kashian, Donna R.] Univ Michigan, CILER, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Kiffney, Peter M.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Mukilteo Biol Field Stn, Washington, DC USA. RP Zuellig, RE (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery Wildlife & Conservat Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM rzuellig@usgs.gov; donna.kashian@noaa.gov; brook@uwyo.edu; peter.kiffney@noaa.gov; willc@cnr.colostate.edu RI Brooks, Marjorie/M-5692-2014; Clements, William/N-2686-2016 NR 79 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 20 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 27 IS 1 BP 120 EP 134 DI 10.1899/07-035.1 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 263FN UT WOS:000253203100010 ER PT J AU Sayan, S Chandler-Horowitz, D Nguyen, NV Ehrstein, JR AF Sayan, S. Chandler-Horowitz, D. Nguyen, N. V. Ehrstein, J. R. TI High sensitivity attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study of ultrathin ZrO2 films: A study of phase change SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article ID DIELECTRICS AB Attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR ATR) was performed on ultrathin ZrO2 films as thin as approximate to 3.0 nm deposited on silicon. An observed vibrational mode near 710 cm(-1) undergoes a very pronounced absorption line shape change, corresponding to a structural phase change, as a function of film thickness and thermal processing. This absorption, attributed to the E-u(LO2) and A2(u)(LO) modes of tetragonal ZrO2, marks the first experimental measurement and verification of vibrational modes for tetragonal ZrO2 in this spectral range. The FTIR-ATR method shows promise as an extremely sensitive and nondestructive tool for high-kappa dielectric film characterization. (C) 2008 American Vacuum Society. C1 [Sayan, S.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. [Sayan, S.; Chandler-Horowitz, D.; Nguyen, N. V.; Ehrstein, J. R.] NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sayan, S (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. EM j_ehrstein@yahoo.com NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 7 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD MAR-APR PY 2008 VL 26 IS 2 BP 270 EP 273 DI 10.1116/1.2830642 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 282CB UT WOS:000254544100015 ER PT J AU Farkas, N Zhang, G Ramsier, RD Evans, EA Dagata, JA AF Farkas, N. Zhang, G. Ramsier, R. D. Evans, E. A. Dagata, J. A. TI Characterization of zirconium nitride films sputter deposited with an extensive range of nitrogen flow rates SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article ID ZRNX THIN-FILMS; CORROSION-RESISTANCE; COATINGS; TEMPERATURE; EVOLUTION; IMPLANTS AB ZrNx films are deposited by rf magnetron sputtering using a wide range of nitrogen flow rates to control film properties. Scanned probe microscope (SPM) oxidation is presented as a complimentary characterization tool to x-ray diffraction, colorimetric, and four point probe analyses. The SPM oxidation behavior of the ZrNx films is related to their structural, optical, and electrical properties. Whereas stoichiometric ZrN films have applications as protective and/or decorative coatings, ZrNx films sputtered with higher nitrogen flow rates have potential applications in devices where arrays of high aspect ratio nanostructures would be useful. (C) 2008 American Vacuum Society. C1 [Zhang, G.; Evans, E. A.] Univ Akron, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA. [Farkas, N.; Ramsier, R. D.] Univ Akron, Dept Phys, Akron, OH 44325 USA. [Farkas, N.; Ramsier, R. D.] Univ Akron, Dept Chem, Akron, OH 44325 USA. [Dagata, J. A.] NIST, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Evans, EA (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA. EM evanse@uakron.edu NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 6 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD MAR-APR PY 2008 VL 26 IS 2 BP 297 EP 301 DI 10.1116/1.2839856 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 282CB UT WOS:000254544100019 ER PT J AU Ichihara, R Danshita, I Egawa, K Nikuni, T AF Ichihara, R. Danshita, I. Egawa, K. Nikuni, T. TI Stability of Bose-Einstein condensates in a double-well potential SO LASER PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB We investigate the stability of the first excited state, the so-called "pi-state," of Bose-Einstein condensates in a double-well potential. From the condition of complex excitation energies, we determine the critical barrier height, above which the pi-state is dynamically unstable. We find that the critical barrier height decreases monotonically as the number of condensate atoms increases. We also simulate the dynamics of the pi-state by solving the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation. Our simulation results show that the pi-state in the dynamically unstable region exhibits distinctively different behavior from that in the dynamically stable region. C1 [Ichihara, R.; Danshita, I.; Egawa, K.] Waseda Univ, Dept Phys, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1698555, Japan. [Danshita, I.] NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Danshita, I.] Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Nikuni, T.] Tokyo Univ Sci, Dept Phys, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1628601, Japan. RP Ichihara, R (reprint author), Waseda Univ, Dept Phys, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1698555, Japan. EM ichihara@kh.phys.waseda.ac.jp NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 1054-660X J9 LASER PHYS JI Laser Phys. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 18 IS 3 BP 314 EP 317 DI 10.1007/s11490-008-3020-8 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 284YT UT WOS:000254745200020 ER PT J AU Danshita, I Williams, JE de Melo, CARS Clark, CW AF Danshita, I. Williams, J. E. de Melo, C. A. R. Sa Clark, C. W. TI Quantum phase transition of ultracold bosons in double-well optical lattices SO LASER PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB We study the superfluid-to-Mott insulator transition of bosons in a two-legged ladder optical lattice of a type accessible in current experiments on double-well optical lattices. The zero-temperature phase diagram is mapped out, with a focus on its dependence upon interchain hopping and the tilt between double wells. We find that the unit-filling Mott phase exhibits a nonmonotonic behavior as a function of the tilt parameter, producing a reentrant phase transition between the Mott insulator and superfluid phases. C1 [Danshita, I.; de Melo, C. A. R. Sa; Clark, C. W.] NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Danshita, I.; de Melo, C. A. R. Sa; Clark, C. W.] Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Danshita, I.] Waseda Univ, Dept Phys, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1698555, Japan. [Williams, J. E.] Wolfram Res Inc, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. [de Melo, C. A. R. Sa] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Danshita, I (reprint author), NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM danshita@nist.gov RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 1054-660X J9 LASER PHYS JI Laser Phys. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 18 IS 3 BP 318 EP 321 DI 10.1007/s11490-008-3021-7 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 284YT UT WOS:000254745200021 ER PT J AU Kerfoot, WC Budd, JW Green, SA Cotner, JB Biddanda, BA Schwab, DJ Vanderploeg, HA AF Kerfoot, W. Charles Budd, Judith W. Green, Sarah A. Cotner, James B. Biddanda, Bopaiah A. Schwab, David J. Vanderploeg, Henry A. TI Doughnut in the desert: Late-winter production pulse in southern Lake Michigan SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION EVENT; GREAT-LAKES; DYNAMICS; PHYTOPLANKTON; CIRCULATION; MODEL; OCEAN; CYCLE AB Contrary to expectations of fairly uniform and unstratified waters, sea-viewing wide field-of-view sensor (SeaWiFS) and moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery revealed a spatially complex chlorophyll a pattern, termed the "doughnut," in southern Lake Michigan during March to April. Phosphorus-rich coastal waters and sediments are entrained along gyre convergence zones and moved into deeper waters, stimulating a ring of production. Cross-lake surveys (April 2001 and April 2006) with two separate profiling instruments (vertical Seabird CTD casts, horizontal Acrobat tows) uncovered columnar patterns for Chl a, temperature, and other variables (colored dissolved organic matter, transmissivity) consistent with a spatially complex, rotating gyre structure. Optical plankton counter transects, plankton net tows, and sonar documented that the spatial heterogeneity extends to higher levels of food webs (zooplankton). The horizontal and vertical patterns suggest a previously unrecognized coupling between late-winter storm-induced gyre formation, coastal water plus sediment capture, and deep-water productivity. The pulse may explain how certain zooplankton species characteristic of the Great Lakes can successfully overwinter through what was previously perceived as a very unproductive and resource-stressful period. The magnitude of the winter pulse may be linked to climate change, as higher temperatures and more frequent winter storms suppress coastal ice formation and encourage movement of nutrient-enriched waters and sediments into deeper waters. C1 [Kerfoot, W. Charles] Michigan Technol Univ, Lake Super Ecosyst Res Ctr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. [Kerfoot, W. Charles] Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. [Budd, Judith W.] Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Geol Engn & Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. [Green, Sarah A.] Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Chem, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. [Cotner, James B.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Biddanda, Bopaiah A.] Grand Valley State Univ, Annis Water Resources Inst, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. [Biddanda, Bopaiah A.] Grand Valley State Univ, Lake Michigan Ctr, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. [Schwab, David J.; Vanderploeg, Henry A.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Kerfoot, WC (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Lake Super Ecosyst Res Ctr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012; OI Green, Sarah/0000-0002-8094-433X NR 47 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0024-3590 EI 1939-5590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 53 IS 2 BP 589 EP 604 DI 10.4319/lo.2008.53.2.0589 PG 16 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 309ZM UT WOS:000256498700018 ER PT J AU Ramon, ML Nelson, PA De Martini, E Walsh, WJ Bernardi, G AF Ramon, Marina L. Nelson, Peter A. De Martini, Edward Walsh, William J. Bernardi, Giacomo TI Phylogeography, historical demography, and the role of post-settlement ecology in two Hawaiian damselfish species SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PELAGIC LARVAL DURATION; CORAL-REEF FISH; GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; DASCYLLUS-ALBISELLA; MARINE POPULATIONS; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; SPATIAL-PATTERNS; DISPERSAL; MITOCHONDRIAL; CONNECTIVITY AB Coral reef fish generally have relatively sedentary juvenile and adult phases and a presumed highly dispersive pelagic larval phase, yet previous studies that have tried to relate pelagic larval duration (PLD) to population structure have given inconsistent results. In the present study, the population structures of two damselfishes, Stegastes fasciolatus and Dascyllus albisella, were examined using mitochondrial control region sequences. The two species have similar PLDs (similar to 25 and 27 days respectively), but consistently differ in their settlement preferences, habitat, and densities in populations throughout the Hawaiian Archipelago, from Hawaii north to Kure Atoll, and south to Johnston Atoll. Information on habitat preferences and population densities were collected between September 2000 and October 2002, and tissue samples for the genetic studies were collected between January and April 2004. Based on the differences in habitat and abundance of the two species, the expectation was that S. fasciolatus would have high genetic variability but little population structure compared to D. albisella, and this was largely confirmed. Stegastes fasciolatus had little population structure in most of the Hawaiian Islands, and D. albisella showed evidence of strong population structure throughout its range. An exception to this pattern was the large difference between the Kure Atoll population of S. fasciolatus and all others. These results suggest that the interaction of several biological factors (e.g. species-specific spawning habitat and season) with environmental factors (e.g. seasonal wind and current patterns) may have more influence on population structure than single life history characteristics, such as the PLD. C1 [Ramon, Marina L.; Nelson, Peter A.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Nelson, Peter A.] HT Harvey & Associates, Los Gatos, CA 95032 USA. [De Martini, Edward] SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Ntal Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Walsh, William J.] Div Aquat Resources, Kailua, HI 96740 USA. RP Bernardi, G (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, 100 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM bernardi@biology.ucsc.edu RI Bernardi, Giacomo/F-6346-2011 OI Bernardi, Giacomo/0000-0002-8249-4678 NR 61 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0025-3162 EI 1432-1793 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 153 IS 6 BP 1207 EP 1217 DI 10.1007/s00227-007-0894-7 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 265HZ UT WOS:000253351000019 ER PT J AU Bauer, LJ Kendall, MS Jeffrey, CFG AF Bauer, Laurie J. Kendall, Matthew S. Jeffrey, Christopher F. G. TI Incidence of marine debris and its relationships with benthic features in Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary, Southeast USA SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE derelict fishing gear; South Atlantic Bight; Georgia; benthic marine debris ID MONOFILAMENT FISHING LINES; HARD BOTTOM HABITAT; ATLANTIC BIGHT; GEORGIA BIGHT; CORAL-REEFS; COUNT DATA; GEAR; SPONGES; DAMAGE; SEA AB Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary (GRNMS) is an increasingly popular site for recreational fishing and diving in the South Atlantic Bight (SAB). As a result, there has been heightened concern about potential accumulation of marine debris and its consequent effects on sanctuary resources. Field surveys were conducted at GRNMS in 2004 and 2005 to provide a spatially comprehensive characterization of benthic communities and to quantify the distribution and abundance of marine debris in relation to bottom features. The spatial distribution of debris was concentrated in the center of the sanctuary and was most frequently associated with ledges rather than other bottom types. On ledges, the presence and abundance of debris was significantly related to observed boating activity and physiographic features including ledge height, ledge area, and percent cover of benthic organisms. The results from this study will aid managers in optimizing cleanup efforts and long-term monitoring of debris accumulation patterns at GRNMS and other hard bottom areas in the SAB. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Bauer, Laurie J.; Kendall, Matthew S.; Jeffrey, Christopher F. G.] NOAA, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Biogeog Team, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Bauer, LJ (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Biogeog Team, 1305 EW highway,SSMC4, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM Laurie.Bauer@noaa.gov; Matt.Kendall@noaa.gov; Chris.Jeffrey@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 56 IS 3 BP 402 EP 413 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.11.001 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 291ZV UT WOS:000255237000014 PM 18096190 ER PT J AU Pait, AS Whitall, DR Jeffrey, CFG Caldow, C Mason, AL Lauenstein, GG Christensen, JD AF Pait, Anthony S. Whitall, David R. Jeffrey, Christopher F. G. Caldow, Chris Mason, Andrew L. Lauenstein, Gunnar G. Christensen, John D. TI Chemical contamination in southwest Puerto Rico: An assessment of organic contaminants in nearshore sediments SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 [Pait, Anthony S.; Whitall, David R.; Jeffrey, Christopher F. G.; Caldow, Chris; Mason, Andrew L.; Lauenstein, Gunnar G.; Christensen, John D.] NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Pait, AS (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM tony.pait@noaa.gov NR 23 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 56 IS 3 BP 580 EP 587 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.11.007 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 291ZV UT WOS:000255237000029 PM 18191953 ER PT J AU Stoudt, MR Hubbard, JB Janet, SA AF Stoudt, M. R. Hubbard, J. B. Janet, S. A. TI Using matrix methods to characterise the evolution of deformation induced surface roughness in aluminium sheet SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE surface roughness; plastic deformation; aluminium alloy; scanning laser confocal microscopy (SLCM); topographic analysis; sheet metal forming ID PLASTIC-DEFORMATION; TOPOGRAPHY; MECHANISM AB The deformation induced surface roughness of polycrystalline AA6022-T4 aluminium was evaluated with two different analysis protocols. The first determined the rms roughness R-q with linear roughness profiles to be consistent with literature practice. When plotted against strain, the correlation coefficient indicated an excellent linear fit; however, further analysis revealed the roughening behaviour did not support the literature consensus of a linear relationship between plastic strain and R-q. The second determined R-q by matrix methods. This evaluation demonstrates that when R-q data are acquired via linear profiles, they are strongly influenced by correlations. Conversely, matrix based methods sample all of the data and are unaffected by the presence of correlations. Eliminating the correlations in the profile data produced the same R-q behaviour obtained with the matrix methods. An R-q behaviour that exhibits saturation is more representative of the complexities observed in the plastic deformation process of a polycrystal. C1 [Stoudt, M. R.; Hubbard, J. B.] NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Janet, S. A.] NIST, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stoudt, MR (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8553, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stoudt@nist.gov NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU MANEY PUBLISHING PI LEEDS PA STE 1C, JOSEPHS WELL, HANOVER WALK, LEEDS LS3 1AB, W YORKS, ENGLAND SN 0267-0836 J9 MATER SCI TECH-LOND JI Mater. Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 24 IS 3 BP 253 EP 260 DI 10.1179/174328407X236562 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 301NW UT WOS:000255903900001 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, JA Adler, DM Brand, PC Broholm, C Cook, JC Brocker, C Hammond, R Huang, Z Hundertmark, P Lynn, JW Maliszewskyj, NC Moyer, J Orndorff, J Pierce, D Pike, TD Scharfstein, G Smee, SA Vilaseca, R AF Rodriguez, J. A. Adler, D. M. Brand, P. C. Broholm, C. Cook, J. C. Brocker, C. Hammond, R. Huang, Z. Hundertmark, P. Lynn, J. W. Maliszewskyj, N. C. Moyer, J. Orndorff, J. Pierce, D. Pike, T. D. Scharfstein, G. Smee, S. A. Vilaseca, R. TI MACS - a new high intensity cold neutron spectrometer at NIST SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th European Conference on Neutron Scattering CY JUN, 2007 CL Lund, SWEDEN DE neutron instrumentation; neutron diffraction; neutron spectrometer; neutron scattering AB We describe a novel cold neutron spectrometer under development at NIST optimized for wave vector resolved spectroscopy with incident energies between 2.1 meV and 20 meV and energy resolution from 0.05 meV (E-i = 2.1 meV) to 3.0 meV (E-i = 20 meV). By using a 1428 cm(2) double focusing PG (0 0 2) monochromator close to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) cold neutron source the instrument provides up to 5 x 10(8) neutrons cm(-2) s(-1) on a 8 cm(2) sample area. The measured performance is consistent with Monte Carlo simulations. The monochromating system, which includes radial collimators, three filters and a variable beam aperture, offers considerable flexibility in optimizing Q-resolution, energy resolution and intensity. The detector system will consist of an array of 20 channels which combined will subtend a solid angle of 0.2 sr. This is approximately a factor of 40 more than a conventional triple axis spectrometer. Each detector channel contains a vertically focusing double crystal analyzer system (DXAL) actuated by a single stepping motor. We find identical integrated reflectivity at approximately 10% coarser energy resolution for the 130' mosaic double bounce analyzer as compared to a conventional 25' analyzer at the same energy. The vertical focusing of the DXAL allows for smaller detectors for enhanced signal to noise with 8 degrees. vertical acceptance. Options for post sample collimators and filters provide flexibility in the choice of scattered beam energy and wavevector resolution. C1 [Rodriguez, J. A.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Broholm, C.; Hammond, R.; Orndorff, J.; Scharfstein, G.; Smee, S. A.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Rodriguez, J. A.; Adler, D. M.; Brand, P. C.; Broholm, C.; Cook, J. C.; Brocker, C.; Huang, Z.; Hundertmark, P.; Lynn, J. W.; Maliszewskyj, N. C.; Moyer, J.; Pierce, D.; Pike, T. D.; Vilaseca, R.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rodriguez, JA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011; Rodriguez-Rivera, Jose/A-4872-2013; OI Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892; Rodriguez-Rivera, Jose/0000-0002-8633-8314; Vilaseca, Ramon/0000-0002-3736-5789 NR 10 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 14 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 19 IS 3 AR 034023 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/19/3/034023 PG 7 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 267ZC UT WOS:000253546700024 ER PT J AU Srivastava, Y Loscertales, I Marquez, M Thorsen, T AF Srivastava, Yasmin Loscertales, Ignacio Marquez, Manuel Thorsen, Todd TI Electrospinning of hollow and core/sheath nanofibers using a microfluidic manifold SO MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS LA English DT Article DE microfluidics; electrospinning; composite; nanofiber; multiplexed ID POLYMER TEMPLATE FIBERS; CONJUGATED POLYMERS; CONDUCTING POLYMERS; MULTIPLE JETS; CORE-SHEATH; LIQUID JETS; FABRICATION; POLYPYRROLE; NANOTUBES; COMPOSITE AB In this article, we describe a microfluidic approach to fabricate hollow and core/sheath nanofibers by electrospinning. Key benefits in using microfluidic devices for nanofiber synthesis include rapid prototyping, ease of fabrication, and the ability to spin multiple fibers in parallel through arrays of individual microchannels. Hollow poly (vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) + titania (TiO2) composite and core/sheath polypyrrole (PPy)/PVP nanofibers of the order of 100 and 250 nm, respectively, were successfully fabricated using elastomeric microfluidic devices. Fiber characterization was subsequently carried out using a combination of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. C1 [Srivastava, Yasmin; Thorsen, Todd] MIT, Dept Mech Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Srivastava, Yasmin] Philip Morris Inc, Interdisciplinary Network of Emerging Sci & Techn, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. [Loscertales, Ignacio] Univ Malaga, Escuela Tech Super Ingn Ind, Malaga 29013, Spain. [Marquez, Manuel] NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computat Nanosci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Marquez, Manuel] Arizona State Univ, Harrington Dept Bioengn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Marquez, Manuel] Philip Morris Inc, Res Ctr, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. RP Thorsen, T (reprint author), MIT, Dept Mech Engn, Room 3-246,77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM thorsen@mit.edu NR 42 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 5 U2 46 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1613-4982 J9 MICROFLUID NANOFLUID JI Microfluid. Nanofluid. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 4 IS 3 BP 245 EP 250 DI 10.1007/s10404-007-0177-0 PG 6 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 255DL UT WOS:000252636900009 ER PT J AU Boyle, J Klein, S Zhang, G Xie, S Wei, X AF Boyle, J. Klein, S. Zhang, G. Xie, S. Wei, X. TI Climate model forecast experiments for TOGA COARE SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC WARM POOL; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS; WESTERN PACIFIC; MOMENTUM TRANSPORT; ARAKAWA-SCHUBERT; DIGITAL-FILTER; CONVECTION; PARAMETERIZATION AB Short-term (1-10 day) forecasts are made with climate models to assess the parameterizations of the physical processes. The time period for the integrations is that of the intensive observing period (IOP) of the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). The models used are the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model, version 3.1 (CAM3.1); CAM3.1 with a modified deep convection parameterization; and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Atmospheric Model, version 2 (AM2). The models were initialized using the state variables from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40). The CAM deep convective parameterization fails to demonstrate the sensitivity to the imposed forcing to simulate precipitation patterns associated with the Madden-Julian oscillations (MJOs) present during the period. AM2 and modified CAM3.1 exhibit greater correspondence to the observations at the TOGA COARE site, suggesting that convective parameterizations that have some type of limiter (as do AM2 and the modified CAM3.1) simulate the MJO rainfall with more fidelity than those without. None of the models are able to fully capture the correct phasing of westerly wind bursts with respect to precipitation in the eastward-moving MJO disturbance. Better representation of the diabatic heating and effective static stability profiles is associated with a better MJO simulation. Because the models' errors in the forecast mode bear a resemblance to the errors in the climate mode in simulating the MJO, the forecasts may allow for a better way to dissect the reasons for model error. C1 [Boyle, J.; Klein, S.; Xie, S.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Zhang, G.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Wei, X.] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Wei, X.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Boyle, J (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM boyle5@llnl.gov RI Xie, Shaocheng/D-2207-2013; Klein, Stephen/H-4337-2016 OI Xie, Shaocheng/0000-0001-8931-5145; Klein, Stephen/0000-0002-5476-858X NR 32 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 136 IS 3 BP 808 EP 832 DI 10.1175/2007MWR2145.1 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 286FF UT WOS:000254830700003 ER PT J AU Westerink, JJ Luettich, RA Feyen, JC Atkinson, JH Dawson, C Roberts, HJ Powell, MD Dunion, JP Kubatko, EJ Pourtaheri, H AF Westerink, Joannes J. Luettich, Richard A. Feyen, Jesse C. Atkinson, John H. Dawson, Clint Roberts, Hugh J. Powell, Mark D. Dunion, Jason P. Kubatko, Ethan J. Pourtaheri, Hasan TI A basin- to channel-scale unstructured grid hurricane storm surge model applied to southern Louisiana SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SHALLOW-WATER EQUATIONS; SURFACE WIND FIELDS; WAVE CONTINUITY EQUATION; ANDREW LANDFALL; DATA SET; SIMULATIONS; FLORIDA; SYSTEM; TIDE; FLOW AB Southern Louisiana is characterized by low-lying topography and an extensive network of sounds, bays, marshes, lakes, rivers, and inlets that permit widespread inundation during hurricanes. A basin- to channel-scale implementation of the Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) unstructured grid hydrodynamic model has been developed that accurately simulates hurricane storm surge, tides, and river flow in this complex region. This is accomplished by defining a domain and computational resolution appropriate for the relevant processes, specifying realistic boundary conditions, and implementing accurate, robust, and highly parallel unstructured grid numerical algorithms. The model domain incorporates the western North Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea so that interactions between basins and the shelf are explicitly modeled and the boundary condition specification of tidal and hurricane processes can be readily defined at the deep water open boundary. The unstructured grid enables highly refined resolution of the complex overland region for modeling localized scales of flow while minimizing computational cost. Kinematic data assimilative or validated dynamic-modeled wind fields provide the hurricane wind and pressure field forcing. Wind fields are modified to incorporate directional boundary layer changes due to overland increases in surface roughness, reduction in effective land roughness due to inundation, and sheltering due to forested canopies. Validation of the model is achieved through hindcasts of Hurricanes Betsy and Andrew. A model skill assessment indicates that the computed peak storm surge height has a mean absolute error of 0.30 m. C1 [Westerink, Joannes J.; Feyen, Jesse C.; Atkinson, John H.; Roberts, Hugh J.; Kubatko, Ethan J.] Univ Notre Dame, Dept Civil Engn & Geol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. [Luettich, Richard A.] Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC USA. [Dawson, Clint] Univ Texas Austin, Inst Computat Engn & Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Powell, Mark D.] NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL USA. [Powell, Mark D.] Univ Miami, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33152 USA. [Pourtaheri, Hasan] USA, Corps Engineers, New Orleans, LA USA. RP Westerink, JJ (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Civil Engn & Geol Sci, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. EM jjw@photius.ce.nd.edu RI Powell, Mark/I-4963-2013; Dunion, Jason/B-1352-2014 OI Powell, Mark/0000-0002-4890-8945; Dunion, Jason/0000-0001-7489-0569 NR 49 TC 156 Z9 162 U1 3 U2 26 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 136 IS 3 BP 833 EP 864 DI 10.1175/2007MWR1946.1 PG 32 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 286FF UT WOS:000254830700004 ER PT J AU Hane, CE Haynes, JA Andra, DL Carr, FH AF Hane, Carl E. Haynes, John A. Andra, David L., Jr. Carr, Frederick H. TI The evolution of morning convective systems over the US Great Plains during the warm season. Part II: A climatology and the influence of environmental factors SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID LIVED SQUALL LINES; UNITED-STATES; SHEAR; PRECIPITATION; DYNAMICS AB Mesoscale convective systems that affect a limited area within the southern plains of the United States during late morning hours during the warm season are investigated. A climatological study over a 5-yr period documents the initiation locations and times, tracks, associated severe weather, and relation to synoptic features over the lifetimes of 145 systems. An assessment is also made of system evolution in each case during the late morning. For a subset of 48 systems, vertical profiles of basic variables from Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) model analyses are used to characterize the environment of each system. Scatter diagrams and discriminant analyses are used to assess which environmental variables are most promising in helping to determine which of two classes of evolutionary character each system will follow. C1 [Hane, Carl E.] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. [Hane, Carl E.] Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. [Haynes, John A.; Carr, Frederick H.] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Andra, David L., Jr.] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Norman, OK USA. RP Hane, CE (reprint author), 1119 Hawkeye St, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. EM carl.hane@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 136 IS 3 BP 929 EP 944 DI 10.1175/2007MWR2016.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 286FF UT WOS:000254830700009 ER PT J AU Gao, JD Xue, M AF Gao, Jidong Xue, Ming TI An efficient dual-resolution approach for ensemble data assimilation and tests with simulated Doppler radar data SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID PREDICTION SYSTEM ARPS; NONHYDROSTATIC ATMOSPHERIC SIMULATION; LEVEL-II DATA; KALMAN FILTER; PART I; TORNADIC THUNDERSTORMS; VELOCITY RETRIEVAL; CONVECTIVE STORM; CLOUD ANALYSIS; FORT-WORTH AB A new efficient dual-resolution (DR) data assimilation algorithm is developed based on the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) method and tested using simulated radar radial velocity data for a supercell storm. Radar observations are assimilated on both high-resolution and lower-resolution grids using the EnKF algorithm with flow-dependent background error covariances estimated from the lower-resolution ensemble. It is shown that the flow-dependent and dynamically evolved background error covariances thus estimated are effective in producing quality analyses on the high-resolution grid. The DR method has the advantage of being able to significantly reduce the computational cost of the EnKF analysis. In the system, the lower-resolution ensemble provides the flow-dependent background error covariance, while the single-high-resolution forecast and analysis provides the benefit of higher resolution, which is important for resolving the internal structures of thunderstorms. The relative smoothness of the covariance obtained from the lower 4-km-resolution ensemble does not appear to significantly degrade the quality of analysis. This is because the cross covariance among different variables is of first-order importance for "retrieving" unobserved variables from the radar radial velocity data. For the DR analysis, an ensemble size of 40 appears to be a reasonable choice with the use of a 4-km horizontal resolution in the ensemble and a 1-km resolution in the high-resolution analysis. Several sensitivity tests show that the DR EnKF system is quite robust to different observation errors. A 4-km thinned data resolution is a compromise that is acceptable under the constraint of real-time applications. A data density of 8 km leads to a significant degradation in the analysis. C1 [Gao, Jidong; Xue, Ming] Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Natl Weather Ctr, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Xue, Ming] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Gao, JD (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Natl Weather Ctr, Suite 2500,120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM jdgao@ou.edu RI Xue, Ming/F-8073-2011 OI Xue, Ming/0000-0003-1976-3238 NR 36 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 136 IS 3 BP 945 EP 963 DI 10.1175/2007MWR2120.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 286FF UT WOS:000254830700010 ER PT J AU Vukicevic, T Jankov, I McGinley, J AF Vukicevic, Tomislava Jankov, Isidora McGinley, John TI Diagnosis and optimization of ensemble forecasts SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID PHYSICAL PARAMETERIZATIONS; PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; THEORETICAL ASPECTS; KALMAN FILTER; VERIFICATION; SIMULATIONS; PREDICTION; SYSTEM; PERTURBATIONS; IMPACT AB In the current study, a technique that offers a way to evaluate ensemble forecast uncertainties produced either by initial conditions or different model versions, or both, is presented. The technique consists of first diagnosing the performance of the forecast ensemble and then optimizing the ensemble forecast using results of the diagnosis. The technique is based on the explicit evaluation of probabilities that are associated with the Gaussian stochastic representation of the weather analysis and forecast. It combines an ensemble technique for evaluating the analysis error covariance and the standard Monte Carlo approach for computing samples from a known Gaussian distribution. The technique was demonstrated in a tutorial manner on two relatively simple examples to illustrate the impact of ensemble characteristics including ensemble size, various observation strategies, and configurations including different model versions and varying initial conditions. In addition, the authors assessed improvements in the consensus forecasts gained by optimal weighting of the ensemble members based on time-varying, prior-probabilistic skill measures. The results with different observation configurations indicate that, as observations become denser, there is a need for larger-sized ensembles and/or more accuracy among individual members for the ensemble forecast to exhibit prediction skill. The main conclusions relative to ensembles built up with different physics configurations were, first, that almost all members typically exhibited some skill at some point in the model run, suggesting that all should be retained to acquire the best consensus forecast; and, second, that the normalized probability metric can be used to determine what sets of weights or physics configurations are performing best. A comparison of forecasts derived from a simple ensemble mean to forecasts from a mean developed from variably weighting the ensemble members based on prior performance by the probabilistic measure showed that the latter had substantially reduced mean absolute error. The study also indicates that a weighting scheme that utilized more prior cycles showed additional reduction in forecast error. C1 [Vukicevic, Tomislava] Univ Colorado, ATOC, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Vukicevic, Tomislava] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Jankov, Isidora] Colorado State Univ, CIRA, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [McGinley, John] NOAA, ESRL, GSD, FAB, Boulder, CO USA. RP Vukicevic, T (reprint author), Univ Colorado, ATOC, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM tomislava.vukicevic@colorado.edu RI Vukicevic, Tomislava/B-1386-2014; jankov, isidora/D-2830-2015 NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 136 IS 3 BP 1054 EP 1074 DI 10.1175/2007MWR2153.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 286FF UT WOS:000254830700017 ER PT J AU Beven, JL Avila, LA Blake, ES Brown, DP Franklin, JL Knabb, RD Pasch, RJ Rhome, JR Stewart, SR AF Beven, John L., II Avila, Lixion A. Blake, Eric S. Brown, Daniel P. Franklin, James L. Knabb, Richard D. Pasch, Richard J. Rhome, Jamie R. Stewart, Stacy R. TI Atlantic hurricane season of 2005 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID GPS DROPWINDSONDE; INTENSITY FORECASTS; PROFILES; TRACK; WIND AB The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active of record. Twenty-eight storms occurred, including 27 tropical storms and one subtropical storm. Fifteen of the storms became hurricanes, and seven of these became major hurricanes. Additionally, there were two tropical depressions and one subtropical depression. Numerous records for single-season activity were set, including most storms, most hurricanes, and highest accumulated cyclone energy index. Five hurricanes and two tropical storms made landfall in the United States, including four major hurricanes. Eight other cyclones made landfall elsewhere in the basin, and five systems that did not make landfall nonetheless impacted land areas. The 2005 storms directly caused nearly 1700 deaths. This includes approximately 1500 in the United States from Hurricane Katrina - the deadliest U. S. hurricane since 1928. The storms also caused well over $100 billion in damages in the United States alone, making 2005 the costliest hurricane season of record. C1 [Beven, John L., II; Avila, Lixion A.; Blake, Eric S.; Brown, Daniel P.; Franklin, James L.; Knabb, Richard D.; Pasch, Richard J.; Rhome, Jamie R.; Stewart, Stacy R.] NOAA, NWS, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Trop Predict Ctr, Miami, FL 33165 USA. RP Beven, JL (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Trop Predict Ctr, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. EM john.l.beven@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 77 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 136 IS 3 BP 1109 EP 1173 DI 10.1175/2007MWR2074.1 PG 65 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 286FF UT WOS:000254830700020 ER PT J AU Franklin, JL Brown, DP AF Franklin, James L. Brown, Daniel P. TI Atlantic hurricane season of 2006 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID GPS DROPWINDSONDE; INTENSITY FORECASTS; TRACK; BASIN; WINDS AB The 2006 Atlantic hurricane season is summarized and the year's tropical cyclones are described. A verification of National Hurricane Center official forecasts during 2006 is also presented. Ten cyclones attained tropical storm intensity in 2006. Of these, five became hurricanes and two became "major" hurricanes. Overall activity was near the long-term mean, but below the active levels of recent seasons. For the first time since 2001, no hurricanes made landfall in the United States. Elsewhere in the basin, hurricane-force winds were experienced in Bermuda (from Florence) and in the Azores (from Gordon). Official track forecast errors were smaller in 2006 than during the previous 5-yr period (by roughly 15%-20% out to 72 h), establishing new all-time lows at forecast projections through 72 h. Since 1990, 24-72-h official track forecast errors have been reduced by roughly 50%. C1 [Franklin, James L.; Brown, Daniel P.] NOAA, NWS, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Miami, FL 33165 USA. RP Franklin, JL (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Natl Hurricane Ctr, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. EM james.franklin@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 136 IS 3 BP 1174 EP 1200 DI 10.1175/2007MWR2377.1 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 286FF UT WOS:000254830700021 ER PT J AU Knabb, RD Avila, LA Beven, JL Franklin, JL Pasch, RJ Stewart, SR AF Knabb, Richard D. Avila, Lixion A. Beven, John L. Franklin, James L. Pasch, Richard J. Stewart, Stacy R. TI Eastern North Pacific hurricane season of 2005 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article AB The 2005 eastern North Pacific hurricane season is summarized, the individual tropical cyclones are described, and official track and intensity forecasts are verified and evaluated. The season's overall activity was, by most measures, below average. While a near-average 15 tropical storms formed, many of them were relatively weak and short-lived. Seven of these storms became hurricanes, but only one reached major hurricane status (an intensity of 100 kt or greater on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale) in the eastern North Pacific basin. One of the hurricanes, Adrian, approached Central America in May but weakened to a tropical depression prior to landfall. Adrian was the only eastern North Pacific tropical cyclone to make landfall during 2005, and it was directly responsible for one fatality. C1 [Knabb, Richard D.; Avila, Lixion A.; Beven, John L.; Franklin, James L.; Pasch, Richard J.; Stewart, Stacy R.] NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Natl Hurricane Ctr,Trop Predict Ctr, Miami, FL 33165 USA. RP Knabb, RD (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Natl Hurricane Ctr,Trop Predict Ctr, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. EM richard.knabb@noaa.gov NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 136 IS 3 BP 1201 EP 1216 DI 10.1175/2007MWR2076.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 286FF UT WOS:000254830700022 ER PT J AU Gundlach, DJ Royer, JE Park, SK Subramanian, S Jurchescu, OD Hamadani, BH Moad, AJ Kline, RJ Teague, LC Kirillov, O Richter, CA Kushmerick, JG Richter, LJ Parkin, SR Jackson, TN Anthony, JE AF Gundlach, D. J. Royer, J. E. Park, S. K. Subramanian, S. Jurchescu, O. D. Hamadani, B. H. Moad, A. J. Kline, R. J. Teague, L. C. Kirillov, O. Richter, C. A. Kushmerick, J. G. Richter, L. J. Parkin, S. R. Jackson, T. N. Anthony, J. E. TI Contact-induced crystallinity for high-performance soluble acene-based transistors and circuits SO NATURE MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID THIN-FILM TRANSISTORS; FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; PATTERNED GROWTH; LARGE-AREA; PENTACENE; ELECTRONICS; POLYMERS; DISPLAYS; MOBILITY; POWER AB The use of organic materials presents a tremendous opportunity to significantly impact the functionality and pervasiveness of large-area electronics. Commercialization of this technology requires reduction in manufacturing costs by exploiting inexpensive low-temperature deposition and patterning techniques, which typically lead to lower device performance. We report a low-cost approach to control the microstructure of solution-cast acene-based organic thin films through modification of interfacial chemistry. Chemically and selectively tailoring the source/drain contact interface is a novel route to initiating the crystallization of soluble organic semiconductors, leading to the growth on opposing contacts of crystalline films that extend into the transistor channel. This selective crystallization enables us to fabricate high-performance organic thin-film transistors and circuits, and to deterministically study the influence of the microstructure on the device characteristics. By connecting device fabrication to molecular design, we demonstrate that rapid film processing under ambient room conditions and high performance are not mutually exclusive. C1 [Gundlach, D. J.; Royer, J. E.; Jurchescu, O. D.; Hamadani, B. H.; Kirillov, O.; Richter, C. A.] NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Park, S. K.; Jurchescu, O. D.] Penn State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Subramanian, S.; Parkin, S. R.; Anthony, J. E.] Univ Kentucky, Dept Chem, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. [Moad, A. J.; Teague, L. C.; Kushmerick, J. G.; Richter, L. J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Kline, R. J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gundlach, DJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.gundlach@nist.gov RI Kline, Regis/B-8557-2008; Kushmerick, James/C-2882-2008; Kirillov, Oleg/A-4242-2009; Parkin, Sean/E-7044-2011; park, sung kyu/H-5338-2011; Jackson, Thomas/A-4224-2012; Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016; OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724; Anthony, John/0000-0002-8972-1888 NR 37 TC 322 Z9 322 U1 13 U2 112 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1476-1122 J9 NAT MATER JI Nat. Mater. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 7 IS 3 BP 216 EP 221 DI 10.1038/nmat2122 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 266CG UT WOS:000253408300015 PM 18278050 ER PT J AU Casey, PA Koralek, JD Plumb, NC Dessau, DS Anderson, PW AF Casey, Philip A. Koralek, J. D. Plumb, N. C. Dessau, D. S. Anderson, Philip W. TI Accurate theoretical fits to laser-excited photoemission spectra in the normal phase of high-temperature superconductors SO NATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID METALS AB It has long been believed that the 'normal' (non-superconducting) state of the high-transition-temperature superconductors is anything but normal(1-3). In particular, this state, which exists above the superconducting transition temperature T-c, has very unusual transport properties(4,5) and electron spectral functions(6,7), presenting a more difficult, complex and important problem than the superconductivity itself. The origin of this difficulty and complexity resides in the strong electronic correlations, or the many-body Coulomb interactions between electrons, which cannot be properly treated within the standard theories of the electronic structure of solids. A new treatment of these interactions, on the basis of a Gutzwiller projection - which gives zero quasiparticle weight at the Fermi surface and removes the possibility for double electron occupancy on any one site has recently been proposed(8), but fits to available data were unsatisfactory. Here, we compare the electron spectral functions computed within this theoretical treatment with bulk-sensitive measurements made by low-energy photons, using laser-excited angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of the superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta (refs 9,10). The theory captures the asymmetrical shape of the experimental curves with good accuracy and in principle has only one free parameter. Moreover, no background subtraction is necessary. C1 [Casey, Philip A.; Anderson, Philip W.] Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Koralek, J. D.; Plumb, N. C.; Dessau, D. S.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Koralek, J. D.; Dessau, D. S.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Koralek, J. D.; Dessau, D. S.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Anderson, PW (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM pwa@princeton.edu RI Plumb, Nicholas/B-8059-2013 OI Plumb, Nicholas/0000-0002-2334-8494 NR 16 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 11 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1745-2473 J9 NAT PHYS JI Nat. Phys. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 4 IS 3 BP 210 EP 212 DI 10.1038/nphys833 PG 3 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 282IA UT WOS:000254559900013 ER PT J AU Lang, F Straten, PVD Brandstatter, B Thalhammer, G Winkler, K Julienne, PS Grimm, R Denschlag, JH AF Lang, F. Straten, P. V. D. Brandstaetter, B. Thalhammer, G. Winkler, K. Julienne, P. S. Grimm, R. Denschlag, J. Hecker TI Cruising through molecular bound-state manifolds with radiofrequency SO NATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID COLD MOLECULES; FERMI GAS; SPECTROSCOPY; DIMERS; ATOMS AB The production of ultracold molecules with their rich internal structure is currently attracting considerable interest(1-4). For future experiments, it will be important to efficiently transfer these molecules from their initial internal quantum state at production to other quantum states of interest. Transfer tools such as optical Raman schemes(5,6), radiofrequency transitions (see, for example, ref. 7) or magnetic field ramping(8,9) exist, but are either technically involved or limited in their applicability. Here, we demonstrate a simple, highly efficient hybrid transfer method that overcomes a number of the previous limitations. The scheme is based on magnetically tuned mixing of two neighbouring molecular levels, which enables otherwise forbidden radiofrequency transitions between them. By repeating this process at various magnetic fields, molecules can be successively transported through a large manifold of quantum states. Applying nine transfers, we convert very weakly bound Feshbach molecules to a much more deeply bound level with a binding energy corresponding to 3.6 GHz. As an important spin-off of our experiments, we demonstrate a high-precision spectroscopy method for investigating level crossings. C1 [Lang, F.; Brandstaetter, B.; Thalhammer, G.; Winkler, K.; Grimm, R.; Denschlag, J. Hecker] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys & Forschungszentrum Quantenphys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Straten, P. V. D.] Univ Utrecht, Debye Inst, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands. [Julienne, P. S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Julienne, P. S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Grimm, R.] Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Quantenopt & Quanteninformat, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. RP Denschlag, JH (reprint author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys & Forschungszentrum Quantenphys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. EM Johannes.Denschlag@uibk.ac.at RI Hecker Denschlag, Johannes/B-6047-2008; Grimm, Rudolf/D-2864-2009; Thalhammer, Gregor/K-8825-2015; Institute (DINS), Debye/G-7730-2014; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Hecker Denschlag, Johannes/0000-0003-1984-4994; Grimm, Rudolf/0000-0003-1085-5558; Thalhammer, Gregor/0000-0002-3948-8045; Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 27 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1745-2473 J9 NAT PHYS JI Nat. Phys. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 4 IS 3 BP 223 EP 226 DI 10.1038/nphys838 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 282IA UT WOS:000254559900016 ER PT J AU Krasnopolsky, VM Fox-Rabinovitz, MS Tolman, HL Belochitski, AA AF Krasnopolsky, Vladimir M. Fox-Rabinovitz, Michael S. Tolman, Hendrik L. Belochitski, Alexei A. TI Neural network approach for robust and fast calculation of physical processes in numerical environmental models: Compound parameterization with a quality control of larger errors SO NEURAL NETWORKS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Joint Conference on Neural Networks CY AUG 12-17, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE DE neural networks; numerical modeling; climate; weather; waves; data assimilation AB Development of: neural network (NN) emulations for fast calculations of physical processes in numerical climate and weather prediction models depends significantly on Our ability to generate a representative training set. Owing to the high dimensionality of the NN input vector which is of the order of several hundreds or more, it is rather difficult to cover the entire domain, especially its "far corners" associated with rare events, even when we use model simulated data for the NN training. Moreover the domain may evolve (e.g., due to climate change). In this situation the emulating NN may be forced to extrapolate beyond its generalization ability and may lead to larger errors in NN Outputs. A new technique, a compound parameterization, has been developed to address this problem and to make the NN emulation approach more suitable for long-term climate prediction and climate change projections and other numerical modeling applications. Two different designs of the compound parameterization are presented and discussed. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Krasnopolsky, Vladimir M.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. [Krasnopolsky, Vladimir M.; Fox-Rabinovitz, Michael S.; Belochitski, Alexei A.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Krasnopolsky, VM (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM vladimir.krasnopolsky@noaa.gov NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0893-6080 J9 NEURAL NETWORKS JI Neural Netw. PD MAR-APR PY 2008 VL 21 IS 2-3 BP 535 EP 543 DI 10.1016/j.neunet.2007.12.019 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 292AM UT WOS:000255238800045 PM 18234470 ER PT J AU Sule, P Kotis, L Toth, L Menyhard, M Egelhoff, WF AF Suele, P. Kotis, L. Toth, L. Menyhard, M. Egelhoff, W. F., Jr. TI Asymmetric intermixing in Co/Ti bilayer SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article DE ion-beam induced mixing; AES depth profiling; MD simulation ID TRANSITION-METALS; BOMBARDMENT; SYSTEM; CU/CO AB Recently we have studied the ion mixing of mass-anisotropic bilayer and found strong asymmetry depending on the succession of the layers [P. Sule, M. Menyhard, L. Kotis, J. Labar, W.F. Egelhoff Jr., J. Appl. Phys. 101 (2007) 043502]. The finding was explained by the mass difference of the constituents. To check the validity of explanation we studied the interface broadening of Co/Ti and Ti/Co bilayers due to low-energy ion bombardment. We have applied Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiling and molecular dynamics simulation to determine the intermixing. Since the Co/Ti system is nearly mass isotropic the ballistic intermixing mechanism can be ruled out and no asymmetry is expected. In contrary to the expectation both methods showed asymmetry of intermixing at bombardment of 2 keV ion energy. The asymmetry vanishes progressively with decreasing ion energy. We suggest that atomic size-anisotropy could play some role in the enhancement of interdiffusion of Co in Ti. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Suele, P.; Kotis, L.; Toth, L.; Menyhard, M.] Res Inst Tech Phys & Mat Sci, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. [Egelhoff, W. F., Jr.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Menyhard, M (reprint author), Res Inst Tech Phys & Mat Sci, POB 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. EM menyhard@mfa.kfki.hu NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X EI 1872-9584 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD MAR PY 2008 VL 266 IS 6 BP 904 EP 910 DI 10.1016/j.nimb.2008.02.012 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 298QI UT WOS:000255701800009 ER PT J AU Sakakibara, N Kasiviswanathan, R Melamud, E Han, M Schwarz, FP Kelman, Z AF Sakakibara, Nozomi Kasiviswanathan, Rajesh Melamud, Eugene Han, Mimi Schwarz, Frederick P. Kelman, Zvi TI Coupling of DNA binding and helicase activity is mediated by a conserved loop in the MCM protein SO NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MINICHROMOSOME MAINTENANCE PROTEIN; ARCHAEAL CDC6; UNWIND DNA; THERMOAUTOTROPHICUM; REPLICATION; DOMAIN; DUPLEX AB Minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicases are the presumptive replicative helicases, thought to separate the two strands of chromosomal DNA during replication. In archaea, the catalytic activity resides within the C-terminal region of the MCM protein. In Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus the N-terminal portion of the protein was shown to be involved in protein multimerization and binding to single and double stranded DNA. MCM homologues from many archaeal species have highly conserved predicted amino acid similarity in a loop located between 7 and 8 in the N-terminal part of the molecule. This high degree of conservation suggests a functional role for the loop. Mutational analysis and biochemical characterization of the conserved residues suggest that the loop participates in communication between the N-terminal portion of the helicase and the C-terminal catalytic domain. Since similar residues are also conserved in the eukaryotic MCM proteins, the data presented here suggest a similar coupling between the N-terminal and catalytic domain of the eukaryotic enzyme. C1 [Sakakibara, Nozomi; Kasiviswanathan, Rajesh; Melamud, Eugene; Han, Mimi; Schwarz, Frederick P.; Kelman, Zvi] Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. [Schwarz, Frederick P.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Kelman, Z (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM kelman@umbi.umd.edu RI Kasiviswanathan, Rajesh/D-2744-2012 NR 30 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0305-1048 J9 NUCLEIC ACIDS RES JI Nucleic Acids Res. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 36 IS 4 BP 1309 EP 1320 DI 10.1093/nar/gkm1160 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 272KD UT WOS:000253857400030 PM 18184696 ER PT J AU Hofmann, E Druon, JN Fennel, K Friedrichs, M Haidvogel, D Lee, C Mannino, A McClain, C Najjar, R O'Reilly, J Pollard, D Previdi, M Seitzinger, S Siewert, J Signorini, S Wilkin, J AF Hofmann, Eileen Druon, Jean-Noel Fennel, Katja Friedrichs, Marjorie Haidvogel, Dale Lee, Cindy Mannino, Antonio McClain, Charles Najjar, Raymond O'Reilly, John Pollard, David Previdi, Michael Seitzinger, Sybil Siewert, John Signorini, Sergio Wilkin, John CA USECoS Team TI EASTERN US CONTINENTAL SHELF CARBON BUDGET Integrating Models, Data Assimilation, and Analysis SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; CZCS-CHLOROPHYLL IMAGERY; WARM-CORE RING; ATLANTIC BIGHT; OCEAN COLOR; ECOSYSTEM MODEL; DEEP-OCEAN; MATTER; PHYTOPLANKTON; PARTICULATE C1 [Hofmann, Eileen] Old Dominion Univ, Dept Ocean Earth & Atmospher Sci, Norfolk, VA USA. [Druon, Jean-Noel; Mannino, Antonio; McClain, Charles] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Fennel, Katja] Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Halifax, NS, Canada. [Friedrichs, Marjorie] Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. [Haidvogel, Dale; Previdi, Michael; Seitzinger, Sybil; Wilkin, John] Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. [Lee, Cindy] SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Najjar, Raymond; Siewert, John] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [O'Reilly, John] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. [Pollard, David] Penn State Univ, Earth & Environm Syst Inst, State Coll, PA USA. [Signorini, Sergio] Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Hofmann, E (reprint author), Old Dominion Univ, Dept Ocean Earth & Atmospher Sci, Norfolk, VA USA. EM hofmann@ccpo.odu.edu RI Fennel, Katja/A-7470-2009; Lee, Cindy/B-1456-2009; Wilkin, John/E-5343-2011; Mannino, Antonio/I-3633-2014; OI Fennel, Katja/0000-0003-3170-2331; Lee, Cindy/0000-0002-7608-6213; Wilkin, John/0000-0002-5444-9466; Friedrichs, Marjorie/0000-0003-2828-7595 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration Interdisciplinary Science Program FX The USECoS project is Supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Interdisciplinary Science Program. NR 65 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 12 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD MAR PY 2008 VL 21 IS 1 BP 86 EP 104 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 382XJ UT WOS:000261638400014 ER PT J AU Carasso, AS Vladar, AE AF Carasso, Alfred S. Vladar, Andras E. TI Calibrating image roughness by estimating Lipschitz exponents, with applications to image restoration SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE image roughness; image metrology; Lipschitz exponents; image restoration; APEX deconvolution; Hubble telescope; MRI and PET brain scans; nanoscale microscopy ID NOISE REMOVAL; ALGORITHMS AB Most images f(x,y) are not smoothly differentiable functions of x and y, but display edges, localized singularities, and other significant fine-scale roughness, or texture. Correct characterization and calibration of image roughness is vital in many image processing tasks. The L(1) Lipschitz exponent alpha, where 0 < alpha <= 1, measures fine-scale image roughness provided the image is relatively noise free. A recently developed mathematical technique for estimating alpha is described. The method is based on successively blurring the image by convolution with increasingly narrower Gaussians, using commonly available fast Fourier transform algorithms. Instructive examples are used to illustrate the quantitative changes in alpha that occur when an image is either degraded or restored. Of particular interest are the documented changes in alpha that accompany APEX blind deconvolution of real images from the Hubble space telescope, from magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography brain scans, and from state-of-the-art nanoscale scanning electron microscopy. Additional applications include monitoring of image sharpness and imaging performance in imaging systems, evaluation of image reconstruction software quality, detection of abnormal fine structure in biomedical images, and monitoring of surface finish in industrial applications. (C) 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 [Carasso, Alfred S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Math & Comp Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Vladar, Andras E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Carasso, AS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Math & Comp Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alfred.carasso@nist.gov NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-SOC PHOTOPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 47 IS 3 AR 037012 DI 10.1117/1.2899144 PG 13 WC Optics SC Optics GA 294YJ UT WOS:000255441900046 ER PT J AU Eisaman, MD Goldschmidt, EA Chen, J Fan, J Migdall, A AF Eisaman, M. D. Goldschmidt, E. A. Chen, J. Fan, J. Migdall, A. TI Experimental test of nonlocal realism using a fiber-based source of polarization-entangled photon pairs SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID HIDDEN-VARIABLE THEORIES; QUANTUM-MECHANICS; CURRENT SITUATION; INEQUALITY; PHYSICS AB We describe an experimental test of local realistic and nonlocal realistic theories using polarizationentangled two-photon singlet states created using a fiber-based polarization Sagnac interferometer. We show a violation of Bell's inequality in the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt form by 15 standard deviations, thus excluding local hidden-variable theories, and a violation of a Leggett-type nonlocal hidden-variable inequality by more than three standard deviations, thus excluding a class of nonlocal hidden-variable theories. C1 [Eisaman, M. D.; Goldschmidt, E. A.; Fan, J.; Migdall, A.] NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Eisaman, M. D.; Goldschmidt, E. A.; Fan, J.; Migdall, A.] Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Chen, J.] Inst Appl Phys & Computat Math, Beijing 100088, Peoples R China. RP Eisaman, MD (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jfan@nist.gov RI Eisaman, Matthew/E-8006-2011; OI Eisaman, Matthew/0000-0002-3814-6430; Goldschmidt, Elizabeth/0000-0002-6553-9731 NR 25 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 3 AR 032339 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.77.032339 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 282AX UT WOS:000254541100083 ER PT J AU Mitra, K Williams, CJ de Melo, CARS AF Mitra, Kaushik Williams, C. J. de Melo, C. A. R. Sa TI Superfluid and Mott-insulating shells of bosons in harmonically confined optical lattices SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID LONG-RANGE ORDER; TRANSITION; ATOMS AB We describe weakly interacting atomic or molecular bosons trapped in harmonically confined optical lattices, which exhibit a wedding cake structure consisting of insulating (Mott ) shells. We show that superfluid regions emerge between Mott shells as a result of fluctuations due to finite hopping and find that the order parameter equation in the superfluid regions is not of the standard Gross- Pitaevskii type except near the insulator- to- superfluid boundaries. We obtain the excitation spectra in the Mott and superfluid regions, and we show that the superfluid shells possess low- energy sound modes with spatially dependent sound velocity described by a local index of refraction directly related to the local superfluid density. Furthermore, we discuss the Berezinskii- Kosterlitz- Thouless transition and vortex- antivortex pairs in thin ( wide ) superfluid shells ( rings ) limited by three- ( two- ) dimensional Mott regions. Last, we propose an experiment to detect superfluid shells using Laguerre- Gaussian beams and Bragg spectroscopy. C1 [Mitra, Kaushik] Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mitra, K (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009 NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 3 AR 033607 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.77.033607 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 282AX UT WOS:000254541100171 ER PT J AU Chi, SX Dai, PC Barnes, T Kang, HJ Lynn, JW Bewley, R Ye, F Maple, MB Henkie, Z Pietraszko, A AF Chi, Songxue Dai, Pengcheng Barnes, T. Kang, H. J. Lynn, J. W. Bewley, R. Ye, F. Maple, M. B. Henkie, Z. Pietraszko, A. TI Inelastic neutron scattering study of crystal field levels in PrOs4As12 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID FERMION SUPERCONDUCTOR PROS4SB12; SKUTTERUDITE COMPOUND PROS4AS12; METAL-INSULATOR-TRANSITION; FILLED SKUTTERUDITES; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; ORDERED PHASES; PR AB We use neutron scattering to study the Pr3+ crystalline electric field (CEF) excitations in the filled skutterudite PrOs4As12. By comparing the observed levels and their strengths under neutron excitation with the theoretical spectrum and neutron excitation intensities, we identify the Pr3+ CEF levels and show that the ground state is a magnetic Gamma((2))(4) triplet, and the excited states Gamma(1), Gamma((1))(4), and Gamma(23) are at 0.4, 13, and 23 meV, respectively. A comparison of the observed CEF levels in PrOs4As12 with the heavy fermion superconductor PrOs4Sb12 reveals the microscopic origin of the differences in the ground states of these two filled skutterudites. C1 [Chi, Songxue; Dai, Pengcheng; Barnes, T.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Dai, Pengcheng; Barnes, T.; Ye, F.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Kang, H. J.; Lynn, J. W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Bewley, R.] Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. [Maple, M. B.] Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Henkie, Z.; Pietraszko, A.] Polish Acad Sci, Inst Low Temp & Struct Res, PL-50950 Wroclaw, Poland. RP Chi, SX (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RI Ye, Feng/B-3210-2010; Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012; Chi, Songxue/A-6713-2013 OI Ye, Feng/0000-0001-7477-4648; Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170; Chi, Songxue/0000-0002-3851-9153 NR 27 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 9 AR 094428 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.094428 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 282BL UT WOS:000254542500108 ER PT J AU Levine, ZH AF Levine, Zachary H. TI Diffraction and electron energy loss to plasmons in silicon slabs SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID INELASTICALLY SCATTERED ELECTRONS; IMAGE-FORMATION; DIELECTRIC-CONSTANT; CRYSTALS; MICROSCOPY; TIME AB Dynamical diffraction patterns were calculated for 25 nm slabs of silicon with [001], [111], and [110] faces for a 120 keV electron beam. The calculation used the mixed dynamical form factor in the dielectric formulation. Dielectric matrices with wave vector and frequency dependence were calculated within the local density approximation using the random phase approximation. The energy losses, 10-25 eV, span the plasmon peak. Near the zone axes, the results show the preservation of elastic contrast and both excess and deficit Kikuchi lines. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Levine, ZH (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 37 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 12 AR 125314 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.125314 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 282BQ UT WOS:000254543000086 ER PT J AU Sorini, AP Rehr, JJ Levine, ZH AF Sorini, A. P. Rehr, J. J. Levine, Z. H. TI Magic angle in electron energy loss spectra: Relativistic and dielectric corrections SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NEAR-EDGE STRUCTURE; LOSS SPECTROSCOPY; INELASTIC-SCATTERING; THEORETICAL EVIDENCE; CHARGED PARTICLES; MATTER; PASSAGE AB Recently, it has been demonstrated that a careful treatment of both longitudinal and transverse matrix elements in electron energy loss spectra can explain the mystery of relativistic effects on the magic angle. Here, we show that there is an additional correction of order (Z alpha)(2), where Z is the atomic number and alpha the fine structure constant, which is not necessarily small for heavy elements. Moreover, we suggest that macroscopic electrodynamic effects can give further corrections which can break the sample independence of the magic angle. C1 [Sorini, A. P.; Rehr, J. J.] Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Levine, Z. H.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sorini, AP (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 11 AR 115126 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.115126 PG 10 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 282BO UT WOS:000254542800065 ER PT J AU van der Laan, DC Schwartz, J ten Haken, B Dhalle, M van Eck, HJN AF van der Laan, D. C. Schwartz, J. ten Haken, B. Dhalle, M. van Eck, H. J. N. TI Limits to the critical current in Bi(2)Sr(2)Ca(2)Cu(3)O(x) tape conductors: The parallel path model SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS; CRITICAL-CURRENT DENSITIES; HIGH-TC SUPERCONDUCTORS; SILVER-SHEATHED TAPES; MAGNETIC-FIELD; FLUX-CREEP; HARD SUPERCONDUCTORS; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; YBA2CU3O7-DELTA BICRYSTALS; CERAMIC SUPERCONDUCTORS AB An extensive overview of a model that describes current flow and dissipation in high-quality Bi(2)Sr(2)Ca(2)Cu(3)O(x) superconducting tapes is provided. The parallel path model is based on a superconducting current running in two distinct parallel paths. One of the current paths is formed by grains that are connected at angles below 4 degrees. Dissipation in this strongly linked backbone occurs within the grains and is well described by classical flux-creep theory. The other current path, the weakly linked network, is formed by superconducting grains that are connected at intermediate angles (4 degrees-8 degrees) where dissipation occurs at the grain boundaries. However, grain boundary dissipation in this weakly linked current path does not occur through Josephson weak links, but just as in the strongly linked backbone, is well described by classical flux creep. The results of several experiments on Bi(2)Sr(2)Ca(2)Cu(3)O(x) tapes and single-grained powders that strongly support the parallel path model are presented. The critical current density of Bi(2)Sr(2)Ca(2)Cu(3)O(x) tapes can be scaled as a function of magnetic field angle over the temperature range from 15 K to 77 K. Expressions based on classical flux creep are introduced to describe the dependence of the critical current density of Bi(2)Sr(2)Ca(2)Cu(3)O(x) tapes on the magnetic field and temperature. C1 [van der Laan, D. C.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Schwartz, J.] Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. [ten Haken, B.; Dhalle, M.] Univ Twente, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands. [van Eck, H. J. N.] EURATOM, Inst Plasma Phys Rijnhuizen, Nieuwegein, Netherlands. RP van der Laan, DC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Schwartz, Justin/D-4124-2009; van der Laan, Danko/L-5098-2016 OI Schwartz, Justin/0000-0002-7590-240X; NR 73 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 10 AR 104514 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.104514 PG 14 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 282BN UT WOS:000254542700110 ER PT J AU Krishnamurthy, VV Mankey, GJ He, B Piao, M Wiest, JM Nikles, DE Porcar, L Robertson, JL AF Krishnamurthy, V. V. Mankey, G. J. He, B. Piao, M. Wiest, J. M. Nikles, D. E. Porcar, L. Robertson, J. L. TI Orientational distributions and nematic order of rodlike magnetic nanoparticles in dispersions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; CYLINDRICAL MICELLES; TRANSITION; MICROSTRUCTURE; POLYMERS AB Using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), we have investigated the orientational order of iron nanoparticles dispersed in cyclohexanone. The particles have rodlike shape and size distributions with an average length of 200 nm and an average diameter of 25 nm. SANS shows an anisotropy, which is a measure of orientational order, in magnetic dispersions with a volume fraction of 3.2% and 3.9% iron particles in shear flow and/or magnetic field. The scattering anisotropy can be fitted by a model assuming an Onsager distribution of the orientation of the particles in shear flow. The orientational distribution of particles oriented by a magnetic field can be described by a different model assuming the Maier-Saupe orientational distribution for uniaxial ferromagnetic particles. The orientational distribution parameter m for the Maier-Saupe distribution or alpha for the Onsager distribution and the orientational order parameter S have been determined at shear rates gamma of to 0-4000 s(-1) and in magnetic fields of 0-18 mT. The S values indicate that the particles start to orient either in a shear flow of 100 s(-1) or in a magnetic field of 6 mT. Applying only shear results in an orientational order, with the dispersion returning to the disordered state when the shear rate is decreased to zero. In sharp contrast, application of magnetic fields greater than 6 mT results in orientational order in the field-increasing cycle, and two-thirds of the orientational order remains when the field is decreased to zero. This shows that the order in a magnetic field is different from the order in a shear flow, the action of magnetizing the particles along a certain direction is irreversible, and the orientational order parameter exhibits hysteresis. C1 [Krishnamurthy, V. V.; Robertson, J. L.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Mankey, G. J.; He, B.; Piao, M.; Wiest, J. M.; Nikles, D. E.] Univ Alabama, Ctr Mat Informat Technol, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. [Porcar, L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Krishnamurthy, VV (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Mankey, Gary/G-9110-2011 OI Mankey, Gary/0000-0003-3163-5159 NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD MAR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 3 AR 031403 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.77.031403 PN 1 PG 8 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 282AJ UT WOS:000254539700068 PM 18517377 ER PT J AU Taylor, MK Laake, J McLoughlin, PD Cluff, HD Born, EW Rosing-Asvid, A Messier, F AF Taylor, Mitchell K. Laake, Jeff McLoughlin, Philip D. Cluff, H. Dean Born, Erik W. Rosing-Asvid, Aqqalu Messier, Francois TI Population parameters and harvest risks for polar bears (Ursus maritimus) of Kane Basin, Canada and Greenland SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE demography; harvest; mark-recapture; polar bear; population viability analysis (PVA); program MARK; program RISKMAN ID NATIONAL-WILDLIFE-REFUGE; MARKED ANIMALS; BLACK BEARS; SURVIVAL; VIABILITY; REPRODUCTION; ARKANSAS; CLIMATE; GROWTH; SIZE AB We estimated demographic parameters and current harvest risks for a population of polar bears (Ursus maritimus Phipps) inhabiting northern Smith Sound and Kane Basin, Canada and Greenland. Our demographic analysis included a detailed assessment of age- and sex-specific survival and recruitment from 141 marked polar bears, using information contained within the standing age distribution of captures and mark-recapture analysis. Total survival rates ((x) over bar +/- 1 SE) for females were: 0.374 +/- 0.180 (cubs), 0.686 +/- 0.157 (ages 1-4), and 0.967 +/- 0.043 (ages 5+). Mean litter size was 1.67 +/- 0.08 cubs. Females did not reproduce until at least age 6, which is late compared to other populations of polar bears. The model-averaged, mark-recapture estimate of mean abundance (+/- 1 SE) for years 1994-1997 was 164 +/- 35 bears. We incorporated demographic parameters and their variances into a harvest risk analysis (i.e., a stochastic, harvested population viability analysis, PVA). Results suggest that polar bears in the region were severely over-harvested during the mark-recapture interval (1992-1997). The current status of the population is unknown. C1 [McLoughlin, Philip D.; Messier, Francois] Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Biol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada. [Taylor, Mitchell K.] Govt Nunavut, Dept Environm, Igloolik, NU X0A 0L0, Canada. [Laake, Jeff] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Cluff, H. Dean] Govt NW Terr, Dept Resources Wildlife & Econ Dev, Yellowknife, NT X1A 2P9, Canada. [Born, Erik W.; Rosing-Asvid, Aqqalu] Greenland Inst Nat Resources, Nuuk 3900, Greenland. RP McLoughlin, PD (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Biol, 112 Sci Pl, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada. EM mcloughlin@usask.ca NR 47 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 4 U2 27 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 31 IS 4 BP 491 EP 499 DI 10.1007/s00300-007-0375-y PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 258SJ UT WOS:000252889500010 ER PT J AU Tan, KT White, CC Benatti, DJ Hunston, DL AF Tan, K. T. White, C. C. Benatti, D. J. Hunston, D. L. TI Evaluating aging of coatings and sealants: Mechanisms SO POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY LA English DT Article DE chemorheological; coatings; degradation; mechanism; oxidation; sealants ID STYRENE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMER; ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS; OUTDOOR EXPOSURE; PHOTO-OXIDATION; PHOTOOXIDATION AB Photodegradation mechanisms of a model coating/sealant system based upon styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer have been investigated. The model system was exposed to ultraviolet-visible radiation using an integrating sphere-based exposure chamber at 30 degrees C and <1 % relative humidity. Chemical degradation was monitored by transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and changes in mechanical properties via dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). It was found that cross-linking was the dominant degradation process, causing substantial increases in storage modulus and glass transition temperature of the butadiene units with increasing exposure. The styrene units were relatively stable as indicated by the lack of significant changes in the FTIR bands or in the glass transition temperature associated with the styrene units. The present study clearly has shown that chemorheological investigations provide useful tools to characterize the mechanisms of environmental attack of polymers. The ability to investigate both chemical and mechanical - rheological properties provides the opportunity to make modifications to the material and, hence, improve its chemical and mechanical - rheological properties. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Tan, K. T.; White, C. C.; Benatti, D. J.; Hunston, D. L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tan, KT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, 100 Bureau Dr MS 8615, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kar.tan@nist.gov NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-3910 J9 POLYM DEGRAD STABIL JI Polym. Degrad. Stabil. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 93 IS 3 BP 648 EP 656 DI 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.01.013 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 284SW UT WOS:000254727100009 ER PT J AU Kuzmanovic, DA Elashvili, I O'Connell, C Krueger, S AF Kuzmanovic, Deborah A. Elashvili, Ilya O'Connell, Catherine Krueger, Susan TI A novel application of small-angle scattering techniques: Quality assurance testing of virus quantification technology SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE bacteriophage MS2; virus concentration; small-angle scattering; gas-phase electrophoretic mobility macromolecular analysis; charged reduced electrospray size spectrometry ID DETECTION SYSTEM IVDS; BACTERIOPHAGE MS2; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; RIBONUCLEIC ACID; RNA; PARTICLES; PROTEIN; PURIFICATION AB Small-angle scattering (SAS) techniques, like small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), were used to measure and thus to validate the accuracy of a novel technology for virus sizing and concentration determination. These studies demonstrate the utility of SAS techniques for use in quality assurance measurements and as novel technology for the physical characterization of viruses. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Kuzmanovic, Deborah A.; O'Connell, Catherine] NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Elashvili, Ilya] Edgewood Chem Biol Ctr, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. [Krueger, Susan] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kuzmanovic, DA (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, 930 N Univ,3039 Chem Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM kuzman@umich.edu RI ID, BioCAT/D-2459-2012 NR 36 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 77 IS 3 BP 215 EP 224 DI 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2007.10.004 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 271IF UT WOS:000253781400003 ER PT J AU Yang, L Brome, CR Butterworth, JS Dzhosyuk, SN Mattoni, CEH McKinsey, DN Michniak, RA Doyle, JM Golub, R Korobkina, E O'Shaughnessy, CM Palmquist, GR Seo, PN Huffman, PR Coakley, KJ Mumm, HP Thompson, AK Yang, GL Lamoreaux, SK AF Yang, L. Brome, C. R. Butterworth, J. S. Dzhosyuk, S. N. Mattoni, C. E. H. McKinsey, D. N. Michniak, R. A. Doyle, J. M. Golub, R. Korobkina, E. O'Shaughnessy, C. M. Palmquist, G. R. Seo, P. -N. Huffman, P. R. Coakley, K. J. Mumm, H. P. Thompson, A. K. Yang, G. L. Lamoreaux, S. K. TI Invited article: Development of high-field superconducting Ioffe magnetic traps SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID NEUTRAL ATOMS; TEMPERATURES; MOLECULES AB We describe the design, construction, and performance of three generations of superconducting Ioffe magnetic traps. The first two are low current traps, built from four racetrack shaped quadrupole coils and two solenoid assemblies. Coils are wet wound with multifilament NbTi superconducting wires embedded in epoxy matrices. The magnet bore diameters are 51 and 105 mm with identical trap depths of 1.0 T at their operating currents and at 4.2 K. A third trap uses a high current accelerator-type quadrupole magnet and two low current solenoids. This trap has a bore diameter of 140 mm and tested trap depth of 2.8 T. Both low current traps show signs of excessive training. The high current hybrid trap, on the other hand, exhibits good training behavior and is amenable to quench protection. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Yang, L.; Brome, C. R.; Butterworth, J. S.; Dzhosyuk, S. N.; Mattoni, C. E. H.; McKinsey, D. N.; Michniak, R. A.; Doyle, J. M.] Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Golub, R.; Korobkina, E.; O'Shaughnessy, C. M.; Palmquist, G. R.; Seo, P. -N.; Huffman, P. R.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Phys, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Coakley, K. J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Mumm, H. P.; Thompson, A. K.; Yang, G. L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Lamoreaux, S. K.] Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Yang, L (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RI O'Shaughnessy, Christopher/C-4848-2014; OI O'Shaughnessy, Christopher/0000-0002-0428-7374; Huffman, Paul/0000-0002-2562-1378 NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 79 IS 3 AR 031301 DI 10.1063/1.2897133 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 281ZT UT WOS:000254538100002 PM 18376990 ER PT J AU Shulezhko, TS Burkanov, VN AF Shulezhko, T. S. Burkanov, V. N. TI Stereotyped acoustic signals of the killer whale Orcinus orca (Cetacea : Delphinidae) from the Northwestern Pacific SO RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE killer whale; vocal repertoire; discrete calls; stereotyped acoustic signals; ecotype ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA; CALLS AB In this paper the classification of the discrete calls of killer whales recorded in the Northwest Pacific is presented. It was shown that most of the calls can be divided into 20 discrete types easily distinguished by ear. The frequency parameters of the sounds made the maximum contribution into discrimination between call types, while their temporal parameters turned out to be less significant. The repertoires of stereotyped calls of killer whales from Chukot, Kamchatka, and the Commander and Kurile Islands were similar, due to the presence of shared types of calls. The greater the distance between the above-mentioned regions the fewer calls were shared by the resident killer whales. High vocal activity and the phenotypic features of the surveyed killer whales implied their attribution to the resident ecological type. C1 [Shulezhko, T. S.] Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Biol, Moscow 119992, Russia. [Burkanov, V. N.] Russian Acad Sci, Far E Branch, Pacific Inst Geog, Kamchatka Div, Petropavlovsk Kamchatski 683000, Russia. [Burkanov, V. N.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Shulezhko, TS (reprint author), Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Biol, Moscow 119992, Russia. EM shumshu@inbox.ru; vladimir.burkanov@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 1063-0740 J9 RUSS J MAR BIOL JI Russ. J. Mar. Biol. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 34 IS 2 BP 118 EP 125 DI 10.1134/S1063074008020053 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 309JM UT WOS:000256456500005 ER PT J AU Jacobs, JM Rhodes, MR Martin, B McIntosh, D Van Heukelem, WF Harrell, RM AF Jacobs, John M. Rhodes, Matt R. Martin, Brandon McIntosh, Dennis Van Heukelem, William F. Harrell, Reginal M. TI Tissue-specific sampling for the estimation of striped bass whole-body proximate composition SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALMON SALMO-SALAR; ENERGY CONTENT; FISH; NONLETHAL; BAY AB The need for precise estimates of chemical components of fish is common among the fields of aquaculture, fish health, and bioenergetics in fisheries management. Proximate composition is a widely used tool for obtaining this level of information but is time consuming and requires homogenization of the entire fish, limiting the ability to obtain additional information from the same individual. Exploratory chemical component analysis of differing body regions of age-1 (215-290-mm) striped bass Morone saxatilis suggests that the abdominal wall (belly flap) is an appropriate surrogate for estimating whole-body proximate composition. Belly flaps showed strong linear relationships with total lipid composition (R-2 = 0.91) and moisture (R-2 = 0.82) but were more variable with respect to protein (R-2 = 0.22) and ash (R-2 = 0.26). Equations derived from these linear relationships allowed for accurate estimation of total-body energy, water, lipid, dry mass, fat-free dry mass, and protein (R-2 > 0.89). Strong linear relationships were also found for belly flap lipid and moisture and the same components measured in fillets (lipid: R-2 = 0.82; moisture: R-2 = 0.73). We conclude that sampling an otherwise unused portion of the fish can provide precise chemical compositional information without sacrificing product and can allow for additional information to be obtained from the same organism. C1 [Jacobs, John M.; Rhodes, Matt R.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. [Martin, Brandon; McIntosh, Dennis] Delaware State Univ, Dover, DE 19901 USA. [Van Heukelem, William F.] Univ Maryland, Horn Point Environm Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. [Harrell, Reginal M.] Univ Maryland, Dept Environm Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Jacobs, JM (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. EM john.jacobs@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 137 IS 2 BP 386 EP 392 DI 10.1577/T06-239.1 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 293FZ UT WOS:000255322100002 ER PT J AU Rundio, DE Lindley, ST AF Rundio, David E. Lindley, Steven T. TI Seasonal patterns of terrestrial and aquatic prey abundance and use by Oncorhynchus mykiss in a California coastal basin with a Mediterranean climate SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS; APPALACHIAN BROOK TROUT; PRODUCTION DYNAMICS; RAINBOW-TROUT; FOOD WEBS; MASS RELATIONSHIPS; ARTHROPOD INPUTS; HEADWATER STREAM; DRY MASS; INVERTEBRATES AB Terrestrial invertebrates are a major source of prey for salmonids in many streams. Their importance as prey appears to be related to (1) the seasonal timing of terrestrial inputs relative to the abundance of aquatic prey and (2) water temperature, which affects food demand by fish. Most studies of seasonal patterns of terrestrial inputs have come from temperate systems, and patterns in most other systems are unknown. We measured monthly biomass of aquatic invertebrates, input of terrestrial invertebrates, and diets of Oncorhynchus mykiss (non-anadromous and juvenile anadromous life history forms) for 15 months in two streams in a basin with a Mediterranean-type climate on the Big Sur coast of California. Biomass of aquatic invertebrates and terrestrial inputs followed a similar seasonal pattern; highest levels occurred in summer and early autumn and were highly correlated with water temperature. Total annual input of terrestrial invertebrates was 8.7 g(.)m(-2.)year(-1), and terrestrial inputs provided about half of the prey biomass and energy consumed by O. mykiss during the study. Normative terrestrial isopods, primarily Armadillidium vulgare, contributed 30-40% of the biomass and 20-30% of the energy consumed-the highest proportions among all taxa. The annual input, seasonal pattern, and contribution of terrestrial invertebrates to salmonids in this coastal Mediterranean-type basin were similar to published values from temperate forested streams. However, the magnitude of seasonal fluctuations of inputs was less pronounced than that in most temperate streams and appears to reflect the lower intra-annual temperature variation and longer leaf-out period in this system. Unlike many temperate streams, where terrestrial inputs provide an alternate prey source when aquatic invertebrate abundance is low, terrestrial inputs to these two coastal streams apparently provide a year-round additional source of prey that (like aquatic prey) peaks when water temperature is warmest and hence when fish growth potential is high. C1 [Rundio, David E.; Lindley, Steven T.] SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Rundio, DE (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM dave.rundio@noaa.gov RI Lindley, Steven/G-3997-2014 OI Lindley, Steven/0000-0001-9556-0411 NR 51 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 2008 VL 137 IS 2 BP 467 EP 480 DI 10.1577/T07-076.1 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 293FZ UT WOS:000255322100009 ER PT J AU Stroh, CL De Steven, D Guntenspergen, GR AF Stroh, Chrissa L. De Steven, Diane Guntenspergen, Glenn R. TI Effect of climate fluctuations on long-term vegetation dynamics in Carolina Bay wetlands SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE depressional wetlands; drought cycles; hydrologic regime; succession ID UPPER COASTAL-PLAIN; SOUTH-CAROLINA; PRAIRIE WETLANDS; DEPRESSION WETLANDS; UNITED-STATES; SEED BANKS; HYDROLOGY; FORESTS; GROWTH; USA AB Carolina bays and similar depression wetlands of the U.S. Southeastern Coastal Plain have hydrologic regimes that are driven primarily by rainfall. Therefore, climate fluctuations such as drought cycles have the potential to shape long-term vegetation dynamics. Models suggest two potential long-term responses to hydrologic fluctuations, either cyclic change maintaining open emergent vegetation, or directional succession toward forest vegetation. In seven Carolina bay wetlands on the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, we assessed hydrologic variation and vegetation response over a 15-year period spanning two drought and reinundation cycles. Changes in pond stage (water depth) were monitored biweekly to monthly each year from 1989-2003. Vegetation composition was sampled in three years (1989, 1993, and 2003) and analyzed in relation to changes in hydrologic conditions. Multi-year droughts occurred prior to the 1989 and 2003 sampling years, whereas 1993 coincided with a wet period. Weiland plant species generally maintained dominance after both wet and dry conditions, but the abundances of different plant growth forms and species indicator categories shifted over the 15-year period. Decreased hydroperiods and water depths during droughts led to increased cover of grass, upland, and woody species, particularly at the shallower wetland margins. Conversely, reinundation and longer hydroperiods resulted in expansion of aquatic and emergent species and reduced the cover of flood-intolerant woody and upland species. These semi-permanent Upper Coastal Plain bays generally exhibited cyclic vegetation dynamics in response to climate fluctuation, with wet periods favoring dominance by herbaceous species. Large basin morphology and deep ponding, paired with surrounding upland forest dominated by flood-intolerant pines, were features contributing to persistence of herbaceous vegetation. Drought cycles may promote directional succession to forest in bays that are smaller, shallower, or colonized by flood-tolerant hardwoods. C1 [Stroh, Chrissa L.] Coll Charleston, Environm Studies Program, Charleston, SC 29424 USA. [De Steven, Diane] US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods Res, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. [Guntenspergen, Glenn R.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20706 USA. RP Stroh, CL (reprint author), NOAA Coastal Serv Ctr, Perot Syst Govt Serv, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. EM glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov NR 42 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 5 U2 22 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 2008 VL 28 IS 1 BP 17 EP 27 DI 10.1672/06-117.1 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 290IT UT WOS:000255117200002 ER PT J AU Chen, MY Shi, W Xie, PP Silva, VBS Kousky, VE Higgins, RW Janowiak, JE AF Chen, Mingyue Shi, Wei Xie, Pingping Silva, Viviane B. S. Kousky, Vernon E. Higgins, R. Wayne Janowiak, John E. TI Assessing objective techniques for gauge-based analyses of global daily precipitation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID RAINFALL ESTIMATION ALGORITHMS; SPACE-TIME CLIMATE; UNITED-STATES; LAND PRECIPITATION; SURFACE CLIMATE; VARIABILITY; DATASET; SYSTEM; MODEL; INTERPOLATION AB Three objective techniques used to obtain gauge-based daily precipitation analyses over global land areas are assessed. The objective techniques include the inverse-distance weighting algorithms of Cressman (1959) and Shepard (1968), and the optimal interpolation (OI) method of Gandin (1965). Intercomparisons and cross-validation tests are conducted to examine their performance over various parts of the globe where station network densities are different. The gauge data used in the examinations are quality controlled daily precipitation reports from roughly 16,000 stations over the global land areas that have been collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Prediction Center (CPC). Data sources include daily summary files from the Global Telecommunication System (GTS), and the CPC unified daily gauge data sets over the contiguous United States (CONUS), Mexico, and South America. All three objective techniques are capable of generating useful daily precipitation analyses with biases of generally less than 1% over most parts of the global land areas. The OI method consistently performs the best among the three techniques for almost all situations (regions, seasons, and network densities). The Shepard scheme compares reasonably well with the OI, while the Cressman method tends to generate smooth precipitation fields with wider raining areas relative to the station observations. The quality of the gauge-based analyses degrades as the network of station observations becomes sparser, although the OI technique exhibits relatively stable performance statistics over regions covered by fewer gauges. C1 [Chen, Mingyue; Shi, Wei; Xie, Pingping; Silva, Viviane B. S.; Kousky, Vernon E.; Higgins, R. Wayne; Janowiak, John E.] NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Silva, Viviane B. S.] RS Informat Syst Inc, Mclean, VA USA. RP Chen, MY (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, 5200 Auth Rd,RM 605, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM mingyue.chen@noaa.gov RI Shi, Wei/F-5625-2010 NR 50 TC 171 Z9 177 U1 5 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 29 PY 2008 VL 113 IS D4 AR D04110 DI 10.1029/2007JD009132 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 270JA UT WOS:000253715900008 ER PT J AU Deshler, T Mercer, JL Smit, HGJ Stubi, R Levrat, G Johnson, BJ Oltmans, SJ Kivi, R Thompson, AM Witte, J Davies, J Schmidlin, FJ Brothers, G Sasaki, T AF Deshler, Terry Mercer, Jennifer L. Smit, Herman G. J. Stubi, Rene Levrat, Gilbert Johnson, Bryan J. Oltmans, Samuel J. Kivi, Rigel Thompson, Anne M. Witte, Jacquelyn Davies, Jonathan Schmidlin, F. J. Brothers, G. Sasaki, Toru TI Atmospheric comparison of electrochemical cell ozonesondes from different manufacturers, and with different cathode solution strengths: The Balloon Experiment on Standards for Ozonesondes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GROUND-BASED LIDAR; INTERCOMPARISON CAMPAIGN; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; OZONE PROFILES; STOIC 1989; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; ECC; PHOTOMETER; ACCURACY; TRENDS AB A balloon flight to compare 18 ozonesondes with an ozone photometer and with ozone column measurements from Dobson and Brewer spectrophotometers was completed in April 2004. The core experiment consisted of 12 electrochemical concentration cell ozonesondes, 6 from Science Pump Corporation (SP) and 6 from ENSCI Corporation (ES), prepared with cathode solution concentrations of 0.5% KI (half buffer) and 1.0% KI (full buffer). Auxiliary ozonesondes consisted of two electrochemical concentration cell sondes with 2.0% KI (no buffer), two reconditioned sondes, and two Japanese-KC96 sondes. Precision of each group of similarly prepared ozonesondes was <2-3%. The six ozonesondes prepared according to the manufacturer's recommendations (SP, 1.0% KI, ES 0.5% KI) overestimated the photometer measurements by 5-10% in the stratosphere, but provided ozone columns in good agreement with the ground-based spectrophotometer measurements. This is consistent with the difference (similar to 5%) in ozone photometer and column measurements observed during the experiment. Using cathode cell concentrations of 1.0% KI for ES sondes caused overestimates of the photometer by 10-15% and of ozone column by 5-10%. In contrast, 0.5% KI in SP sondes led to good agreement with the photometer, but underestimates of ozone column. The KC96 sondes underestimated the photometer measurements by about 5-15% at air pressures above 30 hPa. Agreement was within 5% at lower pressures. Diluting the solution concentration and the buffers from 1.0% to 0.5% KI causes an approximately linear pressure-dependent decrease in ozone for both SP and ES sondes, ratio (0.5 KI/1.0 KI) = 0.9 + 0.024* log(10)(Pressure). C1 [Deshler, Terry; Mercer, Jennifer L.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Smit, Herman G. J.] Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Chem & Dynam Geosphere 2, D-52425 Julich, Germany. [Stubi, Rene; Levrat, Gilbert] MeteoSwiss, Fed Off Meteorol & Climatol, Aerol Stn Payerne, CH-1530 Payerne, Switzerland. [Johnson, Bryan J.; Oltmans, Samuel J.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Kivi, Rigel] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Arctic Res Ctr, FIN-99600 Sodankyla, Finland. [Thompson, Anne M.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Witte, Jacquelyn] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Schmidlin, F. J.; Brothers, G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. [Davies, Jonathan] Environm Canada, Air Qual Res Div, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. [Witte, Jacquelyn] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Sasaki, Toru] Japan Meteorol Agcy, Tokyo, Japan. RP Deshler, T (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. EM deshler@uwyo.edu; mercer@uwyo.edu; h.smit@fz-juelich.de; rene.stubi@meteoswiss.ch; bryan.johnson@noaa.gov; samuel.j.oltmans@noaa.gov; rigel.kivi@fmi.fi; anne@met.psu.edu; witte@gavial.gsfc.nasa.gov; jonathan.davies@ec.gc.ca; fjs@osb1.wff.gsfc.gov; tsasaki@naps.kishou.go.jp RI Smit, Herman/J-2397-2012; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014 OI Smit, Herman/0000-0002-2268-4189; Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920 NR 45 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 4 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 29 PY 2008 VL 113 IS D4 AR D04307 DI 10.1029/2007JD008975 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 270JA UT WOS:000253715900004 ER PT J AU Hoefer, MA Ablowitz, MJ Engels, P AF Hoefer, M. A. Ablowitz, M. J. Engels, P. TI Piston dispersive shock wave problem SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; WHITHAM EQUATIONS; HYDRODYNAMICS; FLOW AB The piston shock problem is a classical result of shock wave theory. In this work, the analogous dispersive shock wave (DSW) problem for a fluid described by the nonlinear Schrodinger equation is analyzed. Asymptotic solutions are calculated for a piston (step potential) moving with uniform speed into a dispersive fluid at rest. In contrast to the classical case, there is a bifurcation of shock behavior where, for large enough piston velocities, the DSW develops a periodic wave train in its wake with vacuum points and a maximum density that remains fixed as the piston velocity is increased further. These results have application to Bose-Einstein condensates and nonlinear optics. C1 [Hoefer, M. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Ablowitz, M. J.] Univ Colorado, Dept Appl Math, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Engels, P.] Washington State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Hoefer, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM hoefer@boulder.nist.gov OI HOEFER, MARK/0000-0001-5883-6562 NR 20 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 29 PY 2008 VL 100 IS 8 AR 084504 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.084504 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 271BR UT WOS:000253764400027 PM 18352629 ER PT J AU Slutsker, J Artemev, A Roytburd, A AF Slutsker, Julia Artemev, Andrei Roytburd, Alexander TI Phase-field modeling of domain structure of confined nanoferroelectrics SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MULTIFERROIC NANOSTRUCTURES; FERROELECTRICS AB The results of phase-field simulation of domain structures (DSs) in ferroelectric nanorods of different shapes and sizes are presented. It is shown that equilibrium DSs consist of an electrostatically compatible circuit of 180 degrees and 90 degrees domains. A DS in a thin rod contains 90 degrees cubic elastic domains. The trend to minimize the residual stress and the stray field results in the formation of crater-shaped sets of closed circuits of 90 degrees domains, which can be mechanically incompatible but able to maintain electrostatic compatibility during the evolution under an applied electric field. C1 [Slutsker, Julia] NIST, Div Ceram, MSEL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Artemev, Andrei] Carleton Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. [Slutsker, Julia; Roytburd, Alexander] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Slutsker, J (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, MSEL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM julias@nist.gov; roytburd@wam.umd.edu NR 17 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 25 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 29 PY 2008 VL 100 IS 8 AR 087602 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.087602 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 271BR UT WOS:000253764400064 PM 18352666 ER PT J AU Stock, C Broholm, C Hudis, J Kang, HJ Petrovic, C AF Stock, C. Broholm, C. Hudis, J. Kang, H. J. Petrovic, C. TI Spin resonance in the d-wave superconductor CeCoIn(5) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; FLUCTUATIONS; STATES; UPD2AL3; CEIN3; FIELD AB Neutron scattering is used to probe antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations in the d-wave heavy fermion superconductor CeCoIn(5) (T(c)=2.3 K). Superconductivity develops from a state with slow (h Gamma=0.3 +/- 0.15 meV) commensurate [Q(0)=(1/2,1/2,1/2)] antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations and nearly isotropic spin correlations. The characteristic wave vector in CeCoIn(5) is the same as CeIn(3) but differs from the incommensurate wave vector measured in antiferromagnetically ordered CeRhIn(5). A sharp spin resonance (h Gamma < 0.07 meV) at h omega=0.60 +/- 0.03 meV develops in the superconducting state removing spectral weight from low-energy transfers. The presence of a resonance peak is indicative of strong coupling between f-electron magnetism and superconductivity and consistent with a d-wave gap order parameter satisfying Delta(q+Q(0))=-Delta(q). C1 [Stock, C.; Broholm, C.; Hudis, J.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Broholm, C.; Kang, H. J.] NIST, Ctr Neutorn Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Petrovic, C.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Stock, C (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Petrovic, Cedomir/A-8789-2009; Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011 OI Petrovic, Cedomir/0000-0001-6063-1881; Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892 NR 33 TC 172 Z9 174 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 29 PY 2008 VL 100 IS 8 AR 087001 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.087001 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 271BR UT WOS:000253764400054 PM 18352656 ER PT J AU Stojilovic, N Farkas, N Ramsier, RD AF Stojilovic, N. Farkas, N. Ramsier, R. D. TI Auger electron spectroscopic study of CO2 adsorption on Zircaloy-4 surfaces SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Zry-4; CO2; AES; carbidic carbon; graphitic carbon ID ZIRCONIUM SURFACES; DESORPTION; OXIDATION; BENZENE; BOMBARDMENT; CHEMISTRY; ZR(0001); DIOXIDE; METALS; OXYGEN AB We investigate the adsorption of CO2 onto Zircaloy-4 (Zry-4) surfaces at 150, 300 and 600 K using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Following CO2 adsorption at 150 K the graphitic form of carbon is detected, whereas upon chemisorption at 300 and 600 K we detect the carbidic phase. As the adsorption temperature is increased, the carbon Auger signal increases, whereas the oxygen signal decreases. Adsorption at all three temperatures results in a shift of the Zr Auger features, indicating surface oxidation. The effect of adsorbed CO2 on the Zr(MVV) and Zr(MNV) transitions depends on adsorption temperature and is less pronounced at higher temperatures. On the other hand, changes in the Zr(MNN) feature are similar for all three adsorption temperatures. The changes in the Zr Auger peak shapes and positions are attributed to oxygen from dissociated CO2, with the differences observed at various temperatures indicative of the diffusion of oxygen into the subsurface region. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Stojilovic, N.; Farkas, N.; Ramsier, R. D.] Univ Akron, Dept Phys & Chem, Akron, OH 44325 USA. [Stojilovic, N.; Farkas, N.; Ramsier, R. D.] Univ Akron, Inst Teaching & Learning, Akron, OH 44325 USA. RP Ramsier, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rex@uakron.edu NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD FEB 28 PY 2008 VL 254 IS 9 BP 2866 EP 2870 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.10.028 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 277VU UT WOS:000254243600048 ER PT J AU Duff, MC Hunter, DB Burger, A Groza, M Buliga, V Black, DR AF Duff, M. C. Hunter, D. B. Burger, A. Groza, M. Buliga, V. Black, D. R. TI Effect of surface preparation technique on the radiation detector performance of CdZnTe SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE radiation detectors; X-ray topography (crystal defects); resistivity; X-ray topographic imaging ID SPECTROMETERS; PASSIVATION; LEAKAGE AB Synthetic CdZnTe (CZT) semiconducting crystals are highly suitable for the room temperature-based detection of gamma radiation. The surface preparation of Au contacts on surfaces of CZT detectors is typically conducted after (1) polishing to remove artifacts from crystal sectioning and (2) chemical etching, which removes residual mechanical surface damage however etching results in a Te rich surface layer that is prone to oxidize. Our studies show that CZT surfaces that are only polished ( as opposed to polished and etched) can be contacted with Au and will yield lower surface currents. Due to their decreased dark currents, these as-polished surfaces can be used in the fabrication of gamma detectors exhibiting a higher performance than polished and etched surfaces with relatively less peak tailing and greater energy resolution. Published by Elsevier B. V. C1 [Duff, M. C.; Hunter, D. B.] Savannah River Natl Lab, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. [Burger, A.; Groza, M.; Buliga, V.] Fisk Univ, Nashville, TN 37208 USA. [Black, D. R.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Duff, MC (reprint author), Savannah River Natl Lab, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. EM martine.duff@srnl.doe.gov NR 12 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 4 U2 35 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD FEB 28 PY 2008 VL 254 IS 9 BP 2889 EP 2892 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.10.064 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 277VU UT WOS:000254243600052 ER PT J AU Ben-Naim, A AF Ben-Naim, Arieh TI Local and global properties of mixtures in one-dimensional systems. Part 1. Mixtures of two simple components SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB Two sets of quantities are calculated for two-component mixtures in one dimension. One consists of the traditional excess thermodynamic quantities which provide global information on the mixtures. The second, referred to as local properties, consists of the Kirkwood-Buff integrals, local composition, solvation, and preferential solvation quantities. In this part, we discuss simple particles interacting via either square-well potential or hard rod potential. It is shown that a host of new information can be obtained from the local properties of the mixtures which supplements the information conveyed by the global properties. (c) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Ben-Naim, Arieh] Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Phys Chem, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. RP Ben-Naim, A (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8380, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM arieh@fh.huji.ac.il NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD FEB 28 PY 2008 VL 128 IS 8 AR 084510 DI 10.1063/1.2837280 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 275BP UT WOS:000254047200038 PM 18315064 ER PT J AU Lique, F Alexander, MH Li, GL Werner, HJ Nizkorodov, SA Harper, WW Nesbitt, DJ AF Lique, Francois Alexander, Millard H. Li, Guoliang Werner, Hans-Joachim Nizkorodov, Sergey A. Harper, Warren W. Nesbitt, David J. TI Evidence for excited spin-orbit state reaction dynamics in F+H(2): Theory and experiment SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACE; BORN-OPPENHEIMER APPROXIMATION; CHEMICAL-REACTIONS; SUPERSONIC JETS; DISTRIBUTIONS; SCATTERING; RESONANCES; F(P-2) AB We describe fully quantum, time-independent scattering calculations of the F+H(2) -> HF+H reaction, concentrating on the HF product rotational distributions in upsilon'=3. The calculations involved two new sets of ab initio potential energy surfaces, based on large basis set, multireference configuration-interaction calculations, which are further scaled to reproduce the experimental exoergicity of the reaction. In addition, the spin-orbit, Coriolis, and electrostatic couplings between the three quasidiabatic F+H(2) electronic states are included. The calculated integral cross sections are compared with the results of molecular beam experiments. At low collision energies, a significant fraction of the reaction is due to Born-Oppenheimer forbidden, but energetically allowed reaction of F in its excited ((2)P(1/2)) spin-orbit state. As the collision energy increases, the Born-Oppenheimer allowed reaction of F in its ground ((2)p(3/2)) spin-orbit state rapidly dominates. Overall, the calculations agree reasonably well with the experiment, although there remains some disagreement with respect to the degree of rotational excitation of the HF(upsilon'=3) products as well as with the energy dependence of the reactive cross sections at the lowest collision energies. (c) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Lique, Francois; Alexander, Millard H.] Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Lique, Francois; Alexander, Millard H.] Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Li, Guoliang; Werner, Hans-Joachim] Univ Stuttgart, Inst Theoret Chem, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. [Nizkorodov, Sergey A.; Harper, Warren W.; Nesbitt, David J.] Univ Colorado, JIlA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Nizkorodov, Sergey A.; Harper, Warren W.; Nesbitt, David J.] Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Nizkorodov, Sergey A.; Harper, Warren W.; Nesbitt, David J.] Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Lique, F (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mha@umd.edu; glli77@yahoo.com.cn; werner@theochem.uni-stuttgart.de; nizkorod@uci.edu RI LIQUE, Francois/B-9626-2011; Werner, Hans-Joachim/G-9509-2011; Nizkorodov, Sergey/I-4120-2014 OI LIQUE, Francois/0000-0002-0664-2536; Werner, Hans-Joachim/0000-0002-0435-539X; Nizkorodov, Sergey/0000-0003-0891-0052 NR 34 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD FEB 28 PY 2008 VL 128 IS 8 AR 084313 DI 10.1063/1.2831412 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 275BP UT WOS:000254047200026 PM 18315052 ER PT J AU Sims, DW Southall, EJ Humphries, NE Hays, GC Bradshaw, CJA Pitchford, JW James, A Ahmed, MZ Brierley, AS Hindell, MA Morritt, D Musyl, MK Righton, D Shepard, ELC Wearmouth, VJ Wilson, RP Witt, MJ Metcalfe, JD AF Sims, David W. Southall, Emily J. Humphries, Nicolas E. Hays, Graeme C. Bradshaw, Corey J. A. Pitchford, Jonathan W. James, Alex Ahmed, Mohammed Z. Brierley, Andrew S. Hindell, Mark A. Morritt, David Musyl, Michael K. Righton, David Shepard, Emily L. C. Wearmouth, Victoria J. Wilson, Rory P. Witt, Matthew J. Metcalfe, Julian D. TI Scaling laws of marine predator search behaviour SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS; WANDERING ALBATROSSES; PATTERNS; ENVIRONMENT; ZOOPLANKTON; MOVEMENTS; SUCCESS; WALK AB Many free- ranging predators have to make foraging decisions with little, if any, knowledge of present resource distribution and availability(1). The optimal search strategy they should use to maximize encounter rates with prey in heterogeneous natural environments remains a largely unresolved issue in ecology(1-3). Levy walks(4) are specialized random walks giving rise to fractal movement trajectories that may represent an optimal solution for searching complex landscapes(5). However, the adaptive significance of this putative strategy in response to natural prey distributions remains untested(6,7). Here we analyse over a million movement displacements recorded from animal- attached electronic tags to show that diverse marine predators - sharks, bony fishes, sea turtles and penguins - exhibit Levy- walk- like behaviour close to a theoretical optimum(2). Prey density distributions also display Levy- like fractal patterns, suggesting response movements by predators to prey distributions. Simulations show that predators have higher encounter rates when adopting Levy- type foraging in natural- like prey fields compared with purely random landscapes. This is consistent with the hypothesis that observed search patterns are adapted to observed statistical patterns of the landscape. This may explain why Levy- like behaviour seems to be widespread among diverse organisms(3), from microbes(8) to humans(9), as a `rule' that evolved in response to patchy resource distributions. C1 [Sims, David W.; Southall, Emily J.; Humphries, Nicolas E.; Wearmouth, Victoria J.] Marine Biol Assoc United Kingdom Lab, Plymouth PL1 2PB, Devon, England. [Sims, David W.] Univ Plymouth, Marine Biol & Ecol Res Ctr, Sch Biol Sci, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England. [Ahmed, Mohammed Z.] Univ Plymouth, Sch Comp Commun & Elect, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England. [Hays, Graeme C.; Shepard, Emily L. C.; Wilson, Rory P.] Univ Coll Swansea, Dept Biol Sci, Inst Environm Sustainabil, Swansea SA2 8PP, W Glam, Wales. [Bradshaw, Corey J. A.] Charles Darwin Univ, Sch Environm Res, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia. [Pitchford, Jonathan W.; James, Alex] Univ York, Dept Biol, York YO10 5YW, N Yorkshire, England. [Pitchford, Jonathan W.; James, Alex] Univ York, York Ctr Complex Syst Anal, York YO10 5YW, N Yorkshire, England. [James, Alex] Univ Canterbury, Dept Math & Stat, Christchurch 1, New Zealand. [Brierley, Andrew S.] Univ St Andrews, Gatty Marine Lab, Sch Biol, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland. [Hindell, Mark A.] Univ Tasmania, Sch Zool, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. [Morritt, David] Univ London Royal Holloway & Bedford New Coll, Sch Biol Sci, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England. [Musyl, Michael K.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Pelag Fisheries Res Programme, Kewalo Res Facil,NOAA Fisheries, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. [Righton, David; Metcalfe, Julian D.] Ctr Environm Fisheries & Aquaculture Sci, Lowestoft Lab, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, Suffolk, England. [Witt, Matthew J.] Univ Exeter, Ctr Ecol & Conservat, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, England. RP Sims, DW (reprint author), Marine Biol Assoc United Kingdom Lab, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, Devon, England. EM dws@mba.ac.uk RI Witt, Matthew/C-2279-2008; Brierley, Andrew/G-8019-2011; Hindell, Mark/C-8368-2013; Righton, David/D-6140-2013; Hindell, Mark/K-1131-2013; Bradshaw, Corey/A-1311-2008; OI Shepard, Emily/0000-0001-7325-6398; Hindell, Mark/0000-0002-7823-7185; Brierley, Andrew/0000-0002-6438-6892; Bradshaw, Corey/0000-0002-5328-7741; Humphries, Nicolas/0000-0003-3741-1594; Righton, David/0000-0001-8643-3672 NR 31 TC 438 Z9 441 U1 19 U2 215 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD FEB 28 PY 2008 VL 451 IS 7182 BP 1098 EP U5 DI 10.1038/nature06518 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 266RB UT WOS:000253453600040 PM 18305542 ER PT J AU Wei, Y Bernard, EN Tang, L Weiss, R Titov, VV Moore, C Spillane, M Hopkins, M Kanoglu, U AF Wei, Yong Bernard, Eddie N. Tang, Liujuan Weiss, Robert Titov, Vasily V. Moore, Christopher Spillane, Michael Hopkins, Mike Kanoglu, Utku TI Real-time experimental forecast of the Peruvian tsunami of August 2007 for US coastlines SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WAVE AB At 23: 41 UTC on 15 August 2007, an offshore earthquake of magnitude 8.0 severely damaged central Peru and generated a tsunami. Severe shaking by the earthquake collapsed buildings throughout the region and caused 514 fatalities. The tsunami resulted in three casualties and a representative maximum runup height of similar to 7 m in the near field. The first real-time tsunami data available came from a deep-ocean tsunami detection buoy within 1 hour of tsunami generation. These tsunami data were used to produce initial experimental forecasts within 2 hours of tsunami generation. The far-field forecasts indicated that the tsunami would not flood any of the 14 U. S. communities. Comparison with real-time tide gage data showed very accurate forecasts. C1 [Wei, Yong; Tang, Liujuan; Weiss, Robert; Titov, Vasily V.; Moore, Christopher] Univ Washington, JISAO, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Bernard, Eddie N.; Hopkins, Mike] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Kanoglu, Utku] Middle E Tech Univ, Dept Engn Sci, TR-06531 Ankara, Turkey. RP Wei, Y (reprint author), Univ Washington, JISAO, Box 354235, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM yong.wei@noaa.gov RI Weiss, Robert/B-8060-2012; Kanoglu, Utku/F-9037-2012; Wei, Yong/I-3462-2015; Spillane, Michael/I-7870-2015; OI Kanoglu, Utku/0000-0002-5952-0954; Wei, Yong/0000-0002-6908-1342; Spillane, Michael/0000-0003-0794-5675; Titov, Vasily/0000-0002-1630-3829 NR 22 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 27 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 4 AR L04609 DI 10.1029/2007GL032250 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 270IT UT WOS:000253715200001 ER PT J AU Choi, J Tung, SH Wang, NS Reipa, V AF Choi, Jonghoon Tung, Shih-Huang Wang, Nam Sun Reipa, Vytas TI Small-angle neutron scattering measurement of silicon nanoparticle size SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NANOCRYSTAL QUANTUM DOTS; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; NANOCLUSTERS; NANOPOWDERS; SURFACTANT; MIXTURES; SANS AB We have determined the particle size distribution profiles of octane-terminated silicon nanoparticle suspensions, produced using the sonication of electrochemically etched Si wafers. Small-angle neutron scattering data was analyzed separately in high (0.4 nm(-1) < q < 3.0 nm(-1)) and low (q < 0.4 nm(-1)) scattering vector ranges. Data in the high q range is consistent with the log- normal distribution of isolated spherical particles with median diameter d = 3 +/- 0.2 nm. Particle sizes were also indirectly assessed from photoluminescence and optical transmission spectroscopy using the size/bandgap relation: E(g) = 3.44d(-0.5), where E(g) is in eV and d in nm. Both measurements were consistent with the particle size distribution profiles, estimated from ANS data fitting and TEM image analysis. A subpopulation of larger, irregular shape structures in the size range 10-50 nm was also indicated by neutron scattering in the low q range and HRTEM images. However, further studies are warranted to explain a relationship between the slope of scattering intensity versus scattering vector dependence in the intermediate scattering vector range (0.4 nm(-1) < q < 1.0 nm(-1)) and the role of non-geometrical Si nanoparticle characteristics (mutual interaction forces, surface termination, etc). C1 [Choi, Jonghoon; Tung, Shih-Huang; Wang, Nam Sun] Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Choi, Jonghoon; Reipa, Vytas] NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Choi, J (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM vytas@nist.gov RI Choi, Jonghoon/A-7693-2011; Tung, Shih-Huang/C-6832-2013; Wang, Nam Sun/E-4253-2016; OI Choi, Jonghoon/0000-0003-3554-7033; Tung, Shih-Huang/0000-0002-6787-4955 NR 45 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 8 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD FEB 27 PY 2008 VL 19 IS 8 AR 085715 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/19/8/085715 PG 8 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 259UW UT WOS:000252967400029 PM 21730746 ER PT J AU Sandin, SA Smith, JE DeMartini, EE Dinsdale, EA Donner, SD Friedlander, AM Konotchick, T Malay, M Maragos, JE Obura, D Pantos, O Paulay, G Richie, M Rohwer, F Schroeder, RE Walsh, S Jackson, JBC Knowlton, N Sala, E AF Sandin, Stuart A. Smith, Jennifer E. DeMartini, Edward E. Dinsdale, Elizabeth A. Donner, Simon D. Friedlander, Alan M. Konotchick, Talina Malay, Machel Maragos, James E. Obura, David Pantos, Olga Paulay, Gustav Richie, Morgan Rohwer, Forest Schroeder, Robert E. Walsh, Sheila Jackson, Jeremy B. C. Knowlton, Nancy Sala, Enric TI Baselines and Degradation of Coral Reefs in the Northern Line Islands SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article AB Effective conservation requires rigorous baselines of pristine conditions to assess the impacts of human activities and to evaluate the efficacy of management. Most coral reefs are moderately to severely degraded by local human activities such as fishing and pollution as well as global change, hence it is difficult to separate local from global effects. To this end, we surveyed coral reefs on uninhabited atolls in the northern Line Islands to provide a baseline of reef community structure, and on increasingly populated atolls to document changes associated with human activities. We found that top predators and reef-building organisms dominated unpopulated Kingman and Palmyra, while small planktivorous fishes and fleshy algae dominated the populated atolls of Tabuaeran and Kiritimati. Sharks and other top predators overwhelmed the fish assemblages on Kingman and Palmyra so that the biomass pyramid was inverted (top-heavy). In contrast, the biomass pyramid at Tabuaeran and Kiritimati exhibited the typical bottom-heavy pattern. Reefs without people exhibited less coral disease and greater coral recruitment relative to more inhabited reefs. Thus, protection from overfishing and pollution appears to increase the resilience of reef ecosystems to the effects of global warming. C1 [Sandin, Stuart A.; Konotchick, Talina; Richie, Morgan; Walsh, Sheila; Jackson, Jeremy B. C.; Knowlton, Nancy; Sala, Enric] Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biodivers & Conservat, La Jolla, CA USA. [Smith, Jennifer E.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, National Ctr Ecol Anal & Synthesis, Santa Barbara, CA USA. [DeMartini, Edward E.] Pacific Islands Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Honolulu, HI USA. [Dinsdale, Elizabeth A.; Pantos, Olga; Rohwer, Forest] San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA USA. [Donner, Simon D.] Princeton Univ, Woodrow Wilson Sch, Princeton, NJ USA. [Friedlander, Alan M.] Ocean Inst, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci Biogeography Team, NOAA, Waimanalo, HI USA. [Malay, Machel; Paulay, Gustav] Univ Florida, Florida Museum Natural History, Gainesville, FL USA. [Maragos, James E.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pacific Remote Islands, Natl Wildlife Refuge Complex, Honolulu, HI USA. [Obura, David] CORDIO East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya. [Schroeder, Robert E.] NOAA, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospheric Res, Pacific Islands Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI USA. [Jackson, Jeremy B. C.; Knowlton, Nancy] Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama. [Sala, Enric] CSIC, Ctr dEstudis Avancats Blanes, Blanes, Spain. RP Sandin, SA (reprint author), Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biodivers & Conservat, La Jolla, CA USA. EM esala@ucsd.edu RI Smith, Jennifer/E-5207-2013; kohki, sowa/D-2955-2011; OI Obura, David/0000-0003-2256-6649 FU Moore Family Foundation; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Fairweather Foundation; National Geographic Society; Marine Managed Areas Science Project of Conservation International; Scripps Institution of Oceanography FX This research was supported by the Moore Family Foundation, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Fairweather Foundation, National Geographic Society, the Marine Managed Areas Science Project of Conservation International, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, E. Scripps, I. Gayler, and several private donors. NR 79 TC 344 Z9 348 U1 22 U2 196 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 185 BERRY ST, STE 1300, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD FEB 27 PY 2008 VL 3 IS 2 AR e1548 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0001548 PG 11 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 367XS UT WOS:000260586500001 PM 18301734 ER PT J AU Wu, H Zhou, W Udovic, TJ Rush, JJ Yildirim, T AF Wu, Hui Zhou, Wei Udovic, Terrence J. Rush, John J. Yildirim, Taner TI Structures and crystal chemistry of Li2BNH6 and Li4BN3H10 SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID LITHIUM BOROHYDRIDE C1 [Wu, Hui; Zhou, Wei; Udovic, Terrence J.; Rush, John J.; Yildirim, Taner] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Wu, Hui; Zhou, Wei; Rush, John J.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Yildirim, Taner] Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Wu, H (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM huiwu@nist.gov RI Wu, Hui/C-6505-2008; Zhou, Wei/C-6504-2008; yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 OI Wu, Hui/0000-0003-0296-5204; Zhou, Wei/0000-0002-5461-3617; NR 11 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD FEB 26 PY 2008 VL 20 IS 4 BP 1245 EP 1247 DI 10.1021/cm703315e PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 264JN UT WOS:000253283700019 ER PT J AU Herzing, AA Carley, AF Edwards, JK Hutchings, GJ Kiely, CJ AF Herzing, A. A. Carley, A. F. Edwards, J. K. Hutchings, G. J. Kiely, C. J. TI Microstructural development and catalytic performance of Au-Pd nanoparticles on Al(2)O(3) supports: The effect of heat treatment temperature and atmosphere SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; COLLOIDAL PALLADIUM; DIRECT OXIDATION; H-2; O-2; H2O2; GOLD AB Au-Pd nanoparticles supported on a variety of oxides are known to be highly active catalysts for a number of interesting reactions, including the direct synthesis of H(2)O(2) from H(2) and O(2). A systematic series of Au-Pd/Al(2)O(3) catalysts, subjected to a variety of heat treatments, have been examined by STEM-XEDS and XPS in an effort to track the microstructural development of the bimetallic particles. It was observed that the nature and size distribution of the AuPd particles was highly dependent upon both the heat treatment temperature and the atmosphere. As synthesized particles were homogeneous alloys, but subsequent calcination in air produced metal particles which showed a progressive enrichment of Pd at their surface. The change from homogeneous alloy to Pd-rich shell/Au-rich core morphology and increase in average particle size induced by the calcination treatment was accompanied by a significant decrease in the activity of the catalyst. However, the calcination step is deemed to be necessary to produce a stable reusable catalyst that resists leaching of the metal from the oxide surface into solution. Furthermore, it is shown that the subsequent reduction of a previously calcined catalyst is highly deleterious to its performance and stimulates many of the AuPd particles to "invert" and form a Pd-rich core/Au-rich shell morphology. C1 [Herzing, A. A.; Kiely, C. J.] Lehigh Univ, Ctr Adv Mat & Nanotechnol, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. [Herzing, A. A.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Carley, A. F.; Edwards, J. K.; Hutchings, G. J.] Cardiff Univ, Sch Chem, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales. RP Herzing, AA (reprint author), Lehigh Univ, Ctr Adv Mat & Nanotechnol, 5 E Packer Ave, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. EM andrew.herzing@nist.gov RI Carley, Albert/A-7372-2010; Herzing, Andrew/D-6239-2012; Edwards, Jennifer/F-4518-2011 NR 30 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 44 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD FEB 26 PY 2008 VL 20 IS 4 BP 1492 EP 1501 DI 10.1021/cm702762d PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 264JN UT WOS:000253283700052 ER PT J AU Wang, H Huang, W Harwell, MA Edmiston, L Johnson, E Hsieh, P Milla, K Christensen, J Stewart, J Liu, X AF Wang, Hongqing Huang, Wenrui Harwell, Mark A. Edmiston, Lee Johnson, Elijah Hsieh, Ping Milla, Katherine Christensen, John Stewart, Jessica Liu, Xiaohai TI Modeling oyster growth rate by coupling oyster population and hydrodynamic models for Apalachicola Bay, Florida, USA SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE eastern oyster; oyster population modeling; coupled biological-physical models; estuaries; Bay salinity; freshwater inflow; Apalachicola Bay; hydrodynamic model ID FRESH-WATER INPUT; CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; GALVESTON-BAY; GULF ESTUARY; SALINITY; DYNAMICS; REEFS; TEXAS AB The eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) plays an important role both ecologically and economically in Apalachicola Bay, Florida. oyster population features such as population size, age structure, spawning, growth, and reproduction are closely related to bay salinity, which is often affected by freshwater flows from the Apalachicola River. Existing modeling approaches have used statistical models to examine the effects of changing freshwater inflow/salinity regime on oyster growth rates in Apalachicola Bay. However, little has been done using population process-based models. In this study, we adapted an oyster population model that simulates a diversity of population processes (including ingestion, assimilation, respiration, reproduction, spawning, recruitment, and mortality) and coupled it with a hydrodynamic-model to examine the effects of changes in freshwater flow/salinity on oyster growth rates. We simulated oyster populations at two sites, Cat Point, a less-freshwater-influenced oyster reef, and Dry Bar, a more-freshwater-influenced oyster reef. The model simulations agree reasonably well with field measurements (r(2) =0.84). Statistical analyses suggested that oyster growth rates are significantly related to salinity Lowest oyster growth rates tend to occur in mid-spring due to lowest salinity caused by highest Apalachicola River freshwater inflows whereas the growth peaks tend to occur in mid-summer because of the warm temperature and high food supply Meanwhile, changes in freshwater inflows affect oyster growth rates through influencing salinities as well as other environmental factors such as food availability; and the magnitudes of the change in oyster growth rates depend on the difference between salinity and salinity range for optimal growth. The salinity range for optimal growth (>= 2.0 mg AFDW oyster(-1) day(-1)) is between 20 and 25 ppt at Cat Point and 17-26 ppt at Dry Bar. Only at the optimal salinity level can oysters achieve the maximum growth rates. Our simulations indicate that coupling oyster population process-based models with hydrodynamic models has significant advantage over statistical models in examining the multivariable system and understanding nonlinear relationships between oyster dynamics and environmental factors. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Wang, Hongqing; Harwell, Mark A.; Johnson, Elijah] Florida A&M Univ, Environm Cooperat Sci Ctr, Inst Environm Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. [Huang, Wenrui; Liu, Xiaohai] Florida A&M Univ, Coll Engn, Dept Civil Engn, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. [Edmiston, Lee; Stewart, Jessica] Florida Dept Environm Protect, Apalachicola Natl Estuarine Res Reserve, Apalachicola, FL 32320 USA. [Hsieh, Ping; Milla, Katherine] Florida A&M Univ, Coll Engn Sci Technol & Agr, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. [Christensen, John] NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Wang, H (reprint author), Univ Louisiana, Ctr Louisiana Inland Water Studies, Lafayette, LA 70503 USA. EM hxw7894@louisiana.edu RI Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012; OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833; Wang, Hongqing/0000-0002-2977-7732 NR 48 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD FEB 24 PY 2008 VL 211 IS 1-2 BP 77 EP 89 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.08.018 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 261WX UT WOS:000253111800007 ER PT J AU Rosenfeld, D Woodley, WL Lerner, A Kelman, G Lindsey, DT AF Rosenfeld, Daniel Woodley, William L. Lerner, Amit Kelman, Guy Lindsey, Daniel T. TI Satellite detection of severe convective storms by their retrieved vertical profiles of cloud particle effective radius and thermodynamic phase SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL SOUNDING DATA; SUPERCOOLED LIQUID WATER; THUNDERSTORM; TORNADOES; MICROPHYSICS; CLIMATOLOGY; HELICITY; UPDRAFTS; AIRFLOW; BASE AB A new conceptual model that facilitates the inference of the vigor of severe convective storms, producing tornadoes and large hail, by using satellite- retrieved vertical profiles of cloud top temperature ( T) - particle effective radius ( r(e)) relations is presented and tested. The driving force of these severe weather phenomena is the high updraft speed, which can sustain the growth of large hailstones and provide the upward motion that is necessary to evacuate the violently converging air of a tornado. Stronger updrafts are revealed by the delayed growth of re to greater heights and lower T, because there is less time for the cloud and raindrops to grow by coalescence. The strong updrafts also delay the development of a mixed phase cloud and its eventual glaciation to colder temperatures. Analysis of case studies making use of these and related criteria show that they can be used to identify clouds that possess a significant risk of large hail and tornadoes. Although the strength and direction of the wind shear are major modulating factors, it appears that they are manifested in the updraft intensity and cloud shapes and hence in the T-r(e) profiles. It is observed that the severe storm T-r(e) signature is an extensive property of the clouds that develop ahead in space and time of the actual hail or tornadic storm, suggesting that the probabilities of large hail and tornadoes can be obtained at substantial lead times. Analysis of geostationary satellite time series indicates lead times of up to 2 h. C1 [Rosenfeld, Daniel; Lerner, Amit; Kelman, Guy] Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. [Lindsey, Daniel T.] NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Reg & Mesoscale Meteorol Branch, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Woodley, William L.] Woodley Weather Consultants, Littleton, CO 80127 USA. RP Rosenfeld, D (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. EM daniel@vms.huji.ac.il RI Lindsey, Dan/F-5607-2010; Rosenfeld, Daniel/F-6077-2016 OI Lindsey, Dan/0000-0002-0967-5683; Rosenfeld, Daniel/0000-0002-0784-7656 NR 39 TC 38 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 23 PY 2008 VL 113 IS D4 AR D04208 DI 10.1029/2007JD008600 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 267TJ UT WOS:000253531800001 ER PT J AU Zelevinsky, T Blatt, S Boyd, MM Campbell, GK Ludlow, AD Yei, J AF Zelevinsky, Tanya Blatt, Sebastian Boyd, Martin M. Campbell, Gretchen K. Ludlow, Andrew D. Yei, Jun TI Highly coherent spectroscopy of ultracold atoms and molecules in optical lattices SO CHEMPHYSCHEM LA English DT Article DE atomic clock; molecular trapping; optical processes; Ramsey spectroscopy; ultracold atoms ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; COLD MOLECULES; PHOTOASSOCIATION SPECTROSCOPY; FESHBACH RESONANCES; NOBEL LECTURE; NEUTRAL ATOMS; TRAPPED IONS; LASER; FREQUENCY; CAVITY AB Cooling and trapping of neutral atoms using laser techniques has enabled extensive progress in precise, coherent spectroscopy. In particular, trapping ultracold atoms in optical lattices in a tight confinement regime allows us to perform high-resolution spectroscopy unaffected by atomic motion. We report on the recent developments of optical lattice atomic clocks that have led to optical spectroscopy coherent at the one second timescale. The lattice clock techniques also open a promising pathway toward trapped ultracold molecules and the possible precision measurement opportunities such molecules offer. C1 [Zelevinsky, Tanya; Blatt, Sebastian; Boyd, Martin M.; Campbell, Gretchen K.; Ludlow, Andrew D.; Yei, Jun] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Zelevinsky, T (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, 538 W 120th St, New York, NY 10027 USA. EM tz@phys.columbia.edu RI Blatt, Sebastian/F-8986-2012; Campbell, Gretchen/E-8338-2010 OI Blatt, Sebastian/0000-0003-2466-9967; Campbell, Gretchen/0000-0003-2596-1919 NR 78 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA BOSCHSTRASSE 12, D-69469 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1439-4235 J9 CHEMPHYSCHEM JI ChemPhysChem PD FEB 22 PY 2008 VL 9 IS 3 BP 375 EP 382 DI 10.1002/cphc.200700713 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 268ZF UT WOS:000253618500003 PM 18275047 ER PT J AU Xia, Y AF Xia, Y. TI Adjustment of global precipitation data for orographic effects using observed annual streamflow and the LaD model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MACROSCALE WATER FLUXES; UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION; ENERGY BALANCES; LAND WATER; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; OPTIMAL PARAMETER; SURFACE MODEL; CLIMATE; IMPACTS AB Precipitation is one of the most important forcing data sets to drive land surface models to simulate global and regional water balances. However, precipitation cannot be accurately measured in high-latitudes and mountainous regions because of gauge undercatch and orographic effects, and estimation of precipitation is also difficult in these regions. In this study, a calibration method is developed to make a globally consistent adjustment for the underestimation of gridded precipitation in mountainous regions. This method contains an optimization algorithm, a land surface model, and a global digital elevation model. The calibration results show that when precipitation is adjusted by orographic bias and gauge undercatch, the optimization algorithm gives the smallest root mean square error (RMSE) between the observed and modeled runoff ratio in 24 basins over the world. Either gauge undercatch correction or orographic bias correction of precipitation can only reduce the error between observed and modeled runoff ratio; however, it cannot generate the smallest RMSE. Evaluation and validation of 12 basins in the continental US (CONUS) show that optimally adjusted precipitation is close to reference precipitation. C1 [Xia, Y.] NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environ Modelling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Xia, Y.] Princeton Univ, Atmos & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Xia, Y (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environ Modelling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM youlong.xia@noaa.gov NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 22 PY 2008 VL 113 IS D4 AR D04106 DI 10.1029/2007JD008545 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 267TI UT WOS:000253531700001 ER PT J AU Hobbie, EK Lin-Gibson, S Kumar, S AF Hobbie, E. K. Lin-Gibson, S. Kumar, S. TI Non-Brownian microrheology of a fluid-gel interface SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LOW-REYNOLDS-NUMBER; VISCOUS-FLOW; PARTICLE TRACKING; FLEXIBLE SURFACE; COMPLEX FLUIDS; INSTABILITY AB We use stroboscopic video microscopy to study the motion of a sheared fluid-gel interface. Mechanical noise plays a role analogous to temperature, but with a low-frequency breakdown of linear response consistent with an underlying instability. We relate the fast motion of the interface to the rheological properties of the gel, laying the foundation for a non-Brownian optical microrheology. C1 [Hobbie, E. K.; Lin-Gibson, S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Kumar, S.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Hobbie, EK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Kumar, Satish/A-1235-2007; Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 22 PY 2008 VL 100 IS 7 AR 076001 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.076001 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 265CO UT WOS:000253336900046 PM 18352570 ER PT J AU Zhou, XB Lock, R Li, W Wagner, N Murnane, MM Kapteyn, HC AF Zhou, Xibin Lock, Robynne Li, Wen Wagner, Nick Murnane, Margaret M. Kapteyn, Henry C. TI Molecular recollision interferometry in high harmonic generation SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PULSES; PHOTOIONIZATION; INTERFERENCE; ELECTRONS; DYNAMICS AB We use extreme-ultraviolet interferometry to measure the phase of high-order harmonic generation from transiently aligned CO(2) molecules. We unambiguously observe a reversal in phase of the high-order harmonic emission for higher harmonic orders with a sufficient degree of alignment. This results from molecular-scale quantum interferences between the molecular electronic wave function and the recolliding electron as it recombines with the molecule, and is consistent with a two-center model. Furthermore, using the combined harmonic intensity and phase information, we extract accurate information on the dispersion relation of the returning electron wave packet as a function of harmonic order. This analysis shows evidence of the effect of the molecular potential on the recolliding electron wave. C1 [Zhou, Xibin; Lock, Robynne; Li, Wen; Wagner, Nick; Murnane, Margaret M.; Kapteyn, Henry C.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Zhou, Xibin; Lock, Robynne; Li, Wen; Wagner, Nick; Murnane, Margaret M.; Kapteyn, Henry C.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Zhou, Xibin; Lock, Robynne; Li, Wen; Wagner, Nick; Murnane, Margaret M.; Kapteyn, Henry C.] Univ Colorado, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Zhou, XB (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Xibin.Zhou@colorado.edu RI Zhou, Xibin/C-1316-2011; Zhou, Xibin/B-5544-2009; Wagner, Nicholas/E-7437-2010; Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011 OI Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317 NR 24 TC 93 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 22 PY 2008 VL 100 IS 7 AR 073902 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.073902 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 265CO UT WOS:000253336900029 PM 18352553 ER PT J AU Alexander, M Capotondi, A Miller, A Chai, F Brodeur, R Deser, C AF Alexander, Michael Capotondi, Antonietta Miller, Arthur Chai, Fei Brodeur, Richard Deser, Clara TI Decadal variability in the northeast Pacific in a physical-ecosystem model: Role of mixed layer depth and trophic interactions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID SUB-ARCTIC PACIFIC; INTERDECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY; WEATHER STATION-P; ZOOPLANKTON BIOMASS; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION; PHYTOPLANKTON GROWTH; IRON ENRICHMENT; SCALE CLIMATE; HEAT-FLUX AB A basin-wide interdecadal change in both the physical state and the ecology of the North Pacific occurred near the end of 1976. Here we use a physical-ecosystem model to examine whether changes in the physical environment associated with the 1976-1977 transition influenced the lower trophic levels of the food web and if so by what means. The physical component is an ocean general circulation model, while the biological component contains 10 compartments: two phytoplankton, two zooplankton, two detritus pools, nitrate, ammonium, silicate, and carbon dioxide. The model is forced with observed atmospheric fields during 1960-1999. During spring, there is a similar to 40% reduction in plankton biomass in all four plankton groups during 1977-1988 relative to 1970-1976 in the central Gulf of Alaska (GOA). The epoch difference in plankton appears to be controlled by the mixed layer depth. Enhanced Ekman pumping after 1976 caused the halocline to shoal, and thus the mixed layer depth, which extends to the top of the halocline in late winter, did not penetrate as deep in the central GOA. As a result, more phytoplankton remained in the euphotic zone, and phytoplankton biomass began to increase earlier in the year after the 1976 transition. Zooplankton biomass also increased, but then grazing pressure led to a strong decrease in phytoplankton by April followed by a drop in zooplankton by May: Essentially, the mean seasonal cycle of plankton biomass was shifted earlier in the year. As the seasonal cycle progressed, the difference in plankton concentrations between epochs reversed sign again, leading to slightly greater zooplankton biomass during summer in the later epoch. C1 [Alexander, Michael; Capotondi, Antonietta] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Miller, Arthur] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Chai, Fei] Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME USA. [Brodeur, Richard] Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Deser, Clara] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam Div, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Alexander, M (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, R PSD1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM michael.alexander@noaa.gov RI Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013 OI Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427 NR 74 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD FEB 21 PY 2008 VL 113 IS C2 AR C02017 DI 10.1029/2007JC004359 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 267TP UT WOS:000253532400002 ER PT J AU Stefanopoulos, VG Papadimitriou, VC Lazarou, YG Papagiannakopoulos, P AF Stefanopoulos, Vassileios G. Papadimitriou, Vassileios C. Lazarou, Yannis G. Papagiannakopoulos, Panos TI Absolute rate coefficient determination and reaction mechanism investigation for the reaction of Cl atoms with CH2I2 and the oxidation mechanism of CH2I radicals SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID CORRELATED MOLECULAR CALCULATIONS; GAUSSIAN-BASIS SETS; RING-DOWN SPECTROSCOPY; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; GAS-PHASE REACTION; CHLORINE ATOMS; RATE CONSTANTS; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; ALKYL IODIDES; HALOGENATED MOLECULES AB The gas-phase reaction of atomic chlorine with diiodomethane was studied over the temperature range 273363 K with the very low-pressure reactor (VLPR) technique. The reaction takes place in a Knudsen reactor at pressures below 3 mTorr, where the steady-state concentration of both reactants and stable products is continuously measured by electron-impact mass spectrometry. The absolute rate coefficient as a function of temperature was given by k = (4.70+/-0.65) x 10(-11) exp[-(241+/-33)/T] cm(3) molecule(-1)s(-1), in the lowpressure regime. The quoted uncertainties are given at a 95% level of confidence (2 sigma) and include systematic errors. The reaction occur's via two pathways: the abstraction of a hydrogen atom leading to HCl and the abstraction of an iodine atom leading to ICl. The HCl yield was measured to be ca. 55+/-10%. The results suggest that the reaction proceeds via the intermediate CH2I2-Cl adduct formation, with a I-Cl bond strength of 51.9+/-15 kJ mol(-1), calculated at the B3P86/aug-cc-pVTZ-PP level of theory. Furthermore, the oxidation reactions of CHI2 and CH2I radicals were studied by introducing an excess of molecular oxygen in the Knudsen reactor. HCHO and HCOOH were the primary oxidation products indicating that the reactions with O-2 proceed via the intermediate peroxy radical formation and the subsequent elimination of either IO radical or I atom. HCHO and HCOOH were also detected by FT-IR, as the reaction products of photolytically generated CH2I radicals with O-2 in a static cell, which supports the proposed oxidation mechanism. Since the photolysis of CH2I2 is about 3 orders of magnitude faster than its reactive loss by Cl atoms, the title reaction does not constitute an important tropospheric sink for CH2I2. C1 [Stefanopoulos, Vassileios G.; Papadimitriou, Vassileios C.; Lazarou, Yannis G.; Papagiannakopoulos, Panos] Univ Crete, Dept Chem, Lab Photochem & Kinet, GR-71003 Iraklion, Greece. [Papadimitriou, Vassileios C.] Natl Ocean Atmospher Adm, Chem Sci Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Papadimitriou, Vassileios C.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Lazarou, Yannis G.] Natl Ctr Sci Res Demokritos, Inst Chem Phys, GR-15310 Athens, Greece. RP Papagiannakopoulos, P (reprint author), Univ Crete, Dept Chem, Lab Photochem & Kinet, GR-71003 Iraklion, Greece. EM lazarou@chem.demokritos.gr; panosp@chemistry.uoc.gr OI Papagiannakopoulos, Panos/0000-0002-8875-2770 NR 82 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD FEB 21 PY 2008 VL 112 IS 7 BP 1526 EP 1535 DI 10.1021/jp7096789 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 263MV UT WOS:000253222100020 PM 18220376 ER PT J AU Naoki, K Ukita, J Nishio, F Nakayama, M Comiso, JC Gasiewski, A AF Naoki, Kazuhiro Ukita, Jinro Nishio, Fumihiko Nakayama, Masashige Comiso, Josefino C. Gasiewski, Al TI Thin sea ice thickness as inferred from passive microwave and in situ observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE IMAGERY; OKHOTSK SEA; AMSR-E; VARIABILITY; FREQUENCIES; POLYNYAS; WINTER; WATER; SAR AB Microwave radiometric signals from sea ice strongly reflect physical conditions of a layer near the ice surface. This study examines the extent to which the relationships of thickness with brightness temperature and with emissivity hold for thin sea ice, approximately <0.2-0.3 m, and how those relationships may arise from changes in brine characteristics through modification of dielectric properties near the ice surface. In order to address these questions we made concurrent measurements of sea ice thickness in the Sea of Okhotsk from a ship and passive microwave radiometry from an over-flying aircraft. The results show that the brightness temperature and emissivity increase with thickness approximately within the thin ice for a frequency range of 10-37 GHz. The relationship is more pronounced at lower frequencies and at the horizontal polarization. We also established an empirical relationship between ice thickness and salinity in the layer near the ice surface from a field experiment, which qualitatively supports the idea that changes in the near-surface brine characteristics contribute to the observed thickness-brightness temperature/emissivity relationship. On the basis of our results, we conclude that for thin ice, passive microwave radiometric signals likely contain indirect information on ice thickness through the dependence of dielectric properties on brine, which provides a plausible and common explanation for previously proposed passive microwave thickness algorithms. C1 [Naoki, Kazuhiro; Ukita, Jinro; Nishio, Fumihiko] Chiba Univ, Grad Sch Sci & Technol, Chiba 9502181, Japan. [Naoki, Kazuhiro; Ukita, Jinro; Nishio, Fumihiko] Chiba Univ, Ctr Environm Remote Sensing, Chiba 9502181, Japan. [Nakayama, Masashige] Kushiro Childrens Museum, Kushiro, Hokkaido 0850017, Japan. [Comiso, Josefino C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Gasiewski, Al] NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Naoki, K (reprint author), Chiba Univ, Grad Sch Sci & Technol, 1-33 Yayoi, Chiba 9502181, Japan. EM naoki@restaff.chiba-u.jp; jukita@env.sc.niigata-u.ac.jp; fnishio@faculty.chiba-u.jp; nakayama@kodomoyugakukan.jp; josefino.c.comiso@nasa.gov; al.gasiewski@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD FEB 19 PY 2008 VL 113 IS C2 AR C02S16 DI 10.1029/2007JC004270 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 267TN UT WOS:000253532200003 ER PT J AU Noscinovsky, M Bhushan, B AF Noscinovsky, Michael Bhushan, Bharat TI Patterned nonadhesive surfaces: Superhydrophobicity and wetting regime transitions SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID CONTACT-ANGLE HYSTERESIS; ROUGH SURFACES; CASSIE; WENZEL; STATES; WATER; OPTIMIZATION; DROPS; MODEL AB Nonadhesive and water-repellent surfaces are required for many tribological applications. We study mechanisms of wetting of patterned superhydrophobic Si surfaces, including the transition between various wetting regimes during microdroplet evaporation in environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and for contact angle and contact angle hysteresis measurements. Wetting involves interactions at different scale levels: macroscale (water droplet size), microscale (surface texture size), and nanoscale (molecular size). We propose a generalized formulation of the Wenzel and Cassie equations that is consistent with the broad range of experimental data. We show that the contact angle hysteresis involves two different mechanisms and how the transition from the metastable partially wetted (Cassie) state to the homogeneously wetted (Wenzel) state depends upon droplet size and surface pattern parameters. C1 [Bhushan, Bharat] Ohio State Univ, Nanotribol Lab Informat Storage, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Bhushan, Bharat] Ohio State Univ, MEMS NEMS NLIM, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Noscinovsky, Michael] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bhushan, B (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Nanotribol Lab Informat Storage, 201 W 19th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM bhushan.2@osu.edu RI Bhushan, Bharat/A-9684-2013 OI Bhushan, Bharat/0000-0001-7161-6601 NR 43 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 25 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD FEB 19 PY 2008 VL 24 IS 4 BP 1525 EP 1533 DI 10.1021/la702239w PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 262ED UT WOS:000253130900050 ER PT J AU Ledbetter, MP Savukov, IM Budker, D Shah, V Knappe, S Kitching, J Michalak, DJ Xu, S Pines, A AF Ledbetter, M. P. Savukov, I. M. Budker, D. Shah, V. Knappe, S. Kitching, J. Michalak, D. J. Xu, S. Pines, A. TI Zero-field remote detection of NMR with a microfabricated atomic magnetometer SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE microfluidics; signal-to-noise ratio; mass-limited sample ID MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; SPIN-EXCHANGE; SAMPLES; SPECTROSCOPY; RELAXATION; H-1-NMR; MRI AB We demonstrate remote detection of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with a microchip sensor consisting of a microfluidic channel and a microfabricated vapor cell (the heart of an atomic magnetometer). Detection occurs at zero magnetic field, which allows operation of the magnetometer in the spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) regime and increases the proximity of sensor and sample by eliminating the need for a solenoid to create a leading field. We achieve pulsed NMR linewidths of 26 Hz, limited, we believe, by the residence time and flow dispersion in the encoding region. In a fully optimized system, we estimate that for 1 s of integration, 7 x 10(13) protons in a volume of 1 mm(3), prepolarized in a 10-kG field, can be detected with a signal-to-noise ratio of approximate to 3. This level of sensitivity is competitive with that demonstrated by microcoils in 100-kG magnetic fields, without requiring superconducting magnets. C1 [Michalak, D. J.; Xu, S.; Pines, A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Ledbetter, M. P.; Savukov, I. M.; Budker, D.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Budker, D.] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Nucl Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Shah, V.; Knappe, S.; Kitching, J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Pines, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM pines@berkeley.edu RI Budker, Dmitry/F-7580-2016 OI Budker, Dmitry/0000-0002-7356-4814 NR 26 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 21 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD FEB 19 PY 2008 VL 105 IS 7 BP 2286 EP 2290 DI 10.1073/pnas.0711505105 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 266XB UT WOS:000253469900009 PM 18287080 ER PT J AU Zaumseil, J Kline, RJ Sirringhaus, H AF Zaumseil, Jana Kline, R. Joseph Sirringhaus, Henning TI Electroluminescence imaging and microstructure of organic light-emitting field-effect transistors SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CHARGE-TRANSPORT; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; THIN-FILM; AMBIPOLAR; MORPHOLOGY; ALIGNMENT; DIODES; FLUORESCENCE; POLYFLUORENE; MICROSCOPY AB The effect of morphology and microstructure on the emission characteristics of ambipolar light-emitting field-effect transistors is studied using the polyfluorene copolymer F8BT [poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole)] as a model system. Different intensity distributions of the emission zones of amorphous, polycrystalline, and aligned F8BT films are demonstrated. Electroluminescence maps of the channel region are produced by overlaying a series of images recorded during gate voltage sweeps. They show a correlation to the microcrystalline structure of the F8BT and are assumed to visualize the current density distribution within the transistor channel. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Zaumseil, Jana; Sirringhaus, Henning] Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Dept Phys, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. [Kline, R. Joseph] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zaumseil, J (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Dept Phys, JJ Thomson Av, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. EM hs220@cam.ac.uk RI Kline, Regis/B-8557-2008; OI Zaumseil, Jana /0000-0002-2048-217X; Sirringhaus, Henning/0000-0001-9827-6061 NR 22 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 18 PY 2008 VL 92 IS 7 AR 073304 DI 10.1063/1.2836790 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 267WS UT WOS:000253540500050 ER PT J AU Montie, EW Fair, PA Bossart, GD Mitchum, GB Houde, M Muir, DCG Letcher, RJ Mcfee, WE Starczak, VR Stegeman, JJ Hahn, ME AF Montie, Eric W. Fair, Patricia A. Bossart, Gregory D. Mitchum, Greg B. Houde, Magali Muir, Derek C. G. Letcher, Robert J. McFee, Wayne E. Starczak, Victoria R. Stegeman, John J. Hahn, Mark E. TI Cytochrome P4501A1 expression, polychlorinated biphenyls and hydroxylated metabolites, and adipocyte size of bottlenose dolphins from the Southeast United States SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CYP1A1; PCBs; OH-PCBs; blubber; lactation; Bottlenose dolphin ID WHALE DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; PORPOISE PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; RAT-LIVER MICROSOMES; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; THYROID-HORMONE; ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS; PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINES; PHOCA-VITULINA; BLUBBER; PCB AB Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) bioaccumulate in blubber of marine mammals. Therefore, it is important to understand the structure and dynamics of blubber layers and how they affect the accumulation of POPs and subsequent biochemical responses. We used established histological and immunohistochemical methods to document the structure of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) blubber and to assess the expression of cytochrome P450Al (CYP1A1) in skin-blubber biopsies of dolphins sampled in the waters off Charleston, SC (CHS) (N= 38), and Indian River Lagoon, FL (IRL) (N= 36). CYP1A1 expression was strongest and most frequent in capillary endothelial cells and was stratified in blubber; the greatest CYP1A1 staining was in the deepest layer. CYP1A1 expression in deep blubber and 2,3,7,8-TCDD Toxic Equivalents measured in the entire blubber were significantly higher in dolphins from CHS as compared to those from IRL. Adipocyte size was associated with the extent of CYP1A1 expression, Male dolphins with smaller adipocytes from CHS and IRL had higher levels of CYP1A1 expression in deep blubber. In CHS females, CYP1A1 expression in vascular endothelial cells varied with reproductive status. CYP1A1 expression in the deep layer was highest in Simultaneously pregnant-lactating dolphins, and these dolphins had the smallest adipocytes in deep blubber. In all dolphins, CYP1A1 expression in the deep blubber layer was positively related to concentrations of hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs) in plasma. In summary, redistribution of AHR agonists from blubber into the circulatory system may enhance PCB metabolism and production of OH-PCBs by induction of CYP1A1 in hepatocytes and, possibly, by induction of CYP1A1 in endothelial cells of the deep blubber. The OH-PCBs thus formed have the potential to interfere with thyroid hormone homeostasis. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Montie, Eric W.; Starczak, Victoria R.; Stegeman, John J.; Hahn, Mark E.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Fair, Patricia A.; Mitchum, Greg B.; McFee, Wayne E.] NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC USA. [Bossart, Gregory D.] Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. [Houde, Magali; Muir, Derek C. G.] Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. [Muir, Derek C. G.] Environm Canada, Natl Water Res Inst, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Letcher, Robert J.] Carleton Univ, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Environm Canada, Sci & Technol Branch, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. RP Montie, EW (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, 140 7th Ave S,Room 2121, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM emontie@marine.usf.edu; mhahn@whoi.edu OI Muir, Derek/0000-0001-6631-9776; Hahn, Mark/0000-0003-4358-2082 NR 62 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD FEB 18 PY 2008 VL 86 IS 3 BP 397 EP 412 DI 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.12.004 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 280TR UT WOS:000254449600008 PM 18222549 ER PT J AU Thorpe, MJ Balslev-Clausen, D Kirchner, MS Ye, J AF Thorpe, Michael J. Balslev-Clausen, David Kirchner, Matthew S. Ye, Jun TI Cavity-enhanced optical frequency comb spectroscopy: application to human breath analysis SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID RING-DOWN SPECTROSCOPY; QUANTUM-CASCADE LASER; ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; EXHALED BREATH; LUNG-CANCER; ETHANE; EXPOSURE; BAND AB Broad-bandwidth, high-spectral-resolution optical detection of human breath has identified multiple important biomarkers correlated with specific diseases and metabolic processes. This optical-frequency-comb-based breath analysis system comes with excellent performance in all criteria: high detection sensitivity, ability to identify and distinguish a large number of analytes, and simultaneous, real-time information processing. We demonstrate a minimum detectable absorption of 8 x 10(-10) cm(-1), a spectral resolution of 800 MHz, and 200 nm of spectral coverage from 1.5 to 1.7 mu m where strong and unique molecular fingerprints exist for many biomarkers. We present a series of breath measurements including stable isotope ratios of CO2, breath concentrations of CO, and the presence of trace concentrations of NH3 in high concentrations of H2O. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America. C1 [Thorpe, Michael J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Thorpe, MJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM thorpe@jilauI.Colorado.EDU RI Kirchner, Matthew/F-9020-2010; Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 31 TC 153 Z9 155 U1 8 U2 75 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD FEB 18 PY 2008 VL 16 IS 4 BP 2387 EP 2397 DI 10.1364/OE.16.002387 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA 268BE UT WOS:000253552100009 PM 18542317 ER PT J AU McGrath, LM Parnas, RS King, SH Schroeder, JL Fischer, DA Lenhart, JL AF McGrath, Laura M. Parnas, Richard S. King, Saskia H. Schroeder, John L. Fischer, Daniel A. Lenhart, Joseph L. TI Investigation of the thermal, mechanical, and fracture properties of alumina-epoxy composites SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE epoxy; composite; filled polymer ID GLASS-TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; ULTRATHIN POLYMER-FILMS; ANGULAR-SHAPED SILICA; BEAD FILLED EPOXIES; PARTICLE-SIZE; THIN-FILMS; PARTICULATE COMPOSITES; SPHERICAL SILICA; NETWORK FILMS; RESIN AB A combination of dynamic shear rheology, thermomechanical analysis (TMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS), and fracture toughness testing was utilized to characterize the thermal, mechanical, chemical, and fracture properties of alumina (alpha-Al2O3)-filled epoxy resins as a function of average filler size, size distribution, particle shape, loading, and epoxy crosslink density. In general the cured properties of the filled composites were robust. Small changes in particle size, shape, and size distribution had little impact on the final properties. Resin crosslink density and filler loading were the most critical variables, causing changes in all properties. However, most applications could likely tolerate small changes in these variables also. SEM and NEXAFS characterization of the fracture surfaces revealed that the fracture occurs at the filler interface and the interfacial epoxy composition is similar to the bulk resin, indicating a weak epoxy-alumina interaction. These results are critical for implementation of particulate-filled polymer composites in practical applications because relaxed material specifications and handling procedures can be incorporated in production environments to improve efficiency. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [McGrath, Laura M.; King, Saskia H.; Schroeder, John L.; Lenhart, Joseph L.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [McGrath, Laura M.; Parnas, Richard S.] Univ Connecticut, Inst Mat Sci, Polymer Program, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. [Fischer, Daniel A.] NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lenhart, JL (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS 0888, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM jllenha@sandia.gov NR 89 TC 89 Z9 91 U1 8 U2 57 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD FEB 18 PY 2008 VL 49 IS 4 BP 999 EP 1014 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.12.014 PG 16 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 272GA UT WOS:000253846700022 ER PT J AU Hudman, RC Murray, LT Jacob, DJ Millet, DB Turquety, S Wu, S Blake, DR Goldstein, AH Holloway, J Sachse, GW AF Hudman, R. C. Murray, L. T. Jacob, D. J. Millet, D. B. Turquety, S. Wu, S. Blake, D. R. Goldstein, A. H. Holloway, J. Sachse, G. W. TI Biogenic versus anthropogenic sources of CO in the United States SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; EMISSIONS; FOREST; FORMALDEHYDE; ISOPRENE; OZONE; MODEL AB Aircraft observations of carbon monoxide (CO) from the ICARTT campaign over the eastern United States in summer 2004 ( July 1-August 15), interpreted with a global 3-D model of tropospheric chemistry (GEOS-Chem), show that the national anthropogenic emission inventory from the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (93 Tg CO y(-1)) is too high by 60% in summer. Our best estimate of the CO anthropogenic source for the ICARTT period is 6.4 Tg CO, including 4.6 Tg from direct emission and 1.8 Tg CO from oxidation of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The biogenic CO source for the same period from the oxidation of isoprene and other biogenic VOCs is 8.3 Tg CO, and is independently constrained by ICARTT observations of formaldehyde (HCHO). Anthropogenic emissions of CO in the U.S. have decreased to the point that they are now lower than the biogenic source in summer. C1 [Hudman, R. C.; Murray, L. T.; Jacob, D. J.; Wu, S.] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Blake, D. R.] Univ Calif Irvine, Sch Phys Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Goldstein, A. H.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Ecosyst Sci, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Holloway, J.] NOAA OAR, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Millet, D. B.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Sachse, G. W.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Div Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Turquety, S.] Univ Paris 06, IPSL, Serv Aeron, F-75252 Paris 05, France. RP Hudman, RC (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, 29 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM hudman@fas.harvard.edu; ltmurray@fas.harvard.edu; djacob@fas.harvard.edu; dbm@umn.edu; solene.turquety@aero.jussieu.fr; wu18@fas.harvard.edu; drblake@uci.edu; agoldstein@nature.berkeley.edu; john.s.holloway@noaa.gov; glen.w.sachse@nasa.gov RI Hudman, Rynda/C-6118-2009; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Millet, Dylan/G-5832-2012; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Murray, Lee/F-2296-2014; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014 OI Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; Murray, Lee/0000-0002-3447-3952; NR 23 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 16 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 4 AR L04801 DI 10.1029/2007GL032393 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 263QT UT WOS:000253232300003 ER PT J AU Fan, SM AF Fan, Song-Miao TI Photochemical and biochemical controls on reactive oxygen and iron speciation in the pelagic surface ocean SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE iron; iron speciation; iron and light colimitation; hydrogen peroxide; superoxide; reactive oxygen; kinetic model; photodissociation; photoreduction; cell surface reductase ID LIGHT-INDUCED DISSOLUTION; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; TIME-SERIES STATION; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; COLLOIDAL IRON; SARGASSO-SEA; COASTAL WATERS; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; NORTH PACIFIC; IRON(III) (HYDR)OXIDES AB A time-dependent chemistry model is used to predict reactive oxygen species (ROS=H2O2+ O-2(-)) and dissolved Fe (DFe) speciation in the surface ocean. A new feature of the model is inclusion of biological sources of superoxide. The model suggests that biochemistry mediated by phytoplankton cells is as important as photochemistry for the formation of ROS. Formation of stable organic Fe(III) complexes (FeL) maintains the concentration of DFe in seawater. Iron speciation in the model is also controlled by biochemical and photochemical processes, and is far from thermodynamic equilibrium. During light periods, photo-reduction of FeL produces dissolved inorganic iron much more than thermal decomposition and cell-surface reduction of FeL, thus facilitating phytoplankton uptake of iron in the ocean. During the nighttime, O-2(-) produced by reductases on cell surfaces both reacts with FeL, producing Fe(H), and retards the oxidation of Fe(II) and subsequent formation of FeL; therefore significant levels of bio-available Fe is maintained through this period. Photo-reduction nearly balances the formation of FeL in the model, and may control bioavailability of dissolved iron. This suggests a possible extracellular mechanism of iron and light colimitation to primary productivity. A phytoplankton growth limitation by FeL photo-reduction depends on its rate coefficient for which we need extensive measurements in natural seawater. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Fan, SM (reprint author), NOAA Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308,201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Songmiao.Fan@noaa.gov NR 93 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD FEB 16 PY 2008 VL 109 IS 1-2 BP 152 EP 164 DI 10.1016/j.marchem.2008.01.005 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 285IC UT WOS:000254769500012 ER PT J AU Amornthammarong, N Zhang, JZ AF Amornthammarong, Natchanon Zhang, Jia-Zhong TI Shipboard fluorometric flow analyzer for high-resolution underway measurement of ammonium in Seawater SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID AMINO-ACIDS; NANOMOLAR CONCENTRATIONS; COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION; FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; NATURAL-WATERS; SEA; NITRATE; NAPHTHALENE-2,3-DICARBOXALDEHYDE; TOXICITY; KINETICS AB A shipboard fluorometric flow analyzer has been developed for near-real-time, high-resolution underway measurement of ammonium in seawater. The fluorometric method is based on the reaction of ammonium with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) and sulfite. The reagents used in this method have been modified to suit seawater analysis. This method shows no refractive index and salinity effect from seawater samples. The potential interferences in seawater have been studied, and their effects have been reduced. The instrument response is linear over a wide range of ammonium concentration. The limit of detection of 1.1 nM was estimated in laboratory using ammonium standards prepared in distilled water. It should be noted that application of this method to low-level ammonium measurement requires a correction of interference species, such as amino acids. The sample throughput is 3600 h(-1). The system can be used for both freshwater and seawater samples and has been used to monitor the distribution of ammonium in Florida coastal waters around an oceanic wastewater outfall. C1 [Amornthammarong, Natchanon; Zhang, Jia-Zhong] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Amornthammarong, N (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM natchanon.amornthammarong@noaa.gov RI Amornthammarong, Natchanon/A-5752-2011; Zhang, Jia-Zhong/B-7708-2008 OI Amornthammarong, Natchanon/0000-0003-1677-1865; Zhang, Jia-Zhong/0000-0002-1138-2556 NR 37 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD FEB 15 PY 2008 VL 80 IS 4 BP 1019 EP 1026 DI 10.1021/ac701942f PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 262RJ UT WOS:000253165400015 PM 18217726 ER PT J AU Rukhin, AL AF Rukhin, Andrew L. TI Estimation and testing for the common intersection point SO CHEMOMETRICS AND INTELLIGENT LABORATORY SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE linear regression; isokinetic relationship; intersection-union principle; error-in-variables regression; rank-based inference; robustness ID TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE AB The problems of estimating a common intersection point from a collection of straight lines and of testing the hypothesis that such a point exists are considered. The relationship to the error-in-variables regression and to the intersection-union principle is explored. Robust rank-based procedures for this problem are suggested, and the results of Monte Carlo simulation are reported. An example of isokinetic relationship in hexachlorobiphenyl is reviewed. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Rukhin, Andrew L.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Math & Stat, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Rukhin, Andrew L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rukhin, AL (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Math & Stat, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM adrew.rukhin@nist.gov NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7439 J9 CHEMOMETR INTELL LAB JI Chemometrics Intell. Lab. Syst. PD FEB 15 PY 2008 VL 90 IS 2 BP 116 EP 122 DI 10.1016/j.chemolab.2007.08.004 PG 7 WC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry, Analytical; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry; Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mathematics GA 264HR UT WOS:000253278900003 ER PT J AU McIntyre, JK Baldwin, DH Meador, JP Scholz, NL AF McIntyre, Jenifer K. Baldwin, David H. Meador, James P. Scholz, Nathaniel L. TI Chemosensory deprivation in juvenile coho salmon exposed to dissolved copper under varying water chemistry conditions SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOTIC LIGAND MODEL; MINNOWS PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; OLFACTORY RECEPTOR; RAINBOW-TROUT; ATLANTIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; ELECTRO-OLFACTOGRAM; ACUTE TOXICITY; FRESH-WATER; SYSTEM AB Dissolved copper is an important nonpoint source pollutant in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Copper is neurotoxic to fish and is specifically known to interfere with the normal function of the peripheral olfactory nervous system. However, the influence of water chemistry on the bioavailability and toxicity of copper to olfactory sensory neurons is not well understood, Here we used electrophysiological recordings from the olfactory epithelium of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to investigate the impacts of copper in freshwaters with different chemical properties. In low ionic strength artificial fresh water, a short-term (30 min) exposure to 20 mu g/L dissolved copper reduced the olfactory response to a natural odorant (10-5 M L-serine) by 82%. Increasing water hardness (0.2-1.6 mM Ca) or alkalinity (0.2-3.2 mM HCO3-) only slightly diminished the inhibitory effects of copper. Moreover, the loss of olfactory function was not affected by a change in pH from 8.6 to 7.6. By contrast, olfactory capacity was partially restored by increasing dissolved organic carbon (DOC; 0.1-6.0 mg/L). Given the range of natural water quality conditions in the western United States, water hardness and alkalinity are unlikely to protect threatened or endangered salmon from the sensory neurotoxicity of copper. However, the olfactory toxicity of copper may be partially reduced in surface waters that have a high DOC content. C1 [McIntyre, Jenifer K.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. [Baldwin, David H.; Meador, James P.; Scholz, Nathaniel L.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Ecotoxicol & Environm Fish Hlth Program, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Scholz, NL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Box 355020,1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. EM nathaniel.scholz@noaa.gov RI Scholz, Nathaniel/L-1642-2013 OI Scholz, Nathaniel/0000-0001-6207-0272 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42ES-004696] NR 39 TC 53 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 32 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 15 PY 2008 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1352 EP 1358 DI 10.1021/es071603e PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 263XW UT WOS:000253250800063 PM 18351116 ER PT J AU Foltz, GR McPhaden, MJ AF Foltz, Gregory R. McPhaden, Michael J. TI Seasonal mixed layer salinity balance of the tropical North Atlantic Ocean SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE SALINITY; BRAZIL CURRENT RETROFLECTION; WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; BARRIER LAYER; HEAT-BUDGET; MODEL; CIRCULATION; CURRENTS AB In this study the causes of the seasonal cycle of mixed layer salinity in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean are investigated from a combination of satellite, atmospheric reanalysis, and in situ data sets. Results indicate that the salinity balance varies regionally, leading to a seasonal cycle in sea surface salinity (SSS) with significant spatial inhomogeneity. For example, horizontal salinity advection plays a key role in the salinity balance of the western tropical North Atlantic (10-25 degrees N, 50-65 degrees W), where seasonal variations in SSS are relatively large. In contrast, in the north-central basin (15-25 degrees N, 20-50 degrees W), freshening from meridional advection balances an excess of evaporation over precipitation, resulting in a very weak seasonal cycle of mixed layer salinity. Farther south (5-15 degrees N, 20-45 degrees W), seasonal variations of precipitation are more significant and drive a pronounced seasonal cycle of mixed layer salinity. Throughout most of the tropical North Atlantic the sum of the surface moisture flux and horizontal advection underestimates the mixed layer salinity tendency during boreal fall and winter. This is the time of year with highest wind speeds and highest negative buoyancy flux, suggesting that vertical turbulent entrainment of high-salinity thermocline water may be important. Daily measurements from a moored buoy in the central tropical North Atlantic are consistent with this interpretation. The results of this study highlight the complexity of the seasonal salinity balance in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean and the need for continued in situ monitoring of upper ocean salinity and currents to complement future space-based surface salinity measurements. C1 [Foltz, Gregory R.] Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [McPhaden, Michael J.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Foltz, GR (reprint author), Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM gregory.foltz@noaa.gov RI Foltz, Gregory/B-8710-2011; McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 OI Foltz, Gregory/0000-0003-0050-042X; NR 55 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD FEB 15 PY 2008 VL 113 IS C2 AR C02013 DI 10.1029/2007JC004178 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 263SB UT WOS:000253235700002 ER PT J AU Habib, E Larson, BF Nuttle, WK Rivera-Monroy, VH Nelson, BR Mesethe, EA Twilley, RR AF Habib, Emad Larson, Boone F. Nuttle, William K. Rivera-Monroy, Victor H. Nelson, Brian R. Mesethe, Ehab A. Twilley, Robert R. TI Effect of rainfall spatial variability and sampling on salinity prediction in an estuarine system SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE salinity modeling; rainfall sampling; spatial variability; uncertainty; NEXRAD; estuary ID MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTA; MODEL; BAY; UNCERTAINTY; LOUISIANA; RADAR; RESTORATION; EVOLUTION; PLAIN; COAST AB Reliable and accurate forecasts of salinity changes are essential for the success of current and future management scenarios aimed at restoring and sustaining natural resources of coastal and estuarine ecosystems. Because of the physical complexity of such ecosystems, information on uncertainty associated with salinity forecasts should be assessed and incorporated into management and restoration decisions. This study focuses on the impact of spatial variability and limited sampling of rainfall on salinity prediction in an estuarine system. The analysis is conducted on the Barataria basin, which is a wetland-dominated estuarine system located directly west of the Mississippi Delta complex on the United States coast of south Louisiana. The basin has been experiencing significant losses of wetland at a rate of nearly 23 km(2)/year. Radar-rainfall data with high spatial resolution are used to simulate various scenarios of hypothetical rain gauge sampling densities over the basin. A mass-balance hydrologic salinity model is used to assess the effect of reduced rainfall sampling on salinity prediction in the basin. The results indicated that, due to the critical role played by rainfall in determining the overall balance of the basin freshwater budget, a high degree of uncertainty exists in salinity predictions when using typical average rain gauge densities (e.g., 1.3 gauges/1000 km(2) in the US). These uncertainties decline sharply as the number of available gauges is increased beyond the typically available density. Uncertainties in salinity predictions in the Barataria basin are larger in inland locations and smaller near the mouth of the basin, where salinity conditions in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico exert a large influence. Rainfall uncertainties also affected parameter estimation during model calibration, where the estimation of some parameters exhibited significant levels of bias and random scatter. The study highlights the necessity of improving rainfall monitoring especially in estuarine systems that are controlled by rainfall as a main source of freshwater and where the management of freshwater supply is a viable option. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Habib, Emad; Larson, Boone F.; Mesethe, Ehab A.] Univ Louisiana, Ctr Louisiana Water Studies, Inst Coastal Ecol & Engn, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. [Habib, Emad; Larson, Boone F.; Mesethe, Ehab A.] Univ Louisiana, Ctr Louisiana Water Studies, Dept Civil Engn, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. [Nuttle, William K.] Eco Hydrol, Ottawa, ON K1S 4B6, Canada. [Rivera-Monroy, Victor H.; Twilley, Robert R.] Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal & Sci, Wetland Biogeochem Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Nelson, Brian R.] NOAA, Natl Climate Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Habib, E (reprint author), Univ Louisiana, Ctr Louisiana Water Studies, Inst Coastal Ecol & Engn, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. EM habib@touisiana.edu RI Rivera-Monroy, Victor/G-7329-2011; Nelson, Brian/D-6432-2014 NR 35 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD FEB 15 PY 2008 VL 350 IS 1-2 BP 56 EP 67 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.11.034 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 268SR UT WOS:000253600200005 ER PT J AU Garlea, VO Jin, R Mandrus, D Roessli, B Huang, Q Miller, M Schultz, AJ Nagler, SE AF Garlea, V. O. Jin, R. Mandrus, D. Roessli, B. Huang, Q. Miller, M. Schultz, A. J. Nagler, S. E. TI Magnetic and orbital ordering in the spinel MnV(2)O(4) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRANSITIONS AB Neutron inelastic scattering and diffraction techniques have been used to study the MnV(2)O(4) spinel system. Our measurements show the existence of two transitions to long-range ordered ferrimagnetic states, the first collinear and the second noncollinear. The lower temperature transition, characterized by development of antiferromagnetic components in the basal plane, is accompanied by a tetragonal distortion and the appearance of a gap in the magnetic excitation spectrum. The low-temperature noncollinear magnetic structure has been definitively resolved. Taken together, the crystal and magnetic structures indicate a staggered ordering of the V d orbitals. The anisotropy gap is a consequence of unquenched V orbital angular momentum. C1 [Garlea, V. O.; Nagler, S. E.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Jin, R.; Mandrus, D.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Roessli, B.] ETH, Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Neutron Scattering, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. [Huang, Q.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Miller, M.; Schultz, A. J.] Argonne Natl Lab, IPNS Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Garlea, VO (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM garleao@ornl.gov RI Nagler, Stephen/B-9403-2010; Nagler, Stephen/E-4908-2010; Mandrus, David/H-3090-2014; Garlea, Vasile/A-4994-2016 OI Nagler, Stephen/0000-0002-7234-2339; Garlea, Vasile/0000-0002-5322-7271 NR 21 TC 84 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 27 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 15 PY 2008 VL 100 IS 6 AR 066404 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.066404 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 263TC UT WOS:000253238400052 PM 18352495 ER PT J AU Bindlish, R Jackson, TJ Gasiewski, A Stankov, B Klein, M Cosh, MH Mladenova, I Watts, C Vivoni, E Lakshmi, V Bolten, J Keefer, T AF Bindlish, R. Jackson, T. J. Gasiewski, A. Stankov, B. Klein, M. Cosh, M. H. Mladenova, I. Watts, C. Vivoni, E. Lakshmi, V. Bolten, J. Keefer, T. TI Aircraft based soil moisture retrievals under mixed vegetation and topographic conditions SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE soil moisture; microwave; AMSR-E; hydrology ID POLARIMETRIC SCANNING RADIOMETER; NORTH-AMERICAN MONSOON; AMSR-E; MICROWAVE EMISSION; C-BAND AB An unresolved issue in global soil moisture retrieval using passive microwave sensors is the spatial integration of heterogeneous landscape features to the nominal 50 km footprint observed by most low frequency satellite systems. One of the objectives of the Soil Moisture Experiments 2004 (SMEX04) was to address some aspects of this problem, specifically variability introduced by vegetation, topography and convective precipitation. Other goals included supporting the development of soil moisture data sets that would contribute to understanding the role of the land surface in the concurrent North American Monsoon System. SMEX04 was conducted over two regions: Arizona - semi-arid climate with sparse vegetation and moderate topography, and Sonora (Mexico) - moderate vegetation with strong topographic gradients. The Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR/CX) was flown on a Naval Research Lab P-3B aircraft as part of SMEX04 (10 dates of coverage over Arizona and 11 over Sonora). Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) was observed in both PSR and satellite-based (AMSR-E) observations at 6.92 GHz over Arizona, but no detectable RFI was observed over the Sonora domain. The PSR estimated soil moisture was in agreement with the ground-based estimates of soil moisture over both domains. The estimated error over the Sonora domain (SEE=0.021 cm(3)/cm(3)) was higher than over the Arizona domain (SEE=0.014 cm(3)/cm(3)). These results show the possibility of estimating soil moisture in areas of moderate and heterogeneous vegetation and high topographic variability. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Jackson, T. J.; Cosh, M. H.; Bolten, J.] USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Bindlish, R.] USDA ARS, SSAI, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Washington, DC 20250 USA. [Gasiewski, A.; Klein, M.] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Stankov, B.] NOAA, Earth Sci Res Lab, Washington, DC 20233 USA. [Mladenova, I.; Lakshmi, V.] Univ S Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. [Watts, C.] Univ Sonora, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. [Vivoni, E.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Keefer, T.] USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Bindlish, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, 104 Bldg 007,BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM rajat.bindlish@ars.usda.gov RI Vivoni, Enrique/E-1202-2012; Bolten, John/F-9006-2012; Cosh, MIchael/A-8858-2015 OI Vivoni, Enrique/0000-0002-2659-9459; Cosh, MIchael/0000-0003-4776-1918 NR 19 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD FEB 15 PY 2008 VL 112 IS 2 BP 375 EP 390 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2007.01.024 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 261GW UT WOS:000253068100008 ER PT J AU Chan, F Barth, JA Lubchenco, J Kirincich, A Weeks, H Peterson, WT Menge, BA AF Chan, F. Barth, J. A. Lubchenco, J. Kirincich, A. Weeks, H. Peterson, W. T. Menge, B. A. TI Emergence of anoxia in the California current large marine ecosystem SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HYPOXIA C1 [Chan, F.; Lubchenco, J.; Menge, B. A.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Barth, J. A.; Kirincich, A.] Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Weeks, H.] Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Peterson, W. T.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Chan, F (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM chanft@science.oregonstate.edu RI Menge, Bruce/I-6571-2012; Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 8 TC 250 Z9 258 U1 7 U2 76 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD FEB 15 PY 2008 VL 319 IS 5865 BP 920 EP 920 DI 10.1126/science.1149016 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 262RM UT WOS:000253165700036 PM 18276882 ER PT J AU Halpern, BS Walbridge, S Selkoe, KA Kappel, CV Micheli, F D'Agrosa, C Bruno, JF Casey, KS Ebert, C Fox, HE Fujita, R Heinemann, D Lenihan, HS Madin, EMP Perry, MT Selig, ER Spalding, M Steneck, R Watson, R AF Halpern, Benjamin S. Walbridge, Shaun Selkoe, Kimberly A. Kappel, Carrie V. Micheli, Fiorenza D'Agrosa, Caterina Bruno, John F. Casey, Kenneth S. Ebert, Colin Fox, Helen E. Fujita, Rod Heinemann, Dennis Lenihan, Hunter S. Madin, Elizabeth M. P. Perry, Matthew T. Selig, Elizabeth R. Spalding, Mark Steneck, Robert Watson, Reg TI A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID COASTAL; FISHERIES; BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION; OCEAN; WORLD; AQUACULTURE; DEPLETION; HOTSPOTS; THREATS AB The management and conservation of the world's oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem- specific, multiscale spatial model to synthesize 17 global data sets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change for 20 marine ecosystems. Our analysis indicates that no area is unaffected by human influence and that a large fraction ( 41%) is strongly affected by multiple drivers. However, large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles. The analytical process and resulting maps provide flexible tools for regional and global efforts to allocate conservation resources; to implement ecosystem- based management; and to inform marine spatial planning, education, and basic research. C1 [Halpern, Benjamin S.; Walbridge, Shaun; Selkoe, Kimberly A.; Kappel, Carrie V.; Ebert, Colin; Perry, Matthew T.] Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. [Selkoe, Kimberly A.] Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. [Micheli, Fiorenza] Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. [D'Agrosa, Caterina] Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. [Bruno, John F.] Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. [Casey, Kenneth S.; Selig, Elizabeth R.] NOAA, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Fox, Helen E.] World Wildlife Fund, Conservat Sci Program, Washington, DC 20037 USA. [Fujita, Rod] Environm Def, Oakland, CA 94618 USA. [Heinemann, Dennis] Ocean Conservancy, Washington, DC 20006 USA. [Lenihan, Hunter S.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Madin, Elizabeth M. P.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Selig, Elizabeth R.] Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Ecol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. [Spalding, Mark] Nature Conservancy, Conservat Strategies Div, Newmarket CB8 8AW, Suffolk, England. [Steneck, Robert] Univ Maine, Darling Marine Ctr, Sch Marine Sci, Walpole, ME 04353 USA. [Watson, Reg] Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Halpern, BS (reprint author), Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, 735 State St, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. EM halpern@nceas.ucsb.edu; selkoe@nceas.ucsb.edu RI Kappel, Carrie/B-9534-2009; Fox, Helen/C-3543-2009; Watson, Reg/F-4850-2012; Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011; Casey, Kenneth/D-4065-2013; kohki, sowa/D-2955-2011 OI Watson, Reg/0000-0001-7201-8865; Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611; Casey, Kenneth/0000-0002-6052-7117; NR 34 TC 1786 Z9 1859 U1 160 U2 1271 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD FEB 15 PY 2008 VL 319 IS 5865 BP 948 EP 952 DI 10.1126/science.1149345 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 262RM UT WOS:000253165700045 PM 18276889 ER PT J AU Kursinski, ER Bennett, RA Gochis, D Gutman, SI Holub, KL Mastaler, R Sosa, CM Sosa, IM van Hove, T AF Kursinski, E. R. Bennett, R. A. Gochis, D. Gutman, S. I. Holub, K. L. Mastaler, R. Sosa, C. Minjarez Sosa, I. Minjarez van Hove, T. TI Water vapor and surface observations in northwestern Mexico during the 2004 NAME Enhanced Observing Period SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PRECIPITATION; PROJECTIONS; CLIMATE AB We report on precipitable water vapor (PWV) from a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver and surface meteorological network during the 2004 North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) in northwestern Mexico. The monsoon onset is evident as a large PWV increase over several days beginning July 1. Data in the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) foothills reveal a dynamical transition in mid-August from smaller, sub-synoptic scale to larger, synoptic scale moisture structure. During the Sub-synoptic phase in the SMO foothills, a positive feedback operates where near-daily precipitation supplied moisture maintains 15% higher surface mixing ratios that lower the lifting condensation level facilitating initiation of moist convection. Along the western edge of the SMO, precipitation typically occurs hours after the local temperature maximum, triggered by westward propagating convective disturbances. Precipitation is typically preceded by a rapid rise in PWV and sharp decrease in surface temperature, implying models must include moist convective downdrafts in the NAM area. C1 [Kursinski, E. R.; Sosa, C. Minjarez] Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Bennett, R. A.] Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Gochis, D.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Res Applicat Lab, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Gutman, S. I.; Holub, K. L.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Mastaler, R.] Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Arizona Radio Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Sosa, I. Minjarez] Univ Sonora, Dept Geol, Hermosillo 8300, Sonora, Mexico. [van Hove, T.] Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Kursinski, ER (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, 1118 E 4th St, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM kursinski@atmo.arizona.edu; rab@geo.arizona.edu; gochis@ucar.edu; seth.i.gutman@noaa.gov; kirk.l.holub@noaa.gov; mastaler@as.arizona.edu; minjarez@atmo.arizona.edu; iminjare@geologia.uson.mx; vanhove@ucar.edu RI Holub, Kirk/N-3744-2014 OI Holub, Kirk/0000-0001-5378-576X NR 5 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 14 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 3 AR L03815 DI 10.1029/2007GL031404 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 263QO UT WOS:000253231800001 ER PT J AU Polovina, JJ Howell, EA Abecassis, M AF Polovina, Jeffrey J. Howell, Evan A. Abecassis, Melanie TI Ocean's least productive waters are expanding SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRENDS AB A 9-year time series of SeaWiFS remotely-sensed ocean color data is used to examine temporal trends in the ocean's most oligotrophic waters, those with surface chlorophyll not exceeding 0.07 mg chl/m(3). In the North and South Pacific, North and South Atlantic, outside the equatorial zone, the areas of low surface chlorophyll waters have expanded at average annual rates from 0.8 to 4.3%/yr and replaced about 0.8 million km(2)/yr of higher surface chlorophyll habitat with low surface chlorophyll water. It is estimated that the low surface chlorophyll areas in these oceans combined have expanded by 6.6 million km(2) or by about 15.0% from 1998 through 2006. In both hemispheres, evidence shows a more rapid expansion of the low surface chlorophyll waters during the winter. The North Atlantic, which has the smallest oligotrophic gyre is expanding most rapidly, both annually at 4.3%/yr and seasonally, in the first quarter at 8.5%/yr. Mean sea surface temperature in each of these 4 subtropical gyres also increased over the 9-year period. The expansion of the low chlorophyll waters is consistent with global warming scenarios based on increased vertical stratification in the mid-latitudes, but the rates of expansion we observe already greatly exceed recent model predictions. C1 [Howell, Evan A.; Abecassis, Melanie] NOAA, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Abecassis, Melanie] Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Polovina, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. OI Howell, Evan/0000-0001-9904-4633 NR 7 TC 270 Z9 274 U1 9 U2 80 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 14 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 3 AR L03618 DI 10.1029/2007GL031745 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 263QO UT WOS:000253231800003 ER PT J AU Schwarzkopf, MD Ramaswamy, V AF Schwarzkopf, M. Daniel Ramaswamy, V. TI Evolution of stratospheric temperature in the 20th century SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WELL-MIXED GASES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CLIMATE MODELS; DATA SET; OZONE; TRENDS; ATMOSPHERE; BALANCE AB We employ a coupled atmosphere-ocean climate model to investigate the evolution of stratospheric temperatures over the twentieth century, forced by the known anthropogenic and natural forcing agents. In the global, annual-mean lower-to-middle stratosphere (similar to 20-30 km.), simulations produce a sustained, significant cooling by similar to 1920, earlier than in any lower atmospheric region, largely resulting from carbon dioxide increases. After 1979, stratospheric ozone decreases reinforce the cooling. Arctic summer cooling attains significance almost as early as the global, annual-mean response. Antarctic responses become significant in summer after similar to 1940 and in spring after similar to 1990 (below similar to 21 km.). The correspondence of simulated and observed stratospheric temperature trends after similar to 1960 suggests that the model's stratospheric response is reasonably similar to that of the actual climate. We conclude that these model simulations are useful in explaining stratospheric temperature change over the entire 20th century, and potentially provide early indications of the effects of future atmospheric species changes. C1 [Schwarzkopf, M. Daniel; Ramaswamy, V.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Schwarzkopf, MD (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Box 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Dan.Schwarzkopf@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 14 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 3 AR L03705 DI 10.1029/2007GL032489 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 263QO UT WOS:000253231800007 ER PT J AU Schwarz, JP Spackman, JR Fahey, DW Gao, RS Lohmann, U Stier, P Watts, LA Thomson, DS Lack, DA Pfister, L Mahoney, MJ Baumgardner, D Wilson, JC Reeves, JM AF Schwarz, J. P. Spackman, J. R. Fahey, D. W. Gao, R. S. Lohmann, U. Stier, P. Watts, L. A. Thomson, D. S. Lack, D. A. Pfister, L. Mahoney, M. J. Baumgardner, D. Wilson, J. C. Reeves, J. M. TI Coatings and their enhancement of black carbon light absorption in the tropical atmosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; CLIMATE RESPONSE; SOOT PARTICLES; AEROSOL; CLOUDS; SCATTERING; TEMPERATURE; ALBEDO AB Black carbon ( BC) is the dominant aerosol absorber of solar radiation in the atmosphere and is an important component of anthropogenic climate forcing. BC's role is strongly dependent on its physical state, which can influence the way that BC particles may act as ice and cloud nuclei, as well as the way they interact with solar radiation. In situ measurements made with a single-particle soot photometer flown on a NASA high-altitude research aircraft show the mass and size of individual BC particles in the tropics, as well as their propensity to be found mixed with additional materials. Mie theory was used to connect observed light scattering off BC particles to the optical effects of coatings on the particles. The observations indicate that as BC from ground-based emission sources rises in altitude to the lower stratosphere, coatings on BC particles become both thicker and more prevalent, while BC mass mixing ratios decrease dramatically from their values near the ground. Coatings enhance light absorption by the ambient BC column by at least 30%. These results reveal the microphysical state of BC in the atmosphere while providing important constraints for models evaluating BC's role in climate change. C1 [Schwarz, J. P.; Spackman, J. R.; Fahey, D. W.; Gao, R. S.; Watts, L. A.; Thomson, D. S.; Lack, D. A.] NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Baumgardner, D.] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Ciencias Atmosfera, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. [Lohmann, U.] ETH, Inst Atmosphar & Klima, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. [Mahoney, M. J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Pfister, L.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Wilson, J. C.; Reeves, J. M.] Univ Denver, Dept Engn, Denver, CO 80208 USA. [Stier, P.] CALTECH, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Schwarz, JP (reprint author), NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM joshua.p.schwarz@noaa.gov RI Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Stier, Philip/B-2258-2008; Lack, Daniel/I-9053-2012; schwarz, joshua/G-4556-2013; Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; Watts, Laurel/G-4532-2013; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; Lohmann, Ulrike/B-6153-2009 OI Stier, Philip/0000-0002-1191-0128; schwarz, joshua/0000-0002-9123-2223; Watts, Laurel/0000-0002-0834-3329; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; Lohmann, Ulrike/0000-0001-8885-3785 NR 40 TC 123 Z9 126 U1 16 U2 69 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 14 PY 2008 VL 113 IS D3 AR D03203 DI 10.1029/2007JD009042 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 263RH UT WOS:000253233700002 ER PT J AU Bauer, BJ Fagan, JA Hobbie, EK Chun, J Bajpai, V AF Bauer, Barry J. Fagan, Jeffrey A. Hobbie, Erik K. Chun, Jaehun Bajpai, Vardhan TI Chromatographic fractionation of SWNT/DNA dispersions with on-line multi-angle light scattering SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES; SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY; FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION; CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; LENGTH SEPARATION; PURIFICATION AB Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) dispersed in aqueous medium by the use of DNA are separated by size using a size exclusion chromatographic (SEC) column. On-line measurements are made of SWNT concentration, molar mass, and size using UV-vis absorption detection and multi-angle light scattering (MALS). Molar mass and length distributions are calculated for SWNT dispersions from this data. The SWNTs are shown to separate primarily by a SEC mechanism, but the elution times are affected by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) mechanism in which adsorption on the column delays the elution of the components. This mechanism is most evident by the elution of small quantities of large, polydisperse SWNTs after the SEC column limit. MALS data are fit with a polydisperse anisotropic rod scattering function giving low polydispersity for most of the fractions with higher polydispersities near the large size exclusion limit and beyond the small size exclusion limit of the SEC column. These fits indicate that molar mass is proportional to the rod length over a wide range indicating rigid-rod behavior. C1 [Bauer, Barry J.; Fagan, Jeffrey A.; Hobbie, Erik K.; Chun, Jaehun; Bajpai, Vardhan] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bauer, BJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM barry.bauer@nist.gov RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013; OI Fagan, Jeffrey/0000-0003-1483-5554 NR 40 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD FEB 14 PY 2008 VL 112 IS 6 BP 1842 EP 1850 DI 10.1021/jp077364z PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 259VD UT WOS:000252968100020 ER PT J AU Mason, SE Grinberg, I Rappe, AM AF Mason, Sara E. Grinberg, Ilya Rappe, Andrew M. TI Orbital-specific analysis of CO chemisorption on transition-metal surfaces SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID CARBON-MONOXIDE; ADSORPTION; PT(111); STRAIN; PSEUDOPOTENTIALS; COMPUTATION; OVERLAYERS; REACTIVITY; OXIDATION; PUZZLE AB We demonstrate that variations in the molecular chemisorption energy on different metals, different surface terminations, and different strain conditions can be accounted for by orbital-specific changes in the substrate electronic structure. We apply this analysis to a density functional theory data set, spanning three metals, two surface terminations, and five strain states. A crucial aspect of our analysis is decomposition of the d band into contributions from the five d atomic orbitals. This provides a representation of the energy levels of the substrate that are directly relevant to the chemisorption bond, leading to strong correlation with chemisorption trends. C1 [Mason, Sara E.; Grinberg, Ilya; Rappe, Andrew M.] Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Makineni Theoret Labs, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Mason, SE (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8443, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 39 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD FEB 14 PY 2008 VL 112 IS 6 BP 1963 EP 1966 DI 10.1021/jp075355k PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 259VD UT WOS:000252968100039 ER PT J AU Chen, JQ Davis, KJ Meyers, TP AF Chen, Jiquan Davis, Kenneth J. Meyers, Tilden P. TI Ecosystem-atmosphere carbon and water cycling in the upper Great Lakes Region SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Chen, Jiquan] Univ Toledo, Dept Environm Sci, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. [Davis, Kenneth J.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Meyers, Tilden P.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Chen, JQ (reprint author), Univ Toledo, Dept Environm Sci, 2801 W Bancroft St, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. EM jiquan.chen@utoledo.edu; davis@meteo.psu.edu; tilden.meyers@noaa.gov RI Chen, Jiquan/D-1955-2009; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 NR 5 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD FEB 13 PY 2008 VL 148 IS 2 BP 155 EP 157 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.016 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 274TB UT WOS:000254022900001 ER PT J AU Denning, AS Zhang, N Yi, CX Branson, M Davis, K Kleist, J Bakwin, P AF Denning, A. Scott Zhang, Ni Yi, Chuixiang Branson, Mark Davis, Ken Kleist, John Bakwin, Peter TI Evaluation of modeled atmospheric boundary layer depth at the WLEF tower SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE planetary boundary layer (PBL); WLEF; RUC ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SINGLE-COLUMN MODELS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; CO2 INVERSIONS; SIMULATIONS; PARAMETERIZATION; CONVECTION; TRANSPORT; ENSEMBLE AB Accurate simulation of variations in planetary boundary layer (PBL) depth is important for weather prediction and climate studies as well as for carbon cycle analysis. The PBL is difficult to represent in global models because of the need to represent strong gradients associated with capping inversions at arbitrary heights everywhere. Bulk parameterizations of boundary layer processes are therefore an attractive solution. We evaluated a bulk PBL parameterization locally by prescribing horizontal advective tendencies from high-frequency regional meteorological analyses, and running the PBL formulation in a single-column version of a climate model. We compared simulated variations in PBL depth to observations of radar reflectivity and vertical profiles Of CO2 made at a tall tower in northern Wisconsin during 1999. The model captures many features of the observed diurnal and synoptic variability, but tends to underestimate mid-day maxima in PBL depth. Observed late afternoon collapse of the PBL due to decoupling from an underlying stable surface layer is not simulated. The model underestimates mid-day mixing during calm conditions, suggesting underestimation of buoyancy forcing. Conversely, it overestimates PBL depth under windy conditions, suggesting the parameterization is overly sensitive to shear forcing. Global model simulations cannot be compared to specific dates, but monthly mean diurnal cycles show reasonably good agreement to observations at this site. The simulated PBL in the GCM is generally too shallow at mid-day during the summer months, but is well simulated in spring (when it is deeper than summer) and autumn (when it is shallower than in summer). Seasonal rectifier forcing is slightly underestimated by the model at this site. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Denning, A. Scott; Zhang, Ni; Branson, Mark; Kleist, John] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Yi, Chuixiang] Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Davis, Ken] Penn State Univ, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Bakwin, Peter] NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Denning, AS (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM denning@atmos.colostate.edu RI Denning, Scott/F-4974-2011; Yi, Chuixiang/A-1388-2013; Zhang, Nina/F-3609-2014 OI Denning, Scott/0000-0003-3032-7875; NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD FEB 13 PY 2008 VL 148 IS 2 BP 206 EP 215 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.012 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 274TB UT WOS:000254022900005 ER PT J AU Ricciuto, DM Butler, MP Davis, KJ Cook, BD Bakwin, PS Andrews, A Teclaw, RM AF Ricciuto, Daniel M. Butler, Martha P. Davis, Kenneth J. Cook, Bruce D. Bakwin, Peter S. Andrews, Arlyn Teclaw, Ronald M. TI Causes of interannual variability in ecosystem-atmosphere CO2 exchange in a northern Wisconsin forest using a Bayesian model calibration SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon cycle; eddy covariance; respiration; ecosystems, managed and natural ID CARBON-DIOXIDE FLUXES; MIXED HARDWOOD FOREST; SOIL-WATER CONTENT; EDDY COVARIANCE; TALL TOWER; LONG-TERM; DECIDUOUS FOREST; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; NET PRIMARY AB Variability in fluxes of CO2 observed at the WLEF tall tower in northern Wisconsin was analyzed for the years 1997-2004. During this time, the WLEF region was a source of CO2 to the atmosphere averaging 120 g C m(-2) year(-1), with a range of interannual variability of 140 g C m(-2) year(-1). Random uncertainty in annual sums of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) due to turbulent variability and gap-filling was estimated to be 15-20 g C m(-2) year(-1). Although magnitudes of NEE sums were affected systematically by the choice of friction velocity (u*) threshold, this choice had little effect on interannual variability of annual sums. The WLEF region was, on average, a source of carbon from 1997 to 2004 regardless of the u* threshold applied. Interannually, daytime NEE sums varied more than nighttime NEE sums, and spring and summer NEE sums varied more than autumn and winter NEE sums. Interannual variations in seasonal sums of daytime, nighttime and total NEE were often strongly correlated with changes in soil moisture and soil temperature. Standard nonlinear gap-filling regression models of respiration and gross ecosystem productivity were extended to incorporate the effects of soil moisture and phenology and combined into a single model of NEE. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) data assimilation technique was performed using observed WLEF NEE to derive full probability density functions (PDFs) of time-invariant model parameters. Prior values had little effect on posterior parameter PDFs, but significant differences in parameter PDFs occurred depending on whether daytime NEE, nighttime NEE, or total NEE data were used. This simple model was moderately successful in producing statistically significant correlations with interannual variations in annual and growing season NEE sums, but was generally unsuccessful in spring and autumn. In all cases, the model underestimated the degree of variability in NEE sums. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Ricciuto, Daniel M.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Butler, Martha P.; Davis, Kenneth J.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Cook, Bruce D.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Bakwin, Peter S.; Andrews, Arlyn] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Teclaw, Ronald M.] US Forest Serv, Forest Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Ricciuto, DM (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008,MS 6335, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM ricciutodm@ornl.gov RI Andrews, Arlyn/K-3427-2012; Cook, Bruce/M-4828-2013; Ricciuto, Daniel/I-3659-2016 OI Cook, Bruce/0000-0002-8528-000X; Ricciuto, Daniel/0000-0002-3668-3021 NR 69 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD FEB 13 PY 2008 VL 148 IS 2 BP 309 EP 327 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.007 PG 19 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 274TB UT WOS:000254022900012 ER PT J AU Kubota, M Iwabe, N Cronin, MF Tomita, H AF Kubota, Masahisa Iwabe, Noriyasu Cronin, Meghan F. Tomita, Hiroyuki TI Surface heat fluxes from the NCEP/NCAR and NCEP/DOE reanalyses at the Kuroshio Extension Observatory buoy site SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID OBSERVATIONS J-OFURO; TURBULENT HEAT; DATA SETS; OCEAN; PACIFIC; ALGORITHMS; ATLANTIC; CURRENTS; MODEL; NCAR AB Surface heat fluxes from the Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO) buoy are compared with surface heat fluxes from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis ( NRA1) and NCEP/Department of Energy reanalysis (NRA2). KEO surface measurements include downward solar and longwave radiation, wind speed and direction, relative humidity, rain rate, and air and sea surface temperature. For solar radiation, NRA2 had better agreement with KEO than NRA1. Both reanalyses underestimated shortwave radiation in summer and slightly overestimated it in winter. Turbulent surface heat fluxes are estimated with the KEO surface data using the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) version 3.0 bulk algorithm. Both NRA1 and NRA2 latent heat flux (LHF) are larger than KEO LHF, consistent with previous studies. However, the comparison shows larger errors than previously thought. Indeed, the latent heat flux bias for NRA1 is 41 W m(-2) and for NRA2 is 62 W m(-2) (indicating that the bias between NRA1 and NRA2 is 21 W m(-2)). For latent heat flux, the large bias is caused primarily by the NRA bulk flux algorithm, while the root mean square (RMS) error is caused primarily by errors in the NRA meteorological variables. The combination of the biases for each heat flux is such that total NRA heat transfer from the ocean to the atmosphere is considerably larger than observed by KEO. These results highlight the importance of maintaining in situ observations for monitoring surface heat fluxes in the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension regions. C1 [Kubota, Masahisa; Iwabe, Noriyasu] Tokai Univ, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, Shimizu, Shizuoka, Japan. [Cronin, Meghan F.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Washington, DC USA. [Tomita, Hiroyuki] Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Inst Observat Res Global Change, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan. RP Kubota, M (reprint author), Tokai Univ, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, Shimizu, Shizuoka, Japan. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD FEB 13 PY 2008 VL 113 IS C2 AR C02009 DI 10.1029/2007JC004338 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 263RZ UT WOS:000253235500004 ER PT J AU Satterlee, JD Suquet, C Bidwai, AK Erman, JE Schwall, L Jimenez, R AF Satterlee, James D. Suquet, Christine Bidwai, Anil K. Erman, James E. Schwall, Linda Jimenez, Ralph TI Mass instability in isolated recombinant FixL heme domains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID OXYGEN SENSOR FIXL; N-END RULE; INTRINSICALLY UNSTRUCTURED PROTEINS; RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI NIFA; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS; DISORDER PREDICTION; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI AB Several recombinant Bradyrhizobium japonicum FixL heme domains (BjFixLH) have been characterized and their temporal mass stabilities assessed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The intact heme domains all bound heme and gave normal UV-visible spectra, indicating that they were correctly assembled. Proteins produced at Washington State University included a parent 131-amino acid "full-length heme domain" (FLHD) of primary sequence T-140-Q(270) (BjFixLH(140-270)), a histidine-tagged analogue containing an N-terminal extension, and five different terminus-truncated variants. The smallest of these was a 106-amino acid "core PAS heme domain" with primary sequence T-151-L-256. All variants except for the smallest exhibited significant mass instability, assessed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, that was apparent within 1-16 days standing in a sterile environment at room temperature. Two full-length heme domains expressed independently in geographically remote laboratories (Northern Illinois University and JILA, University of Colorado) also exhibited this mass instability. A mass loss of as much as similar to 25% of the starting mass has been observed, which could explain the "missing" terminal amino acids in published crystal structures. This work documents the phenomenon and its persistence despite (i) sample sterilization, (ii) protease inhibitors, (iii) primary sequence variations, (iv) the presence or absence of ferriheme ligands, and (v) the presence-or absence of O-2. C1 [Satterlee, James D.; Suquet, Christine] Washington State Univ, Dept Chem, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. [Bidwai, Anil K.; Erman, James E.] No Illinois Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. [Schwall, Linda; Jimenez, Ralph] Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Schwall, Linda; Jimenez, Ralph] Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Schwall, Linda; Jimenez, Ralph] Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Satterlee, JD (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Chem, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM hemeteam@wsu.edu OI BIDWAI, ANIL/0000-0002-7664-0739 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01GM47645, R15 GM59740] NR 58 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD FEB 12 PY 2008 VL 47 IS 6 BP 1540 EP 1553 DI 10.1021/bi701672m PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 259LK UT WOS:000252940600009 PM 18201102 ER PT J AU Akmaev, RA Fuller-Rowell, TJ Wu, F Forbes, JM Zhang, X Anghel, AF Iredell, MD Moorthi, S Juang, HM AF Akmaev, R. A. Fuller-Rowell, T. J. Wu, F. Forbes, J. M. Zhang, X. Anghel, A. F. Iredell, M. D. Moorthi, S. Juang, H. -M. TI Tidal variability in the lower thermosphere: Comparison of Whole Atmosphere Model (WAM) simulations with observations from TIMED SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MESOSPHERE; OSCILLATION; DYNAMICS; WAVES AB The upper atmosphere and ionosphere exhibit variability on spatial and temporal scales characteristic of tides and planetary waves originating in the lower atmosphere. To study their generation, vertical propagation, possible nonlinear interactions and effects a new Whole Atmosphere Model (WAM) has been developed as part of the Integrated Dynamics through Earth's Atmosphere (IDEA) project. WAM is a 150-layer general circulation model based on the US National Weather Service's operational Global Forecast System (GFS) model extended upward to cover the atmosphere from the ground to about 600 km. First simulations reveal the presence of migrating and nonmigrating tides modulated at planetary wave periods in the upper atmosphere. Comparisons with observations from the TIMED satellite in the lower thermosphere show that WAM reproduces the seasonal variability of tides remarkably well, including the diurnal eastward harmonic with zonal wavenumber 3 (DE3) recently implicated in the observed spatial morphology of the ionosphere. C1 [Akmaev, R. A.; Fuller-Rowell, T. J.; Wu, F.; Anghel, A. F.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Forbes, J. M.; Zhang, X.] Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Iredell, M. D.; Moorthi, S.; Juang, H. -M.] Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Akmaev, RA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 216 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Rashid.Akmaev@noaa.gov OI FORBES, JEFFREY/0000-0001-6937-0796 NR 19 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 12 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 3 AR L03810 DI 10.1029/2007GL032584 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 263QL UT WOS:000253231500004 ER PT J AU Xu, DH Wang, ZG Douglas, JF AF Xu, Dong-Hua Wang, Zhi-Gang Douglas, Jack F. TI Influence of carbon nanotube aspect ratio on normat stress differences in isotactic polypropylene nanocomposite melts SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR; COMPOSITES; NETWORKS; SHEAR; POLYETHYLENE; FLAMMABILITY; POLYSTYRENE; RELAXATION AB We consider the impact of varying the aspect ratio A of carbon nanotubes (CNT) on the theological properties of isotactic polypropylene/CNT nanocomposites. Specifically, we focus on multiwall CNT having a relatively low aspect ratio (A in the range from 22 to 45), since previous work (Kharchenko et al., Nature Mater. 2004) has emphasized the rheological properties of relatively high aspect ratio multiwall CNT nanocomposites (A from 300 to 400). Correspondingly, we find that the formation of a nonequilibrium CNT network structure occurs at a higher CNT concentration in our low A CNT nanocomposites, as theoretically expected. The proposed mechanism for the large apparent negative normal stress differences (Delta N) described by Kharchenko et al. relies on the capacity of the "struts" of the CNT network to rotate about their impingement junctions, much like the links of a deformed chain link fence. This model implies the absence of appreciable negative Delta N at low CNT concentrations where the network does not yet exist and also for short CNT and at high concentrations of CNT where the mesh size of the network becomes too small to accommodate appreciable rotational distortion. In conformity with this simple mechanical model, we observe only a positive apparent Delta N in our CNT/iPP` nanocomposites, even well above the CNT gelation concentration. This striking change in the rheology of CNT nanocomposites with a change in A has been further confirmed in die-swell measurements, where a large die swell has been seen in the short CNT nanocomposites, rather than the die-shrinkage found before for the large A or the highly "entangled" CNT network counterpart. C1 [Xu, Dong-Hua; Wang, Zhi-Gang] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Chem, Beijing Natl Lab Mol Sci, Joint Lab Polymer Sci & Mat,CAS Key Lab Engn Plas, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. [Douglas, Jack F.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, ZG (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Chem, Beijing Natl Lab Mol Sci, Joint Lab Polymer Sci & Mat,CAS Key Lab Engn Plas, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. EM zgwang@iccas.ac.cn RI Wang, Zhigang/F-6136-2010; Xu, Donghua/K-2095-2012 NR 46 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 3 U2 25 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD FEB 12 PY 2008 VL 41 IS 3 BP 815 EP 825 DI 10.1021/ma702178e PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 259NB UT WOS:000252944900047 ER PT J AU Cho, J Shin, K Cho, KS Seo, YS Satija, SK Ryu, DY Kim, JK AF Cho, J. Shin, K. Cho, K. S. Seo, Y. -S. Satija, S. K. Ryu, D. Y. Kim, J. K. TI Phase coherence upon heating in diblock copolymer films SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID CRITICAL ORDERING TRANSITION; BLOCK-COPOLYMER; MICROPHASE SEPARATION; FREE-ENERGY; INTERACTION PARAMETER; POLYMER BLENDS; THIN-FILMS; BEHAVIOR; PRESSURE; SURFACE AB Phase coherence behavior in thin films of a diblock copolymer that exhibits microphase separation upon heating in the bulk has been analyzed through a proper mean-field free energy functional based on a compressible random-phase approximation theory. Phase coherent profiles at equilibrium and their decay lengths were obtained analytically for those copolymer films. Taking deuterated polystyrene-b-poly(n-propyl methacrylate) as a model system, molecular parameters characterizing the copolymer were shown to yield the growing tendency of surface segregated or phase coherent profiles upon heating. Neutron reflectivity measurements were performed for the copolymer films to be compared with theory. Phase coherence prior to bulk ordering temperatures and subsequent decay lengths observed for the given system were shown to be in agreement with theory. C1 [Cho, J.] Dankook Univ, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Yongin 448701, Gyeonggi Do, South Korea. [Cho, J.] Hyperstructured Organ Mat Res Ctr, Yongin 448701, Gyeonggi Do, South Korea. [Shin, K.] Sogang Univ, Dept Chem, Seoul 121742, South Korea. [Shin, K.] Sogang Univ, Program Integrated Biotechnol, Seoul 121742, South Korea. [Cho, K. S.] Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Taegu 702701, South Korea. [Seo, Y. -S.] Sejong Univ, Dept Nano Sci & Technol, Seoul 143747, South Korea. [Satija, S. K.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Ryu, D. Y.] Yonsei Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Seoul 120749, South Korea. [Kim, J. K.] Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Chem Engn, Natl Creat Res Initiat Block Copolymer Self Assem, Kyungpuk 790784, South Korea. [Kim, J. K.] Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Polymer Res Inst, Kyungpuk 790784, South Korea. RP Cho, J (reprint author), Dankook Univ, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, San 44-1, Yongin 448701, Gyeonggi Do, South Korea. EM jhcho@dku.edu; kwshin@sogang.ac.kr RI Shin, Kwanwoo /C-4979-2012; Ryu, Du Yeol/G-8278-2012; OI Shin, Kwanwoo/0000-0002-7563-8581 NR 45 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 EI 1520-5835 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD FEB 12 PY 2008 VL 41 IS 3 BP 955 EP 962 DI 10.1021/ma071604r PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 259NB UT WOS:000252944900063 ER PT J AU Hourdakis, E Wahl, JA Zimmerman, NM AF Hourdakis, Emmanouel Wahl, Jeremy A. Zimmerman, Neil M. TI Lack of charge offset drift is a robust property of Si single electron transistors SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT AB One of the challenges that single-electron transistors (SETs) face before they can be considered technologically useful is the charge offset drift. Recently, two different types of Si SETs were shown to have a drift of only 0.01e (the fundamental charge) over several days. Those devices came from one fabrication source. Here, we present the results for Si SETs fabricated by our group (a different source) demonstrating their operation as SETs. We confirm that the charge offset drift is less than 0.01e, demonstrating the lack of charge offset drift is generic to Si devices and not dependent on the fabrication source. (c) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Hourdakis, Emmanouel; Wahl, Jeremy A.; Zimmerman, Neil M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zimmerman, NM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM neil.zimmerman@nist.gov NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 11 PY 2008 VL 92 IS 6 AR 062102 DI 10.1063/1.2841659 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 263SX UT WOS:000253237900038 ER PT J AU Lavery, KA Prabhu, VM Lin, EK Wu, WL Satija, SK Choi, KW Wormington, M AF Lavery, Kristopher A. Prabhu, Vivek M. Lin, Eric K. Wu, Wen-li Satija, Sushil K. Choi, Kwang-Woo Wormington, Matthew TI Lateral length scales of latent image roughness as determined by off-specular neutron reflectivity SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CHEMICALLY AMPLIFIED PHOTORESIST; LINE-EDGE ROUGHNESS; X-RAY REFLECTION; POSITIVE-TONE; AMPLIFICATION RESISTS; SURFACES; LITHOGRAPHY; DISSOLUTION; DEPENDENCE; SCATTERING AB A combination of specular and off-specular neutron reflectometries was used to measure the buried lateral roughness of the reaction-diffusion front in a model extreme ultraviolet lithography photoresist. Compositional heterogeneities at the latent reaction-diffusion front has been proposed as a major cause of line edge roughness in photolithographic features. This work describes the experimental observation of the longitudinal and lateral compositional heterogeneities of a latent image, revealing the buried lateral length scale as well as the amplitude of inhomogeneity at the reaction-diffusion front. These measurements aid in determining the origins of line edge roughness formation, while exploring the material limits of the current chemically amplified photoresists. (C) American Institute of Physics. C1 [Lavery, Kristopher A.; Prabhu, Vivek M.; Lin, Eric K.; Wu, Wen-li] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Satija, Sushil K.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Choi, Kwang-Woo] Intel Corp, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA. [Wormington, Matthew] Bede Sci Inc, Englewood, CO 80112 USA. RP Lavery, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wenli@nist.gov NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 11 PY 2008 VL 92 IS 6 AR 064106 DI 10.1063/1.2841663 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 263SX UT WOS:000253237900125 ER PT J AU Miki, S Fujiwara, M Sasaki, M Baek, B Miller, AJ Hadfield, RH Nam, SW Wang, Z AF Miki, Shigehito Fujiwara, Mikio Sasaki, Masahide Baek, Burm Miller, Aaron J. Hadfield, Robert H. Nam, Sae Woo Wang, Zhen TI Large sensitive-area NbN nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors fabricated on single-crystal MgO substrates SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NITRIDE THIN-FILMS; TEMPERATURE AB We report on the performance of large area NbN nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). 20x20 mu m(2) area SSPDs with 80 and 100 nm linewidths and 50% fill factor were fabricated in 4-nm-thick NbN films grown on single-crystal MgO substrates. The high quality of the devices was verified by electrical and optical testing and compares favorably to measurements of 10x10 mu m(2) area SSPDs. Measurements of kinetic inductance versus bias current indicate that the constriction density is low. The fiber-coupled detection efficiency of the devices was 0.4%-3.5% at 100 Hz dark count rate. (c) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Miki, Shigehito; Fujiwara, Mikio; Sasaki, Masahide; Wang, Zhen] Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Tokyo 1848795, Japan. [Baek, Burm; Nam, Sae Woo] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Hadfield, Robert H.] Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Engn & Phys Sci, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland. [Miller, Aaron J.] Albion Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Albion, MI 49224 USA. RP Miki, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, 4-2-1 Nukui Kitamachi, Tokyo 1848795, Japan. EM s-miki@nict.go.jp RI Hadfield, Robert/L-8081-2013 OI Hadfield, Robert/0000-0002-8084-4187 NR 20 TC 72 Z9 77 U1 2 U2 28 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 11 PY 2008 VL 92 IS 6 AR 061116 DI 10.1063/1.2870099 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 263SX UT WOS:000253237900016 ER PT J AU Reinard, AA Biesecker, DA AF Reinard, A. A. Biesecker, D. A. TI Coronal mass ejection-associated coronal dimmings SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ONSET; CMES; EIT AB We report on a statistical analysis of 96 CME-associated EUV coronal dimmings between 1998 and 2000. We investigate the size and location of the events and characterize how these events evolve with time. The durations typically range from 3 to 12 hr. The dimmings appear most frequently within the belt of active regions (20 degrees-50 degrees latitude). Dimming events are generally symmetric in latitude and longitude with some tendency to be broader in latitude. The temporal profiles of most events are characterized by a sharp rise and a gradual recovery. Although the majority of cases are well fit by a single recovery slope, a large minority of events have a two-part decay with an initial decaying slope that is similar in magnitude to the rising slope and a secondary, flatter, decay lasting several hours. C1 [Reinard, A. A.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Reinard, A. A.; Biesecker, D. A.] NOAA, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Reinard, AA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Reinard, Alysha/H-7808-2013 OI Reinard, Alysha/0000-0003-0304-2989 NR 20 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD FEB 10 PY 2008 VL 674 IS 1 BP 576 EP 585 DI 10.1086/525269 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 266RJ UT WOS:000253454400052 ER PT J AU Yang, WC Chou, LS Jepson, PD Brownell, RL Cowan, D Chang, PH Chiou, HI Yao, CJ Yamada, TK Chiu, JT Wang, PJ Fernandez, A AF Yang, W-C. Chou, L-S. Jepson, P. D. Brownell, R. L., Jr. Cowan, D. Chang, P-H. Chiou, H-I. Yao, C-J. Yamada, T. K. Chiu, J-T. Wang, P-J. Fernandez, A. TI Unusual cetacean mortality event in Taiwan, possibly linked to naval activities SO VETERINARY RECORD LA English DT Article ID GAS-BUBBLE LESIONS; WHALES C1 [Fernandez, A.] Univ Palmas Gran Canaria, Sch Vet, Inst Anim Hlth, Histol & Pathol Unit, Arucas 35416, Gran Canaria, Spain. [Chang, P-H.] Natl Taiwan Univ, Inst Vet Med, Taipei 10764, Taiwan. [Jepson, P. D.] Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, London NW1 4RY, England. [Brownell, R. L., Jr.] SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. [Cowan, D.] Univ Texas Galveston, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. [Chiou, H-I.] Anim Technol Inst Taiwan, Div Anim Med, Miaoli, Taiwan. [Yang, W-C.; Chou, L-S.] Natl Taiwan Univ, Inst Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Taipei 10764, Taiwan. [Yao, C-J.] Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Dept Life Sci, Tainan 70101, Taiwan. [Yamada, T. K.] Natl Sci Museum, Dept Zool, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1690073, Japan. [Chiu, J-T.] Taiwan Cetacean Soc, Taipei, Taiwan. [Wang, P-J.] Taipei City Zoo, Div Vet Med, Taipei, Taiwan. RP Yang, WC (reprint author), Univ Palmas Gran Canaria, Sch Vet, Inst Anim Hlth, Histol & Pathol Unit, Arucas 35416, Gran Canaria, Spain. RI Fernandez, Antonio/G-3448-2015; OI Fernandez, Antonio/0000-0001-5281-0521; Chou, Lien-Siang/0000-0003-4610-5257; CHANG, PEN-HENG/0000-0002-8676-8760 NR 16 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON W1M 0AT, ENGLAND SN 0042-4900 J9 VET REC JI Vet. Rec. PD FEB 9 PY 2008 VL 162 IS 6 BP 184 EP 186 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 269JR UT WOS:000253645800010 PM 18263919 ER PT J AU O'Neil, G Schmidt, D Miller, NA Ullom, JN Williams, A Arnold, GB Ruggiero, ST AF O'Neil, G. Schmidt, D. Miller, N. A. Ullom, J. N. Williams, A. Arnold, G. B. Ruggiero, S. T. TI Observation of nonmagnetic resonant scattering effects by tunneling in dilute Al-Mn alloy superconductors SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GAPLESS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; PARAMAGNETIC IMPURITIES; CRITICAL-TEMPERATURE; STATES; BI2SR2CACU2O8+DELTA; ZN AB We have observed the BCS-like density of states predicted for energy-gap suppression by nonmagnetic Anderson impurities in superconductors. We show that Mn impurities in Al exhibit no magnetic character and act exclusively as strong resonant scattering sites without producing time-reverse symmetry breaking of Cooper pairs (pair breaking). C1 [O'Neil, G.; Schmidt, D.; Miller, N. A.; Ullom, J. N.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Colorado Springs, CO 80305 USA. [O'Neil, G.; Miller, N. A.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Williams, A.; Arnold, G. B.; Ruggiero, S. T.] Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP O'Neil, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway,Boulder, Colorado Springs, CO 80305 USA. RI Tomlin, Nathan/A-4927-2009 OI Tomlin, Nathan/0000-0002-8313-9045 NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 8 PY 2008 VL 100 IS 5 AR 056804 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.056804 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 260OM UT WOS:000253019600066 PM 18352409 ER PT J AU Wille, E Spiegelhalder, FM Kerner, G Naik, D Trenkwalder, A Hendl, G Schreck, F Grimm, R Tiecke, TG Walraven, JTM Kokkelmans, SJJMF Tiesinga, E Julienne, PS AF Wille, E. Spiegelhalder, F. M. Kerner, G. Naik, D. Trenkwalder, A. Hendl, G. Schreck, F. Grimm, R. Tiecke, T. G. Walraven, J. T. M. Kokkelmans, S. J. J. M. F. Tiesinga, E. Julienne, P. S. TI Exploring an ultracold fermi-fermi mixture: Interspecies Feshbach resonances and scattering properties of Li-6 and K-40 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULES AB We report on the observation of Feshbach resonances in an ultracold mixture of two fermionic species, Li-6 and K-40. The experimental data are interpreted using a simple asymptotic bound state model and full coupled channels calculations. This unambiguously assigns the observed resonances in terms of various s- and p-wave molecular states and fully characterizes the ground-state scattering properties in any combination of spin states. C1 [Wille, E.; Spiegelhalder, F. M.; Kerner, G.; Naik, D.; Trenkwalder, A.; Hendl, G.; Schreck, F.; Grimm, R.] Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Quantenopt & Quanteninformat, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Wille, E.; Grimm, R.] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Wille, E.; Grimm, R.] Univ Innsbruck, Forschungszentrum Quantenphys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Tiecke, T. G.; Walraven, J. T. M.] Univ Amsterdam, Van Der Waals Zeeman Inst, NL-1018 XE Amsterdam, Netherlands. [Kokkelmans, S. J. J. M. F.] Eindhoven Univ Technol, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands. [Julienne, P. S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Julienne, P. S.] Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wille, E (reprint author), Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Quantenopt & Quanteninformat, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. RI Schreck, Florian/C-9206-2009; Grimm, Rudolf/D-2864-2009; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Schreck, Florian/0000-0001-8225-8803; Grimm, Rudolf/0000-0003-1085-5558; Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 27 TC 176 Z9 176 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 8 PY 2008 VL 100 IS 5 AR 053201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.053201 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 260OM UT WOS:000253019600027 PM 18352370 ER PT J AU Maragh, S Jakupciak, JP Wagner, PD Rom, WN Sidransky, D Srivastava, S O'Connell, CD AF Maragh, Samantha Jakupciak, John P. Wagner, Paul D. Rom, William N. Sidransky, David Srivastava, Sudhir O'Connell, Catherine D. TI Multiple strand displacement amplification of mitochondrial DNA from clinical samples SO BMC MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article ID WHOLE-GENOME AMPLIFICATION; MUTATION DETECTION; CANCER BIOMARKERS; MICROARRAY; TUMORS AB Background: Whole genome amplification (WGA) methods allow diagnostic laboratories to overcome the common problem of insufficient DNA in patient specimens. Further, body fluid samples useful for cancer early detection are often difficult to amplify with traditional PCR methods. In this first application of WGA on the entire human mitochondrial genome, we compared the accuracy of mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) sequence analysis after WGA to that performed without genome amplification. We applied the method to a small group of cancer cases and controls and demonstrated that WGA is capable of increasing the yield of starting DNA material with identical genetic sequence. Methods: DNA was isolated from clinical samples and sent to NIST. Samples were amplified by PCR and those with no visible amplification were re-amplified using the Multiple Displacement Amplificaiton technique of whole genome amplification. All samples were analyzed by mitochip for mitochondrial DNA sequence to compare sequence concordance of the WGA samples with respect to native DNA. Real-Time PCR analysis was conducted to determine the level of WGA amplification for both nuclear and mtDNA. Results: In total, 19 samples were compared and the concordance rate between WGA and native mtDNA sequences was 99.995%. All of the cancer associated mutations in the native mtDNA were detected in the WGA amplified material and heteroplasmies in the native mtDNA were detected with high fidelity in the WGA material. In addition to the native mtDNA sequence present in the sample, 13 new heteroplasmies were detected in the WGA material. Conclusion: Genetic screening of mtDNA amplified by WGA is applicable for the detection of cancer associated mutations. Our results show the feasibility of this method for: 1) increasing the amount of DNA available for analysis, 2) recovering the identical mtDNA sequence, 3) accurately detecting mtDNA point mutations associated with cancer. C1 [Maragh, Samantha] NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Jakupciak, John P.] Cipher Syst, Crofton, MD USA. [Wagner, Paul D.] Natl Canc Inst, Canc Biomarkers Res Grp, Rockville, MD USA. [Rom, William N.] NYU, Sch Med, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, New York, NY USA. [Sidransky, David] Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. [O'Connell, Catherine D.] Tetracore Inc, Rockville, MD USA. RP Maragh, S (reprint author), NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM samantha.maragh@nist.gov; johnjakupciak@verizon.net; wagnerp@mail.nih.gov; william.rom@med.nyu.edu; dsidrans@jhmi.edu; srivasts@mail.nih.gov; coconnell@tetracore.com FU NCI NIH HHS [Y1CN5001-01] NR 30 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 1471-2350 J9 BMC MED GENET JI BMC Med. Genet. PD FEB 7 PY 2008 VL 9 AR 7 DI 10.1186/1471-2350-9-7 PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 279QG UT WOS:000254369100001 PM 18257929 ER PT J AU Chakraborty, P Zachariah, MR AF Chakraborty, Purnendu Zachariah, Michael R. TI Sticking coefficient and processing of water vapor on organic-coated nanoaerosols SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID COARSE-GRAIN MODEL; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; KINETIC LIMITATIONS; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; DROPLET FORMATION; SIMULATION AB Organic-based aerosols may play an unexpectedly important role in the atmospheric processing of water vapor. In this paper, we report results of a molecular dynamics (MD) study on the sticking coefficient of water vapor on a coated particle (water droplet coated with fatty acid of radius similar to 4 nm). The sticking coefficient was found to be almost a constant (11 - 16%) for incident speeds around the most probable speed as opposed to 100% for water vapor incident on a pure water droplet. The sticking coefficient was found to increase with the size of the water cluster (water-Nmer) impinging the surface of the particle and was seen to approach 1 for impinging water clusters consisting of 10 molecules or more. We also computed the average energy transferred per collision for monomers impinging the surface of the coated particle and found the value to be 4.4581 kJ/mol. Most important perhaps was the fact that despite the lower sticking coefficient, the equilibrium vapor pressure of water over these inverted micelles was considerably lower due to the surface tension effects of the fatty acid layer. As such, these coated particles act as effective substrates for water vapor condensation and may play a role as cloud condensation nuclei. C1 [Chakraborty, Purnendu; Zachariah, Michael R.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Chakraborty, Purnendu; Zachariah, Michael R.] Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Chakraborty, Purnendu; Zachariah, Michael R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zachariah, MR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mrz@umd.edu RI Chakraborty, Purnendu/E-8502-2011 NR 24 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 EI 1520-5215 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD FEB 7 PY 2008 VL 112 IS 5 BP 966 EP 972 DI 10.1021/jp076442f PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 257RB UT WOS:000252815100025 PM 18193845 ER PT J AU Irikura, KK AF Irikura, Karl K. TI Sigma stellation: A design strategy for electron boxes SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID COMPLEXES X-AT-C20F20 X; RADICAL CATIONS; SPIN-RESONANCE; ATTACHMENT; PERFLUOROALKANES; AFFINITIES; DENSITY; ESR; DECAFLUOROCYCLOPENTANE; HEXAFLUOROCYCLOPROPANE AB The carbon-fluorine antibonding (sigma*) orbitals in a fluorocarbon cage are directed toward a central, common point. If the cage is not too large or too small, then the sigma* orbitals will overlap at that point. An added electron can occupy the resulting molecular orbital, suggesting that cage perfluorocarbons will have large electron affinities. This prediction is supported by electronic structure calculations of all of the fluorinated derivatives of tetrahedrane, cyclopropane, and cubane and of some other fluorinated cage and ring compounds. Perfluorododecahedrane (C20F20) is predicted to have an electron affinity of about 3.4 eV, which is equal to that of the fluorine atom. A few speculative extensions and applications are suggested. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Irikura, KK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM karl.irikura@nist.gov RI Irikura, Karl/A-4266-2009 OI Irikura, Karl/0000-0001-7515-6761 NR 38 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD FEB 7 PY 2008 VL 112 IS 5 BP 983 EP 988 DI 10.1021/jp710372p PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 257RB UT WOS:000252815100027 PM 18183966 ER PT J AU Goldstein, T Mazet, JAK Zabka, TS Langlois, G Colegrove, KM Silver, M Bargu, S Van Dolah, F Leighfield, T Conrad, PA Barakos, J Williams, DC Dennison, S Haulena, M Gulland, FMD AF Goldstein, T. Mazet, J. A. K. Zabka, T. S. Langlois, G. Colegrove, K. M. Silver, M. Bargu, S. Van Dolah, F. Leighfield, T. Conrad, P. A. Barakos, J. Williams, D. C. Dennison, S. Haulena, M. Gulland, F. M. D. TI Novel symptomatology and changing epidemiology of domoic acid toxicosis in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): an increasing risk to marine mammal health SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE amnesic shellfish poisoning; California sea lions; domoic acid; hippocampal atrophy; seizures; harmful algal blooms ID MONKEYS MACACA-FASCICULARIS; GLUTAMATE-RECEPTOR; TOXICITY; RATS; DEGENERATION; INTOXICATION; MORTALITY; ANCHOVIES; PATTERNS; EXPOSURE AB Harmful algal blooms are increasing worldwide, including those of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. producing domoic acid off the California coast. This neurotoxin was first shown to cause mortality of marine mammals in 1998. A decade of monitoring California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) health since then has indicated that changes in the symptomatology and epidemiology of domoic acid toxicosis in this species are associated with the increase in toxigenic blooms. Two separate clinical syndromes now exist: acute domoic acid toxicosis as has been previously documented, and a second novel neurological syndrome characterized by epilepsy described here associated with chronic consequences of previous sub-lethal exposure to the toxin. This study indicates that domoic acid causes chronic damage to California sea lions and that these health effects are increasing. C1 [Goldstein, T.; Mazet, J. A. K.; Zabka, T. S.] Univ Calif Davis, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Goldstein, T.; Zabka, T. S.; Dennison, S.; Haulena, M.; Gulland, F. M. D.] Marine Mammal Ctr, Sausalito, CA 94965 USA. [Langlois, G.; Conrad, P. A.] Calif State Dept Hlth, Richmond, CA 94804 USA. [Colegrove, K. M.] Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Silver, M.; Bargu, S.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Van Dolah, F.; Leighfield, T.] Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Barakos, J.] Univ Calif San Francisco, Calif Pacific Med Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. [Williams, D. C.] Univ Calif Davis, Vet Med Teaching Hosp, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Goldstein, T (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Sch Vet Med, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM tgoldstein@ucdavis.edu RI Mazet, Jonna/B-4811-2012 NR 45 TC 95 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 21 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P R SOC B JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD FEB 7 PY 2008 VL 275 IS 1632 BP 267 EP 276 DI 10.1098/rspb.2007.1221 PG 10 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 242KS UT WOS:000251724600004 PM 18006409 ER PT J AU Li, ZL Li, J Menzel, WP Schmit, TJ Nelson, JP Daniels, J Ackerman, SA AF LI, Zhenglong Li, Jun Menzel, W. Paul Schmit, Timothy J. Nelson, James P., III Daniels, Jaime Ackerman, Steven A. TI GOES sounding improvement and applications to severe storm nowcasting SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM; WEATHER; VALIDATION AB An improved clear-sky physical retrieval algorithm for atmospheric temperature and moisture is applied to the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-12 (GOES-12) Sounder. A comparison with the microwave radiometer (MWR) measured total precipitable water (TPW) at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) site from June 2003 to May 2005 shows that the TPW retrievals are improved by 0.4 mm over the legacy GOES Sounder TPW product. The Lifted Index (LI) derived product imagery (DPI) from the improved soundings better depicts the pre-convective environment surrounding a tornadic supercell at Eagle Pass, Texas on 24 April 2007. Another severe storm case from 13 April 2006 demonstrates that the improved physical algorithm successfully detects low-level moisture. Both cases show the new retrievals along with the derived products will help the forecasters with short-term severe storm nowcasting. C1 [LI, Zhenglong; Li, Jun; Menzel, W. Paul; Nelson, James P., III; Ackerman, Steven A.] Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Schmit, Timothy J.; Daniels, Jaime] NOAA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Li, ZL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM zhenglong.li@ssec.wisc.edu RI Li, Zhenglong/A-9375-2013; Daniels, Jaime/E-7933-2011; Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011; Li, Jun/H-3579-2015; Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010; Ackerman, Steven/G-1640-2011 OI Daniels, Jaime/0000-0002-9438-6631; Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201; Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627; Ackerman, Steven/0000-0002-4476-0269 FU CIMSS by NOAA [NA06NES4400002, NA07EC0676] FX The authors would like to thank Harold M. Woolf for providing the 101-level GOES Sounder radiative transfer model. This program is supported at CIMSS by NOAA GIMPAP program NA06NES4400002 and GOES-R program NA07EC0676. The views, opinions, and findings contained in this report are those of the authors and should not be construed as an official National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or U.S. Government position, policy, or decision. NR 14 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 6 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 3 AR L03806 DI 10.1029/2007GL032797 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 261FD UT WOS:000253063600007 ER PT J AU Yang, S Zhang, H Nosonovsky, M Chungt, KH AF Yang, Seungho Zhang, Huan Nosonovsky, Michael Chungt, Koo-Hyun TI Effects of contact geometry on pull-off force measurements with a colloidal probe SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID NANOSCALE ROUGH SURFACES; ELASTIC SOLIDS; ADHESION; PARTICLES; MICROSCOPE; TENSION; DRY AB This paper examines the effects of contact geometry on the pull-off (adhesion) force between a glass sphere (colloidal probe) and a silicon wafer in an environment with controlled relative humidity. An atomic force microscope is used to measure the pull-off force between the colloidal probe and the sample mounted at different tilt angles. The results show that the measured pull-off force is very sensitive to the tilt angle. Through the use of a newly developed direct scanning method, the exact contact geometry is determined for the zero-tilt angle case. The obtained digital image is then rotated to determine the contact geometry for the cases with other tilt angles. A detailed examination of the contact geometry, along with a magnitude analysis of the capillary force, suggests that the adhesion is most likely dominated by the capillary force from the meniscus formed between the probe and the sample. The strong dependence of the adhesion on the tilt angle may result from the change of meniscus dimensions associated with the probe-sample separation, which in turn is controlled by the highest peak on the probe sphere. Our observation emphasizes the combined bole of microsurface shape near the contact and nanoroughness within the contact in determining the colloidal probe pull-off force and also microadhesion force in general. C1 [Yang, Seungho; Zhang, Huan; Nosonovsky, Michael; Chungt, Koo-Hyun] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Zhang, Huan] Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Zhang, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM huan.zhang@nist.gov RI Nosonovsky, Michael/B-2228-2012; Chung, KooHyun/O-3042-2013; Bhushan, Bharat/A-9684-2013 OI Chung, KooHyun/0000-0002-9092-6784; Bhushan, Bharat/0000-0001-7161-6601 NR 31 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD FEB 5 PY 2008 VL 24 IS 3 BP 743 EP 748 DI 10.1021/la701900f PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 257CV UT WOS:000252777700028 PM 18171089 ER PT J AU Henz, BJ Hawa, T Zachariah, MR AF Henz, Brian J. Hawa, Takurni Zachariah, Michael R. TI Mechano-chemical stability of gold nanoparticles coated with alkanethiolate SAMs SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; EMBEDDED-ATOM-METHOD; AU(111) SURFACE; ORGANOSULFUR COMPOUNDS; SILICON NANOPARTICLES; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; FCC METALS; CHEMISORPTION; TEMPERATURE AB Molecular dynamics simulations are used to probe the structure and stability of alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold nanoparticles. We observed that the surface of gold nanoparticles becomes highly corrugated by the adsorption of the SAMs. Furthermore, as the temperature is increased, the SAMs dissolve into the gold nanoparticle, creating a liquid mixture at temperatures much lower than the melting temperature of the gold nanoparticle. By analyzing the mechanical and chemical properties of gold nanoparticles at temperatures below the melting point of gold, with different SAM chain lengths and surface coverage properties, we determined that the system is metastable. The model and computational results that provide support for this hypothesis are presented. C1 [Hawa, Takurni; Zachariah, Michael R.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Hawa, Takurni; Zachariah, Michael R.] Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Hawa, Takurni; Zachariah, Michael R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Henz, Brian J.] USA, Ballist Res Lab, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. RP Zachariah, MR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mrz@umd.edu NR 61 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD FEB 5 PY 2008 VL 24 IS 3 BP 773 EP 783 DI 10.1021/la7024473 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 257CV UT WOS:000252777700032 PM 18189429 ER PT J AU Vanderah, DJ Walker, ML Rocco, MA Rubinson, KA AF Vanderah, David J. Walker, Marlon L. Rocco, Mark A. Rubinson, Kenneth A. TI Self-assembled monolayers of an oligo(ethylene oxide) disulfide and its corresponding thiol assembled from water: Characterization and protein resistance SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID 1-THIAHEXA(ETHYLENE OXIDE); MOLECULAR-CONFORMATION; POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL); ADSORPTION; GOLD; SURFACES AB Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of the disulfide [S(C(H)2CH(2)O)(6)CH3](2) ([S(EO)(6)](2)) on An from 95% ethanol and from 100% water are described. Spectroscopic ellipsometry and reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy indicate that the [S(EO)(6)](2) films are similar to the disordered films of HS(CH2CH2O)(6)CH3 ((EO)(6)) and HS(CH2)(3)O(CH2-CH2O)(5)CH3 (C3EO5) at their protein adsorption minima. The [S(EO)(6)](2) SAMs exhibit constant film thickness (d) of 1.2 +/- 0.2 nm over long immersion times (up to 20 days) and do not attain the highly ordered, 7/2 helical structure of the (EO)(6) and C3EO5 SAMs (d = 2.0 nm). Exposure of these self-limiting [S(EO)(6)](2) SAMs to bovine serum albumin show high resistance to protein adsorption. C1 [Vanderah, David J.; Rocco, Mark A.] NIST, Biochem Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Walker, Marlon L.] NIST, Surface Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Rubinson, Kenneth A.] Wright State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. [Rubinson, Kenneth A.] NIST, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vanderah, DJ (reprint author), NIST, Biochem Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.vanderah@nist.gov NR 31 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD FEB 5 PY 2008 VL 24 IS 3 BP 826 EP 829 DI 10.1021/la7028824 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 257CV UT WOS:000252777700038 PM 18186657 ER PT J AU Krapchetov, DA Ma, H Jen, AKY Fischer, DA Loo, YL AF Krapchetov, Dmitry A. Ma, Hong Jen, Alex K. Y. Fischer, Daniel A. Loo, Yueh-Lin TI Deprotecting thioacetyl-terminated terphenyldithiol for assembly on gallium arsenide SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; BARE SEMICONDUCTOR SURFACES; SULFUR-PASSIVATED GAAS; III-V-SEMICONDUCTORS; ELECTRONIC-PROPERTIES; ADSORPTION-KINETICS; ELECTRICAL CONTACTS; GOLD SURFACES; MONOLAYERS; ALKANETHIOLS AB We characterize the assembly of terphenyldithiol (TPDT) on gallium arsenide (GaAs) from ethanol (EtOH) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a function of ammonium hydroxide (NH(4)OH) concentration. NH(4)OH facilitates the conversion of thioacetyl end groups of the TPDT precursor to thiolates in the assembly solution. The final structure of TPDT assembled on GaAs is sensitive not only to the assembly solvent but also to NH(4)OH concentration. In the presence of low concentrations of NH(4)OH (1 mM), TPDT assemblies from EtOH are oriented upright. The same assemblies are less upright when adsorption is carried out at higher NH(4)OH concentrations. In THF, TPDT does not adsorb significantly on GaAs at low NH(4)OH concentrations. The surface coverage and structural organization of these assemblies improve with increasing NH(4)OH concentrations, although these assemblies are never as organized as those from EtOH. The difference in the final structure of TPDT assemblies is attributed to differences in the thiolate fraction in the assembly solution at the point of substrate immersion. C1 [Krapchetov, Dmitry A.; Jen, Alex K. Y.; Loo, Yueh-Lin] Univ Texas Austin, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Ma, Hong; Jen, Alex K. Y.] Univ Washington, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Fischer, Daniel A.] NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Loo, Yueh-Lin] Princeton Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Loo, YL (reprint author), Univ Texas Austin, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM Iloo@princeton.edu RI Loo, Yueh-Lin/C-6607-2011; Jen, Alex/E-5957-2012 NR 49 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD FEB 5 PY 2008 VL 24 IS 3 BP 851 EP 856 DI 10.1021/la702430j PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 257CV UT WOS:000252777700042 PM 18163654 ER PT J AU Kent, MS Yim, H Murton, JK Sasaki, DY Polizzotti, BD Charati, MB Kiick, KL Kuzmenko, I Satija, S AF Kent, M. S. Yim, H. Murton, J. K. Sasaki, D. Y. Polizzotti, B. D. Charati, M. B. Kiick, K. L. Kuzmenko, I. Satija, S. TI Synthetic polypeptide adsorption to Cu-IDA containing lipid films: A model for protein-membrane interactions SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID FUNCTIONALIZED LANGMUIR MONOLAYERS; ALPHA-HELIX; 2-DIMENSIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION; CHELATOR LIPIDS; HELICITY; PEPTIDES; BINDING; DESIGN; POLYALANINES; COORDINATION AB Adsorption of synthetic alanine-rich peptides to lipid monolayers was studied by X-ray and neutron reflectivity, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD), and circular dichroic spectroscopy. The peptides contained histidine residues to drive adsorption to Langmuir monolayers of lipids with iminodiacetate headgroups loaded With Cu2+. Adsorption was found to be irreversible with respect to bulk peptide concentration. The peptides were partially helical in solution at room temperature, the temperature of the adsorption assays. Comparisons of the rate of binding and the structure of the adsorbed layer were made as a function of the number of histidines (from 0 to 2) and also as a function of the positioning of the histidines along the backbone. For peptides containing two histidines on the same side of the helical backbone, large differences were observed in the structure of the adsorbed layer as a function of the spacing of the histidines. With a spacing of 6 A, there was a substantial increase in helicity upon binding (from 17% to 31%), and the peptides adsorbed to a final density approaching that of a nearly completed monolayer of (x-helices adsorbed side-on. The thickness of the adsorbed layer (17 +/- 2.5 angstrom) was slightly greater than the diameter of alpha-helices, suggesting that the free, unstructured ends extended into solution. With a spacing of 30 angstrom between histidines, a far weaker increase in helicity upon binding was observed (from 13% to 19%) and a much lower packing density resulted. The thickness of the adsorbed layer (10 +/- 4 angstrom) was smaller, consistent with the ends being bound to the monolayer. Striking differences were observed in the interaction of the two types of peptide with the lipid membrane by GIXD, consistent with binding by two correlated sites only for the case of 6 A spacing. All these results are attributed to differences in spatial correlation between the histidines as a function of separation distance along the backbone for these partially helical peptides., Finally, control over orientation was demonstrated by placing a histidine on an end of the sequence, which resulted in adsorbed peptides oriented perpendicular to the membrane. C1 [Kent, M. S.; Yim, H.; Murton, J. K.; Sasaki, D. Y.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Polizzotti, B. D.; Charati, M. B.; Kiick, K. L.] Univ Delaware, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Newark, DE USA. [Kuzmenko, I.] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Satija, S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kent, MS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [1-P20-RR17716-01, P20 RR015588, P20 RR017716-010004, P20 RR017716, P20 RR015588-01, 5-P20-RR015588] NR 43 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD FEB 5 PY 2008 VL 24 IS 3 BP 932 EP 942 DI 10.1021/la700940x PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 257CV UT WOS:000252777700054 PM 18179259 ER PT J AU Eustis, S Meier, DC Beversluis, MR Nikoobakht, B AF Eustis, Susie Meier, Douglas C. Beversluis, Michael R. Nikoobakht, Babak TI Analysis of copper incorporation into zinc oxide nanowires SO ACS NANO LA English DT Article DE copper; microbeam analysis; nanotechnology; nanowires; photoluminescence; structural characterization; zinc ID LIQUID-SOLID PROCESS; ZNO NANOWIRES; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; PATTERNED GROWTH; FIELD-EMISSION; TEMPERATURE; NANORODS; NANOSTRUCTURES; FABRICATION; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE AB ZnO nanowires (NWs) are grown on a bulk copper half-transmission electron microscopy grid by chemical vapor deposition in a high temperature tube furnace. Photoluminescence (PL) microscopy revealed band gap emission at 380 nm and a more intense visible emission around 520 nm due to defect states in these NWs. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy shows that the ZnO NWs are single crystalline with hexagonal structure. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy reveal that copper atoms are present along the length of the NW. AES also found that the surface of the NWs is oxygen rich. The surface concentration of zinc increases moving from the tip toward the base of the NW while the concentration of oxygen decreases. The copper in this system not only remains at the tip of the growing NW but also acts as a dopant along the length of the NW, leading to a decrease in the intensity of the band gap PL. of these NWs. C1 [Eustis, Susie; Meier, Douglas C.; Beversluis, Michael R.; Nikoobakht, Babak] NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nikoobakht, B (reprint author), NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8372, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM babak.nikoobakht@nist.gov RI Nikoobakht, Babak/D-7562-2011 NR 47 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1936-0851 J9 ACS NANO JI ACS Nano PD FEB PY 2008 VL 2 IS 2 BP 368 EP 376 DI 10.1021/nn700332r PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 267IS UT WOS:000253503300028 PM 19206639 ER PT J AU English, E AF English, Eric TI Recreation nonparticipation as choice behavior rather than statistical outcome SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE discrete choice analysis; hurdle models; license demand; mixed logit; nonparticipation; recreation demand ID COUNT DATA MODELS; DISCRETE-CHOICE; ENDOGENOUS STRATIFICATION; CONSUMER SURPLUS; DEMAND ANALYSIS; SITE CHOICE; TRUNCATION; SELECTION; LOSSES; SYSTEM AB In recreation demand models nonparticipation is usually estimated as the probability mass on zero demand given a positive level of expected demand and a discrete distribution of demand outcomes. Researchers have attempted to improve predictions of nonparticipation by modifying the parameters of the demand distribution. This study departs from previous approaches by explicitly incorporating nonparticipation into the behavioral model. The choice to participate is described by a distribution of preferences combined with a choke price on individual demands to distinguish participants from nonparticipants. The model is found to accurately predict nonparticipation and the size of the user group. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Response & Restorat, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP English, E (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Response & Restorat, Silver Spring, MD USA. NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 90 IS 1 BP 186 EP 196 DI 10.1111/j.1467-8276.2007.01040.x PG 11 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 256CQ UT WOS:000252705700013 ER PT J AU Mahoney, CM Fahey, AJ AF Mahoney, Christine M. Fahey, Albert J. TI Three-dimensional compositional analysis of drug eluting stent coatings using cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID POLY(LACTIC ACID); SIMS; BOMBARDMENT; SYSTEMS; BLENDS; DAMAGE; FILMS; BEAM AB Cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry (cluster SIMS) employing an SF5+ polyatomic primary ion sputter source in conjunction with a Bi-3(+) analysis source was used to obtain three-dimensional molecular information in polymeric-based drug-eluting stent coatings. The formulations of the coatings varied from 0% to 50% (w/w) sirolimus drug in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and were prepared on both MP35N metal alloy coupons and bare metal stents. All cluster SIMS depth profiles obtained indicated a drug-enriched surface region, followed by a drug-depletion region, and finally a constant bulk composition region, similar to previous data obtained in polymeric blend systems. The drug overlayer thickness was determined to increase with increasing sirolimus content. Sample temperature was determined to play an important role in the resulting depth profiles, where it was shown that the best profiles were obtained at low temperatures (-100 degrees C). At these temperatures, molecular signals typically remained constant through the entire depth of the film (similar to 6.5 mu m) in some cases, as opposed to the typical 1 mu m-2 mu m depth limit, which is achievable at room temperature. The 3-D imaging capabilities of cluster SIMS were successfully demonstrated and indicated a significant amount of subsurface domain formation in the 25% and 50% sirolimus samples, but not in the 5% sample, which was homogeneous. These results clearly illustrate the utility of cluster SIMS for probing the 3-D structure in polymeric-based drug delivery devices. C1 [Mahoney, Christine M.; Fahey, Albert J.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mahoney, CM (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cmahoney@nist.gov RI Fahey, Albert/C-5611-2015 NR 28 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD FEB 1 PY 2008 VL 80 IS 3 BP 624 EP 632 DI 10.1021/ac701644j PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 258LW UT WOS:000252870400015 PM 18179243 ER PT J AU Aguilar, A Jessup, DA Estes, J Garza, JC AF Aguilar, A. Jessup, D. A. Estes, J. Garza, J. C. TI The distribution of nuclear genetic variation and historical demography of sea otters SO ANIMAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE sea otters; endangered species; Enhydra; microsatellites; MHC ID ENHYDRA-LUTRIS-NEREIS; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; RECENT POPULATION BOTTLENECKS; MICROSATELLITE DNA VARIATION; ALLELE FREQUENCY DATA; MINK MUSTELA-VISON; ALEUTIAN ARCHIPELAGO; MOLECULAR ECOLOGY; COMPUTER-PROGRAM; EURASIAN OTTER AB The amount and distribution of population genetic variation is crucial information for the design of effective conservation strategies for endangered species and can also be used to provide inference about demographic processes and patterns of migration. Here, we describe variation at a large number of nuclear genes in sea otters Enhydra lutris ssp. We surveyed 14 variable microsatellite loci and two genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in up to 350 California sea otters Enhydra lutris nereis, which represents similar to 10% of the subspecies' population, and 46 otters from two Alaskan sites. We utilized methods for detecting past reductions in effective population size to examine the effects of near extinction from the fur trade. Summary statistic tests largely failed to find a signal of a recent population size reduction (within the past 200 years), but a Bayesian method found a signal of a strong reduction over a longer time scale (up to 500 years ago). These results indicate that the reduction in size began long enough ago that much genetic variation was lost before the 19th century fur trade. A comparison of geographic distance and pairwise relatedness for individual otters found no evidence of kin-based spatial clustering for either gender. This indicates that there is no population structure, due to extended family groups, within the California population. A survey of population genetic variation found that two of the MHC genes, DQB and DRB, had two alleles present and one of the genes, DRA, was monomorphic in otters. This contrasts with other mammals, where they are often the most variable coding genes known. Genetic variation in the sea otter is among the lowest observed for a mammal and raises concerns about the long-term viability of the species, particularly in the face of future environmental changes. C1 [Aguilar, A.; Garza, J. C.] SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Aguilar, A.; Estes, J.; Garza, J. C.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Jessup, D. A.] Marine Wildlife Vet Care & Res Ctr, Calif Dept Fish & Game, Santa Cruz, CA USA. [Estes, J.] US Geol Survey, Ctr Ocean Hlth, Santa Cruz, CA USA. RP Garza, JC (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM carlos.garza@noaa.gov NR 60 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 47 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1367-9430 J9 ANIM CONSERV JI Anim. Conserv. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 11 IS 1 BP 35 EP 45 DI 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2007.00144.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 257NB UT WOS:000252804700008 ER PT J AU Attota, R Silver, R Dixson, R AF Attota, Ravikiran Silver, Richard Dixson, Ronald TI Linewidth measurement technique using through-focus optical images SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID METROLOGY AB We present a detailed experimental study of a new through-focus technique to measure critical dimension linewidth with nanometer sensitivity using a bright field optical microscope. This method relies on analyzing intensity gradients in optical images at different focus positions, here defined as the focus metric (FM) signature. The contrast of an optical image of a structured target, where a particular structure is repeated several times, varies greatly as it is moved through-focus if the spacing between the structures is such that the scattered field from the features interferes. Complex, distinguishable through-focus optical response occurs under this condition giving rise to the formation of several cyclic high and low contrast images. As a result it exhibits several FM signature peaks as opposed to a single FM peak for structures nearly isolated. This complex optical behavior is very sensitive to the dimensions of the target geometry. By appropriately analyzing the through-focus optical image, information can be obtained regarding the target. An array of lines is used as a structured target. Linewidth measurements were made by using experimental through-focus optical data obtained using a bright field microscope and simulated optical data. The optical results are compared with reference metrology tools such as a critical dimension atomic force microscope and critical dimension scanning electron microscope. (c) 2008 Optical Society of America. C1 [Attota, Ravikiran; Silver, Richard; Dixson, Ronald] NIST, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Attota, R (reprint author), NIST, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ravikiran.attota@nist.gov NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD FEB 1 PY 2008 VL 47 IS 4 BP 495 EP 503 DI 10.1364/AO.47.000495 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 267MC UT WOS:000253512100019 PM 18239708 ER PT J AU Schultz, MK Cessna, JT Anderson, TL Ponto, JA Petry, N Kowalsky, RJ Palmer, MR Beinlich, UF Baker, W Hinkle, GH Hung, JC Quinton, T Rice, PA Divgi, C Norenberg, JP AF Schultz, Michael K. Cessna, Jeffrey T. Anderson, Tamara L. Ponto, James A. Petry, Neil Kowalsky, Richard J. Palmer, Matthew R. Beinlich, Uwe F. Baker, William Hinkle, George H. Hung, Joseph C. Quinton, Timothy Rice, Peter A. Divgi, Chaitanya Norenberg, Jeffrey P. TI A performance evaluation of Y-90 dose-calibrator measurements in nuclear pharmacies and clinics in the United States SO APPLIED RADIATION AND ISOTOPES LA English DT Article DE (90)Yttrium; radiopharmacy; ibritumomab tiuxetan; dose calibrator; measurement assurance ID NON-HODGKINS-LYMPHOMA; RADIONUCLIDE CALIBRATORS; ASSURANCE PROGRAM; RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY; MEDICINE; STANDARD AB A blind performance test was conducted to evaluate dose-calibrator measurements at nuclear pharmacies in the United States (US). Two test-sample geometries were chosen to represent those used for measurements of Y-90-ibritumomab tiuxetan (ZEVALINO(R)). The radioactivity concentration of test-samples was verified by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology. Forty-five results were reported by 10 participants. Eighty percent of reported values were within the US Pharmacopoeia content standard ( 10%) for Y-90-ZEVALIN(R). All results were within US Nuclear Regulatory Commission conformance limits (+/-20%) for defining therapeutic misadministrations. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Schultz, Michael K.; Cessna, Jeffrey T.] NIST, Nucl Med Standards Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Anderson, Tamara L.; Norenberg, Jeffrey P.] Univ New Mexico, Hlth Sci Ctr, Coll Pharm, New Mexico Ctr Isotopes Med, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Ponto, James A.] Univ Iowa Hosp & Clin, Dept Nucl Med, Dept Radiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. [Petry, Neil] Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Nucl Med, Dept Radiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. [Kowalsky, Richard J.] Univ N Carolina, Dept Radiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. [Palmer, Matthew R.] Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Nucl Med, Dept Radiol, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Beinlich, Uwe F.] QSA Global Inc, Auriga Med Div, Burlington, MA 01803 USA. [Baker, William] Pharmaceut & Diagnost Serv, W Valley City, UT 84119 USA. [Hinkle, George H.] Ohio State Univ, Med Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Hung, Joseph C.] Mayo Clin, Div Nucl Med, Dept Radiol, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. [Quinton, Timothy] Radiopharm Inc, Evansville, IN 47711 USA. [Rice, Peter A.] Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Nucl Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA. [Divgi, Chaitanya] Univ Penn, Hosp Univ Penn, Div Nucl Med & Clin Mol Imaging, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Schultz, MK (reprint author), NIST, Nucl Med Standards Program, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8462, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael-schultz@uiowa.edu NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-8043 J9 APPL RADIAT ISOTOPES JI Appl. Radiat. Isot. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 66 IS 2 BP 252 EP 260 DI 10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.09.002 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 261TO UT WOS:000253103100021 PM 17933545 ER PT J AU DeLorenzo, ME Fleming, J AF DeLorenzo, Marie E. Fleming, Jessica TI Individual and mixture effects of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products on the marine phytoplankton species Dunaliella tertiolecta SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE phytoplankton; pharmaceuticals; mixtures; aquatic toxicity; estuarine ID AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; CLOFIBRIC ACID; ALGAL TOXICITY; WASTE-WATER; DRUGS; DICLOFENAC; TRICLOSAN; ECOTOXICOLOGY; CARBAMAZEPINE AB Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) entering the environment may have detrimental effects on aquatic organisms. Simvastatin, clofibric acid, diclofenac, carbamazepine, fluoxetine, and triclosan represent some of the most commonly used and/or detected PPCPs in aquatic environments. This study analyzed the individual and mixture toxicity of these six PPCPs to the marine phytoplankton species Dunaliella tertiolecta using a standard 96-hour static algal bioassay protocol. All PPCPs tested had a significant effect on D. tertiolecta population cell density. However, of the six PPCPs tested, only triclosan yielded toxicity at typical environmental concentrations. The 96-hour EC50 values for triclosan, fluoxetine, simvastatin, diclofenac, and clofibric acid were 3.55 mu g/L, 169.81 mu g/L, 22,800 mu g/L, 185,690 mu g/L, and 224,180 mu g/L, respectively. An EC50 value could not be determined for carbamazepine; however, the highest concentration tested (80,000 mu g/L) reduced cell density by 42%. Both mixtures tested-simvastatin-clofibric acid and fluoxetine-triclosan-demonstrated additive toxicity. The presence of PPCP mixtures may decrease the toxicity threshold for phytoplankton populations. Detrimental effects on phytoplankton populations could ultimately impact nutrient cycling and food availability to higher trophic levels. The results of this study are a first step toward identifying the risk of PPCPs to estuarine organisms and may benefit environmental resource managers. C1 [DeLorenzo, Marie E.] NOAA, US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean Serv, Coastal Ctr Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Fleming, Jessica] Ashland Univ, Ashland, OH 44805 USA. RP DeLorenzo, ME (reprint author), NOAA, US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean Serv, Coastal Ctr Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM marie.delorenzo@noaa.gov RI PRAZERES, KELLY/O-7715-2015 NR 32 TC 69 Z9 73 U1 8 U2 104 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 54 IS 2 BP 203 EP 210 DI 10.1007/s00244-007-9032-2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 252SO UT WOS:000252467100006 PM 17846821 ER PT J AU Lisse, CM Chen, CH Wyatt, MC Morlok, A AF Lisse, C. M. Chen, C. H. Wyatt, M. C. Morlok, A. TI Circumstellar dust created by terrestrial planet formation in HD 113766 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE infrared : stars; planetary systems : formation; planetary systems : protoplanetary disks; radiation mechanisms : thermal; techniques : spectroscopic ID SOLAR-TYPE STARS; BETA-PICTORIS; DEEP-IMPACT; ASTEROID BELT; DEBRIS DISKS; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; OB ASSOCIATION; ZODIACAL CLOUD; SPITZER; SYSTEM AB We present an analysis of the gas-poor circumstellar material in the HD 113766 binary system ( F3/F5, 10-16 Myr), recently observed by the Spitzer Space Telescope. For our study we have used the IR mineralogical model derived from observations of the Deep Impact experiment. We find the dust dominated by warm, fine (similar to 1 mu m) particles, abundant in Mg-rich olivine, crystalline pyroxenes, amorphous silicates, Fe-rich sulfides, amorphous carbon, and colder water ice. The warm dust material mix is akin to an inner main-belt asteroid of S-type composition. The similar to 440 K effective temperature of the warm dust implies that the bulk of the observed material is in a narrow belt similar to 1.8 AU from the 4.4 L-circle dot central source, in the terrestrial planet-forming region and habitable zone of the system ( equivalent to 0.9 AU in the solar system). The icy dust lies in two belts, located at 4-9 and 30-80 AU. The lower bound of warm dust mass in 0.1-20 mu m, dn/ da similar to a(-3.5) particles is very large, at least 3x10(20) kg, equivalent to a 320 km radius asteroid of 2.5 g cm(-3) density. Assuming 10 m particles are the largest present, the lower bound of warm dust mass is at least 0.5 M-Mars. Neither primordial nor mature, the dust around HD 113766A originates from catastrophic disruption of terrestrial planet embryo(s) and subsequent grinding of the fragments or from collisions in a young, extremely dense asteroid belt undergoing planetary aggregation. The persistence of the strong IR excess over the last two decades argues for a mechanism to provide replenishment of the circumstellar material on yearly timescales. C1 [Lisse, C. M.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Planetary Explorat Grp, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Chen, C. H.] NOAA, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Wyatt, M. C.] Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England. [Morlok, A.] Kobe Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan. RP Lisse, CM (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Planetary Explorat Grp, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM carey.lisse@jhuapl.edu; cchen@noao.edu; wyatt@ast.cam.ac.uk; morlok70@kobe-u.ac.jp RI Lisse, Carey/B-7772-2016 OI Lisse, Carey/0000-0002-9548-1526 NR 90 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD FEB 1 PY 2008 VL 673 IS 2 BP 1106 EP 1122 DI 10.1086/523626 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 266RI UT WOS:000253454300040 ER PT J AU Pinder, RW Dennis, RL Bhave, PV AF Pinder, Robert W. Dennis, Robin L. Bhave, Prakash V. TI Observable indicators of the sensitivity of PM2.5 nitrate to emission reductions - Part I: Derivation of the adjusted gas ratio and applicability at regulatory-relevant time scales SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE inorganic aerosol system; particulate matter; air-quality modeling; impacts of emission reductions ID EASTERN UNITED-STATES; AEROSOL; SULFATE; TRENDS; MODEL AB Chemical transport models have frequently been used to evaluate the impacts of emission reductions on inorganic PM2.5. However, such models are limited in their accuracy by uncertain estimates of the spatial and temporal characterization of emissions and meteorology. Site-specific observations can more accurately characterize the distribution of pollutants, but cannot predict the effectiveness of emission controls. In this research, we use equilibrium theory and a chemical transport model to find observable indicators that are robust predictors of the change in PM2.5 nitrate due to changes in NH3, SO2, and NOx emissions. Two conditions are necessary: (1) the indicator must be valid at both instantaneous equilibrium and regulatory (daily and monthly) time-scales and (2) the indicator must be able to explain the majority of the spatial and temporal variance in the PM2.5 nitrate sensitivity. We find that the ratio of free ammonia to total nitrate meets these conditions during the winter in the Eastern United States. This observable ratio can be used to predict the percent change in PM2.5 nitrate due to SO2 and NH3 emissions reductions with nearly zero bias when compared with an emission driven chemical transport model. This permits a novel method for estimating the effectiveness of emission control strategies. The chemical transport model can be used to derive the relationship between the observed concentrations and the change in nitrate due to emission changes. Then observations can be used to apply that relationship to specific locations of interest. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Pinder, Robert W.; Dennis, Robin L.; Bhave, Prakash V.] US EPA, NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci & Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Pinder, RW (reprint author), US EPA, NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci & Modeling Div, Mail Drop E243-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM pinder.rob@epa.gov RI Pinder, Robert/F-8252-2011; Bhave, Prakash/L-1958-2013 OI Pinder, Robert/0000-0001-6390-7126; Bhave, Prakash/0000-0002-2573-951X NR 20 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1275 EP 1286 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.039 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 277NK UT WOS:000254219800017 ER PT J AU Dennis, RL Bhave, PV Pinder, RW AF Dennis, Robin L. Bhave, Prakash V. Pinder, Robert W. TI Observable indicators of the sensitivity of PM2.5 nitrate to emission reductions - Part II: Sensitivity to errors in total ammonia and total nitrate of the CMAQ-predicted non-linear effect of SO2 emission reductions SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE inorganic aerosols; sensitivity analysis; non-linearity; particulate nitrate replacement; emission control response; nitrate relative reduction factors; RRF ID EASTERN UNITED-STATES; AIR-QUALITY MODELS; AEROSOL AB The inorganic aerosol system of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium can respond non-linearly to changes in precursor sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. The potential increase in nitrate, when sulfate is reduced and the associated ammonia is released, can negate the sulfate mass reduction. Current regional-scale air quality models do not reproduce the present-day levels of total ammonia and total nitrate, leading to possible errors in the air quality model predictions of future nitrate concentrations. The objective of this study is to quantify the effects of errors in the total-ammonia and total-nitrate budgets on nitrate relative response (RR), defined as the percent change in particulate nitrate stemming from reductions in SO2 emissions. This objective is addressed through three sensitivity studies using the Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ). These studies assess the sensitivity of the nitrate RR (%) to (1) errors in ammonia emissions, (2) errors in the heterogeneous production of nitrate from N2O5, and (3) errors in the NOx emissions. The results indicate that nitrate RRs due to SO2 emission reductions are much more sensitive to errors in the total-ammonia budget than to errors in the total-nitrate budget. The sensitivity of the nitrate RR to NOx emissions is only moderate and is due primarily to the effect of NOx changes on sulfate production, rather than on total nitrate. Also, a strong relationship was found between the nitrate RR and the Adjusted Gas Ratio (free ammonia adjusted for the degree of sulfate neutralization divided by total nitrate). (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Dennis, Robin L.; Bhave, Prakash V.; Pinder, Robert W.] US EPA, NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Dennis, RL (reprint author), US EPA, NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Mail Drop E243-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Robin.Dennis@noaa.gov RI Pinder, Robert/F-8252-2011; Bhave, Prakash/L-1958-2013 OI Pinder, Robert/0000-0001-6390-7126; Bhave, Prakash/0000-0002-2573-951X NR 23 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1287 EP 1300 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.036 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 277NK UT WOS:000254219800018 ER PT J AU Higgins, JE Ford, MD Costello, JH AF Higgins, J. E., III Ford, M. D. Costello, J. H. TI Transitions in morphology, nematocyst distribution, fluid motions, and prey capture during development of the scyphomedusa Cyanea capillata SO BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID JELLYFISH AURELIA-AURITA; NIANTIC RIVER ESTUARY; CHRYSAORA-QUINQUECIRRHA; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; FEEDING RATES; SEA NETTLE; POPULATION; PREDATION; SCYPHOZOA; CNIDARIA AB Like that of most scyphozoans, the ontogeny of Cyanea capillata medusae involves substantive alterations in feeding structures and mechanics. We used video and optical microscopy approaches to quantify these ontogenetic changes in morphology, flow, and feeding of C. capillata medusae. We found that alterations in gross morphology and nematocyst distributions coincided with a shift from prey capture on the manubrium or lappets of ephyrae (bell diameter 0.2-0.4 cm) to capture primarily on the tentacles in adult medusae (diameter >1.0 cm). These changes occurred within a hydrodynamic framework that itself changed due to medusan growth. Viscous forces were important in flows around small ephyrae (maximum Re <10(1)), whereas viscosity was less influential in the inertially dominated flows around adult medusae (Re > 10(2)). The relative timing of these events indicates that ontogenetic processes are closely synchronized with alterations in the hydrodynamic environment within which C. capillata medusae develop. C1 [Costello, J. H.] Providence Coll, Dept Biol, Providence, RI 02918 USA. [Ford, M. D.] NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20707 USA. RP Costello, JH (reprint author), Providence Coll, Dept Biol, Providence, RI 02918 USA. EM costello@providence.edu NR 36 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 24 PU MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY PI WOODS HOLE PA 7 MBL ST, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA SN 0006-3185 J9 BIOL BULL-US JI Biol. Bull. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 214 IS 1 BP 29 EP 41 PG 13 WC Biology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 262FH UT WOS:000253133900004 PM 18258773 ER PT J AU Powell, MD Reinhold, TA AF Powell, Mark D. Reinhold, Tim A. TI Tropical cyclone destructive potential by integrated kinetic energy - Reply SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Powell, Mark D.; Reinhold, Tim A.] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, HRD, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Powell, MD (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, HRD, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Powell, Mark/I-4963-2013 OI Powell, Mark/0000-0002-4890-8945 NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 89 IS 2 BP 221 EP 223 DI 10.1175/BAMS-89-2-221 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 281NQ UT WOS:000254504700019 ER PT J AU Mier, KL Picquelle, SJ AF Mier, Kathryn L. Picquelle, Susan J. TI Estimating abundance of spatially aggregated populations: Comparing adaptive sampling with survey designs SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CLUSTERED POPULATIONS; EFFICIENCY; ALASKA AB The main goal in estimating population abundance is to maximize its accuracy and precision. This is difficult when the survey area is large and resources are limited. We implemented a feasible adaptive sampling survey applied to an aggregated population in a marine environment and compared its performance with five classical survey designs. Specifically, larval walleye Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in the Gulf of Alaska was used as an example of a widespread aggregated population. The six sampling designs included (i) adaptive cluster, (ii) simple random, (iii) systematic, (iv) systematic cluster, (v) stratified systematic, and (vi) unequal probability. Of the five different adaptive estimators used for the adaptive cluster design, the modified Hansen-Hurwitz performed best overall. Of the six survey designs, the stratified systematic survey provided the best overall estimator, given there was accurate prior information on which to base the strata. If no prior information was available, a systematic survey was best. A systematic survey using a single random starting point with a simple random estimator performed as well as and sometimes better than a systematic cluster survey with two starting points (clusters). The adaptive cluster survey showed no advantages when compared with these two designs and furthermore presented substantial logistical challenges. C1 [Mier, Kathryn L.; Picquelle, Susan J.] NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Mier, KL (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM kathy.mier@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0706-652X EI 1205-7533 J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 65 IS 2 BP 176 EP 197 DI 10.1139/F07-138 PG 22 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 267YW UT WOS:000253546100004 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP AF Bentz, D. P. TI A review of early-age properties of cement-based materials SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement CY JUL 08-13, 2007 CL Montreal, CANADA SP Natl Res Council Canada, Cement Assoc Canada DE curing; drying; early-age cracking (nominated); hydration; shrinking ID SHRINKAGE-REDUCING ADMIXTURES; PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; AUTOGENOUS SHRINKAGE; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; SILICA FUME; PASTE; CONCRETE; HYDRATION; WATER; DEFORMATION AB This paper provides an overview of the early-age properties of cement-based materials, from a materials science perspective. The major physical and chemical processes occurring at early ages are reviewed and strategies for mitigating early-age cracking are presented. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.bentz@nist.gov RI Chen, Wei/A-5694-2010 NR 87 TC 81 Z9 86 U1 4 U2 28 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 38 IS 2 BP 196 EP 204 DI 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.09.005 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 254YL UT WOS:000252623800008 ER PT J AU Seo, YS Ahmad, F Shin, K Song, JM Kim, JS Rafailovich, MH Sokolov, J Satija, SK AF Seo, Young-Soo Ahmad, Farhan Shin, Kwanwoo Song, Ju-Myung Kim, Joon-Seop Rafailovich, Miriam H. Sokolov, Jon Satija, Sushi K. TI Interfacial behavior of randomly charged sulfonated polystyrene (PSS) at the air/water interface SO COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Asian Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (AsiaNANO 2006) CY NOV 01-04, 2006 CL Busan, SOUTH KOREA DE polyelectrolytes; Langmuir monolayer; polystyrene sulfonated acid ID NEUTRON REFLECTIVITY; ADSORPTION; SURFACE; POLYELECTROLYTES; FILMS; MODEL; BRUSHES; DENSITY AB Langmuir monolayers of randomly charged polystyrene sulfonated acid, PSSx, with various degrees of sulfonation (x) ranging from 4 up to 35% were studied. Three characteristic regimes of PSSx were determined, according to the balance between electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions in these ranges. Low charged PSS (4-5%) aggregates to irreversible films upon compression, leading to strong hysteresis. Moderately charged PSS (6-16%) is shown to less hysteretic. In contrast, highly charged PSS (35%) formed a reversible film due to dominant electrostatic interactions over hydrophobic interaction. Using in situ neutron reflectivity (NR) we observed that PSS with 35% sulfonation formed a highly stretched brush into the water subphase upon compression. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Sogang Univ, Dept Chem, Seoul 121742, South Korea. Sogang Univ, Program Integrated Biotechnol, Seoul 121742, South Korea. Sejong Univ, Dept Nano Sci & Technol, Seoul 143747, South Korea. Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Kwangju 500712, South Korea. Chosun Univ, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Educ Ctr Technol Adv Mat & Parts BK21, Seoul, South Korea. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Shin, K (reprint author), Sogang Univ, Dept Chem, Seoul 121742, South Korea. EM kwshin@sogang.ac.kr RI Shin, Kwanwoo /C-4979-2012; OI Shin, Kwanwoo/0000-0002-7563-8581 NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-7757 J9 COLLOID SURFACE A JI Colloid Surf. A-Physicochem. Eng. Asp. PD FEB 1 PY 2008 VL 313 SI SI BP 660 EP 665 DI 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.04.095 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 259PY UT WOS:000252952400149 ER PT J AU Deshmukh, AS Banerjee, AG Gupta, SK Sriram, RD AF Deshmukh, Abhijit S. Banerjee, Ashis Gopal Gupta, Satyandra K. Sriram, Ram D. TI Content-based assembly search: A step towards assembly reuse SO COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN LA English DT Article DE content-based assembly search; graph compatibility; assembly mating conditions; assembly characteristics ID SUBGRAPH ISOMORPHISM; DESIGN; ALGORITHM AB The increased use of CAD systems by product development organizations has resulted in the creation of large databases of assemblies. This explosion of assembly data is likely to continue in the future. In many situations, a text-based search alone may not be sufficient to search for assemblies and it may be desirable to search for assemblies based on the content of the assembly models. The ability to perform content-based searches on these databases is expected to help the designers in the following two ways. First, it can facilitate the reuse of existing assembly designs, thereby reducing the design time. Second, a lot of useful designs for manufacturing, and assembly knowledge are implicitly embedded in existing assemblies. Therefore a capability to locate existing assemblies and examine them can be used as a learning tool by designers to learn from the existing assembly designs. This paper describes a system for performing content-based searches on assembly databases. We identify templates for comprehensive search definitions and describe algorithms to perform content-based searches for mechanical assemblies. We also illustrate the capabilities of our system through several examples. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Deshmukh, Abhijit S.; Banerjee, Ashis Gopal; Gupta, Satyandra K.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Deshmukh, Abhijit S.; Banerjee, Ashis Gopal; Gupta, Satyandra K.] Univ Maryland, Syst Res Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Sriram, Ram D.] NIST, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gupta, SK (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM skgupta@eng.umd.edu NR 29 TC 16 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0010-4485 EI 1879-2685 J9 COMPUT AIDED DESIGN JI Comput.-Aided Des. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 40 IS 2 BP 244 EP 261 DI 10.1016/j.cad.2007.10.012 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 284HX UT WOS:000254698600010 ER PT J AU Busch, DS Robinson, TR Hahn, TP Wingfield, JC AF Busch, D. Shallin Robinson, Tapa R. Hahn, Thomas P. Wingfield, John C. TI Sex hormones in the Song Wren: variation with time of year, molt, gonadotropin releasing hormone, and social challenge SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE challenge hypothesis; Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus; DHEA; GnRH; luteinizing hormone; testosterone; tropics ID ZONOTRICHIA-LEUCOPHRYS-GAMBELII; STARLINGS STURNUS-VULGARIS; WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW; TERRITORIAL AGGRESSION; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; STEROID-HORMONES; PLASMA TESTOSTERONE; PLOCEPASSER-MAHALI; TROPICAL BIRDS; ANNUAL CYCLE AB Little is known about the role that hormones play in controlling the life cycles and behaviors of resident, tropical-forest passerines. In this study, we document levels of the sex hormones dihydroepiandosterone (DHEA), estradiol, luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone, and testosterone in male and female Song Wrens (Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus) during the breeding season. In males, we found no significant seasonal changes in sex hormones and no effect of molt or experimental social challenge on hormone levels. The lack of population-level variation in sex hormone levels throughout the reproductive season highlights the asynchronous nature of reproduction in this species. Stimulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis through injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) did not affect sex steroid levels in males but did cause a significant increase in LH levels. Low basal testosterone levels in males and the failure of males to respond to GnRH or social challenge with an increase in testosterone indicates either a limited role for systemic testosterone or a system highly sensitive to small changes in hormone titers. Levels of LH, progesterone, and testosterone were similar in females with and without active brood patches, though DHEA levels were higher in females with them. As in males, reproductive hormone levels in females did not change with body or wing molt. However, although wing molt was not significantly related to brood patch status, body molt was negatively associated with the presence of active brood patches in females. This result may suggest an inability of females to engage in body molt and breeding simultaneously. C1 [Busch, D. Shallin; Wingfield, John C.] Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Robinson, Tapa R.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Hahn, Thomas P.; Wingfield, John C.] Univ Calif Davis, Sect Neurobiol Physiol & Behav, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Busch, DS (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM shallin@u.washington.edu NR 55 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 9 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 2008 VL 110 IS 1 BP 125 EP 133 DI 10.1525/cond.2008.110.1.125 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 295WN UT WOS:000255504900014 ER PT J AU Peccini, MB MacDonald, IR AF Peccini, Michael B. MacDonald, Ian R. TI Correspondence of sea fan orientations with measured currents on hard bottom habitats of the Mississippi/Alabama continental shelf SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sea fan; orientation; coral; gorgonian; antipatharian; water currents ID GROWTH AB The orientations of 368 gorgonian and antipatharian sea fans were measured using video taken with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) within five study areas on the Mississippi/Alabama continental shelf. Sea fans were oriented nonrandomly and exhibited a strongly preferred direction of orientation at each of the five study sites. Orientations corresponded closely to the mean direction of the time-averaged current flow measured synoptically from I I current meters in the vicinity of the study sites. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Peccini, Michael B.] NOAA Fisheries, IM Syst Grp, Off Habitat Conservat, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [MacDonald, Ian R.] Texas A&M Univ, Sch Phys Life Sci, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. RP Peccini, MB (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, IM Syst Grp, Off Habitat Conservat, 1315 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM mike.peccini@noaa.gov; lan.Macdonald@tamucc.edu NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD FEB 1 PY 2008 VL 28 IS 2 BP 302 EP 308 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2007.08.003 PG 7 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 264IV UT WOS:000253281900007 ER PT J AU Henson, SA Thomas, AC AF Henson, Stephanie A. Thomas, Andrew C. TI A census of oceanic anticyclonic eddies in the Gulf of Alaska SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article DE mesoscale eddies; North Pacific Ocean; Alaskan Gyre; ENSO; interannual variability ID NORTHEAST PACIFIC-OCEAN; HAIDA EDDIES; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; MESOSCALE CIRCULATION; MEDITERRANEAN SEA; NORTHWESTERN GULF; COASTAL ORIGIN; EASTERN GULF; EL-NINO; EDDY AB In the Gulf of Alaska (GOA), mesoscale eddies play an important role in promoting off-shelf transport of heat, nutrients and biological Populations into the HNLC water of the northeast Pacific Ocean. However, the spatial and temporal distribution of these eddies and their characteristics have not been substantially described. Here we apply an objective method (Okubo-Weiss parameter) for identifying and tracking eddies to 15 years (October 1992-2006) of satellite sea level anomaly data. The parameter allows the spatial and temporal variability in eddy activity to be defined, providing the first systematic census of anticyclonic eddies in the region. Eddies are generated principally on the eastern side of the basin and propagate either westward (Haida eddies) or along the western GOA shelf break (Alaskan Stream eddies). Seasonal maps of eddy density show fewest eddies in winter, maximum in spring/summer. The Haida and Alaskan Stream eddy corridors are clearly defined, as is an 'eddy desert' in the southwest of the basin, where the probability of an eddy being identified is zero. Maps of eddy trajectories for each year show substantial interannual variability in number and propagation paths. Greatest eddy activity occurs in 1994, 1997/1998 and 2004. Fewest eddies occur in 1996 and in the period from 1999 through 2002. Interannual variability in eddy characteristics (magnitude, propagation speed, diameter and duration) is assessed for the basin as a whole, and separately for the Alaskan Stream, Haida and Sitka/Yakutat formation regions. In general, Alaskan Stream eddies are more numerous, larger and more intense than Haida eddies. Periods of increased eddy activity do not necessarily correspond to El Nino events, but are associated with anomalous downwelling wind conditions along the continental margin. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Henson, Stephanie A.; Thomas, Andrew C.] Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Henson, SA (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM shenson@princeton.edu NR 51 TC 71 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 55 IS 2 BP 163 EP 176 DI 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.11.005 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 270WE UT WOS:000253750100003 ER PT J AU Karageorgis, AP Gardner, WD Georgopoulos, D Mishonov, AV Krasakopoulou, E Anagnostou, C AF Karageorgis, Aristomenis P. Gardner, Wilford D. Georgopoulos, Dimitris Mishonov, Alexey V. Krasakopoulou, Evangelia Anagnostou, Christos TI Particle dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: A synthesis based on light transmission, PMC, and POC archives (1991-2001) SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Review DE light transmission; beam attenuation; particulate matter; particulate organic carbon; Eastern Mediterranean Sea ID SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER; NW AEGEAN SEA; ORGANIC-CARBON; CRETAN SEA; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; SUBMARINE-CANYON; LEVANTINE BASIN; SPORADES BASIN; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; NORTH-ATLANTIC AB During the last two decades light transmission (LT) data have been collected routinely in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, within the framework of several research projects. A procedure was developed to obtain beam attenuation coefficient due to particles (c(p)) at 660-670 run adjusted for variations in mid-depth 'clear' water and instrumental drifts. Data from 3 146 stations occupied between 1991 and 2001 were converted to a common format for the analysis of particulate matter (PM) temporal and spatial distribution patterns. The data were separated into 'wet' (December-May) and 'dry' (June-November) periods. The horizontal distribution of beam cp at various depths revealed clearly higher values in the surface nepheloid layer (SNL) in the vicinity of river mouths during the 'wet' period, whilst the increase was negligible during the 'dry' period. In contrast, the bottom nepheloid layer (BNL; 1-10m above bottom) appeared to be turbid throughout the year, particularly on the continental shelves receiving riverine discharge. This feature is attributed to resuspension and advection of recently deposited bottom sediments due to waves and currents. However, the Eastern Mediterranean as a whole is impoverished in PM in the water column, particularly at depths >200m. The behavior of surface-water c(p) revealed a strong relationship to mesoscale dynamic features. Cyclonic eddies, which upwell nutrient-rich waters toward the surface, favor primary production, which was identified as elevated beam c(p) values. Beam c(p) was correlated with PM concentration (PMC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration obtained by bottle sampling. Although there were regional differences in the correlations, no significant seasonal variations were observed. Two generic equations were generated that can be used for a first-order estimate of PMC and POC from historical LT measurements conducted in the area, provided that data are handled according to the proposed methodology. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Karageorgis, Aristomenis P.; Georgopoulos, Dimitris; Krasakopoulou, Evangelia; Anagnostou, Christos] Hellen Ctr Marine Res, Mavro Lithari 19013, Anavyssos, Greece. [Gardner, Wilford D.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Mishonov, Alexey V.] NOAA, NODC, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Karageorgis, AP (reprint author), Hellen Ctr Marine Res, 46-7 Km Athens Sounio Ave, Mavro Lithari 19013, Anavyssos, Greece. EM ak@ath.hcmr.gr; wgardner@ocean.tamu.edu; dgeor@ath.hcmr.gr; Alexey.Mishonov@noaa.gov; ekras@ath.hcmr.gr; chanag@ath.hcmr.gr RI Mishonov, Alexey/F-3211-2011; Krasakopoulou, Evangelia/H-5098-2011; Gardner, Wilford/E-2579-2012; Karageorgis, Aristomenis/B-1427-2013 OI Mishonov, Alexey/0000-0002-2958-8747; NR 113 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 55 IS 2 BP 177 EP 202 DI 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.11.002 PG 26 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 270WE UT WOS:000253750100004 ER PT J AU Sun, JR Lin-Gibson, S AF Sun, Jirun Lin-Gibson, Sheng TI X-ray microcomputed tomography for measuring polymerization shrinkage of polymeric dental composites SO DENTAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE dental materials; image analysis; polymerization shrinkage; resin composites; X-ray microcomputed tomography ID MICRO-CT; VOLUMETRIC SHRINKAGE; COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY; RESIN; SCAFFOLDS; TEETH; CURE AB Objectives. The main objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of using X-ray micro-computed tomography (mu CT) as a viable technique for accurate measurements of composite volumetric changes due to polymerization. Methods. mu CT, a non-destructive 3D imaging technique that measures the intensity of content at each voxel, was used to determine the volume of experimental and commercial polymeric dental composites before and after photopolymerization. The experimental composites consisted of various mass ratios of 2,2-bis(4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy) -phenyl] propane (BisGMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) filled with various amounts of barium boroaluminosilicate glass and fumed amorphous silica. Polymerization shrinkage was determined using mu CT and shrinkage calculated based on density measurements. Results. mu CT was successfully used to calculate volumetric shrinkage of dental composites. Results agreed well with shrinkage obtained via density measurements of the same sample. The addition of radio opaque filler was necessary to achieve sufficient contrast between the sample and background. Appropriate image analysis procedures were needed to obtain the volumes of sample specimens. Significance. mu CT enables the characterization of polymerization shrinkage under clinically relevant conditions. In particular, the sample geometry and the physical state (liquid or solid) are flexible. The current test allowed multiple samples to be measured at the same time. in addition, the ability to accurately measure the size and shape of the object will allow multiple properties to be determined simultaneously (c) 2007 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Sun, Jirun; Lin-Gibson, Sheng] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lin-Gibson, S (reprint author), 100 Bureau Dr,MS 8543, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM slgibson@nist.gov NR 23 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0109-5641 J9 DENT MATER JI Dent. Mater. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 24 IS 2 BP 228 EP 234 DI 10.1016/j.dental.2007.05.001 PG 7 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 261IB UT WOS:000253071200012 PM 17572484 ER PT J AU Moore, JW Schindler, DE Ruff, CP AF Moore, Jonathan W. Schindler, Daniel E. Ruff, Casey P. TI Habitat saturation drives thresholds in stream subsidies SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE density dependence; ecosystem-based management; eggs; fisheries; food web; foraging; functional extinction; grayling; marine-derived nutrients; salmon; superimposition; trout ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; PACIFIC SALMON; RESIDENT SALMONIDS; SOUTHWEST ALASKA; SOCKEYE-SALMON; ECOLOGY; COHO; COMPETITION; ECOSYSTEMS; MANAGEMENT AB Understanding how abundance regulates the effects of organisms on their ecosystems remains a critical goal of ecology, especially for understanding inter-ecosystem transfers of energy and nutrients. Here we examined how territoriality and nest-digging by anadromous salmon mediate trophic subsidies to stream fishes. Salmon eggs become available for consumption primarily by the digging of salmon that superimpose their nests on previous nests. An individual-based model of spawning salmon predicted that territoriality and habitat saturation produce a nonlinear effect of salmon density on numbers of available eggs to resident predators. Field studies in Alaskan streams found that higher densities of salmon produce disproportionately more eggs in stream drift and in diets of resident fishes ( Arctic grayling and rainbow trout). Bioenergetics model simulations indicated that these subsidies produce substantially enhanced growth rates of trout. These results demonstrate that small changes in salmon abundance can drive large changes in subsidies to stream food webs. Thus, the ecological consequences of population declines of keystone species, such as salmon, will be exacerbated when behavior generates nonlinear impacts. C1 [Moore, Jonathan W.; Schindler, Daniel E.; Ruff, Casey P.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Moore, JW (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98122 USA. EM jonathan.moore@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 6 U2 29 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD FEB PY 2008 VL 89 IS 2 BP 306 EP 312 DI 10.1890/07-1269.1 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 276EN UT WOS:000254124200002 PM 18409419 ER PT J AU Sullivan, TJ Cosby, BJ Webb, JR Dennis, RL Bulger, AJ Deviney, FA AF Sullivan, T. J. Cosby, B. J. Webb, J. R. Dennis, R. L. Bulger, A. J. Deviney, F. A., Jr. TI Streamwater acid-base chemistry and critical loads of atmospheric sulfur deposition in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE acidification; critical load; sulfur; stream chemistry; modeling ID MODEL; ACIDIFICATION; CATCHMENT; NITROGEN; RECOVERY; EUROPE; WATER AB A modeling study was conducted to evaluate the acid-base chemistry of streams within Shenandoah National Park, Virginia and to project future responses to sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) atmospheric emissions controls. Many of the major stream systems in the park have acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) less than 20 mu eq/L, levels at which chronic and/or episodic adverse impacts on native brook trout are possible. Model hindcasts suggested that none of these streams had ANC less than 50 mu eq/L in 1900. Model projections, based on atmospheric emissions controls representative of laws already enacted as of 2003, suggested that the ANC of those streams simulated to have experienced the largest historical decreases in ANC will increase in the future. The levels of S deposition that were simulated to cause streamwater ANC to increase or decrease to three specified critical levels (0, 20, and 50 mu eq/L) ranged from less than zero (ANC level not attainable) to several hundred kg/ha/year, depending on the selected site and its inherent acid-sensitivity, selected ANC endpoint criterion, and evaluation year for which the critical load was calculated. Several of the modeled streams situated on siliciclastic geology exhibited critical loads < 0 kg/ha/year to achieve ANC > 50 mu eq/L in the year 2040, probably due at least in part to base cation losses from watershed soil. The median modeled siliciclastic stream had a calculated critical load to achieve ANC > 50 mu eq/L in 2100 that was about 3 kg/ha/year, or 77% lower than deposition in 1990, representing the time of model calibration. C1 [Sullivan, T. J.] E&S Environm Chem Inc, Corvallis, OR 97339 USA. [Cosby, B. J.; Webb, J. R.; Bulger, A. J.; Deviney, F. A., Jr.] Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. [Dennis, R. L.] Natl Ocean Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Sullivan, TJ (reprint author), E&S Environm Chem Inc, POB 609, Corvallis, OR 97339 USA. EM tim.Sullivan@ESenvironmental.com RI Cosby, Bernard/B-5653-2012 NR 44 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 137 IS 1-3 BP 85 EP 99 DI 10.1007/s10661-007-9731-1 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 250JI UT WOS:000252295500008 PM 17492359 ER PT J AU Klopchin, JL Stewart, JR Webster, LF Sandifer, PA AF Klopchin, Jeanette L. Stewart, Jill R. Webster, Laura F. Sandifer, Paul A. TI Assessment of environmental impacts of a colony of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macca mulatta) on Morgan Island, South Carolina SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE ACE basin; Morgan Island; rhesus monkey; fecal coliforms; water quality ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; WATERS AB Morgan Island, located within the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve in South Carolina, is home to the only free-ranging colony of rhesus monkeys (Macca mulatta) in the continental United States. The purpose of this study was to assess environmental impacts of the monkey colony on water quality in adjacent tidal creeks and on island vegetation. Three tidal creeks were sampled: Morgan Creek, adjacent to the monkey colony; Back Creek, on Morgan Island not adjacent to the colony; and Rock Creek, on a nearby island unoccupied by monkeys. Temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrients and fecal coliform bacteria were measured six times at three sites in each of these creeks, and vegetation change analysis was conducted in a geographic information system using satellite imagery. Results showed elevated fecal coliform concentrations in the Morgan Creek site immediately adjacent to the colony, though no samples exceeded the standard set for recreational water use. Ribotyping reconnaissance matched four Escherichia coli isolates from Morgan and Back Creeks to the monkeys, identifying the colony as one source of fecal coliform bacteria, though relative source loadings could not be quantified. Significant differences were not observed between ammonia or orthophosphate levels in Morgan Creek relative to the other creeks tested; and vegetation change analysis showed a 35% increase in canopy cover between 1979 and 1999. Overall, these results suggest that the rhesus colony's environmental impacts are localized and minimal. Results from this study provide baseline data on Morgan Island and may be useful in management decisions regarding the future of the monkey colony. C1 [Sandifer, Paul A.] NOAA, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Klopchin, Jeanette L.] Coll Charleston, Charleston, SC 29401 USA. [Stewart, Jill R.; Webster, Laura F.] NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Sandifer, PA (reprint author), NOAA, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM Paul.Sandifer@noaa.gov NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 137 IS 1-3 BP 301 EP 313 DI 10.1007/s10661-007-9766-3 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 250JI UT WOS:000252295500027 PM 17564800 ER PT J AU Stapleton, HM Dodder, NG AF Stapleton, Heather M. Dodder, Nathan G. TI Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether in house dust by natural sunlight SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polybrominated diphenyl ethers; house dust; flame retardants; photodegradation; kinetics ID POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS; CARP CYPRINUS-CARPIO; DIETARY UPTAKE; RAINBOW-TROUT; INDOOR DUST; EXPOSURE; DEBROMINATION; TRENDS; PBDES AB Photolytic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) has been observed in several matrices such as solvent/ water mixtures, sediments, and soil; however, no studies have investigated the degradation potential of BDE 209 in house dust. In the present study, both a natural and a BDE 209-spiked dust material were exposed to sunlight for 200 cumulative h. Degradation of BDE 209 was observed in both matrices but was 35% greater in the spiked dust relative to the natural dust material. The pseudo-first-order degradation rates were 2.3 X 10(-3) and 1.7 X 10(-3) per hour for the spiked and natural dust, respectively. During the 200-h exposure, as much as 38% of the original BDE 209 mass was degraded in the spiked dust, 25% of which could not be accounted for and was lost to unknown pathways and/or products. The remaining 13% was accounted for by the formation of lower brominated congeners. Debrominated products detected in the spiked dust included all three nonabrominated congeners (BDE 206, BDE 207, and BDE 208) and several octabrominated congeners (BDE 196, BDE 197, BDE 201, BDE 202, and BDE 203/200). In technical commercial octa-BDE mixtures, BDE 201 is a very small component (below detection limit to 0.8%), and BDE 202 is not detected. Therefore, the presence of these congeners in house dust may provide a marker of environmental debromination of BDE 209. The ratio of BDE 197 to BDE 201 may also be indicative of BDE 209 degradation. as the ratio of these two congeners appeared to reach a steady-state value (similar to 1) in both exposure scenarios in the present study. C1 [Stapleton, Heather M.] Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. [Dodder, Nathan G.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stapleton, HM (reprint author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. EM heather.stapleton@duke.edu RI Dodder, Nathan/C-7971-2015 OI Dodder, Nathan/0000-0001-5913-1767 NR 33 TC 115 Z9 123 U1 11 U2 87 PU SOC ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY-SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 27 IS 2 BP 306 EP 312 DI 10.1897/07-301R.1 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 253DX UT WOS:000252500000009 PM 18348638 ER PT J AU Robinson, SD Landrum, PE Van Hoof, PL Eadie, BJ AF Robinson, Sander D. Landrum, Peter E. Van Hoof, Patricia L. Eadie, Brian J. TI Seasonal variation of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in surficial sediment, trapped settling material, and suspended particulate material in Lake Michigan, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyls; sediment; traps; seasonal variation; Lake Michigan ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; MARINE-ENVIRONMENT; PCB CONGENERS; SORPTION; CARBON; BIOACCUMULATION; ACCUMULATION; MODEL; WATER AB A unique time series of surface sediment, trapped settling material, and suspended particulate material polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) samples were collected at a 45-m deep site off Grand Haven (MI, USA) over a 14-month period. Both concentrations and congener distributions remained constant for the sediments, although there were seasonal and interannual variability in the other matrices. Trapped settling material and suspended particulate material PCB concentrations were substantially lower (similar to 50%) in 1997 than in the samples front December 1997 through July, 1998. The cause could not be determined from the data collected, but there were some very large storms during the winter-spring period of 1998, resulting in major sediment resuspension throughout the southern basin. Observed seasonal variation in PCB concentration and congener distribution on particles likely was due to the changes in particle composition. These include particle size and the source of particles (such as the amount of resuspended sediment in trapped settling material), and the role of diagenesis of the organic matter on particles. C1 [Landrum, Peter E.; Van Hoof, Patricia L.; Eadie, Brian J.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Robinson, Sander D.] Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Landrum, PE (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM peter.landrutn@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 5 PU SOC ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY-SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 27 IS 2 BP 313 EP 322 DI 10.1897/07-006R.1 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 253DX UT WOS:000252500000010 PM 18348618 ER PT J AU Biber, PD Gallegos, CL Kenworthy, WJ AF Biber, Patrick D. Gallegos, Charles L. Kenworthy, W. Judson TI Calibration of a bio-optical model in the North River, North Carolina (Albemarle-Pamlico sound): A tool to evaluate water quality impacts on seagrasses SO ESTUARIES AND COASTS LA English DT Article DE seagrass; optical model; water quality; Albemarle-Pamlico sound; turbidity; chlorophyll; colored dissolved organic matter ID SUBMERSED AQUATIC VEGETATION; PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION; HABITAT REQUIREMENTS; SCATTERING COEFFICIENTS; DIFFUSE ATTENUATION; SPECTRAL ABSORPTION; LIGHT REQUIREMENTS; DEPTH DISTRIBUTION; MARINE MACROALGAE; CHESAPEAKE BAY AB Seagrasses are typically light limited in many turbid estuarine systems. Light attenuation is due to water and three optically active constituents (OACs): nonalgal particulates, phytoplankton, and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Using radiative transfer modeling, the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of these three OACs were linked to the light attenuation coefficient, K(PAR), which was measured in North River, North Carolina, by profiles of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Seagrasses in the southern portion of Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine System (APES), the second largest estuary in the USA, were found to be light limited at depths ranging from 0.87 to 2 m. This corresponds to a range of K(PAR) from 0.54 to 2.76 m(-1) measured during a 24-month monitoring program. Turbidity ranged from 2.20 to 35.55 NTU, chlorophyll a from 1.56 to 15.35 mg m(-3), and CDOM absorption at 440 nm from 0.319 to 3.554 m(-1). The IOP and water quality data were used to calibrate an existing bio-optical model, which predicted a maximum depth for seagrasses of 1.7 m using annual mean water quality values and a minimum light requirement of 22% surface PAR. The utility of this modeling approach for the management of seagrasses in the APES lies in the identification of which water quality component is most important in driving light attenuation and limiting seagrass depth distribution. The calibrated bio-optical model now enables researchers and managers alike to set water quality targets to achieve desired water column light requirement goals that can be used to set criteria for seagrass habitat protection in North Carolina. C1 [Biber, Patrick D.] Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. [Gallegos, Charles L.] Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. [Kenworthy, W. Judson] NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, NOS, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Biber, PD (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, 3431 Arendell St, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. EM patrick.biber@usm.edu; gallegosc@si.edu; jud.kenworthy@noaa.gov OI Biber, Patrick/0000-0002-6358-0976; Gallegos, Charles/0000-0001-5112-0166 NR 68 TC 19 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1559-2723 J9 ESTUAR COAST JI Estuaries Coasts PD FEB PY 2008 VL 31 IS 1 BP 177 EP 191 DI 10.1007/s12237-007-9023-6 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 259GF UT WOS:000252927100015 ER PT J AU Darcis, PHP Katsumoto, H Payares-Asprino, MC Liu, S Siewert, TA AF Darcis, P. H. P. Katsumoto, H. Payares-Asprino, M. C. Liu, S. Siewert, T. A. TI Cruciform fillet welded joint fatigue strength improvements by weld metal phase transformations SO FATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS & STRUCTURES LA English DT Article DE fatigue; residual stress; welded joints; weld metal phase transformations AB Arc welding typically generates residual tensile stresses in welded joints, leading to deteriorated fatigue performance of these joints. Volume expansion of the weld metal at high temperatures followed by contraction during cooling induces a local tensile residual stress state. A new type of welding wire capable of inducing a local. compressive residual stress state by means of controlled martensitic transformation at relatively low temperatures has been studied, and the effects of the transformation temperature and residual stresses on fatigue strength are discussed. In this study, several LTTW (Low Transformation-Temperature Welding) wires have been developed and investigated to better characterize the effect of phase transformation on residual stress management in welded joints. Non-load-carrying cruciform. fillet welded joints were prepared for measurement of residual stresses and fatigue testing. The measurement of the residual stresses of the three designed wires reveals a compressive residual stress near the weld toe. The fatigue properties of the new wires are enhanced compared to a commercially available wire. C1 [Darcis, P. H. P.; Siewert, T. A.] NIST, Mat Reliabil Div 853, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Katsumoto, H.] Sumitomo Met Ind Ltd, Kashima City, Ibaraki 3140014, Japan. [Payares-Asprino, M. C.] Univ Simon Bolivar, Dep Mecan, Caracas 1081, Venezuela. [Liu, S.] Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Darcis, PHP (reprint author), NIST, Mat Reliabil Div 853, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM darcis@boulder.nist.gov NR 26 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 8756-758X J9 FATIGUE FRACT ENG M JI Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 31 IS 2 BP 125 EP 136 DI 10.1111/j.1460-2695.2007.01205.x PG 12 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 293WO UT WOS:000255366300002 ER PT J AU Duthinh, D McGrattan, K Khaskia, A AF Duthinh, Dat McGrattan, Kevin Khaskia, Abed TI Recent advances in fire-structure analysis SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE adiabatic surface temperature; deflection; finite elements; fire; insulation; plate thermometer; structural analysis; strain; thermal analysis AB One of the recommendations of the National Construction Safety Team (NCST) for the Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster [NIST NCSTAR 1 Final report on the collapse of the World Trade Center Towers. NCST for the Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, September 2005] is to enhance the capability of available computational software to predict the effects of fires in buildings, for use in the design of fire protection systems and the analysis of building response to fires. Following this recommendation, this paper presents two new interfaces in fire-thermal-structural analysis. The first interface uses adiabatic surface temperatures to provide an efficient way of transferring thermal results from a fire simulation to a thermal analysis. It assigns these temperatures to surface elements of structural members based on proximity and directionality. The second interface allows the transfer of temperature results from a thermal analysis modeled with solid elements to a structural analysis modeled with beams and shells. The interface also allows the reverse, namely the geometric updating of the thermal model with deflections and strains obtained from the structural analysis. This last step is particularly useful in intense fires of long duration, where significant deflections and strains could cause damage to insulation and displace the structure to a different thermal regime. The procedures can be used for a variety of fire simulation, thermal, and structural analysis software. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Duthinh, Dat] NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [McGrattan, Kevin] NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Khaskia, Abed] Mallett Technol, Laurel, MD 20707 USA. RP Duthinh, D (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dduthinh@nist.gov; kevin.mcGrattan@nist.gov; akhaskia@nist.gov NR 4 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 43 IS 2 BP 161 EP 167 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2007.06.006 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 269FH UT WOS:000253634400008 ER PT J AU Waples, RS Dickhoff, WW Hauser, L Ryman, N AF Waples, Robin S. Dickhoff, Walton W. Hauser, Lorenz Ryman, Nils TI Six decades of fishery genetics: Taking stock SO FISHERIES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Waples, Robin S.; Dickhoff, Walton W.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Hauser, Lorenz] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Ryman, Nils] Stockholm Univ, Dept Zool, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Waples, RS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM robin.waples@noaa.gov RI Hauser, Lorenz/E-4365-2010; Waples, Robin/K-1126-2016 NR 0 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD FEB PY 2008 VL 33 IS 2 BP 76 EP 79 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 276FZ UT WOS:000254128000005 ER PT J AU Kirkali, G Tunca, M Genc, S Jaruga, P Dizdaroglu, M AF Kirkali, Gueldal Tunca, Mehmet Genc, Sermin Jaruga, Pawel Dizdaroglu, Miral TI Oxidative DNA damage in polymorphonuclear leukocytes of patients with familial Mediterranean fever SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE oxidative DNA damage; MEFV gene; hydroxyl radical; formamidopyrimidines; Neutrophils; DNA lesions; free radicals ID LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY; HUMAN-CELLS; EXCISION-REPAIR; BASE DAMAGE; APOPTOSIS; PROTEIN; PYRIN; LESIONS; 8,5'-CYCLO-2'-DEOXYADENOSINE; 8,5'-CYCLOADENOSINE AB Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by recurrent, inflammatory self-limited episodes of fever and other symptoms. This disease is caused by more than 25 mutations in the gene MEFV During fever attacks, there is a substantial influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the affected tissues. Attack-free periods are accompanied by the up-regulation of neutrophil and monocyte phagocytic activity and oxidative burst. These facts led us to hypothesize that oxidative damage by free radicals to DNA may accumulate in FMF patients. To test this hypothesis, we investigated oxidative DNA damage in polymorphonuclear leukocytes of FMF patients during the attack-free period in comparison with FMF-free control individuals. DNA was isolated from polymorphonuclear leukocytes of 17 FMF patients and 10 control individuals. DNA samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to measure the levels of various typical oxidatively induced products of DNA. We show, for the first time, that FMF patients accumulate statistically significant levels of these lesions in their DNA when compared to FMF-free control individuals. This work suggests that the persistent oxidative stress with excess production of free radicals in FMF patients may lead to accumulation of oxidative DNA damage. Defective DNA repair may also contribute to this phenomenon, perhaps due to mutations in the MEFV gene. The accumulation of mutagenic and cytotoxic DNA lesions may contribute to increased mutations and apoptosis in FMT patients, thus to worsening of the disease and well-being of the patients. Future research should deal with prevention of oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in FMF patients, and also the elucidation of a possible role of DNA repair in this disease. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Kirkali, Gueldal; Jaruga, Pawel; Dizdaroglu, Miral] NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Kirkali, Gueldal; Tunca, Mehmet; Genc, Sermin] Dokuz Eylul Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Izmir, Turkey. [Jaruga, Pawel] Nicholas Copernicus Univ, Coll Med, Dept Clin Biochem, Bydgoszcz, Poland. RP Kirkali, G (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gkirkali@gmail.com RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 NR 46 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD FEB 1 PY 2008 VL 44 IS 3 BP 386 EP 393 DI 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.09.020 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 257WM UT WOS:000252829500016 PM 17967429 ER PT J AU Heymsfield, AJ Bansemer, A Matrosov, S Tian, L AF Heymsfield, Andrew J. Bansemer, Aaron Matrosov, Sergey Tian, Lin TI The 94-GHz radar dim band: Relevance to ice cloud properties and CloudSat SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER RADAR; PARAMETERIZATIONS; CIRRUS AB Details of the microphysics are shown to be responsible for a region of ice cloud which, when probed from above, has decreasing radar reflectivity (Z(e)) downwards at 94 GHz but increasing Z(e) at 9.7 GHz. This 94-GHz radar dim band is found to be due to the combination of ice particle aggregation and non-Rayleigh scattering effects. Observations and model calculations indicate that it occurs when the particle size distribution (PSD) broadens such that its slope, as derived from fitted PSD, decreases below about 15 cm(-1), or equivalently, to a median volume diameter exceeding 0.25 cm. Dimming occurs at temperatures (T) primarily between -5 and 0 degrees C but can occur at -30 degrees C or below in convectively-generated ice clouds (anvils). The dimming effect may produce an appreciable low bias in the ice water content (IWC) retrieved from Z(e) measured by CloudSat's 94-GHz radar. Methods to estimate the IWC in the dim band are proposed. C1 [Heymsfield, Andrew J.; Bansemer, Aaron] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. [Matrosov, Sergey] NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Tian, Lin] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Heymsfield, AJ (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, 3450 Mitchell Lane, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. EM heyms1@ucar.edu RI Heymsfield, Andrew/E-7340-2011 NR 10 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 3 AR L03802 DI 10.1029/2007GL031361 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 257UM UT WOS:000252824200001 ER PT J AU Taylor, SG AF Taylor, Sidney G. TI Climate warming causes phenological shift in Pink Salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, behavior at Auke Creek, Alaska SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE climate change; migration timing; Oncorhynchus gorbuscha; pink salmon; water temperature ID MARINE SURVIVAL; VARIABILITY; PACIFIC; KISUTCH; TRENDS; FRY AB Thirty-four years (1972-2005) of water temperature data and extensive biological observations at Auke Creek, Alaska indicate a general warming trend that affected the native pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) population. Serial environmental records at nearby Auke Bay, Alaska over 46 years show trends of increasing air and sea surface temperatures. Trends of increased total precipitation and earlier date of ice out on nearby Auke Lake also occurred, but not at significant rates. Average water temperatures during the incubation of pink salmon in Auke Creek increased at a rate of 0.03 degrees C yr(-1) over the 34-year period. For the 1972-2005 broods, midpoints of fry migrations from Auke Creek ranged between April 2 and May 7, and there was a trend of earlier migration of pink salmon fry at a rate of -0.5 days yr(-1). The migration timing of adult salmon into Auke Creek also showed a trend toward earlier timing. The earlier adult migration combined. with warmer incubation temperatures are related to earlier migration of pink salmon fry. If the observed warming trend continues, Auke Creek may become unsuitable habitat for pink salmon. Given the trend for salmon fry to migrate earlier, a larger portion of the population may become mismatched with optimum environmental conditions during their early marine life history. If salmon adults continue to migrate into the creek earlier when water temperatures are commonly high, it will result in increased prespawning mortality. C1 [Taylor, Sidney G.] Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Dept Commerce, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Taylor, SG (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Dept Commerce, Auke Bay Lab, 17109 Point Lena Loop Rd, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM jerry.taylor@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 4 U2 28 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 14 IS 2 BP 229 EP 235 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01494.x PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 264TN UT WOS:000253313400003 ER PT J AU Crozier, LG Zabel, RW Hamlett, AF AF Crozier, Lisa G. Zabel, Richard W. Hamlett, Alan F. TI Predicting differential effects of climate change at the population level with life-cycle models of spring Chinook salmon SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE conservation; endangered species; habitat diversity; life-history model; population dynamics; population viability model; stream flow ID COLUMBIA RIVER-BASIN; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; ATLANTIC SALMON; UNITED-STATES; WATER; IMPACTS; VARIABILITY; RESPONSES; PATTERNS; TRENDS AB Habitat conditions mediate the effects of climate, so neighboring populations with differing habitat conditions may differ in their responses to climate change. We have previously observed that juvenile survival in Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon is strongly correlated with summer temperature in some populations and with fall streamflow in others. Here, we explore potential differential responses of the viability of four of these populations to changes in streamflow and temperature that might result from climate change. First, we linked predicted changes in air temperature and precipitation from several General Circulation Models to a local hydrological model to project streamflow and air temperature under two climate-change scenarios. Then, we developed a stochastic, density-dependent life-cycle model with independent environmental effects in juvenile and ocean stages, and parameterized the model for each population. We found that mean abundance decreased 20-50% and the probability of quasi-extinction increased dramatically (from 0.1-0.4 to 0.3-0.9) for all populations in both scenarios. Differences between populations were greater in the more moderate climate scenario than in the more extreme, hot/dry scenario. Model results were relatively robust to realistic uncertainty in freshwater survival parameters in all scenarios. Our results demonstrate that detailed population models can usefully incorporate climate-change predictions, and that global warming poses a direct threat to freshwater stages in these fish, increasing their risk of extinction. Because differences in habitat may contribute to the individualistic population responses we observed, we infer that maintaining habitat diversity will help buffer some species from the impacts of climate change. C1 [Crozier, Lisa G.; Zabel, Richard W.] NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Hamlett, Alan F.] Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, CSES Climate Impacts Grp, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Crozier, LG (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Lisa.Crozier@NOAA.gov RI Crozier, Lisa/E-2248-2012; Zabel, Richard/F-7277-2015 OI Zabel, Richard/0000-0003-2315-0629 NR 46 TC 51 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 54 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 14 IS 2 BP 236 EP 249 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01497.x PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 264TN UT WOS:000253313400004 ER PT J AU Pibida, L Minniti, R Lucas, L Seltzer, SM AF Pibida, L. Minniti, R. Lucas, L. Seltzer, S. M. TI The air-kerma rate constant: Application to air-kerma measurements for homeland security SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE dosimetry; radiation protection; gamma radiation; radiation monitors AB Air-kerma rate measurements from Co-57, Co-60, and Cs-137 radioactive sources were performed. These measurements were motivated by the development of new sources at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for radiological testing of equipment for homeland security applications. The testing of radiation detection equipment relies on knowing the values of the air-kerma rate for the radioactive sources at a fixed distance from the source. The air-kerma rate can be measured or alternatively estimated by using published values of the air-kerma rate constant. Although there are a large number of published values of the air-kerma rate constant for radionuclide sources based on theoretical calculations, strong disagreement is observed throughout the literature. Furthermore, most of the published values have no uncertainties assigned, and therefore their use for testing radiological equipment is limited. In this work we report experimentally-measured values of the air-kerma rate for three radionuclides with well defined source geometries and activities. The results are compared to estimates based on published values of the air-kerma rate constant. Such values are easily found in the literature from the last three decades and are used commonly by the scientific community. C1 [Pibida, L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pibida, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8462, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM leticia.pibida@nist.gov NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 94 IS 2 BP 126 EP 133 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 251AK UT WOS:000252342400004 PM 18188047 ER PT J AU Prigent, C Weng, F Grody, NC AF Prigent, Catherine Weng, Fuzhong Grody, Norman C. TI Foreword to the special issue on remote sensing and modeling of surface properties SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Prigent, Catherine] Observ Paris, CNRS, Lab Etudes Rayonnement & Matiere & Astrophys, F-75014 Paris, France. [Weng, Fuzhong] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Grody, Norman C.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, IM Syst Grp, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Prigent, C (reprint author), Observ Paris, CNRS, Lab Etudes Rayonnement & Matiere & Astrophys, F-75014 Paris, France. OI Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD FEB PY 2008 VL 46 IS 2 BP 304 EP 305 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2007.914981 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 254GW UT WOS:000252575400002 ER PT J AU Zhou, L Goldberg, M Barnet, C Cheng, Z Sun, F Wolf, W King, T Liu, X Sun, H Divakarla, M AF Zhou, Lihang Goldberg, Mitchell Barnet, Chris Cheng, Zhaohui Sun, Fengying Wolf, Walter King, Thomas Liu, Xingpin Sun, Haibing Divakarla, Murty TI Regression of surface spectral emissivity from hyperspectral instruments SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Remote Sensing and Modeling of Surface Properties CY JUN 20-22, 2006 CL Paris Observ, Paris, FRANCE HO Paris Observ DE atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS); high spectral instrument; infrared; infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer (IASI); surface emissivity ID SEA-SURFACE; AIRS/AMSU/HSB; PRODUCTS; AIRS AB The operational Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) emissivity retrieval uses a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) regression emissivity product as a first guess for its retrieval over land. The NOAA approach is based on clear radiances that are simulated from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting forecast and a surface emissivity training data set. The same approach has also been applied to simulated Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) data. Resulted emissivity spectra and maps derived from AIRS and IASI will be presented and discussed. C1 [Zhou, Lihang; Cheng, Zhaohui; Sun, Fengying; King, Thomas; Liu, Xingpin; Sun, Haibing] Perot Syst Govt Serv, Fairfax, VA 22031 USA. [Goldberg, Mitchell; Barnet, Chris; Wolf, Walter] NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Divakarla, Murty] IM Syst Grp Inc, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Zhou, L (reprint author), Perot Syst Govt Serv, Fairfax, VA 22031 USA. RI Goldberg, Mitch/F-5589-2010; Barnet, Christopher/F-5573-2010; Divakarla, Murty/E-7936-2011; Zhou, Lihang/E-7938-2011; Wolf, Walter/E-7935-2011 OI Divakarla, Murty/0000-0002-0399-3381; Zhou, Lihang/0000-0001-6232-2871; Wolf, Walter/0000-0002-2102-8833 NR 10 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD FEB PY 2008 VL 46 IS 2 BP 328 EP 333 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2007.912712 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 254GW UT WOS:000252575400005 ER PT J AU Grody, NC Weng, F AF Grody, Norman C. Weng, Fuzhong TI Microwave emission and scattering from deserts: Theory compared with satellite measurements SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Remote Sensing and Modeling of Surgace Properties CY JUN 20-22, 2006 CL Paris Observ, Paris, FRANCE HO Paris Observ DE dense media application; desert scattering; emission; microwave desert properties; microwave remote sensing ID PERMITTIVITY; WATER AB The emission and scattering from desert surfaces are analyzed using simulations and measurements from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) microwave satellite instruments. Deserts are virtually free of vegetation, so the satellite radiometers are able to observe the emissivities of different minerals, such as limestone and quartz. Moreover, since deserts contain little moisture, the thermal emission originates below the surface at a depth of many wavelengths. At high frequencies, where the penetration depth of radiation is smallest, the radiometric measurements display the large diurnal variation in surface temperature, which reaches its maximum at around 1 P.M. Conversely, at low frequencies, where the penetration depth is largest, the radiation measurements display the small diurnal variation of subsurface temperature, which reaches a minimum at around 6 A.M. In addition to these emission signals, sand particles also scatter microwave radiation. Volume scattering causes the measurements to decrease as the frequency increases; although compared to other scattering media (snow cover and precipitation), the larger absorption and fractional volume (i.e., solidity) of sand reduce the scattering. Although the scattering effect is small, SSM/I measurements between 19 and 85 GHz show that deserts scatter the upwelling microwave radiation in a manner similar to light precipitation, which makes it difficult to uniquely identify precipitation over and regions. Interestingly, the higher frequency AMSU measurement at 150 GHz is nearly the same as at 89 GHz for deserts, whereas the 150-GHz measurement is much lower than at 89 GHz for precipitation. These different spectral features at high frequencies can provide a means of separating the scattering from desert surfaces from that of precipitation. C1 [Grody, Norman C.] Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmos Adm, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Weng, Fuzhong] Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res STAR, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Grody, NC (reprint author), Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmos Adm, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM ngantique@hotmail.com; Fuzhong.Weng@noaa.gov RI Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 21 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD FEB PY 2008 VL 46 IS 2 BP 361 EP 375 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2007.909920 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 254GW UT WOS:000252575400009 ER PT J AU Boukabara, SA Weng, F AF Boukabara, Sid-Ahmed Weng, Fuzhong TI Microwave emissivity over ocean in all-weather conditions: Validation using WINDSAT and airborne GPS dropsondes SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Remote Sensing and Modeling of Surgace Properties CY JUN 20-22, 2006 CL Paris Observ, Paris, FRANCE HO Paris Observ DE dropsonde (DS); hurricane; microwave emissivity; retrieval algorithm; variational assimilation ID SURFACE; MODEL; FOAM; TEMPERATURE; RETRIEVAL; WATER AB Emissivity spectra computed by the FASTEM-3 model using global positioning system dropsonde wind as input are compared to emissivity retrieved from stringently coincident WINDSAT measurements, using a variational approach. This is done in both clear and rainy conditions to assess the validity of both the emissivity model and the retrieval technique in all conditions. Results of this comparison are presented for vertical and horizontal polarizations, in moderate to high wind conditions. In particular, a slope difference is found, and its potential sources are discussed in this paper. C1 [Boukabara, Sid-Ahmed; Weng, Fuzhong] Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res STAR, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Boukabara, SA (reprint author), Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res STAR, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Sid.Boukabara@noaa.gov; Fuzhong.Weng@noaa.gov RI Boukabara, Sid Ahmed/F-5577-2010; Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Boukabara, Sid Ahmed/0000-0002-1857-3806; Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD FEB PY 2008 VL 46 IS 2 BP 376 EP 384 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2007.905366 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 254GW UT WOS:000252575400010 ER PT J AU Ruston, B Weng, F Yan, B AF Ruston, Benjamain Weng, Fuzhong Yan, Banghua TI Use of a one-dimensional variational retrieval to diagnose estimates of infrared and microwave surface emissivity over land for ATOVS sounding instruments SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Remote Sensing and Modeling of Surgace Properties CY JUN 20-22, 2006 CL Paris Observ, Paris, FRANCE HO Paris Observ DE Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit module A (AMSU-A); Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit Module B (AMSU-B); High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS)/3; HIRS/4; infrared; microwave; remote sensing; satellite applications; surface emissivity ID TERRESTRIAL MATERIALS; ATMOSPHERIC WINDOW; WATER-CONTENT; AMSU-B; TEMPERATURE; MODEL; ASSIMILATION; CLASSIFICATION; COVER AB A 1-D variational retrieval of surface emissivity is developed and applied for the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit modules A and B, along with the High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder. This algorithm offers simultaneous retrieval of infrared and microwave emissivity and increases the separation of the emissivity and land surface temperature signals. The initial estimate of the emissivity for the surface-sensitive channels is made by a combination of physical and empirical microwave emissivity models and, in the infrared, by indexing laboratory measurements to vegetation databases. It is found that the initial estimates of emissivity for snow-free vegetated land areas are within 1% of the retrieved infrared values and, in the microwave, within 4% for all snow-free points and within 2% for the vast majority. The emissivity for snow-covered and sea-ice areas remains problematic, and further investigation is required. It is also shown that the average zenith angle dependence of the emissivity is less than 0.0024 for infrared wavelengths and less than 0.0055 for microwave frequencies if the viewing zenith angles greater than 40 degrees are neglected. C1 [Ruston, Benjamain] USN, Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. [Weng, Fuzhong] Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Satellite Meteorol & Climatol Div, Camp Springs, MD 20764 USA. [Yan, Banghua] QSS Grp Inc, Camp Springs, MD 20764 USA. RP Ruston, B (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. EM ben.ruston@nrlmry.navy.mil RI Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 30 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD FEB PY 2008 VL 46 IS 2 BP 393 EP 402 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2007.910219 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 254GW UT WOS:000252575400012 ER PT J AU Jiang, L Tarpley, JD Mitchell, KE Zhou, S Kogan, FN Guo, W AF Jiang, Le Tarpley, J. Dan Mitchell, Kenneth E. Zhou, Sisong Kogan, Felix N. Guo, Wei TI Adjusting for long-term anomalous trends in NOAA's global vegetation index data sets SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Remote Sensing and Modeling of Surgace Properties CY JUN 20-22, 2006 CL Paris Observ, Paris, FRANCE HO Paris Observ DE Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR); land surface; normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI); remote sensing; satellite-based vegetation; vegetation index ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; NOAA/AVHRR DATA; SATELLITE DATA; AVHRR DATA; SPACE AB The weekly 0.144 degrees resolution global vegetation index from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) has a long history, starting late 1981, and has included data derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensors onboard NOAA-7, -9, -11, -14, -16, -17, and -18 satellites. Even after postlaunch calibration and mathematical smoothing and filtering of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from AVHRR visible and near-infrared channels, the time series of global smoothed NDVI (SMN) still has apparent discontinuities and biases due to sensor degradation, orbital drift [equator crossing time (ECT)], and differences from instrument to instrument in band response functions. To meet the needs of the operational weather and climate modeling and monitoring community for a stable long-term global NDVI data set, we investigated adjustments to substantially reduce the bias of the weekly global SMN series by simple and efficient algorithms that require a minimum number of assumptions about the statistical properties of the interannual global vegetation changes. Of the algorithms tested, we found the adjusted cumulative distribution function (ACDF) method to be a well-balanced approach that effectively eliminated most of the long-term global-scale interannual trend of AVHRR NDVI. Improvements to the global and regional NDVI data stability have been demonstrated by the results of ACDF-adjusted data set evaluated at a global scale, on major land classes, with relevance to satellite ECT, at major continental regions, and at regional drought detection applications. C1 [Jiang, Le; Tarpley, J. Dan; Kogan, Felix N.; Guo, Wei] NOAA, NESDIS, STAR, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Zhou, Sisong] NOAA, NESDIS, IMSG, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Jiang, L (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, STAR, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Dan.Tarpley@noaa.gov RI Kogan, Felix/F-5600-2010; Guo, Wei/E-7934-2011 OI Kogan, Felix/0000-0001-8216-900X; Guo, Wei/0000-0003-3253-9441 NR 18 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD FEB PY 2008 VL 46 IS 2 BP 409 EP 422 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2007.902844 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 254GW UT WOS:000252575400014 ER PT J AU Jin, X Li, J Schmidt, CC Schmit, TJ Li, J AF Jin, Xin Li, Jun Schmidt, Christopher C. Schmit, Timothy J. Li, Jinlong TI Retrieval of total column ozone from imagers onboard geostationary satellites SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Remote Sensing and Modeling of Surgace Properties CY JUN 20-22, 2006 CL Paris Observ, Paris, FRANCE HO Paris Observ DE Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI); Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) sounder; ozone; Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI); Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) ID OPERATIONAL VERTICAL SOUNDER; MONITORING INSTRUMENT; MAPPING SPECTROMETER; TRANSMITTANCE; RADIANCES; MISSION AB Geostationary imagers such as the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) proposed for the next generation of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOESs), i.e., GOES Series R and beyond, and the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) onboard METEOSAT 8 provide atmospheric total column ozone (TCO) with high temporal (better than 15 min) and spatial (better than 5 km) resolutions. The purpose of this paper is to present a method that evolved from the current GOES sounder TCO retrieval that can be applied to ABI, with SEVIRI serving as a proxy for ABI. Although ABI and SEVIRI have fewer infrared spectral bands than the current series of GOES (-8 to -P) sounders, ABI and SEVIRI can provide TCO with an accuracy that is comparable to the current GOES sounder by using forecast temperature profiles as additional a priori information. Despite the need for additional data, the greatest advantage of ABI and SEVIRI is their fast 15-min coverage of the full disk. The SEVIRI TCO demonstrates how well geostationary imagers can capture ozone transport and change at high temporal and spatial resolutions. The estimated TCO has very good agreement (R = 0.92 and root-mean-square error = 3.7%) with the total ozone measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard the Earth Observing System Aura platform. C1 [Jin, Xin; Li, Jun; Schmidt, Christopher C.; Li, Jinlong] Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Corp Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Schmit, Timothy J.] Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Adv Satellite Applicat & Res, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Jin, X (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Corp Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM xjin@ssec.wisc.edu RI Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010; Li, Jun/H-3579-2015 OI Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627 NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD FEB PY 2008 VL 46 IS 2 BP 479 EP 488 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2007.910222 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 254GW UT WOS:000252575400020 ER PT J AU Reader, HC Williams, DR Hale, PD Clement, TS AF Reader, Howard Charles Williams, Dylan R. Hale, Paul D. Clement, Tracy S. TI Comb-generator characterization SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE comb-generator stability; mismatch correction; sampling-oscilloscope calibration ID SAMPLING OSCILLOSCOPES; CALIBRATION; PHASE AB We characterize a 50-GHz comb generator with a sampling oscilloscope. With careful control of the input power, input harmonics, and comb generator temperature, we measure the output spectrum with a standard uncertainty of 0.1 dB and 0.5 degrees. We correct the measurements for time-base distortion, impedance mismatch, an inline attenuator, and the complex frequency response of the oscilloscope's sampler. We also report on the stability of the comb-generator spectrum and the effects of the recorded time windows, drive levels, and temperature. These results provide general guidelines for practioners of high-speed measurements and a benchmark for future inter-laboratory comparisons of harmonic phase-reference calibrations. C1 [Williams, Dylan R.; Hale, Paul D.; Clement, Tracy S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Reader, Howard Charles] Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, ZA-7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa. RP Reader, HC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM hcreader@sun.ac.za RI Clement, Tracy/A-8885-2008; Hale, Paul/B-1737-2013 NR 15 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 56 IS 2 BP 515 EP 521 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2007.914630 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 261MY UT WOS:000253084800030 ER PT J AU Curry, JJ Lafitte, B AF Curry, John J. Lafitte, Bruno TI X-ray absorption imaging of high-intensity discharge lamps using an X-ray tube source SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE absorption; density; diagnostic; Hg; high-intensity discharge (HID); imaging; plasma; X-ray ID CONVERSION EFFICIENCY; POWDER PHOSPHORS; ARC LAMP; SCREENS; LIGHT; LUMINESCENCE; PERFORMANCE; GD2O2S-TB AB A table-top system for implementing X-ray absorption imaging measurements of the Hg vapor in high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps is described. The system is based on a commercial X-ray tube source and an optical charge-coupled device array detector, with conversion of X-rays to optical photons by a phosphor. The sensitivity of the system is measured and found to exceed what has been obtained previously with synchrotron-produced X-rays. Hg column densities are measured in an HID lamp with a precision of 7 x 10(16) cm(-2). C1 [Curry, John J.; Lafitte, Bruno] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Curry, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jjcurry@nist.gov NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0093-3813 J9 IEEE T PLASMA SCI JI IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 36 IS 1 BP 278 EP 286 DI 10.1109/TPS.2007.914464 PN 2 PG 9 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 263NZ UT WOS:000253225100021 ER PT J AU Lu, KJ Qian, Y Guizani, M Chen, HH AF Lu, Kejie Qian, Yi Guizani, Mohsen Chen, Hsiao-Hwa TI A framework for a distributed key management scheme in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE wireless sensor networks; heterogeneous; key management ID MIMO AB Key management has become a challenging issue in the design and deployment of secure wireless sensor networks. A common assumption in most existing distributed key management schemes is that all sensor nodes have the same capability. However, recent research-works have suggested that connectivity and lifetime of a sensor network can be substantially improved if some nodes are given greater power and transmission capability. Therefore, how to exploit those heterogeneity features in design of a good distributed key management scheme has become an important issue. This paper proposes a unified framework for distributed key management schemes in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Analytical models are developed to evaluate its performance in terms of connectivity, reliability, and resilience. Extensive simulation results show that, even with a small number of heterogeneous nodes, the performance of a wireless sensor network can be improved substantially. It is also shown that our analytical models can be used to accurately predict the performance of wireless sensor networks under varying conditions. C1 [Chen, Hsiao-Hwa] Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, Inst Commun Engn, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. [Lu, Kejie] Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. [Qian, Yi] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Network Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Guizani, Mohsen] Western Michigan Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA. RP Chen, HH (reprint author), Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, Inst Commun Engn, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. EM llikejie@ece.uprm.edu; yqian@nist.gov; mguizani@ieee.org; hshwchen@ieee.org NR 16 TC 32 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1536-1276 J9 IEEE T WIREL COMMUN JI IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 7 IS 2 BP 639 EP 647 DI 10.1109/TWC.2008.060603 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 262LL UT WOS:000253149900029 ER PT J AU Labenski, JR Tew, WL Benz, SP Nam, SW Dresselhaus, P AF Labenski, J. R. Tew, W. L. Benz, S. P. Nam, S. W. Dresselhaus, P. TI A determination of the ratio of the zinc freezing point to the tin freezing point by noise thermometry SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE ITS-90; Johnson noise; Josephson junction arrays; noise thermometry; power spectral density ratio; pseudo noise; temperature; temperature measurement ID CALIBRATION AB A Johnson-noise thermometer (JNT) has been used with a quantized voltage noise source (QVNS), as a calculable reference to determine the ratio of temperatures near the Zn freezing point to those near the Sn freezing point. The temperatures are derived in a series of separate measurements comparing the synthesized noise power from the QVNS with that of Johnson noise from a known resistance. The synthesized noise power is digitally programed to match the thermal noise powers at both temperatures and provides the principle means of scaling the temperatures. This produces a relatively flat spectrum for the ratio of spectral noise densities, which is close to unity in the low-frequency limit. The data are analyzed as relative spectral ratios over the 4.8 to 450 kHz range averaged over a 3.2 kHz bandwidth. A three-parameter model is used to account for differences in time constants that are inherently temperature dependent. A drift effect of approximately -6 mu K.K-1 per day is observed in the results, and an empirical correction is applied to yield a relative difference in temperature ratios of -11.5 +/- 43 mu K.K-1 with respect to the ratio of temperatures assigned on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). When these noise thermometry results are combined with results from acoustic gas thermometry at temperatures near the Sn freezing point, a value of T - T-90 = 7 +/- 30 mK for the Zn freezing point is derived. C1 [Labenski, J. R.; Tew, W. L.] NIST, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Benz, S. P.; Dresselhaus, P.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Nam, S. W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Tew, WL (reprint author), NIST, Proc Measurements Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8363, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM weston.tew@nist.gov NR 10 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 29 IS 1 BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0249-0 PG 17 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 274IE UT WOS:000253994200001 ER PT J AU Pavese, F Fellmuth, B Hill, KD Head, D Hermier, Y Lipinski, L Nakano, T Peruzzi, A Sakurai, H Szmyrka-Grzebyk, A Steele, AG Steur, PPM Tamura, O Tew, WL Valkiers, S Wolber, L AF Pavese, F. Fellmuth, B. Hill, K. D. Head, D. Hermier, Y. Lipinski, L. Nakano, T. Peruzzi, A. Sakurai, H. Szmyrka-Grzebyk, A. Steele, A. G. Steur, P. P. M. Tamura, O. Tew, W. L. Valkiers, S. Wolber, L. TI Progress towards the determination of the relationship of triple-point temperature versus isotopic composition of neon SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE isotopes; ITS-90; Kelvin mise en pratique; neon; triple-point temperature ID NORMAL BOILING-POINT; VAPOR-PRESSURES; FIXED-POINTS; HYDROGEN; REALIZATION; KRYPTON; ARGON AB Following the finalization of the work performed to establish the triple-point temperature versus isotopic composition relationship for protium (Metrologia 42, 171 (2005)) adopted into the ITS-90 definition by the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) in 2005, and a preliminary exploration of the variability in the triple-point temperature of neon gas samples arising from differences in isotopic composition (Anal. Chem. 77, 5076 (2005)), this article reports further progress toward the determination of a similar comprehensive relationship for neon, to be included in a future revision of the Technical Annexe to the 'mise en pratique' of the kelvin. This progress article mainly concerns a set of gas samples used for the neon triple-point measurements during CCT-K2, and subsequently, others for which the isotopic compositions were recently measured. Recent high accuracy measurements of the corresponding thermal data are now available for many of these samples, but not yet for all of them. C1 [Pavese, F.; Steur, P. P. M.] INRIM, Div Termodinam, Turin, Italy. [Fellmuth, B.; Wolber, L.] PTB, Berlin, Germany. [Hill, K. D.; Steele, A. G.] Natl Res Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. [Head, D.] Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. [Hermier, Y.] LNE INM, Paris, France. [Lipinski, L.; Szmyrka-Grzebyk, A.] INTiBS, Wroclaw, Poland. [Nakano, T.; Sakurai, H.; Tamura, O.] AIST, NMIJ, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Peruzzi, A.] NMi VSL, Delft, Netherlands. [Tew, W. L.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Valkiers, S.] JRC IRMM, Geel, Belgium. RP Pavese, F (reprint author), INRIM, Div Termodinam, Turin, Italy. EM f.pavese@inrim.it OI Pavese, Franco/0000-0001-9261-6862 NR 25 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 29 IS 1 BP 57 EP 66 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0329-1 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 274IE UT WOS:000253994200006 ER PT J AU Tew, WL AF Tew, W. L. TI Estimating the triple-point isotope effect and the corresponding uncertainties for cryogenic fixed points SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE atmospheric gases; isotopes; mass fractionation; noble gases; oxygen; temperature; triple point; vapor-pressure isotope effect; xenon ID INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE; VAPOR-PRESSURES; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; INTERMOLECULAR FORCES; GAS-CONSTANT; XENON; TIEFTEMPERATURFORSCHUNG; ERGEBNISSE; MIXTURES; KRYPTON AB The sensitivities of melting temperatures to isotopic variations in monatomic and diatomic atmospheric gases using both theoretical and semi-empirical methods are estimated. The current state of knowledge of the vapor-pressure isotope effects (VPIE) and triple-point isotope effects (TPIE) is briefly summarized for the noble gases (except He), and for selected diatomic molecules including oxygen. An approximate expression is derived to estimate the relative shift in the melting temperature with isotopic substitution. In general, the magnitude of the effects diminishes with increasing molecular mass and increasing temperature. Knowledge of the VPIE, molar volumes, and heat of fusion are sufficient to estimate the temperature shift or isotopic sensitivity coefficient via the derived expression. The usefulness of this approach is demonstrated in the estimation of isotopic sensitivities and uncertainties for triple points of xenon and molecular oxygen for which few documented estimates were previously available. The calculated sensitivities from this study are considerably higher than previous estimates for Xe, and lower than other estimates in the case of oxygen. In both these cases, the predicted sensitivities are small and the resulting variations in triple point temperatures due to mass fractionation effects are less than 20 mu K. C1 NIST, Proc Measurements Div 836, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tew, WL (reprint author), NIST, Proc Measurements Div 836, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8363, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM weston.tew@nist.gov NR 41 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 29 IS 1 BP 67 EP 81 DI 10.1007/s10765-008-0371-7 PG 15 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 274IE UT WOS:000253994200007 ER PT J AU Yoon, HW Gibson, CE Khromchenko, V Eppeldauer, GP Bousquet, RR Brown, SW Lykke, KR AF Yoon, H. W. Gibson, C. E. Khromchenko, V. Eppeldauer, G. P. Bousquet, R. R. Brown, S. W. Lykke, K. R. TI Thermodynamic radiation thermometry for the next SI SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE gold freezing temperature; kelvin; linearity; radiometric temperatures; thermodynamic temperatures ID TEMPERATURE AB The construction, the calibration, and the use of the NIST Thermodynamic Radiation Thermometer (TRT) to measure the temperature of the gold freezing temperature blackbody and a variable-temperature blackbody from 800 to 2,700 degrees C are described. These temperature determinations are detector-based and derived from the electrical substitution radiometer and length units. The TRT is constructed using a cooled, near-infrared enhanced silicon detector with a room-temperature-stabilized five-position filter wheel. The characteristics of the TRT, such as the size-of-source effect and preamplifier linearity, are determined. The measured temperatures are compared with those obtained using the NIST Absolute Pyrometer 1 (AP1) and the current NIST standard radiation thermometer, the Photoelectric Pyrometer (PEP). After the performance assessments, the TRT will become the standard radiation thermometer for disseminating radiance temperature scales in the United States. C1 [Yoon, H. W.; Gibson, C. E.; Khromchenko, V.; Eppeldauer, G. P.; Bousquet, R. R.; Brown, S. W.; Lykke, K. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Tech Div 844, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Khromchenko, V.] Utah State Univ, Space Dynam Lab, Joint NIST USU Program Opt Sensor Calibrat, N Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Yoon, HW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Tech Div 844, 100 Bureau Dr,Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM howard.yoon@nist.gov NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 29 IS 1 BP 285 EP 300 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0308-6 PG 16 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 274IE UT WOS:000253994200028 ER PT J AU Hanssen, LM Mekhontsev, SN Zeng, J Prokhorov, AV AF Hanssen, L. M. Mekhontsev, S. N. Zeng, J. Prokhorov, A. V. TI Evaluation of blackbody cavity emissivity in the infrared using total integrated scatter measurements SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE blackbody; cavity; emissivity; infrared; radiance temperature; reflectance AB Deviations from ideal blackbody (BB) behavior can be characterized by a BB's effective emissivity. The cavity emissivity is most often obtained through a model, given a particular set of input parameters associated with the BB cavity geometry and surface optical properties. It can also be measured directly (radiance) or indirectly (reflectance). A study of BB cavity emissivity using the reflectance method is presented. Several types and designs of blackbody cavities, including those from fixed-point and water bath BBs, using our infrared total integrated scatter (ITIS) instrument for emissivity evaluation are examined. The emissivity is characterized as a function of position on the output aperture, as well as a function of output angle. The measurements have revealed emissivity values, both significantly greater than, and in confirmation of, modeling predictions. For instance, the emissivities of three fixed point BB cavity designs were found to vary significantly despite modeling predictions in the design process of similar behavior. Also, other BB cavities that exhibited poor emissivity performance were re-painted and re-machined, in one case more than once, before the predicted performance was achieved. C1 [Hanssen, L. M.; Mekhontsev, S. N.; Zeng, J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Prokhorov, A. V.] Space Dynam Lab, N Logan, UT 84381 USA. [Prokhorov, A. V.] Utah State Univ Res Fdn, Joint NISU, USU Program Opt Sensor Calibrat, N Logan, UT 84381 USA. RP Hanssen, LM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hanssen@nist.gov NR 15 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X EI 1572-9567 J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 29 IS 1 BP 352 EP 369 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0314-8 PG 18 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 274IE UT WOS:000253994200034 ER PT J AU Jennings, HM Bullard, JW Thomas, JJ Andrade, JE Chen, JJ Scherer, GW AF Jennings, Hamlin M. Bullard, Jeffrey W. Thomas, Jeffrey J. Andrade, Jose E. Chen, Jeffrey J. Scherer, George W. TI Characterization and modeling of pores and surfaces in cement paste: Correlations to processing and properties SO JOURNAL OF ADVANCED CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID C-S-H; CALCIUM-SILICATE-HYDRATE; PORTLAND-CEMENT; TRICALCIUM SILICATE; ELASTIC PROPERTIES; DRYING SHRINKAGE; MICROSTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT; STRAIN LOCALIZATION; DICALCIUM SILICATE; NEUTRON-SCATTERING AB Cement-based materials have complex multi-component, multiscale structures that first form through chemical reaction and then continue to change with time. As with most classes of materials, the porosity of cement paste strongly influences its properties, including strength, shrinkage, creep, permeability and diffusion. Pores in cement paste range in size from nanometers to millimeters, and numerous investigations and models have been reported in the literature. This paper reviews some key concepts and models related to our understanding of the pore system and surface area. A major reason for the complexity of cement-based materials is that the principal reaction product, calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), forms with a significant volume fraction of internal, nanometer-scale pores. This gel pore system contains water that is also adsorbed to the solid surfaces, blurring the distinction between the solid phase and pores. The gel pore system changes not only with the chemical composition and extent of reaction, but also with changes in relative humidity, temperature, and applied load. Pores can be characterized by their surface area, size, volume fraction, saturation, and connectivity, but precise quantitative models are still not available. A useful approach for characterizing the structure of cement paste is to document the influence of time and external factors on structural changes. Scientific progress will be facilitated by the development of models that accurately describe the structure and use that structure to predict properties. This is particularly important because the composition and chemistry of commercial concretes is changing more rapidly than laboratory experimentation can document long-term proper-ties such as durability. Some of the possible models are discussed. C1 [Jennings, Hamlin M.; Thomas, Jeffrey J.; Andrade, Jose E.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Jennings, Hamlin M.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Thomas, Jeffrey J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Chen, Jeffrey J.] Lafarge Ctr Rech, St Quentin Fallavier, France. [Scherer, George W.] Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Jennings, HM (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. EM h-jennings@northwestern.edu RI Andrade, Jose/B-6923-2009; Jennings, Hamlin/B-7006-2009; Thomas, Jeffrey/B-7103-2009; Chen, Wei/A-5694-2010 NR 129 TC 69 Z9 78 U1 5 U2 74 PU JAPAN CONCRETE INST PI CHIYODA-KU PA SOGO HANZOMON BLDG 12F, NO 7, KOJIMACHI 1-CHOME, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO 102-0083, JAPAN SN 1346-8014 EI 1347-3913 J9 J ADV CONCR TECHNOL JI J. Adv. Concr. Technol. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 6 IS 1 BP 5 EP 29 DI 10.3151/jact.6.5 PG 25 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA 294KD UT WOS:000255404000001 ER PT J AU Kondragunta, S Lee, P Mcqueen, J Kittaka, C Prados, AI Ciren, P Laszlo, I Pierce, RB Hoff, R Szykman, JJ AF Kondragunta, S. Lee, P. Mcqueen, J. Kittaka, C. Prados, A. I. Ciren, P. Laszlo, I. Pierce, R. B. Hoff, R. Szykman, J. J. TI Air quality forecast verification using satellite data SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL OPTICAL-THICKNESS; PARTICULATE MATTER; MODEL DESCRIPTION; RETRIEVALS; DEPTH; OCEAN; VALIDATION; COMPONENT; PRODUCT; SIGNAL AB NOAA's operational geostationary satellite retrievals of aerosol optical depths (AODs) were used to verify National Weather Service developmental (research mode) particulate matter (PM2.5) predictions tested during the summer 2004 International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation/New England Air Quality Study (ICARTT/NEAQS) field campaign. The forecast period included long-range transport of smoke from fires burning in Canada and Alaska and a regional-scale sulfate event over the Gulf of Mexico and the eastern United States. Over the 30-day time period for which daytime hourly forecasts were compared with observations, the categorical (exceedance defined as AOD > 0.55) forecast accuracy was between 0% and 20%. Hourly normalized mean bias (forecasts - observations) ranged between -50% and +50% with forecasts being positively biased when observed AODs were small and negatively biased when observed AODs were high. Normalized mean errors are between 50% and 100% with the errors on the lower end during the 18-22 July 2004 time period when a regional-scale sulfate event occurred. Spatially, the errors are small over the regions where sulfate plumes were present. The correlation coefficient also showed similar features (spatially and temporally) with a peak value of similar to 0.6 during the 18-22 July 2004 time period. The dominance of long-range transport of smoke into the United States during the summer of 2004, neglected in the model predictions, skewed the model forecast performance. Enhanced accuracy and reduced normalized mean errors during the time period when a sulfate event prevailed show that the forecast system has skill in predicting PM2.5 associated with urban/industrial pollution events. C1 [Kondragunta, S.; Laszlo, I.; Pierce, R. B.] NESDIS, NOAA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Lee, P.] Sci Applicat Int Corp, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Mcqueen, J.] NWS, NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Kittaka, C.] Sci Applicat Int Corp, Hampton, VA USA. [Prados, A. I.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Ciren, P.] QSS Inc, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Kittaka, C.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Norfolk, VA USA. [Szykman, J. J.] US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kondragunta, S (reprint author), NESDIS, NOAA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM shobha.kondragunta@noaa.gov RI Laszlo, Istvan/F-5603-2010; Kondragunta, Shobha/F-5601-2010; Ciren, Pubu/E-6542-2011; Pierce, Robert Bradley/F-5609-2010; Lee, Pius/D-5201-2016 OI Laszlo, Istvan/0000-0002-5747-9708; Kondragunta, Shobha/0000-0001-8593-8046; Pierce, Robert Bradley/0000-0002-2767-1643; NR 35 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 EI 1558-8432 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 47 IS 2 BP 425 EP 442 DI 10.1175/2007JAMC1392.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 282RQ UT WOS:000254585300006 ER PT J AU Lee, P Kang, D Mcqueen, J Tsidulko, M Hart, M Dimego, G Seaman, N Davidson, P AF Lee, Pius Kang, Daiwen Mcqueen, Jeff Tsidulko, Marina Hart, Mary Dimego, Geoff Seaman, Nelson Davidson, Paula TI Impact of domain size on modeled ozone forecast for the northeastern United States SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY; METEOROLOGICAL FIELDS; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; LEVEL OZONE; ETA-MODEL; SENSITIVITY; URBAN; UNCERTAINTIES; SIMULATIONS AB This study investigates the impact of model domain extent and the specification of lateral boundary conditions on the forecast quality of air pollution constituents in a specific region of interest. A developmental version of the national Air Quality Forecast System (AQFS) has been used in this study. The AQFS is based on the NWS/NCEP Eta Model (recently renamed the North American Mesoscale Model) coupled with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. This coupled Eta-CMAQ modeling system provided experimental air quality forecasts for the northeastern region of the United States during the summers of 2003 and 2004. The initial forecast over the northeastern United States was approved for operational deployment in September 2004. The AQFS will provide forecast coverage for the entire United States in the near future. In a continuing program of phased development to extend the geographical coverage of the forecast, the developmental version of AQFS has undergone two domain expansions. Hereinafter, this "developmental" domain-expanded forecast system AQFS will be dubbed AQFS-beta. The current study evaluates the performance of AQFS-beta for the northeastern United States using three domain sizes. Quantitative comparisons of forecast results with compiled observation data from the U.S. Aerometric Information Retrieval Now (AIRNOW) network were performed for each model domain, and interdomain comparisons were made for the regions of overlap. Several forecast skill score measures have been employed. Based on the categorical statistical metric of the critical success index, the largest domain achieved the highest skill score. This conclusion should catapult the implementation of the largest domain to attain the best forecast performance whenever the operational resource and criteria permit. C1 [Lee, Pius; Mcqueen, Jeff; Dimego, Geoff] NCEP, EMC, Natl Ocean & Atomospher Adm, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Seaman, Nelson; Davidson, Paula] Natl Weather Serv, Off Sci & Technol, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Kang, Daiwen] Sci & Technol Corp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Lee, Pius; Tsidulko, Marina; Hart, Mary] Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Lee, P (reprint author), NCEP, EMC, Natl Ocean & Atomospher Adm, W NP22 Room 207 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM pius.lee@noaa.gov RI Lee, Pius/D-5201-2016 NR 50 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 47 IS 2 BP 443 EP 461 DI 10.1175/2007JAMC1408.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 282RQ UT WOS:000254585300007 ER PT J AU Knapp, KR AF Knapp, Kenneth R. TI Calibration assessment of ISCCP geostationary infrared observations using HIRS SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR; SATELLITE; CHANNELS; CLOUDS AB Infrared window (similar to 11 mu m) brightness temperatures from global geostationary meteorological instruments were calibrated using the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) as an independent analysis of the satellite intercalibration performed by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). Criteria for matching geostationary observations with HIRS from previous literature were inadequate to analyze a shift in calibration due to the limited range of resulting temperatures. The result was an inability to determine the impact of a calibration error on observations of cold clouds. To better understand the calibration error, a new set of matchup criteria that collected targets at all temperatures proportionately showed a significant shift in the ISCCP calibration. Using the new criteria, it became apparent that observations of cold temperatures were biased too cold. A correction based on these results removed the bias between the geostationary and HIRS observations. C1 Natl Climat Ctr, NOAA, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Knapp, KR (reprint author), Natl Climat Ctr, NOAA, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM ken.knapp@noaa.gov RI Knapp, Kenneth/E-9817-2011 NR 14 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 25 IS 2 BP 183 EP 195 DI 10.1175/2007JTECHA910.1 PG 13 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268MA UT WOS:000253582700003 ER PT J AU Farrugia, CJ Gratton, FT Jordanova, VK Matsui, H Muhlbachler, S Torbert, RB Ogilvie, KW Singer, HJ AF Farrugia, C. J. Gratton, F. T. Jordanova, V. K. Matsui, H. Muehlbachler, S. Torbert, R. B. Ogilvie, K. W. Singer, H. J. TI Tenuous solar winds: Insights on solar wind-magneto sphere interactions SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Recent Observations and Simulations of the Sun-Earth System (ISROSES) CY SEP 17-22, 2006 CL Varna, BULGARIA DE low density solar wind; dayside erosion; quiet-time ring current constants; magnetosheath waves ID PLASMA INSTRUMENT; POLAR; EQUATORIAL; SPACECRAFT; ELECTRONS; EROSION; RING AB During solar cycle 23 quasi-dropouts of the solar wind (density < 1 cm(-3)) were observed. These tenuous winds allow us to probe properties of the magnetosphere and its coupling to the solar wind which would otherwise be obscured by the effect of high density. We focus on five areas which provided new insights into the response of geospace to solar wind variations: (i) the magnetospheric magnetic configuration; (ii) the polar rain; (iii) dayside flux erosion; (iv) magnetosheath waves; and (v) ring current constants. We find: (i) the geostationary field had dipolar strength and was inclined by <= 5 degrees to the dipolar direction; (ii) the solar wind strahl, and consequently the polar rain, were intensified; (iii) the depression of the geostationary field (Delta B-GS) due to dayside flux erosion could be measured and was related to IMF B-2 by Delta B-GS -2.8 + 2.3 B-z (nT); (iv) right-hand electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves were excited alone in the magnetosheath and were generated directly from the temperature anisotropy of the solar wind; (v) ring and magnetopause currents decreased to asymptotic values of 5 and 3 nT, respectively, which are substantially smaller than quiet-time values obtained from statistics. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Farrugia, C. J.; Matsui, H.; Torbert, R. B.] Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Gratton, F. T.] UBA, CONICET, FCEyN, INFIP, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. [Jordanova, V. K.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. [Muehlbachler, S.] Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, Kathlenburg, Lindau, Germany. [Ogilvie, K. W.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Singer, H. J.] NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Farrugia, CJ (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM charlie.farrugia@unh.edu OI Jordanova, Vania/0000-0003-0475-8743 NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 EI 1879-1824 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 70 IS 2-4 BP 371 EP 376 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2007.08.032 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 276JN UT WOS:000254137200023 ER PT J AU Kartalev, M Dobreva, P Amata, E Dryer, M Savin, S AF Kartalev, M. Dobreva, P. Amata, E. Dryer, M. Savin, S. TI Some tests of a new magnetosheath model via comparison with satellite measurement SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Recent Observations and Simulations of the Sun-Earth System (ISROSES) CY SEP 17-22, 2006 CL Varna, BULGARIA DE magnetosheath model; solar wind; polytropic index; cluster ID HIGH-LATITUDE; MAGNETOPAUSE; BOUNDARY; SHAPE; MAGNETOSPHERE; POSITION; CUSP AB We report on some comparisons of plasma measurements during satellite magnetoshealth crossing with model predicted variations along the same trajectory. We utilize a new self-consistent model of the magnetosheath-magnetosphere system. The model includes a 3D gasdynamic magnetosheath solver and a data based magnetospheric model with numerically calculated magnetopause shielding field. The self-consistently obtained 3D magnetopause contains cusp indentations and their crossings by satellite trajectory that can be correctly explained by the model. Besides directly measured solar wind parameters, the model also requires as an input the value of its polytropic index. A new technique for estimating this parameter is utilized in order to demonstrate its influence on the magnetosheath geometry. The presented examples are based on an actual Cluster magnetosheath crossing. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Kartalev, M.; Dobreva, P.] Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Mech, Sofia, Bulgaria. [Amata, E.] INAF, Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario, Rome, Italy. [Dryer, M.] NOAA, Space Environm Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Dryer, M.] Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL USA. [Savin, S.] Russian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Moscow, Russia. RP Kartalev, M (reprint author), Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Mech, Sofia, Bulgaria. EM kartalev@geospace4.imbm.bas.bg NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 70 IS 2-4 BP 627 EP 636 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2007.08.036 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 276JN UT WOS:000254137200056 ER PT J AU Burguera, EF Xu, HHK Sun, LM AF Burguera, Elena F. Xu, Hockin H. K. Sun, Limin TI Injectable calcium phosphate cement: Effects of powder-to-liquid ratio and needle size SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE calcium phosphate cement; nano apatite; injectability; strength; needle size; bone repair ID HYDROXYAPATITE CEMENT; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; BONE REGENERATION; APATITE CEMENT; PART I; COMPOSITES; STRENGTH; SCAFFOLD; REINFORCEMENT; BIOMATERIALS AB Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) sets in situ and forms apatite with excellent osteoconductivity and bone-replacement capability. The objectives of this study were to formulate an injectable tetracalcium phosphate-dicalcium phosphate cement (CPCD), and investigate the powder/liquid ratio and needle-size effects. The injection force (mean +/- SD; n = 4) to extrude the paste increased from (8 +/- 2) N using a 10-gauge needle to (144 +/- 17) N using a 2.1-gauge needle (p < 0.05). With the 10-gauge needle, the mass percentage of extruded paste was (95 +/- 4)% at a powder/liquid ratio of 3; it decreased to (70 +/- 12)% at powder/liquid = 3.5 (p < 0.05). A relationship was established between injection force, F, and needle lumen cross-sectional area, A: F = 5.0 + 38.7/A(0.8). Flexural strength, S, (mean +/- SD; n = 5) increased from (5.3 +/- 0.8) MPa at powder/liquid = 2 to (11.0 +/- 0.8) MPa at powder/liquid = 3.5 (p < 0.05). Pore volume fraction, P, ranged from 62.4% to 47.9%. A relationship was established: S = 47.7 x (1 - P)(2.3). The strength of the injectable CPCD matched/exceeded the reported strengths of sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants that required machining. The novel injectable CPCD with a relatively high strength may be useful in filling defects with limited accessibility such as periodontal repair and tooth root-canal fillings, and in minimally-invasive techniques such as percutaneous vertebroplasty to fill the lesions and to strengthen the osteoporotic bone. (C) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 [Burguera, Elena F.; Xu, Hockin H. K.; Sun, Limin] NIST, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), NIST, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hockin.xu@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE014190, R01 DE014190-01A2, R01 DE014190-02, R01 DE014190-03, R01 DE014190-04, R01 DE014190-05, R01 DE014190-06, R01 DE14190] NR 48 TC 51 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 18 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1552-4973 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES B JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B PD FEB PY 2008 VL 84B IS 2 BP 493 EP 502 DI 10.1002/jbm.b.30896 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 252UU UT WOS:000252472900024 PM 17635038 ER PT J AU Zhu, DM Mukherjee, C Yang, Y Rios, BE Gallagher, DT Smith, NN Biehl, ER Hua, L AF Zhu, Dunming Mukherjee, Chandrani Yang, Yan Rios, Beatriz E. Gallagher, D. Travis Smith, N. Natasha Biehl, Edward R. Hua, Ling TI A new nitrilase from Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 - Gene cloning, biochemical characterization and substrate specificity SO JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nitrilase; aliphatic nitrile; hydrolysis; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; HETEROLOGOUS EXPRESSION; ORGANIC-SYNTHESIS; HYDROLYSIS; SEQUENCE; ENZYMES; ACIDS; BIOCATALYSIS; CATALYST; USDA110 AB A nitrilase gene blr3397 from Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 was cloned and over-expressed in Escherichia coli, and the encoded protein was purified to give a nitrilase with a single band of about 34.5 kD on SDS-PAGE. The molecular weight of the holoenzyme was about 340 kD as determined by light scattering analysis, suggesting that nitrilase blr3397 self-aggregated to an active form with the native structure being a decamer. The V-max and K-m for phenylacetonitrile were 3.15 U/mg and 4.36 mM, respectively. The catalytic constant k(cat) and specificity constant k(cat)/K-m were 111 min(-1) and 2.6 x 10(4) min(-1) M-1. This nitrilase is most active toward the hydrolysis of hydrocinnamonitrile among the tested substrates (4.3 times that of phenylacetonitrile). The nitrilase blr3397 shows higher activity towards the hydrolysis of aliphatic nitriles than that for the aromatic counterparts, and can be characterized as an aliphatic nitrilase in terms of activity. This nitrilase also possesses distinct features from the nitrilase b116402 of the same microbe. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Zhu, Dunming; Mukherjee, Chandrani; Yang, Yan; Rios, Beatriz E.; Biehl, Edward R.; Hua, Ling] So Methodist Univ, Dept Chem, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. [Gallagher, D. Travis; Smith, N. Natasha] NIST, Dept Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hua, L (reprint author), So Methodist Univ, Dept Chem, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. EM lhua@smu.edu RI Zhu, Dunming/K-3503-2013 OI Zhu, Dunming/0000-0001-8783-5358 NR 36 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1656 EI 1873-4863 J9 J BIOTECHNOL JI J. Biotechnol. PD FEB 1 PY 2008 VL 133 IS 3 BP 327 EP 333 DI 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.10.001 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 255BR UT WOS:000252632200008 PM 18061298 ER PT J AU Estrada-Alexanders, AF Hurly, JJ AF Estrada-Alexanders, Andres F. Hurly, John J. TI Kinematic viscosity and speed of sound in gaseous CO, CO2, SiF4, SF6, C4F8, and NH3 from 220 K to 375 K and pressures up to 3.4 MPa SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE Greenspan viscometer; kinematic viscosity; speed of sound; argon; helium; nitrogen; methane; propane; carbon monoxide; carbon dioxide; silicon tetrafluoride; sulfur hexafluoride; octafluorocyclobutane; ammonia ID GREENSPAN ACOUSTIC VISCOMETER; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; NITROGEN; TEMPERATURES; ARGON; EQUATION; PROPANE; METHANE; KRYPTON; HELIUM AB An acoustic Greenspan viscometer was used to measure the kinematic viscosity and speed of sound in the gases: CO, CO2, SiF4, SF6, C4F8, and NH3. The measurements cover the temperature range 220 K to 375 K, and pressures up to 3.4 MPa or 80% of the saturation pressure. The viscometer was calibrated at 298.16 K using five reference gases, Ar, He, N-2, CH4, and C3H8, for which the viscosity and the speed of sound are known. With this calibration, we estimated the relative standard uncertainty of the kinematic viscosity u(r)(eta/rho) = 0.006 and the uncertainty of speed of sound u(r)(c) = 0.0001, except for very low pressures where the signal-to-noise ratio deteriorates and quality factor for the Helmholtz mode is <= 20. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Estrada-Alexanders, Andres F.; Hurly, John J.] NIST, Fluid Metrol Grp, Proc Measurement Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Estrada-Alexanders, AF (reprint author), Univ Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Dept Fis, Apdo Postal 55-534, Mexico City 09340, DF, Mexico. EM afea@xanum.uam.mx NR 21 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 5 U2 18 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 40 IS 2 BP 193 EP 202 DI 10.1016/j.jct.2007.07.002 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 309ER UT WOS:000256444000007 ER PT J AU Lau, NC Leetmaa, A Nath, MJ AF Lau, Ngar-Cheung Leetmaa, Ants Nath, Mary Jo TI Interactions between the responses of north American climate to El Nino-La Nina and to the secular warming trend in the Indian-Western Pacific Oceans SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; SST ANOMALIES; MULTIMODEL ENSEMBLE; ATMOSPHERIC BRIDGE; SEASONAL CYCLE; ENSO; SUMMER; MODELS; TELECONNECTIONS AB The modulation of El Nino and La Nina responses by the long-term sea surface temperature ( SST) warming trend in the Indian-Western Pacific ( IWP) Oceans has been investigated using a large suite of sensitivity integrations with an atmospheric general circulation model. These model runs entail the prescription of anomalous SST conditions corresponding to composite El Nino or La Nina episodes, to SST increases associated with secular warming in IWP, and to combinations of IWP warming and El Nino/La Nina. These SST forcings are derived from the output of coupled model experiments for climate settings of the 1951-2000 and 2001-50 epochs. Emphasis is placed on the wintertime responses in 200-mb height and various indicators of surface climate in the North American sector. The model responses to El Nino and La Nina forcings are in agreement with the observed interannual anomalies associated with warm and cold episodes. The wintertime model responses in North America to IWP warming bear a distinct positive ( negative) spatial correlation with the corresponding responses to La Nina ( El Nino). Hence, the amplitude of the combined responses to IWP warming and La Nina is notably higher than that to IWP warming and El Nino. The model projections indicate that, as the SST continues to rise in the IWP sector during the twenty-first century, the strength of various meteorological anomalies accompanying La Nina ( El Nino) will increase ( decrease) with time. The response of the North American climate and the zonal mean circulation to the combined effects of IWP forcing and La Nina ( El Nino) is approximately equal to the linear sum of the separate effects of IWP warming and La Nina ( El Nino). The summertime responses to IWP warming bear some similarity to the meteorological anomalies accompanying extended droughts and heat waves over the continental United States. C1 [Lau, Ngar-Cheung; Leetmaa, Ants; Nath, Mary Jo] Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Lau, NC (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Forrestal Campus,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM gabriel.lau@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 21 IS 3 BP 476 EP 494 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1899.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 258TR UT WOS:000252892900004 ER PT J AU Sura, P Newman, M AF Sura, Philip Newman, Matthew TI The impact of rapid wind variability upon air-sea thermal coupling SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTION; STOCHASTIC CLIMATE MODELS; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; T-DISTRIBUTION; GLOBAL OCEANS; NORTH PACIFIC; PART I; ATLANTIC AB The basic effect of extratropical atmosphere-ocean thermal coupling is to enhance the variance of both anomalous sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and air temperatures (AIRT) due to a decreased energy flux between the atmosphere and ocean, called reduced thermal damping. In this paper it is shown that rapidly varying surface winds, through their influence upon the turbulent surface heat fluxes that drive this coupling, act to effectively weaken the coupling and thus partially counteract the reduced thermal damping. In effect, rapid fluctuations in wind speed somewhat insulate the atmosphere and ocean from each other. The nonlinear relationship between the rapidly varying wind speed anomalies and SST and AIRT anomalies results in a rapidly varying component of the surface heat fluxes. The clear separation between the dynamical time scales of the ocean and atmosphere allows this rapidly varying flux to be simply approximated by a stochastic process in which rapidly varying wind speed is represented as Gaussian white noise whose amplitude is modulated by the more slowly evolving thermal anomalies. Such state-dependent (multiplicative) noise can alter the dynamics of atmosphere-ocean coupling because it induces an additional heat flux term, the noise-induced drift, that effectively acts to weaken both coupling and dissipation. Another key implication of the outlined theory is that air-sea coupling includes both deterministic and stochastic components. The theory is tested by examining daily observations during extended winter (November-April) at several ocean weather stations (OWSs). Two important results are found. First, multiplicative noise at OWS P effectively decreases the coupling by about one-third, with about a 10% (20%) decrease in the damping of SST (AIRT). This suggests that multiplicative noise may be responsible for roughly half of the AIRT variability at OWS P on subseasonal time scales. Second, OWS observations reveal that joint probability distribution functions of daily averaged SST and AIRT anomalies are significantly non-Gaussian. It is shown that treating the rapidly varying boundary layer heat fluxes as state-dependent noise can reproduce this observed non-Gaussianity. It is concluded that the effect of state-dependent noise is crucial to understand and model atmosphere-ocean coupling. C1 [Sura, Philip; Newman, Matthew] NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Sura, P (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. EM sura@met.fsu.edu RI Newman, Matthew /F-8336-2010 OI Newman, Matthew /0000-0001-5348-2312 NR 43 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 21 IS 4 BP 621 EP 637 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1708.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 263VQ UT WOS:000253245000003 ER PT J AU Fairall, CW Uttal, T Hazen, D Hare, J Cronin, MF Bond, N Veron, DE AF Fairall, C. W. Uttal, Taneil Hazen, Duane Hare, Jeffrey Cronin, Meghan F. Bond, Nicholas Veron, Dana E. TI Observations of cloud, radiation, and surface forcing in the equatorial eastern Pacific SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; TROPICAL PACIFIC; GCM SIMULATIONS; ENERGY-BALANCE; CLIMATE MODELS; ANNUAL CYCLE; COLD-TONGUE; OCEAN; ATMOSPHERE AB In this paper the authors report on a study of cloud and surface flux processes in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean based on a series of ship-based cloud and flux measurements made during fall (1999-2002) and spring (2000-02) maintenance cruises along the 95 degrees and 110 degrees W Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) buoy lines between 8 degrees S and 12 degrees N. The year-to-year and seasonal variabilities of many of the meteorological and oceanic means are relatively small. However, notable seasonal variability is found in the northern branch of the intertropical convergence zone, the north-south sea surface temperature gradient, and heat fluxes north of the equator. In the fall, the strengthening of the north-south SST contrast enhances convective activity (more and deeper clouds, precipitation, southerly inflow) in the area around 6 degrees N, 95 degrees W; diurnal variations of low cloud fraction were weak. Spring cloud fraction varied significantly over the diurnal cycle with substantially lower cloud fraction during the day south of 5 degrees N. Relatively low average cloud-base heights around the equator are due to chilling of the marine boundary layer over the cold tongue. Cloud radiative forcing strongly correlates with cloud fraction; clouds in the observation region cool the surface by about 40 W m(-2) in both seasons. Cloud forcing estimates from the ship data, the TAO buoys, and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) products were combined to form a consensus observation dataset that is compared with the second NCEP reanalysis (NCEP-2) and 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) cloud forcing values. The reanalysis products were within 10 W m(-2) of the observations for IR cloud forcing but substantially overestimated the solar cloud forcing, particularly in spring. C1 [Fairall, C. W.; Uttal, Taneil; Hazen, Duane] NOAA, Div Phys Sci, ESRL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Hare, Jeffrey] Univ Colorado, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Bond, Nicholas] Univ Washington, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Veron, Dana E.] Univ Delaware, Coll Marine & Earth Studies, Newark, DE USA. RP Fairall, CW (reprint author), NOAA, Div Phys Sci, ESRL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM chris.fairall@noaa.gov NR 63 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 21 IS 4 BP 655 EP 673 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1757.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 263VQ UT WOS:000253245000005 ER PT J AU Liu, Y Key, JR Wang, X AF Liu, Yinghui Key, Jeffrey R. Wang, Xuanji TI The influence of changes in cloud cover on recent surface temperature trends in the Arctic SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID POLAR PATHFINDER DATASET; SEA-ICE VARIABILITY; RADIATION PROPERTIES; SATELLITE DATA; ANNUAL CYCLE; PART II; OCEAN; AVHRR; ALBEDO; OSCILLATION AB A method is presented to assess the influence of changes in Arctic cloud cover on the surface temperature trend, allowing for a more robust diagnosis of causes for surface warming or cooling. Seasonal trends in satellite-derived Arctic surface temperature under clear-, cloudy-, and all-sky conditions are examined for the period 1982-2004. The satellite-derived trends are in good agreement with trends in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis product and surface-based weather station measurements in the Arctic. Surface temperature trends under clear and cloudy conditions have patterns similar to the all-sky trends, though the magnitude of the trends under cloudy conditions is smaller than those under clear-sky conditions, illustrating the negative feedback of clouds on the surface temperature trends. The all-sky surface temperature trend is divided into two parts: the first part is a linear combination of the surface temperature trends under clear and cloudy conditions; the second part is caused by changes in cloud cover as a function of the clear-cloudy surface temperature difference. The relative importance of these two components is different in the four seasons, with the first part more important in spring, summer, and autumn, but with both parts being equally important in winter. The contribution of biases in satellite retrievals is also evaluated. C1 [Liu, Yinghui; Wang, Xuanji] Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Key, Jeffrey R.] NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. RP Liu, Y (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM yinghuil@ssec.wisc.edu RI Key, Jeffrey/F-5597-2010 OI Key, Jeffrey/0000-0001-6109-3050 NR 46 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 21 IS 4 BP 705 EP 715 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1681.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 263VQ UT WOS:000253245000007 ER PT J AU Leroy, SS Anderson, JG Ohring, G AF Leroy, Stephen S. Anderson, James G. Ohring, George TI Climate signal detection times and constraints on climate benchmark accuracy requirements SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article AB Long-term trends in the climate system are always partly obscured by naturally occurring interannual variability. All else being equal, the larger the natural variability, the less precisely one can estimate a trend in a time series of data. Measurement uncertainty, though, also obscures long-term trends. The way in which measurement uncertainty and natural interannual variability interact in inhibiting the detection of climate trends using simple linear regression is derived and the manner in which the interaction between the two can be used to formulate accuracy requirements for satellite climate benchmark missions is shown. It is found that measurement uncertainty increases detection times, but only when considered in direct proportion to natural variability. It is also found that detection times depend critically on the correlation time of natural variability and satellite lifetime. As a consequence, requirements on satellite climate benchmark accuracy and mission lifetime must be directly related to the natural variability of the climate system and its associated correlation times. C1 [Leroy, Stephen S.; Anderson, James G.] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Ohring, George] NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Cambridge, MD USA. RP Leroy, SS (reprint author), Anderson Grp, 12 Oxford St,Link Bldg, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM leroy@huarp.harvard.edu RI Ohring, George/F-5616-2010; Richards, Amber/K-8203-2015 NR 9 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 21 IS 4 BP 841 EP 846 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1946.1 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 263VQ UT WOS:000253245000016 ER PT J AU Koo, J Park, S Satija, S Tikhonov, A Sokolov, JC Rafailovich, MH Koga, T AF Koo, Jaseung Park, Seongchan Satija, Sushil Tikhonov, Aleksey Sokolov, Jonathan C. Rafailovich, Miriam H. Koga, Tadanori TI Characterization of Langmuir-Blodgett organoclay films using X-ray reflectivity and atomic force microscopy SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE organoclay; Langmuir-Blodgett technique; X-ray reflectivity; cation exchange capacity ID NANOCOMPOSITES; CLAY; BLENDS; MORPHOLOGY; RHEOLOGY AB Monolayers of organoclay platelets were formed at the air/water interface using the Langmuir technique and were then investigated either by in situ or lifted onto Si wafers and studied ex situ, using X-ray reflectivity (XR) methods. The XR data showed that the surfactant molecules on the clay platelets formed a dense, self-assembled monolayer where the molecules were tilted at an angle of 35 degrees +/- 6 degrees from the normal to the dry clay surface. The surfactant layers only covered a fraction of the clay platelet surface area, where the fractional surface coverage for the three clays studied (C6A, C15A, and C20A) was found to be 0.90, 0.86, and 0.73, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those estimated from the cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. Rather than being uniformly distributed, the surfactant was clustered in patchy regions, indicating that the surface of the clay platelets had both polar and non-polar segments. This heterogeneity confirmed the hypothesis which was previously invoked to explain the distribution of the clay platelets in melt mixed homopolymer and polymer blend nanocomposites. (c) 2007 Elsevier C1 [Koo, Jaseung; Park, Seongchan; Sokolov, Jonathan C.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Satija, Sushil] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Tikhonov, Aleksey; Rafailovich, Miriam H.] Univ Chicago, Consortium Adv Radiat Sources, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Tikhonov, Aleksey] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Koga, Tadanori] SUNY Stony Brook, Chem & Mol Engn Program, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Koo, J (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM jkoo@ic.sunysb.edu RI Koga, Tadanori/A-4007-2010; Tikhonov, Aleksey/N-1111-2016 NR 24 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD FEB 1 PY 2008 VL 318 IS 1 BP 103 EP 109 DI 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.09.079 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 240AL UT WOS:000251559300014 PM 17942107 ER PT J AU Dwyer, JT Picciano, MF Betz, JM Fisher, KD Saldanha, LG Yetley, EA Coates, PM Milner, JA Whitted, J Burt, V Radimer, K Wilger, J Sharpless, KE Holden, JM Andrews, K Roseland, J Zhao, C Schweitzer, A Harnly, J Wolf, WR Perry, CR AF Dwyer, Johanna T. Picciano, Mary Frances Betz, Joseph M. Fisher, Kenneth D. Saldanha, Leila G. Yetley, Elizabeth A. Coates, Paul M. Milner, John A. Whitted, Jackie Burt, Vicki Radimer, Kathy Wilger, Jaimie Sharpless, Katherine E. Holden, Joanne M. Andrews, Karen Roseland, Janet Zhao, Culwei Schweitzer, Amy Harnly, James Wolf, Wayne R. Perry, Charles R. TI Progress in developing analytical and label-based dietary supplement databases at the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements SO JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 30th National Nutrient Databank Conference CY SEP 19-20, 2006 CL Honolulu, HI DE dietary supplements; analytical substantiation; dietary supplement composition; dietary supplement ingredient database; NHANES; DSID; NHANES-DSLD; DSLD-USA; dietary supplement labels; standard reference materials (R); certified reference materials ID NUTRIENT ANALYSIS PROGRAM; VITAMIN-D SUPPLEMENTATION; NATIONAL-HEALTH; FOOD; CALCIUM; TRIALS; RISK AB Although an estimated 50% of adults in the United States consume dietary supplements, analytically substantiated data on their bioactive constituents are sparse. Several programs funded by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health enhance dietary supplement database development and help to better describe the quantitative and qualitative contributions of dietary supplements to total dietary intakes. ODS, in collaboration with the United States Department of Agriculture, is developing a Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database (DSID) verified by chemical analysis. The products chosen initially for analytical verification are adult multivitamin-mineral supplements (MVMs). These products are widely used, analytical methods are available for determining key constituents, and a certified reference material is in development. Also MVMs have no standard scientific, regulatory, or marketplace definitions and have widely varying compositions, characteristics, and bioavailability. Furthermore, the extent to which actual amounts of vitamins and minerals in a product deviate from label values is not known. Ultimately, DSID will prove useful to professionals in permitting more accurate estimation of the contribution of dietary supplements to total dietary intakes of nutrients and better evaluation of the role of dietary supplements in promoting health and well-being. ODS is also collaborating with the National Center for Health Statistics to enhance the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey dietary supplement label database. The newest ODS effort explores the feasibility and practicality of developing a database of all dietary supplement labels marketed in the US. This article describes these and supporting projects. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 [Dwyer, Johanna T.; Picciano, Mary Frances; Betz, Joseph M.; Fisher, Kenneth D.; Saldanha, Leila G.; Yetley, Elizabeth A.; Coates, Paul M.] US Dept HHS, Natl Inst Hlth, Off Dietary Supplement, Bethesda, MD USA. [Milner, John A.; Whitted, Jackie] US Dept HHS, Natl Canc Inst, Nutr Sci Res Grp, Bethesda, MD USA. [Burt, Vicki; Radimer, Kathy; Wilger, Jaimie] US Dept HHS, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Hlth & Nutr Exam Survey, Hyattsville, MD USA. [Sharpless, Katherine E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Holden, Joanne M.; Andrews, Karen; Roseland, Janet; Zhao, Culwei; Schweitzer, Amy] USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Data Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. [Harnly, James; Wolf, Wayne R.] USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Compos Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. [Perry, Charles R.] USDA, Natl Agr Stat Serv, Div Res & Dev, Fairfax, VA USA. RP Dwyer, JT (reprint author), US Dept HHS, Natl Inst Hlth, Off Dietary Supplement, Bethesda, MD USA. EM dwyerjl@od.nih.gov OI Sharpless, Katherine/0000-0001-6569-198X; Dwyer, Johanna/0000-0002-0783-1769 FU NIH HHS [Y01 OD001298-01] NR 40 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0889-1575 J9 J FOOD COMPOS ANAL JI J. Food Compos. Anal. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 21 SU S BP S83 EP S93 DI 10.1016/j.jfca.2007.07.010 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 240TR UT WOS:000251610800013 PM 25346570 ER PT J AU Roseland, JM Holden, JM Andrews, KW Zhao, C Schweitzer, A Harnly, J Wolf, WR Perry, CR Dwyer, JT Picciano, MF Betz, JM Saldanha, LG Yetley, EA Fisher, KD Sharpless, KE AF Roseland, Janet M. Holden, Joanne M. Andrews, Karen W. Zhao, Cuiwei Schweitzer, Amy Harnly, James Wolf, Wayne R. Perry, Charles R. Dwyer, Johanna T. Picciano, Mary Frances Betz, Joseph M. Saldanha, Leila G. Yetley, Elizabeth A. Fisher, Kenneth D. Sharpless, Katherine E. TI Dietary supplement ingredient database (DSID): Preliminary USDA studies on the composition of adult multivitamin/mineral supplements SO JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 30th National Nutrient Databank Conference CY SEP 19-20, 2006 CL Honolulu, HI DE dietary supplements; analytical database; DSID; multivitamin; pilot study; nutrients ID AMERICA-NHANES; EAT AB The Nutrient Data Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is collaborating with the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), and other government agencies to design and populate a dietary supplement ingredient database (DSID). This analytically based, publicly available database will provide reliable estimates of vitamin and mineral content of dietary supplement (DS) products. The DSID will initially be populated with multivitamin/mineral (MVM) products because they are the most commonly consumed supplements. Challenges associated with the analysis of MVMs were identified and investigated. A pilot study addressing the identification of appropriate analytical methods, sample preparation protocols, and experienced laboratories for the analysis of 12 vitamins and 11 minerals in adult MVM supplement products was completed. Preliminary studies support the development of additional analytical studies with results that can be applied to the DSID. Total intakes from foods and supplements are needed to evaluate the associations between dietary components and health. The DSID will provide better estimates of actual nutrient intake from supplements than databases that rely on label values alone. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Roseland, Janet M.; Holden, Joanne M.; Andrews, Karen W.; Zhao, Cuiwei; Schweitzer, Amy] USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Data Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Harnly, James; Wolf, Wayne R.] USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Compos Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. [Perry, Charles R.] USDA, Nat Agr Stat Serv, Div Res & Dev, Fairfax, VA USA. [Dwyer, Johanna T.; Picciano, Mary Frances; Betz, Joseph M.; Saldanha, Leila G.; Yetley, Elizabeth A.; Fisher, Kenneth D.] US Dept HHS, Natl Inst Hlth, Off Dietary Supplement, Bethesda, MD USA. [Sharpless, Katherine E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Roseland, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Data Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM janct.roseland@ars.usda.gov OI Sharpless, Katherine/0000-0001-6569-198X; Dwyer, Johanna/0000-0002-0783-1769 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [Y04 HV0051]; NIH HHS [Y01 OD001298-01] NR 23 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0889-1575 J9 J FOOD COMPOS ANAL JI J. Food Compos. Anal. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 21 SU S BP S69 EP S77 DI 10.1016/j.jfca.2007.07.009 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 240TR UT WOS:000251610800011 PM 24307755 ER PT J AU Neiman, PJ Ralph, FM Wick, GA Lundquist, JD Dettinger, MD AF Neiman, Paul J. Ralph, F. Martin Wick, Gary A. Lundquist, Jessica D. Dettinger, Michael D. TI Meteorological characteristics and overland precipitation impacts of atmospheric rivers affecting the West Coast of North America based on eight years of SSM/I satellite observations SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE IMAGER SSM/I; PACIFIC-OCEAN; WATER-VAPOR; ALGORITHM; RAINFALL; CALIFORNIA; MOUNTAINS; CALJET; SEASON; WINTER AB The pre-cold-frontal low-level jet within oceanic extratropical cyclones represents the lower-tropospheric component of a deeper corridor of concentrated water vapor transport in the cyclone warm sector. These corridors are referred to as atmospheric rivers (ARs) because they are narrow relative to their length scale and are responsible for most of the poleward water vapor transport at midlatitudes. This paper investigates landfalling ARs along adjacent north- and south-coast regions of western North America. Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) satellite observations of long, narrow plumes of enhanced integrated water vapor (IWV) were used to detect ARs just offshore over the eastern Pacific from 1997 to 2005. The north coast experienced 301 AR days, while the south coast had only 115. Most ARs occurred during the warm season in the north and cool season in the south, despite the fact that the cool season is climatologically wettest for both regions. Composite SSM/I IWV analyses showed landfalling wintertime ARs extending northeastward from the tropical eastern Pacific, whereas the summertime composites were zonally oriented and, thus, did not originate from this region of the tropics. Companion SSM/I composites of daily rainfall showed significant orographic enhancement during the landfall of winter (but not summer) ARs. The NCEP-NCAR global reanalysis dataset and regional precipitation networks were used to assess composite synoptic characteristics and overland impacts of landfalling ARs. The ARs possess strong vertically integrated horizontal water vapor fluxes that, on average, impinge on the West Coast in the precold-frontal environment in winter and post-cold-frontal environment in summer. Even though the IWV in the ARs is greater in summer, the vapor flux is stronger in winter due to much stronger flows associated with more intense storms. The landfall of ARs in winter and north-coast summer coincides with anomalous warmth, a trough offshore, and ridging over the Intermountain West, whereas the south-coast summer ARs coincide with relatively cold conditions and a near-coast trough. ARs have a much more profound impact on near-coast precipitation in winter than summer, because the terrain-normal vapor flux is stronger and the air more nearly saturated in winter. During winter, ARs produce roughly twice as much precipitation as all storms. In addition, wintertime ARs with the largest SSM/I IWV are tied to more intense storms with stronger flows and vapor fluxes, and more precipitation. ARs generally increase snow water equivalent (SWE) in autumn/winter and decrease SWE in spring. On average, wintertime SWE exhibits normal gains during north-coast AR storms and above-normal gains during the south-coast AR storms. The north-coast sites are mostly lower in altitude, where warmer-than-normal conditions more frequently yield rain. During those events when heavy rain from a warm AR storm falls on a preexisting snowpack, flooding is more likely to occur. C1 [Neiman, Paul J.; Ralph, F. Martin; Wick, Gary A.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Lundquist, Jessica D.] NOAA, ESRL, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Dettinger, Michael D.] Scripps Inst Oceanog, US Geol Survey, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Neiman, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Mail Code R-PSD2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM paut.j.neiman@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 167 Z9 168 U1 9 U2 42 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X EI 1525-7541 J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 9 IS 1 BP 22 EP 47 DI 10.1175/2007JHM855.1 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 264UZ UT WOS:000253317200002 ER PT J AU Parpia, JM Fefferman, AD Porto, JV Dmitriev, VV Levitin, LV Zmeev, DE AF Parpia, J. M. Fefferman, A. D. Porto, J. V. Dmitriev, V. V. Levitin, L. V. Zmeev, D. E. TI Scaling results for superfluid He-3 in 98% open aerogel SO JOURNAL OF LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Quantum Fluids and Solids (QFS-2007) CY AUG 01-06, 2007 CL Kazan State Univ, Kazan, RUSSIA HO Kazan State Univ DE superfluid He-3; aerogel AB We present experimental observations of the suppressed superfluid transition temperature, T-ca, superfluid fraction, rho(s)/rho and Leggett frequency of He-3-B in aerogel, Omega(Ba). We determine T-ca from mass decoupling and the vanishing of the frequency shift away from the Larmor frequency in our different samples and different laboratories. We find that the suppressed transition temperature for He-3 in aerogel occurs at a sample dependent, but approximately pressure independent, length, X = xi(0)(P)/root 1 - T-ca/T-c,T- where T-c and xi(0)(P), are the transition temperature and the pressure dependent zero temperature coherence length for bulk He-3. T-ca also occurs at a pressure independent value of the Leggett frequency of bulk He-3-B. Further, we find that when the superfluid fraction and square of the Leggett frequency are plotted against T-ca - T (and not (T-ca - T)/T-ca), the results of each measurement nearly collapse on to a pressure independent but sample dependent plot, with no further scaling. When plotted on a log-log scale, both measurements exhibit power laws in the range 1.33-1.45. C1 [Parpia, J. M.; Fefferman, A. D.; Porto, J. V.] Cornell Univ, Dept Phys, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Porto, J. V.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Dmitriev, V. V.; Levitin, L. V.; Zmeev, D. E.] PL Kapitza Phys Problems Inst, Moscow 119334, Russia. [Levitin, L. V.] Univ London Royal Holloway & Bedford New Coll, Dept Phys, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England. RP Parpia, JM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Phys, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM jmp9@cornell.edu RI Zmeev, Dmitry/B-6955-2012; Dmitriev, Vladimir/I-8153-2014 OI Zmeev, Dmitry/0000-0002-0463-7397; NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2291 J9 J LOW TEMP PHYS JI J. Low Temp. Phys. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 150 IS 3-4 BP 482 EP 486 DI 10.1007/s10909-007-9571-y PG 5 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 252TI UT WOS:000252469100053 ER PT J AU DeRose, PC Smith, MV Mielenz, KD Blackburn, DH Kramer, GW AF DeRose, Paul C. Smith, Melody V. Mielenz, Klaus D. Blackburn, Douglas H. Kramer, Gary W. TI Characterization of standard reference material 2941, uranyl-ion-doped glass, spectral correction standard for fluorescence SO JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE LA English DT Article DE fluorescence; spectral correction; instrument qualification; standards; SRM; calibration ID AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; SPECTROSCOPY AB Standard Reference Material (R) (SRW (R)) 2941 is a cuvette-shaped, uranyl-ion-doped glass, recommended for use for relative spectral correction of emission and day-to-day performance validation of fluorescence spectrometers. Properties of this standard that influence its effective use or contribute to the uncertainty in its certified emission spectrum have been explored here. These properties include its photostability, absorbance, dissolution rate in water, anisotropy, temperature coefficient of fluorescence intensity, and fluorescence lifetimes. The expanded uncertainties in the certified spectrum are about 4% around the peak maximum at 526 nm, using an excitation wavelength of 427 nm. The SRM also exhibits a strong resistance to photodegradation, with no measurable decrease in fluorescence intensity even after 8 h of laser irradiation. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP DeRose, PC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM paul.derose@nist.gov NR 37 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-2313 EI 1872-7883 J9 J LUMIN JI J. Lumines. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 128 IS 2 BP 257 EP 266 DI 10.1016/j.jlumin.2007.08.003 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 230MZ UT WOS:000250881900013 ER PT J AU Chung, SH Grimsditch, M Hoffmann, A Bader, SD Xie, J Peng, S Sun, S AF Chung, Seok-Hwan Grimsditch, Marcos Hoffmann, Axel Bader, Samuel D. Xie, Jin Peng, Sheng Sun, Shouheng TI Magneto-optic measurement of Brownian relaxation of magnetic nanoparticles SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE magneto-optic; AC susceptibility; Brownian relaxation; magnetic nanoparticle; biosensing ID HALL SENSOR; FERROFLUIDS; PARTICLES; BIOSENSOR; DYNAMICS; LIQUIDS; FE AB We demonstrate a magneto-optic technique to measure Brownian relaxation of magnetic nanoparticles suspended in liquids. We used AC susceptibility data as a function of frequency of the applied AC magnetic field to verify that the results agree with those obtained via a conventional inductive detection technique. However, compared with a commercial AC susceptometer using the conventional detection scheme, our magneto-optic setup is able to detect a density of nanoparticles at least three orders smaller. This technique has the potential of being used as a sensor for magnetic nanoparticles such as in local temperature, viscoelasticity, or molecular-binding measurements. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Chung, Seok-Hwan; Grimsditch, Marcos; Hoffmann, Axel; Bader, Samuel D.] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Xie, Jin; Peng, Sheng; Sun, Shouheng] Brown Univ, Dept Chem, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RP Chung, SH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, CNST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM seok-hwan.chung@nist.gov RI Peng, Sheng/E-7988-2010; Xie, Jin/E-8193-2010; Hoffmann, Axel/A-8152-2009; Bader, Samuel/A-2995-2013 OI Hoffmann, Axel/0000-0002-1808-2767; NR 27 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 320 IS 3-4 BP 91 EP 95 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2007.05.016 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 239WN UT WOS:000251549100007 ER PT J AU Wilson, C Villareal, TA Maximenko, N Bograd, SJ Montoya, JP Schoenbaechler, CA AF Wilson, Cara Villareal, Tracy A. Maximenko, Nikolai Bograd, Steven J. Montoya, Joseph P. Schoenbaechler, Caimee A. TI Biological and physical forcings of late summer chlorophyll blooms at 30 degrees N in the oligotrophic Pacific SO JOURNAL OF MARINE SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Fall Meeting of the American-Geophysical-Union CY DEC 13-17, 2004 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Geophys Union DE chlorophyll blooms; diatoms; nitrogen fixation; satellite sensing; Rhizosolenia mats; surface currents; convergence zones ID SUBTROPICAL NORTH PACIFIC; MIGRATING RHIZOSOLENIA MATS; FLOATING DIATOM MATS; VERTICAL MIGRATION; NITROGEN-FIXATION; SILICA PRODUCTION; USE EFFICIENCIES; STATION ALOHA; N-2 FIXATION; OCEAN AB Large chlorophyll blooms have been observed with ocean color satellite data in late summer near 30 degrees N, 135-155 degrees W in the oligotrophic subtropical Pacific. Although blooms do not develop every year, their timing and location are consistent when they do appear. Their biological and physical forcings are unknown. Here we examine biological and physical data from a number of cruises along 30 degrees N in the eastern Pacific between 1980 and 2004, focusing on biological data from a cruise that fortuitously sampled a small chlorophyll bloom in July 2002. The climatological bloom location is characterized by elevated levels of Rhizosolenia diatom mats as well as endosymbiotic and unicellular nitrogen fixation. We conclude that nitrogen fixation and the vertical migration of Rhizosolenia diatom mats below the nutricline are likely mechanisms for the supply of new nitrogen to fuel the chlorophyll blooms and that both mechanisms could be at work. The blooms occur in the eastern gyre of the North Pacific, a region characterized by converging weak surface currents that create an environment favorable for accumulation of positively buoyant particles such as Rhizosolenia mats. These blooms could have important ecosystem consequences by impacting local carbon fluxes and serving as an aggregation point for pelagic animals. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 [Wilson, Cara; Bograd, Steven J.] NOAA, NMFS SWFSC Environm Res Div, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. [Villareal, Tracy A.; Schoenbaechler, Caimee A.] Univ Texas Austin, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. [Maximenko, Nikolai] Univ Hawaii, Int Pacific Res Ctr, SOEST, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Montoya, Joseph P.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Biol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Wilson, C (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS SWFSC Environm Res Div, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM cara.wilson@noaa.gov RI Wilson, Cara/A-8816-2009; Villareal, Tracy/I-9462-2012; OI Wilson, Cara/0000-0001-9318-2322 NR 63 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-7963 J9 J MARINE SYST JI J. Mar. Syst. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 69 IS 3-4 BP 164 EP 176 DI 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.09.018 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 246YR UT WOS:000252044800002 ER PT J AU Oliver, DJ Lawn, BR Cook, RF Reitsma, MG Bradby, JE Williams, JS Munroe, P AF Oliver, D. J. Lawn, B. R. Cook, R. F. Reitsma, M. G. Bradby, J. E. Williams, J. S. Munroe, P. TI Giant pop-ins in nanoindented silicon and germanium caused by lateral cracking SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; INDENTATION; FRACTURE; DEFORMATION; TOUGHNESS; CERAMICS; HARDNESS; GLASSES; SYSTEMS AB Giant "pop-in" displacements are observed in crystalline silicon and germanium during high-load nanoindentation with a spherical diamond tip. These events are consistent with material removal triggered by lateral cracking during loading, which poses a hazard to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) operation. We examine the scaling of the pop-in displacements as a function of peak indentation load and demonstrate a correlation with the depth of the plastic contact zone. We argue that giant pop-ins may occur in a broad range of highly brittle materials. C1 [Oliver, D. J.; Bradby, J. E.; Williams, J. S.] Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Dept Elect Mat Engn, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. [Lawn, B. R.; Cook, R. F.; Reitsma, M. G.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Munroe, P.] Univ New S Wales, Electron Microscope Unit, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. RP Oliver, DJ (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Dept Elect Mat Engn, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. EM djo109@rsphysse.anu.edu.au RI Oliver, David/A-2838-2009; Bradby, Jodie/A-8963-2009; Munroe, Paul/I-9313-2016 OI Bradby, Jodie/0000-0002-9560-8400; Munroe, Paul/0000-0002-5091-2513 NR 26 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 12 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 23 IS 2 BP 297 EP 301 DI 10.1557/JMR.2008.0070 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 260LC UT WOS:000253010800001 ER PT J AU Regnault, WF Icenogle, TB Antonucci, JM Skrtic, D AF Regnault, William F. Icenogle, Tonya B. Antonucci, Joseph M. Skrtic, Drago TI Amorphous calcium phosphate/urethane methacrylate resin composites. I. Physicochemical characterization SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID BIOACTIVE POLYMERIC COMPOSITES; DENTAL COMPOSITES; WATER SORPTION; MONOMER; MATRIX; HYBRID AB Urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), an oligomeric poly(ethylene glycol) extended UDMA (PEG-U) and a blend of UDMA/PEG-U were chosen as model systems for introducing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments and a range of compliances in their derived polymers. Experimental composites based on these three resins with amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) as the filler phase were polymerized and evaluated for mechanical strength and ion release profiles in different aqueous media. Strength of all composites decreased upon immersion in saline (pH = 7.4). Both polymer matrix composition and the pH of the liquid environment strongly affected the ion release kinetics. In saline, the UDMA/PEG-U composite showed a sustained release for at least 350 h. The initially high ion release of the PEG-U composites decreased after 72 h, seemingly due to the mineral re-deposition at the composite surface. Internal conversion from ACP to poorly crystallized apatite could be observed by X-ray diffraction. In various lactic acid (LA) environments (initial pH = 5.1) ion release kinetics was much more complex. In LA medium without thymol and/or carboxymethylcellulose, as a result of unfavorable changes in the internal calcium/phosphate ion stoichiometry, the ion release rate greatly increased but without observable conversion of ACP to apatite. C1 ADAF, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Antonucci, Joseph M.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Regnault, William F.; Icenogle, Tonya B.] US FDA, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. RP Skrtic, D (reprint author), ADAF, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM drago.skrtic@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE 13169-07, R01 DE013169, R01 DE013169-07] NR 23 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-4530 J9 J MATER SCI-MATER M JI J. Mater. Sci.-Mater. Med. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 19 IS 2 BP 507 EP 515 DI 10.1007/s10856-007-3178-3 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 259YF UT WOS:000252976100004 PM 17619969 ER PT J AU De Wit, R AF De Wit, Roland TI Elastic constants and thermal expansion averages of a nontextured polycrystal SO JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Article DE bulk modulus; compliance; cubic; disordered; effective medium; elastic constants; homogeneous; inclusion; inhomogeneity; isotropic; polycrystal; self-consistent; shear modulus; stiffness; thermal expansion ID SINGLE-CRYSTAL AB This paper gives expressions for the overall average elastic constants and thermal expansion coefficients of a polycrystal in terms of its single crystal components. The polycrystal is assumed to be statistically homogeneous, isotropic, and perfectly disordered. Upper and lower bounds for the averages are easily found by assuming a uniform strain or stress. The upper bound follows from Voigt's assumption that the total strain is uniform within the polycrystal while the lower bound follows from Reuss' original assumption that the stress is uniform. A self-consistent estimate for the averages can be found if it is assumed that the overall response of the polycrystal is the same as the average response of each crystallite. The derivation method is based on Eshelby's theory of inclusions and inhomogeneities. We define an equivalent inclusion, which gives an expression for the strain disturbance of the inhomogeneity when external fields are applied. The equivalent inclusion is then used to represent the crystallites. For the self-consistent model the average response of the grains has to be the same as the overall response of the material, or the average strain disturbance must vanish. The result is an implicit equation for the average polycrystal elastic constants and an explicit equation for the average thermal expansion coefficients. For the particular case of cubic symmetry the results can be reduced to a cubic equation for the self-consistent shear modulus. For lower symmetry crystals it is best to calculate the self-consistent bulk and shear modulus numerically. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP De Wit, R (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8553, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dewit@nist.gov NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 8 PU MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE PUBL PI BERKELEY PA UNIV CALIFORNIA, DEPT MATHEMATICS, BERKELEY, CA 94720-3840 USA SN 1559-3959 J9 J MECH MATER STRUCT JI J. Mech. Mater. Struct. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 3 IS 2 BP 195 EP 212 DI 10.2140/jomms.2008.3.195 PG 18 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 309CR UT WOS:000256438800001 ER PT J AU Fayer, R Fair, PA Bossart, GD Santin, M AF Fayer, R. Fair, P. A. Bossart, G. D. Santin, M. TI Examination of naturally exposed bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) for Microsporidia, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 1ST DETECTION; ENTEROCYTOZOON-BIENEUSI; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; SOUTH FLORIDA; RINGED SEALS; PCR; IDENTIFICATION; PREVALENCE; INFECTION; GENOTYPES AB Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) captured in the estuarine waters off the coasts of South Carolina and Florida were examined for the presence of Microsporidia, Cryptosporidium sp., and Giardia sp. DNA extracted from feces or rectal swabs was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using parasite-specific small subunit ribosomal RNA gene primers. All positive specimens were subjected to gene sequence analysis. Of 83 dolphins, 17 were positive for Microsporidia. None was positive for Cryptosporidium or Giardia. Gene sequence data for each of the positive specimens were compared with data in GenBank. Fourteen specimens were found similar to, but not identical to, the microsporidian species Kabatana takedai, Tetramicra brevifilum and Microgemma tinca, reported front fish, and possibly represent parasites of fish eaten by dolphins. Gene sequence data from 3 other specimens had similar to 87% similarity to Enterocytozoon bieneusi, a species known primarily to infect humans and a variety of terrestrial mammals, including livestock, companion animals, and wildlife. It is not clear if these specimens represent a species from a terrestrial source or a closely related species unique to dolphins. There were neither clinical signs nor age- or gender-related patterns apparent with the presence of these organisms. C1 [Fayer, R.; Santin, M.] USDA, Environm Microbiol Safety Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Fair, P. A.] NOS Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Bossart, G. D.] Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Div Marine Mammal Res & Conservat, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. RP Fayer, R (reprint author), USDA, Environm Microbiol Safety Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM ronald.fayer@ars.usda.gov NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 94 IS 1 BP 143 EP 147 DI 10.1645/GE-1262.1 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 270PC UT WOS:000253731700020 PM 18372633 ER PT J AU Wu, HQ Heilweil, EJ Hussain, AS Khan, MA AF Wu, Huiquan Heilweil, Edwin J. Hussain, Ajaz S. Khan, Mansocir A. TI Process analytical technology (PAT): Quantification approaches in Terahertz spectroscopy for pharmaceutical application SO JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE process analytical technology (PAT); Terahertz spectroscopy; chemometrics; multivariate analysis; spectral superposition; univariate method; partial least squares; spectral preprocessing algorithms; excipients; interaction ID NEAR-INFRARED SPECTRA; PULSED SPECTROSCOPY; CRYSTALLINITY AB Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy and chemometric analysis of resultant absorption spectra in the 30 - 500 cm(-1) range has been applied to perform quantitative determination of both active ingredient and excipient concentrations of tablets. Tests were performed on a series of tablets composed of various concentrations and processes of theophylline formulated with lactose, magnesium stearate, starch or Avicel, and as a function of tablet hardness. Transmission spectra of polyethylene pellets derived from each of the samples were analyzed using three approaches. Spectral superposition method was used as an indirect measure to examine whether and when the interaction among various pharmaceutical components and the tableting history could be considered insignificant for quantification purpose. Spectral characteristic peak method was able to correlate peak maxima with correction for tablets having the same hardness. Multivariate analysis (PCR and PLS 1) was capable of correlating THz spectra with tablet concentrations. The predicted concentrations of independent samples using multivariate models agreed well with nominal concentrations. The best correlations were obtained using multivariate analysis. With these studies, the advantage of using multivariate approach was demonstrated for process analytical technology (PAT) application. Further, the feasibility of integrating THz spectroscopy and chemometrics for the purpose of quantifying pharmaceutical tablet concentrations was demonstrated. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 [Wu, Huiquan; Hussain, Ajaz S.; Khan, Mansocir A.] US FDA, Ctr Drug Evaluat & Res, Off Pharmaceut Sci, Off Testing & ResDPQR,HFD 940, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA. [Heilweil, Edwin J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wu, HQ (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Drug Evaluat & Res, Off Pharmaceut Sci, Off Testing & ResDPQR,HFD 940, Life Sci Bldg 64,FDA White Oak Campus,10903 New H, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA. EM huiquan.wu@fda.hhs.gov FU PHS HHS [CDER RSR-04-16] NR 26 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 31 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0022-3549 J9 J PHARM SCI-US JI J. Pharm. Sci. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 97 IS 2 BP 970 EP 984 DI 10.1002/jps.21004 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry GA 257SC UT WOS:000252817800027 PM 17722101 ER PT J AU Faust, MA Vandersea, MW Kibler, SR Tester, PA Litaker, RW AF Faust, Maria A. Vandersea, Mark W. Kibler, Steven R. Tester, Patricia A. Litaker, R. Wayne TI Prorocentrum levis, a new benthic species (dinophyceae) from a mangrove island, twin cays, belize SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENUS PROROCENTRUM; OKADAIC ACID; SP. NOV; DINOFLAGELLATE; CIGUATERA; MACULOSUM; TOXIN; LIMA; IDENTIFICATION; PYRROPHYTA AB As part of a long-term study of benthic dinoflagellates from the Belizean barrier reef system, we report a new species: Prorocentrum levis M. A. Faust, Kibler, Vandersea, P. A. Tester et Litaker sp. nov. P. levis cells are oval in valve view and range in size from 40 to 44 mu m long and 37 to 40 mu m wide. Each valve surface is smooth, with 221-238 valve pores and 99-130 marginal pores. These pores are uniformly small and range in diameter from 0.13 to 0.19 mu m. Asexual reproduction in P. levis is atypical, occurring within a hyaline envelope, and produces long branching chains of adherent cells. A phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA indicated that of the Prorocentrum species sequenced so far, P. levis was most closely related to P. concavum. P. levis produces okadaic acid and dinophysis toxin-2 (DTX2). Further, SEM observations and SSU rDNA sequence for P. belizeanum M. A. Faust, which was isolated at the same time, are also presented. C1 [Faust, Maria A.] Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, US Natl Herbarium, Dept Bot, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. [Vandersea, Mark W.; Kibler, Steven R.; Tester, Patricia A.; Litaker, R. Wayne] NOAA, NOS, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Faust, MA (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, US Natl Herbarium, Dept Bot, 4210 Silver Hill Rd, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. EM faustm@si.edu NR 48 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 44 IS 1 BP 232 EP 240 DI 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00450.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 260BO UT WOS:000252986000029 PM 27041058 ER PT J AU de Boer, AM Toggweiler, JR Sigman, DM AF de Boer, A. M. Toggweiler, J. R. Sigman, D. M. TI Atlantic dominance of the meridional overturning circulation SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; HEAT-TRANSPORT; NORTH-ATLANTIC; DRAKE PASSAGE; WORLD OCEAN; FRESH-WATER; MODEL; STRATIFICATION AB North Atlantic (NA) deep-water formation and the resulting Atlantic meridional overturning cell is generally regarded as the primary feature of the global overturning circulation and is believed to be a result of the geometry of the continents. Here, instead, the overturning is viewed as a global energy-driven system and the robustness of NA dominance is investigated within this framework. Using an idealized geometry ocean general circulation model coupled to an energy moisture balance model, various climatic forcings are tested for their effect on the strength and structure of the overturning circulation. Without winds or a high vertical diffusivity, the ocean does not support deep convection. A supply of mechanical energy through winds or mixing (purposefully included or due to numerical diffusion) starts the deep-water formation. Once deep convection and overturning set in, the distribution of convection centers is determined by the relative strength of the thermal and haline buoyancy forcing. In the most thermally dominant state (i.e., negligible salinity gradients), strong convection is shared among the NA, North Pacific (NP), and Southern Ocean (SO), while near the haline limit, convection is restricted to the NA. The effect of a more vigorous hydrological cycle is to produce stronger salinity gradients, favoring the haline state of NA dominance. In contrast, a higher mean ocean temperature will increase the importance of temperature gradients because the thermal expansion coefficient is higher in a warm ocean, leading to the thermally dominated state. An increase in SO winds or global winds tends to weaken the salinity gradients, also pushing the ocean to the thermal state. Paleoobservations of more distributed sinking in warmer climates in the past suggest that mean ocean temperature and winds play a more important role than the hydrological cycle in the overturning circulation over long time scales. C1 [de Boer, A. M.] Princeton Univ, Cooperat Inst Climate Sci, Princeton, NJ USA. [Toggweiler, J. R.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. [Sigman, D. M.] Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ USA. RP de Boer, AM (reprint author), Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich 008540, Norfolk, England. EM a.deboer@uea.ac.uk RI De Boer, Agatha/H-4202-2012; Sigman, Daniel/A-2649-2008 OI De Boer, Agatha/0000-0002-3943-7694; Sigman, Daniel/0000-0002-7923-1973 NR 47 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 38 IS 2 BP 435 EP 450 DI 10.1175/2007JP03731.1 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 266RV UT WOS:000253455600009 ER PT J AU Robichaud, DJ Hodges, JT Lisak, D Miller, CE Okumura, M AF Robichaud, David J. Hodges, Joseph T. Lisak, Daniel Miller, Charles E. Okumura, Mitchio TI High-precision pressure shifting measurement technique using frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article ID REFRACTIVE-INDEX; PARAMETERS; AIR; PROFILES; OXYGEN; BAND AB We describe a high-precision method for measuring pressure shifting of absorption lines. The technique involves the acquisition of high-resolution spectra using a cavity ring-down spectrometer whose length is continuously locked to a frequency-stabilized reference laser over a range of sample pressures. We discuss a relatively large correction arising from the pressure-dependence of dispersion in the cavity modes, and we demonstrate pressure shifting measurements in air for transitions in the 16 02 A-band. Pressure shifts in the range -0.011 to -0.007 cm(-1) atm(-1) are reported. We measured relative positions of line centers to within 70kHz and determined pressure shifting coefficients over a 5 kPa pressure range with relative uncertainties approximately equal to 1.0%, which constitutes a five-fold improvement over previous measurements. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Hodges, Joseph T.; Lisak, Daniel] NIST, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Robichaud, David J.; Okumura, Mitchio] CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Lisak, Daniel] Nicholas Copernicus Univ, Inst Phys, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. [Miller, Charles E.] CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hodges, JT (reprint author), NIST, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joseph.hodges@nist.gov RI Hodges, Joseph/B-4578-2009; Lisak, Daniel/E-1470-2014; Okumura, Mitchio/I-3326-2013 OI Okumura, Mitchio/0000-0001-6874-1137 NR 19 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 109 IS 3 BP 435 EP 444 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2007.06.005 PG 10 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 243XR UT WOS:000251831100006 ER PT J AU Podobedov, VB Plusquellic, DF Siegrist, KE Fraser, GT Ma, Q Tipping, RH AF Podobedov, V. B. Plusquellic, D. F. Siegrist, K. E. Fraser, G. T. Ma, Q. Tipping, R. H. TI New measurements of the water vapor continuum in the region from 0.3 to 2.7 THz SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE continuum; IR; THz; nitrogen; water vapor; atmosphere ID WAVE FOREIGN CONTINUUM; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION; ABSORPTION; SPECTROMETER; OPACITY; MODEL; CELL; GHZ AB We present a spectroscopic study of the water vapor continuum absorption in the far-IR region from 10 to 90cm(-1) (0.3-2.7THz). The experimental technique combines a temperature-stabilized multipass absorption cell, a polarizing (Martin-Puplett) interferometric spectrometer, and a liquid-He-cooled bolometer detector. The contributions to the absorbance resulting from the structureless H2O-H2O and H2O-N-2 continua have been measured in the temperature range from 293 to 333 K with spectral resolution of 0.04-0.12 cm(-1). The resonant water vapor spectrum was modeled using the HITRAN04 database and a Van Vleck-Weisskopf lineshape function with a 100cm(-1) far-wing cut-off. Within experimental uncertainty, both the H2O-H2O and H2O-N-2 continua demonstrate nearly quadratic dependencies of absorbance on frequency with, however, some deviation near the 2.5 THz window. The absorption coefficients of 3.83 and 0.185 (dB/km)/(kPaTHZ)(2) were measured for self- and foreign-gas continuum, respectively. The corresponding temperature exponents Were found to be 8.8 and 5.7. The theoretically predicted foreign continuum is presented and a reasonable agreement with experiment is obtained. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Podobedov, V. B.; Plusquellic, D. F.; Siegrist, K. E.; Fraser, G. T.] NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Ma, Q.] Columbia Univ, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Tipping, R. H.] Univ Alabama, Dept Phys & Astron, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. RP Podobedov, VB (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Vyacheslav.Podobedov@nist.gov NR 18 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 109 IS 3 BP 458 EP 467 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2007.07.005 PG 10 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 243XR UT WOS:000251831100009 ER PT J AU Xue, HW Feingold, G Stevens, B AF Xue, Huiwen Feingold, Graham Stevens, Bjorn TI Aerosol effects on clouds, precipitation, and the organization of shallow cumulus convection SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LARGE-EDDY SIMULATIONS; TRADE-WIND CUMULI; STRATOCUMULUS CLOUDS; NONPRECIPITATING STRATOCUMULUS; MARINE STRATOCUMULUS; DRIZZLE; LAYERS; VARIABILITY; ALBEDO; SCALES AB This study investigates the effects of aerosol on clouds, precipitation, and the organization of trade wind cumuli using large eddy simulations (LES). Results show that for this shallow-cumulus-under-stratocumulus case, cloud fraction increases with increasing aerosol as the aerosol number mixing ratio increases from 25 (domain-averaged surface precipitation rate similar to 0.65 mm day(-1)) to 100 mg(-1) (negligible surface precipitation). Further increases in aerosol result in a reduction in cloud fraction. It is suggested that opposing influences of aerosol-induced suppression of precipitation and aerosol-induced enhancement of evaporation are responsible for this nonmonotonic behavior. Under clean conditions (25 mg(-1)), drizzle is shown to initiate and maintain mesoscale organization of cumulus convection. Precipitation induces downdrafts and cold pool outflow as the cumulus cell develops. At the surface, the center of the cell is characterized by a divergence field, while the edges of the cell are zones of convergence. Convergence drives the formation and development of new cloud cells, leading to a mesoscale open cellular structure. These zones of new cloud formation generate new precipitation zones that continue to reinforce the cellular structure. For simulations with an aerosol concentration of 100 mg(-1) the cloud fields do not show any cellular organization. On average, no evidence is found for aerosol effects on the lifetime of these clouds, suggesting that cloud fraction response to changes in aerosol is tied to the frequency of convection and/or cloud size. C1 [Xue, Huiwen] Peking Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Sch Phys, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. [Feingold, Graham] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Stevens, Bjorn] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Xue, HW (reprint author), Peking Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Sch Phys, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. EM hxue@pku.edu.cn RI Stevens, Bjorn/A-1757-2013; Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Stevens, Bjorn/0000-0003-3795-0475; NR 24 TC 106 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 29 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 65 IS 2 BP 392 EP 406 DI 10.1175/2007JAS2428.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 266BP UT WOS:000253406600006 ER PT J AU Wooten, RM Gillon, KA Witt, AC Latham, RS Douglas, TJ Bauer, JB Fuemmeler, SJ Lee, LG AF Wooten, R. M. Gillon, K. A. Witt, A. C. Latham, R. S. Douglas, T. J. Bauer, J. B. Fuemmeler, S. J. Lee, L. G. TI Geologic, geomorphic, and meteorological aspects of debris flows triggered by Hurricanes Frances and Ivan during September 2004 in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of Macon County, North Carolina (southeastern USA) SO LANDSLIDES LA English DT Article DE debris flows; Hurricanes; GIS; LiDAR; North Carolina ID BLUE-RIDGE AB In September 2004, rain from the remnants of Hurricanes Frances and Ivan triggered at least 155 landslides in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. At least 33 debris flows occurred in Macon County, causing 5 deaths, destroying 16 homes, and damaging infrastructure. We mapped debris flows and debris deposits using a light-detecting and ranging digital elevation model, remote imagery and field studies integrated in a geographic information system. Evidence of past debris flows was found at all recent debris flow sites. Orographic rainfall enhancement along topographic escarpments influenced debris flow frequency at higher elevations. A possible trigger for the Wayah and fatal Peeks Creek debris flows was a spiral rain band within Ivan that moved across the area with short duration rainfall rates of 150-230 mm/h. Intersecting bedrock structures in polydeformed metamorphic rock influence the formation of catchments within structural-geomorphic domains where debris flows originate. C1 [Wooten, R. M.; Gillon, K. A.; Witt, A. C.; Latham, R. S.; Douglas, T. J.; Bauer, J. B.; Fuemmeler, S. J.] N Carolina Geol Survey, Swannanoa, NC 28778 USA. [Lee, L. G.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Weather Serv, Greer, SC 29651 USA. RP Wooten, RM (reprint author), N Carolina Geol Survey, 2090 US Highway 70, Swannanoa, NC 28778 USA. EM Rick.Wooten@ncmail.net NR 48 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1612-510X J9 LANDSLIDES JI Landslides PD FEB PY 2008 VL 5 IS 1 BP 31 EP 44 DI 10.1007/s10346-007-0109-9 PG 14 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 263KD UT WOS:000253215100004 ER PT J AU Ylitalo, GM Myers, M Stewart, BS Yochem, PK Braun, R Kashinsky, L Boyd, D Antonelis, GA Atkinson, S Aguirre, AA Krahn, MM AF Ylitalo, Gina M. Myers, Matthew Stewart, Brent S. Yochem, Pamela K. Braun, Robert Kashinsky, Lizabeth Boyd, Daryle Antonelis, George A. Atkinson, Shannon Aguirre, A. Alonso Krahn, Margaret M. TI Organochlorine contaminants in endangered Hawaiian monk seals from four subpopulations in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Hawaiian monk seal; endangered species; organochlorines; breeding colony; PCBs ID NORTH PACIFIC-OCEAN; LIONS ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; FRENCH FRIGATE SHOALS; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; PHOCA-VITULINA; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; HARBOR SEALS; MIDWAY ATOLL; CALLORHINUS-URSINUS; STABLE-ISOTOPES AB We analyzed blubber and blood samples for organochlorines (OCs) from 158 Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) at four of their six primary breeding colonies in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Levels of OCs in blubber were lower in adult females compared to juveniles or adult males, evidently owing to the transfer of these lipophilic compounds to pups by pregnant and lactating females. Concentrations of Sigma PCBs and p,p'-DDE in blubber generally increased with age until seals were sexually mature and then continued to increase with age in males after puberty. Average levels of PCBs and PCB toxic equivalents (TEQs) in blubber were significantly higher in adult male and juvenile seals at Midway Atoll than the same age class of seals at the other colonies. Unlike concentrations of OCs in blubber, circulating levels of OCs in blood did not vary consistently among age classes of seals or among breeding colonies. Though the concentrations of OCs measured in Hawaiian monk seals were generally equal to or lower than those reported for other pinniped species in the North Pacific Ocean, they were high enough in a few seals to potentially affect their health. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Ylitalo, Gina M.; Boyd, Daryle; Krahn, Margaret M.] US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Myers, Matthew] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Myers, Matthew; Atkinson, Shannon] Alaska SeaLife Ctr, Seward, AK 99664 USA. [Stewart, Brent S.; Yochem, Pamela K.] Hubbs SeaWorld Res Inst, San Diego, CA 92109 USA. [Braun, Robert; Kashinsky, Lizabeth; Antonelis, George A.] US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Aguirre, A. Alonso] Wildlife Trust, New York, NY 10001 USA. RP Ylitalo, GM (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Gina.Ylitalo@noaa.gov NR 65 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 56 IS 2 BP 231 EP 244 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.09.034 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 275WC UT WOS:000254101900017 PM 18031765 ER PT J AU Stavros, HCW Bossart, GD Hulsey, TC Fair, PA AF Stavros, Hui-Chen W. Bossart, Gregory D. Hulsey, Thomas C. Fair, Patricia A. TI Trace element concentrations in blood of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Influence of age, sex and location SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SEALS PHOCA-VITULINA; MARINE MAMMALS; HEAVY-METALS; HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS; TOTAL MERCURY; GRAY WHALES; GREY SEALS; NORTH-SEA; COAST; SELENIUM C1 [Stavros, Hui-Chen W.; Fair, Patricia A.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Bossart, Gregory D.] Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. [Hulsey, Thomas C.] Med Univ S Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. RP Stavros, HCW (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM huichen.stavros@noaa.gov NR 52 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 56 IS 2 BP 371 EP 379 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.10.030 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 275WC UT WOS:000254101900032 PM 18062997 ER PT J AU White, DR Benz, SP AF White, D. R. Benz, S. P. TI Constraints on a synthetic-noise source for Johnson noise thermometry SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE; CALIBRATION AB Conventional Johnson noise thermometers based on switching correlators have conflicting matching requirements for the sensing resistance. To mitigate distortion effects in the correlator, the RT products of the two sensors must be the same, and to mitigate frequency-response errors in nominally identical input circuits, the two sensing resistances should be the same. A noise thermometer using synthetic noise for the primary reference signal overcomes this conflict because the output voltage and output resistance are independent. This paper presents the rationale and design constraints for a noise thermometer using a synthetic-noise source based on Josephson junctions. The quantized voltage noise source developed at NIST produces tunable waveforms with a spectral density composed of a comb of frequencies of equal amplitude and random phase. In addition to the conventional noise-power and impedance constraints, it has additional constraints relating to the number of tones and the tone spacing. C1 [White, D. R.; Benz, S. P.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [White, D. R.] Measurement Stand Lab, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand. RP White, DR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 24 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD FEB PY 2008 VL 45 IS 1 BP 93 EP 101 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/45/1/013 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 259PO UT WOS:000252951400014 ER PT J AU Keller, MW AF Keller, Mark W. TI Current status of the quantum metrology triangle SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID QUANTIZED HALL RESISTANCE; FINE-STRUCTURE CONSTANT; CAPACITANCE STANDARD; JOSEPHSON-JUNCTIONS; ELECTRON PUMP; CHARGE; ACCURACY; ARRAYS; KILOGRAM; STEPS AB The quantum metrology triangle is a test of the consistency of three quantum electrical standards: the single-electron tunnelling current standard, the Josephson voltage standard and the quantum Hall resistance standard. This paper considers what is known about each of these effects separately in terms of (1) theory, (2) empirical tests of universality and (3) 'direct' tests involving fundamental constants. The current status of each of the three 'legs' of the triangle is quite different, with the single-electron leg being the weakest by far. This leads to the conclusion that a recent experimental result for the triangle should be interpreted primarily in terms of corrections to the quantum of charge transferred by single-electron devices. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Keller, MW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM mark.keller@boulder.nist.gov NR 42 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD FEB PY 2008 VL 45 IS 1 BP 102 EP 109 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/45/1/014 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 259PO UT WOS:000252951400015 ER PT J AU Hyde, JR Kimbrell, CA Budrick, JE Lynn, EA Vetter, RD AF Hyde, J. R. Kimbrell, C. A. Budrick, J. E. Lynn, E. A. Vetter, R. D. TI Cryptic speciation in the vermilion rockfish (Sebastes miniatus) and the role of bathymetry in the speciation process SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bathymetric parapatry; canary rockfish; Sebastes crocotulus; Sebastes pinniger; Southern California Bight; sunset rockfish ID POPULATION-STRUCTURE; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; ROUGHEYE ROCKFISH; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; LARVAL DISPERSAL; FISH POPULATIONS; GRASS ROCKFISH; NORTH PACIFIC; INFERENCE; SEA AB A recent phylogenetic review of the genus Sebastes suggested the existence of a cryptic species of vermilion rockfish (Sebastes miniatus). To evaluate the geographical and bathymetric range of the Type 1 and Type 2 forms reported in that study, cytochrome b sequences were examined from 548 fish. Type 1 fish were found primarily south of Point Conception on reefs deeper than 100 m. Type 2 fish were common range-wide at sites shallower than 100 m. Reproductive isolation between the two types was tested using nine microsatellite loci. Estimates of genetic divergence were made using the fixation index (F-ST) and correspondence between haplotype and genotype was tested by Bayesian population assignment and multivariate plotting of individual genotypes. Microsatellite analyses gave strong support for the presence of two distinct groups of genotypes. All fish with Type 1 haplotypes and fish with Type 2 haplotypes from < 100 m depth had genotypes unique to their haplotype group. However, most (68%) fish with Type 2 haplotypes from > 100 m depth assigned strongly to the Type 1 genotype group. Morphometric comparisons between the two genotypic groups revealed significant differences at three of the six examined measurements. Differences in both genetics, depth of occurrence, and morphology suggest these are separate species. This observation along with evidence of depth segregation in many recent species pairs led us to hypothesize a speciation model for Sebastes spp. by which the loss or truncation of a depth-related ontogenetic migration can lead to the creation of reproductively isolated populations. C1 [Hyde, J. R.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Hyde, J. R.; Kimbrell, C. A.; Lynn, E. A.; Vetter, R. D.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. [Budrick, J. E.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Coll Nat Resources, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Hyde, JR (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM John.Hyde@noaa.gov RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 65 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 17 IS 4 BP 1122 EP 1136 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03653.x PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 258WI UT WOS:000252900200014 PM 18261052 ER PT J AU White, L Legat, V Deleersnijder, E AF White, Laurent Legat, Vincent Deleersnijder, Eric TI Tracer conservation for three-dimensional, finite-element, free-surface, ocean Modeling on moving prismatic meshes SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SHALLOW-WATER EQUATIONS; DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN METHODS; CIRCULATION MODEL; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; ADVECTION SCHEMES; PART I; COASTAL; HYDRODYNAMICS; TRANSPORT; FLOWS AB Large-scale free-surface ocean models designed to run over climatic time scales are required to globally conserve the volume and any tracer up to machine precision. In addition, local consistency is critical and requires that the discrete tracer equation preserve constants in a closed domain and if there is no tracer source or sink. Local consistency, together with monotonicity, will ensure that no spurious tracer extrema occur. A three-dimensional, finite-element, shallow-water model is presented. The mesh is unstructured in the horizontal, extruded in the third dimension, and made up of multiple layers of prisms. In addition, the mesh is allowed to move in the vertical and adapts itself to the free-surface motions. It is shown that achieving consistency requires a discrete compatibility between the tracer and continuity equations. In addition, to ensure global tracer conservation in a consistent way, a discrete compatibility between the tracer, continuity, and free-surface elevation equations must be fulfilled. It is suggested that this compatibility constraint, together with the use of a numerically stable scheme, severely restricts the choice of usable finite-element spatial discretizations. A consistent and conservative time-stepping algorithm is described for which a unique time step is used. It is suggested that future research is needed in order to design a consistent and conservative split-explicit algorithm. Some illustrative test cases are presented in which the method is shown to satisfy all conservation properties. A few experiments in which consistency breaks down are carried out, and the consequences of this breakdown process are investigated. C1 [White, Laurent] Univ Catholique Louvain, Ctr Syst Engn & Appl Mech, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium. [White, Laurent] Univ Catholique Louvain, G Lemaitre Inst Astron & Geophys, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium. RP White, L (reprint author), Princeton Univ, GFDL, 201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM laurentw@princeton.edu OI Deleersnijder, Eric/0000-0003-0346-9667 NR 82 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 136 IS 2 BP 420 EP 442 DI 10.1175/2007MWR2137.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 274YR UT WOS:000254039200003 ER PT J AU Whitaker, JS Hamill, TM Wei, X Song, YC Toth, Z AF Whitaker, Jeffrey S. Hamill, Thomas M. Wei, Xue Song, Yucheng Toth, Zoltan TI Ensemble data assimilation with the NCEP Global Forecast System SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC DATA ASSIMILATION; NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; TRANSFORM KALMAN FILTER; SCALE DATA ASSIMILATION; ANALYSIS SCHEME; MODEL; REANALYSIS; ERROR; IMPLEMENTATION; RESOLUTION AB Real-data experiments with an ensemble data assimilation system using the NCEP Global Forecast System model were performed and compared with the NCEP Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS). All observations in the operational data stream were assimilated for the period 1 January-10 February 2004, except satellite radiances. Because of computational resource limitations, the comparison was done at lower resolution ( triangular truncation at wavenumber 62 with 28 levels) than the GDAS real-time NCEP operational runs ( triangular truncation at wavenumber 254 with 64 levels). The ensemble data assimilation system outperformed the reduced-resolution version of the NCEP three-dimensional variational data assimilation system ( 3DVAR), with the biggest improvement in data-sparse regions. Ensemble data assimilation analyses yielded a 24-h improvement in forecast skill in the Southern Hemisphere extratropics relative to the NCEP 3DVAR system ( the 48-h forecast from the ensemble data assimilation system was as accurate as the 24-h forecast from the 3DVAR system). Improvements in the data-rich Northern Hemisphere, while still statistically significant, were more modest. It remains to be seen whether the improvements seen in the Southern Hemisphere will be retained when satellite radiances are assimilated. Three different parameterizations of background errors unaccounted for in the data assimilation system ( including model error) were tested. Adding scaled random differences between adjacent 6-hourly analyses from the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis to each ensemble member ( additive inflation) performed slightly better than the other two methods ( multiplicative inflation and relaxation-to-prior). C1 [Whitaker, Jeffrey S.; Hamill, Thomas M.; Wei, Xue] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, R PSDI, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Song, Yucheng; Toth, Zoltan] NCEP Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Whitaker, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, R PSDI, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jeffrey.s.whitaker@noaa.gov RI Toth, Zoltan/I-6624-2015 OI Toth, Zoltan/0000-0002-9635-9194 NR 49 TC 182 Z9 190 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 136 IS 2 BP 463 EP 482 DI 10.1175/2007MWR2018.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 274YR UT WOS:000254039200005 ER PT J AU Kazumori, M Liu, QH Treadon, R Derber, JC AF Kazumori, Masahiro Liu, Quanhua Treadon, Russ Derber, John C. TI Impact study of AMSR-E radiances in the NCEP Global Data Assimilation System SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SENSOR MICROWAVE IMAGER; SEA-SURFACE; EMISSIVITY; SSM/I; WATER; MODEL; FOAM; RADIOMETER AB The impact of radiance observations from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System ( AMSR-E) was investigated in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction ( NCEP) Global Data Assimilation System ( GDAS). The GDAS used NCEP's Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation ( GSI) analysis system and the operational NCEP global forecast model. To improve the performance of AMSR-E low-frequency channels, a new microwave ocean emissivity model and its adjoint with respect to the surface wind speed and temperature were developed and incorporated into the assimilation system. The most significant impacts of AMSR-E radiances on the analysis were an increase in temperature of about 0.2 K at 850 hPa at the higher latitudes and a decrease in humidity of about 0.1 g kg(-1) at 850 hPa over the ocean when the new emissivity model was used. There was no significant difference in the mean 6-h rainfall in the assimilation cycle. The forecasts made from the assimilation that included the AMSR-E data showed small improvements in the anomaly correlation of geopotential height at 1000 and 500 hPa in the Southern Hemisphere and reductions in the root-mean-square error ( RMSE) for 500-hPa geopotential height in the extratropics of both hemispheres. Use of the new emissivity model resulted in improved RMSE for temperature forecasts from 1000 to 100 hPa in the extratropics of both hemispheres. The assimilation of AMSR-E radiances data using the emissivity model improved the track forecast for Hurricane Katrina in the 26 August 2005 case, whereas the assimilation using the NCEP operational emissivity model, FAST Emissivity Model, version 1 ( FASTEM-1), degraded it. C1 [Kazumori, Masahiro] Japan Meteorol Agcy, Numer Predict Div, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1008122, Japan. [Kazumori, Masahiro; Treadon, Russ; Derber, John C.] NOAA, NCEP Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Kazumori, Masahiro; Liu, Quanhua; Treadon, Russ; Derber, John C.] Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Kazumori, M (reprint author), Japan Meteorol Agcy, Numer Predict Div, Chiyoda Ku, 1-3-4 Otemachi, Tokyo 1008122, Japan. EM kazumori@naps.kishou.go.jp RI Liu, Quanhua/B-6608-2008 OI Liu, Quanhua/0000-0002-3616-351X NR 31 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 136 IS 2 BP 541 EP 559 DI 10.1175/2007MWR2147.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 274YR UT WOS:000254039200009 ER PT J AU Weiss, SA Rust, WD MacGorman, DR Bruning, EC Krehbiel, PR AF Weiss, Stephanie A. Rust, W. David MacGorman, Donald R. Bruning, Eric C. Krehbiel, Paul R. TI Evolving complex electrical structures of the STEPS 25 June 2000 multicell storm SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SEVERE THUNDERSTORM ELECTRIFICATION; LIGHTNING FLASHES; SUPERCELL STORM; PRECIPITATION; POLARITY; CHARGE; THUNDERCLOUDS; SYSTEM AB Data from a three-dimensional lightning mapping array ( LMA) and from two soundings by balloon-borne electric field meters ( EFMs) were used to analyze the electrical structures of a multicell storm observed on 25 June 2000 during the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study ( STEPS). This storm had a complex, multicell structure with four sections, each of whose electrical structure differed from that of the others during all or part of the analyzed period. The number of vertically stacked charge regions in any given section of the storm ranged from two to six. The most complex charge and lightning structures occurred in regions with the highest reflectivity values and the deepest reflectivity cores. Intra-cloud flashes tended to concentrate in areas with large radar reflectivity values, though some propagated across more than one core of high reflectivity or into the low-reflectivity anvil. Intracloud lightning flash rates decreased as the vertical extent and maximum value of reflectivity cores decreased. Cloud-to-ground flash rates increased as cores of high reflectivity descended to low altitudes. Most cloud-to-ground flashes were positive. All observed positive ground flashes initiated between the lowest-altitude negative charge region and a positive charge region just above it. The storm's complexity makes it hard to classify the vertical polarity of its overall charge structure, but most of the storm had a different vertical polarity than what is typically observed outside the Great Plains. The electrical structure can vary considerably from storm to storm, or even within the same storm, as in the present case. C1 [Weiss, Stephanie A.; Rust, W. David; Bruning, Eric C.] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Natl Weather Ctr, OAR, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Weiss, Stephanie A.; Bruning, Eric C.] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Krehbiel, Paul R.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. RP Rust, WD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Natl Weather Ctr, OAR, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM dave.rust@noaa.gov OI MacGorman, Donald/0000-0002-2395-8196 NR 37 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 136 IS 2 BP 741 EP 756 DI 10.1175/2007MWR2023.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 274YR UT WOS:000254039200020 ER PT J AU Wang, W Scott, A Gergel-Hackett, N Hacker, CA Janes, DB Richter, CA AF Wang, Wenyong Scott, Adina Gergel-Hackett, Nadine Hacker, Christina A. Janes, David B. Richter, Curt A. TI Probing molecules in integrated silicon-molecule-metal junctions by inelastic tunneling spectroscopy SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYER; SURFACES; TRANSPORT; SPECTRA; VIBRATION; DEVICES; SI(111) AB Molecular electronics has drawn significant attention for. nanoelectronic and sensing applications. A hybrid technology where molecular devices are integrated with traditional semiconductor microelectronics is a particularly promising approach for these applications. Key challenges in this area include developing devices in which the molecular integrity is preserved, developing in situ characterization techniques to probe the molecules within the completed devices, and determining the physical processes that influence carrier transport. In this study, we present the first experimental report of inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy of integrated metal-molecule-si I icon devices with molecules assembled directly to silicon contacts. The results provide direct experimental confirmation that the chemical integrity of the monolayer is preserved and that the molecules play a direct role in electronic conduction through the devices. Spectra obtained under varying measurement conditions show differences related to the silicon electrode, which can provide valuable information about the physics influencing carrier transport in these molecule/Si hybrid devices. C1 [Wang, Wenyong; Gergel-Hackett, Nadine; Hacker, Christina A.; Richter, Curt A.] NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Scott, Adina; Janes, David B.] Purdue Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Scott, Adina; Janes, David B.] Purdue Univ, Birck Nanotechnol Ctr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Janes, DB (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM janes@ecn.purdue.edu; curt.richter@nist.gov RI Gergel-Hackett, Nadine/B-9704-2009 NR 30 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 8 IS 2 BP 478 EP 484 DI 10.1021/nl0725289 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 262RR UT WOS:000253166200019 PM 18189437 ER PT J AU Bryant, GW De Abajo, FJG Aizpurua, J AF Bryant, Garnett W. De Abajo, F. Javier Garcia Aizpurua, Javier TI Mapping the plasmon resonances of metallic nanoantennas SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY-TRANSPORT; ENHANCED RAMAN-SCATTERING; GOLD NANORODS; ASPECT-RATIO; SILVER NANOPARTICLES; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; DIFFRACTION LIMIT; SURFACE-PLASMONS; ABSORPTION; SHAPE AB We study the light scattering and surface plasmon resonances of Au nanorods that are commonly used as optical nanoantennas in analogy to dipole radio antennas for chemical and biodetection field-enhanced spectroscopies and scanned-probe microscopies. With the use of the boundary element method, we calculate the nanorod near-field and far-field response to show how the nanorod shape and dimensions determine its optical response. A full mapping of the size (length and radius) dependence for Au nanorods is obtained. The dipolar plasmon resonance wavelength A shows a nearly linear dependence on total rod length L out to the largest lengths that we study. However, L is always substantially less than lambda/2, indicating the difference between optical nanoantennas and long-wavelength traditional lambda/2 antennas. Although it is often assumed that the plasmon wavelength scales with the nanorod aspect ratio, we find that this scaling does not apply except in the extreme limit of very small, spherical nanoparticles. The plasmon response depends critically on both the rod length and radius. Large (500 nm) differences in resonance wavelength are found for structures with different sizes but with the same aspect ratio. In addition, the plasmon resonance deduced from the near-field enhancement can be significantly red-shifted due to retardation from the resonance in far-field scattering. Large differences in near-field and far-field response, together with the breakdown of the simple scaling law must be accounted for in the choice and design of metallic lambda/2 nanoantennas. We provide a general, practical map of the resonances for use in locating the desired response for gold nanoantennas. C1 [Bryant, Garnett W.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [De Abajo, F. Javier Garcia] CSIC, Inst Opt, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. [Aizpurua, Javier] Donostia Int Phys Ctr, E-20018 Donostia San Sebastian, Spain. RP Bryant, GW (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gamett.bryant@nist.gov RI Garcia de Abajo, Javier/A-6095-2009; CSIC-UPV/EHU, CFM/F-4867-2012; Aizpurua, Javier/E-6889-2014; DONOSTIA INTERNATIONAL PHYSICS CTR., DIPC/C-3171-2014 OI Garcia de Abajo, Javier/0000-0002-4970-4565; Aizpurua, Javier/0000-0002-1444-7589; NR 42 TC 242 Z9 246 U1 10 U2 147 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 EI 1530-6992 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 8 IS 2 BP 631 EP 636 DI 10.1021/nl073042v PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 262RR UT WOS:000253166200047 PM 18189444 ER PT J AU Gallaway, BJ Cole, JG Nance, JM Hart, RA Graham, GL AF Gallaway, Benny J. Cole, John G. Nance, James M. Hart, Rick A. Graham, Gary L. TI Shrimp loss associated with turtle excluder devices: Are the historical estimates statistically biased? SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID BYCATCH REDUCTION DEVICES; PRAWN TRAWL FISHERY; TEDS AB Estimates of penaeid shrimp losses associated with the use of turtle excluder devices (TEDs) in offshore waters of the southeastern USA are derived from a single study conducted from 1988 to 1990. The estimates were based on paired tows in which the inboard and outboard nets on one side of the vessel were equipped with TEDs while the nets on the other side were not. Comparison of the mean catch rates from the TED and control nets provided an estimate of shrimp loss. However, the net positions were not rotated by trip, the try net (i.e., a small shrimp trawl fished off one side of the vessel in front of the trailing inboard net) was fished in front of the inner standard net 70% of the time, and the data show that catches in the standard net trailing the try net were significantly reduced by operation of the try net. These findings warranted a new analysis excluding data from inner net pairs, as is done in the modem gear testing protocol. The reanalysis suggests that the shrimp loss rates for Georgia TEDs with and without accelerator funnels were 5.5% and 7.5%, respectively, and that the highest level of shrimp loss (15%) was associated with the "Super Shooter" TED with an accelerator funnel. The results of the historical study indicated that the shrimp loss rate associated with the Super Shooter design was only 1% and that the shrimp loss rates associated with the Georgia TED with and without accelerator funnels were 3.6% and 13.6%, respectively. Overall, we conclude that the historical estimates are biased. A reanalysis suggests that the shrimp loss rate associated with TED use in offshore waters of the southeastern USA is on the order of 6%. We also conclude that a new, well-designed National Marine Fisheries Service-approved study is needed. C1 [Gallaway, Benny J.; Cole, John G.] LGL Ecol Res Associates Inc, Bryan, TX 77801 USA. [Nance, James M.; Hart, Rick A.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Galveston Lab, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. [Graham, Gary L.] Texas A&M Sea Grant Program, W Columbia, TX 77465 USA. RP Gallaway, BJ (reprint author), LGL Ecol Res Associates Inc, 1410 Cavitt St, Bryan, TX 77801 USA. EM bgallaway@lgl.com NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 28 IS 1 BP 203 EP 211 DI 10.1577/M07-002.1 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 274WC UT WOS:000254032500019 ER PT J AU Overholtz, WJ Jacobson, LD Link, JS AF Overholtz, W. J. Jacobson, L. D. Link, J. S. TI An ecosystem approach for assessment advice and biological reference points for the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank Atlantic herring complex SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID PREDATION MORTALITY; FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; TROPHIC POSITION; ISOTOPE ANALYSIS; FISH; STOCK; CONSUMPTION; COMMUNITY; FISHERIES AB The biomass of Atlantic herring Clupea harengus in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank (GOM-GB) region declined sharply in the mid- to late 1970s, when fishery harvests ranged from 300 to 400 kilometric tons (kt) per year. During this same period, the consumption of Atlantic her-ring by fish and marine mammal predators was very large. Consumption has greatly exceeded landings from 1985 to the present. Previous research showed that four groups of predators (demersal fishes, marine mammals, large pelagic fishes, and seabirds) together annually consumed over 200 kt of Atlantic herring during the 1970s and over 300 kt during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Our analyses indicate that Atlantic herring predation mortality rates are related to the abundance of both Atlantic herring and predators. Predation mortality rates were relatively low during the 1960s, when Atlantic herring were abundant, but increased in the late 1970s and early 1980s, when Atlantic herring declined. Predation mortality rates declined in the 1990s as Atlantic herring abundance increased. Biological reference points for the Atlantic herring complex (composed of two stocks) are significantly different when predation mortality is included. Several methods were used to assess the available fishery yield given that predator requirements have first been satisfied. In general, all of the approaches indicated that the maximum sustainable yield harvest level for the GOM-GB Atlantic herring complex is lower than that estimated from the single-species assessment in which predation effects are not explicitly accounted for. C1 [Overholtz, W. J.; Jacobson, L. D.; Link, J. S.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Overholtz, WJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM william.overholtz@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 28 IS 1 BP 247 EP 257 DI 10.1577/M06-267.1 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 274WC UT WOS:000254032500024 ER PT J AU Pothoven, SA Madenjian, CP AF Pothoven, Steven A. Madenjian, Charles P. TI Changes in consumption by alewives and lake whitefish after dreissenid mussel invasions in Lakes Michigan and Huron SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE POPULATIONS; ONTARIO FOLLOWING INVASION; PERCH PERCA-FLAVESCENS; ZEBRA MUSSEL; YELLOW PERCH; PREY SIZE; COREGONUS-CLUPEAFORMIS; ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; BIOENERGETICS MODEL AB Growth of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus and lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis has declined since the arrival and spread of dreissenid mussels in Lakes Michigan and Huron. Alewives are the main forage for the salmonids in Lake Michigan, and lake whitefish are the most important commercial species in both lakes. Bioenergetics modeling was used to determine consumption by the average individual fish before and after the dreissenid invasion and to provide insight into the invasion's effects on fish growth and food web dynamics. Alewives feed on both zooplankton and benthic macroinvertebrates, and lake whitefish are benthivores. Annual consumption of zooplankton by an average alewife in Lake Michigan was 37% lower and consumption of benthic macroinvertebrates (amphipods Diporeia spp., opossum shrimp Mysis relicta, and Chironomidae) was 19% lower during the postinvasion period (1995-2005) than during the preinvasion period (1983-1994). Reduced consumption by alewives corresponded with reduced alewife growth. In Lakes Michigan and Huron, consumption of nonmollusk macroinvertebrates (Diporeia spp., opossum shrimp, Chironomidae) by the average lake whitefish was 46-96% lower and consumption of mollusks (mainly dreissenids and gastropods) was 2-5 times greater during the postinvasion period than during the preinvasion period. Even though total food consumption by lake whitefish did not differ between the two periods in Lake Huron or the Southern Management Unit in Lake Michigan, postinvasion weight at age was at least 38% lower than preinvasion weight at age. Under the current postinvasion diet regime, consumption by take whitefish would have to increase by up to 122% to achieve preinvasion growth rates. C1 [Pothoven, Steven A.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. [Madenjian, Charles P.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Pothoven, SA (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 1431 Beach St, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. EM steve.pothoven@noaa.gov OI Pothoven, Steven/0000-0002-7992-5422 NR 59 TC 85 Z9 86 U1 6 U2 38 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 28 IS 1 BP 308 EP 320 DI 10.1577/M07-022.1 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 274WC UT WOS:000254032500030 ER PT J AU Lev, BL Vukics, A Hudson, ER Sawyer, BC Domokos, P Ritsch, H Ye, J AF Lev, Benjamin L. Vukics, Andras Hudson, Eric R. Sawyer, Brian C. Domokos, Peter Ritsch, Helmut Ye, Jun TI Prospects for the cavity-assisted laser cooling of molecules SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID POLAR-MOLECULES; ATOMS; INTERFERENCE; SCATTERING; REGIME; FIELD AB Cooling of molecules via free-space dissipative scattering of photons is thought not to be practicable due to the inherently large number of Raman loss channels available to molecules and the prohibitive expense of building multiple-repumping laser systems. The use of an optical cavity to enhance coherent Rayleigh scattering into a decaying cavity mode has been suggested as a potential method to mitigate Raman loss, thereby enabling the laser cooling of molecules to ultracold temperatures. We discuss the possibility of cavity-assisted laser cooling of particles without closed transitions, identify conditions necessary to achieve efficient cooling, and suggest solutions given experimental constraints. Specifically, it is shown that cooperativities much greater than unity are required for cooling without loss, and that this could be achieved via the superradiant scattering associated with intracavity self-localization of the molecules. Particular emphasis is given to the polar hydroxyl radical (OH), cold samples of which are readily obtained from Stark deceleration. C1 [Lev, Benjamin L.; Hudson, Eric R.; Sawyer, Brian C.; Ye, Jun] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Lev, Benjamin L.; Hudson, Eric R.; Sawyer, Brian C.; Ye, Jun] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Vukics, Andras; Ritsch, Helmut] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Vukics, Andras; Domokos, Peter] Res Inst Solid State Phys & Opt, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. RP Lev, BL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM benlev@uiuc.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Domokos, Peter/B-2870-2013; Ritsch, Helmut/L-4704-2016 NR 61 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB PY 2008 VL 77 IS 2 AR 023402 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.77.023402 PG 13 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 271BM UT WOS:000253763900083 ER PT J AU Chung, JH Kim, JH Lee, SH Sato, TJ Suzuki, T Katsumura, M Katsufuji, T AF Chung, J. -H. Kim, J. -H. Lee, S. -H. Sato, T. J. Suzuki, T. Katsumura, M. Katsufuji, T. TI Magnetic excitations and orbital physics in the ferrimagnetic spinels MnB(2)O(4) (B=Mn,V) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID 1ST-ORDER TRANSITION; MNV2O4 AB Using neutron scattering techniques, we have investigated spin wave excitations in noncollinear ferrimagnetic spinels MnB(2)O(4) (B=Mn,V) with e(g) and t(2g) orbital degeneracies, respectively, that lead to tetragonal distortions along opposite directions. Linear spin wave analysis of the excitations yields spatially inhomogeneous nearest neighbor interactions in both tetragonal spinels. We find the ratio J(c)/J(ab)approximate to-0.06(4) for Mn(3)O(4) (c < a=b) and approximate to 0.3(1) for MnV(2)O(4) (c < a=b). Resulting exchange couplings of Mn(3)O(4) can be qualitatively explained in terms of possible overlaps of t(2g) and e(g) electrons of Mn(2+) and Mn(3+) ions. On the other hand, those of MnV(2)O(4), in particular, the strong J(c), seem to contradict with the antiferro-orbital state of V(3+) (t(2g)(2)) ions that was proposed by a recent synchrotron x-ray study [T. Suzuki , Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 127203 (2007)]. Theoretical implications to the orbital physics are also discussed. C1 [Chung, J. -H.] Korea Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 136713, South Korea. [Chung, J. -H.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Kim, J. -H.; Lee, S. -H.] Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. [Sato, T. J.] Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778581, Japan. [Suzuki, T.; Katsumura, M.; Katsufuji, T.] Waseda Univ, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1698555, Japan. RP Chung, JH (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Suzuki, Takehito/B-3038-2013; Sato, Taku/I-7664-2015; Katsufuji, Takuro/B-6283-2016 OI Sato, Taku/0000-0003-2511-4998; Katsufuji, Takuro/0000-0002-3199-1228 NR 22 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 4 U2 19 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2008 VL 77 IS 5 AR 054412 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.054412 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 271BN UT WOS:000253764000054 ER PT J AU Dougherty, DB Jin, W Cullen, WG Dutton, G Reutt-Robey, JE Robey, SW AF Dougherty, D. B. Jin, W. Cullen, W. G. Dutton, G. Reutt-Robey, J. E. Robey, S. W. TI Local transport gap in C(60) nanochains on a pentacene template SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SURFACES; MONOLAYER; AG(111); GROWTH; ENERGY; SILVER; METAL AB The adsorption of C(60) on a bilayer film of pentacene on Ag(111) is studied with scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. At low coverage, C(60) molecules form extended linear structures due to the templating effect of the pentacene bilayer. The C(60) molecules in the chains adsorb at bridge sites between two neighboring pentacene molecules. The transport gap of the chain structures is measured to be 4.5 +/- 0.2 eV using constant-current distance-voltage spectroscopy. The magnitude of the gap is correlated with the uniquely low coordination of the linear fullerene structures, which leads to a reduced total polarization contribution compared to bulk C(60). C1 [Dougherty, D. B.; Robey, S. W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Jin, W.; Dutton, G.; Reutt-Robey, J. E.] Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Jin, W.; Cullen, W. G.; Dutton, G.; Reutt-Robey, J. E.] Univ Maryland, Mat Res Sci & Engn Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Cullen, W. G.] Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Dougherty, DB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dan.dougherty@nist.gov RI Reutt-Robey, Janice /C-3517-2009; Dutton, Gregory/J-8870-2016 OI Reutt-Robey, Janice /0000-0002-9309-7854; Dutton, Gregory/0000-0002-1483-604X NR 27 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2008 VL 77 IS 7 AR 073414 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.073414 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 271BP UT WOS:000253764200037 ER PT J AU Durgun, E Ciraci, S Yildirim, T AF Durgun, E. Ciraci, S. Yildirim, T. TI Functionalization of carbon-based nanostructures with light transition-metal atoms for hydrogen storage SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; NANOPARTICLES; ADSORPTION; NANOTUBES; GRAPHENE; TI AB In a recent letter [T. Yildirim and S. Ciraci, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 175501 (2005)], the unusual hydrogen storage capacity of Ti decorated carbon nanotubes has been revealed. The present paper extends this study further to investigate the hydrogen uptake by light transition-metal atoms decorating various carbon-based nanostructures in different types of geometry and dimensionality, such as carbon linear chain, graphene, and nanotubes. Using first-principles plane-wave method we show that not only outer but also inner surface of a large carbon nanotube can be utilized to bind more transition-metal atoms and hence to increase the storage capacity. We also found that scandium and vanadium atoms adsorbed on a carbon nanotube can bind up to five hydrogen molecules. Similarly, light transition-metal atoms can be adsorbed on both sides of graphene and each adsorbate can hold up to four hydrogen molecules yielding again a high-storage capacity. Interestingly, our results suggest that graphene can be considered as a potential high-capacity H-2 storage medium. We also performed transition state analysis on the possible dimerization of Ti atoms adsorbed on the graphene and single-wall carbon nanotube. C1 [Durgun, E.; Ciraci, S.] Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey. [Durgun, E.; Ciraci, S.] Bilkent Univ, Natl Nanotechnol Res Ctr, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey. [Yildirim, T.] NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Yildirim, T.] Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Durgun, E (reprint author), Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey. EM ciraci@fen.bilkent.edu.tr RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 NR 43 TC 168 Z9 169 U1 4 U2 50 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2008 VL 77 IS 8 AR 085405 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.085405 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 271BQ UT WOS:000253764300088 ER PT J AU Ehlers, G Gardner, JS Qiu, Y Fouquet, P Wiebe, CR Balicas, L Zhou, HD AF Ehlers, G. Gardner, J. S. Qiu, Y. Fouquet, P. Wiebe, C. R. Balicas, L. Zhou, H. D. TI Dynamic spin correlations in stuffed spin ice Ho2+xTi2-xO7-delta SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ZERO-POINT ENTROPY; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; NEUTRON; RELAXATION; HO2TI2O7; FERROMAGNET; FRUSTRATION; MECHANISMS; Y2MO2O7; MODELS AB The magnetic correlations in "stuffed" spin ice Ho2+xTi2-xO7-delta have been characterized using quasielastic neutron scattering. At temperatures above 1 K, these correlations are short ranged in nature and dynamic on a picosecond to nanosecond time scale. As for the case of pure spin ice Ho2Ti2O7, one can identify, above the freezing temperature, a quantum relaxation regime which is enhanced as it persists to even higher temperatures, T similar to 30-40 K, than in the parent compound. C1 [Ehlers, G.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Gardner, J. S.] Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. [Gardner, J. S.; Qiu, Y.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Fouquet, P.] Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France. [Wiebe, C. R.; Balicas, L.; Zhou, H. D.] Florida State Univ, Dept Phys, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Wiebe, C. R.] Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Ehlers, G (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Bldg 8600, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Fouquet, Peter/B-5212-2008; Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013; Ehlers, Georg/B-5412-2008; Zhou, Haidong/O-4373-2016 OI Fouquet, Peter/0000-0002-5542-0059; Ehlers, Georg/0000-0003-3513-508X; NR 44 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2008 VL 77 IS 5 AR 052404 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.052404 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 271BN UT WOS:000253764000012 ER PT J AU Hertz, JT Huang, Q McQueen, T Klimczuk, T Bos, JWG Viciu, L Cava, RJ AF Hertz, J. T. Huang, Q. McQueen, T. Klimczuk, T. Bos, J. W. G. Viciu, L. Cava, R. J. TI Magnetism and structure of LixCoO2 and comparison to NaxCoO2 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; TRIANGULAR LATTICE; METAL TRANSITION; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; DEFECT LITHIUM; LICOO2; COBALT; OXIDES AB The magnetic properties and structure of LixCoO2 for 0.5 < x < 1.0 are reported. Co4+ is found to be high spin in LixCoO2 for 0.94 <= x <= 1.00 and low spin for 0.50 <= x <= 0.78. Weak antiferromagnetic coupling is observed, and at x approximate to 0.65 the temperature-independent contribution to the magnetic susceptibility and the electronic contribution to the specific heat are largest. Neutron diffraction analysis reveals that the lithium oxide layer expands perpendicular to the basal plane and the Li ions displace from their ideal octahedral sites with decreasing x. Comparison of the structures of NaxCoO2 and LixCoO2 reveals that the CoO2 layer changes substantially with alkali content in the former but is relatively rigid in the latter, and that the CoO6 octahedra in LixCoO2 are less distorted. C1 [Hertz, J. T.; McQueen, T.; Viciu, L.; Cava, R. J.] Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Huang, Q.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Klimczuk, T.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Thermal Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Klimczuk, T.] Gdansk Univ Technol, Fac Appl Phys & Math, PL-80952 Gdansk, Poland. [Bos, J. W. G.] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Chem, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Midlothian, Scotland. [Bos, J. W. G.] Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Sci Extreme Condit, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Hertz, JT (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RI Bos, Jan-Willem/E-7648-2011; Klimczuk, Tomasz/M-1716-2013 OI Bos, Jan-Willem/0000-0003-3947-2024; Klimczuk, Tomasz/0000-0003-2602-5049 NR 59 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 5 U2 50 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2008 VL 77 IS 7 AR 075119 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.075119 PG 12 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 271BP UT WOS:000253764200056 ER PT J AU Manley, ME Lynn, JW Chen, Y Lander, GH AF Manley, Michael E. Lynn, Jeffrey W. Chen, Ying Lander, Gerard H. TI Intrinsically localized mode in alpha-U as a precursor to a solid-state phase transition SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID URANIUM; TRANSFORMATIONS; CRYSTALS; ENERGY AB The high-temperature behavior of an intrinsically localized mode (ILM) in alpha-U was measured using inelastic neutron scattering. The mode, which forms above 450 K on the [010] boundary, becomes undetectable at 675 K. Thermodynamic and transport anomalies that develop with the ILM persist to temperatures above 675 K, but mechanical and electronic anomalies show changes at both 450 and 675 K. Anisotropic thermal expansion shows that ILMs drive the structure toward hexagonal symmetry. On the [1/2 1/2 0] zone boundary, which becomes equivalent to [010] under a hexagonal distortion, a normal mode shows a softening coincident with the disappearance of the ILMs. We argue that the symmetry local to the ILMs becomes hexagonal above 600 K, causing ILMs to hop between equivalent orientations and putting the structure on a path toward the high-temperature gamma phase (bcc). C1 [Manley, Michael E.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. [Lynn, Jeffrey W.; Chen, Ying] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Chen, Ying] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Lander, Gerard H.] Commiss European Communities, JRC, Inst Transuranium Elements, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany. RP Manley, ME (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Manley, Michael/N-4334-2015 NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2008 VL 77 IS 5 AR 052301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.052301 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 271BN UT WOS:000253764000008 ER PT J AU Choi, YJ Yi, HT Lee, S Huang, Q Kiryukhin, V Cheong, SW AF Choi, Y. J. Yi, H. T. Lee, S. Huang, Q. Kiryukhin, V. Cheong, S. -W. TI Ferroelectricity in an Ising chain magnet SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ONE-DIMENSIONAL OXIDES; MULTIFERROICS; POLARIZATION; CRYSTAL AB We report discovery of collinear-magnetism-driven ferroelectricity in the Ising chain magnet Ca(3)Co(2-x)Mn(x)O(6) (x approximate to 0.96). Neutron diffraction shows that Co(2+) and Mn(4+) ions alternating along the chains exhibit an up-up-down-down (up arrow up arrow down arrow down arrow) magnetic order. The ferroelectricity results from the inversion symmetry breaking in the up arrow up arrow down arrow down arrow spin chain with an alternating charge order. Unlike in spiral magnetoelectrics where antisymmetric exchange coupling is active, the symmetry breaking in Ca(3)(Co,Mn)(2)O(6) occurs through exchange striction associated with symmetric superexchange. C1 [Choi, Y. J.; Yi, H. T.; Lee, S.; Kiryukhin, V.; Cheong, S. -W.] Rutgers Ctr Emergent Mat, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. [Choi, Y. J.; Yi, H. T.; Lee, S.; Kiryukhin, V.; Cheong, S. -W.] Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. [Huang, Q.] NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Choi, YJ (reprint author), Rutgers Ctr Emergent Mat, 136 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RI Yi, Hee Taek/F-6399-2010 NR 27 TC 222 Z9 225 U1 12 U2 70 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 2008 VL 100 IS 4 AR 047601 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.047601 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 258JE UT WOS:000252863400093 PM 18352334 ER PT J AU DeMille, D Sainis, S Sage, J Bergeman, T Kotochigova, S Tiesinga, E AF DeMille, D. Sainis, S. Sage, J. Bergeman, T. Kotochigova, S. Tiesinga, E. TI Enhanced sensitivity to variation of m(e)/m(p) in molecular spectra SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS; STATE; CS-2; PHOTOASSOCIATION; SPECTROSCOPY AB We propose new experiments with high sensitivity to a possible variation of the electron-to-proton mass ratio mu equivalent to m(e)/m(p). We consider a nearly degenerate pair of molecular vibrational levels, each associated with a different electronic potential. With respect to a change in mu, the change in the splitting between such levels can be large both on an absolute scale and relative to the splitting. We demonstrate the existence of such pairs of states in Cs-2, where the narrow spectral lines achievable with ultracold molecules make the system promising for future searches for small variations in mu. C1 [DeMille, D.; Sainis, S.; Sage, J.] Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. [Bergeman, T.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Kotochigova, S.] Temple Univ, Dept Phys, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. [Tiesinga, E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Tiesinga, E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP DeMille, D (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. NR 27 TC 112 Z9 112 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 2008 VL 100 IS 4 AR 043202 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.043202 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 258JE UT WOS:000252863400027 PM 18352268 ER PT J AU Zelevinsky, T Kotochigova, S Ye, J AF Zelevinsky, T. Kotochigova, S. Ye, Jun TI Precision test of mass-ratio variations with lattice-confined ultracold molecules SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DIMER AB We propose a precision measurement of time variations of the proton-electron mass ratio using ultracold molecules in an optical lattice. Vibrational energy intervals are sensitive to changes of the mass ratio. In contrast to measurements that use hyperfine-interval-based atomic clocks, the scheme discussed here is model independent and does not require separation of time variations of different physical constants. The possibility of applying the zero-differential-Stark-shift optical lattice technique is explored to measure vibrational transitions at high accuracy. C1 [Zelevinsky, T.; Ye, Jun] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Zelevinsky, T.; Ye, Jun] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Kotochigova, S.] Temple Univ, Dept Phys, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. RP Zelevinsky, T (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, 538 W 120th St, New York, NY 10027 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 23 TC 137 Z9 137 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 2008 VL 100 IS 4 AR 043201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.043201 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 258JE UT WOS:000252863400026 PM 18352267 ER PT J AU Phelan, FR Hughes, NR Pathak, JA AF Phelan, Frederick R., Jr. Hughes, Nicholas R. Pathak, Jai A. TI Chaotic mixing in microfluidic devices driven by oscillatory cross flow SO PHYSICS OF FLUIDS LA English DT Article ID VISCOUS IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS; ADVECTION; MICROMIXERS; MICROCHANNELS; CAVITY; FLUIDS; RECOMBINE; SYSTEMS; MIXER AB The kinematics of oscillatory cross flow has been studied numerically as a means for generating chaotic mixing in microfluidic devices for both confined and continuous throughput flow configurations. The flow is analyzed using numerical simulation of the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations combined with tracking of single and multispecies passive tracer particles. Two characteristics of chaotic flow are demonstrated: the stretching and folding of material lines leading to particle dispersion and a positive "effective" Lyapunov exponent. The primary mechanism for the generation of chaotic flow is a periodic combination of stretching (which occurs via shear in the channels) and rotation (which occurs via the timing of the oscillations), making these systems effective tendril-whorl type flows. First, the case of confined mixing is studied. It is shown that chaotic flow is generated in a cross-cell device when sinusoidally driven, out-of-phase, perpendicular fluid streams intersect in the flow domain. Calculations indicate that the flow becomes chaotic in the center region starting at a Stroultal number on the order of 1. A degree of mixing based on a relative mixing entropy as high as 91% is obtained. Approximately 10-15 sinusoidal cycles are needed in order to effectively mix different groups of passive tracer particles. In the second phase of the analysis, the cross flow mixing mechanism is utilized in a continuous operation by combining a throughput channel flow with an oscillatory cross flow in a configuration called the star-cell geometry. It is shown that the oscillatory flow remains chaotic even in combination with the throughput flow, and a degree of mixing in the 80%-90% range is obtained for the range of parameters studied here. C1 [Phelan, Frederick R., Jr.; Hughes, Nicholas R.; Pathak, Jai A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Phelan, FR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM frederick.phelan@nist.gov; jai.pathak@nrl.navy.mil NR 57 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-6631 J9 PHYS FLUIDS JI Phys. Fluids PD FEB PY 2008 VL 20 IS 2 AR 023101 DI 10.1063/1.2830550 PG 14 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 276KZ UT WOS:000254141600006 ER PT J AU Rinimer, CA Sander, LC Sharpless, KE Wise, SA AF Rinimer, C. A. Sander, L. C. Sharpless, K. E. Wise, S. A. TI Analytical challenges in the certification of botanical dietary supplement standard reference materials SO PLANTA MEDICA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 7th Annual Oxford International Conference on the Science of Botanicals/4th Interim Meeting of the American-Society-of-Pharmacognosy CY APR 12-16, 2008 CL Univ Mississippi, Oxford, MS SP Amer Soc Pharmacognosy HO Univ Mississippi C1 [Rinimer, C. A.; Sander, L. C.; Sharpless, K. E.; Wise, S. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORG THIEME VERLAG KG PI STUTTGART PA RUDIGERSTR 14, D-70469 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0032-0943 J9 PLANTA MED JI Planta Med. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 74 IS 3 MA S22 BP 313 EP 313 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Integrative & Complementary Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Integrative & Complementary Medicine GA 283IQ UT WOS:000254630300045 ER PT J AU Guynn, KD Peterson, MS AF Guynn, Kim Dawson Peterson, Mark S. TI Mercury concentrations in the Patagonian toothfish, Dissostichus eleginoides Smitt 1898, among three distinct stocks SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Antarctica; Mercury; Patagonian toothfish ID SOUTHERN-OCEAN; MACQUARIE ISLAND; ATLANTIC; GROWTH; WATERS; DIET; SEA; AGE AB Patagonian toothfish, Dissostichus eleginoides, collections (n = 186) from three distinct stocks ( two subant-arctic stocks and the stock within the Chilean ZEE) were analyzed for Hg concentration by DMA and comparisons were made by gender, total length (TL), wet weight (WW), and population. There was no difference between TL-WW relationships or Hg concentration by gender within any population across the range examined. The Chilean and Prince Edward Island fish had higher TL-adjusted total Hg concentration than those from the South Georgia and may suggest a possible human health risk. Explanation of these population differences in total Hg may be the actual sample areas and associated hydrogeographic and oceanographic conditions. For example, sampling sites for the Chilean fish lie well outside the Antarctic Convergence whereas the Prince Edward sites straddle the Convergence. The samples obtained from South Georgia lie well within the Antarctic convergence, suggesting that the Polar Front may provide some type of hydrographic barrier as has been shown for this species in terms of larval dispersal and feeding. C1 [Guynn, Kim Dawson] Pascagoula Naval Stn, NOAA, Fisheries Natl Seafood Inspect Lab, Pascagoula, MS 39595 USA. [Peterson, Mark S.] Univ So Mississippi, Dept Coastal Sci, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. RP Guynn, KD (reprint author), Pascagoula Naval Stn, NOAA, Fisheries Natl Seafood Inspect Lab, 100 Singing River Pkwy Bldg 47C, Pascagoula, MS 39595 USA. EM Kim.Dawson.Guynn@noaa.gov; mark.peterson@usm.edu NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 31 IS 3 BP 269 EP 274 DI 10.1007/s00300-007-0354-3 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 248YM UT WOS:000252193100002 ER PT J AU Kock, KH Pshenichnov, L Jones, CD Grorger, J Riehl, R AF Kock, Karl-Hermann Pshenichnov, Leonid Jones, Christopher D. Groeger, Joachim Riehl, Ruediger TI The biology of the spiny icefish Chaenodraco wilsoni Regan, 1914 SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Southern Ocean; ice fish; krill ID SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS; ANTARCTIC FISH; WEDDELL-SEA; CHAMPSOCEPHALUS-GUNNARI; CHAENOCEPHALUS-ACERATUS; JUVENILE NOTOTHENIOIDS; HARPAGIFER-BISPINIS; NESTING-BEHAVIOR; ROSS-SEA; REPRODUCTION AB The most abundant ice fish species observed in catches off the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula in the last 25-30 years has been the spiny ice fish Chaenodraco wilsoni Regan 1914. C. wilsoni has been exploited on a commercial scale from the late 1970s to the end of the 1980s off Joinville-D'Urville Islands (CCAMLR Statistical Sub-area 48.1) and in the Cosmonauts and Cooperation Seas and Prydz Bay in the Indian Ocean sector (CCAMLR Statistical Division 58.4.2). This paper presents new information on biological features and life history characteristics of C. wilsoni, based on research survey collections along the northern Antarctic Peninsula in 2006 and 2007 and samples taken in the commercial fishery in 1987. Length frequency compositions from the research surveys demonstrated that fish 21-34 cm long predominated in the catches. Sexual maturity is attained at 24-25 cm. Absolute fecundity and relative fecundity is low (1,000-2,500 eggs; 6-12 eggs). Oocyte diameter varied from 4.0 to 4.9 mm very close to spawning. Spawning at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula is likely to occur in October-November. Remotely operated vehicle deployments in the northern Weddell Sea demonstrated that C. wilsoni exhibit parental nest guarding where males protect the eggs. The incubation period is likely to be 8 months long. Fish feed primarily on Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in the Antarctic Peninsula region and in the Cosmonauts and Cooperation Seas while fish take ice krill (Euphausia crystallorophias), Pleuragramma antarcticum and myctophids to some extent in other areas. Age determination still awaits validation. Preliminary ageing attempts suggested a maximum age of about 8-10 years. C1 [Kock, Karl-Hermann; Groeger, Joachim] Budesforschungsanstalt Fischerei, Inst Seefischerei, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany. [Pshenichnov, Leonid] YugNIRO, Lab So Ocean Bioresources, UA-98300 Kerch, Ukraine. [Jones, Christopher D.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. [Riehl, Ruediger] Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Zool Morphol & Zellbiol, D-40224 Dusseldorf, Germany. RP Kock, KH (reprint author), Budesforschungsanstalt Fischerei, Inst Seefischerei, Palmaille 9, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany. EM karl-hermann.kock@ish.bfa-fisch.de NR 79 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 31 IS 3 BP 381 EP 393 DI 10.1007/s00300-007-0366-z PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 248YM UT WOS:000252193100013 ER PT J AU Milly, PCD Betancourt, J Falkenmark, M Hirsch, RM Kundzewicz, ZW Lettenmaier, DP Stouffer, RJ AF Milly, P. C. D. Betancourt, Julio Falkenmark, Malin Hirsch, Robert M. Kundzewicz, Zbigniew W. Lettenmaier, Dennis P. Stouffer, Ronald J. TI Climate change - Stationarity is dead: Whither water management? SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID MODEL; AVAILABILITY; SENSITIVITY; STREAMFLOW; FLOODS; TIME C1 [Milly, P. C. D.; Stouffer, Ronald J.] NOAA, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. [Betancourt, Julio] US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. [Falkenmark, Malin] Stockholm Int Water Inst, SE-11151 Stockholm, Sweden. [Hirsch, Robert M.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Kundzewicz, Zbigniew W.] Polish Acad Sci, Res Ctr Agr & Forest Environm, Poznan, Poland. [Kundzewicz, Zbigniew W.] Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, Potsdam, Germany. [Lettenmaier, Dennis P.] Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Milly, PCD (reprint author), NOAA, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM cmilly@usgs.gov RI lettenmaier, dennis/F-8780-2011; OI lettenmaier, dennis/0000-0003-3317-1327; Hirsch, Robert/0000-0002-4534-075X NR 25 TC 1259 Z9 1296 U1 46 U2 343 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD FEB 1 PY 2008 VL 319 IS 5863 BP 573 EP 574 DI 10.1126/science.1151915 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 257AQ UT WOS:000252772000023 PM 18239110 ER PT J AU Proskurowski, G Lilley, MD Seewald, JS Fruh-Green, GL Olson, EJ Lupton, JE Sylva, SP Kelley, DS AF Proskurowski, Giora Lilley, Marvin D. Seewald, Jeffery S. Fruh-Green, Gretchen L. Olson, Eric J. Lupton, John E. Sylva, Sean P. Kelley, Deborah S. TI Abiogenic hydrocarbon production at Lost City hydrothermal field SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; STABLE-ISOTOPE; MIDOCEAN RIDGES; VENT FLUIDS; METHANE; SERPENTINIZATION; CARBON; SYSTEMS; DEEP; ENVIRONMENTS AB Low- molecular- weight hydrocarbons in natural hydrothermal fluids have been attributed to abiogenic production by Fischer- Tropsch type ( FTT) reactions, although clear evidence for such a process has been elusive. Here, we present concentration, and stable and radiocarbon isotope, data from hydrocarbons dissolved in hydrogen- rich fluids venting at the ultramafic- hosted Lost City Hydrothermal Field. A distinct "inverse" trend in the stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic composition of C-1 to C-4 hydrocarbons is compatible with FTT genesis. Radiocarbon evidence rules out seawater bicarbonate as the carbon source for FTT reactions, suggesting that a mantle- derived inorganic carbon source is leached from the host rocks. Our findings illustrate that the abiotic synthesis of hydrocarbons in nature may occur in the presence of ultramafic rocks, water, and moderate amounts of heat. C1 [Proskurowski, Giora; Lilley, Marvin D.; Olson, Eric J.; Kelley, Deborah S.] Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Proskurowski, Giora; Seewald, Jeffery S.; Sylva, Sean P.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Fruh-Green, Gretchen L.] ETH Zentrum, Dept Earth Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. [Lupton, John E.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Proskurowski, G (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM giora@whoi.edu RI Proskurowski, Giora/B-3862-2013; Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011; Sylva, Sean/D-4400-2014 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611; Sylva, Sean/0000-0002-4727-440X NR 35 TC 303 Z9 323 U1 14 U2 125 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD FEB 1 PY 2008 VL 319 IS 5863 BP 604 EP 607 DI 10.1126/science.1151194 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 257AQ UT WOS:000252772000036 PM 18239121 ER PT J AU Le Quere, C Rodenbeck, C Buitenhuis, ET Conway, TJ Langenfelds, R Gomez, A Labuschagne, C Ramonet, M Nakazawa, T Metzl, N Gillett, NP Heimann, M AF Le Quere, Corinne Roedenbeck, Christian Buitenhuis, Erik T. Conway, Thomas J. Langenfelds, Ray Gomez, Antony Labuschagne, Casper Ramonet, Michel Nakazawa, Takakiyo Metzl, Nicolas Gillett, Nathan P. Heimann, Martin TI Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO2 sink due to recent climate change SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Le Quere, Corinne; Buitenhuis, Erik T.] Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. [Le Quere, Corinne] British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. [Roedenbeck, Christian; Heimann, Martin] Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. [Conway, Thomas J.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Langenfelds, Ray] CSIRO, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. [Gomez, Antony] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand. [Labuschagne, Casper] S African Weather Serv, ZA-7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa. [Ramonet, Michel] Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Nakazawa, Takakiyo] Tohoku Univ, Ctr Atmospher & Ocean Studies, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan. [Metzl, Nicolas] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, IPSL, LOCEAN, Paris, France. [Gillett, Nathan P.] Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. RP Le Quere, C (reprint author), Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. EM c.lequere@uea.ac.uk RI Buitenhuis, Erik/A-7692-2012; Langenfelds, Raymond/B-5381-2012; Heimann, Martin/H-7807-2016; Le Quere, Corinne/C-2631-2017 OI Buitenhuis, Erik/0000-0001-6274-5583; Heimann, Martin/0000-0001-6296-5113; Le Quere, Corinne/0000-0003-2319-0452 NR 14 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 7 U2 21 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD FEB 1 PY 2008 VL 319 IS 5863 DI 10.1126/science.1147315 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 257AQ UT WOS:000252772000020 ER PT J AU Van Dolah, RF Riekerk, GHM Bergquist, DC Felber, J Chestnut, DE Holland, AF AF Van Dolah, Robert F. Riekerk, George H. M. Bergquist, Derk C. Felber, Jordan Chestnut, David E. Holland, A. Fredrick TI Estuarine habitat quality reflects urbanization at large spatial scales in South Carolina's coastal zone SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE land use; estuarine condition; contaminants; nutrients; fecal bacteria ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; HIGH-SALINITY ESTUARIES; SALT-MARSH SEDIMENTS; WATER-QUALITY; TIDAL CREEK; CHESAPEAKE BAY; LAND-USE; CONTAMINATION; RUNOFF AB Land cover patterns were evaluated in 29 estuarine watersheds of South Carolina to determine relationships between urban/suburban development and estuarine habitat quality. Principal components analysis and Pearson product moment correlation analyses were used to examine the relationships between ten land cover categories and selected measures of nutrient or bacterial enrichment in the water column and contaminant enrichment in sediments. These analyses indicated strong relationships between land cover categories representing upland development and a composite measure of 24 inorganic and organic contaminants using the Effect Range Median-Quotient (ERM-Q). Similar relationships also were observed for the summed concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, and metals. Data obtained from tidal creeks generally showed stronger correlations between urban/ suburban land use and pesticides and metals compared to data obtained from larger open water habitats. Correlations between PAH concentrations and the urban/suburban land cover categories were similar between creek and open water habitats. PCB concentrations generally showed very little relationship to any of the land cover categories. Measures of nutrient enrichment, which included total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), nitrate-nitrite, phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, and total organic carbon, were generally not significantly correlated with any land cover categories, whereas fecal coliform bacteria were significantly and positively correlated with the urban/suburban land cover categories and negatively correlated with the non-urban land cover categories. Fecal coliform correlations were stronger using data from the open water sites than from the tidal creek sites. Both ERM-Q and fecal coliform concentrations were much greater and more pervasive in watersheds with relatively high (> 50%) urban/suburban cover compared to watersheds with low (< 30%) urban/suburban cover. These analyses support the hypotheses that estuarine habitat quality reflects upland development patterns at large spatial scales, and that upland urbanization can result in increased risk of biological degradation and reduced safe human use of South Carolina's coastal resources. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Van Dolah, Robert F.; Riekerk, George H. M.; Bergquist, Derk C.; Felber, Jordan] S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Marine Resources Res Inst, Charleston, SC 29422 USA. [Chestnut, David E.] S Carolina Dept Hlth & Environm Control, Bur Water, Columbia, SC 29201 USA. [Holland, A. Fredrick] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Holling Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29422 USA. RP Van Dolah, RF (reprint author), S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Marine Resources Res Inst, POB 12559, Charleston, SC 29422 USA. EM vandolahr@dnr.sc.gov NR 42 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 5 U2 40 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD FEB 1 PY 2008 VL 390 IS 1 BP 142 EP 154 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.09.036 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 255ZF UT WOS:000252696500015 PM 17997472 ER PT J AU Churnside, JH Wilson, JJ AF Churnside, James H. Wilson, James J. TI Ocean color inferred from radiometers on low-flying aircraft SO SENSORS LA English DT Article DE ocean color; remote sensing; atmospheric correction; ocean optics ID REMOTE-SENSING REFLECTANCE; COASTAL WATERS; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; WHITECAP COVERAGE; ABOVE-WATER; SEA FOAM; SURFACE; MODEL AB The color of sunlight reflected from the ocean to orbiting visible radiometers has provided a great deal of information about the global ocean, after suitable corrections are made for atmospheric effects. Similar ocean-color measurements can be made from a low-flying aircraft to get higher spatial resolution and to obtain measurements under clouds. A different set of corrections is required in this case, and we describe algorithms to correct for clouds and sea-surface effects. An example is presented and errors in the corrections discussed. C1 [Churnside, James H.; Wilson, James J.] NOAA ESRL CSD3, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Churnside, JH (reprint author), NOAA ESRL CSD3, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM james.j.wilson@noaa.gov RI Churnside, James/H-4873-2013 NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOLECULAR DIVERSITY PRESERVATION INT PI BASEL PA MATTHAEUSSTRASSE 11, CH-4057 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1424-8220 J9 SENSORS-BASEL JI Sensors PD FEB PY 2008 VL 8 IS 2 BP 860 EP 876 DI 10.3390/s8020860 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 271HI UT WOS:000253779100016 PM 27879739 ER PT J AU Goedeke, TL Rikoon, S AF Goedeke, T. L. Rikoon, S. TI Otters as actors: Scientific controversy, dynamism of networks, and the implications of power in ecological restoration SO SOCIAL STUDIES OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE animal rights; conflict; landscape; nonhuman; scientific uncertainty wildlife management ID CONFLICT; SCIENCE; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; WOLF AB In this paper, we use scientific controversy emerging from a river otter restoration project in Missouri to explore the role of nonhuman actors in the dynamism of networks forming to establish the ideals and outcomes of ecological restoration. We demonstrate how an epistemic controversy, sparked by the failure of authoritative spokespersons (such as scientists) to enroll river otters, fish, and waterways, opened the door for a more diverse group of spokespersons who, in turn, enrolled more actors to settle the controversy. Thus, we emphasize the need to recognize the role of nonhumans as catalysts and actors because of their potential to challenge and change networks. Second, we explore the struggle between the networks that emerged to (re) define the restoration narrative as accomplished (necessitating the trapping of otters) or incomplete (with the otter population in possible jeopardy). Finally, our discussion highlights the importance of convergence and power when competing networks are involved. The otter restoration case study makes evident that a successful exercise of power has significant consequences for human and nonhuman actors alike, all of which have a stake in the landscape. C1 [Goedeke, T. L.] NOAA NOS NCCOS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Rikoon, S.] Univ Missouri, Dept Rural Sociol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Goedeke, TL (reprint author), NOAA NOS NCCOS, Bldg SSMC4,Rm B117,1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM theresa.goedeke@noaa.go; RikoonJ@missouri.edu NR 40 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 13 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0306-3127 J9 SOC STUD SCI JI Soc. Stud. Sci. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 38 IS 1 BP 111 EP 132 DI 10.1177/0306312707077363 PG 22 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA 273ME UT WOS:000253934200005 ER PT J AU Spivey, AGV Borca, CN Cundiff, ST AF Spivey, Amelia G. VanEngen Borca, Camelia N. Cundiff, Steven T. TI Correlation coefficient for dephasing of light-hole excitons and heavy-hole excitons in GaAs quantum wells SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE semiconductors; quantum wells; optical properties; nonlinear optics ID BEATS; SEMICONDUCTORS; TRANSITIONS; COHERENCE AB Dephasing of light-hole (LH) and heavy-hole (HH) excitons and of the non-radiative LH-HH exciton Raman coherence in weakly-disordered GaAs quantum wells is probed using three-beam transient four-wave mixing (TFWM). By varying the two inter-pulse delays independently, the radiative inter-band and non-radiative intra-band coherences can be probed independently. A theoretical model based on the density matrix and including inhomogeneous broadening and inhomogeneous dephasing rates is fit to the TFWM data to extract the dephasing rates. The dephasing rate of the LH-HH Raman coherence can be expressed as a function of the dephasing rates of the LH and HH excitons and a correlation coefficient, R-ph, allowing for the calculation of R-ph. We find R-ph < 0, suggesting that anti-correlated scattering dominates the exciton dephasing. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Spivey, Amelia G. VanEngen] Univ Puget Sound, Dept Phys, Tacoma, WA 98416 USA. [Borca, Camelia N.] Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. [Cundiff, Steven T.] Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Cundiff, Steven T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Spivey, AGV (reprint author), Univ Puget Sound, Dept Phys, Tacoma, WA 98416 USA. EM aspivey@ups.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 32 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 145 IS 5-6 BP 303 EP 307 DI 10.1016/j.ssc.2007.11.006 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 262UD UT WOS:000253172600018 ER PT J AU Gaitan, M Takacs, M AF Gaitan, Michael Takacs, Monica TI The state of standards SO SOLID STATE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material AB A survey of MEMS industry players reveals points of agreement and divergence on the ever-controversial topic of production standards. C1 [Gaitan, Michael] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gaitan, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO PI NORTHBROOK PA P O BOX 3284, NORTHBROOK, IL 60065-3284 USA SN 0038-111X J9 SOLID STATE TECHNOL JI Solid State Technol. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 51 IS 2 BP 25 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 266TJ UT WOS:000253459600007 ER PT J AU Hjorvarsson, B Andersson, G Dura, JA Udovic, TJ Isberg, P Majkrzak, CF AF Hjorvarsson, B. Andersson, G. Dura, J. A. Udovic, T. J. Isberg, P. Majkrzak, C. F. TI Temperature dependence of the magnetic interlayer ordering in Fe(3)/V(14)H(x) (001) superlattices SO SUPERLATTICES AND MICROSTRUCTURES LA English DT Article DE superlattice; magnetic couplings; magnetic ordering; neutron reflectivity ID CRYSTAL VANADIUM LAYERS; FE/V-SUPERLATTICES; HYDROGEN; MULTILAYERS; FILMS; STATES AB The magnetic interlayer ordering in Fe(3)/V(14)H(x) (001) superlattices exhibits dramatic changes on changing the hydrogen concentration. From initial antiferromagnetic (AF) coupling with T(N) = 370(7) K, the introduction of H (H/V atomic ratio of 0.06) gives rise to ferromagnetic (FM) alignment at room temperature. When cooled, the magnetic ordering exhibits a transition from FM to a canted state below 200 K. Further increase of the hydrogen content (H/V approximate to 1) gives rise to FM-ordering at temperatures between 30 and 300 K. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Hjorvarsson, B.; Andersson, G.] Uppsala Univ, Dept Phys, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden. [Dura, J. A.; Udovic, T. J.; Majkrzak, C. F.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Isberg, P.] ABB Corp Res, SE-72128 Vasteras, Sweden. RP Hjorvarsson, B (reprint author), Uppsala Univ, Dept Phys, Box 530, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden. EM Bjorgvin.Hjorvarsson@fysik.uu.se RI Dura, Joseph/B-8452-2008; Hjorvarsson, Bjorgvin/B-3022-2011; OI Dura, Joseph/0000-0001-6877-959X; Hjorvarsson, Bjorgvin/0000-0003-1803-9467 FU VR; SSF FX The support from VR and SSF is gratefully acknowledged. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0749-6036 J9 SUPERLATTICE MICROST JI Superlattices Microstruct. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 43 IS 2 BP 101 EP 111 DI 10.1016/j.spmi.2007.07.030 PG 11 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 338PQ UT WOS:000258520300005 ER PT J AU Mainelli, M DeMaria, M Shay, LK Goni, G AF Mainelli, Michelle DeMaria, Mark Shay, Lynn K. Goni, Gustavo TI Application of oceanic heat content estimation to operational forecasting of recent Atlantic category 5 hurricanes SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; TROPICAL CYCLONES; ASSIMILATION; VARIABILITY; OPAL AB Research investigating the importance of the subsurface ocean structure on tropical cyclone intensity change has been ongoing for several decades. While the emergence of altimetry-derived sea height observations from satellites dates back to the 1980s, it was difficult and uncertain as to how to utilize these measurements in operations as a result of the limited coverage. As the in situ measurement coverage expanded, it became possible to estimate the upper oceanic heat content (OHC) over most ocean regions. Beginning in 2002, daily OHC analyses have been generated at the National Hurricane Center (NHC). These analyses are used qualitatively for the official NHC intensity forecast, and quantitatively to adjust the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) forecasts. The primary purpose of this paper is to describe how upper-ocean structure information was transitioned from research to operations, and how it is being used to generate NHC's hurricane intensity forecasts. Examples of the utility of this information for recent category 5 hurricanes (Isabel, Ivan, Emily, Katrina, Rita, and Wilma from the 2003-05 hurricane seasons) are also presented. Results show that for a large sample of Atlantic storms, the OHC variations have a small but positive impact on the intensity forecasts. However, for intense storms, the effect of the OHC is much more significant, suggestive of its importance on rapid intensification. The OHC input improved the average intensity errors of the SHIPS forecasts by up to 5% for all cases from the category 5 storms, and up to 20% for individual storms, with the maximum improvement for the 72-96-h forecasts. The qualitative use of the OHC information on the NHC intensity forecasts is also described. These results show that knowledge of the upper-ocean thermal structure is fundamental to accurately forecasting intensity changes of tropical cyclones, and that this knowledge is making its way into operations. The statistical results obtained here indicate that the OHC only becomes important when it has values much larger than that required to support a tropical cyclone. This result suggests that the OHC is providing a measure of the upper ocean's influence on the storm and improving the forecast. C1 [Shay, Lynn K.] Univ Miami, RSMAS MPO, Miami, FL 33152 USA. [Mainelli, Michelle] NCEP, Trop Predict Ctr, Miami, FL 33165 USA. [DeMaria, Mark] NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Ft Collins, CO USA. [Goni, Gustavo] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Mainelli, M (reprint author), NCEP, Trop Predict Ctr, 11635 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. EM michelle.m.mainelli@noaa.gov RI DeMaria, Mark/F-5583-2010; Goni, Gustavo/D-2017-2012 OI Goni, Gustavo/0000-0001-7093-3170 NR 38 TC 93 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 23 IS 1 BP 3 EP 16 DI 10.1175/2007WAF2006111.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 272QS UT WOS:000253875200001 ER PT J AU Knaff, JA Cram, TA Schumacher, AB Kossin, JP DeMaria, M AF Knaff, John A. Cram, Thomas A. Schumacher, Andrea B. Kossin, James P. DeMaria, Mark TI Objective identification of annular hurricanes SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID INTENSITY PREDICTION SCHEME; TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION; BAROCLINIC VORTICES; WIND STRUCTURE; NORTH PACIFIC; BETA-DRIFT; MEAN FLOW; ATLANTIC; SHIPS AB Annular hurricanes are a subset of intense tropical cyclones that have been shown in previous work to be significantly stronger, to maintain their peak intensities longer, and to weaken more slowly than average tropical cyclones. Because of these characteristics, they represent a significant forecasting challenge. This paper updates the list of annular hurricanes to encompass the years 1995-2006 in both the North Atlantic and eastern-central North Pacific tropical cyclone basins. Because annular hurricanes have a unique appearance in infrared satellite imagery, and form in a specific set of environmental conditions, an objective real-time method of identifying these hurricanes is developed. However, since the occurrence of annular hurricanes is rare (similar to 4% of all hurricanes), a special algorithm to detect annular hurricanes is developed that employs two steps to identify the candidates: 1) prescreening the data and 2) applying a linear discriminant analysis. This algorithm is trained using a dependent dataset (1995-2003) that includes 11 annular hurricanes. The resulting algorithm is then independently tested using datasets from the years 2004-06, which contained an additional three annular hurricanes. Results indicate that the algorithm is able to discriminate annular hurricanes from tropical cyclones with intensities greater than 84 kt (43.2 m s(-1)). The probability of detection or hit rate produced by this scheme is shown to be similar to 96% with a false alarm rate of similar to 6%, based on 1363 six-hour time periods with a tropical cyclone with an intensity greater than 84 kt (1995-2006). C1 [Knaff, John A.; DeMaria, Mark] Colorado State Univ, NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat,CIRA,Ctr Satellite Applicat &, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Cram, Thomas A.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Schumacher, Andrea B.] Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Kossin, James P.] Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI USA. RP Knaff, JA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat,CIRA,Ctr Satellite Applicat &, Foothills Campus Delivery 1375, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM john.knaff@noaa.gov RI Knaff, John /F-5599-2010; Kossin, James/D-3929-2011; DeMaria, Mark/F-5583-2010; Kossin, James/C-2022-2016 OI Knaff, John /0000-0003-0427-1409; Kossin, James/0000-0003-0461-9794 NR 30 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 23 IS 1 BP 17 EP 28 DI 10.1175/2007WAF2007031.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 272QS UT WOS:000253875200002 ER PT J AU Pu, ZX Li, XL Velden, CS Aberson, SD Liu, WT AF Pu, Zhaoxia Li, Xuanli Velden, Christopher S. Aberson, Sim D. Liu, W. Timothy TI The impact of aircraft dropsonde and satellite wind data on numerical simulations of two landfalling tropical storms during the tropical cloud systems and processes experiment SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID VARIATIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; CONVECTIVE ADJUSTMENT SCHEME; TROPOSPHERIC WINDS; INTENSITY CHANGE; TRACK FORECASTS; HURRICANE; PREDICTION; MODEL; DROPWINDSONDE; RAINFALL AB Dropwindsonde, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-11 (GOES-11) rapid-scan atmospheric motion vectors, and NASA Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) near-surface wind data collected during NASA's Tropical Cloud Systems and Processes (TCSP) field experiment in July 2005 were assimilated into an advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using its three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system. The impacts of the mesoscale data assimilation on WRF numerical simulation of Tropical Storms Cindy and Gert (2005) near landfall are examined. Sensitivity of the forecasts to the assimilation of each single data type is investigated. Specifically, different 3DVAR strategies with different analysis update cycles and resolutions are compared in order to identify the better methodology for assimilating the data from research aircraft and satellite for tropical cyclone study. The results presented herein indicate the following. 1) Assimilation of dropwindsonde and satellite wind data into the WRF model improves the forecasts of the two tropical storms up to the landfall time. The QuikSCAT wind information is very important for improving the storm track forecast, whereas the dropwindsonde and GOES-11 wind data are also necessary for improved forecasts of intensity and precipitation. 2) Data assimilation also improves the quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) near landfall of the tropical storms. 3) A 1-h rapid-update analysis cycle at high resolution (9 km) provides more accurate tropical cyclone forecasts than a regular 6-h analysis cycle at coarse (27 km) resolution. The high-resolution rapidly updated 3DVAR analysis cycle might be a practical way to assimilate the data collected from tropical cyclone field experiments. C1 [Pu, Zhaoxia; Li, Xuanli] Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Velden, Christopher S.] Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI USA. [Aberson, Sim D.] NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL USA. [Liu, W. Timothy] CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Pu, ZX (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, 135 S 1460 E,Rm 819, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM zhaoxia.pu@utah.edu RI Aberson, Sim/C-4891-2013 OI Aberson, Sim/0000-0002-3670-0100 NR 42 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 23 IS 1 BP 62 EP 79 DI 10.1175/2007WAF2007006.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 272QS UT WOS:000253875200005 ER PT J AU Zapotocny, TH Jung, JA Le Marshall, JF Treadon, RE AF Zapotocny, Tom H. Jung, James A. Le Marshall, John F. Treadon, Russ E. TI A two-season impact study of four satellite data types and rawinsonde data in the NCEP Global Data Assimilation System SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU DATA; 4-SEASON IMPACT; POES DATA; MODEL; STRATOSPHERE; REANALYSIS; SKILL; WINDS; WATER AB Extended-length observing system experiments (OSEs) during two seasons are used to quantify the contributions made to forecast quality by conventional rawinsonde data and four types of remotely sensed satellite data. The impact is measured by comparing the analysis and forecast results from an assimilation forecast system using all data types with those excluding a particular observing system. The impact of the particular observing system is assessed by comparing the forecast results over extended periods. For these observing system experiments, forecast results are compared through 168 h for periods covering more than a month during both the summer and winter seasons of each hemisphere. The assimilation - forecast system used for these experiments is the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) and the Global Forecast System (GFS). The case studies chosen consist of periods during January-February 2003 and August-September 2003. During these periods, a T254L64 layer version of NCEP's global spectral model was used. The control run utilized all data types routinely assimilated in the GDAS. The experimental runs individually denied data from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), the High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS), geostationary satellite atmospheric motion vectors (GEO winds), in situ rawinsondes (raobs), and surface winds derived from the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT). Differences between the control and denial experiment forecasts are accumulated over the two 45-day periods and are analyzed to demonstrate the impact of these data types. Anomaly correlations (ACs), forecast impacts (FIs), and hurricane track forecasts are evaluated for all experimental runs during both seasons. The anomaly correlations used the standard NCEP software suite and are partitioned into subsections covering the polar caps (60 degrees-90 degrees) and midlatitudes (20 degrees-80 degrees) of each hemisphere and the tropical region (20 degrees N-20 degrees S). Anomaly correlations of geopotential heights are shown at several pressure levels in the polar regions and midlatitudes. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) for 850- and 200-hPa wind vector differences are shown for the tropical region. The geographical distributions of forecast impacts on geopotential heights are also examined. The influence these data types have on tropical cyclone track forecasts are shown for both the Atlantic and Pacific basins and again are computed using standard algorithms developed and maintained at NCEP. The results demonstrate a positive impact from all data types with AMSU and rawinsonde data providing the largest anomaly correlation improvements in all zonal regions examined. Smaller forecast improvements are noticed from each of the other data types. In the Atlantic basin, each of the four satellite data types provides nearly equal improvement to the tropical cyclone track forecasts; however, GEO winds provide the largest improvement to track forecasts in the Pacific basin. C1 [Zapotocny, Tom H.; Jung, James A.] Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI USA. [Zapotocny, Tom H.] Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Madison, WI USA. [Zapotocny, Tom H.; Jung, James A.; Le Marshall, John F.; Treadon, Russ E.] Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Le Marshall, John F.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Treadon, Russ E.] Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Jung, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Sci, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Srpings, MD 20746 USA. EM jim.jung@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 23 IS 1 BP 80 EP 100 DI 10.1175/2007WAF2007010.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 272QS UT WOS:000253875200006 ER PT J AU Brennan, MJ Lackmann, GM Mahoney, KM AF Brennan, Michael J. Lackmann, Gary M. Mahoney, Kelly M. TI Potential vorticity (PV) thinking in operations: The utility of nonconservation SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID 24-25 JANUARY 2000; LATENT-HEAT RELEASE; EAST-COAST CYCLONE; LOW-LEVEL JET; EXTRATROPICAL CYCLOGENESIS; CONVECTIVE PARAMETERIZATION; TROPICAL CYCLOGENESIS; PART I; MESOSCALE PREDICTABILITY; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS AB The use of the potential vorticity (PV) framework by operational forecasters is advocated through case examples that demonstrate its utility for interpreting and evaluating numerical weather prediction (NWP) model output for weather systems characterized by strong latent heat release (LHR). The interpretation of the dynamical influence of LHR is straightforward in the PV framework; LHR can lead to the generation of lower-tropospheric cyclonic PV anomalies. These anomalies can be related to meteorological phenomena including extratropical cyclones and low-level jets (LLJs), which can impact lower-tropospheric moisture transport. The nonconservation of PV in the presence of LHR results in a modification of the PV distribution that can be identified in NWP model output and evaluated through a comparison with observations and high-frequency gridded analyses. This methodology, along with the application of PV-based interpretation, can help forecasters identify aspects of NWP model solutions that are driven by LHR; such features are often characterized by increased uncertainty due to difficulties in model representation of precipitation amount and latent heating distributions, particularly for convective systems. Misrepresentation of the intensity and/or distribution of LHR in NWP model forecasts can generate errors that propagate through the model solution with time, potentially degrading the representation of cyclones and LLJs in the model forecast. The PV framework provides human forecasters with a means to evaluate NWP model forecasts in a way that facilitates recognition of when and how value may be added by modifying NWP guidance. This utility is demonstrated in case examples of coastal extratropical cyclogenesis and LLJ enhancement. Information is provided regarding tools developed for applying PV-based techniques in an operational setting. C1 [Brennan, Michael J.; Lackmann, Gary M.; Mahoney, Kelly M.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Brennan, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, NWS Hydrometeorol Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM michael.j.brennan@noaa.gov NR 62 TC 15 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2008 VL 23 IS 1 BP 168 EP 182 DI 10.1175/2007WAF2006044.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 272QS UT WOS:000253875200012 ER PT J AU Ervens, B Carlton, AG Turpin, BJ Altieri, KE Kreidenweis, SM Feingold, G AF Ervens, Barbara Carlton, Annmarie G. Turpin, Barbara J. Altieri, Katye E. Kreidenweis, Sonia M. Feingold, Graham TI Secondary organic aerosol yields from cloud-processing of isoprene oxidation products SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FREE TROPOSPHERE; PHOTOOXIDATION; STRATOCUMULUS; MODELS; ACIDS AB While there is a growing understanding from laboratory studies of aqueous phase chemical processes that lead to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in cloud droplets (SOA(drop)), the contribution of aqueous phase chemistry to atmospheric SOA burden is yet unknown. Using a parcel model including a multiphase chemical mechanism, we show that SOA(drop) carbon yields (Y-c) from isoprene (1) depend strongly on the initial volatile organic lcarbon (VOC)/NOx ratio resulting in 42% > Y-c > 0.4% over the atmospherically-relevant range of 0.25 < VOC/NOx < 100; (2) increase with increasing cloud-contact time; (3) are less affected by cloud liquid water content, pH, and droplet number. (4) The uncertainty associated with gas/particle-partitioning of semivolatile organics introduces a relative error of -50% <= Delta Y-c < + 100%. The reported yields can be applied to air quality and climate models as is done with SOA formed on/in concentrated aerosol particles (SOA(aer)). C1 [Ervens, Barbara; Kreidenweis, Sonia M.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Ervens, Barbara; Feingold, Graham] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Carlton, Annmarie G.] NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Durham, NC USA. [Turpin, Barbara J.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Brunswick, ME USA. [Altieri, Katye E.] Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Brunswick, ME USA. RP Ervens, B (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM barbara.ervens@noaa.gov RI Carlton, Annmarie/A-7867-2011; Turpin, Barbara /D-8346-2012; Ervens, Barbara/D-5495-2013; Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Altieri, Katye/M-5231-2014; Kreidenweis, Sonia/E-5993-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Carlton, Annmarie/0000-0002-8574-1507; Ervens, Barbara/0000-0002-6223-1635; Altieri, Katye/0000-0002-6778-4079; Kreidenweis, Sonia/0000-0002-2561-2914; NR 27 TC 128 Z9 129 U1 8 U2 69 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 31 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 2 AR L02816 DI 10.1029/2007GL031828 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 257UL UT WOS:000252824100001 ER PT J AU Xu, Q Wei, L Lu, HJ Qiu, CJ Zhao, QY AF Xu, Qin Wei, Li Lu, Huijuan Qiu, Chongjian Zhao, Qingyun TI Time-expanded sampling for ensemble-based filters: Assimilation experiments with a shallow-water equation model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID 3-DIMENSIONAL ERROR COVARIANCES; KALMAN FILTER; THEORETICAL ASPECTS; PARAMETERIZED DISCONTINUITIES; GENERALIZED ADJOINT; PHYSICAL PROCESSES; ANALYSIS SCHEME; PART I; WIND AB A time-expanded sampling is proposed for ensemble-based filters in data assimilation. This approach samples a series of (preferably three) perturbed state vectors from each prediction run in an ensemble of forecasts at properly selected time levels in the vicinity of the analysis time. As all the sampled state vectors are used to construct the ensemble and compute the covariance (with localization), the number of required prediction runs can be greatly reduced and so is the computational cost. As the sampling time interval is properly selected, the proposed approach can improve the ensemble spread and enrich the spread structures so that the filter can perform well even though the number of prediction runs is greatly reduced. Assimilation experiments are performed with a shallow-water equation model to demonstrate the potential merits and limitations of the time-expanded sampling in improving the filter performance either without conventional covariance inflation (method-A) or with optimally tuned covariance inflation and localization (method-B). C1 [Xu, Qin] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Wei, Li; Lu, Huijuan] Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Lu, Huijuan] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing 100864, Peoples R China. [Qiu, Chongjian] Lanzhou Univ, Coll Atmospher Sci, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. [Zhao, Qingyun] USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. RP Xu, Q (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM qin.xu@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 31 PY 2008 VL 113 IS D2 AR D02114 DI 10.1029/2007JD008624 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 257UW UT WOS:000252825200005 ER PT J AU Horrillo, J Knight, W Kowalik, Z AF Horrillo, J. Knight, W. Kowalik, Z. TI Kuril Islands tsunami of November 2006: 2. Impact at Crescent city by local enhancement SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID EDGE WAVES; SHELF AB Crescent City (CC) is particularly susceptible to tsunami attack. The combination of tsunami signal enhancement by both distant bathymetric features and local nearshore resonance seems to be responsible for this behavior. Application of global tsunami propagation models to the Kuril Islands Tsunami of November 2006 in the companion paper (Kowalik et al., 2008) delineated the importance of distant bathymetric features for both tsunami wave amplification and for increased duration of the tsunami arriving at CC. These distant features were responsible for delivering the late, high-energy signal, which was delayed by 2 hours from the predicted arrival time. Additional local amplification and increased duration are caused by the shelf bathymetry adjacent to CC. As the initial tsunami arrives at CC, the shelf trapping mechanism tends to excite the gravest of the natural modes. This oscillation is slowly shifted toward the natural mode closest to the period of the incident tsunami wave packet. Short-duration wave trains tend to influence the tsunami response at CC harbor in such a way that 1 hour after the first wave arrival a much stronger wave will be generated owing to the tendency of the shelf to initially ring at the frequency of the gravest mode. Practical implications of distant and local amplification relate to the potential hazard near CC, highlighting the need for awareness of the tsunami signal duration. In this respect, two timescales are important for this event: the 2-hour time delay due to distant bathymetric features and the 1-hour delay due to local offshore bathymetry. C1 [Horrillo, J.; Kowalik, Z.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Knight, W.] W Coast & Alaska Tsunami Warning Ctr, Palmer, AK USA. RP Horrillo, J (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 14 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JAN 31 PY 2008 VL 113 IS C1 AR C01021 DI 10.1029/2007JC004404 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 258RC UT WOS:000252886200002 ER PT J AU Kowalik, Z Horrillo, J Knight, W Logan, T AF Kowalik, Z. Horrillo, J. Knight, W. Logan, Tom TI Kuril Islands tsunami of November 2006: 1. Impact at Crescent city by distant scattering SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article AB A numerical model for the global tsunami computation constructed by Kowalik et al. (2005, 2007a) is applied to the tsunami of November 15, 2006 in the northern Pacific with spatial resolution of one minute. Numerical results are compared to sea level data collected by Pacific DART buoys. The tide gauge at Crescent City (CC) recorded an initial tsunami wave of about 20 cm amplitude and a second larger energy packet arriving 2 hours later. The first energy input into the CC harbor was the primary (direct) wave traveling over the deep waters of the North Pacific. Interactions with submarine ridges and numerous seamounts located in the tsunami path were a larger source of tsunami energy than the direct wave. Travel time for these amplified energy fluxes is longer than for the direct wave. Prime sources for the larger fluxes at CC are interactions with Koko Guyot and Hess Rise. Tsunami waves travel next over the Mendocino Escarpment where the tsunami energy flux is concentrated owing to refraction and directed toward CC. Local tsunami amplification over the shelf break and shelf are important as well. In many locations along the North Pacific coast, the first arriving signal or forerunner has lower amplitude than the main signal, which often is delayed. Understanding this temporal distribution is important for an application to tsunami warning and prediction. As a tsunami hazard mitigation tool, we propose that along with the sea level records (which are often quite noisy), an energy flux for prediction of the delayed tsunami signals be used. C1 [Kowalik, Z.; Horrillo, J.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Knight, W.] W Coast & Alaska Tsunami Warning Ctr, Palmer, AK USA. [Logan, Tom] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Arctic Reg Superconduct Ctr, Fairbanks, AK USA. RP Kowalik, Z (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 28 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JAN 31 PY 2008 VL 113 IS C1 AR C01020 DI 10.1029/2007JC004402 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 258RC UT WOS:000252886200001 ER PT J AU Zheng, W Gallagher, A AF Zheng, Wengang Gallagher, Alan TI Radical species involved in hotwire (catalytic) deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon SO THIN SOLID FILMS LA English DT Article DE radicals; amorphous silicon; hotwire deposition; catalytic deposition ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; GAS-PHASE; H-ATOMS; SIH4; KINETICS; DECOMPOSITION; IONIZATION; SILANE; IDENTIFICATION; SPECTROSCOPY AB Threshold ionization mass spectroscopy is used to measure the radicals that cause deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon by "hotwire" (HW), or "catalytic," chemical vapor deposition. We provide the probability of silane (SiH4) decomposition on the HW, and of Si and H release from the HW The depositing radicals, and H atoms, are measured versus conditions to obtain their radical-silane reaction rates and contributions to film growth. A 0.01-3 Pa range of silane pressures and 1400-2400 K range of HW temperatures were studied, encompassing optimum device production conditions. Si2H2 is the primary depositing radical under optimum conditions, accompanied by a few percent of Si atoms and a lot of H-atom reactions. Negligible SiHn radical production is observed and only a small flux of disilane is produced, but at the higher pressures some Si3Hn, is observed. A Si-SiH4 reaction rate coefficient of 1.65*10(-11) cm(3)/s and a H + SiH4 reaction rate coefficient of 5 * 10(-14) cm(3)/s are measured. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Zheng, Wengang] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Zheng, W (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM alang@jila.colorado.edu NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0040-6090 J9 THIN SOLID FILMS JI Thin Solid Films PD JAN 30 PY 2008 VL 516 IS 6 BP 929 EP 939 DI 10.1016/j.tsf.2007.05.002 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 259ZV UT WOS:000252980400010 ER PT J AU Lee, YJ Cicerone, MT AF Lee, Young Jong Cicerone, Marcus T. TI Vibrational dephasing time imaging by time-resolved broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FREE-INDUCTION-DECAY; ONE-LASER; SPECTROSCOPY; CARS; GENERATION; RELAXATION AB Time delay control in broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) allows acquisition of time-resolved CARS images free of nonresonant background (NRB). We demonstrate that, in some cases, CARS image contrast is not chemical contrast but simply due to differences in NRB. Time-resolved CARS is used to rectify this by eliminating the NRB. We also construct a vibrational dephasing time image from a sequence of time-resolved CARS images of polystyrene beads in toluene. In doing so, we demonstrate the potential of imaging local molecular interactions between molecules and their surrounding in a structured medium. C1 [Lee, Young Jong; Cicerone, Marcus T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, YJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yjlee@nist.gov; cicerone@nist.gov RI Lee, Young Jong/B-7129-2008 OI Lee, Young Jong/0000-0001-7754-3001 NR 16 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 28 PY 2008 VL 92 IS 4 AR 041108 DI 10.1063/1.2838750 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 258IA UT WOS:000252860400008 ER PT J AU Dong, F Roberts, M Nesbitt, DJ AF Dong, Feng Roberts, Melanie Nesbitt, David J. TI High-resolution infrared spectroscopy of jet-cooled vinyl radical: Symmetric CH(2) stretch excitation and tunneling dynamics SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MILLIMETER-WAVE SPECTROSCOPY; ELECTRON-SPIN RESONANCE; RING-DOWN SPECTROSCOPY; EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY; AB-INITIO; NM REGION; ACETYLENE; ATOMS; STATE; C2H3 AB First high-resolution IR spectra of jet-cooled vinyl radical in the C - H stretch region are reported. Detailed spectral assignments and least squares fits to an A-reduction Watson asymmetric top Hamiltonian yield rotational constants and vibrational origins for three A-type bands, assigned to single quantum excitation of the symmetric CH(2) stretch. Two of the observed bands arise definitively from ground state vinyl radical, as rigorously confirmed by combination differences predicted from previous midinfrared CH(2) wagging studies of Kanamori [J. Chem. Phys. 92, 197 (1990)] as well as millimeter wave rotation-tunneling studies of Tanaka [J. Chem. Phys. 120, 3604 (2004)]. The two bands reflect transitions out of symmetric (0(+)) and antisymmetric (0(-)) tunneling levels of vinyl radical populated at 14 K slit-jet expansion temperatures. The band origins for the lower-lower (0(+)<- 0(+)) and upper-upper (0(-)<- 0(-)) transitions occur at 2901.8603(7) and 2901.9319(4) cm(-1), respectively, which indicates an increase in the tunneling splitting and therefore a decrease in the effective tunneling barrier upon CH(2) symmetric stretch excitation. The third A-type band with origin at 2897.2264(3) cm(-1) exhibits rotational constants quite close to (but at high-resolution distinguishable from) the vinyl radical ground state, consistent with a CH(2) symmetric stretch hot band built on one or more quanta of excitation in a low frequency vibration. The observed CH(2) symmetric stretch bands are in excellent agreement with anharmonically scaled high level density functional theory (DFT) calculations and redshifted considerably from previous low resolution assignments. Of particular dynamical interest, Boltzmann analysis indicates that the pair of 0(+) and 0(-) tunneling bands exhibits 1:1 nuclear spin statistics for K(a)=even:odd states. This differs from the expected 3:1 ratio for feasible exchange of the two methylenic H atoms but is consistent with a 4:4 ratio predicted for interchange between all three H atoms. This suggests the novel dynamical possibility of large amplitude "roaming" of all three H atoms in vinyl radical, promoted by high internal vibrational excitation arising from dissociative electron attachment in the discharge. C1 [Dong, Feng; Roberts, Melanie; Nesbitt, David J.] Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Dong, Feng; Roberts, Melanie; Nesbitt, David J.] Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Dong, F (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM djn@jila.colorado.edu NR 52 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 28 PY 2008 VL 128 IS 4 AR 044305 DI 10.1063/1.2816704 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 257TK UT WOS:000252821200028 PM 18247947 ER PT J AU Ralchenko, Y Draganic, IN Tan, JN Gillaspy, JD Pomeroy, JM Reader, J Feldman, U Holland, GE AF Ralchenko, Yu Draganic, I. N. Tan, J. N. Gillaspy, J. D. Pomeroy, J. M. Reader, J. Feldman, U. Holland, G. E. TI EUV spectra of highly-charged ions W(54+)-W(63+) relevant to ITER diagnostics SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ENERGY-LEVELS; EBIT; RECOMBINATION; STATE; WAVELENGTHS; EVOLUTION; TRAP AB We report the first measurements and detailed analysis of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectra (4-20 nm) of highly-charged tungsten ions W(54+) to W(63+) obtained with an electron beam ion trap (EBIT). Collisional-radiative modelling is used to identify strong electric-dipole and magnetic-dipole transitions in all ionization stages. These lines can be used for impurity transport studies and temperature diagnostics in fusion reactors, such as ITER. Identifications of prominent lines from several W ions are confirmed by the measurement of isoelectronic EUV spectra of Hf, Ta and Au. We also discuss the importance of charge-exchange recombination for the correct description of ionization balance in the EBIT plasma. C1 [Ralchenko, Yu; Draganic, I. N.; Tan, J. N.; Gillaspy, J. D.; Pomeroy, J. M.; Reader, J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Feldman, U.] Artep Inc, Ellicott City, MD 21042 USA. [Feldman, U.] USN, Res Lab, Div Space Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Holland, G. E.] SFA Inc, Crofton, MD 21114 USA. RP Ralchenko, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yuri.ralchenko@nist.gov RI Ralchenko, Yuri/E-9297-2016 OI Ralchenko, Yuri/0000-0003-0083-9554 NR 28 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 12 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD JAN 28 PY 2008 VL 41 IS 2 AR 021003 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/41/2/021003 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 259BT UT WOS:000252914800003 ER PT J AU McComiskey, A Feingold, G AF McComiskey, Allison Feingold, Graham TI Quantifying error in the radiative forcing of the first aerosol indirect effect SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SATELLITE-DERIVED CLOUD; STRATOCUMULUS CLOUDS; DROPLET NUMBER; MARINE STRATUS; ALBEDO; CLIMATE; PARAMETERIZATIONS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; ATMOSPHERE AB Anthropogenic aerosol plays a major role in the Earth's radiation budget, particularly via effects on clouds. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change lists the uncertainty in aerosol modification of cloud albedo as the largest unknown in the radiative forcing of climate change. Common measures of aerosol effects on clouds, Aerosol-Cloud Interaction (ACI = -partial derivative lnr(e)/partial derivative ln alpha, where r(e) is drop size and a aerosol burden), cover an enormous range and, as these measures are now being used as parameterizations in global-scale models, this has large implications for radiative forcing. We quantify the relationship between radiative forcing and changes in ACI over the range of values found in the literature. Depending on anthropogenic aerosol perturbation, radiative forcing ranges from -3 to -10 W m(-2) for each 0.05 increment in ACI. Narrowing uncertainty in measures of ACI to an accuracy of 0.05 would place estimated cloud radiative forcing on a sounder footing. C1 [McComiskey, Allison; Feingold, Graham] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [McComiskey, Allison] Univ Colorado, Inst res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP McComiskey, A (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM allison.mccomiskey@noaa.gov RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; McComiskey, Allison/I-3933-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI McComiskey, Allison/0000-0002-6125-742X; NR 28 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 26 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 2 AR L02810 DI 10.1029/2007GL032667 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 256TD UT WOS:000252751900006 ER PT J AU DiVittorio, KM Leevy, WM O'Neil, EJ Johnson, JR Vakulenko, S Morris, JD Rosek, KD Serazin, N Hilkert, S Hurley, S Marquez, M Smith, BD AF DiVittorio, Kristy M. Leevy, W. Matthew O'Neil, Edward J. Johnson, James R. Vakulenko, Sergei Morris, Joshua D. Rosek, Kristine D. Serazin, Nathan Hilkert, Sarah Hurley, Scott Marquez, Manuel Smith, Bradley D. TI Zinc(II) coordination complexes as membrane-active fluorescent probes and antibiotics SO CHEMBIOCHEM LA English DT Article DE antibiotics; fluorescent probes; membranes; phospholipids; zinc ID RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; TAG-FUSED PROTEIN; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES; PHOSPHORYLATED PEPTIDE; PYROPHOSPHATE SENSOR; ARTIFICIAL RECEPTORS; CELL DIVISION; FLIP-FLOP AB Molecular probes with zinc(II)-(2,2'-dipicolylamine) coordination complexes associate with oxyanions in aqueous solution and target biomembranes that contain anionic phospholipids. This study examines a new series of coordination complexes with 2,6-bis(zinc(II)-dipicolylamine)phenoxide as the molecular recognition unit. Two lipophilic analogues are observed to partition into the membranes of zwitterionic and anionic vesicles and induce the transport of phospholipids and hydrophilic anions (carboxyfluorescein). These lipophilic zinc complexes are moderately toxic to mammalian cells. A more hydrophilic analogue does not exhibit mammalian cell toxicity (LD(50) > 50 mu g mL(-1)), but it is highly active against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (MIC of 1 mu g mL(-1)). Furthermore, it is active against clinically important S. aureus strains that are resistant to various antibiotics, including vancomycin and oxacillin. The antibiotic action is attributed to its ability to depolarize the bacterial cell membrane. The intense bacterial staining that was exhibited by a fluorescent conjugate suggests that this family of zinc coordination complexes can be used as molecular probes for the detection and imaging of bacteria. C1 [DiVittorio, Kristy M.; Leevy, W. Matthew; O'Neil, Edward J.; Johnson, James R.; Vakulenko, Sergei; Morris, Joshua D.; Rosek, Kristine D.; Serazin, Nathan; Hilkert, Sarah; Hurley, Scott; Smith, Bradley D.] Univ Notre Dame, Dept Chem & Biochem, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. [Marquez, Manuel] NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computat Nanosci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Marquez, Manuel] Arizona State Univ, Harrington Dept Bioengn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Marquez, Manuel] Philip Morris Inc, Res Ctr, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. RP Smith, BD (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Chem & Biochem, 251 Nieuwland Sci Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. EM smith.115@nd.edu FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM059078, R01 GM059078-10] NR 58 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 31 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1439-4227 J9 CHEMBIOCHEM JI ChemBioChem PD JAN 25 PY 2008 VL 9 IS 2 BP 286 EP 293 DI 10.1002/cbic.200700489 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Medicinal SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 258PO UT WOS:000252880000016 PM 18076009 ER PT J AU Lee, MI Schubert, SD Suarez, MJ Schemm, JKE Pan, HL Han, J Yoo, SH AF Lee, Myong-In Schubert, Siegfried D. Suarez, Max J. Schemm, Jae-Kyung E. Pan, Hua-Lu Han, Jongil Yoo, Soo-Hyun TI Role of convection triggers in the simulation of the diurnal cycle of precipitation over the United States Great Plains in a general circulation model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID LOW-LEVEL JET; MOISTURE TRANSPORT; PARAMETERIZATION; COMPLEXES; ENSEMBLE; SYSTEMS AB Recent comparisons of a number of general circulation models (GCMs) have shown that most of them have deficiencies in the simulation of the diurnal cycle of warm season precipitation. The deficiencies are particularly pronounced over the United States Great Plains where the models generally fail to capture the nocturnal rainfall maximum found in the observations. By using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction's Global Forecasting System (NCEP GFS) GCM, which is unusual in that it produces a realistic nocturnal rainfall signal over the Great Plains, this study examines the nature and realism of the mechanisms responsible for the nocturnal rain in the GCM. A series of sensitivity experiments highlight the importance of triggers implemented in the convection scheme. Specifically, the convection trigger function that the cloud base ( defined as the level of free convection) must be within 150 hPa depth from the convection starting level ( which crudely represents an upper limit of convective inhibition) plays a key role on the realistic simulation of the diurnal phase of convection. On the basis of this trigger, the nighttime elevation of the convection starting level ( defined as the maximum level of moist static energy from the surface) above the boundary layer inversion provides the condition favorable for the development of nocturnal precipitation over the Great Plains. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for improving our understanding and parameterizations of the physical processes that generate nocturnal rain in this and other regions with large diurnal cycles. C1 [Lee, Myong-In] Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. [Lee, Myong-In; Schubert, Siegfried D.; Suarez, Max J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Schemm, Jae-Kyung E.; Pan, Hua-Lu; Han, Jongil; Yoo, Soo-Hyun] NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Han, Jongil; Yoo, Soo-Hyun] RS Informat Syst Inc, Mclean, VA USA. RP Lee, MI (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. EM myong-in.lee@nasa.gov OI Lee, Myong-In/0000-0001-8983-8624 NR 30 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 25 PY 2008 VL 113 IS D2 AR D02111 DI 10.1029/2007JD008984 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 256TM UT WOS:000252752800002 ER PT J AU Garlea, VO Zheludev, A Regnault, LP Chung, JH Qiu, Y Boehm, M Habicht, K Meissner, M AF Garlea, V. O. Zheludev, A. Regnault, L. -P. Chung, J. -H. Qiu, Y. Boehm, M. Habicht, K. Meissner, M. TI Excitations in a four-leg antiferromagnetic Heisenberg spin tube SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-FIELD; SYSTEM CU2CL4-CENTER-DOT-H8C4SO2; LADDER; CRYSTAL; DIMERIZATION; SPECTRUM; CUGEO3; CHAINS; GAPS AB Inelastic neutron scattering is used to investigate magnetic excitations in the quasi-one-dimensional quantum spin-liquid system Cu(2)Cl(4)center dot D(8)C(4)SO(2). Contrary to previously conjectured models that relied on bond-alternating nearest-neighbor interactions in the spin chains, the dominant interactions are actually next-nearest-neighbor in-chain antiferromagnetic couplings. The appropriate Heisenberg Hamiltonian is equivalent to that of a S=1/2 4-leg spin-tube with almost perfect one dimensionality and no bond alternation. A partial geometric frustration of rung interactions induces a small incommensurability of short-range spin correlations. C1 [Garlea, V. O.; Zheludev, A.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Regnault, L. -P.] CEA, DRFMC SPSMS MDN, F-38054 Grenoble 9, France. [Chung, J. -H.; Qiu, Y.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Chung, J. -H.; Qiu, Y.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Boehm, M.] Inst Laue Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. [Habicht, K.; Meissner, M.] BENSC, Hahn Meitner Inst Kernforsch Berlin GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. RP Garlea, VO (reprint author), Korea Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 136701, South Korea. EM garleao@ornl.gov RI Garlea, Vasile/A-4994-2016; Habicht, Klaus/K-3636-2013 OI Garlea, Vasile/0000-0002-5322-7271; Habicht, Klaus/0000-0002-9915-7221 NR 28 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JAN 25 PY 2008 VL 100 IS 3 AR 037206 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.037206 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 255ZU UT WOS:000252698100090 PM 18233035 ER PT J AU Solomon, S Alley, R Gregory, J Lemke, P Manning, M AF Solomon, Susan Alley, Richard Gregory, Jonathan Lemke, Peter Manning, Martin TI A closer look at the IPCC report SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 [Solomon, Susan] NOAA, IPCC Working Grp 1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Alley, Richard] Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Gregory, Jonathan] Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Walker Inst Climate Syst Res, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England. [Gregory, Jonathan] Met Off, Hadley Ctr Climate Change, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. [Lemke, Peter] Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. [Manning, Martin] Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. RP Solomon, S (reprint author), NOAA, IPCC Working Grp 1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Lemke, Peter/B-6393-2013; Gregory, Jonathan/J-2939-2016 OI Gregory, Jonathan/0000-0003-1296-8644 NR 1 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 25 PY 2008 VL 319 IS 5862 BP 409 EP 410 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 254HB UT WOS:000252576600014 PM 18218879 ER PT J AU Engebretson, MJ Lessard, MR Bortnik, J Green, JC Horne, RB Detrick, DL Weatherwax, AT Manninen, J Petit, NJ Posch, JL Rose, MC AF Engebretson, M. J. Lessard, M. R. Bortnik, J. Green, J. C. Horne, R. B. Detrick, D. L. Weatherwax, A. T. Manninen, J. Petit, N. J. Posch, J. L. Rose, M. C. TI Pc1-Pc2 waves and energetic particle precipitation during and after magnetic storms: Superposed epoch analysis and case studies SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ION-CYCLOTRON WAVES; PITCH-ANGLE SCATTERING; PC 1 MICROPULSATIONS; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; RING CURRENT; HYDROMAGNETIC EMISSIONS; DUCT PROPAGATION; SOURCE REGION; EQUATORIAL MAGNETOSPHERE; GENERATION MECHANISM AB Magnetic pulsations in the Pc1-Pc2 frequency range (0.1-5 Hz) are often observed on the ground and in the Earth's magnetosphere during the aftermath of geomagnetic storms. Numerous studies have suggested that they may play a role in reducing the fluxes of energetic ions in the ring current; more recent studies suggest they may interact parasitically with radiation belt electrons as well. We report here on observations during 2005 from search coil magnetometers and riometers installed at three Antarctic stations, Halley (-61.84 degrees magnetic latitude, MLAT), South Pole (-74.18 degrees MLAT), and McMurdo (-79.96 degrees MLAT), and from energetic ion detectors on the NOAA Polar-orbiting Operational Environment Satellites (POES). A superposed epoch analysis based on 13 magnetic storms between April and September 2005 as well as case studies confirm several earlier studies that show that narrowband Pc1-Pc2 waves are rarely if ever observed on the ground during the main and early recovery phases of magnetic storms. However, intense broadband Pi1-Pi2 ULF noise, accompanied by strong riometer absorption signatures, does occur during these times. As storm recovery progresses, the occurrence of Pc1-Pc2 waves increases, at first in the daytime and especially afternoon sectors but at essentially all local times later in the recovery phase (typically by days 3 or 4). During the early storm recovery phase the propagation of Pc1-Pc2 waves through the ionospheric waveguide to higher latitudes was more severely attenuated. These observations are consistent with suggestions that Pc1-Pc2 waves occurring during the early recovery phase of magnetic storms are generated in association with plasmaspheric plumes in the noon-to-dusk sector, and these observations provide additional evidence that the propagation of waves to ground stations is inhibited during the early phases of such storms. Analysis of 30- to 250-keV proton data from four POES satellites during the 24-27 August and 18-19 July 2005 storm intervals showed that the location of the inner edge of the ring current matched well with the plasmapause model of O'Brien and Moldwin (2003). However, the POES data showed no evidence of the consequences of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves (localized proton precipitation) during main and early recovery phase. During later stages of the recovery phase, when such precipitation was observed, it was coincident with intense wave events at Halley, and it occurred at L shells near or up to 1 RE outside the modeled plasmapause but well equatorward of the isotropy boundary. C1 [Engebretson, M. J.; Posch, J. L.] Augsburg Coll, Dept Phys, Minneapolis, MN 55454 USA. [Lessard, M. R.] Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Lessard, M. R.] Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Bortnik, J.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Green, J. C.] NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Colorado Springs, CO 80305 USA. [Horne, R. B.; Rose, M. C.] British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. [Detrick, D. L.] Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Weatherwax, A. T.] Siena Coll, Dept Phys, Loudonville 12211, NY USA. [Manninen, J.] Sodankyla Geophys Observ, FIN-99600 Sodankyla, Finland. [Petit, N. J.] Augsburg Coll, Dept Comp Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55454 USA. RP Engebretson, MJ (reprint author), Augsburg Coll, Dept Phys, Minneapolis, MN 55454 USA. EM engebret@augsburg.edu; marc.lessard@unh.edu; jbortnik@gmail.com; janet.green@noaa.gov; rh@bas.ac.uk; detrick@umd.edu; aweatherwax@siena.edu; jyrki.manninen@sgo.fi; petit@augsburg.edu; posch@augsburg.edu; mcr@bas.ac.uk OI Horne, Richard/0000-0002-0412-6407 NR 68 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 24 PY 2008 VL 113 IS A1 AR A01211 DI 10.1029/2007JA012362 PG 22 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 256UE UT WOS:000252754600002 ER PT J AU Wang, CZ Lee, SK AF Wang, Chunzai Lee, Sang-Ki TI Global warming and United States landfalling hurricanes SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB A secular warming of sea surface temperature occurs almost everywhere over the global ocean. Here we use observational data to show that global warming of the sea surface is associated with a secular increase of tropospheric vertical wind shear in the main development region (MDR) for Atlantic hurricanes. The increased wind shear coincides with a weak but robust downward trend in U. S. landfalling hurricanes, a reliable measure of hurricanes over the long term. Warmings over the tropical oceans compete with one another, with the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans increasing wind shear and the tropical North Atlantic decreasing wind shear. Warmings in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans win the competition and produce increased wind shear which reduces U. S. landfalling hurricanes. Whether future global warming increases the vertical wind shear in the MDR for Atlantic hurricanes will depend on the relative role induced by secular warmings over the tropical oceans. C1 [Wang, Chunzai] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Lee, Sang-Ki] Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Wang, CZ (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM chunzai.wang@noaa.gov RI Wang, Chunzai /C-9712-2009; Lee, Sang-Ki/A-5703-2011 OI Wang, Chunzai /0000-0002-7611-0308; Lee, Sang-Ki/0000-0002-4047-3545 NR 15 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 23 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 2 AR L02708 DI 10.1029/2007GL032396 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 256TA UT WOS:000252751600006 ER PT J AU Melamed, ML Langford, AO Daniel, JS Portmann, RW Miller, HL Eubank, CS Schofield, R Holloway, J Solomon, S AF Melamed, M. L. Langford, A. O. Daniel, J. S. Portmann, R. W. Miller, H. L. Eubank, C. S. Schofield, R. Holloway, J. Solomon, S. TI Sulfur dioxide emission flux measurements from point sources using airborne near ultraviolet spectroscopy during the New England Air Quality Study 2004 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; MAX-DOAS MEASUREMENTS; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; TROPOSPHERIC CLOUDS; VOLCANIC SULFUR; CROSS-SECTIONS; PO-VALLEY; SKY; NO2; PLUMES AB This work presents measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission fluxes from point sources using airborne near-ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. A Czerny-Turner spectrograph has been optimized to measure SO2 and the oxygen collision complex (O-4) in the wavelength region of 286-408 nm from an aircraft platform. The spectrograph was deployed aboard the NOAA WP-3D Orion aircraft during the New England Air Quality Study during the summer of 2004. The spectrograph has zenith and nadir field of views, allowing for measurements of pollution plumes when the aircraft is in or above the planetary boundary layer. The near-UV spectra are analyzed using the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) method to retrieve SO2 and O-4 differential slant column densities (DSCDs). The SO2 DSCDs are used to identify point source plumes and are converted to vertical column densities (VCDs), which are needed to calculate emissions of SO2 from point sources. The conversion to VCDs requires knowledge of the photon optical path length or the air mass factor (AMF). We present a novel approach to calculate the AMF using observations of the absorption of solar radiation by O-4. The SO2 VCDs, wind speed and direction, and aircraft speed are then used to obtain emission fluxes from power plants. The measured SO2 power plant emission fluxes are compared to the reported emissions from the power plants. The measured and reported SO2 emission fluxes are in good agreement. C1 [Melamed, M. L.; Miller, H. L.; Eubank, C. S.; Schofield, R.; Holloway, J.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Melamed, M. L.; Langford, A. O.; Daniel, J. S.; Portmann, R. W.; Miller, H. L.; Eubank, C. S.; Schofield, R.; Holloway, J.; Solomon, S.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Melamed, ML (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Ciencias Atmosfera, Circuito Exterior S-N,Ciudad Univ, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. EM megan.melamed@gmail.com RI Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Langford, Andrew/D-2323-2009; Schofield, Robyn/A-4062-2010; Daniel, John/D-9324-2011; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Miller, Henry/D-7628-2013; Eubank, Charles/H-5585-2013 OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; Langford, Andrew/0000-0002-2932-7061; Schofield, Robyn/0000-0002-4230-717X; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; Miller, Henry/0000-0002-7155-8314; NR 43 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 23 PY 2008 VL 113 IS D2 AR D02305 DI 10.1029/2007JD008923 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 256TI UT WOS:000252752400001 ER PT J AU Hecht, JH Mulligan, T Strickland, DJ Kochenash, AJ Murayama, Y Tanaka, YM Evans, DS Conde, MG Donovan, EF Rich, FJ Morrison, D AF Hecht, J. H. Mulligan, T. Strickland, D. J. Kochenash, A. J. Murayama, Y. Tanaka, Y. -M. Evans, D. S. Conde, M. G. Donovan, E. F. Rich, F. J. Morrison, D. TI Satellite and ground-based observations of auroral energy deposition and the effects on thermospheric composition during large geomagnetic storms: 1. Great geomagnetic storm of 20 November 2003 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; INCIDENT ELECTRON-SPECTRA; MAGNETIC CLOUD EVENT; SONDRE-STROMFJORD; HIGH-LATITUDE; DEDUCING COMPOSITION; OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS; NEUTRAL ATMOSPHERE; FUV DAYGLOW; POKER FLAT AB This report describes thermospheric composition and particle precipitation changes that occurred during the period of the great geomagnetic storm of 20 -21 November 2003, an event that was associated with the passage of a magnetic cloud past the Earth. These changes are compared to those observed during geomagnetic activity on 17 November 2003 and during the intervening quieter period. The data used are obtained from (1) ground-based magnetometers, an imaging riometer, a scanning Doppler imaging Fabry-Perot, and photometers from stations in Alaska, (2) photometers from Canadian sites, (3) NOAA POES and DMSP particle sensors, and (4) the TIMED Global Ultraviolet Imager far UV sensor. The composition changes associated with the input of auroral particle and Joule energy showed larger depletions in atomic oxygen on 20 November than on the other nights and greater changes than are seen in the Naval Research Laboratory Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter (NRLMSIS) model atmosphere. NRLMSIS does better in reproducing the changes during the great magnetic storm with its long duration auroral energy input than during the shorter time duration geomagnetic activity that occurred on 17 November. During the nights with the largest changes in composition the input of Joule energy dominates over auroral particle energy. It is shown that the particle energy distributions associated with the 20-21 November storm in the period around and after the passage of the magnetic cloud had lower average energies and were enhanced at energies below 0.1 keV than those that caused auroral displays on the preceding days. C1 [Hecht, J. H.; Mulligan, T.] Aerosp Corp, Space Sci Appl Lab, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. [Conde, M. G.] Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Donovan, E. F.] Univ Calgary, Dept Phys, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. [Evans, D. S.] NOAA, Space Environm Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Strickland, D. J.; Kochenash, A. J.] Computat Phys Inc, Springfield, VA 22151 USA. [Morrison, D.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Murayama, Y.] Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Appl Electromagnet Res Ctr, Koganei, Tokyo 1848795, Japan. [Rich, F. J.] Air Force Res Lab VSBXP, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. [Tanaka, Y. -M.] Natl Inst Polar Res, Tokyo 1738515, Japan. RP Hecht, JH (reprint author), Aerosp Corp, Space Sci Appl Lab, M2-259,POB 92957, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. EM james.hecht@aero.org; tamitha.mulligan@aero.org; dstrick@cpi.com; ajk@cpi.com; murayama@nict.go.jp; ytanaka@nict.go.jp; david.s.evans@noaa.gov; mark.conde@gi.alaska.edu; edonovan@ucalgary.ca; frederick.rich@hanscom.af.mil; danny.morrison@jhuapl.edu OI Murayama, Yasuhiro/0000-0003-1129-334X; Donovan, Eric/0000-0002-8557-4155 NR 56 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 23 PY 2008 VL 113 IS A1 AR A01310 DI 10.1029/2007JA012365 PG 28 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 256UD UT WOS:000252754500001 ER PT J AU Ma, SQ Sun, DF Simmons, JM Collier, CD Yuan, DQ Zhou, HC AF Ma, Shengqian Sun, Daofeng Simmons, Jason M. Collier, Christopher D. Yuan, Daqiang Zhou, Hong-Cai TI Metal-organic framework from an anthracene derivative containing nanoscopic cages exhibiting high methane uptake SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HIGH H-2 ADSORPTION; HYDROGEN STORAGE; COORDINATION NETWORKS; PERMANENT POROSITY; GAS-ADSORPTION; SURFACE-AREA; NATURAL-GAS; DESIGN; MOLECULES; CONSTRUCTION AB A microporous metal-organic framework, PCN-14, based on an anthracene derivative, 5,5'(9,1 0-anthracenediyl)di-isophthalate (H(4)adip), was synthesized under solvothermal reaction conditions. X-ray single crystal analysis revealed that PCN-14 consists of nanoscopic cages suitable for gas storage. N-2-adsorption studies of PCN-14 at 77 K reveal a Langmuir surface area of 2176 m(2)/g and a pore volume of 0.87 cm(3)/g. Methane adsorption studies at 290 K and 35 bar show that PCN-14 exhibits an absolute methane-adsorption capacity of 230 v/v, 28% higher than the DOE target (180 v/v) for methane storage. C1 [Ma, Shengqian; Sun, Daofeng; Collier, Christopher D.; Yuan, Daqiang; Zhou, Hong-Cai] Miami Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. [Simmons, Jason M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Simmons, Jason M.] Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Zhou, HC (reprint author), Miami Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. EM zhouh@muohio.edu RI Sun, Daofeng/H-3700-2011; Zhou, Hong-Cai/A-3009-2011; Ma, Shengqian/B-4022-2012; Yuan, Daqiang/F-5695-2010; OI Zhou, Hong-Cai/0000-0002-9029-3788; Ma, Shengqian/0000-0002-1897-7069; Yuan, Daqiang/0000-0003-4627-072X; Zhou, Hong-Cai/0000-0003-0115-408X; Sun, Daofeng/0000-0003-3184-1841 NR 52 TC 576 Z9 586 U1 21 U2 233 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD JAN 23 PY 2008 VL 130 IS 3 BP 1012 EP 1016 DI 10.1021/ja0771639 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 252DW UT WOS:000252426300046 PM 18163628 ER PT J AU Zhang, T Sun, DZ AF Zhang, Tao Sun, De-Zheng TI What causes the excessive response of clear-sky greenhouse effect to El Ni(n)over-tildeo warming in Community Atmosphere Models? SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR FEEDBACK; EL-NINO; DYNAMICAL FEEDBACKS; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; CLIMATE MODEL; COLD-TONGUE; CLOUDS; OCEAN; SENSITIVITY; SIMULATION AB To diagnose the causes of an excessive response of the clear-sky greenhouse effect to El Nin (n) over tildeo warming in the Community Atmosphere Models (CAMs), the response of both water vapor and temperature to El Nin (n) over tildeo warming in the models is examined as a function of height. The percentage response of water vapor to El Nin (n) over tildeo warming in the models is considerably stronger than the response in the NCEP reanalysis in the middle and upper troposphere (700-300 mbar). The maximum discrepancy with NCEP data at 500 mbar reaches 18%/K in CAM3. The discrepancy in the temperature response between the models and NCEP data at all tropospheric levels is within 0.3 K/K, with the maximum discrepancy occurring in the immediate neighborhood of 600 mbar. The comparison between the models and ERA-40 reanalysis leads to the similar results. Employing a radiative model, we have calculated the contributions of the excessive water vapor response in the middle and upper troposphere and the contributions from the differences in the lapse rate response to the discrepancies seen in the clear-sky greenhouse effect. The results confirm that the main cause of the excessive response of the clear-sky greenhouse effect is an excessive response of water vapor in the middle and upper troposphere. The excessive response of upper tropospheric water vapor is found to be accompanied with an excessive response in the upper cloud cover and vertical motion. Biases in both phases of ENSO contribute to these excessive responses to ENSO. C1 [Zhang, Tao; Sun, De-Zheng] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Zhang, Tao; Sun, De-Zheng] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Zhang, T (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tao.zhang@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 22 PY 2008 VL 113 IS D2 AR D02108 DI 10.1029/2007JD009247 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 256TH UT WOS:000252752300002 ER PT J AU Wanakule, NS Nedoma, AJ Robertson, ML Fang, Z Jackson, A Garetz, BA Balsara, NP AF Wanakule, Nisita S. Nedoma, Alisyn J. Robertson, Megan L. Fang, Zhuangxi Jackson, Andrew Garetz, Bruce A. Balsara, Nitash P. TI Characterization of micron-sized periodic structures in multicomponent polymer blends by ultra-small-angle neutron scattering and optical microscopy SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; BLOCK-COPOLYMER; DIBLOCK COPOLYMER; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; REPULSIVE INTERACTIONS; BICONTINUOUS MICROEMULSIONS; LIGHT-SCATTERING; MICROPHASE SEPARATION; TERNARY-SYSTEMS; SCALE STRUCTURE AB The thermodynamic properties of a multicomponent blend containing nearly equal volume fractions of two homopolymers, a saturated polybutadiene with 89% 1,2-addition (component A) and polyisobutylene (component B), and 1 vol % of a diblock copolymer was studied by a combination of ultra-small-angle neutron scattering (USANS) and optical microscopy. The A-C diblock copolymer, which serves as a surfactant, has an A block that is chemically identical to the A homopolymer and a C block that is a saturated polybutadiene with 62% 1,2-addition. The C block exhibits attractive interactions with component B and repulsive interactions with component A. At temperatures between room temperature and 45 degrees C, USAN results indicated that this blend self-assembles into a microemulsion with periodic length scales in the 0.2-4 mu m range. The USANS data were in excellent agreement with the Teubner-Strey equation for scattering from microemulsions. Optical microscopy studies revealed the presence of bicontinuous microemulsions with length scales that were commensurate with those obtained by USANS. C1 [Wanakule, Nisita S.; Nedoma, Alisyn J.; Robertson, Megan L.; Balsara, Nitash P.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Fang, Zhuangxi] Polytech Univ, Othmer Jacobs Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA. [Jackson, Andrew] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Jackson, Andrew] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Garetz, Bruce A.] Polytech Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Sci, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA. [Balsara, Nitash P.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Environm & Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Balsara, Nitash P.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Wanakule, NS (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Jackson, Andrew/B-9793-2008; OI Jackson, Andrew/0000-0002-6296-0336; Nedoma, Alisyn/0000-0002-3537-2846 NR 49 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD JAN 22 PY 2008 VL 41 IS 2 BP 471 EP 477 DI 10.1021/ma701922y PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 252BE UT WOS:000252419000030 ER PT J AU Kilburn, D Sokol, PE Sakai, VG Alam, MA AF Kilburn, Duncan Sokol, Paul E. Sakai, Victoria Garcia Alam, M. Ashraf TI Confinement induces both higher free volume and lower molecular mobility in glycerol SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DYNAMIC GLASS-TRANSITION; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; LIQUIDS; ANNIHILATION; LIFETIME; SPECTROSCOPY; MESOPORES; PORES AB We report measurements of the local free volume and mobility of a glass-forming liquid (glycerol) confined in a mesoporous silica glass. The lower molecular mobility in confinement, measured by neutron scattering spectroscopy, is accompanied by a higher mean free volume size between molecules, measured by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. The confined liquid appears to be perturbed to such an extent that the normally observed free volume/mobility relationship is reversed. This study shows that these effects originate locally at a molecular level. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Kilburn, Duncan; Sokol, Paul E.] Indiana Univ, Cyclotron Facil, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. [Sakai, Victoria Garcia] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Sakai, Victoria Garcia] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Alam, M. Ashraf] Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England. RP Kilburn, D (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Cyclotron Facil, 2401 Milo B Sampson Lane, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. EM dunkilbu@indiana.edu OI Garcia Sakai, Victoria/0000-0001-6570-4218 NR 30 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 21 PY 2008 VL 92 IS 3 AR 033109 DI 10.1063/1.2835903 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 256HI UT WOS:000252718600057 ER PT J AU Yoon, HW Eppeldauer, GP AF Yoon, H. W. Eppeldauer, G. P. TI Measurement of thermal radiation using regular glass optics and short-wave infrared detectors SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article AB The measurement of thermal radiation from ambient-temperature objects using short-wave infrared detectors and regular glass optics is described. The detectors are chosen to operate in the 2.0 mu m to 2.5 mu m atmospheric window. Selection of detectors with high shunt resistance along with the 4-stage thermo-electric cooling of the detectors to -85 degrees C results in detectivity, D*, of 4 x 10(13) cm Hz(1/ 2) /W which is near the background limited performance at 295 K. Furthermore, the use of regular-glass commercial optics to collect the thermal radiation results in diffraction-limited imaging. The use of a radiation thermometer constructed with these elements for the measurement of a blackbody from 20 C to 50 degrees C results in noise-equivalent temperature difference (NETD) of < 3 mK at 50 degrees C. The operation at shorter wavelengths than traditional thermal sensors also leads to lower sensitivity to the emissivity of the object in determining the temperature of the object. These elements are used to construct a calibrator for an infrared collimator, and such a system demonstrates noise-equivalent irradiances of < 5 fW/cm(2). These results indicate that radiometers using short-wave infrared sensors could be constructed utilizing commercial glass optics with possible better performance and lower NETD than existing radiometers using cryogenically-cooled mid-infrared or thermal infrared detectors. (c) 2008 Optical Society of America. C1 [Yoon, H. W.; Eppeldauer, G. P.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yoon, HW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hyoon@nist.gov NR 4 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 7 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD JAN 21 PY 2008 VL 16 IS 2 BP 937 EP 949 DI 10.1364/OE.16.000937 PG 13 WC Optics SC Optics GA 252XB UT WOS:000252479700045 PM 18542168 ER PT J AU Churnside, JH AF Churnside, James H. TI Polarization effects on oceanographic lidar SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID AIRBORNE LIDAR; FISH SCHOOLS; SCATTERING LAYERS; OCEAN; GULF; BACKSCATTERING; TURBIDITY; PATTERNS; SOUNDER; WATERS AB A simplified radiative transfer equation yields a simple analytic expression for the co- and cross-polarized return in a linearly polarized oceanographic lidar. This equation agrees well with the lidar data over a wide range of oceanographic conditions. The relationship between depolarization and lidar attenuation shows three distinct relationships corresponding to water within the Columbia River plume, near-shore water outside of the plume, and off-shore water. (c) 2008 Optical Society of America. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Churnside, JH (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM james.h.churnside@noaa.gov RI Churnside, James/H-4873-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 31 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD JAN 21 PY 2008 VL 16 IS 2 BP 1196 EP 1207 DI 10.1364/OE.16.001196 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA 252XB UT WOS:000252479700071 PM 18542194 ER PT J AU Okerberg, BC Marand, H Douglas, JF AF Okerberg, Brian C. Marand, Herve Douglas, Jack F. TI Dendritic crystallization in thin films of PEO/PMMA blends: A comparison to crystallization in small molecule liquids SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE crystallization; thin films; blends ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; CRYSTAL-GROWTH; PATTERN-FORMATION; ISOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE; SPHERULITIC CRYSTALLIZATION; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); POLYMER DIFFUSION; ULTRATHIN FILMS; ICE CRYSTALS; POLYETHYLENE AB Dendritic crystallization of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) thin films is reported. The film thickness is kept constant while the PMMA molar mass and blend composition are varied. Some basic features of dendritic growth, such as the diffusion length and tip curvature are discussed. The diffusion coefficient is tuned by varying the molar mass of the non-crystallizable PMMA and the blend composition. The observed dendrite tip radius is on the order of 50 nm and the shape of the growth envelope varies from square to needle-like as the PMMA molar mass or PMMA content is increased. The sidebranch spacing increases with the distance from the dendrite trunk with a power-law relationship that is also dependent on the PMMA molar mass and PMMA content. This coarsening process is similar to that reported for other classes of materials. These similarities (the curved dendrite tip, power-law relationship of the sidebranches, and the sidebranch coarsening processes) indicate that the large scale crystallization morphologies of the polymeric materials we study are similar to those found in crystallization of small molecules and metals. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Okerberg, Brian C.] Virginia Tech, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Marand, Herve] Virginia Tech, Dept Chem, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Douglas, Jack F.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Okerberg, BC (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 75 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD JAN 21 PY 2008 VL 49 IS 2 BP 579 EP 587 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.11.034 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 264DW UT WOS:000253266900026 ER PT J AU Nyden, MR Stoliarov, SI AF Nyden, Marc R. Stoliarov, Stanislav I. TI Calculations of the energy of mixing carbon nanotubes with polymers SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE energy of mixing; molecular mechanics; nanocomposites ID COMPOSITES; NANOCOMPOSITES; DISPERSION; ENERGETICS AB A method for calculating the energy of mixing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with polymers is presented. The formation of the nanocomposite is analyzed in terms of a simple path in which the nanotubes are exfoliated from a bundle and dispersed in a distorted polymer with cylindrical cavities to accommodate the nanotubes. From this perspective, the energy of mixing is the difference between the energy required to exfoliate the nanotubes from a bundle and the energy needed to extract the nanotubes from the polymer matrix relative to the relaxed polymer without any nanotubes. These energy components are evaluated by performing molecular mechanics calculations on individual, localized models representing the polymer, nanotube bundles, and polymer/CNT agglomerates. This method is applied to polystyrene/CNT composites and the factors that determine their thermodynamic stability are identified. To a first approximation, the interaction energies (per unit surface area of the nanotubes) are independent of the lengths and chiral indices, but dependent on the diameters of the component nanotubes. By the application of this method, we show that the energy of mixing CNTs with PS is endothermic until the diameters of the component nanotubes exceed about 2.2 nm; at diameters greater than this value the energy of mixing becomes exothermic. This may explain why it is so difficult to obtain good dispersion of single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) in PS, since they rarely grow to have diameters greater than about 1.4 nm. On the other hand, since the diameters of multi-walled CNTs typically exceed 10 nm, we would expect them to disperse much better than SWCNTs in polystyrene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Nyden, Marc R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Stoliarov, Stanislav I.] SRA Int, Egg Harbor Township, NJ 08234 USA. RP Nyden, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mare.nyden@nist.gov NR 22 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD JAN 21 PY 2008 VL 49 IS 2 BP 635 EP 641 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.11.056 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 264DW UT WOS:000253266900032 ER PT J AU Biss, MM Settles, GS Staymates, ME Sanderson, SR AF Biss, Matthew M. Settles, Gary S. Staymates, Matthew E. Sanderson, Simon R. TI Differential schlieren-interferometry with a simple adjustable Wollaston-like prism SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID FLOWS AB An adjustable Wollaston-like prism is characterized for use in shearing- and differential schlieren-interferometry with laser and white-light illumination. We demonstrate that a polycarbonate prism under mechanical loading behaves identically to Wollaston's classical birefringent beam splitter. A linear relationship is found between the pure bending moment applied to the polycarbonate prism and the resulting light-beam-divergence angle. The utility of this prism in shearing-interferometry is shown by using it in place of the knife-edge in small and large schlieren optical systems. It is inexpensive to fabricate, and it yields adjustable beam-divergence angles over a range of at least 0-24 are min. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America C1 [Biss, Matthew M.; Settles, Gary S.; Staymates, Matthew E.] Penn State Univ, Gas Dynam Lab, Dept Mech & Nucl Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Sanderson, Simon R.] GE Secur Inc, Tualatin, OR 97062 USA. [Staymates, Matthew E.] NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Biss, MM (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Gas Dynam Lab, Dept Mech & Nucl Engn, 301D Reber Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM mmb290@psu.edu OI Biss, Matthew/0000-0003-3780-6393 NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD JAN 20 PY 2008 VL 47 IS 3 BP 328 EP 335 DI 10.1364/AO.47.000328 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 264DV UT WOS:000253266800003 PM 18204719 ER PT J AU Redfield, S Linsky, JL AF Redfield, Seth Linsky, Jeffrey L. TI The structure of the local interstellar medium. IV. Dynamics, morphology, physical properties, and implications of cloud-cloud interactions SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE ISM : atoms; ISM : clouds; ISM : structure; line : profiles; ultraviolet : ISM; ultraviolet : stars ID HIGH-RESOLUTION OBSERVATIONS; HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; HELIUM FOCUSING CONE; INTER-STELLAR MEDIUM; DA WHITE-DWARFS; AU-MICROSCOPII; BETA-PICTORIS; ULTRAVIOLET OBSERVATIONS; 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE; INTRADAY VARIABILITY AB We present an empirical dynamical model of the LISM based on 270 radial velocity measurements for 157 sight lines toward nearby stars. Physical parameter measurements (i.e., temperature, turbulent velocity, depletions) are available for 90 components, or one-third of the sample, enabling initial characterizations of the physical properties of LISM clouds. The model includes 15 warm clouds located within 15 pc of the Sun, each with a different velocity vector. We derive projected morphologies of all clouds and estimate the volume filling factor of warm partially ionized material in the LISM to be between similar to 5.5% and 19%. Relative velocities of potentially interacting clouds are often supersonic, consistent with heating, turbulent, and metal depletion properties. Cloud-cloud collisions may be responsible for the filamentary morphologies found in similar to 1/3 of LISM clouds, the distribution of clouds along the boundaries of the two nearest clouds (LIC and G), the detailed shape and heating of the Mic Cloud, the location of nearby radio scintillation screens, and the location of an LISM cold cloud. Contrary to previous claims, the Sun appears to be located in the transition zone between the LIC and G Cloud. C1 [Redfield, Seth] Univ Texas Austin, Dept Astron, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Redfield, Seth] Univ Texas Austin, McDonald Observ, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Linsky, Jeffrey L.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Linsky, Jeffrey L.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Redfield, S (reprint author), Univ Texas Austin, Dept Astron, RLM 15308, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM sredfield@astro.as.utexas.edu; jlinsky@jila.colorado.edu OI Redfield, Seth/0000-0003-3786-3486 NR 89 TC 154 Z9 154 U1 1 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 20 PY 2008 VL 673 IS 1 BP 283 EP 314 DI 10.1086/524002 PG 32 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 266RH UT WOS:000253454200024 ER PT J AU Stoner, AW Laurel, BJ Hurst, TP AF Stoner, A. W. Laurel, B. J. Hurst, T. P. TI Using a baited camera to assess relative abundance of juvenile Pacific cod: Field and laboratory trials SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bait; fish survey; habitat; Pacific cod; seagrass; video ID SEA DEMERSAL FISHES; GADUS-MORHUA; REEF FISH; UNDERWATER VIDEO; STEREO-VIDEO; HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS; ANOPLOPOMA-FIMBRIA; NORTHEAST ATLANTIC; STOCK ASSESSMENT; VISUAL CENSUS AB Juvenile fishes are sometimes difficult to survey because they occur in a variety of structurally complex habitats that are not readily sampled with traditional trawl or seine gear. Laboratory experiments and field sampling were conducted to determine whether a baited-camera system could be used effectively to survey age-0 gadids. Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius), saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis Tilesius), and walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma Pallas) all responded to bait bags presented in the laboratory, with increased general activity and approaches to the bait. Pacific cod responded most strongly, and remained in close proximity to the bait bag. In nearshore habitats of Kodiak, Alaska, age-0 gadids (mostly Pacific cod) were quickly attracted to a baited-camera system. Arrival rates stabilized within 15-min, and several metrics for Pacific cod abundance taken from the video records were closely correlated with the numbers collected in seine hauls. Highest correlations occurred with the total number of fish arriving in camera view during 15-min sets (NFA(15)) and with the overall maximum number of fish observed at one time during the sets (MaxN(O)). The time for first arrival of fish in view (TFA) was not correlated significantly with the numbers of fish in seine collections. NFA(15) was also useful for age-1+ saffron cod. Occasionally, the presence of large fish had a negative effect on assessments of age-0 fish, but the impact was important only when the large fish were present continuously. The baited-camera system performed equally well in seagrass, kelp and open habitats, and can be used to rapidly assess the relative abundance of Pacific cod and selected other species in a wide range of habitats in shallow and deep water. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Stoner, A. W.; Laurel, B. J.; Hurst, T. P.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fosjeroes Behav Ecol Program, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Stoner, AW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fosjeroes Behav Ecol Program, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM al.stoner@noaa.gov RI Hurst, Thomas/N-1401-2013 NR 49 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD JAN 18 PY 2008 VL 354 IS 2 BP 202 EP 211 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2007.11.008 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 264MQ UT WOS:000253292100005 ER PT J AU Luckenbach, JA Iliev, DB Goetz, FW Swanson, P AF Luckenbach, John A. Iliev, Dimitar B. Goetz, Frederick W. Swanson, Penny TI Identification of differentially expressed ovarian genes during primary and early secondary oocyte growth in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch SO REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE; RHAMNOSE-BINDING LECTINS; EUROPEAN SEA BASS; RAINBOW-TROUT; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; VITELLOGENIN RECEPTOR; MESSENGER-RNA; FOLLICLE GROWTH; TELEOST FISH AB Background: The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed ovarian genes during primary and early secondary oocyte growth in coho salmon, a semelparous teleost that exhibits synchronous follicle development. Methods: Reciprocal suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) libraries were generated from ovaries with perinucleolus (P) or cortical alveolus (CA) stage follicles and selected genes were assessed with quantitative PCR (qPCR). An assessment of changes in RNA composition during oocyte growth and its relationship to transcript levels was also conducted. Results: SSH revealed several differentially expressed genes during early oogenesis, some which will not likely be utilized until 1-3 years later in salmon. Zona pellucida glycoprotein (zp) genes, vitellogenin receptor (vldlr) isoforms, cathepsin B (ctsba), cyclin E (ccne), a DnaJ transcript (dnaja2), and a ferritin subunit (fth3) were significantly elevated at the P stage, while a C-type lectin, retinol dehydrogenase (rdh1), and a coatomer protein subunit (cope) were upregulated at the CA stage. Putative follicle cell transcripts such as anti-Mullerian hormone (amh), lipoprotein lipase (lpl), apolipoprotein E (apoe), gonadal soma-derived growth factor (gsdf) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (fshr) also increased significantly at the CA stage. The analysis of RNA composition during oocyte growth showed that the total RNA yield and proportion of messenger RNA relative to non-polyadenylated RNAs declined as oogenesis progressed. This influenced apparent transcript levels depending on the type of RNA template used and normalization method. Conclusion: In coho salmon, which exhibit a dramatic change in oocyte size and RNA composition during oogenesis, use of messenger RNA as template and normalization of qPCR data to a housekeeping gene, efla, yielded results that best reflected transcript abundance within the ovarian follicle. Synthesis of zp transcripts and proteins involved in yolk incorporation and processing occurred during primary growth, while increased expression of a CA component and genes related to lipid incorporation occurred concomitant with the appearance of CA, but prior to lipid accumulation. Significant increases in transcripts for fshr, gsdf, and amh at the CA stage suggest a role of FSH and TGF beta peptides in previtellogenic oocyte growth and puberty onset in female salmon. C1 [Luckenbach, John A.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Luckenbach, John A.; Swanson, Penny] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Iliev, Dimitar B.; Goetz, Frederick W.] Univ Wisconsin, Great Lakes WATER Inst, Milwaukee, WI 53204 USA. [Swanson, Penny] Washington State Univ, Ctr Reprod Biol, Pullman, WA 98164 USA. RP Luckenbach, JA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM jalucken@u.washington.edu; dimitar.iliev@nfh.uit.no; rick@uwm.edu; penny.swanson@noaa.gov NR 67 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 34 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 1477-7827 J9 REPROD BIOL ENDOCRIN JI Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. PD JAN 18 PY 2008 VL 6 AR 2 DI 10.1186/1477-7827-6-2 PG 15 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Reproductive Biology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Reproductive Biology GA 271NR UT WOS:000253795600001 PM 18205936 ER PT J AU Chase, TN Wolter, K Pielke, RA Rasool, I AF Chase, Thomas N. Wolter, Klaus Pielke, Roger A., Sr. Rasool, Ichtiaque TI Reply to comment by W. M. Connolley on "Was the 2003 European summer heat wave unusual in a global context?'' SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Chase, Thomas N.; Wolter, Klaus; Pielke, Roger A., Sr.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Wolter, Klaus] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Pielke, Roger A., Sr.] Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Chase, TN (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM klaus.wolter@noaa.gov; pielke_r@comcast.net; ichtiaque@aol.com RI Pielke, Roger/A-5015-2009; Wolter, Klaus/D-5988-2015 NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 17 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 2 AR L02704 DI 10.1029/2007GL031574 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 254DR UT WOS:000252567100005 ER PT J AU Mathur, R Yu, S Kang, D Schere, KL AF Mathur, Rohit Yu, Shaocai Kang, Daiwen Schere, Kenneth L. TI Assessment of the wintertime performance of developmental particulate matter forecasts with the Eta-Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; AEROSOL; PREDICTIONS; PM2.5; MASS AB It is desirable for local air quality agencies to accurately forecast tropospheric PM2.5 concentrations to alert the sensitive population of the onset, severity, and duration of unhealthy air and to encourage the public and industry to reduce emissions-producing activities. Since elevated particulate matter concentrations are encountered throughout the year, the accurate forecast of the day-to-day variability in PM2.5 and constituent concentrations over annual cycles poses considerable challenges. In efforts to characterize forecast model performance during different seasons, PM2.5 forecast simulations with the Eta-Community Multiscale Air Quality system are compared with measurements from a variety of regional surface networks, with special emphasis on performance during the winter period. The analysis suggests that while the model can capture the average spatial trends and dynamic range in PM2.5 and constituent concentrations measured at individual sites, significant variability occurs on a day-to-day basis both in the measurements and the model predictions, which are generally not well correlated when paired both in space and time. Systematic overpredictions in regional PM2.5 forecasts during the cool season are noted through comparisons with measurements from different networks. The overpredictions are typically more pronounced at urban locations, with larger errors at the higher concentration range. Variability in aerosol sulfate concentrations were captured well, as well as the relative amounts of sulfur (IV) and sulfur (VI). The mix of carbon sources as represented by the ratio of organic to elemental carbon is captured well in the southeastern United States, but the total carbonaceous aerosol mass is underestimated. On average, during the wintertime the largest overpredictions among individual PM2.5 constituents were noted for the "other'' category which predominantly represents primary-emitted trace elements in the current model configuration. The systematic errors in model predictions of both total PM2.5 and its constituents during the winter period are found to arise from a combination of uncertainties in the magnitude and spatial and temporal allocation of primary PM2.5 emissions, current uncertainties in the estimation of chemical production pathways for secondary constituents (e. g., NO3-), and the representation of the impacts of boundary layer mixing on simulated concentrations, especially during nighttime conditions. C1 [Mathur, Rohit; Schere, Kenneth L.] NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. [Mathur, Rohit; Schere, Kenneth L.] US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Atmospher Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. [Yu, Shaocai; Kang, Daiwen] Sci & Technol Corp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. RP Mathur, R (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RI yu, shaocai/G-7806-2011; yu, shaocai/F-1394-2014 NR 33 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 17 PY 2008 VL 113 IS D2 AR D02303 DI 10.1029/2007JD008580 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 254EF UT WOS:000252568500002 ER PT J AU Perkins, BG Nesbitt, DJ AF Perkins, Bradford G., Jr. Nesbitt, David J. TI Quantum state-resolved CO2 collisions at the gas-liquid interface: Surface temperature-dependent scattering dynamics SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; MOLECULAR-BEAM SCATTERING; ENERGY-TRANSFER; SULFURIC-ACID; CHEMICAL-DYNAMICS; OZONE DEPLETION; ATOM SCATTERING; APROTIC GASES; ICE SURFACES; CHAIN-LENGTH AB Energy transfer dynamics at the gas-liquid interface are investigated as a function of surface temperature both by experimental studies of CO2 + perfluorinated polyether (PFPE) and by molecular dynamics simulations Of CO, + fluorinated self-assembled rnonolayers (F-SAMs). Using a normal incident molecular beam, the experimental studies probe scattered CO2 internal-state and translational distributions with high resolution infrared spectroscopy. At low incident energies [E-inc = 1.6(1) kcal/mol, CO2 J-state populations and transverse Doppler velocity distributions are characteristic of the surface temperature (T-rot approximate to T-trans approximate to T-S) over the range from 232 to 323 K. In contrast, the rotational and translational distributions at high incident energies [E-inc = 10.6(8) kcal/mol] show evidence for both trapping-desorption (TD) and impulsive scattering (IS) events. Specifically, the Populations are surprisingly well-characterized by a sum of Boltzmann distributions where the two components include one (TD) that equilibrates with the surface (T-TD approximate to T-S) and a second (IS) that is much hotter than the Surface temperature (T-IS >> T-S). Support for the superthermal, yet Boltzmann, nature of the IS channel is provided by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations Of CO2 + F-SAMs [E-inc = 10.6 kcal/mol, which reveal two-temperature distributions, sticking probabilities, and angular distributions in near quantitative agreement with the experimental PFPE results. Finally, experiments as a function of surface temperature reveal an increase in both sticking probability and rotational/translational temperature of the IS Component. Such a trend is consistent with increased surface roughness at higher surface temperature, which increases the overall probability of trapping, yet preferentially leads to impulsive scattering of more highly internally excited CO2 from the Surface. C1 [Perkins, Bradford G., Jr.; Nesbitt, David J.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Perkins, Bradford G., Jr.; Nesbitt, David J.] Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Perkins, Bradford G., Jr.; Nesbitt, David J.] Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Nesbitt, DJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM djn@jila.colorado.edu NR 65 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD JAN 17 PY 2008 VL 112 IS 2 BP 507 EP 519 DI 10.1021/jp077488b PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 250GE UT WOS:000252287200036 PM 18052277 ER PT J AU Ichino, T Andrews, DH Rathbone, GJ Misaizu, F Calvi, RMD Wren, SW Kato, S Bierbaum, VM Lineberger, WC AF Ichino, Takatoshi Andrews, Django H. Rathbone, G. Jeffery Misaizu, Fuminori Calvi, Ryan M. D. Wren, Scott W. Kato, Shuji Bierbaum, Veronica M. Lineberger, W. Carl TI Ion chemistry of 1H-1,2,3-Triazole SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID BOND-DISSOCIATION ENERGIES; ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; PAIR PRODUCTION SPECTROSCOPY; SHOCK-TUBE PYROLYSIS; GAS-PHASE; ELECTRON-AFFINITIES; NEGATIVE-IONS; MOLECULE CHEMISTRY; NITROUS-OXIDE; BASIS-SET AB A combination of experimental methods, photoelectron-imaging spectroscopy, flowing afterglow-photoelectron spectroscopy and the flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube technique, and electronic structure calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) have been employed to study the mechanism of the reaction of the hydroxide ion (HO-) with 1H-1,2,3-triazole. Four different product ion species have been identified experimentally, and the DFT calculations suggest that deprotonation by HO- at all sites of the triazole takes place to yield these products. Deprotonation of 1H-1,2,3-triazole at the N1-H site gives the major product ion, the 1,2,3-triazolide ion. The 335 nm photoelectron-imaging spectrum of the ion has been measured. The electron affinity (EA) of the 1,2,3-triazolyl radical has been determined to be 3.447 +/- 0.004 eV. This EA and the gas-phase acidity of 2H-1,2,3-triazole are combined in a negative ion thermochemical cycle to determine the N-H bond dissociation energy of 2H- 1,2,3-triazole to be 112.2 +/- 0.6 kcal mol(-1). The 363.8 nm photoelectron spectroscopic measurements have identified the other three product ions. Deprotonation of 1H-1,2,3-triazole at the C5 position initiates fragmentation of the ring structure to yield a minor product, the ketenimine anion. Another minor product, the iminodiazomethyl anion, is generated by deprotonation of 1H-1,2,3-triazole at the C4 position, followed by N1-N2 bond fission. Formation of the other minor product, the 2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ide ion, can be rationalized by initial deprotonation of 1H-1,2,3-triazole at the N1-H site and subsequent proton exchanges within the ion-molecule complex. The EA of the 2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl radical is 1.865 +/- 0.004 eV. C1 [Ichino, Takatoshi; Andrews, Django H.; Rathbone, G. Jeffery; Calvi, Ryan M. D.; Wren, Scott W.; Kato, Shuji; Bierbaum, Veronica M.; Lineberger, W. Carl] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Ichino, Takatoshi; Andrews, Django H.; Rathbone, G. Jeffery; Calvi, Ryan M. D.; Wren, Scott W.; Kato, Shuji; Bierbaum, Veronica M.; Lineberger, W. Carl] Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Misaizu, Fuminori] Tohoku Univ, Dept Chem, Grad Sch Sci, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan. RP Bierbaum, VM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM veronica.bierbaum@colorado.edu; wcl@jila.colorado.edu RI Misaizu, Fuminori/E-8607-2015 OI Misaizu, Fuminori/0000-0003-0822-6285 NR 79 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD JAN 17 PY 2008 VL 112 IS 2 BP 545 EP 557 DI 10.1021/jp074824f PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 250GE UT WOS:000252287200040 PM 17960930 ER PT J AU Toggweiler, JR Russell, J AF Toggweiler, J. R. Russell, Joellen TI Ocean circulation in a warming climate SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID LAST GLACIAL PERIOD; SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; STRATIFICATION; CYCLE; WIND AB Climate models predict that the ocean's circulation will weaken in response to global warming, but the warming at the end of the last ice age suggests a different outcome. C1 [Toggweiler, J. R.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. [Russell, Joellen] Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Toggweiler, JR (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM robbie.toggweiler@noaa.gov OI Russell, Joellen/0000-0001-9937-6056 NR 25 TC 144 Z9 151 U1 3 U2 76 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JAN 17 PY 2008 VL 451 IS 7176 BP 286 EP 288 DI 10.1038/nature06590 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 252FJ UT WOS:000252432100037 PM 18202645 ER PT J AU Song, Q Vecchi, GA Rosati, AJ AF Song, Qian Vecchi, Gabriel A. Rosati, Anthony J. TI Predictability of the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies in the GFDL coupled model SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE MODELS; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; DIPOLE; SIMULATION; EVENTS; SECTOR; ENSO AB We explore the predictability of the sea surface temperature anomalies associated with the Indian Ocean Dipole/Zonal Mode (IODZM) at a three-season lead, within the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) coupled general circulation model (CGCM). In both control simulations and retrospective forecasts of the 1990's in the CGCM, we find that the occurrence of some IODZM events is preconditioned by oceanic conditions and potentially predictable three seasons in advance, while other IODZM events appear to be triggered by weather noise and have low predictability. The results highlight the necessity for future studies to distinguish periods when the IODZM is more or less predictable and search for its precursory pattern in the ocean. C1 [Song, Qian] Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Vecchi, Gabriel A.; Rosati, Anthony J.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Song, Q (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM gabriel.vecchi@noaa.gov RI Vecchi, Gabriel/A-2413-2008 OI Vecchi, Gabriel/0000-0002-5085-224X NR 26 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 16 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 2 AR L02701 DI 10.1029/2007GL031966 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 254DP UT WOS:000252566900003 ER PT J AU Vogel, BM DeLongchamp, M Mahoney, CM Lucas, LA Fischer, DA Lin, EK AF Vogel, Brandon M. DeLongchamp, M. Mahoney, Christine M. Lucas, Leah A. Fischer, Daniel A. Lin, Eric K. TI Interfacial modification of silica surfaces through gamma-isocyanatopropyl triethoxy silane-amine coupling reactions SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE surface modification; isocyanate; silane; near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy; time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; GLASS; ALKYLTRICHLOROSILANES; REACTIVITY; CHEMISTRY; AGENTS AB The development of robust, cost-effective methods to modify surfaces and interfaces without the specialized synthesis of unique coupling agents could provide readily accessible routes to optimize and tailor interfacial properties. We demonstrate that gamma-isocyanatopropyl triethoxysilane (ISO) provides a convenient route to functionalize silica surfaces through coupling reactions with readily available reagents. ISO coupling agents layers (CALs) can be prepared from toluene with triethylamine (TEA), but the coupling reaction of an amine to the ISO CAL does not proceed. We use near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) and sessile drop contact angle to demonstrate the isocyanate layer is not degraded under coupling conditions. Access to silanes with chemical functionality is possible with ISO by performing the coupling reaction in solution and then depositing the product onto the surface. Two model CAL surfaces are prepared to demonstrate the ease and robust nature of this procedure. The surfaces prepared using this method are the ISO reacted with octadecylamine to produce a hydrocarbon surface of similar quality to octadecyl trichlorosilane (OTS) CALs and with 9-aminofluorene (AFL), an aromatic amine functionality whose silane is otherwise unavailable commercially. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Vogel, Brandon M.; DeLongchamp, M.; Lin, Eric K.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Mahoney, Christine M.] NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Lucas, Leah A.] Arizona State Univ, Chem & Mat Sci Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Fischer, Daniel A.] NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vogel, BM (reprint author), Bucknell Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Lewisburg, PA 17837 USA. EM bvogel@nist.gov RI Vogel, Brandon/H-9834-2013 OI Vogel, Brandon/0000-0002-7370-9577 NR 23 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD JAN 15 PY 2008 VL 254 IS 6 BP 1789 EP 1796 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.170 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 254CW UT WOS:000252565000038 ER PT J AU Todorova, NA Doseeva, V Ramprakash, J Schwarz, FP AF Todorova, Niya A. Doseeva, Victoria Ramprakash, Jayanthi Schwarz, Frederick P. TI Effect of the distal C162S mutation on the energetics of drug binding to p38 alpha MAP kinase SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE drug-p38 alpha MAP kinase interactions; kinase isoforms; isothermal titration calorimetry; differential scanning calorimetry ID ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE; ISOTHERMAL TITRATION CALORIMETRY; THERMAL-DENATURATION; MACROPHAGE APOPTOSIS; STRUCTURAL BASIS; P38 KINASE; INHIBITORS; INTERLEUKIN-1; SPECIFICITY; DISCOVERY AB The binding reactions of the inhibitor drugs, SB 203580, SKF 86002, and p38 INH.1 to the isoforms I and 2 splice variants of p38 alpha MAP kinase and their C162S mutants, as determined from ITC measurements from 25 to 35 degrees C, are totally enthalpically driven with binding constants ranging from 10(7) M-1 for SKF 86002 and SB 203580 to 10(9) M-1 for p38 INH.1. Interactions of p38 INH.1 with an additional hydrophobic pocket of the kinase would account for its large increase in K-b. DSC scans exhibited single unfolding transitions for the isoforms, their mutants, and the mutants bound to the drug inhibitors. Two transitions, however, were observed for the isoform-drug complexes of SB 203580 and p38 INH.1 and were attributed to decoupled unfolding of the N- and C-terminal domains of the kinase. The C-terminal domain of isoform 1 is estimated to be less stable than of isoform 2 by 15 kJ mol(-1). (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Todorova, Niya A.; Doseeva, Victoria; Ramprakash, Jayanthi; Schwarz, Frederick P.] NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Schwarz, FP (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM fred@carb.nist.gov NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0003-9861 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD JAN 15 PY 2008 VL 469 IS 2 BP 232 EP 242 DI 10.1016/j.abb.2007.10.014 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 251OS UT WOS:000252383700010 PM 17996717 ER PT J AU Sellinger, CE Stow, CA Lamon, EC Qian, SS AF Sellinger, Cynthia E. Stow, Craig A. Lamon, E. Conrad Qian, Song S. TI Recent water level declines in the Lake Michigan-Huron system SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; POTENTIAL IMPACTS; EAST-AFRICA; RECORD; RAINFALL; DROUGHT AB Great Lakes water levels have fluctuated over thousands of years. High water levels were a problem in the 1980s, but a recent sudden drop in Lakes Michigan and Huron has caused particular concern, in part because lower water levels are consistent with many global climate change scenarios. We examined water level data (1860-2006) representing Lakes Michigan and Huron to evaluate changes in both long-term and seasonal patterns over time, and explore relationships with candidate predictor variables. Our tools for this analysis included both Seasonal Trend decomposition using Loess (STL), and dynamic linear models (DLM). In addition to the recent decline, STL results reveal a sustained decline around 1900, a long-term periodicity of similar to 30 years, and an unexpected correspondence with sunspot activity. DLM results indicate a relationship with precipitation over a three-year lagged period, which has been essentially unchanging from 1900 to present. Additionally, the DLM highlights an underlying lake level decline beginning in 1973 and continuing to the present, which may have been obscured by concurrently increasing precipitation into the 1990s. The current underlying decline might be related to a simultaneous evaporation increase, however, our model could not confirm this relationship, possibly due to the shorter period of record for evaporation data. We cannot be certain that the present observed water level drop is caused by factors related to global climate change, or that it portends a long-term problem. However, because the underlying decline has been ongoing for similar to 33 years it may be prudent to include lower lake levels in future management planning. C1 [Sellinger, Cynthia E.; Stow, Craig A.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Lamon, E. Conrad; Qian, Song S.] Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Stow, CA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM craig.stow@noaa.gov RI Qian, Song/I-6544-2012; OI Stow, Craig/0000-0001-6171-7855 NR 42 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 35 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 15 PY 2008 VL 42 IS 2 BP 367 EP 373 DI 10.1021/es070664+ PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 250RL UT WOS:000252317700011 PM 18284132 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, IM Polikhronidi, NG Bruno, TJ Batyrova, RG Stepanov, GV AF Abdulagatov, I. M. Polikhronidi, N. G. Bruno, T. J. Batyrova, R. G. Stepanov, G. V. TI Measurements of the isochoric heat capacity, the critical point (T(C), rho(C)) and vapor-liquid coexistence curve (T(S), rho(S)) of high-purity toluene near the critical point SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Review DE coexistence curve; critical parameters; critical point; isochoric heat capacity; Krichevskii parameter; quasistatic thermograms; toluene ID CRITICAL-TEMPERATURES; CRITICAL REGION; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; SUPERCRITICAL REGIONS; NORMAL-ALKANES; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; BINARY-MIXTURES; CONFLUENT SINGULARITIES; NITROGEN TETROXIDE; CRITICAL CONSTANTS AB Isochoric heat capacities (C(V), V, T), phase boundary properties (T(S), rho(S)) and the critical (T(C), rho(C)) parameters for high-purity (0.9999+ mole fraction) toluene have been measured with a high temperature, high pressure, nearly constant volume adiabatic calorimeter and quasi-static thermogram technique. Measurements were made at three selected liquid and vapor isochores 777.8, 555.25, and 214.64 kg m(-3) in the temperature range from 379 to 591 K. For five near-critical isochores 268.68, 281.68, 296.62, 301.52, and 318.28 kg m(-3), the measurements were made in the immediate vicinity of the coexistence curve in order to accurately determine the phase transition temperatures (T(S), rho(S)) (shape of the coexistence curve near the critical point) and the critical parameters (T(C), rho(C)). The total combined uncertainty of heat capacity, density, and temperature measurements were estimated to be less than 2%, 0.06%, and 15 mK, respectively. The uncertainties reported in this paper are expanded uncertainties at the 95% confidence level with a coverage factor of k = 2. The uncertainty of the phase transition and the critical temperature value was 0.02 K. The Krichevskii parameter for some toluene-containing binary mixtures was calculated. The derived values of the Krichevskii parameter were used to estimate the effect of dilute impurities on the critical parameters of toluene. The measured values of saturated density near the critical point were interpreted in terms of the "complete scaling" theory in order to study singularity behavior of the coexistence curve diameter. The measured isochoric heat capacities and saturated densities were compared with the data reported by other authors and values calculated from an equation of state and other correlations. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Abdulagatov, I. M.; Polikhronidi, N. G.; Batyrova, R. G.; Stepanov, G. V.] Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Phys, Moscow 117901, Russia. [Abdulagatov, I. M.; Bruno, T. J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Phys, Moscow 117901, Russia. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 102 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD JAN 15 PY 2008 VL 263 IS 1 BP 71 EP 84 DI 10.1016/j.fluid.2007.09.023 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 254KR UT WOS:000252586000009 ER PT J AU Lema, SC Dickey, JT Swanson, P AF Lema, Sean C. Dickey, Jon T. Swanson, Penny TI Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of multiple cDNA variants for thyroid-stimulating hormone beta subunit (TSH beta) in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE thyroid-stimulating hormone; thyrotropin; TSH; fathead minnow; cDNA variants; mRNA transcripts; hairpin loop; fish ID HUMAN CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN; GENE-EXPRESSION; MESSENGER-RNA; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; UNTRANSLATED REGION; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; TELEOST FISH; THYROTROPIN; EEL; GOLDFISH AB We cloned and sequenced full-length cDNAs encoding the beta subunit of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH beta) from the pituitary of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) using 5'- and 3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Three cDNA variants for TSH beta with lengths of 1184-, 1093-, and 818-bp were identified. The cDNA variant of 1184-bp included 453-bp of open-reading frame and 610-bp of 3' UTR followed by a poly(A)site. This cDNA encodes 150 amino acids including a 19 residue signal peptide and a mature TSH beta protein of 131 residues with sequence identities of 97-53% to other fishes and 42-39% to mammals. The 1093-bp cDNA variant was identical to the 1184-bp variant in the open-reading frame, but contained a deletion of 40-bp in the 3' UTR. The 818-bp cDNA variant, however, contained 498-bp of open-reading frame followed by 227-bp of 3' UTR and a poly(A)site. The deduced amino acid sequence for this cDNA variant showed 99.2% homology with the 1184- and 1093-bp variants of TSHP, but a single deletion of 332-bp nucleotides spanning the predicted stop codon and 3' UTR resulted in a deduced amino acid sequence with 15 additional residues on the C terminus. The presence of this 818-bp cDNA variant in the pituitary was further confirmed by PCR using primers developed to the 5' and 3' UTR. PCR and Southern blot analyses of genomic DNA suggested only one gene for TSH beta. Sequencing of this gene revealed a hairpin loop structure of approximately 300-bp located in the 3' UTR and corresponding to the region of the 332-bp deletion in the 818-bp transcript. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 [Lema, Sean C.; Swanson, Penny] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Physiol & Endocrinol Program, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Dickey, Jon T.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Lema, SC (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol & Marine Biol, 601 S College Rd, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. EM lemas@uncw.edu NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD JAN 15 PY 2008 VL 155 IS 2 BP 472 EP 480 DI 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.06.020 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 253VB UT WOS:000252544600024 PM 17706216 ER PT J AU Griffa, A Lumpkin, R Veneziani, M AF Griffa, Annalisa Lumpkin, Rick Veneziani, Milena TI Cyclonic and anticyclonic motion in the upper ocean SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID STOCHASTIC-MODELS; VARIABILITY; DISPERSION; TURBULENCE AB Upper ocean variability is highly energetic and contributes to key processes such as heat transport and water mass formation. Here, the distribution of ocean surface cyclonic and anticyclonic motion is computed from global drifter observations for scales from large eddies to submesoscale. Two zonal bands of small-scale motion are recovered: a known anticyclonic band at 30 degrees - 40 degrees latitude, mostly wind-induced, and an unexpected cyclonic band at 10 degrees - 20 degrees latitude. It is suggested that this is due to submesoscale processes related to salinity front instabilities. These results provide a first global view of the upper ocean including these motions. C1 [Griffa, Annalisa] CNR, Ist Sci Marine, I-19036 Pozzuolo Di Lerici, SP, Italy. [Lumpkin, Rick] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Veneziani, Milena] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ocean Sci Dept, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Griffa, Annalisa] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Meteorol & Phys Oceanog, Miami, FL 33152 USA. RP Griffa, A (reprint author), CNR, Ist Sci Marine, Forte Santa Teresa, I-19036 Pozzuolo Di Lerici, SP, Italy. EM agriffa@rsmas.miami.edu; rick.lumpkin@noaa.gov; milena@ucsc.edu RI Lumpkin, Rick/C-9615-2009; CNR, Ismar/P-1247-2014 OI Lumpkin, Rick/0000-0002-6690-1704; CNR, Ismar/0000-0001-5351-1486 NR 20 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 15 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 1 AR L01608 DI 10.1029/2007GL032100 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 254DO UT WOS:000252566800004 ER PT J AU Martin, ME Weiss, R Bourgeois, J Pinegina, TK Houston, H Titov, VV AF Martin, M. Elizabeth Weiss, Robert Bourgeois, Joanne Pinegina, Tatiana K. Houston, Heidi Titov, Vasily V. TI Combining constraints from tsunami modeling and sedimentology to untangle the 1969 Ozernoi and 1971 Kamchatskii tsunamis SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BLOCK; MAGNITUDES; EARTHQUAKE; MOMENT; RUSSIA; RUNUP AB Large tsunamigenic earthquakes occurred in 1969 (Mw 7.7) and 1971 (Mw 7.8) along the Bering Sea and northernmost Pacific coast of Kamchatka. Both resultant tsunamis were recorded on tide gauges, but only the 1969 tsunami has cataloged observations of runup, and these observations are limited and questionable. We used a combination of field mapping of tsunami deposits and tsunami modeling to augment this historical record. We mapped tsunami deposits above A. D. 1956 and 1964 volcanic ash layers, along more than 200 km of shoreline. However, the 1969 and 1971 tsunami deposits are not distinguishable in the field. The distribution of tsunami-deposit elevation has two latitudinal peaks. From 58 degrees to 57 degrees sediment runup typically ranges from 2 to 4 m, decreasing to the south. From 57 degrees to 56 degrees sediment runup typically ranges from 3 to 6 m (maximum more than 10 m), increasing to the south. Models of local runup for the 1969 and 1971 tsunamis explain most of the sediment distribution, differentiate the two tsunamis in some localities, and elucidate the earthquakes' focal mechanisms and rupture areas. C1 [Martin, M. Elizabeth; Bourgeois, Joanne; Houston, Heidi; Titov, Vasily V.] Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Pinegina, Tatiana K.] Inst Volcanol & Seismol, Petropavlovsk Kamchatski 683006, Russia. [Weiss, Robert] Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Weiss, Robert; Titov, Vasily V.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Martin, ME (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM memartin@u.washington.edu RI Weiss, Robert/B-8060-2012; OI Pinegina, Tatiana/0000-0001-6284-8830; Titov, Vasily/0000-0002-1630-3829; Weiss, Robert/0000-0002-7168-5401 NR 23 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 15 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 1 AR L01610 DI 10.1029/2007GL032349 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 254DO UT WOS:000252566800005 ER PT J AU Esenturk, O Melinger, JS Heilweil, EJ AF Esenturk, Okan Melinger, Joseph S. Heilweil, Edwin J. TI Terahertz mobility measurements on poly-3-hexylthiophene films: Device comparison, molecular weight, and film processing effects SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TIME-DOMAIN SPECTROSCOPY; FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; CONJUGATED POLYMERS; CHARGE-TRANSPORT; POLY(3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE); MORPHOLOGY; POLYTHIOPHENE; PERFORMANCE AB We directly compare relative carrier mobilities in semiconducting organic polymer films measured using noncontact optical pump terahertz (THz) probe spectroscopy to those reported in electrical device studies. Relative transient signal amplitude measurements of photoinjected carrier mobility as a function of poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) molecular weight correlate directly with electrical device test values, indicating that the THz method shows promise as a rapid material screening approach. We also present measurements on P3HT conducting films as a function of structural regularity, dispersing solvent, addition of C(60) electron traps, sample temperature, and other growth parameters relevant to device manufacture. (c) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Esenturk, Okan; Heilweil, Edwin J.] NIST, Phys Lab, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Melinger, Joseph S.] USN, Res Lab, Div Elect Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Heilweil, EJ (reprint author), NIST, Phys Lab, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM edwin.heilweil@nist.gov RI Esenturk, Okan/C-1187-2008; OI Esenturk, Okan/0000-0001-6539-4344 NR 28 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 22 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 15 PY 2008 VL 103 IS 2 AR 023102 DI 10.1063/1.2828028 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 257TJ UT WOS:000252821100002 ER PT J AU Lin, JL Mapes, BE Han, WQ AF Lin, Jia-Lin Mapes, Brian E. Han, Weiqing TI What are the sources of mechanical damping in Matsuno-Gill-type models? SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE MOMENTUM TRANSPORT; INDUCED TROPICAL CIRCULATION; OCEAN ATMOSPHERE MODEL; TOGA COARE IOP; CUMULUS CONVECTION; VERTICAL TRANSPORT; EL-NINO; PARAMETERIZATION; CLOUDS; OSCILLATION AB The Matsuno-Gill model has been widely used to study the tropical large-scale circulations and atmosphere-ocean interactions. However, a common critique of this model is that it requires a strong equivalent linear mechanical damping to get realistic wind response and it is unclear what could provide such a strong damping above the boundary layer. This study evaluates the sources and strength of equivalent linear mechanical damping in the Walker circulation by calculating the zonal momentum budget using 15 yr (1979-93) of daily global reanalysis data. Two different reanalyses [NCEP-NCAR and 15-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-15)] give qualitatively similar results for all major terms, including the budget residual, whose structure is consistent with its interpretation as eddy momentum flux convergence by convective momentum transport (CMT). The Walker circulation is characterized by two distinct regions: a deep convection region over the Indo-Pacific warm pool and a shallow convection region over the eastern Pacific cold tongue. These two regions are separated by a strong upper-tropospheric ridge and a strong lower-tropospheric trough in the central Pacific. The resultant pressure gradient forces on both sides require strong (approximately 5-10 days) damping to balance them because Coriolis force near the equator is too small to provide the balance. In the deep convection region, the damping is provided by CMT and advection together in both the upper and lower troposphere. In the shallow convection region, on the other hand, the damping is provided mainly by advection in the upper troposphere and by CMT in the lower troposphere. In other words, the upperlevel tropical easterly jet and the low-level trade wind are both braked by CMT. These results support the use of strong damping in the Matsuno-Gill-type models but suggest that the damping rate is spatially inhomogeneous and the CMT-related damping increases with the strength of convection. Implications for GCM's simulation of tropical mean climate are discussed. C1 [Lin, Jia-Lin] NOAA ESRL CIRES Climate Diag Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. [Mapes, Brian E.] Univ Miami, RSMAS, Miami, FL 33152 USA. [Han, Weiqing] Univ Colorado, DAOS, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Lin, JL (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Geog, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM lin.789@osu.edu RI Mapes, Brian/A-5647-2010 NR 43 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN 15 PY 2008 VL 21 IS 2 BP 165 EP 179 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1546.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 256CF UT WOS:000252704600001 ER PT J AU Collini, EA Berbery, EH Barros, VR Pyle, ME AF Collini, Estela A. Berbery, Ernesto H. Barros, Vicente R. Pyle, Matthew E. TI How does soil moisture influence the early stages of the South American monsoon? SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID LOW-LEVEL JET; ATLANTIC CONVERGENCE ZONE; MESOSCALE ETA-MODEL; LA-PLATA BASIN; DIURNAL CYCLE; UNITED-STATES; SURFACE; PRECIPITATION; CIRCULATION; RAINFALL AB This article discusses the feedbacks between soil moisture and precipitation during the early stages of the South American monsoon. The system achieves maximum precipitation over the southern Amazon basin and the Brazilian highlands during the austral summer. Monsoon changes are associated with the large-scale dynamics, but during its early stages, when the surface is not sufficiently wet, soil moisture anomalies may also modulate the development of precipitation. To investigate this, sensitivity experiments to initial soil moisture conditions were performed using month-long simulations with the regional mesoscale Eta model. Examination of the control simulations shows that they reproduce all major features and magnitudes of the South American circulation and precipitation patterns, particularly those of the monsoon. The surface sensible and latent heat fluxes, as well as precipitation, have a diurnal cycle whose phase is consistent with previous observational studies. The convective inhibition is smallest at the time of the precipitation maximum, but the convective available potential energy exhibits an unrealistic morning maximum that may result from an early boundary layer mixing. The sensitivity experiments show that precipitation is more responsive to reductions of soil moisture than to increases, suggesting that although the soil is not too wet, it is sufficiently humid to easily reach levels where soil moisture anomalies stop being effective in altering the evapotranspiration and other surface and boundary layer variables. Two mechanisms by which soil moisture has a positive feedback with precipitation are discussed. First, the reduction of initial soil moisture leads to a smaller latent heat flux and a larger sensible heat flux, and both contribute to a larger Bowen ratio. The smaller evapotranspiration and increased sensible heat flux lead to a drier and warmer boundary layer, which in turn reduces the atmospheric instability. Second, the deeper (and drier) boundary layer is related to a stronger and higher South American low-level jet (SALLJ). However, because of the lesser moisture content, the SALLJ carries less moisture to the monsoon region, as evidenced by the reduced moisture fluxes and their convergence. The two mechanisms-reduced convective instability and reduced moisture flux convergence-act concurrently to diminish the core monsoon precipitation. C1 [Collini, Estela A.] Argentine Navy Weather Serv Argentine Hydrog Serv, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. [Berbery, Ernesto H.] Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, ESSIC, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Barros, Vicente R.] Univ Buenos Aires, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. [Pyle, Matthew E.] Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Collini, EA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, ESSIC, 3427 Comp & Space Bldg,Coll Pk, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM berbery@atmos.umd.edu RI Berbery, Ernesto/F-4560-2010 OI Berbery, Ernesto/0000-0003-2587-3345 NR 60 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN 15 PY 2008 VL 21 IS 2 BP 195 EP 213 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1846.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 256CF UT WOS:000252704600003 ER PT J AU Alexander, MA Matrosova, L Penland, C Scott, JD Chang, P AF Alexander, Michael A. Matrosova, Ludmila Penland, Cecile Scott, James D. Chang, Ping TI Forecasting Pacific SSTs: Linear inverse model predictions of the PDO SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Review ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; LEVEL PRESSURE ANOMALIES; INTERDECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY; SEASONAL FOOTPRINTING MECHANISM; CANONICAL CORRELATION-ANALYSIS; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTION; ENSO-LIKE VARIABILITY; 1997-98 EL-NINO AB A linear inverse model (LIM) is used to predict Pacific (30 degrees S-60 degrees N) sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs), including the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). The LIM is derived from the observed simultaneous and lagged covariance statistics of 3-month running mean Pacific SSTA for the years 1951-2000. The model forecasts exhibit significant skill over much of the Pacific for two to three seasons in advance and up to a year in some locations, particulary for forecasts initialized in winter. The predicted and observed PDO are significantly correlated at leads of up to four seasons, for example, the correlation exceeds 0.6 for 12-month forecasts initialized in January-March (JFM). The LIM-based PDO forecasts are more skillful than persistence or a first-order autoregressive model, and have comparable skill to LIM forecasts of El Nino SSTAs. Filtering the data indicates that much of the PDO forecast skill is due to ENSO teleconnections and the global trend. Within LIM, SST anomalies can grow due to constructive interference of the empirically determined modes, even though the individual modes are damped over time. For the Pacific domain, the basinwide SST variance can grow for similar to 14 months, consistent with the skill of the actual predictions. The optimal structure (OS), the initial SSTA pattern that LIM indicates should increase the most rapidly with time, is clearly relevant to the predictions, as the OS develops into a mature ENSO and PDO event 6-10 months later. The OS is also consistent with the seasonal footprinting mechanism (SFM) and the meridional mode (MM); the SFM and MM involve a set of atmosphere-ocean interactions that have been hypothesized to initiate ENSO events. C1 [Alexander, Michael A.; Matrosova, Ludmila; Penland, Cecile; Scott, James D.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, R PSD1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Matrosova, Ludmila; Scott, James D.] CIRES Climate Diag Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. [Chang, Ping] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Alexander, MA (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, R PSD1, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM michael.alexander@noaa.gov RI Chang, Ping /A-1642-2013; Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013 OI Chang, Ping /0000-0002-9085-0759; Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427 NR 121 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN 15 PY 2008 VL 21 IS 2 BP 385 EP 402 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1849.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 256CF UT WOS:000252704600013 ER PT J AU Lysaght, PS Woicik, JC Sahiner, MA Lee, BH Jammy, R AF Lysaght, Patrick S. Woicik, Joseph C. Sahiner, M. Alper Lee, Byoung-Hun Jammy, Raj TI Incipient amorphous-to-crystalline transition in HfO2 as a function of thickness scaling and anneal temperature SO JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on the Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids CY OCT 29-NOV 03, 2006 CL Rhodes Isl, GREECE DE crystallization; nanocrystals; sychroton radiation; X-ray absorption; X-ray fluorescence ID DEPOSITION AB A series of 1.4, 1.8, and 4.0 nm thick HfO2 films deposited on Si(100) substrates have been measured by extended X-ray absorption fine-structure prior to anneal processing, following a standard post deposition anneal of 700 degrees C for 60 s in NH3 ambient, and following an additional rapid thermal anneal cycle of 1000 degrees C for 10 s in N-2 ambient. Analysis of the second coordination shell gives clear evidence of increased ordering with increasing film thickness at each temperature. Similarly, increased ordering with increasing anneal temperature is evident for each film thickness. Although X-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy indicated the 1.4 nm HfO2 samples to be amorphous, EXAFS has distinguished nanocrystalline from amorphous states for these films. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Lysaght, Patrick S.; Lee, Byoung-Hun; Jammy, Raj] SEMATECH, Austin, TX 78741 USA. [Woicik, Joseph C.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Sahiner, M. Alper] Seton Hall Univ, Dept Phys, S Orange, NJ 07079 USA. RP Lysaght, PS (reprint author), SEMATECH, 2706 Montopolis Dr, Austin, TX 78741 USA. EM pat.tysaght@sematech.org NR 20 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3093 J9 J NON-CRYST SOLIDS JI J. Non-Cryst. Solids PD JAN 15 PY 2008 VL 354 IS 2-9 BP 399 EP 403 DI 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2007.07.050 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 258IE UT WOS:000252860800056 ER PT J AU Rhodes, CL Lappi, S Fischer, D Sambasivan, S Genzer, J Franzen, S AF Rhodes, Crissy L. Lappi, Simon Fischer, Daniel Sambasivan, Sharadha Genzer, Jan Franzen, Stefan TI Characterization of monolayer formation on aluminum-doped zinc oxide thin films SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; INDIUM-TIN-OXIDE; SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; CONTACT-ANGLE HYSTERESIS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; ZNO FILMS; CATHODOLUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES; DEPOSITION TEMPERATURE; SPRAY-PYROLYSIS; SOLAR-CELL AB The optical and electronic properties of aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films on a glass substrate are investigated experimentally and theoretically. Optical studies with coupling in the Kretschmann configuration reveal an angle-dependent plasma frequency in the mid-IR for p-polarized radiation, suggestive of the detection of a Drude plasma frequency. These Studies are complemented by oxygen depletion density functional theory studies for the calculation of the charge carrier concentration and plasma frequency for bulk AZO. In addition, we report on the optical and physical properties of thin film adlayers of n-hexadecanethiol (HDT) and n-octadecanethiol (ODT) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on AZO Surfaces using reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle, and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Our characterization of the SAM deposition onto the AZO thin film reveals a range of possible applications for this conducting metal oxide. C1 [Rhodes, Crissy L.; Lappi, Simon; Franzen, Stefan] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Genzer, Jan] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Fischer, Daniel; Sambasivan, Sharadha] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Franzen, S (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem, Box 8204, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM stefan_franzen@ncsu.edu NR 74 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JAN 15 PY 2008 VL 24 IS 2 BP 433 EP 440 DI 10.1021/la701741m PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 249DV UT WOS:000252208200017 PM 18069859 ER PT J AU Turner, S Sieber, JR Vetter, TW Zeisler, R Marlow, AF Moreno-Ramirez, MG Davis, ME Kennedy, GJ Borghard, WG Yang, S Navrotsky, A Toby, BH Kelly, JF Fletcher, RA Windsor, ES Verkouteren, JR Leigh, SD AF Turner, S. Sieber, J. R. Vetter, T. W. Zeisler, R. Marlow, A. F. Moreno-Ramirez, M. G. Davis, M. E. Kennedy, G. J. Borghard, W. G. Yang, S. Navrotsky, A. Toby, B. H. Kelly, J. F. Fletcher, R. A. Windsor, E. S. Verkouteren, J. R. Leigh, S. D. TI Characterization of chemical properties, unit cell parameters and particle size distribution of three zeolite reference materials: RM 8850-zeolite Y, RM 8851-zeolite A and RM 8852-ammonium ZSM-5 zeolite SO MICROPOROUS AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE reference materials; zeolite Y; zeolite A; ZSM-5; zeolites ID RAY-POWDER DIFFRACTION; SOLID-STATE NMR; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; ALUMINUM CONTENT; Y-ZEOLITES; REFINEMENT; THERMOCHEMISTRY; SODIUM; NAY; FRAMEWORKS AB Zeolites have important industrial applications including use as catalysts, molecular sieves and ion exchange materials. In this study, three zeolite materials have been characterized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as reference materials (RMs): zeolite Y (RM 8850), zeolite A (RM 8851) and ZSM-5 zeolite (RM 8852). They have been characterized by a variety of chemical and physical measurement methods: X-ray fluorescence (XRF), gravimetry, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), calorimetry, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, laser light extinction, laser light scattering, electric sensing zone, X-ray sedimentation, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. The chemical homogeneity of the materials has been characterized. Reference values are given for the major components (major elements, loss on ignition [LOI] and loss on fusion [LOF]), trace elements and Si/Al and Na/Al ratios. Information values are given for enthalpies of formation, unit cell parameters, particle size distributions, refractive indices and variation of mass with variation in relative humidity (RH). Comparisons are made to literature unit cell parameters. The RMs are expected to provide a basis for intercomparison studies of these zeolite materials. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Turner, S.; Sieber, J. R.; Vetter, T. W.; Zeisler, R.; Marlow, A. F.; Moreno-Ramirez, M. G.; Fletcher, R. A.; Windsor, E. S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Davis, M. E.] CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Kennedy, G. J.; Borghard, W. G.] ExxonMobil Res & Engn Co, Annandale, NJ 08801 USA. [Yang, S.; Navrotsky, A.] Univ Calif Davis, Thermochem Facil, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Yang, S.; Navrotsky, A.] Univ Calif Davis, NEAT ORU, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Kelly, J. F.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Leigh, S. D.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Toby, B. H.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neuron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Turner, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM shirley.turner@nist.gov RI Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013 OI Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285 NR 48 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 10 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-1811 J9 MICROPOR MESOPOR MAT JI Microporous Mesoporous Mat. PD JAN 15 PY 2008 VL 107 IS 3 BP 252 EP 267 DI 10.1016/j.micromeso.2007.03.019 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 244MS UT WOS:000251870600006 ER PT J AU Cotrell, DL McFadden, GB Alder, BJ AF Cotrell, D. L. McFadden, G. B. Alder, B. J. TI Instability in pipe flow SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID POISEUILLE FLOW; LINEAR-STABILITY; GROOVED CHANNELS; STEADY FLOW; VORTEX; TUBES AB The long-puzzling, unphysical result that linear stability analyses lead to no transition in pipe flow, even at infinite Reynolds number, is ascribed to the use of stick boundary conditions, because they ignore the amplitude variations associated with the roughness of the wall. Once that length scale is introduced (here, crudely, through a corrugated pipe), linear stability analyses lead to stable vortex formation at low Reynolds number above a finite amplitude of the corrugation and unsteady flow at a higher Reynolds number, where indications are that the vortex dislodges. Remarkably, extrapolation to infinite Reynolds number of both of these transitions leads to a finite and nearly identical value of the amplitude, implying that below this amplitude, the vortex cannot form because the wall is too smooth and, hence, stick boundary results prevail. C1 [Cotrell, D. L.; Alder, B. J.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. [McFadden, G. B.] NIST, Div Math & Comp Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Alder, BJ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM alder1@llnl.gov RI McFadden, Geoffrey/A-7920-2008 OI McFadden, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6723-2103 NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JAN 15 PY 2008 VL 105 IS 2 BP 428 EP 430 DI 10.1073/pnas.0709172104 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 253XO UT WOS:000252551100008 PM 18178623 ER PT J AU Laba, M Downs, R Smith, S Welsh, S Neider, C White, S Richmond, M Philpot, W Baveye, P AF Laba, Magdeline Downs, Roger Smith, Stephen Welsh, Sabrina Neider, Chuck White, Susan Richmond, Milo Philpot, William Baveye, Philippe TI Mapping invasive wetland plants in the Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve using quickbird satellite imagery SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Estuarine; NERR; remote sensing; tidal fresh-water wetland; invasive species; land cover mapping; quickbird; fuzzy assessment ID ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; THEMATIC MAPS; INVENTORY; CONSEQUENCES; ECOSYSTEM; HABITAT; MARINE; IKONOS; LAKES; GIS AB The National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) program is a nationally coordinated research and monitoring program that identifies and tracks changes in ecological resources of representative estuarine ecosystems and coastal watersheds. In recent years, attention has focused on using high spatial and spectral resolution satellite imagery to map and monitor wetland plant communities in the NERRs, particularly invasive plant species. The utility of this technology for that purpose has yet to be assessed in detail. To that end, a specific high spatial resolution satellite imagery, QuickBird, was used to map plant communities and monitor invasive plants within the Hudson River NERR (HRNERR). The HRNERR contains four diverse tidal wetlands (Stockport Flats, Tivoli Bays, Iona Island, and Piermont), each with unique water chemistry (i.e., brackish, oligotrophic and fresh) and, consequently, unique assemblages of plant communities, including three invasive plants (Trapa natans, Phragmites australis, and Lythrum salicaria). A maximum-likelihood classification was used to produce 20-class land cover maps for each of the four marshes within the HRNERR. Conventional contingency tables and a fuzzy set analysis served as a basis for an accuracy assessment of these maps. The overall accuracies, as assessed by the contingency tables, were 73.6%, 68.4%, 67.9%, and 64.9% for Tivoli Bays, Stockport Flats, Piermont, and Iona Island, respectively. Fuzzy assessment tables lead to higher estimates of map accuracies of 83%, 75%, 76%, and 76%, respectively. In general, the open water/tidal channel class was the most accurately mapped class and Scirpus sp. was the least accurately mapped. These encouraging accuracies suggest that high-resolution satellite imagery offers significant potential for the mapping of invasive plant species in estuarine environments. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Laba, Magdeline; Philpot, William] Cornell Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Downs, Roger; Smith, Stephen; Welsh, Sabrina] Cornell Univ, Inst Resource Informat Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Neider, Chuck] Bard Coll, Hudson River NERR NYSDEC, Annandale on Hudson, NY 12504 USA. [White, Susan] NOAA, Ocean Serv, Off Ocean & Coastal Resource Management, Estuarine Reserves Div, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Richmond, Milo] Cornell Univ, New York State Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Baveye, Philippe] Cornell Univ, Lab Geoenvironm Sci & Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Laba, M (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Hollister Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM ml49@cornell.edu OI Baveye, Philippe/0000-0002-8432-6141; Philpot, William/0000-0002-5283-4774 NR 40 TC 60 Z9 66 U1 5 U2 48 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JAN 15 PY 2008 VL 112 IS 1 BP 286 EP 300 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2007.05.003 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 254GL UT WOS:000252574300021 ER PT J AU Chiovarou, ED Siewicki, TC AF Chiovarou, Erica D. Siewicki, Thomas C. TI Comparison of storm intensity and application timing on modeled transport and fate of six contaminants SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE storms; modeling; transport; fate; St. Johns river; Johnson creek ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SHRIMP PALAEMONETES-PUGIO; ACUTE TOXICITY; ORGANISMS; PESTICIDES; ESTUARY; DIQUAT; FISH; AREA AB Hundreds, if not thousands, of fish kills and kills of other aquatic organisms occur following storms in the US each year, but they are difficult to quantify, investigate, or manage due to the transient nature of major storms and the other priorities following them. Methods are needed to better understand the causes of these kills. The Pesticide Root Zone Model and the Exposure Analysis Modeling System were used to compare risk to resident biota in estuarine headwaters in two locations under various conditions. Contaminants were selected using a landuse-based preliminary risk assessment approach. Atrazine, fipronil, and imidacloprid were compared for potential impacts on important prey species, including copepods and grass shrimp, in Lake Bethel in Volusia County, Florida. Carbaryl, diquat dibromide, and fluoranthene were compared for potential impacts on salmon and other aquatic species in Johnson Creek, near Portland, Oregon. Predictions of contaminant concentrations in groundwater runoff, surface water, benthic sediments, and pelagic biota tissue were obtained based upon watershed characteristics, storm types, and contaminant chemistry and application. For all six contaminants, the simulated concentrations were highest following the 100-yr storms and lowest following the 2-yr storms. Aqueous concentrations ranged between 84 and 2100% higher in 100-yr compared to two-yr storms. Most atrazine and carbaryl concentrations were highest if applied one day before the storm while fipronil, imidacloprid, and diquat dibromide were highest if applied 16 days prior to the storm. Carbaryl and fluoranthene concentrations were highest in the forested segment of the watershed while diquat dibromide concentrations were highest in the agricultural segment. in Florida simulations, groundwater and surface water concentrations generally were highest for atrazine, followed by imidacloprid, and then fipronil. Atrazine poses the highest risk to algae and copepods due to its mobility and high allowable application rates. Fipronil and imidacloprid, though highly toxic, were not predicted to occur at high enough concentrations to pose a risk. In Oregon simulations, groundwater and surface water concentrations generally were highest for carbaryl, followed by fluoranthene, and then diquat dibromide. For salmonids, fluoranthene poses a higher risk than carbaryl, whereas it is unlikely that diquat dibromide will affect salmonids in this system. For crustaceans, carbaryl poses the greatest risk, followed by fluoranthene. Diquat dibromide was determined to pose little risk. These tests demonstrate the use of preliminary risk assessment, along with transport and fate modeling, to characterize risks to aquatic organisms without the need for in situ chemical measurements. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Chiovarou, Erica D.; Siewicki, Thomas C.] NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Chiovarou, ED (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM Erica.Chiovarou@noaa.gov NR 55 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JAN 15 PY 2008 VL 389 IS 1 BP 87 EP 100 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.029 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 243OH UT WOS:000251806700011 PM 17904201 ER PT J AU Mates, JAB Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Vale, LR Lehnert, KW AF Mates, J. A. B. Hilton, G. C. Irwin, K. D. Vale, L. R. Lehnert, K. W. TI Demonstration of a multiplexer of dissipationless superconducting quantum interference devices SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE SQUID MULTIPLEXER; PARTICLE-DETECTION; ARRAYS; MICROCALORIMETER; RESOLUTION; SENSORS AB We report on the development of a microwave superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) multiplexer to read out arrays of low-temperature detectors. In this frequency-division multiplexer, superconducting resonators with different frequencies couple to a common transmission line and each resonator couples to a different dissipationless SQUID. We demonstrate multiple designs, with high-Q values (4100-18 000), noise as low as 0.17 mu Phi(0)/root Hz, and a naturally linear readout scheme based on flux modulation. This multiplexing approach is compatible with superconducting transition-edge sensors and magnetic calorimeters and is capable of multiplexing more than a thousand detectors in a single transmission line. (c) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Mates, J. A. B.; Hilton, G. C.; Irwin, K. D.; Vale, L. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Lehnert, K. W.] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Lehnert, K. W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Mates, JAB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM irwin@nist.gov RI Lehnert, Konrad/B-7577-2009 OI Lehnert, Konrad/0000-0002-0750-9649 NR 17 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 14 PY 2008 VL 92 IS 2 AR 023514 DI 10.1063/1.2803852 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 252UA UT WOS:000252470900116 ER PT J AU Yang, SH Nosonovsky, M Zhang, H Chung, KH AF Yang, Seung Ho Nosonovsky, Michael Zhang, Huan Chung, Koo-Hyun TI Nanoscale water capillary bridges under deeply negative pressure SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-FORCE; SUPERCOOLED WATER; ADHESION; FRICTION; LIMITS; MICROSCOPY; ROUGHNESS; PARTICLES; HUMIDITY; CONTACTS AB Negative Laplace pressure inside water capillary bridges between two bodies contributes to the pull-off adhesion force that can be measured with the atomic force microscope (AFM). We measure the pull-off force between a nanoscale AFM tip and a silicon wafer in air and in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). The difference gives us the capillary force contribution, which yields the pressure drop when divided by the foundation area of the bridge. We show that the pressure can be deeply negative, down to -160 MPa. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Nosonovsky, Michael] Stevens Inst Technol, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. [Yang, Seung Ho; Nosonovsky, Michael; Zhang, Huan; Chung, Koo-Hyun] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nosonovsky, M (reprint author), Stevens Inst Technol, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. EM Michael.Nosonovsky@stevens.edu RI Nosonovsky, Michael/B-2228-2012; Chung, KooHyun/O-3042-2013 OI Chung, KooHyun/0000-0002-9092-6784 NR 27 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 14 PY 2008 VL 451 IS 1-3 BP 88 EP 92 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.11.068 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 253ST UT WOS:000252538600017 ER PT J AU Ben-Naim, A AF Ben-Naim, Arieh TI One-dimensional model for water and aqueous solutions. II. Solvation of inert solutes in water SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB The two one-dimensional models introduced in Part I are used to study the thermodynamics of solvation of inert solutes in water. It is shown that the anomalously large Gibbs energy of solvation of inert solutes in water, on one hand, and the large negative entropy of solvation, on the other hand, arise from different molecular sources. While the primitive model can give rise to a large positive solvation Gibbs energy, it fails to show large negative entropy and enthalpy of solvation. It is remarkable that the primitive cluster model can show both the large positive Gibbs energy and enthalpy of solvation. (c) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Ben-Naim, Arieh] Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Phys Chem, IL-91905 Jerusalem, Israel. RP Ben-Naim, A (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8380, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM arieh@fh.huji.ac.il NR 14 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 14 PY 2008 VL 128 IS 2 AR 024506 DI 10.1063/1.2818067 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 252MH UT WOS:000252450100025 PM 18205458 ER PT J AU Ben-Naim, A AF Ben-Naim, Arieh TI One-dimensional model for water and aqueous solutions. I. Pure liquid water SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DENSITY MAXIMUM; EXPLANATION; ANOMALIES AB Two simplified one-dimensional models for waterlike particles are studied. One is referred to as the primitive model which is a simplified version of a model introduced by Ben-Naim in 1992 [Statistical Thermodynamics for Chemists and Biochemists (Plenum, New York, 1992)]. The second, referred to as the primitive cluster model, is a simplified version of the model used by Lovett and Ben-Naim in 1969 [J. Chem. Phys. 51, 3108 (1969)]. The two models are shown to be nearly equivalent and both exhibit some of the most characteristic behavior of liquid water. It is argued that a key feature of the molecular interactions-the correlation between the strong binding energy and low local density-is essential for the manifestation of the anomalous behavior of liquid water. It is also essential for the understanding of the outstanding behavior of liquid water. (c) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Ben-Naim, Arieh] Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Phys Chem, IL-91905 Jerusalem, Israel. RP Ben-Naim, A (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8380, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM arieh@fh.huji.ac.il NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 14 PY 2008 VL 128 IS 2 AR 024505 DI 10.1063/1.2818051 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 252MH UT WOS:000252450100024 PM 18205457 ER PT J AU Rahedi, AJ Douglas, JF Starr, FW AF Rahedi, Andrew J. Douglas, Jack F. Starr, Francis W. TI Model for reversible nanoparticle assembly in a polymer matrix SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DIRECTIONAL ATTRACTIVE FORCES; LATTICE MODEL; LIVING POLYMERIZATION; PHASE-SEPARATION; EQUILIBRIUM POLYMERIZATION; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; NANOCOMPOSITE MELTS; DNA DENDRIMERS; MONTE-CARLO; DYNAMICS AB The clustering of nanoparticles (NPs) in solutions and polymer melts depends sensitively on the strength and directionality of the NP interactions involved, as well as the molecular geometry and interactions of the dispersing fluids. Since clustering can strongly influence the properties of polymer-NP materials, we aim to better elucidate the mechanism of reversible self-assembly of highly symmetric NPs into clusters under equilibrium conditions. Our results are based on molecular dynamics simulations of icosahedral NP with a long-ranged interaction intended to mimic the polymer-mediated interactions of a polymer-melt matrix. To distinguish effects of polymer-mediated interactions from bare NP interactions, we compare the NP assembly in our coarse-grained model to the case where the NP interactions are purely short ranged. For the "control" case of NPs with short-ranged interactions and no polymer matrix, we find that the particles exhibit ordinary phase separation. By incorporating physically plausible long-ranged interactions, we suppress phase separation and qualitatively reproduce the thermally reversible cluster formation found previously in computations for NPs with short-ranged interactions in an explicit polymer-melt matrix. We further characterize the assembly process by evaluating the cluster properties and the location of the self-assembly transition. Our findings are consistent with a theoretical model for equilibrium clustering when the particle association is subject to a constraint. In particular, the density dependence of the average cluster mass exhibits a linear concentration dependence, in contrast to the square root dependence found in freely associating systems. The coarse-grained model we use to simulate NP in a polymer matrix shares many features of potentials used to model colloidal systems. The model should be practically valuable for exploring factors that control the dispersion of NP in polymer matrices where explicit simulation of the polymer matrix is too time consuming. (c) 2008 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Rahedi, Andrew J.; Starr, Francis W.] Wesleyan Univ, Dept Phys, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. [Douglas, Jack F.] NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rahedi, AJ (reprint author), Wesleyan Univ, Dept Phys, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. EM fstarr@wesleyan.edu RI Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012 NR 69 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 14 PY 2008 VL 128 IS 2 AR 024902 DI 10.1063/1.2815809 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 252MH UT WOS:000252450100037 PM 18205470 ER PT J AU Lee, T McPhaden, MJ AF Lee, Tong McPhaden, Michael J. TI Decadal phase change in large-scale sea level and winds in the Indo-Pacific region at the end of the 20th century SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATION; INDIAN-OCEAN; VARIABILITY; GYRE AB Satellite observations of sea surface height (SSH) and wind stress for the period of 1993-2006 reveal a near-coherent large-scale decadal variability in much of the Indo-Pacific region with a phase change at the turn of the 20th century. Trade wind variations in the tropical Pacific and South Indian Ocean are anti-correlated with each other as are SSH differences across these two basins, implying anti-correlated variation of the subtropical cells in the two oceans. Decadal changes in large-scale SSH in the extratropics are mostly associated with well-defined patterns of wind stress curl indicating a near-coherent decadal variation in the strength of subtropical and subpolar gyres. Together, these variations reflect a linkage in the circulation of the Pacific and Indian Oceans via atmospheric and oceanic bridges. The phase change in the tropical Pacific tends to occur earlier than elsewhere, suggesting a potential role of the tropical Pacific in regulating decadal variability of the entire region. C1 [Lee, Tong] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [McPhaden, Michael J.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Lee, T (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM tong.lee@jpl.nasa.gov RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 18 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 12 PY 2008 VL 35 IS 1 AR L01605 DI 10.1029/2007GL032419 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 251GU UT WOS:000252362100005 ER PT J AU Fan, Y van den Dool, H AF Fan, Yun van den Dool, Huug TI A global monthly land surface air temperature analysis for 1948-present SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE DATA; LAPSE RATES; PRECIPITATION; REANALYSIS AB A station observation-based global land monthly mean surface air temperature dataset at 0.5 x 0.5 latitude-longitude resolution for the period from 1948 to the present was developed recently at the Climate Prediction Center, National Centers for Environmental Prediction. This data set is different from some existing surface air temperature data sets in: (2) using a combination of two large individual data sets of station observations collected from the Global Historical Climatology Network version 2 and the Climate Anomaly Monitoring System (GHCN + CAMS), so it can be regularly updated in near real time with plenty of stations and ( 2) some unique interpolation methods, such as the anomaly interpolation approach with spatially-temporally varying temperature lapse rates derived from the observation-based Reanalysis for topographic adjustment. When compared with several existing observation-based land surface air temperature data sets, the preliminary results show that the quality of this new GHCN + CAMS land surface air temperature analysis is reasonably good and the new data set can capture most common temporal-spatial features in the observed climatology and anomaly fields over both regional and global domains. The study also reveals that there are clear biases between the observed surface air temperature and the existing Reanalysis data sets, and they vary in space and seasons. Therefore the Reanalysis 2 m temperature data sets may not be suitable for model forcing and validation. The GHCN + CAMS data set will be mainly used as one of land surface meteorological forcing inputs to derive other land surface variables, such as soil moisture, evaporation, surface runoff, snow accumulation and snow melt, etc. As a byproduct, this monthly mean surface air temperature data set can also be applied to monitor surface air temperature variations over global land routinely or to verify the performance of model simulation and prediction. C1 [Fan, Yun; van den Dool, Huug] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Protect, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Fan, Yun] RS Informat Syst Inc, Mclean, VA USA. RP Fan, Y (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Protect, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 806, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM yun.fan@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 134 Z9 139 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 12 PY 2008 VL 113 IS D1 AR D01103 DI 10.1029/2007JD008470 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 251GX UT WOS:000252362400001 ER PT J AU Balch, CC AF Balch, Christopher C. TI Updated verification of the Space Weather Prediction Center's solar energetic particle prediction model SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID EVENTS; ACCELERATION; HELIOSPHERE; FLARES; PROPAGATION; FRAMEWORK AB This paper evaluates the performance of an operational proton prediction model currently being used at NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center. The evaluation is based on proton events that occurred between 1986 and 2004. Parameters for the associated solar events determine a set of necessary conditions, which are used to construct a set of control events. Model output is calculated for these events and performance of the model is evaluated using standard verification measures. For probability forecasts we evaluate the accuracy, reliability, and resolution and display these results using a standard attributes diagram. We identify conditions for which the model is systematically inaccurate. The probability forecasts are also evaluated for categorical forecast performance measures. We find an optimal probability and we calculate the false alarm rate and probability of detection at this probability. We also show results for peak flux and rise time predictions. These findings provide an objective basis for measuring future improvements. C1 NOAA, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Balch, CC (reprint author), NOAA, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. NR 49 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD JAN 12 PY 2008 VL 6 IS 1 AR S01001 DI 10.1029/2007SW000337 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 261KJ UT WOS:000253077200001 ER PT J AU Cuadra, J Nayakshin, S Martins, F AF Cuadra, Jorge Nayakshin, Sergei Martins, Fabrice TI Variable accretion and emission from the stellar winds in the Galactic Centre SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE accretion accretion discs; stars : winds, outflows; galaxy : centre; galaxies : active ID SGR-A-ASTERISK; ANGULAR-MOMENTUM MATERIAL; MASSIVE ECLIPSING BINARY; SUPERMASSIVE BLACK-HOLE; SAGITTARIUS-A; CENTRAL PARSEC; BEAR SPECTROIMAGERY; SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS; GCIRS 16SW; STARS AB We present numerical simulations of stellar wind dynamics in the central parsec of the Galactic Centre, studying in particular the accretion of gas on to Sgr A*, the supermassive black hole. Unlike our previous work, here we use state-of-the-art observational data on orbits and wind properties of individual wind-producing stars. Since wind velocities were revised upwards and non-zero eccentricities were considered, our new simulations show fewer clumps of cold gas and no conspicuous disc-like structure. The accretion rate is dominated by a few close 'slow-wind stars' (v(w) <= 750 km s(-1)), and is consistent with the Bondi estimate, but variable on time-scales of tens to hundreds of years. This variability is due to the stochastic infall of cold clumps of gas, as in earlier simulations, and to the eccentric orbits of stars. The present models fail to explain the high luminosity of Sgr A* a few hundred years ago implied by Integral observations, but we argue that the accretion of a cold clump with a small impact parameter could have caused it. Finally, we show the possibility of constraining the total mass-loss rate of the 'slow-wind stars' using near infrared observations of gas in the central few arcseconds. C1 [Cuadra, Jorge] Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Cuadra, Jorge] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Cuadra, Jorge] Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85741 Garching, Germany. [Nayakshin, Sergei] Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. [Martins, Fabrice] Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85741 Garching, Germany. RP Cuadra, J (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM jcuadra@jilau1.colorado.edu NR 49 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 EI 1365-2966 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD JAN 11 PY 2008 VL 383 IS 2 BP 458 EP 466 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12573.x PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 247ZV UT WOS:000252122000005 ER PT J AU Coddington, I Swann, WC Newbury, NR AF Coddington, Ian Swann, William C. Newbury, Nathan R. TI Coherent multiheterodyne spectroscopy using stabilized optical frequency combs SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; NOBEL LECTURE; CAVITY; SPECTROMETER AB The broadband, coherent nature of narrow-linewidth fiber frequency combs is exploited to measure the full complex spectrum of a molecular gas through multiheterodyne spectroscopy. We measure the absorption and phase shift experienced by each of 155 000 individual frequency-comb lines, spaced by 100 MHz and spanning from 1495 to 1620 nm, after passing through hydrogen cyanide gas. The measured phase spectrum agrees with the Kramers-Kronig transformation of the absorption spectrum. This technique can provide a full complex spectrum rapidly, over wide bandwidths, and with hertz-level accuracy. C1 [Coddington, Ian; Swann, William C.; Newbury, Nathan R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Coddington, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 21 TC 277 Z9 278 U1 13 U2 70 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JAN 11 PY 2008 VL 100 IS 1 AR 013902 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.013902 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 250FN UT WOS:000252285500021 PM 18232764 ER PT J AU Lorenz, VO Mukamel, S Zhuang, W Cundiff, ST AF Lorenz, V. O. Mukamel, S. Zhuang, W. Cundiff, S. T. TI Ultrafast optical spectroscopy of spectral fluctuations in a dense atomic vapor SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PHOTON-ECHO MEASUREMENTS; SOLVATION DYNAMICS; RHODOBACTER-SPHAEROIDES; PEAK SHIFT; WATER AB Transient four-wave mixing experiments with 100 fs pulses in a dense potassium vapor probe the electronic energy fluctuations that lead to optical decoherence. Echo-peak shift experiments yield a biexponential two-time correlation function of energy level fluctuations. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the slow component is a many-body excitonic contribution arising from long-range resonant interactions. The decay of the correlation function occurs on comparable time scales in theory and experiment. C1 [Lorenz, V. O.; Cundiff, S. T.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Lorenz, V. O.; Cundiff, S. T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Lorenz, V. O.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Mukamel, S.; Zhuang, W.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Lorenz, VO (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. EM cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 26 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JAN 11 PY 2008 VL 100 IS 1 AR 013603 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.013603 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 250FN UT WOS:000252285500017 PM 18232760 ER PT J AU Cassar, N Bender, ML Barnett, BA Fan, SM Moxim, WJ Levy, H Tilbrook, B AF Cassar, Nicolas Bender, Michael L. Barnett, Bruce A. Fan, Songmiao Moxim, Walter J. Levy, Hiram, II Tilbrook, Bronte TI Response to comment on the Southern Ocean biological response to aeolian iron deposition SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID PACIFIC SECTOR; DISSOLVED FE; PHYTOPLANKTON; WATERS; PRODUCTIVITY; MANGANESE C1 [Cassar, Nicolas; Bender, Michael L.; Barnett, Bruce A.] Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Fan, Songmiao; Moxim, Walter J.; Levy, Hiram, II] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. [Tilbrook, Bronte] CSIRO, Antarctic Climate & Ecosyst Cooperat Res Ctr, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. RP Cassar, N (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM ncassar@princeton.edu RI Tilbrook, Bronte/A-1522-2012; Cassar, Nicolas/B-4260-2011; OI Tilbrook, Bronte/0000-0001-9385-3827; Cassar, Nicolas/0000-0003-0100-3783 NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 11 PY 2008 VL 319 IS 5860 DI 10.1126/science.1150011 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 249RC UT WOS:000252246400021 ER EF