FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Nagaoka, SM Martins, AS dos Santos, RG Tognella, MMP de Oliveira, EC Seminoff, JA AF Nagaoka, Shany Mayumi Martins, Agnaldo Silva dos Santos, Robson Guimaraes Pereira Tognella, Monica Maria de Oliveira Filho, Eurico Cabral Seminoff, Jeffrey A. TI Diet of juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas) associating with artisanal fishing traps in a subtropical estuary in Brazil SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEA-TURTLES; FEEDING ECOLOGY; NORTH-CAROLINA; TORRES STRAIT; CALIFORNIA; HABITAT; MEXICO AB The diet of 50 juvenile green turtles Chelonia mydas live-captured incidentally by fixed fishing traps between January and June 2009 in Cananeia Estuarine-Lagoon complex, Brazil, was studied through analysis of esophageal lavage samples. Green turtles consumed an omnivorous diet, with 18 food components identified and grouped into 4 categories as follows: terrestrial plants, algae, invertebrates, and seagrass. Black mangrove leaves were of the greatest importance to diet. Turtles incidentally get into fixed traps probably because these devices are located on mangrove margins, where they forage. The additional foods suggest that green turtles also feed opportunistically on material adhered to the trap structure and/or on items that cross into its interior. Green turtle diet in estuarine environments appears to be determined by the availability of food components, with some selectivity toward items of apparently greater nutritional value. C1 [Nagaoka, Shany Mayumi; Martins, Agnaldo Silva; dos Santos, Robson Guimaraes] Univ Fed Espirito Santo, CCHN, Dept Oceanog & Ecol, BR-29075910 Vitoria, ES, Brazil. [Pereira Tognella, Monica Maria] Univ Fed Espirito Santo, CEUNES, Dept Ciencias Saude Biol & Agr, BR-29933415 Sao Mateus, ES, Brazil. [de Oliveira Filho, Eurico Cabral] Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Bot, BR-88040900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. [Seminoff, Jeffrey A.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Nagaoka, SM (reprint author), Univ Fed Espirito Santo, CCHN, Dept Oceanog & Ecol, BR-29075910 Vitoria, ES, Brazil. EM shanynagaoka@yahoo.com.br RI Martins, Agnaldo/F-1615-2011; Tognella, Monica/G-6451-2012; SANTOS, ROBSON/E-7183-2010 OI Martins, Agnaldo/0000-0003-2160-1326; Tognella, Monica/0000-0002-1521-8251; SANTOS, ROBSON/0000-0001-5240-6799 FU FAPES; CNPq (ASM) [308867/2006-8] FX We thank the FAPES and CNPq (ASM grant 308867/2006-8) for the financial support. This research was permitted by ICMBio/SISBIO (license 18781-1). NR 52 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 28 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 159 IS 3 BP 573 EP 581 DI 10.1007/s00227-011-1836-y PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 913BN UT WOS:000301846400010 ER PT J AU McDonald, BI Goebel, ME Crocker, DE Costa, DP AF McDonald, Birgitte I. Goebel, Michael E. Crocker, Daniel E. Costa, Daniel P. TI Biological and Environmental Drivers of Energy Allocation in a Dependent Mammal, the Antarctic Fur Seal Pup SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ARCTOCEPHALUS-GAZELLA; MILK CONSUMPTION; CALLORHINUS-URSINUS; HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS; BODY-COMPOSITION; LEPTONYCHOTES-WEDDELLII; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; POSTWEANING FAST; DIVING BEHAVIOR; BIGHORN SHEEP AB Little is known about how variation in the pattern and magnitude of parental effort influences allocation decisions in offspring. We determined the energy budget of Antarctic fur seal pups and examined the relative importance of timing of provisioning, pup traits (mass, condition, sex), and weather (wind chill and solar radiation) on allocation of energy obtained in milk by measuring milk energy intake, field metabolic rate (FMR), and growth rate in 48 Antarctic fur seal pups over three developmental stages (perinatal, premolt, and molt). The relative amount of milk energy used for growth was 59.1% +/- 8.1% during the perinatal period but decreased to 23.4% +/- 15.5% and 26.0% +/- 13.9% during the premolt and molt. This decrease was associated with a greater amount of time spent fasting, along with an increase in pup activity while the mother was at sea foraging. Average daily milk intake, pup mass, and condition were all important in determining how much energy was available for growth, but the amount of energy obtained as milk was the single most important factor determining pup growth. While mean mass-specific FMR did not change with developmental stage (range = 1.74-1.77 mL O-2/g/h), the factors that accounted for variation in FMR did. Weather (wind chill and solar radiation) and pup traits (mass and condition) influenced mass-specific FMR, but these impacts varied across development. This study provides information about the factors influencing how offspring allocate energy toward growth and maintenance and improves our predictions about how a changing environment may affect energy allocation in pups. C1 [McDonald, Birgitte I.; Costa, Daniel P.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Goebel, Michael E.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Antarctic Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. [Crocker, Daniel E.] Sonoma State Univ, Dept Biol, Rohnert Pk, CA 94928 USA. RP McDonald, BI (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biotechnol & Biomed, 9500 Gilman Dr,0204, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM gitte.mcdonald@gmail.com FU U.S. AMLR; NSF Office of Polar [0440687]; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); NSF FX We thank all those who assisted with the collection of the data, in particular C. Champagne, R. Haner, and S. Seganti. Logistical support was provided by the U.S. Antarctic Marine Living Resources (AMLR) Program, the National Science Foundation (NSF) U.S. Antarctic Program, and Raytheon Polar Services. This research was funded by the U.S. AMLR Program and NSF Office of Polar Programs grant 0440687 to D.P.C, D.E.C., and M.E.G. B.I.M. was supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Science to Achieve Results Graduate Fellowship Program and an NSF graduate fellowship. EPA has not officially endorsed this publication, and the views expressed herein may not reflect the views of the EPA. NR 77 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 31 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1522-2152 J9 PHYSIOL BIOCHEM ZOOL JI Physiol. Biochem. Zool. PD MAR-APR PY 2012 VL 85 IS 2 BP 134 EP 147 DI 10.1086/664948 PG 14 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA 911QO UT WOS:000301734400003 PM 22418706 ER PT J AU Colt, J Watten, B Pfeiffer, T AF Colt, John Watten, Barnaby Pfeiffer, Tim TI Carbon dioxide stripping in aquaculture. Part 1: Terminology and reporting SO AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Carbon dioxide stripping; Carbonate chemisty; Standardized reporting ID WATER-QUALITY; REUSE SYSTEMS; PH; SEAWATER; CULTURE; SOLUBILITY; ALKALINITY; PHYSIOLOGY; TITRATION; AERATION AB The removal of carbon dioxide gas in aquacultural systems is much more complex than for oxygen or nitrogen gas because of liquid reactions of carbon dioxide and their kinetics. Almost all published carbon dioxide removal information for aquaculture is based on the apparent removal value after the CO2(aq)+ HOH double left right arrow H2CO3 reaction has reached equilibrium. The true carbon dioxide removal is larger than the apparent value, especially for high alkalinities and seawater. For low alkalinity freshwaters (< 2000 mu eq/kg), the difference between the true and apparent removal is small and can be ignored for many applications. Analytical and reporting standards are recommended to improve our understanding of carbon dioxide removal. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Colt, John] Natl Atmospher & Ocean Adm, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Watten, Barnaby] US Geol Survey, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Lab, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. [Pfeiffer, Tim] USDA ARS, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. RP Colt, J (reprint author), Natl Atmospher & Ocean Adm, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM john.colt@noaa.gov FU National Institute for Food & Agriculture (NIFA) [2008-38500-19230] FX This project was supported by Western Regional Aquaculture Center Grant No. 2008-38500-19230 from the USDA Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (now the National Institute for Food & Agriculture (NIFA)). NR 46 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8609 J9 AQUACULT ENG JI Aquac. Eng. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 47 BP 27 EP 37 DI 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2011.12.008 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering; Fisheries SC Agriculture; Fisheries GA 910KQ UT WOS:000301636000004 ER PT J AU Colt, J Watten, B Pfeiffer, T AF Colt, John Watten, Barnaby Pfeiffer, Tim TI Carbon dioxide stripping in aquaculture - Part II: Development of gas transfer models SO AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Mass transfer; Gas transfer models; Carbon dioxide stripping ID AERATION SYSTEMS; REUSE SYSTEMS; FISH TANKS; ABSORPTION; PH AB The basic mass transfer equation for gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide can be derived from integration of the driving force equation. Because of the physical characteristics of the gas transfer processes, slightly different models are used for aerators tested under the non steady-state procedures, than for packed columns, or weirs. It is suggested that the standard condition for carbon dioxide should be 20 degrees C, 1 atm, C-CO2 = 20 mg/kg, and X-CO2 = 0.000285. The selection of the standard condition for carbon dioxide based on a fixed mole fraction ensures that standardized carbon dioxide transfer rates will be comparable even though the value of C*(CO2) in the atmosphere is increasing with time. The computation of mass transfer for carbon dioxide is complicated by the impact of water depth and gas phase enrichment on the saturation concentration within the unit, although the importance of either factor depends strongly on the specific type of aerator. For some types of aerators, the most accurate gas phase model remains to be determined for carbon dioxide. The assumption that carbon dioxide can be treated as a non-reactive gas in packed columns may apply for cold acidic waters but not for warm alkaline waters. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Colt, John] Natl Atmospher & Ocean Adm, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Watten, Barnaby] US Geol Survey, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Lab, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. [Pfeiffer, Tim] USDA ARS, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. RP Colt, J (reprint author), Natl Atmospher & Ocean Adm, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM john.colt@noaa.gov FU National Institute for Food & Agriculture (NIFA) [2008-38500-19230] FX This project was supported by Western Regional Aquaculture Center Grant no. 2008-38500-19230 from the USDA Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (now the National Institute for Food & Agriculture (NIFA)). NR 36 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8609 J9 AQUACULT ENG JI Aquac. Eng. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 47 BP 38 EP 46 DI 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2011.12.002 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering; Fisheries SC Agriculture; Fisheries GA 910KQ UT WOS:000301636000005 ER PT J AU Colt, J Watten, B Pfeiffer, T AF Colt, John Watten, Barnaby Pfeiffer, Tim TI Carbon dioxide stripping in aquaculture - Part III: Model verification SO AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Carbon dioxide stripping; Gas transfer models; Carbon dioxide saturation models ID SULFITE OXIDATION; SEAWATER; DISSOCIATION; CONSTANTS; OXYGEN; WATER; ACID AB Based on conventional mass transfer models developed for oxygen, the use of the non-linear ASCE method, 2-point method, and one parameter linear-regression method were evaluated for carbon dioxide stripping data. For values of K(L)a(CO2) < approximately 1.5/h, the 2-point or ASCE method are a good fit to experimental data, but the fit breaks down at higher values of K(L)a(CO2). How to correct K(L)a(CO2) for gas phase enrichment remains to be determined. The one-parameter linear regression model was used to vary the C*(CO2) over the test, but it did not result in a better fit to the experimental data when compared to the ASCE or fixed C*(CO2) assumptions. For the packed column, the conventional mass transfer equation assumes that C*(CO2) is a constant within the column while the variable model assumes that C*(CO2) changes. When the column is divided into a large number of segments (300-500), the two models give comparable results because the change in mole fraction across an individual segment is small. For a smaller number of segments, the variable model is more accurate than the conventional model. K-20(CO2) values need to be computed from the variable mass transfer model because of the large change in mole fraction across the entire column. The variability of K-20(CO2) is reduced when the kinetics are slow (low pH and temperature). Future experimental work should start in this region and move toward faster kinetics (higher pH and temperature). Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Colt, John] Natl Atmospher & Ocean Adm, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Watten, Barnaby] US Geol Survey, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Lab, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. [Pfeiffer, Tim] USDA ARS, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. RP Colt, J (reprint author), Natl Atmospher & Ocean Adm, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM john.colt@noaa.gov FU National Institute for Food & Agriculture (NIFA) [2008-38500-19230] FX This project was supported by Western Regional Aquaculture Center Grant no. 2008-38500-19230 from the USDA Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (now the National Institute for Food & Agriculture (NIFA)). NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8609 J9 AQUACULT ENG JI Aquac. Eng. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 47 BP 47 EP 59 DI 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2011.12.007 PG 13 WC Agricultural Engineering; Fisheries SC Agriculture; Fisheries GA 910KQ UT WOS:000301636000006 ER PT J AU Moore, SE Reeves, RR Southall, BL Ragen, TJ Suydam, RS Clark, CW AF Moore, Sue E. Reeves, Randall R. Southall, Brandon L. Ragen, Timothy J. Suydam, Robert S. Clark, Christopher W. TI A New Framework for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammals in a Rapidly Changing Arctic SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Arctic; marine mammals; acoustic habitats ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; OCEAN; CONSERVATION; NOISE AB The recent loss of Arctic sea ice provides humans unprecedented access to the region. Marine mammals rely on sound as a primary sensory modality, and the noise associated with increasing human activities offshore can interfere with vital life functions. Many coastal communities rely on marine mammals for food and cultural identity, and subsistence hunters have expressed strong concerns that underwater sound from human activities negatively affects both the animals and hunting success. Federal regulations require scientists and oil and gas operators to acquire incidental harassment authorizations for activities that may disturb marine mammals. Currently, authorization requests are focused on the impacts of sound from activities considered in isolation of one another, and this precludes any possibility of a meaningful analysis of the cumulative impacts from multiple sources. We propose a new assessment framework that is based on the acoustic habitats that constitute the aggregate sound field from multiple sources, compiled at spatial and temporal scales consistent with the ecology of Arctic marine mammals. C1 [Moore, Sue E.] NOAA, Fisheries Off Sci & Technol, Seattle, WA USA. [Reeves, Randall R.] Okapi Wildlife Associates, Hudson, PQ, Canada. [Southall, Brandon L.] Safety & Environm Associates, Aptos, CA USA. [Ragen, Timothy J.] Marine Mammal Commiss, Bethesda, MD USA. [Suydam, Robert S.] N Slope Borough, Dept Wildlife Management, Barrow, AK USA. [Clark, Christopher W.] Cornell Univ, Bioacoust Res Program, Ithaca, NY USA. RP Moore, SE (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Off Sci & Technol, Seattle, WA USA. EM sue.moore@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 9 U2 69 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD MAR PY 2012 VL 62 IS 3 BP 289 EP 295 DI 10.1525/bio.2012.62.3.10 PG 7 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 909JX UT WOS:000301561900012 ER PT J AU Ceylan, D Tuna, G Kirkali, G Dizdaroglu, M Tunca, Z Yesilyurt, S Ozerdem, A AF Ceylan, D. Tuna, G. Kirkali, G. Dizdaroglu, M. Tunca, Z. Yesilyurt, S. Ozerdem, A. TI DNA damage in bipolar disorder: a quantitative assessment by using Gas Chromatography-Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) SO BIPOLAR DISORDERS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 5th Biennial Conference of the International-Society-for-Bipolar-Disorders CY MAR 14-17, 2012 CL Istanbul, TURKEY SP Int Soc Bipolar Disorders DE DNA damage; bipolar disorder; GC-MS method C1 [Ceylan, D.; Tunca, Z.; Yesilyurt, S.; Ozerdem, A.] Dokuz Eylul Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Izmir, Turkey. [Tuna, G.; Kirkali, G.] Dokuz Eylul Univ, Dept Biochem, Izmir, Turkey. [Dizdaroglu, M.] NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI ceylan, deniz/E-9415-2017 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1398-5647 J9 BIPOLAR DISORD JI Bipolar Disord. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 14 SU 1 SI SI BP 66 EP 66 PG 1 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 908ZG UT WOS:000301531000136 ER PT J AU Windom, BC Huber, ML Bruno, TJ Lown, AL Lira, CT AF Windom, B. C. Huber, M. L. Bruno, T. J. Lown, A. L. Lira, C. T. TI Measurements and Modeling Study on a High-Aromatic Diesel Fuel SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article ID EXPLICIT DISTILLATION CURVES; DECREASED PARTICULATE-EMISSIONS; SURROGATE MIXTURE MODEL; THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; AVIATION FUEL; THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; REFRIGERANT MIXTURES; OXYGENATE ADDITIVES; EXHAUST EMISSIONS; REFORMULATED FUELS AB The increasing cost of diesel fuel, potential for supply disruptions, and environmental concerns have resulted in a great deal of research to improve the performance and efficiency of diesel engines. This includes significant efforts in the reformulation of conventional diesel fuels and the development of renewable diesel fuels. An integral part of work on diesel fuels has been the measurement and modeling of the thermophysical properties of the fuels; this knowledge is critical to effective design and application. In this paper, we present the development of a model for thermodynamic and transport properties for a conventional diesel fuel based on our measurements of chemical composition, density, viscosity, and volatility. This information, along with the cetane number and heat of combustion, was used to develop surrogate mixture models. The models contain constituent fluids representative of those found in the fuel and were designed to represent thermophysical properties (density, viscosity, and volatility) and also the heat of combustion and cetane number. Comparisons (calculated with the surrogate models) to limited density and viscosity experimental data are within 0.6 and 2%, respectively. The model represents the cetane number of the fuel to within 2 cetane numbers and the heat of combustion to within 5%. The volatility behavior, indicated by the temperatures obtained from the advanced distillation curve method, is reproduced to within 0.5%. C1 [Windom, B. C.; Huber, M. L.; Bruno, T. J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermophys Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Lown, A. L.; Lira, C. T.] Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermophys Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bruno@boulder.nist.gov RI Lira, Carl/N-4177-2016; OI Lown, Anne/0000-0003-0486-0836; Lira, Carl/0000-0002-3957-6344 NR 71 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD MAR PY 2012 VL 26 IS 3 BP 1787 EP 1797 DI 10.1021/ef201861b PG 11 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 908SA UT WOS:000301509300032 ER PT J AU Laesecke, A Fortin, TJ Splettt, JD AF Laesecke, Arno Fortin, Tara J. Splettt, Jolene D. TI Density, Speed of Sound, and Viscosity Measurements of Reference Materials for Biofuels SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article ID AVIATION TURBINE FUELS; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; MIXTURES; PRESSURE; JET AB Measurements of density, speed of sound, and viscosity have been carried out on liquid certified reference materials for biofuels as a function of temperature at ambient pressure. The samples included anhydrous and hydrated bioethanol and two biodiesel fuels from different feedstocks, soy and animal fat. The ethanol samples were measured from a maximum temperature of 60 to 5 degrees C (speed of sound) and to -10 degrees C (density and viscosity), respectively. The biodiesel samples were characterized from 100 degrees C (density and viscosity) and from 70 degrees C (speed of sound) to 10 degrees C (animal fat-based) and 5 degrees C (soy-based). Densities were measured with two vibrating-tube instruments of different accuracy. The speeds of sound were measured with a propagation-time method in an acoustic cell that was combined with one of the densimeters. Viscosities were measured with an open gravitational capillary viscometer and with a rotating concentric cylinder viscometer, according to Stabinger. The measurement results are reported with detailed uncertainty analyses. C1 [Laesecke, Arno; Fortin, Tara J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Measurement Lab Thermophys Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Splettt, Jolene D.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Laesecke, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Measurement Lab Thermophys Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Arno.Laesecke@Boulder.NIST.Gov NR 30 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 32 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD MAR PY 2012 VL 26 IS 3 BP 1844 EP 1861 DI 10.1021/ef201645r PG 18 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 908SA UT WOS:000301509300038 ER PT J AU Van Buren, J Abel, K Lovestead, TM Bruno, TJ AF Van Buren, Jean Abel, Kathryn Lovestead, Tara M. Bruno, Thomas J. TI Volatility of Mixtures of JP-8 with Biomass Derived Hydroprocessed Renewable Jet Fuels by the Composition Explicit Distillation Curve Method SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article ID THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; AVIATION FUEL; PHYSICOCHEMICAL AUTHENTICITY; IMPROVEMENTS; MODEL; GASOLINE; S-8 AB In this paper, we apply the composition explicit distillation curve method to mixtures of JP-8 with hydroprocessed aviation fuels made from camelina (a genus within the flowering plant family Brassicaceae), from castor seed (Ricinus communis), and from waste brown grease used with the Fischer-Tropsch process. For the camelina fuel, the departures (with respect to JP-8) in volatility and in enthalpy of combustion are significant for mixtures with 25 and 50% (v/v) in JP-8. Mixtures with only 10% camelina fuel (v/v) show relatively minor departures. In all cases, the departures (with respect to JP-8) are to lower temperatures (higher volatility) and lower molar enthalpy of combustion. Mixtures of castor based fuel with JP-8 show essentially no departures in volatility or molar enthalpy of combustion up to the 40% distillate volume fraction. Subsequent to this distillate volume fraction, departures are very apparent, with mixtures showing lower volatility and higher molar enthalpy of combustion with higher volume fractions of castor based HRJ. Mixtures of the brown grease based fuel show departures to lower volatility and to higher molar enthalpy of combustion (with respect to JP-8) as the volume fraction of the brown grease SPK increases. C1 [Van Buren, Jean; Abel, Kathryn; Lovestead, Tara M.; Bruno, Thomas J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermophys Properties Div, Boulder, CO USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermophys Properties Div, Boulder, CO USA. EM bruno@boulder.nist.gov FU NIST; National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council at NIST FX J.V.B. and K.R.A. gratefully acknowledge Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowships (SURF) at NIST. T.M.L. acknowledges a National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council postdoctoral fellowship at NIST. We acknowledge the Propulsion Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, for the samples of fuel measured in this effort. NR 48 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD MAR PY 2012 VL 26 IS 3 BP 1964 EP 1974 DI 10.1021/ef300054g PG 11 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 908SA UT WOS:000301509300049 ER PT J AU Heintz, RA Rice, SD Carls, MG Short, JW AF Heintz, Ron A. Rice, Stanley D. Carls, Mark G. Short, Jeffery W. TI SENSITIVITY OF PINK SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA) EMBRYOS TO WEATHERED CRUDE OIL Reply SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter ID FISH EMBRYOS C1 [Heintz, Ron A.; Rice, Stanley D.; Carls, Mark G.] NOAA Fisheries, Juneau, AK USA. [Short, Jeffery W.] JWS Consulting, Juneau, AK USA. RP Heintz, RA (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Juneau, AK USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 31 IS 3 DI 10.1002/etc.1731 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 898ED UT WOS:000300717800006 ER PT J AU Heintz, RA Short, JW Rice, SD Carls, MG AF Heintz, Ron A. Short, Jeffery W. Rice, Stanley D. Carls, Mark G. TI SENSITIVITY OF PINK SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA) EMBRYOS TO WEATHERED CRUDE OIL Reply SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter ID FISH EMBRYOS; MORTALITY; EXPOSURE C1 [Heintz, Ron A.; Rice, Stanley D.; Carls, Mark G.] NOAA Fisheries, Juneau, AK USA. [Short, Jeffery W.] JWS Consulting, Juneau, AK USA. RP Heintz, RA (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Juneau, AK USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 31 IS 3 DI 10.1002/etc.693 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 898ED UT WOS:000300717800004 ER PT J AU Jahn, A Sterling, K Holland, MM Kay, JE Maslanik, JA Bitz, CM Bailey, DA Stroeve, J Hunke, EC Lipscomb, WH Pollak, DA AF Jahn, Alexandra Sterling, Kara Holland, Marika M. Kay, Jennifer E. Maslanik, James A. Bitz, Cecilia M. Bailey, David A. Stroeve, Julienne Hunke, Elizabeth C. Lipscomb, William H. Pollak, Daniel A. TI Late-Twentieth-Century Simulation of Arctic Sea Ice and Ocean Properties in the CCSM4 SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER FLUX; THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION; BARENTS SEA; THERMODYNAMIC MODEL; LANCASTER SOUND; CLIMATE MODELS; NARES STRAIT; VARIABILITY; HEAT; ARCHIPELAGO AB To establish how well the new Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4) simulates the properties of the Arctic sea ice and ocean, results from six CCSM4 twentieth-century ensemble simulations are compared here with the available data. It is found that the CCSM4 simulations capture most of the important climatological features of the Arctic sea ice and ocean state well, among them the sea ice thickness distribution, fraction of multiyear sea ice, and sea ice edge. The strongest bias exists in the simulated spring-to-fall sea ice motion field, the location of the Beaufort Gyre, and the temperature of the deep Arctic Ocean (below 250 m), which are caused by deficiencies in the simulation of the Arctic sea level pressure field and the lack of deep-water formation on the Arctic shelves. The observed decrease in the sea ice extent and the multiyear ice cover is well captured by the CCSM4. It is important to note, however, that the temporal evolution of the simulated Arctic sea ice cover over the satellite era is strongly influenced by internal variability. For example, while one ensemble member shows an even larger decrease in the sea ice extent over 1981-2005 than that observed, two ensemble members show no statistically significant trend over the same period. It is therefore important to compare the observed sea ice extent trend not just with the ensemble mean or a multimodel ensemble mean, but also with individual ensemble members, because of the strong imprint of internal variability on these relatively short trends. C1 [Jahn, Alexandra; Holland, Marika M.; Kay, Jennifer E.; Bailey, David A.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Sterling, Kara] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK USA. [Sterling, Kara] NOAA NWS W Coast & Alaska Tsunami Warning Ctr, Palmer, AK USA. [Maslanik, James A.] Univ Colorado, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Bitz, Cecilia M.] Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Stroeve, Julienne] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Hunke, Elizabeth C.; Lipscomb, William H.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Climate Ocean & Sea Ice Modeling Program, Los Alamos, NM USA. [Pollak, Daniel A.] Penn State Univ, Coll Earth & Mineral Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Jahn, A (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM ajahn@ucar.edu RI Kay, Jennifer/C-6042-2012; Jahn, Alexandra/C-6545-2008; Bindoff, Nathaniel/C-8050-2011; Bitz, Cecilia/S-8423-2016 OI Jahn, Alexandra/0000-0002-6580-2579; Bindoff, Nathaniel/0000-0001-5662-9519; Bitz, Cecilia/0000-0002-9477-7499 FU National Science Foundation [OPP-0902068, ARC-0909313]; NCAR; Arctic Region Supercomputing Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF); Department of Defense High Performance Computing Modernization Program; International Arctic Research Center (IARC), UAF; NASA [NNGO4GO51G, NNG06GB26G]; Biological and Environmental Research division of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science; National Science Foundation; Office of Science (BER) of the U.S. Department of Energy; National Science Foundation and other agencies FX The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.; Special thanks to Igor V. Polyakov (IARC) and Uma S. Bhatt (IARC) for their advice on the analysis of the Atlantic water properties, to Clara Deser (NCAR) and Ron Kwok (JPL) for discussions, and to the reviewer and editor for comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. Alexandra Jahn was supported through a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Advances Study Program at NCAR. Kara Sterling was supported in part by a grant of HPC resources from the Arctic Region Supercomputing Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) as part of the Department of Defense High Performance Computing Modernization Program and by the International Arctic Research Center (IARC), UAF. Marika Holland acknowledges support through NSF OPP-0902068. Cecilia M. Bitz acknowledges support through NSF Grant ARC-0909313. Julienne Stroeve acknowledges funding from NASA under Grants NNGO4GO51G and NNG06GB26G. Elizabeth Hunke and William Lipscomb acknowledge funding from the Biological and Environmental Research division of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science; Los Alamos National Laboratory is operated by the National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DEAC52-06NA25396. The CESM project is supported by the National Science Foundation and the Office of Science (BER) of the U.S. Department of Energy. Computing resources were provided by the Climate Simulation Laboratory at NCAR's Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL), sponsored by the National Science Foundation and other agencies. The CMIP5 simulations used in this research were enabled by CISL computer and storage resources. Bluefire, a 4064-processor IBM Power6 resource with a peak of 77 TeraFLOPS provided more than 7.5 million computing hours, the GLADE high-speed disk resources provided 0.4 PB of dedicated disk, and CISL's 12-PB HPSS archive provided over 1 PB of storage in support of the research project. NR 81 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 50 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR 1 PY 2012 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1431 EP 1452 DI 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00201.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 905ZR UT WOS:000301315200004 ER PT J AU Young, PJ Rosenlof, KH Solomon, S Sherwood, SC Fu, Q Lamarque, JF AF Young, Paul J. Rosenlof, Karen H. Solomon, Susan Sherwood, Steven C. Fu, Qiang Lamarque, Jean-Francois TI Changes in Stratospheric Temperatures and Their Implications for Changes in the Brewer Dobson Circulation, 1979-2005 SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID HEMISPHERE HIGH-LATITUDES; TROPOSPHERE EXCHANGE; MODEL SIMULATIONS; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; OZONE DEPLETION; RADIOSONDE DATA; SEASONAL CYCLE; TRENDS; CLIMATE; VARIABILITY AB Seasonally and vertically resolved changes in the strength of the Brewer Dobson circulation (BDC) were inferred using temperatures measured by the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU), Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU), and radiosondes. Linear trends in an empirically derived "BDC index" (extratropical minus tropical temperatures), over 1979-2005, were found to be consistent with a significant strengthening of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) branch of the BDC during December throughout the depth of the stratosphere. Trends in the same index suggest a significant strengthening of the Southern Hemisphere branch of the BDC during August through to the midstratosphere, as well as a significant weakening during March in the NH lower stratosphere. Such trends, however, are only significant if it is assumed that interannual variability due to the BDC can be removed by regression of the tropics against the extratropics and vice versa (i.e., exploiting the out-of-phase nature of tropical and extratropical temperatures as demonstrated by previous studies of temperature and the BDC). The possibility that the apparent lower-stratosphere BDC December strengthening and March weakening could point to a change in the seasonal cycle of the circulation is also explored. The differences between a 1979-91 average and 1995-2005 average tropical temperature seasonal cycle in lower-stratospheric MSU data show an apparent shift in the minimum from February to January, consistent with a change in the timing of the maximum wave driving. Additionally, the importance of decadal variability in shaping the overall trends is highlighted, in particular for the suggested March BDC weakening, which may now be strengthening from a minimum in the 1990s. C1 [Young, Paul J.] NOAA, ESRL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Young, Paul J.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Solomon, Susan] Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Sherwood, Steven C.] Univ New S Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. [Fu, Qiang] Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Lamarque, Jean-Francois] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Young, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, ESRL, 325 Broadway R CSD8, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM paul.j.young@noaa.gov RI Young, Paul/E-8739-2010; Rosenlof, Karen/B-5652-2008; Sherwood, Steven/B-5673-2008; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Young, Paul/0000-0002-5608-8887; Rosenlof, Karen/0000-0002-0903-8270; Sherwood, Steven/0000-0001-7420-8216; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; FU NOAA/Climate; Global Change Program FX David Thompson is thanked for several contributions and comments throughout the work. Remote Sensing Systems are thanked for the provision of MSU data, sponsored by the NOAA/Climate and Global Change Program. Data are available online at http://www.remss.com. Craig Long and Roger Lin at NOAA/CDC, Bill Randel and Fei Wu at NCAR, and John Nash at the Met Office are all thanked for the provision of, and information pertaining to, the SSU data. We also thank two anonymous reviewers whose comments greatly improved the content and clarity of this manuscript. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is operated by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research under sponsorship of the National Science Foundation. NR 53 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 40 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR 1 PY 2012 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1759 EP 1772 DI 10.1175/2011JCLI4048.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 905ZR UT WOS:000301315200022 ER PT J AU Powell, CJ AF Powell, C. J. TI Recommended Auger parameters for 42 elemental solids SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED PHENOMENA LA English DT Article DE Auger energies; Auger parameters; Binding energies; Elemental solids; XPS ID RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROMETERS; SURFACE CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS; ELECTRON SPECTROMETERS; ENERGY CALIBRATION; ISO/TC-201 STANDARD; REEVALUATION; STATE AB Values of the Auger parameter are presented for 42 elemental solids. These values were determined from evaluated Auger-electron kinetic energies and photoelectron binding energies (BEs). Small adjustments were made to earlier values of photoelectron BEs to take account of newer reference energies recommended for calibration of BE scales. The recommended values of the Auger parameter should be useful in the determination of chemical state by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Powell, CJ (reprint author), NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8370, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cedric.powell@nist.gov NR 17 TC 70 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0368-2048 J9 J ELECTRON SPECTROSC JI J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 185 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 3 DI 10.1016/j.elspec.2011.12.001 PG 3 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 910YK UT WOS:000301684300001 ER PT J AU Cui, XP Li, XF AF Cui Xiao-peng Li, Xiaofan TI EFFECTS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND ITS DIURNAL VARIATION ON DIURNAL VARIATION OF RAINFALL: A PARTITIONING ANALYSIS BASED ON SURFACE RAINFALL BUDGET SO JOURNAL OF TROPICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE sea surface temperature; diurnal variation; diurnal variation of rainfall; surface rainfall budget ID TROPICAL OCEANIC CONVECTION; CLOUD-RADIATION INTERACTION; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; CUMULUS CONVECTION; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; MODEL; PRECIPITATION; MESOSCALE; WATER AB The effects of sea surface temperature (SST) and its diurnal variation on diurnal variation of rainfall are examined in this study by analyzing a series of equilibrium cloud-resolving model experiments which are imposed with zero large-scale vertical velocity. The grid rainfall simulation data are categorized into eight rainfall types based on rainfall processes including water vapor convergence/divergence, local atmospheric drying/moistening, and hydrometeor loss/convergence or gain/divergence. The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are insensitive to the increase in SST from 27 degrees C to 29 degrees C during the nighttime, whereas they are decreased during the daytime. The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are decreased as the SST increases from 29 degrees C to 31 degrees C but the decreases are larger during the nighttime than during the daytime. The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are decreased by the inclusion of diurnal variation of SST with diurnal difference of 1 degrees C during the nighttime, but the decreases are significantly slowed down as the diurnal difference of SST increases from 1 degrees C to 2 degrees C. The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are insensitive to the inclusion of diurnal variation of SST during the daytime. C1 [Cui Xiao-peng] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms LACS, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. [Li, Xiaofan] NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Cui, XP (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms LACS, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. EM xpcui@mail.iap.ac.cn RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 FU National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) [2009CB421505]; National Natural Sciences Foundation of China [40921160379, 40775036] FX National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2009CB421505); National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (40921160379, 40775036) NR 32 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 8 PU JOURNAL OF TROPICAL METEOROLOGICAL PRESS PI GUANGZHOU PA 6 FU JIN RD, GUANGZHOU, 510080, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1006-8775 J9 J TROP METEOROL JI J. Trop. Meteorol. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 18 IS 1 BP 89 EP 97 DI 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8775.2012.01.010 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 908SL UT WOS:000301511100010 ER PT J AU Shen, XY Liu, J Li, XF AF Shen Xin-yong Liu Jia Li, Xiaofan TI EVALUATION OF CONVECTIVE-STRATIFORM RAINFALL SEPARATION SCHEMES BY PRECIPITATION AND CLOUD STATISTICS SO JOURNAL OF TROPICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE partitioning scheme; TOGA COARE; convective-stratiform rainfall; statistics ID ICE CLOUDS; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; DIURNAL-VARIATIONS; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; RESOLVING MODEL; TROPICAL WATER; MESOSCALE; RADIATION; BUDGETS; RADAR AB In this study, two convective-stratiform rainfall partitioning schemes are evaluated using precipitation and cloud statistics for different rainfall types categorized by applying surface rainfall equation on grid-scale data from a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation. One scheme is based on surface rainfall intensity whereas the other is based on cloud content information. The model is largely forced by the large-scale vertical velocity derived from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). The results reveal that over 40% of convective rainfall is associated with water vapor divergence, which primarily comes from the rainfall type with local atmospheric drying and water hydrometeor loss/convergence, caused by precipitation and evaporation of rain. More than 40% of stratiform rainfall is related to water vapor convergence, which largely comes from the rainfall type with local atmospheric moistening and hydrometeor loss/convergence attributable to water clouds through precipitation and the evaporation of rain and ice clouds through the conversion from ice hydrometeor to water hydrometeor. This implies that the separation methods based on surface rainfall and cloud content may not clearly separate convective and stratiform rainfall. C1 [Shen Xin-yong; Liu Jia] Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol, Minist Educ, Key Lab Meteorol Disaster, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. [Li, Xiaofan] NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Shen, XY (reprint author), Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol, Minist Educ, Key Lab Meteorol Disaster, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. EM sxydr@126.com RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [41075039, 41175065]; National Key Basic Research and Development Project of China [2011CB403405]; Chinese Special Scientific Research Project for Public Interest [GYHY200806009]; Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Province of China [2009] FX National Natural Science Foundation of China (41075039, 41175065); National Key Basic Research and Development Project of China (2011CB403405); Chinese Special Scientific Research Project for Public Interest (GYHY200806009); Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Province of China (2009) NR 42 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 9 PU JOURNAL OF TROPICAL METEOROLOGICAL PRESS PI GUANGZHOU PA 6 FU JIN RD, GUANGZHOU, 510080, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1006-8775 J9 J TROP METEOROL JI J. Trop. Meteorol. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 18 IS 1 BP 98 EP 107 DI 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8775.2012.01.011 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 908SL UT WOS:000301511100011 ER PT J AU Johnson, JG Morey, JS Neely, MG Ryan, JC Van Dolah, FM AF Johnson, Jillian G. Morey, Jeanine S. Neely, Marion G. Ryan, James C. Van Dolah, Frances M. TI Transcriptome remodeling associated with chronological aging in the dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis SO MARINE GENOMICS LA English DT Article DE Chronological aging; Microarray; Dinoflagellates; Stress response; Harmful algal bloom; Karenia brevis ID RED-TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE; CHLOROPLAST MESSENGER-RNA; PENTATRICOPEPTIDE REPEAT PROTEINS; PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS; GENE-EXPRESSION; SPLICED LEADER; CHLAMYDOMONAS-REINHARDTII; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE AB The toxic dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, forms dense blooms in the Gulf of Mexico that persist for many months in coastal waters, where they can cause extensive marine animal mortalities and human health impacts. The mechanisms that enable cell survival in high density, low growth blooms, and the mechanisms leading to often rapid bloom demise are not well understood. To gain an understanding of processes that underlie chronological aging in this dinoflagellate, a microarray study was carried out to identify changes in the global transcriptome that accompany the entry and maintenance of stationary phase up to the onset of cell death. The transcriptome of K. brevis was assayed using a custom 10,263 feature oligonucleotide microarray from mid-logarithmic growth to the onset of culture demise. A total of 2958 (29%) features were differentially expressed, with the mid-stationary phase timepoint demonstrating peak changes in expression. Gene ontology enrichment analyses identified a significant shift in transcripts involved in energy acquisition, ribosome biogenesis, gene expression, stress adaptation, calcium signaling, and putative brevetoxin biosynthesis. The extensive remodeling of the transcriptome observed in the transition into a quiescent non-dividing phase appears to be indicative of a global shift in the metabolic and signaling requirements and provides the basis from which to understand the process of chronological aging in a dinoflagellate. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Johnson, Jillian G.; Morey, Jeanine S.; Ryan, James C.; Van Dolah, Frances M.] NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Johnson, Jillian G.; Van Dolah, Frances M.] Med Univ S Carolina, Marine Biomed & Environm Sci Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Neely, Marion G.; Ryan, James C.; Van Dolah, Frances M.] Ctr Excellence Oceans & Human Hlth, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Van Dolah, FM (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM jill.lynch@noaa.gov; jeanine.morey@noaa.gov; marion.beal@noaa.gov; james.ryan@noaa.gov; fran.vandolah@noaa.gov OI Ryan, James/0000-0002-1101-3785 FU NOAA FX The authors would like to thank Emily Monroe for helpful discussions on the design of this study. We would also like to thank Walter Blair, Peter Feltman, Andrew Shuler, and Mackenzie Zippay for thoughtful comments on the manuscript. This project was funded by a NOAA Oceans and Human Health Predoctoral Fellowship awarded to JGJ and the NOAA Marine Biotoxins Program. NR 74 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1874-7787 J9 MAR GENOM JI Mar. Genom. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 5 BP 15 EP 25 DI 10.1016/j.margen.2011.08.005 PG 11 WC Genetics & Heredity; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Genetics & Heredity; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 911EU UT WOS:000301700900004 PM 22325718 ER PT J AU Wu, LX Cai, WJ Zhang, LP Nakamura, H Timmermann, A Joyce, T McPhaden, MJ Alexander, M Qiu, B Visbecks, M Chang, P Giese, B AF Wu, Lixin Cai, Wenju Zhang, Liping Nakamura, Hisashi Timmermann, Axel Joyce, Terry McPhaden, Michael J. Alexander, Michael Qiu, Bo Visbecks, Martin Chang, Ping Giese, Benjamin TI Enhanced warming over the global subtropical western boundary currents SO NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; OCEAN CIRCULATION; GULF-STREAM; DATASET; VARIABILITY; EXTENSION; SYSTEM AB Subtropical western boundary currents are warm, fast-flowing currents that form on the western side of ocean basins. They carry warm tropical water to the mid-latitudes, and vent large amounts of heat and moisture to the atmosphere along their paths, affecting atmospheric jet streams and mid-latitude storms, as well as ocean carbon uptake(1-4). The possibility that these highly energetic currents might change under greenhouse-gas forcing has raised significant concerns(5-7), but detecting such changes is challenging owing to limited observations. Here, using reconstructed sea surface temperature datasets and century-long ocean and atmosphere reanalysis products, we find that the post-1900 surface ocean warming rate over the path of these currents is two to three times faster than the global mean surface ocean warming rate. The accelerated warming is associated with a synchronous poleward shift and/or intensification of global subtropical western boundary currents in conjunction with a systematic change in winds over both hemispheres. This enhanced warming may reduce the ability of the oceans to absorb anthropogenic carbon dioxide over these regions. However, uncertainties in detection and attribution of these warming trends remain, pointing to a need for a long-term monitoring network of the global western boundary currents and their extensions. C1 [Wu, Lixin; Zhang, Liping] Ocean Univ China, Phys Oceanog Lab, Qingdao 266003, Peoples R China. [Cai, Wenju] CSIRO Marine & Atmosphere Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. [Nakamura, Hisashi] Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth, Tokyo 1138656, Japan. [Timmermann, Axel; Qiu, Bo] Univ Hawaii, Int Pacific Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Joyce, Terry] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [McPhaden, Michael J.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Alexander, Michael] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Visbecks, Martin] IFM GEOMAR, Leibniz Inst Meereswissensch, D-24105 Kiel, Germany. [Chang, Ping; Giese, Benjamin] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Wu, LX (reprint author), Ocean Univ China, Phys Oceanog Lab, Qingdao 266003, Peoples R China. EM lxwu@ouc.edu.cn RI Timmermann, Axel /F-4977-2011; Chang, Ping /A-1642-2013; Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013; Cai, Wenju/C-2864-2012; McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016; Visbeck, Martin/B-6541-2016; Qiu, Bo/D-9569-2017 OI Timmermann, Axel /0000-0003-0657-2969; Chang, Ping /0000-0002-9085-0759; Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427; Visbeck, Martin/0000-0002-0844-834X; FU China National Key Basic Research Project [2007CB411800]; National Natural Science Foundation [40788002, 40930844, 40921004]; Australian Climate Change Science program; Southeast Australia Climate Initiative; Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology [2205]; Japanese Ministry of Environment [S-5]; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Climate Program Office FX This work is supported by China National Key Basic Research Project (2007CB411800) and National Natural Science Foundation Projects (40788002, 40930844, 40921004). W.C. is supported by the Australian Climate Change Science program and the Southeast Australia Climate Initiative. H.N. is supported in part by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology through Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas #2205 and by the Japanese Ministry of Environment through Global Environment Research Fund (S-5). M.J.M. is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Climate Program Office. PMEL Publication no. 3774. NR 32 TC 141 Z9 148 U1 7 U2 96 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1758-678X EI 1758-6798 J9 NAT CLIM CHANGE JI Nat. Clim. Chang. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 2 IS 3 BP 161 EP 166 DI 10.1038/NCLIMATE1353 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 910JE UT WOS:000301632200015 ER PT J AU Friedrich, T Timmermann, A Abe-Ouchi, A Bates, NR Chikamoto, MO Church, MJ Dore, JE Gledhill, DK Gonzalez-Davila, M Heinemann, M Ilyina, T Jungclaus, JH McLeod, E Mouchet, A Santana-Casiano, JM AF Friedrich, T. Timmermann, A. Abe-Ouchi, A. Bates, N. R. Chikamoto, M. O. Church, M. J. Dore, J. E. Gledhill, D. K. Gonzalez-Davila, M. Heinemann, M. Ilyina, T. Jungclaus, J. H. McLeod, E. Mouchet, A. Santana-Casiano, J. M. TI Detecting regional anthropogenic trends in ocean acidification against natural variability SO NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; REDUCED CALCIFICATION; CORAL-REEFS; PACIFIC; CLIMATE; GROWTH AB Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution humans have released, similar to 500 billion metric tons of carbon to the atmosphere through fossil-fuel burning, cement production and land-use changes(1,2). About 30% has been taken up by the oceans(3). The oceanic uptake of carbon dioxide leads to changes in marine carbonate chemistry resulting in a decrease of seawater pH and carbonate ion concentration, commonly referred to as ocean acidification. Ocean acidification is considered a major threat to calcifying organisms(4-6). Detecting its magnitude and impacts on regional scales requires accurate knowledge of the level of natural variability of surface ocean carbonate ion concentrations on seasonal to annual timescales and beyond. Ocean observations are severely limited with respect to providing reliable estimates of the signal-to-noise ratio of human-induced trends in carbonate chemistry against natural factors. Using three Earth system models we show that the current anthropogenic trend in ocean acidification already exceeds the level of natural variability by up to 30 times on regional scales. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the current rates of ocean acidification at monitoring sites in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans exceed those experienced during the last glacial termination by two orders of magnitude. C1 [Friedrich, T.; Timmermann, A.; Heinemann, M.] Univ Hawaii, IPRC, SOEST, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Abe-Ouchi, A.; Chikamoto, M. O.] Japan Agcy Marine Sci & Technol, Res Inst Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. [Bates, N. R.] Bermuda Inst Ocean Sci, St Georges GE 01, Bermuda. [Church, M. J.] Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Dore, J. E.] Montana State Univ, Dept Land Resources & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Gledhill, D. K.] Univ Miami, NOAA AOML, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Gonzalez-Davila, M.; Santana-Casiano, J. M.] Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Dept Quim, Fac Ciencias Mar, Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35017, Spain. [Ilyina, T.; Jungclaus, J. H.] Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. [McLeod, E.] Nature Conservancy, Hawaii Field Off, Honolulu, HI 96817 USA. [Mouchet, A.] Univ Liege, Dept Astrophys Geophys & Oceanog, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. RP Friedrich, T (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, IPRC, SOEST, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM tobiasf@hawaii.edu; axel@hawaii.edu RI Timmermann, Axel /F-4977-2011; Friedrich, Tobias/D-1053-2013; GONZALEZ DAVILA, MELCHOR/K-4958-2014; SANTANA CASIANO, JUANA MAGDALENA/K-5058-2014; Abe-Ouchi, Ayako/M-6359-2013; Mouchet, Anne/K-1911-2014 OI Timmermann, Axel /0000-0003-0657-2969; Friedrich, Tobias/0000-0001-7324-4100; GONZALEZ DAVILA, MELCHOR/0000-0003-3230-8985; SANTANA CASIANO, JUANA MAGDALENA/0000-0002-7930-7683; Ilyina, Tatiana/0000-0002-3475-4842; Abe-Ouchi, Ayako/0000-0003-1745-5952; Mouchet, Anne/0000-0002-8846-3063 FU Nature Conservancy; National Science Foundation (NSF) [0902133]; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) through International Pacific Research Center; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) through NSF [0902551] FX This study was funded by The Nature Conservancy (www.nature.org) and National Science Foundation (NSF) grant #0902133. AT is supported by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) through its sponsorship of the International Pacific Research Center and NSF grant #0902551. We thank S. Lorenz for conducting the MPI-ESM experiments. This is International Pacific Research Center contribution number 829. NR 28 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 4 U2 86 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1758-678X EI 1758-6798 J9 NAT CLIM CHANGE JI Nat. Clim. Chang. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 2 IS 3 BP 167 EP 171 DI 10.1038/NCLIMATE1372 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 910JE UT WOS:000301632200016 ER PT J AU Germer, TA AF Germer, Thomas A. TI Realizable differential matrices for depolarizing media SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MUELLER MATRICES; ANISOTROPIC MEDIA; POLAR DECOMPOSITION; FORMALISM; EVOLUTION AB The evolution of a Stokes vector through depolarizing media is considered. A general form for the differential matrix is found that is appropriate in the presence of depolarization and it is parameterized in a manner that ensures that it yields, upon integration, a valid Mueller matrix for any choice of parameters. The form expands the more limited form for a nondepolarizing matrix given by Azzam [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68, 1756 (1978)] and which was extended recently by others to include depolarization. A Mueller matrix decomposition is proposed that is based upon the new parameterization. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sensor Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Germer, TA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sensor Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM thomas.germer@nist.gov NR 14 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD MAR 1 PY 2012 VL 37 IS 5 BP 921 EP 923 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 904KS UT WOS:000301195100055 PM 22378439 ER PT J AU Lubchenco, J Karl, TR AF Lubchenco, Jane Karl, Thomas R. TI Predicting and managing extreme weather events SO PHYSICS TODAY LA English DT Article ID INTENSE C1 [Lubchenco, Jane] US Dept Commerce, Washington, DC 20230 USA. [Karl, Thomas R.] NOAA, Natl Climate Data Ctr, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Lubchenco, J (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 16 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0031-9228 J9 PHYS TODAY JI Phys. Today PD MAR PY 2012 VL 65 IS 3 BP 31 EP 37 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 910FU UT WOS:000301623400022 ER PT J AU Moore, SE Stafford, KM Melling, H Berchok, C Wiig, O Kovacs, KM Lydersen, C Richter-Menge, J AF Moore, Sue E. Stafford, Kathleen M. Melling, Humfrey Berchok, Catherine Wiig, Oystein Kovacs, Kit M. Lydersen, Christian Richter-Menge, Jackie TI Comparing marine mammal acoustic habitats in Atlantic and Pacific sectors of the High Arctic: year-long records from Fram Strait and the Chukchi Plateau SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Marine mammals; Acoustics; Seismic surveys; International Polar Year ID LOW-FREQUENCY WHALE; BOWHEAD WHALES; SOUNDS; WATER; HEAT AB During the International Polar Year (IPY), acoustic recorders were deployed on oceanographic moorings in Fram Strait and on the Chukchi Plateau, representing the first coordinated year-round sampling of underwater acoustic habitats at two sites in the High Arctic. Examination of species-specific marine mammal calls recorded from autumn 2008-2009 revealed distinctly different acoustic habitats at each site. Overall, the Fram Strait site was acoustically complex compared with the Chukchi Plateau site. In Fram Strait, calls from bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) and a variety of toothed whales (odontocetes) were recorded year-round, as were airgun pulses from seismic surveys. In addition, calls from blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) and fin whales (B. physalus) were recorded from June to October and August to March, respectively. Conversely, at the Chukchi Plateau site, beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) and bowhead whale calls were recorded primarily from May to August, with airgun signals detected only in September-October. Ribbon seal (Phoca fasciata) calls were detected in October-November, with no marine mammals calls at all recorded from December to February. Of note, ice-adapted bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) were recorded at both sites, primarily in spring and summer, corresponding with the mating season for that species. Differences in acoustic habitats between the two sites were related to contrasts in sea ice cover, temperature, patterns of ocean circulation and contributions from anthropogenic noise sources. These data provide a provisional baseline for the comparison of underwater acoustic habitats between Pacific and Atlantic sectors of the High Arctic. C1 [Moore, Sue E.] NOAA, Off Sci & Technol, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Stafford, Kathleen M.] Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. [Melling, Humfrey] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. [Berchok, Catherine] NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Wiig, Oystein] Univ Oslo, Nat Hist Museum, Natl Ctr Biosystemat, N-0318 Oslo, Norway. [Kovacs, Kit M.; Lydersen, Christian] Norwegian Polar Res Inst, N-9296 Tromso, Norway. [Richter-Menge, Jackie] ERDC Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Moore, SE (reprint author), NOAA, Off Sci & Technol, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM sue.moore@noaa.gov RI Wiig, Oystein/J-8383-2012 OI Wiig, Oystein/0000-0003-0395-5251 FU NOAA/Fisheries; NOAA/OAR; Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Norwegian Polar Institute for at-sea capability FX We thank the Canadian Coast Guard, the Norwegian Polar Institute and all the scientists, technical staff and crews aboard the Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the R/V Lance for their assistance in recorder deployment and recovery. We also thank the NOAA/Fisheries (B. Southall) and the NOAA/OAR (J. Calder) line offices for funding, as well as Fisheries and Oceans Canada and the Norwegian Polar Institute for at-sea capability, in-kind support and encouragement. NR 26 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 6 U2 34 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 35 IS 3 BP 475 EP 480 DI 10.1007/s00300-011-1086-y PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 907XI UT WOS:000301452600015 ER PT J AU Rogers, PH Semancik, S AF Rogers, Phillip H. Semancik, Steve TI Development of optimization procedures for application-specific chemical sensing SO SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL LA English DT Article DE Chemical microsensor; Microhotplate; Optimization; Biplot; Oxides; Signal processing ID TEMPERATURE-PROGRAMMED MICROSENSORS; HOTPLATE GAS SENSORS; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; MICROHOTPLATE PLATFORMS; OXIDE NANOSTRUCTURES; MODULATION; SELECTIVITY; SEQUENCES; HAZARDS; NOSE AB We present methods for selecting optimized operating conditions from tunable sensor systems that produce multi-dimensional data streams. To demonstrate our approach in a case study, a chemical sensing dataset was collected using a microsensor array with temperature-modulated elements. The top electrodes of the array elements were coated with SnO2, In2O3, and CuO sensing films that were formed on the individual microhotplate platforms by annealing microcapillary deposited metal-hydroxide sol-gel films. Chemical sensing data was collected while interfacial interactions were influenced via pulsed temperature programming. During the collection of the chemical sensing database an analyte exposure schedule consisting of a dry air background and mu mol/mol concentrations of three reducing analytes was cycled as the temperature program operating the microsensor array was systematically varied. The data was processed using linear discriminant analysis and principle component analysis to quantify analyte selectivity. The methods discussed in this manuscript produced sensing materials-specific temperature programs optimized for the studied analytes which contained a factor of 2.6 fewer temperature pulses than the original inspection temperature programs. These shortened temperature programs increased sample frequency, preserved analyte concentration information, and improved target cross-selectivity. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Rogers, Phillip H.; Semancik, Steve] NIST, Mat Measurement Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Semancik, S (reprint author), NIST, Mat Measurement Lab, 100 Bur Dr,MS8362, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM steves@nist.gov FU NIST FX The authors thank Eric Dattoli, Kurt Benkstein, Chip Montgomery and Dean Ripple for valuable comments and assistance relevant to this work. Additional thanks go to Kristen Steffens for her expertise and assistance with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. PHR was supported by a NIST Postdoctoral Research Associateship Award administered through the National Research Council. NR 36 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-4005 J9 SENSOR ACTUAT B-CHEM JI Sens. Actuator B-Chem. PD MAR 1 PY 2012 VL 163 IS 1 BP 8 EP 19 DI 10.1016/j.snb.2011.11.015 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 910GV UT WOS:000301626100002 ER PT J AU Duncan, C Kersh, GJ Spraker, T Patyk, KA Fitzpatrick, KA Massung, RF Gelatt, T AF Duncan, Colleen Kersh, Gilbert J. Spraker, Terry Patyk, Kelly A. Fitzpatrick, Kelly A. Massung, Robert F. Gelatt, Tom TI Coxiella burnetii in Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus) Placentas from St. Paul Island, Alaska SO VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Coxiella burnetii; Northern fur seal; Placenta; Pribilof Islands ID Q-FEVER; PRIBILOF ISLANDS; INFECTION; DECLINE AB The decline in the number of northern fur seal (NFS; Callorhinus ursinus) pups on St. Paul Island, Alaska, has led to multidisciplinary research, including investigation into issues of reproductive health and success. Given the recent identification of Coxiella burnetii in the placenta of two other marine mammal species, NFS placentas were collected from Reef rookery on St. Paul Island, Alaska, during the 2010 pupping season, examined histologically, and tested for C. burnetii using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of 146 placentas examined, gram-negative intratrophoblastic bacteria that were positive for C. burnetii on immunohistochemistry were observed in 5 (3%) placentas. Placental infection was usually devoid of associated inflammation or significant ancillary pathology. One hundred nine (75%) of the placentas were positive for C. burnetii on PCR. C. burnetii is globally distributed and persists for long periods in the environment, providing ample opportunity for exposure of many species. The significance of this finding for the declining fur seal population, potential human exposure and infection, and impact on other sympatric marine mammal or terrestrial species is unclear; further investigation into the epidemiology of Coxiella in the marine ecosystem is warranted. C1 [Duncan, Colleen] Colorado State Univ, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Pathol, CSU Diagnost Med Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. [Kersh, Gilbert J.; Fitzpatrick, Kelly A.; Massung, Robert F.] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. [Gelatt, Tom] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Duncan, C (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Pathol, CSU Diagnost Med Ctr, 300 W Drake Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. EM colleen.duncan@colostate.edu NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 10 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1530-3667 J9 VECTOR-BORNE ZOONOT JI Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 12 IS 3 BP 192 EP 195 DI 10.1089/vbz.2011.0715 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 906NX UT WOS:000301353600004 PM 22017469 ER PT J AU Redman, SL Ycas, GG Terrien, R Mahadevan, S Ramsey, LW Bender, CF Osterman, SN Diddams, SA Quinlan, F Lawler, JE Nave, G AF Redman, Stephen L. Ycas, Gabriel G. Terrien, Ryan Mahadevan, Suvrath Ramsey, Lawrence W. Bender, Chad F. Osterman, Steven N. Diddams, Scott A. Quinlan, Franklyn Lawler, James E. Nave, Gillian TI A HIGH-RESOLUTION ATLAS OF URANIUM-NEON IN THE H BAND SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES LA English DT Article DE atomic data; infrared: general; instrumentation: spectrographs; methods: laboratory; standards; techniques: radial velocities ID HOLLOW-CATHODE LAMPS; ESTABLISHING WAVELENGTH STANDARDS; RADIAL-VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS; LASER FREQUENCY COMBS; INFRARED-SPECTRUM; NM REGION; PRECISION; CALIBRATION; SPECTROGRAPHS; LINES AB We present a high-resolution (R approximate to 50,000) atlas of a uranium-neon (U/Ne) hollow-cathode spectrum in the H band (1454-1638 nm) for the calibration of near-infrared spectrographs. We obtained this U/Ne spectrum simultaneously with a laser-frequency comb spectrum, which we used to provide a first-order calibration to the U/Ne spectrum. We then calibrated the U/Ne spectrum using the recently published uranium line list of Redman et al., which is derived from high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer measurements. These two independent calibrations allowed us to easily identify emission lines in the hollow-cathode lamp that do not correspond to known (classified) lines of either uranium or neon, and to compare the achievable precision of each source. Our frequency comb precision was limited by modal noise and detector effects, while the U/Ne precision was limited primarily by the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the observed emission lines and our ability to model blended lines. The standard deviation in the dispersion solution residuals from the S/N-limited U/Ne hollow-cathode lamp was 50% larger than the standard deviation of the dispersion solution residuals from the modal-noise-limited laser-frequency comb. We advocate the use of U/Ne lamps for precision calibration of near-infrared spectrographs, and this H-band atlas makes these lamps significantly easier to use for wavelength calibration. C1 [Redman, Stephen L.; Terrien, Ryan; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Ramsey, Lawrence W.; Bender, Chad F.] Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Redman, Stephen L.; Nave, Gillian] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Ycas, Gabriel G.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Ycas, Gabriel G.; Diddams, Scott A.; Quinlan, Franklyn] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Terrien, Ryan; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Ramsey, Lawrence W.; Bender, Chad F.] Penn State Univ, Ctr Exoplanets & Habitable Worlds, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Osterman, Steven N.] Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Lawler, James E.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Redman, SL (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 525 Davey Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Bender, Chad/D-4719-2012; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 FU NASA through NAI [NNX09AB34G]; NSF [AST-0906034, AST-1006676, AST-0907732, ASF-1126413]; NIST; National Research Council NAS; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds; Pennsylvania State University; Eberly College of Science; Pennsylvania Space Grant Consortium FX We acknowledge support from NASA through the NAI and Origins grant NNX09AB34G, and the NSF grants AST-0906034, AST-1006676, AST-0907732, and ASF-1126413. This research was partly performed while S. Redman held a National Research Council Research Associateship Award at NIST, and while F. Quinlan was supported by a National Research Council NAS postdoctoral fellowship. We thank M. Hirano of Sumitomo Electric Industries for use of the nonlinear fiber in the frequency comb. This work was partially supported by funding from the Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, which in turn is supported by the Pennsylvania State University, the Eberly College of Science, and the Pennsylvania Space Grant Consortium. The Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) is a joint project of the University of Texas at Austin, the Pennsylvania State University, Stanford University, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, and Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen. The HET is named in honor of its principal benefactors, William P. Hobby and Robert E. Eberly.; We thank the HET resident astronomers (John Caldwell, Steve Odewahn, Sergey Rostopchin, and Matthew Shetrone) and telescope operators (Frank Deglman, Vicki Riley, Eusebio "Chevo" Terrazas, and Amy Westfall) for their expertise and support. We also thank the HET engineers and staff who provided us with the necessary assistance during the day: Edmundo Balderrama, Randy Bryant, George Damm, James Fowler, Herman Kriel, Leo Lavender, Jerry Martin, Debbie Murphy, Robert Poenisch, Logan Schoolcraft, and Michael Ward. NR 38 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0067-0049 J9 ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S JI Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 199 IS 1 AR 2 DI 10.1088/0067-0049/199/1/2 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 903ME UT WOS:000301119800002 ER PT J AU Minello, TJ Rozas, LP Baker, R AF Minello, Thomas J. Rozas, Lawrence P. Baker, Ronald TI Geographic Variability in Salt Marsh Flooding Patterns may Affect Nursery Value for Fishery Species SO ESTUARIES AND COASTS LA English DT Article DE Blue crab; Nekton; Penaeid shrimp; Spartina alterniflora; Tidal hydrology ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; CORDGRASS SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; CRAB CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; HABITAT USE PATTERNS; GALVESTON BAY; NEKTON USE; BROWN SHRIMP; DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS; SEA-LEVEL; BLUE-CRAB AB Flooding of salt marshes controls access to the marsh surface for aquatic organisms and likely regulates the value and use of this habitat for juvenile fishery species. We examined geographic variability in marsh access by measuring tidal flooding characteristics in 15 Spartina alterniflora marshes in the southeastern US between South Texas and lower Chesapeake Bay. Flooding duration and flooding frequency were correlated with the elevation of the marsh edge in relation to mean low water and with the tidal range. Mean annual flooding duration over the years 2006-2008 was highest in Texas (91.5% in Aransas Bay) and North Carolina (89.3% in Pamlico Sound) and lowest in Timbalier Bay, LA (54%) and the lower Carolinas and Georgia (55-57%). We used published data on densities of blue crabs and penaeid shrimps as a measure of habitat selection, and there was a positive relationship between marsh selection and flooding duration. C1 [Minello, Thomas J.; Baker, Ronald] NOAA Natl Marine Fisheries Serv SEFSC, Galveston Lab, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. [Rozas, Lawrence P.] NOAA Natl Marine Fisheries Serv SEFSC, Estuarine Habitats & Coastal Fisheries Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Minello, TJ (reprint author), NOAA Natl Marine Fisheries Serv SEFSC, Galveston Lab, 4700 Ave U, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. EM tom.minello@noaa.gov RI Baker, Ronald/J-9060-2014 OI Baker, Ronald/0000-0001-8408-0324 FU Southeast Regional Habitat Office of the National Marine Fisheries Service; National Research Council at the NOAA Galveston Laboratory FX We would like to thank Robert Twilley, Marcus Sheaves, Irv Mendelssohn, Cherie O'Brien, and Brian Fry for the discussions and ideas that were helpful in developing the manuscript. Thanks also to David Walters for providing USGS water level data from Grande Terre, LA. Aleta Hohn provided valuable assistance in the field. Phil Caldwell created Fig. 1 and calculated distances from marshes to tide gages. Partial support for this research was provided by Miles Croom and the Southeast Regional Habitat Office of the National Marine Fisheries Service. This research was performed while R.B. held a National Research Council Research Associateship Award at the NOAA Galveston Laboratory. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the NOAA Fisheries Service. NR 66 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 4 U2 37 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1559-2723 J9 ESTUAR COAST JI Estuaries Coasts PD MAR PY 2012 VL 35 IS 2 BP 501 EP 514 DI 10.1007/s12237-011-9463-x PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 898WA UT WOS:000300771900011 ER PT J AU Rozas, LP Minello, TJ Dantin, DD AF Rozas, Lawrence P. Minello, Thomas J. Dantin, Darrin D. TI Use of Shallow Lagoon Habitats by Nekton of the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico SO ESTUARIES AND COASTS LA English DT Article DE Seagrass; Salt marsh; Habitat comparison; Pink shrimp; Farfantepenaeus duorarum; Florida lagoon ID SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION; GALVESTON BAY; DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS; SALT-MARSH; CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; FLORIDA BAY; DUORARUM BURKENROAD; SEAGRASS MEADOWS; FISH COMMUNITIES; ESTUARINE FISH AB We compared nekton use of prominent habitat types within a lagoonal system of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (GoM). These habitat types were defined by combinations of structure (cover type) and location (distance from shore) as: Spartina edge (a parts per thousand currency sign1 m from shore), Spartina (3 m from shore); Juncus edge (a parts per thousand currency sign1 m from shore); seagrass located 3, 5, and 20 m from shore; and shallow non-vegetated bottom at various distances from shore. Although seagrass and Spartina edge sites differed little in environmental characteristics, the density and biomass of most abundant taxa, including pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum), were higher in seagrass. Most species within seagrass and Spartina did not differ in abundance or biomass with distance from shore. Our study revealed a shift in peak habitat use in the northeastern GoM to seagrass beds from the pattern observed to the west where nekton is concentrated within shoreline emergent vegetation. C1 [Rozas, Lawrence P.] NOAA Natl Marine Fisheries Serv SEFSC, Estuarine Habitats & Coastal Fisheries Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. [Minello, Thomas J.] NOAA Natl Marine Fisheries Serv SEFSC, Galveston Lab, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. [Dantin, Darrin D.] US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Rozas, LP (reprint author), NOAA Natl Marine Fisheries Serv SEFSC, Estuarine Habitats & Coastal Fisheries Ctr, 646 Cajundome Blvd,Room 175, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM lawrence.rozas@noaa.gov FU Natural Resources Department, Tyndall Air Force Base; EPA Gulf Ecology Division; NOAA Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center FX This research was conducted through the NOAA Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center by personnel from the Fishery Ecology Branch (FEB) located at the Galveston Laboratory and the Estuarine Habitats and Coastal Fisheries Center in Lafayette, Louisiana. The assistance of everyone in the FEB was essential for the successful completion of this project. In particular, we thank Jim Ditty, Jennifer Doerr, Shawn Hillen, Juan Salas, Katie Turner, and Elizabeth Wilson for help in collecting and processing samples and Philip Caldwell for producing Fig. 1. We acknowledge John A. Dittmar III (EPA Gulf Ecology Division) for computing the aerial coverage of habitat types. We also thank Kevin Caillouet (Tulane University), Heather Pace Dyer (Nicholls State University), Janet A. Nestlerode (EPA Gulf Ecology Division), and Dominic Guadagnoli (Georgia Department of Natural Resources) for assisting in collecting nekton samples. Alejandro E. Almario with the EPA Gulf Ecology Division assisted by providing tidal data. We thank Jack Mobley and Mike Mitsud (Natural Resources Department, Tyndall Air Force Base) for providing logistical support at the study site. We acknowledge the EPA Gulf Ecology Division and the NOAA Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center for funding this research project. Two anonymous reviewers and the editor suggested changes that improved the original manuscript. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the NOAA Fisheries Service. NR 60 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 19 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1559-2723 J9 ESTUAR COAST JI Estuaries Coasts PD MAR PY 2012 VL 35 IS 2 BP 572 EP 586 DI 10.1007/s12237-011-9449-8 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 898WA UT WOS:000300771900016 ER PT J AU Brooks, ML Fleishman, E Brown, LR Lehman, PW Werner, I Scholz, N Mitchelmore, C Lovvorn, JR Johnson, ML Schlenk, D van Drunick, S Drever, JI Stoms, DM Parker, AE Dugdale, R AF Brooks, Marjorie L. Fleishman, Erica Brown, Larry R. Lehman, Peggy W. Werner, Inge Scholz, Nathaniel Mitchelmore, Carys Lovvorn, James R. Johnson, Michael L. Schlenk, Daniel van Drunick, Suzanne Drever, James I. Stoms, David M. Parker, Alex E. Dugdale, Richard TI Life Histories, Salinity Zones, and Sublethal Contributions of Contaminants to Pelagic Fish Declines Illustrated with a Case Study of San Francisco Estuary, California, USA SO ESTUARIES AND COASTS LA English DT Article DE Susceptibility to toxins; Bioenergetic costs; Impaired waterways; Multiple stressors; Pelagic organism decline; Climate change; Review ID LARVAL STRIPED BASS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; AQUATIC ORGANISMS; BAY ESTUARY; PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; RAINBOW-TROUT AB Human effects on estuaries are often associated with major decreases in abundance of aquatic species. However, remediation priorities are difficult to identify when declines result from multiple stressors with interacting sublethal effects. The San Francisco Estuary offers a useful case study of the potential role of contaminants in declines of organisms because the waters of its delta chronically violate legal water quality standards; however, direct effects of contaminants on fish species are rarely observed. Lack of direct lethality in the field has prevented consensus that contaminants may be one of the major drivers of coincident but unexplained declines of fishes with differing life histories and habitats (anadromous, brackish, and freshwater). Our review of available evidence indicates that examining the effects of contaminants and other stressors on specific life stages in different seasons and salinity zones of the estuary is critical to identifying how several interacting stressors could contribute to a general syndrome of declines. Moreover, warming water temperatures of the magnitude projected by climate models increase metabolic rates of ectotherms, and can hasten elimination of some contaminants. However, for other pollutants, concurrent increases in respiratory rate or food intake result in higher doses per unit time without changes in the contaminant concentrations in the water. Food limitation and energetic costs of osmoregulating under altered salinities further limit the amount of energy available to fish; this energy must be redirected from growth and reproduction toward pollutant avoidance, enzymatic detoxification, or elimination. Because all of these processes require energy, bioenergetics methods are promising for evaluating effects of sublethal contaminants in the presence of other stressors, and for informing remediation. Predictive models that evaluate the direct and indirect effects of contaminants will be possible when data become available on energetic costs of exposure to contaminants given simultaneous exposure to non-contaminant stressors. C1 [Brooks, Marjorie L.; Lovvorn, James R.] So Illinois Univ, Dept Zool, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. [Fleishman, Erica; Stoms, David M.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Brown, Larry R.] US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. [Lehman, Peggy W.] Calif Dept Water Resources, Div Environm Serv, W Sacramento, CA 95691 USA. [Werner, Inge] Univ Calif Davis, Aquat Toxicol Lab, Dept Anat Physiol & Cell Biol, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Scholz, Nathaniel] NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Mitchelmore, Carys] Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. [Johnson, Michael L.] Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Watershed Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Schlenk, Daniel] Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. [van Drunick, Suzanne] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Drever, James I.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Geol & Geophys, Dept 3006, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Parker, Alex E.; Dugdale, Richard] San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr Environm Studies, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. RP Brooks, ML (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Zool, 1125 E Lincoln Dr,MC 6501, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. EM mlbrooks@siu.edu RI Mitchelmore, Carys/E-5278-2012; Brooks, Marjorie/M-5692-2014; OI Mitchelmore, Carys/0000-0003-1373-4479; Scholz, Nathaniel/0000-0001-6207-0272 FU University of California-Santa Barbara [113325G004]; US Fish and Wildlife Service [113325G004] FX We thank James Orlando, Kelly Smalling, and several anonymous reviewers for helpful comments. This work was supported by cooperative agreement number 113325G004 between the University of California-Santa Barbara and the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and conducted as part of a working group convened in part at the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis. NR 143 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 47 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1559-2723 J9 ESTUAR COAST JI Estuaries Coasts PD MAR PY 2012 VL 35 IS 2 BP 603 EP 621 DI 10.1007/s12237-011-9459-6 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 898WA UT WOS:000300771900018 ER PT J AU Meseck, S Cutter, G AF Meseck, Shannon Cutter, Gregory TI Selenium Behavior in San Francisco Bay Sediments SO ESTUARIES AND COASTS LA English DT Article DE Selenium; Chemical speciation; Porewater; Sediments; San Francisco Bay ID ELEMENTAL SELENIUM; POTAMOCORBULA-AMURENSIS; DISSOLVED SELENIUM; JOAQUIN-DELTA; ESTUARY; WATER; CALIFORNIA; METALS; SOILS; SACRAMENTO AB Sediment and porewater samples (1997-1999) were collected in the Northern Reach of the San Francisco Bay and Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta for determinations of sedimentary selenium and its chemical speciation. Total sedimentary selenium increased with depth, with approximately 50% of the sedimentary selenium as elemental selenium and 35% as organic selenide. Porewater total dissolved selenium increased with depth in the estuary and Delta, and fluxes out of the sediments were calculated at 0.01 and 0.06 nmol cm(-2) year(-1) for the estuary and Delta, respectively. Present-day sediment-water exchange of dissolved selenium and internal transformations cannot explain the observed increase in total sedimentary selenium with depth. However, mass balance calculations demonstrate that the increase in total selenium with depth may be linked to higher dissolved selenium concentrations in the water column in the 1980s, suggesting that the sediments could be used as historical recorders of selenium in the estuary. C1 [Meseck, Shannon; Cutter, Gregory] Old Dominion Univ, Dept Ocean Earth & Atmospher Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. RP Meseck, S (reprint author), NOAA NEMFS, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460 USA. EM Shannon.Meseck@noaa.gov RI Schneider, Larissa/C-9863-2012; Cutter, Gregory/C-7898-2017 OI Cutter, Gregory/0000-0001-6744-6718 FU NSF [OCE-9707946] FX We thank Jason Beck and Paul Richardson for ancillary analyses. We also thank the captain of the Research Vessel David Johnson, Robin Stewart, and Sam Luoma for their help in obtaining the sediment cores. Furthermore, we thank Martina Doblin and Lynda Cutter for their invaluable assistance in the field and for generating many of the ancillary data. This project was supported by funds from NSF (grant OCE-9707946) to G. Cutter. NR 60 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 23 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1559-2723 J9 ESTUAR COAST JI Estuaries Coasts PD MAR PY 2012 VL 35 IS 2 BP 646 EP 657 DI 10.1007/s12237-011-9444-0 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 898WA UT WOS:000300771900021 ER PT J AU Bender, PL AF Bender, Peter L. TI Limitations of atom interferometry for gravitational wave observations in space SO GENERAL RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION LA English DT Article DE Atom interferometry; Gravitational wave observation; Laser interferometer gravitational wave antenna; Atomic Gravitational wave Interferometric Sensor (AGIS) ID WHITE-DWARF BINARIES; SIGNAL AB A paper published recently (Hogan et al. in Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 43:1953-2009, 2011) suggests the use of atom interferometry between satellites in Earth orbit to observe gravitational waves. The proposed altitude and satellite separation are about 1,000 and 30 km respectively. The difference in acceleration between clouds of ultracold atoms in atom interferometers near the two satellites would be detected by using laser beams between the interferometers. Because of the measurement path being very short compared with the million km or longer measurement path for a proposed laser interferometer gravitational wave antenna in space, the sensitivity to differential fluctuations in the laser phase as seen by the atoms in the two atom interferometers is very high. Problems introduced by this high sensitivity to spurious laser beam phase changes will be described in the first part of this paper. Then other limitations on the performance and on the suggested types of sources that could be observed will be discussed. C1 [Bender, Peter L.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Bender, Peter L.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Bender, PL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM pbender@jila.colorado.edu NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 9 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0001-7701 J9 GEN RELAT GRAVIT JI Gen. Relativ. Gravit. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 44 IS 3 BP 711 EP 717 DI 10.1007/s10714-011-1306-3 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 904HK UT WOS:000301185100009 ER PT J AU Zhao, P Zhu, YN Zhang, Q AF Zhao, Ping Zhu, Yani Zhang, Qin TI A summer weather index in the East Asian pressure field and associated atmospheric circulation and rainfall SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE summer weather index; atmospheric circulation; the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin; rainy weather ID LARGE-SCALE CIRCULATION; MONSOON INDEX; SURROUNDING AREAS; THERMAL CONTRAST; TIBETAN PLATEAU; HEAT-SOURCES; CHINA; PRECIPITATION; ONSET; SEA AB Using the daily rainfall from rain gauge stations in China and the daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis for each year of 19812008, a relationship between daily rainfall over the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin (YHB) and surface pressure over East Asia was statistically investigated and a summer weather index (ISW) was defined from surface pressure for describing the daily variations of the atmospheric circulation and rainfall over the monsoon region of eastern China. The results show that the daily ISW is significantly correlated with the YHB rainy weather during summer. In higher-ISW days, there is usually more YHB rainfall. This link may be explained by the East Asian atmospheric circulation well. When ISW is higher, a low-pressure system frequently occurs over the land of southern China and an enhanced ridge appears over the South China Sea (SCS)subtropical western Pacific region, which strengthens the seaward pressure gradient and southwesterly winds over southern China. Accordingly, the transport of water vapour toward the YHB and the ascending motion over the YHB strengthen remarkably. These variations in the daily atmospheric circulation finally lead to the frequent occurrence of the YHB rainy weather. Thus, ISW can represent the variations of the atmospheric circulation and rainy weather for most of the years of 19812008. For some extremely dry years over the YHB, however, ISW does not indicate the local large-scale rainfall well. This suggests an asymmetric descriptive ability of this index. Copyright (c) 2010 Royal Meteorological Society C1 [Zhao, Ping; Zhu, Yani] Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, State Key Lab Severe Weather, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. [Zhao, Ping; Zhu, Yani] Chinese Acad Sci, Grad Sch, Beijing 100039, Peoples R China. [Zhao, Ping] Natl Meteorol Informat Ctr, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Qin] Climate Predict Ctr NOAA NWS NCEP, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Zhang, Qin] Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. RP Zhao, P (reprint author), Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, State Key Lab Severe Weather, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. EM zhaop@cma.gov.cn FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [40921003]; National Key Basic Research Project of China [2009CB421404]; basic research project for the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather FX We thank the Climate Diagnostic Center/NOAA for providing the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data and the National Meteorological Information Centre of the China Meteorological Administration for providing precipitation at rain gauge stations of China on their homepages. This work was jointly sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40921003), the National Key Basic Research Project of China (2009CB421404), and the basic research project for the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather. NR 38 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0899-8418 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 32 IS 3 BP 375 EP 386 DI 10.1002/joc.2276 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 901AL UT WOS:000300934000005 ER PT J AU Bai, XZ Wang, J Sellinger, C Clites, A Assel, R AF Bai, Xuezhi Wang, Jia Sellinger, Cynthia Clites, Anne Assel, Raymond TI Interannual variability of Great Lakes ice cover and its relationship to NAO and ENSO SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION PATTERNS; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE WINTER; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; ARCTIC OSCILLATION; SST ANOMALIES; LABRADOR SEA; HUDSON-BAY; BAFFIN-BAY AB The impacts of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Great Lakes ice cover were investigated using lake ice observations for winters 1963-2010 and National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis data. It is found that both NAO and ENSO have impacts on Great Lakes ice cover. The Great Lakes tend to have lower (higher) ice cover during the positive (negative) NAO. El Nino events are often associated with lower ice cover. The influence of La Nina on Great Lakes ice cover is intensity-dependent: strong (weak) La Nina events are often associated with lower (higher) ice cover. The interference of impacts of ENSO and NAO complicates the relationship between ice cover and either of them. The nonlinear effects of ENSO on Great Lakes ice cover are important in addition to NAO effects. The correlation coefficient between the quadratic Nino3.4 index and ice cover (-0.48) becomes significant at the 99% confidence level. The nonlinear response of Great Lakes ice cover to ENSO is mainly due to the phase shift of the teleconnection patterns during the opposite phases of ENSO. Multiple-variable nonlinear regression models were developed for ice coverage. Using the quadratic Nino3.4 index instead of the index itself can significantly improve the prediction of Great Lakes ice cover (the correlation between the modeled and observed increases from 0.35 to 0.51). Including the interactive term NAO center dot Nino3.4(2) further improves the prediction skill (the correlation increases from 0.51 to 0.59). The analysis is also applied to individual lakes. The model for Lake Michigan has the highest prediction skill, while Lake Erie has the smallest skill. C1 [Bai, Xuezhi; Assel, Raymond] Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. [Wang, Jia; Clites, Anne; Assel, Raymond] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. [Sellinger, Cynthia] Oregon State Univ, Coll Oceans & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Bai, XZ (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, 4840 S State Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. EM jia.wang@noaa.gov OI Wang, Jia/0000-0003-4154-9721 FU National Research Council; NOAA GLERL; EPA/NOAA Great Lakes Restoration Initiative FX The NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, provided NCEP reanalysis data, from their Web site at http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/. Nino3.4 index and NAO index were provided by NOAA/CPC, from their Web site at http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/. This study was supported by grants from National Research Council Research Association Fellowship and NOAA GLERL and EPA/NOAA Great Lakes Restoration Initiative. We sincerely thank the anonymous reviewers for their critical and constructive comments of the first draft of the paper, which helped significantly improve the analysis and presentation of the paper. We appreciate Cathy Darnell for her editorial assistance. This is GLERL contribution 1609. NR 59 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 26 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAR 1 PY 2012 VL 117 AR C03002 DI 10.1029/2010JC006932 PG 25 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 903QF UT WOS:000301132600001 ER PT J AU Schreck, CJ Molinari, J Aiyyer, A AF Schreck, Carl J., III Molinari, John Aiyyer, Anantha TI A Global View of Equatorial Waves and Tropical Cyclogenesis SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC; SYNOPTIC-SCALE DISTURBANCES; COUPLED KELVIN WAVES; ROSSBY-GRAVITY WAVES; PART I; 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE; NUMBER-FREQUENCY; CYCLONE ACTIVITY; EASTERN PACIFIC AB This study investigates the number of tropical cyclone formations that can be attributed to the enhanced convection from equatorial waves within each basin. Tropical depression (TD)-type disturbances (i.e., easterly waves) were the primary tropical cyclone precursors over the Northern Hemisphere basins, particularly the eastern North Pacific and the Atlantic. In the Southern Hemisphere, however, the number of storms attributed to TD-type disturbances and equatorial Rossby waves were roughly equivalent. Equatorward of 20 degrees N, tropical cyclones formed without any equatorial wave precursor most often over the eastern North Pacific and least often over the western North Pacific. The Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) was an important tropical cyclone precursor over the north Indian, south Indian, and western North Pacific basins. The MJO also affected tropical cyclogenesis by modulating the amplitudes of higher-frequency waves. Each wave type reached the attribution threshold 1.5 times more often, and tropical cyclogenesis was 3 times more likely, within positive MJO-filtered rainfall anomalies than within negative anomalies. The greatest MJO modulation was observed for storms attributed to Kelvin waves over the north Indian Ocean. The large rainfall rates associated with tropical cyclones can alter equatorial wave-filtered anomalies. This study quantifies the contamination over each basin. Tropical cyclones contributed more than 20% of the filtered variance for each wave type over large potions of every basin except the South Pacific. The largest contamination, exceeding 60%, occurred for the TD band near the Philippines. To mitigate the contamination, the tropical cyclone-related anomalies were removed before filtering in this study. C1 [Schreck, Carl J., III] N Carolina State Univ, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Climate & Satellites NC, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. [Schreck, Carl J., III; Molinari, John] SUNY Albany, Dept Atmospher & Environm Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA. [Aiyyer, Anantha] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Schreck, CJ (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Climate & Satellites NC, Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM carl.schreck@noaa.gov RI Aiyyer, Anantha/A-4295-2012; Schreck, Carl/B-8711-2011; OI Schreck, Carl/0000-0001-9331-5754; Aiyyer, Anantha/0000-0002-9706-956X FU NSF [ATM0839991] FX This research has benefited greatly from conversations with Paul Roundy and Adam Sobel. We thank George Kiladis for his thorough and constructive review. We obtained the rainfall data from the NASA Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center (online at http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/datapool/TRMM/). We are grateful to David Vollaro and Karen Mohr for their assistance in obtaining and interpolating this data. This work was supported by NSF Grant ATM0839991. NR 65 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 140 IS 3 BP 774 EP 788 DI 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00110.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 900FV UT WOS:000300872900003 ER PT J AU Uhlhorn, EW Nolan, DS AF Uhlhorn, Eric W. Nolan, David S. TI Observational Undersampling in Tropical Cyclones and Implications for Estimated Intensity SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION SIMULATIONS; PLANETARY BOUNDARY-LAYER; IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS; GPS DROPWINDSONDE; PART II; HURRICANE; CORE; WINDS; PARAMETERIZATIONS; MODEL AB The maximum surface wind speed is an important parameter for tropical cyclone operational analysis and forecasting, since it defines the intensity of a cyclone. Operational forecast centers typically refer the wind speed to a maximum 1- or 10-min averaged value. Aircraft reconnaissance provides measurements of surface winds; however, because of the large variation of winds in the eyewall, it remains unclear to what extent observing the maximum wind is limited by the sampling pattern. Estimating storm intensity as simply the maximum of the observed winds is generally assumed by forecasters to underestimate the true storm intensity. The work presented herein attempts to quantify this difference by applying a methodology borrowed from the observing system simulation experiment concept, in which simulated "observations'' are drawn from a numerical model. These "observations'' may then be compared to the actual peak wind speed of the simulation. By sampling a high-resolution numerical simulation of Hurricane Isabel (2003) with a virtual aircraft equipped with a stepped-frequency microwave radiometer flying a standard "figure-four'' pattern, the authors find that the highest wind observed over a flight typically underestimates the 1-min averaged model wind speed by 8.5% +/- 1.5%. In contrast, due to its corresponding larger spatial scale, the 10-min averaged maximum wind speed is far less underestimated (1.5% +/- 1.7%) using the same sampling method. These results support the National Hurricane Center's practice, which typically assumes that the peak 1-min wind is somewhat greater than the highest observed wind speed over a single reconnaissance aircraft mission. C1 [Uhlhorn, Eric W.] NOAA, AOML, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Nolan, David S.] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Uhlhorn, EW (reprint author), NOAA, AOML, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM eric.uhlhorn@noaa.gov RI Uhlhorn, Eric/B-1336-2014 OI Uhlhorn, Eric/0000-0002-4759-5342 FU National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration through Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies at the University of Miami FX The authors thank Drs. Frank Marks, Altug Aksoy, and Mark Powell, who provided insightful comments on preliminary versions of the manuscript. Mark Powell's suggestions regarding gust-factor interpretation have been particularly helpful. In addition, Specialists at the National Hurricane Center have provided both motivation and highly valuable feedback during the course of this project, and we thank NHC Hurricane Specialist Unit Branch Chief James Franklin for providing a thorough review of the article. Special thanks to Brad Klotz for processing of recent SFMR wind data. Finally, we thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions to improve the manuscript. D. Nolan was supported in part by the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration through a grant to the Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies at the University of Miami. NR 41 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 140 IS 3 BP 825 EP 840 DI 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00073.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 900FV UT WOS:000300872900006 ER PT J AU Coniglio, MC Corfidi, SF Kain, JS AF Coniglio, Michael C. Corfidi, Stephen F. Kain, John S. TI Views on Applying RKW Theory: An Illustration Using the 8 May 2009 Derecho-Producing Convective System SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID LIVED SQUALL LINES; MULTICELL-TYPE STORMS; BOW ECHOES; TEMPORAL BEHAVIOR; MID-LATITUDE; REAR-INFLOW; COLD POOLS; SHEAR; SIMULATION; MOTION AB This work presents an analysis of the vertical wind shear during the early stages of the remarkable 8 May 2009 central U. S. derecho-producing convective system. Comments on applying Rotunno-Klemp-Weisman (RKW) theory to mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) of this type also are provided. During the formative stages of the MCS, the near-surface-based shear vectors ahead of the leading convective line varied with time, location, and depth, but the line-normal component of the shear in any layer below 3 km ahead of where the strong bow echo developed was relatively small (6-9 m s(-1)). Concurrently, the midlevel (3-6 km) line-normal shear component had magnitudes mostly >10 m s(-1) throughout. In a previous companion paper, it was hypothesized that an unusually strong and expansive low-level jet led to dramatic changes in instability, shear, and forced ascent over mesoscale areas. These mesoscale effects may have overwhelmed the interactions between the cold pool and low-level shear that modulate system structure in less complex environments. If cold pool-shear interactions were critical to producing such a strong system, then the extension of the line-normal shear above 3 km also appeared to be critical. It is suggested that RKW theory be applied with much caution, and that examining the shear above 3 km is important, if one wishes to explain the formation and maintenance of intense long-lived convective systems, particularly complex nocturnal systems like the one that occurred on 8 May 2009. C1 [Coniglio, Michael C.] Natl Severe Storms Lab, Natl Weather Ctr, NOAA, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Corfidi, Stephen F.] NOAA, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK USA. RP Coniglio, MC (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, Natl Weather Ctr, NOAA, Rm 2234,120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM michael.coniglio@noaa.gov NR 54 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 140 IS 3 BP 1023 EP 1043 DI 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00026.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 900FV UT WOS:000300872900018 ER PT J AU Thomas, WC White, CC Byrd, WE Tan, KT AF Thomas, William C. White, Christopher C. Byrd, Walter E. Tan, Kar Tean TI Transient temperatures of wet and dry polymeric film coated specimens experiencing outdoor exposure SO POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY LA English DT Article DE Organic coatings; Temperature prediction; Outdoor exposure; Degradation; Weathering ID COATINGS AB A mathematical model based on an "aggregated-capacity" temperature analysis is presented and validated for predicting the temperature of thin polymeric films bonded to substrate materials. This model is applicable to coatings on metallic or other substrate materials when the ratio of the thermal resistance across the substrate to the resistance across the coating to ambient is less than approximately 0.1. An analytical rather than a numerical method, was employed to circumvent formulation difficulties and calculation constraints associated with the latter approach for extremely thin coatings. Periodic measurements of ambient dry-bulb and dew-point temperature, wind speed (to estimate convection coefficients), sky temperature, precipitation, and solar irradiation are inputs for determining heat exchange at coating surfaces. In addition to convection and solar irradiation, the model accounts for the effects of infrared exchange with the surrounding sky, dew formation on coating surfaces, and precipitation along with insulation and ambient convection at the back surface of the substrate. Based on comparisons with National Institute of Standards and Technology data on specimen temperature and simultaneous weather data compiled between 2006 and 2008, the analytical model correlated well to measured temperatures, and provided a tractable, computationally efficient, and validated solution for predicting long term transient temperatures in thin-coated specimens. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [White, Christopher C.; Byrd, Walter E.; Tan, Kar Tean] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Thomas, William C.] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP White, CC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Engn Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8615, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM christopher.white@nist.gov NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-3910 J9 POLYM DEGRAD STABIL JI Polym. Degrad. Stabil. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 97 IS 3 BP 421 EP 429 DI 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.11.012 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 900WX UT WOS:000300923500028 ER PT J AU Huang, L Mao, X Abdulaev, NG Ngo, T Liu, W Ridge, KD AF Huang, Li Mao, Xiang Abdulaev, Najmoutin G. Ngo, Tony Liu, Wei Ridge, Kevin D. TI One-step purification of a functional, constitutively activated form of visual arrestin SO PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND PURIFICATION LA English DT Article DE Acrestin; Vision; Desensitization; Rhodopsin; Affinity fusion-tag; Subtilisin; Protein purification; Automated chromatography ID PROTEIN ALPHA-SUBUNIT; ROD OUTER SEGMENTS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; RHODOPSIN INTERACTIONS; PHOSPHORYLATION-RECOGNITION; SYNTHETIC PHOSPHOPEPTIDE; CONFORMATIONAL-CHANGES; RECEPTOR-BINDING; OGUCHI-DISEASE; NMR ANALYSIS AB Desensitization of agonist-activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) requires phosphorylation followed by the binding of arrestin, a similar to 48 kDa soluble protein. While crystal structures for the inactive, 'basal' state of various arrestins are available, the conformation of 'activated' arrestin adopted upon interaction with activated GPCRs remains unknown. As a first step towards applying high-resolution structural methods to study arrestin conformation and dynamics, we have utilized the subtilisin prodomain/Profinity eXact (TM) fusion-tag system for the high-level bacterial expression and one-step purification of wild-type visual arrestin (arrestin 1) as well as a mutant form (R175E) of the protein that binds to non-phosphorylated, light-activated rhodopsin (Rho*). The results show that both prodomain/Profinity eXact (TM) fusion-tagged wild-type and R175E arrestins can be expressed to levels approaching 2-3 mg/l in Luria-Bertani media, and that the processed, tag-free mature forms can be purified to near homogeneity using a Bio-Scale (TM) Mini Profinity eXact (TM) cartridge on the Profinia (TM) purification system. Functional analysis of R175E arrestin generated using this approach shows that it binds to non-phosphorylated rhodopsin in a light-dependent manner. These findings should facilitate the structure determination of this 'constitutively activated' state of arrestin 1 as well as the monitoring of conformational changes upon interaction with Rho*. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Huang, Li; Mao, Xiang] Nanjing Agr Univ, Coll Vet Med, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. [Abdulaev, Najmoutin G.] Univ Maryland, Inst Biosci & Biotechnol Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. [Abdulaev, Najmoutin G.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. [Ngo, Tony; Ridge, Kevin D.] Univ Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston, Ctr Membrane Biol, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. [Liu, Wei] Biorad Labs Inc, Hercules, CA 94547 USA. RP Mao, X (reprint author), Nanjing Agr Univ, Coll Vet Med, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. EM xmao@njau.edu.cn FU Welch Foundation [AU-1613] FX This work was supported in part by Welch Foundation grant AU-1613 (to K.D.R.). We thank Profs. David Farrens and Kris Palczewski, and Dr. Dennis Yee for constructive comments on the manuscript. NR 49 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1046-5928 EI 1096-0279 J9 PROTEIN EXPRES PURIF JI Protein Expr. Purif. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 82 IS 1 BP 55 EP 60 DI 10.1016/j.pep.2011.11.007 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 900WZ UT WOS:000300923700009 PM 22133714 ER PT J AU Fedrizzi, M Fuller-Rowell, TJ Codrescu, MV AF Fedrizzi, Mariangel Fuller-Rowell, Tim J. Codrescu, Mihail V. TI Global Joule heating index derived from thermospheric density physics-based modeling and observations SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-LATITUDE THERMOSPHERE; ELECTRIC-FIELD MODEL; POLAR-CAP INDEX; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; ACCELEROMETER DATA; CHAMP OBSERVATIONS; EMPIRICAL-MODEL; NEUTRAL DENSITY; NITRIC-OXIDE; ENERGY FLUX AB The primary operational impact of upper atmospheric neutral density variability is on satellite drag. Drag is the most difficult force to model mainly because of the complexity of neutral atmosphere variations driven by solar UV and EUV radiation power, magnetospheric energy input, and the propagation from below of lower atmosphere waves. Taking into account the self-consistent interactions between neutral winds, composition, ion drifts, and ionization densities, first-principles models are able to provide a more realistic representation of neutral density than empirical models in the upper atmosphere. Their largest sources of uncertainty, however, are the semiannual variations in neutral density and the magnitude, spatial distribution, and temporal evolution of the magnetospheric energy input. In this study, results from the physics-based coupled thermosphere-ionosphere-plasmasphere electrodynamics (CTIPe) model and measurements from the CHAMP satellite are compared and used to improve the modeled thermospheric neutral density estimates. The good agreement between modeled and observed densities over an uninterrupted yearlong period of variable conditions gives confidence that the thermosphere-ionosphere system energy influx from solar radiation and magnetospheric sources is reasonable and that Joule heating, the dominant source during geomagnetically disturbed conditions, is appropriately estimated. On the basis of the correlation between neutral density and energy injection, a global time-dependent Joule heating index (JHI) is derived from the relationship between Joule heating computed by the CTIPe model and neutral density measured by the CHAMP satellite. Preliminary results show an improvement in density estimates using CTIPe JHI, demonstrating its potential for neutral density modeling applied to atmospheric drag determination. Citation: Fedrizzi, M., T. J. Fuller-Rowell, and M. V. Codrescu (2012), Global Joule heating index derived from thermospheric density physics-based modeling and observations, Space Weather, 10, S03001, doi:10.1029/2011SW000724. C1 [Fedrizzi, Mariangel; Fuller-Rowell, Tim J.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Fedrizzi, Mariangel; Fuller-Rowell, Tim J.; Codrescu, Mihail V.] NOAA, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Fedrizzi, M (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM mariangel.fedrizzi@noaa.gov RI Fedrizzi, Mariangel/C-6493-2012 FU AFOSR MURI NADIR FX Funding for this research was provided by the AFOSR MURI NADIR project. The authors would like to thank Eric Sutton of the Air Force Research Laboratory for providing neutral density data from the CHAMP satellite, and Bruce Bowman of the Air Force Space Command for assistance with JB2008 empirical thermospheric density model runs. NR 84 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD MAR 1 PY 2012 VL 10 AR S03001 DI 10.1029/2011SW000724 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 903QX UT WOS:000301134800001 ER PT J AU Amitai, E Petersen, W Llort, X Vasiloff, S AF Amitai, Eyal Petersen, Walter Llort, Xavier Vasiloff, Steve TI Multiplatform Comparisons of Rain Intensity for Extreme Precipitation Events SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Extreme precipitation events; meteorological radar; multi sensor quantitative precipitation estimation; precipitation; probability distribution function; rainfall intensity; spaceborne radar; Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) ID PROFILING ALGORITHM; MEASURING MISSION; RADAR; TRMM; VALIDATION; FLORIDA AB Rainfall intensities during heavy rain events over the continental U. S. are compared for several advanced radar products. These products include the following: 1) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) near-surface estimates; 2) NOAA Quantitative Precipitation Estimation very high resolution (1 km, instantaneous) radar-only national mosaics (Q2); 3) very high resolution gauge-adjusted radar national mosaics, which we have developed by applying a gauge correction on the Q2 products; and 4) several independent C-band dual-polarimetric radar-estimated rainfall samples collected with the Advanced C-band Radar for Meteorological and Operational Research (ARMOR) radar in Alabama. These instantaneous rainfall rate fields [i.e., 1)-3)] can be considered as radar products with the largest coverage currently available from space- and ground-based radar observations. Although accumulated rainfall amounts are often similar, we find the PR and Q2 rain-rate histograms quite different. PR rain-rate histograms are shifted toward lower rain rates, implying a much larger stratiform/convective rain ratio than do products such as Q2. The shift is more evident during strong continental convective storms and not as pronounced in tropical rain. A "continental/maritime regime" behavior is also observed upon adjusting the Q2 products to rain gauges, yet the rain amount more closely agrees with that of PR. The independent PR/ARMOR comparisons confirm this systematic regime behavior. In addition, comparisons are performed over central Florida where PR, Q2, and the NASA TRMM ground validation products are available. These comparisons show large discrepancies among all three products. Resolving the large discrepancies between the products presents an important set of challenges related to improving remote-sensing estimates of precipitation in general and during extreme events in particular. C1 [Amitai, Eyal] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Amitai, Eyal] Chapman Univ, Schmid Coll Sci & Technol, Orange, CA 92866 USA. [Petersen, Walter] NASA Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. [Llort, Xavier] Hydrometeorol Innovate Solut HYDS, Barcelona 08034, Spain. [Vasiloff, Steve] NOAA Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73072 USA. RP Amitai, E (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Eyal.Amitai@nasa.gov FU NASA [NNX07AK47G, NNX07AK39G, NNX10AJ12G]; Spanish MICINN [ESP2007-62417] FX The work of E. Amitai and W. Petersen was supported by Dr. Ramesh Kakar via the NASA Precipitation Measurement Missions Project under Grants NNX07AK47G, NNX07AK39G, and NNX10AJ12G. The work of X. Llort was supported by the Spanish MICINN-Project ESP2007-62417. NR 21 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 17 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD MAR PY 2012 VL 50 IS 3 BP 675 EP 686 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2011.2162737 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 898FV UT WOS:000300724300001 ER PT J AU Yu, YY Tarpley, D Privette, JL Flynn, LE Xu, H Chen, M Vinnikov, KY Sun, DL Tian, YH AF Yu, Yunyue Tarpley, Dan Privette, Jeffrey L. Flynn, Lawrence E. Xu, Hui Chen, Ming Vinnikov, Konstantin Y. Sun, Donglian Tian, Yuhong TI Validation of GOES-R Satellite Land Surface Temperature Algorithm Using SURFRAD Ground Measurements and Statistical Estimates of Error Properties SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Algorithm evaluation; land surface temperature (LST); satellite measurement; SURFace RADiation (SURFRAD) ID RADIATION BUDGET NETWORK; MODIS DATA; PRODUCTS AB Validation of satellite land surface temperature (LST) is a challenge because of spectral, spatial, and temporal variabilities of land surface emissivity. Highly accurate in situ LST measurements are required for validating satellite LST products but are very hard to obtain, except at discrete points or for very short time periods (e. g., during field campaigns). To compare these field-measured point data with moderate-resolution (similar to 1 km) satellite products requires a scaling process that can introduce errors that ultimately exceed those in the satellite-derived LST products whose validation is sought. This paper presents a new method of validating the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) R-Series (GOES-R) Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) LST algorithm. It considers the error structures of both ground and satellite data sets. The method applies a linear fitting model to the satellite data and coregistered "match-up" ground data for estimating the precisions of both data sets. In this paper, GOES-8 Imager data were used as a proxy of the GOES-R ABI data for the satellite LST derivation. The in situ data set was obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's SURFace RADiation (SURFRAD) budget network using a stringent match-up process. The data cover one year of GOES-8 Imager observations over six SURFRAD sites. For each site, more than 1000 cloud-free match-up data pairs were obtained for day and night to ensure statistical significance. The average precision over all six sites was found to be 1.58 K, as compared to the GOES-R LST required precision of 2.3 K. The least precise comparison at an individual SURFRAD site was 1.8 K. The conclusion is that, for these ground truth sites, the GOES-R LST algorithm meets the specifications and that an upper boundary on the precision of the satellite LSTs can be determined. C1 [Yu, Yunyue; Flynn, Lawrence E.] Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Tarpley, Dan] Short & Associates, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Privette, Jeffrey L.] Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. [Xu, Hui; Chen, Ming; Tian, Yuhong] IM Syst Grp Inc, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Vinnikov, Konstantin Y.] Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Sun, Donglian] George Mason Univ, Dept Geog & Geoinformat Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Yu, YY (reprint author), Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Yunyue.Yu@noaa.gov; Dan.Tarpley@noaa.gov; jeff.privette@noaa.gov; Lawrence.E.Flynn@noaa.gov; Hui.Xu@noaa.gov; Ming.Chen@noaa.gov; kostya@atmos.umd.edu; dsun@gmu.edu; Yuhong.Tian@noaa.gov RI Flynn, Lawrence/B-6321-2009; Xu, Hui/F-5635-2010; Yu, Yunyue/F-5636-2010; Privette, Jeffrey/G-7807-2011 OI Flynn, Lawrence/0000-0001-6856-2614; Xu, Hui/0000-0002-0917-6526; Privette, Jeffrey/0000-0001-8267-9894 FU Application Working Group, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite R-Series, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration FX This work was supported by the Application Working Group, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite R-Series, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NR 21 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 12 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD MAR PY 2012 VL 50 IS 3 BP 704 EP 713 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2011.2162338 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 898FV UT WOS:000300724300003 ER PT J AU Walsh, SM Hamilton, SL Ruttenberg, BI Donovan, MK Sandin, SA AF Walsh, S. M. Hamilton, S. L. Ruttenberg, B. I. Donovan, M. K. Sandin, S. A. TI Fishing top predators indirectly affects condition and reproduction in a reef-fish community SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE energy allocation; gonad; Line Islands; liver; predation risk; prey AB To examine the indirect effects of fishing on energy allocation in non-target prey species, condition and reproductive potential were measured for five representative species (two-spot red snapper Lutjanus bohar, arc-eye hawkfish Paracirrhites arcatus, blackbar devil Plectroglyphidodon dickii, bicolour chromis Chromis margaritifer and whitecheek surgeonfish Acanthurus nigricans) from three reef-fish communities with different levels of fishing and predator abundance in the northern Line Islands, central Pacific Ocean. Predator abundance differed by five to seven-fold among islands, and despite no clear differences in prey abundance, differences in prey condition and reproductive potential among islands were found. Body condition (mean body mass adjusted for length) was consistently lower at sites with higher predator abundance for three of the four prey species. Mean liver mass (adjusted for total body mass), an indicator of energy reserves, was also lower at sites with higher predator abundance for three of the prey species and the predator. Trends in reproductive potential were less clear. Mean gonad mass (adjusted for total body mass) was high where predator abundance was high for only one of the three species in which it was measured. Evidence of consistently low prey body condition and energy reserves in a diverse suite of species at reefs with high predator abundance suggests that fishing may indirectly affect non-target prey-fish populations through changes in predation and predation risk. C1 [Walsh, S. M.] Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. [Walsh, S. M.] Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA. [Hamilton, S. L.; Ruttenberg, B. I.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 91306 USA. [Hamilton, S. L.] Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. [Ruttenberg, B. I.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Donovan, M. K.] Univ Hawaii, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Sandin, S. A.] Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92083 USA. RP Walsh, SM (reprint author), Nature Conservancy, 4245 N Fairfax Dr,Suite 100, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. EM swalsh@tnc.org RI Ruttenberg, Benjamin/D-2556-2012 NR 0 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 27 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 80 IS 3 BP 519 EP 537 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03209.x PG 19 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 901AK UT WOS:000300933900004 PM 22380551 ER PT J AU Keller, RR Geiss, RH AF Keller, R. R. Geiss, R. H. TI Transmission EBSD from 10 nm domains in a scanning electron microscope SO JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE Crystallography; EBSD; nanoparticle analysis; SEM; transmission EBSD; ultrathin film analysis ID BACKSCATTER DIFFRACTION; SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; KIKUCHI PATTERNS; SIMULATION; GRAIN AB The spatial resolution of electron diffraction within the scanning electron microscope (SEM) has progressed from channelling methods capable of measuring crystallographic characteristics from 10 mu m regions to electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) methods capable of measuring 120 nm particles. Here, we report a new form of low-energy transmission Kikuchi diffraction, performed in the SEM. Transmission-EBSD (t-EBSD) makes use of an EBSD detector and software to capture and analyse the angular intensity variation in large-angle forward scattering of electrons in transmission, without postspecimen coils. We collected t-EBSD patterns from FeCo nanoparticles of diameter 10 nm and from 40 nm-thick Ni films with in-plane grain size 15 nm. The patterns exhibited contrast similar to that seen in EBSD, but are formed in transmission. Monte Carlo scattering simulations showed that in addition to the order of magnitude improvement in spatial resolution from isolated particles, the energy width of the scattered electrons in t-EBSD is nearly two orders of magnitude narrower than that of conventional EBSD. This new low-energy transmission diffraction approach builds upon recent progress in achieving unprecedented levels of imaging resolution for materials characterization in the SEM by adding high-spatial-resolution analytical capabilities. C1 [Keller, R. R.; Geiss, R. H.] NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Keller, RR (reprint author), NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bob.keller@nist.gov RI Keller, Robert/I-9014-2012 FU NIST Office of Microelectronics FX We thank the NIST Office of Microelectronics Programs for support, and Justin Shaw, NIST Electromagnetics Division, for fabricating silicon nitride membranes. Commercial equipment, instruments or materials are identified in order to adequately specify certain procedures. In no case does such identification imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the products identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose. NR 31 TC 91 Z9 91 U1 9 U2 135 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-2720 J9 J MICROSC-OXFORD JI J. Microsc.. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 245 IS 3 BP 245 EP 251 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2011.03566.x PG 7 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 897QM UT WOS:000300669100005 ER PT J AU Bassim, ND De Gregorio, BT Kilcoyne, ALD Scott, K Chou, T Wirick, S Cody, G Stroud, RM AF Bassim, N. D. De Gregorio, B. T. Kilcoyne, A. L. D. Scott, K. Chou, T. Wirick, S. Cody, G. Stroud, R. M. TI Minimizing damage during FIB sample preparation of soft materials SO JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE Damage; focused ion beam; SEM; soft materials; STXM; TEM; XANES ID FOCUSED-ION-BEAM; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; X-RAY MICROSCOPES; THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; TEM-EELS; NEXAFS; ULTRAMICROTOMY; MICROANALYSIS; ABSORPTION; EXTRACTION AB Although focused ion beam (FIB) microscopy has been used successfully for milling patterns and creating ultra-thin electron and soft X-ray transparent sections of polymers and other soft materials, little has been documented regarding FIB-induced damage of these materials beyond qualitative evaluations of microstructure. In this study, we sought to identify steps in the FIB preparation process that can cause changes in chemical composition and bonding in soft materials. The impact of various parameters in the FIB-scanning electron microscope (SEM) sample preparation process, such as final milling voltage, temperature, ion beam overlap and mechanical stability of soft samples, was evaluated using two test-case materials systems: polyacrylamide, a low melting-point polymer, and Wyodak lignite coal, a refractory organic material. We evaluated changes in carbon bonding in the samples using X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) at the carbon K edge and compared these samples with thin sections that had been prepared mechanically using ultramicrotomy. Minor chemical changes were induced in the coal samples during FIB-SEM preparation, and little effect was observed by changing ion-beam parameters. However, polyacrylamide was particularly sensitive to irradiation by the electron beam, which drastically altered the chemistry of the sample, with the primary damage occurring as an increase in the amount of aromatic carbon bonding (C=C). Changes in temperature, final milling voltage and beam overlap led to small improvements in the quality of the specimens. We outline a series of best practices for preparing electron and soft X-ray transparent samples, with respect to preserving chemical structure and mechanical stability of soft materials using the FIB. C1 [Bassim, N. D.; Stroud, R. M.] USN, Res Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [De Gregorio, B. T.] NASA Johnson Space Ctr ESCG, Houston, TX USA. [Kilcoyne, A. L. D.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Scott, K.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Chou, T.] FEI Co, Hillsboro, OR USA. [Wirick, S.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, New York, NY USA. [Cody, G.] Carnegie Inst Washington, Washington, DC 20005 USA. RP Bassim, ND (reprint author), Code 6366,4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM nabil.bassim@nrl.navy.mil RI De Gregorio, Bradley/B-8465-2008; Scott, Keana/J-5717-2015; Kilcoyne, David/I-1465-2013; Stroud, Rhonda/C-5503-2008 OI De Gregorio, Bradley/0000-0001-9096-3545; Stroud, Rhonda/0000-0001-5242-8015 FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-98CH10886, DE-AC02-05CH11231]; Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Research Council Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Province of Saskatchewan; Western Economic Diversification Canada; University of Saskatchewan FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NASA SRLIDAP program, which funded this research. Additionally, the authors are thankful for the support Paul Fischione and Junhai Liu of E. A. Fischione, Inc. Thomas Zega of the Naval Research Laboratory was quite helpful in some discussions of the results. Use of the NSLS and ALS was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contracts No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 and DE-AC02-05CH11231, respectively, while use of the CLS was supported by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the National Research Council Canada, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Province of Saskatchewan, Western Economic Diversification Canada, and the University of Saskatchewan. Finally, some of this work was performed at the NRL Nanoscience Institute and was greatly enabled by excellent facility support. NR 45 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 4 U2 67 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-2720 J9 J MICROSC-OXFORD JI J. Microsc.. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 245 IS 3 BP 288 EP 301 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2011.03570.x PG 14 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 897QM UT WOS:000300669100009 ER PT J AU Gao, JD Stensrud, DJ AF Gao, Jidong Stensrud, David J. TI Assimilation of Reflectivity Data in a Convective-Scale, Cycled 3DVAR Framework with Hydrometeor Classification SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID KALMAN FILTER ASSIMILATION; DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS; PREDICTION SYSTEM ARPS; LEVEL-II DATA; TORNADIC THUNDERSTORMS; BULK PARAMETERIZATION; CLOUD ANALYSIS; FORT-WORTH; PART I; MODEL AB The impact of assimilating radar reflectivity and radial velocity data with an intermittent, cycled three-dimensional variational assimilation (3DVAR) system is explored using an idealized thunderstorm case and a real data case on 8 May 2003. A new forward operator for radar reflectivity is developed that uses a background temperature field provided by a numerical weather prediction model for automatic hydrometeor classification. Three types of experiments are performed on both the idealized and real data cases. The first experiment uses radial velocity data only, the second experiment uses both radial velocity and reflectivity data without hydrometeor classification, and the final experiment uses both radial velocity and reflectivity data with hydrometeor classification. All experiments advance the analysis state to the next observation time using a numerical model prediction, which is then used as the background for the next analysis. Results from both the idealized and real data cases show that, assimilating only radial velocity data, the model can reconstruct the supercell thunderstorm after several cycles, but the development of precipitation is delayed because of the well-known spinup problem. The spinup problem is reduced dramatically when assimilating reflectivity without hydrometeor classification. The analyses are further improved using the new reflectivity formulation with hydrometeor classification. This study represents a successful first effort in variational convective-scale data assimilation to partition hydrometeors using a background temperature field from a numerical weather prediction model. C1 [Gao, Jidong; Stensrud, David J.] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73072 USA. RP Gao, JD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM jidong.gao@noaa.gov FU NSF [ATM-0738370]; NOAA FX This work was supported by NSF Grants ATM-0738370, and NOAA's Warn-on-Forecast project. We thank the Oklahoma Climatological Survey for providing the Oklahoma Mesonet observations. Computations were performed on the supercomputer sooners at OSCER, University of Oklahoma. Finally, we thank three anonymous reviewers for their very helpful comments that substantially improved the quality of this manuscript. NR 24 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 69 IS 3 BP 1054 EP 1065 DI 10.1175/JAS-D-11-0162.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 901IN UT WOS:000300960700018 ER PT J AU Yamaguchi, T Randall, DA AF Yamaguchi, Takanobu Randall, David A. TI Cooling of Entrained Parcels in a Large-Eddy Simulation SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TOPPED MIXED LAYERS; SHALLOW CUMULUS CLOUDS; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; DRIVEN ENTRAINMENT; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; STRATOCUMULUS; MODELS; INSTABILITY; CONVECTION; SCHEME AB The relative importance, for cloud-top entrainment, of the cooling rates due to longwave radiation, evaporation, and mixing was assessed through analysis of the results produced by a Lagrangian parcel-tracking model (LPTM) incorporated into a large-eddy simulation model. The LFTM predicts each parcel's trajectory over time, using the resolved velocity simulated by the host model. An LPTM makes it possible to identify entrained parcels; this is almost impossible to do in an observational study. A nocturnal stratocumulus cloud was simulated over 4 h using a 5-m horizontal grid spacing and a 2.5-m vertical grid spacing. At the start of the last hour of the simulation, over 40 million parcels were placed near the top of the inversion layer and then tracked. Parcel histories were analyzed to identify entrained parcels. Entrainment occurs in cloud holes, which occur in dry regions of sinking air. Entrainment into the mixed layer is regulated by buoyancy, which requires parcels to be precooled in the inversion layer, prior to entrainment. A mixing fraction analysis was used to separate the cooling due to longwave radiation, evaporation, and mixing. Results show that radiative and evaporative cooling are of comparable importance, but that mixing is by far the dominant cooling mechanism. The radiative cooling rate is strongly inhomogeneous, and only weak radiative cooling is found in regions of entrainment. Therefore, the entrained parcels experience less than the horizontal-mean radiative cooling. Although radiative cooling maintains the boundary layer turbulence, its direct effect on buoyancy of entrained parcels is modest. C1 [Yamaguchi, Takanobu] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Yamaguchi, Takanobu] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Randall, David A.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Yamaguchi, T (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab ESRL, Chem Sci Div CSD2 R, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tak.yamaguchi@noaa.gov RI Yamaguchi, Takanobu/H-9169-2013; Randall, David/E-6113-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Yamaguchi, Takanobu/0000-0001-8059-0757; Randall, David/0000-0001-6935-4112; FU Department of Energy [E-FC02-06ER64302]; National Science Foundation (NSF); Center for Multi-Scale Modeling of Atmospheric Processes (CMMAP); Colorado State University [ATM-0425247]; Physics of Stratocumulus Top (POST); NSF [ATM-0735118, ATM-0735121] FX The authors thank Steven Krueger for helpful suggestions. The implementation of RRTM into SAM was carried out by Peter Blossey and Robert Pincus. This study has been supported by a grant from the Department of Energy's Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) program, Grant DE-FC02-06ER64302; through the National Science Foundation (NSF) support of the Center for Multi-Scale Modeling of Atmospheric Processes (CMMAP), managed by Colorado State University under cooperative agreement ATM-0425247; and through the Physics of Stratocumulus Top (POST) project funded by NSF under Grants ATM-0735118 and ATM-0735121. Computing time was provided by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which is sponsored by the NSF. NR 45 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 69 IS 3 BP 1118 EP 1136 DI 10.1175/JAS-D-11-080.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 901IN UT WOS:000300960700022 ER PT J AU Wenner, MT Haghighat, A Adams, JM Carlson, AD Grimes, SM Massey, TN AF Wenner, Michael T. Haghighat, Alireza Adams, James M. Carlson, Allan D. Grimes, Steven M. Massey, Thomas N. TI Novel Investigation of Iron Cross Sections via Spherical Shell Transmission Measurements and Particle Transport Calculations for Material Embrittlement Studies SO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID 14-MEV NEUTRONS; SPECTRA AB We have carried out a multifaceted research project to improve our knowledge of the iron nonelastic scattering cross sections. Spherical shell transmission measurements were made using time-of-flight techniques with neutrons from the N-15(p,n)O-15 and D(d,n)(3) He source reactions. For the N-15(p,n)O-15 work, measurements were made with a proton energy of 5.1 MeV. Measurements were made from 3 to 7-MeV deuteron energy for the D(d,n)He-3 work. For both source reactions, the angular range was as large as 15 to 135 deg. Two shell thicknesses were used. Comparisons are given between Monte Carlo predictions and experimental data. Utilizing a new tallying option, the estimated total iron cross sections at energies corresponding to the peak of the spectra for the 0-deg experiments were calculated to within 1% of the data in the ENDF/B-VII library. A processing code was developed to adjust ENDF format files to obtain closer agreement between measurements and calculations. Sensitivity analyses were performed at energies corresponding to the 0-deg beam angle neutrons. Using cross sections where the nonelastic and elastic cross sections were adjusted while constraining the total cross section to be constant, differences between experiment and calculation were reduced by similar to 40% for a pressure vessel calculation. Such fluence calculations with adjusted cross sections indicate possible underestimation of neutron fluence, and therefore more material damage. C1 [Wenner, Michael T.; Haghighat, Alireza] Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Adams, James M.; Carlson, Allan D.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Grimes, Steven M.; Massey, Thomas N.] Ohio Univ, Athens, OH 45701 USA. RP Wenner, MT (reprint author), Westinghouse Elect Co, Res & Technol Unit, 600 Cranberry Woods Dr,Suite 679, Cranberry Township, PA 16066 USA. EM wennermt@westinghouse.com NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER NUCLEAR SOC PI LA GRANGE PK PA 555 N KENSINGTON AVE, LA GRANGE PK, IL 60526 USA SN 0029-5639 J9 NUCL SCI ENG JI Nucl. Sci. Eng. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 170 IS 3 BP 207 EP 233 PG 27 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 899LH UT WOS:000300816900001 ER PT J AU Jablonski, A Powell, CJ AF Jablonski, A. Powell, C. J. TI Elastic photoelectron-scattering effects in quantitative X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy SO SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Computer simulations; Electron-solid scattering and transmission - elastic; Photoelectron emission ID MEAN FREE PATHS; AUGER-ELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; CORRECTION PARAMETERS; POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS; ANGULAR-DISTRIBUTION; ATTENUATION LENGTHS; ATOMIC POTENTIALS; XPS; PHOTOEMISSION; DEPENDENCE AB We present improved formulae for the correction parameters Q(x) and beta(eff) that are used to account for elastic scattering of photoelectrons in quantitative X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The new formulae are based on new Monte Carlo simulations for 584 photoelectrons in 39 elemental solids that could be excited by Mg K alpha and Al K alpha X-rays in 315 different XPS configurations. The new simulations differed from similar earlier calculations in that differential elastic-scattering cross sections calculated from the Dirac-Hartree-Fock potential were utilized rather than those from the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac potential, a smaller analyzer acceptance angle was chosen, and the number of trajectories in each simulation was an order of magnitude larger. New values of Q(x) and beta(eff) were obtained for each photoelectron line, each X-ray source, and each XPS configuration. These Q(x) and beta(eff) values could be fitted to simple two-parameter expressions, each a function of the single-scattering albedo and the photoelectron emission angle. Values of Q(x) from the new predictive formula differed from the previous expression by less than 1%. Larger deviations in the values of beta(eff), up to 2.5%, were found from the new fit to the beta(eff) parameter. The new expressions for Q(x) and beta(eff) provide a convenient means for correction of elastic-scattering effects in XPS. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Jablonski, A.] Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. [Powell, C. J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jablonski, A (reprint author), Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, Ul Kasprzaka 44-52, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. EM ajablonski@ichf.edu.pl NR 32 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-6028 J9 SURF SCI JI Surf. Sci. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 606 IS 5-6 BP 644 EP 651 DI 10.1016/j.susc.2011.12.003 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 900VU UT WOS:000300920600010 ER PT J AU Chantler, CT Islam, MT Rae, NA Tran, CQ Glover, JL Barnea, Z AF Chantler, C. T. Islam, M. T. Rae, N. A. Tran, C. Q. Glover, J. L. Barnea, Z. TI New consistency tests for high-accuracy measurements of X-ray mass attenuation coefficients by the X-ray extended-range technique SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA A-FOUNDATION AND ADVANCES LA English DT Article DE gold; XERT; high-Z materials ID ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; PHOTOELECTRIC CROSS-SECTIONS; INTERNATIONAL-UNION; IONIZATION CHAMBERS; POWDER DIFFRACTION; ENERGY; ELEMENTS; CU; TRANSMISSION; FLUORESCENCE AB An extension of the X-ray extended-range technique is described for measuring X-ray mass attenuation coefficients by introducing absolute measurement of a number of foils the multiple independent foil technique. Illustrating the technique with the results of measurements for gold in the 3850 keV energy range, it is shown that its use enables selection of the most uniform and well defined of available foils, leading to more accurate measurements; it allows one to test the consistency of independently measured absolute values of the mass attenuation coefficient with those obtained by the thickness transfer method; and it tests the linearity of the response of the counter and counting chain throughout the range of X-ray intensities encountered in a given experiment. In light of the results for gold, the strategy to be ideally employed in measuring absolute X-ray mass attenuation coefficients, X-ray absorption fine structure and related quantities is discussed. C1 [Chantler, C. T.; Islam, M. T.; Rae, N. A.; Glover, J. L.; Barnea, Z.] Univ Melbourne, Sch Phys, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. [Islam, M. T.] Univ Melbourne, Sch Chem, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. [Tran, C. Q.] La Trobe Univ, Dept Phys, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia. [Glover, J. L.] NIST, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chantler, CT (reprint author), Univ Melbourne, Sch Phys, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. EM chantler@unimelb.edu.au RI Chantler, Christopher/D-4744-2013; Tran, Chanh/M-7868-2015 OI Chantler, Christopher/0000-0001-6608-0048; FU Australian Research Council FX The work was funded by the Australian Research Council. The authors would like to thank the APS where the experiment was performed, and the Australian synchrotron access program. NR 57 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 17 PU INT UNION CRYSTALLOGRAPHY PI CHESTER PA 2 ABBEY SQ, CHESTER, CH1 2HU, ENGLAND SN 2053-2733 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR A JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A PD MAR PY 2012 VL 68 BP 188 EP 195 DI 10.1107/S0108767311044990 PN 2 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 897TA UT WOS:000300678400003 PM 22338654 ER PT J AU Foster, EA Franks, DW Morrell, LJ Balcomb, KC Parsons, KM van Ginneken, A Croft, DP AF Foster, Emma A. Franks, Daniel W. Morrell, Lesley J. Balcomb, Ken C. Parsons, Kim M. van Ginneken, Astrid Croft, Darren P. TI Social network correlates of food availability in an endangered population of killer whales, Orcinus orca SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article DE association; chinook salmon; clustering; foraging; group living; killer whale; Orcinus orca; prey; social dynamics; social organization ID BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; GROUP-SIZE; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; PHYSETER-MACROCEPHALUS; ASSOCIATION PATTERNS; GENETIC RELATEDNESS; POECILIA-RETICULATA; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; PREY ABUNDANCE AB For the majority of social species, group composition is dynamic, and individuals are interconnected in a heterogeneous social network. Social network structure has far-reaching implications for the ecology of individuals and populations. However, we have little understanding of how ecological variables shape this structure. We used a long-term data set (1984-2007) to examine the relationship between food availability and social network structure in the endangered southern resident killer whales. During the summer months individuals in this population feed primarily on chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, which show annual variation in abundance. We tested the hypothesis that temporal variation in chinook salmon will correlate with variation in social network structure. Using a null model that controlled for population demography, group size and sampling effort, we found a significant relationship between the connectivity of the social network and salmon abundance, with a more interconnected social network in years of high salmon abundance. Our results demonstrate that resource availability may be an important determinant of social network structure. Given the central importance of the social network for population processes such as the maintenance of cooperation and the transmission of information and disease, a change in social network structure caused by a change in food availability may have significant ecological and evolutionary consequences. (C) 2012 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Foster, Emma A.; Croft, Darren P.] Univ Exeter, Washington Singer Labs, Coll Life & Environm Sci, Ctr Res Anim Behav, Exeter EX4 4QG, Devon, England. [Foster, Emma A.; Balcomb, Ken C.; Parsons, Kim M.; van Ginneken, Astrid] Ctr Whale Res, Friday Harbor, WA USA. [Franks, Daniel W.] Univ York, Dept Biol, York Ctr Complex Syst Anal, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Franks, Daniel W.] Univ York, Dept Comp Sci, York Ctr Complex Syst Anal, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Morrell, Lesley J.] Univ Hull, Dept Biol Sci, Kingston Upon Hull, Yorks, England. [Parsons, Kim M.] NOAA Fisheries, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, AFSC, Seattle, WA USA. RP Foster, EA (reprint author), Univ Exeter, Washington Singer Labs, Coll Life & Environm Sci, Ctr Res Anim Behav, Perry Rd, Exeter EX4 4QG, Devon, England. EM emfosteruk@gmail.com RI Morrell, Lesley/A-4311-2008; Croft, Darren/B-5503-2009 OI Morrell, Lesley/0000-0003-0256-7871; Croft, Darren/0000-0001-6869-5097 FU BBSRC; Center for Whale Research FX We acknowledge funding from the BBSRC and the Center for Whale Research. We thank the PSC for provision of the salmon abundance data, and 30 years of staff and Earthwatch volunteers. We also thank three referees whose comments greatly improved the manuscript. NR 74 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 8 U2 152 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0003-3472 EI 1095-8282 J9 ANIM BEHAV JI Anim. Behav. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 83 IS 3 BP 731 EP 736 DI 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.12.021 PG 6 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 897CF UT WOS:000300618100018 ER PT J AU Yamahara, KM Sassoubre, LM Goodwin, KD Boehm, AB AF Yamahara, Kevan M. Sassoubre, Lauren M. Goodwin, Kelly D. Boehm, Alexandria B. TI Occurrence and Persistence of Bacterial Pathogens and Indicator Organisms in Beach Sand along the California Coast SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; QUANTITATIVE PCR; BATHING BEACHES; GENOME SEQUENCE; SOUTH FLORIDA; MARINE WATERS; SALMONELLA AB This report documents the presence of fecal indicators and bacterial pathogens in sand at 53 California marine beaches using both culture-dependent and -independent (PCR and quantitative PCR [QPCR]) methods. Fecal indicator bacteria were widespread in California beach sand, with Escherichia coli and enterococci detected at 68% and 94% of the beaches surveyed, respectively. Somatic coliphages and a Bacteroidales human-specific fecal marker were detected at 43% and 13% of the beaches, respectively. Dry sand samples from almost 30% of the beaches contained at least one of the following pathogens: Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which were detected at 15%, 13%, 14%, and 3% of tested beaches, respectively. Fecal indicators and pathogens were poorly correlated to one another and to land cover. Sands were dry at the time of collection, and those with relatively high moisture tended to have higher concentrations or a more frequent occurrence of both indicators and pathogens. Using culture-dependent assays, fecal indicators decayed faster than pathogens in microcosm experiments using unaltered beach sand seeded with sewage and assessed by culture-dependent assays. The following order of persistence was observed (listed from most to least persistent): Campylobacter > Salmonella > somatic coliphages > enterococci > E. coli > F+ phages. In contrast, pathogens decayed faster than fecal indicators in culture-independent assays: enterococci > Bacteroidales human-specific marker > Salmonella > Campylobacter. Microcosm experiments demonstrated that both indicators and pathogens were mobilized by wetting with seawater. Decay rates measured by QPCR were lower than those measured with culture-dependent methods. Enterococcal persistence and possible growth were observed for wetted microcosms relative to unwetted controls. C1 [Yamahara, Kevan M.; Sassoubre, Lauren M.; Boehm, Alexandria B.] Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Goodwin, Kelly D.] NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Boehm, AB (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM aboehm@stanford.edu RI Goodwin, Kelly/B-4985-2014 OI Goodwin, Kelly/0000-0001-9583-8073 FU NSF [BES-0641406] FX This work was supported by NSF CAREER award BES-0641406 to A.B.B. NR 78 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 4 U2 46 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 78 IS 6 BP 1733 EP 1745 DI 10.1128/AEM.06185-11 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 897EX UT WOS:000300629800014 PM 22247142 ER PT J AU Maslar, JE Kimes, WA Sperling, BA AF Maslar, James E. Kimes, William A. Sperling, Brent A. TI Quantum Cascade Laser-Based Measurement of Metal Alkylamide Density During Atomic Layer Deposition SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE Atomic layer deposition; ALD; Laser spectroscopy; Metal alkylamide; Infrared absorption; Quantum cascade laser; TEMAH; Tetrakis(ethylmethylamino) hafnium ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; TRANSFORM INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; NITRIDE THIN-FILMS; GAS-PHASE; TITANIUM NITRIDE; HAFNIUM TETRAKIS(ETHYLMETHYLAMIDE); THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; SI(100) SURFACES; TETRAKIS(DIMETHYLAMIDO)TITANIUM; PRECURSORS AB An in situ gas-phase diagnostic for the metal alkylamide compound tetrakis(ethylmethylamido) hafnium (TEMAH), Hf[(C2H5)(CH3)](4), was demonstrated. This diagnostic is based on direct absorption measurement of TEMAH vapor using an external cavity quantum cascade laser emitting at 979 cm(-1), coinciding with the most intense TEMAH absorption in the mid-infrared spectral region, and employing 50 kHz amplitude modulation with synchronous detection. Measurements were performed in a single-pass configuration in a research-grade atomic layer deposition (ALD) chamber. To examine the detection limit of this technique for use as a TEMAH delivery monitor, this technique was demonstrated in the absence of any other deposition reactants or products, and to examine the selectivity of this technique in the presence of deposition products that potentially interfere with detection of TEMAH vapor, it was demonstrated during ALD of hafnium oxide using TEMAH and water. This technique successfully detected TEMAH at molecular densities present during simulated industrial ALD conditions. During hafnium oxide ALD using TEMAH and water, absorbance from gas-phase reaction products did not interfere with TEMAH measurements while absorption by reaction products deposited on the optical windows did interfere, although interfering absorption by deposited reaction products corresponded to only approximate to 4% of the total derived TEMAH density. With short measurement times and appropriate signal averaging, estimated TEMAH minimum detectable densities as low as approximate to 2 x 10(12) molecules/cm(3) could be obtained. While this technique was demonstrated specifically for TEMAH delivery and hafnium oxide ALD using TEMAH and water, it should be readily applicable to other metal alkylamide compounds and associated metal oxide and nitride deposition chemistries, assuming similar metal alkylamide molar absorptivity and molecular density in the measurement chamber. C1 [Maslar, James E.; Kimes, William A.; Sperling, Brent A.] NIST, Mat Measurement Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Maslar, JE (reprint author), NIST, Mat Measurement Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8320, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jmaslar@nist.gov FU NIST Office of Microelectronics Programs FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the NIST Office of Microelectronics Programs for funding, J. T. Hodges, W. S. Hurst, and S. Crivello for helpful discussions, P. M. Chu for assistance in obtaining the reference spectra, E. F. Moore for performing computational fluid dynamics simulations, and R. R. Fink for technical assistance in constructing the ALD chamber. NR 44 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 11 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 5320 SPECTRUM DRIVE SUITE C, FREDERICK, MD 21703 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 66 IS 3 BP 324 EP 333 DI 10.1366/11-06473 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 896VK UT WOS:000300599300013 PM 22449311 ER PT J AU DiMarco, SF Strauss, J May, N Mullins-Perry, RL Grossman, EL Shormann, D AF DiMarco, Steven F. Strauss, Josiah May, Nelson Mullins-Perry, Ruth L. Grossman, Ethan L. Shormann, David TI Texas Coastal Hypoxia Linked to Brazos River Discharge as Revealed by Oxygen Isotopes SO AQUATIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Coastal hypoxia; Stratification; Oxygen isotopes; Continental shelf processes; Gulf of Mexico; Texas ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; LOUISIANA SHELF; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; UNITED-STATES; BOTTOM WATER; FRESH-WATER; SCIENCE; SALINITY; ECOSYSTEMS AB Hypoxic conditions in the coastal waters off Texas (USA) were observed since the late 1970s, but little is known about the causes of stratification that contribute to hypoxia formation. Typically, this hypoxia is attributed to downcoast (southwestward) advection of waters from the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River system. Here, we present evidence for a hypoxic event on the inner shelf of Texas coincident with the presence of freshwater linked to high flow of the Brazos River in Texas. These conclusions are based on hydrographic observations and isotopic measurements of waters on the inner shelf near the Brazos River mouth. These data characterize the development, breakdown, and dispersal of a hypoxic event lasting from June through September 2007 off the Texas coast. Oxygen isotope compositions of shelf water indicate that (1) discharge from the Brazos River was the principal source of freshwater and water column stratification during the 2007 event, and (2) during low Brazos River discharge in 2008, freshwater on the Texas shelf was derived mainly from the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River System. Based on these findings, we conclude that the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River System is not the sole cause of hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico; however, more data are needed to determine the relative influence of the Texas versus Mississippi rivers during normal and low flow conditions of Texas rivers. C1 [DiMarco, Steven F.; Mullins-Perry, Ruth L.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Strauss, Josiah] Univ New S Wales, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Water Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. [May, Nelson] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. [Grossman, Ethan L.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Shormann, David] DIVE LLC, Magnolia, TX 77353 USA. RP DiMarco, SF (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, 3146 TAMU, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM sdimarco@tamu.edu RI Strauss, Josiah/E-2242-2011; DiMarco, Steven/D-3650-2012; Strauss, Josiah/G-1874-2012 OI DiMarco, Steven/0000-0002-4394-9094; Strauss, Josiah/0000-0002-8240-2219 FU Texas Sea Grant College Program [404538]; TAMU Department of Oceanography; Texas' Norman Hackerman Advanced Research Program [010366-0053-2007]; [NOAA-CSCOR NA06NOS4780198] FX This research was supported by a Rapid Response Award by Texas Sea Grant College Program (No. 404538). Partial funding was through a grant to S. DiMarco (NOAA-CSCOR NA06NOS4780198), contribution number NGOMEX-132, and the TAMU Department of Oceanography. Support for the stable isotope analyses was provided by a grant from Texas' Norman Hackerman Advanced Research Program (No. 010366-0053-2007). The authors thank the dedication of Drs. Matthew Howard, Timothy Dellapena, GERG Marine Technicians, high school students, Scott Hall, Nathaniel Weidner, Josh Andrews, and the cohort of TAMU and TAMUG graduate students for their fortitude and dedication during the August 7, 2007 small boat armada to collect the ocean samples. The authors also thank T. S. Bianchi (TAMU), N. Walker (LSU), A. Quigg (TAMUG), R. Smith (Yale), and M. Fisher (Texas Parks and Wildlife Division) for useful discussions related to this work. The thoughtful comments of four reviewers greatly helped to focus this manuscript. This work is dedicated to the memory of our friend and colleague Professor John W. Morse (Mackenzie et al. 2011). NR 43 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1380-6165 EI 1573-1421 J9 AQUAT GEOCHEM JI Aquat. Geochem. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 18 IS 2 BP 159 EP 181 DI 10.1007/s10498-011-9156-x PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 892IZ UT WOS:000300281200005 ER PT J AU Dunkers, JP Lee, YJ Chatterjee, K AF Dunkers, Joy P. Lee, Young Jong Chatterjee, Kaushik TI Single cell viability measurements in 3D scaffolds using in situ label free imaging by optical coherence microscopy SO BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE Cell viability; Hydrogel; Image analysis; Scaffold; Stem cell ID TISSUE; TOMOGRAPHY; APOPTOSIS; NECROSIS; VITRO; CONSTRUCTS; HYDROGELS; COLLAGEN; SYSTEMS; DEATH AB The focus on creating tissue engineered constructs of clinically relevant sizes requires new approaches for monitoring construct health during tissue development. A few key requirements are that the technology be in situ, non-invasive, and provide temporal and spatial information. In this work, we demonstrate that optical coherence microscopy (OCM) can be used to assess cell viability without the addition of exogenous probes in three-dimensional (3D) tissue scaffolds maintained under standard culture conditions. This is done by collecting time-lapse images of speckle generated by sub-cellular features. Image cross-correlation is used to calculate the number of features the final image has in common with the initial image. If the cells are live, the number of common features is low. The number of common features approaches 100% if the cells are dead. In control experiments, cell viability is verified by the addition of a two-photon fluorescence channel to the OCM. Green fluorescent protein transfected human bone marrow stromal cells cultured in a transparent poly(ethylene glycol) tetramethacrylate hydrogel scaffold is used as the control system. Then, the utility of this approach is demonstrated by determining L929 fibroblast cell viability in a more challenging matrix, collagen, an optical scatterer. These results demonstrate a new technique for in situ mapping of single cell viability without any exogenous probes that is capable of providing continuous monitoring of construct health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Dunkers, Joy P.; Lee, Young Jong; Chatterjee, Kaushik] NIST, Div Polymers, Mat Measurement Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dunkers, JP (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Mat Measurement Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joy.dunkers@nist.gov RI Lee, Young Jong/B-7129-2008 OI Lee, Young Jong/0000-0001-7754-3001 FU Biomaterials Group FX The authors would like to thank Carl Simon from the Biomaterials Group for his support and advice regarding this work. The authors would also like to acknowledge John Elliott from the Biochemical Sciences division for his cell biology advice and recommendations. NR 34 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9612 J9 BIOMATERIALS JI Biomaterials PD MAR PY 2012 VL 33 IS 7 BP 2119 EP 2126 DI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.058 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 895CN UT WOS:000300473900018 PM 22192538 ER PT J AU DeLongchamp, DM Kline, RJ Herzing, A AF DeLongchamp, Dean M. Kline, R. Joseph Herzing, Andrew TI Nanoscale structure measurements for polymer-fullerene photovoltaics SO ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR-CELLS; VERTICAL PHASE-SEPARATION; THIN-FILMS; ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS; CHARGE-TRANSPORT; MOLECULAR ORDER; INTERFACIAL SEGREGATION; MORPHOLOGY CONTROL; SELF-ORGANIZATION AB This review covers methods to measure key aspects of nanoscale structure in organic photovoltaic devices based on polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunctions. The importance of nanoscale structure to the power conversion efficiency and stability of these devices has been recognized, but robust correlations have yet to emerge despite a significant community-wide research investment. Our perspective is that more uniform selection, execution, and interpretation of nanoscale structure measurements will accelerate this endeavor. We will discuss organic bulk heterojunction structural measurements of contemporary interest and importance including vertical stratification, molecular orientation and order, and nanoscale morphology. Specific recommendations are made regarding the technical implementation of some popular techniques, with an eye toward the elimination of artifacts, ambiguous data, and misinterpretation. When possible, topics are highlighted where there is a community consensus on the results of nanoscale structure measurements and how they may relate to organic photovoltaic device performance. C1 [DeLongchamp, Dean M.; Kline, R. Joseph; Herzing, Andrew] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP DeLongchamp, DM (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Kline, Regis/B-8557-2008; Herzing, Andrew/D-6239-2012 NR 106 TC 94 Z9 94 U1 2 U2 88 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1754-5692 J9 ENERG ENVIRON SCI JI Energy Environ. Sci. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 5 IS 3 BP 5980 EP 5993 DI 10.1039/c2ee02725a PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 898BO UT WOS:000300710600007 ER PT J AU Eguchi, T Seminoff, JA LeRoux, RA Prosperi, D Dutton, DL Dutton, PH AF Eguchi, Tomoharu Seminoff, Jeffrey A. LeRoux, Robin A. Prosperi, Dan Dutton, Donna L. Dutton, Peter H. TI MORPHOLOGY AND GROWTH RATES OF THE GREEN SEA TURTLE (CHELONIA MYDAS) IN A NORTHERN-MOST TEMPERATE FORAGING GROUND SO HERPETOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE Anthropogenic effects; Endangered species Growth model; Hierarchical analysis; Power plant; von Bertalanffy ID WARM-WATER REFUGES; GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; GULF-OF-CALIFORNIA; TAG-RECAPTURE DATA; SOMATIC GROWTH; FLORIDA MANATEES; BAJA-CALIFORNIA; POPULATION; SCRIPTA; MODELS AB We examined the morpholog and somatic growth rate of Green Sea Turtles living in San Diego Bay, California; one of the northern-most foraging areas for the species in the eastern Pacific. A power plant had discharged heated effluent into the urbanized bay from 1960 to 2010. Straight carapace lengths of 101 Green Sea Turtles were recorded from 31 March 1990 to 15 April 2011 (45.4 to 110.4 cm). Green Sea Turtles in San Diego Bay were morphologically indistinguishable from those foraging in Baja California Sur, Mexico. The median growth rate was 1.03 cm/yr (-1.6 to 11.4 cm/yr) for all turtles and was 4.9 cm/yr for turtles <= 90 cm. These growth rates were one of the fastest for the species in temperate areas and comparable to those reported for tropical regions. The estimated growth parameter of the von Bertalanffy growth function (mean growth coefficient = 0.21, 95% posterior interval = 0.19-0.23) also was greater than for other populations of Green Sea Turtles. Based on behavioral observations and information from other diet studies, we think that the altered environment from the power plant effluent affected the growth of the Green Sea Turtles directly (longer active periods) and via shifts in the environment (changes in prey composition, abundance, and distribution). With the termination of the power plant operation at the end of 2010, the ecosystem is reverting to its natural state, which we expect will result in decreased growth rates of these turtles in the coming years. C1 [Eguchi, Tomoharu; Seminoff, Jeffrey A.; LeRoux, Robin A.; Prosperi, Dan; Dutton, Peter H.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, Protected Resources Div, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. [Dutton, Donna L.] Ocean Planet Res Inc, San Diego, CA 92131 USA. RP Eguchi, T (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, Protected Resources Div, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 3333 N Torrey Pines Court, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM Tomo.Eguchi@noaa.gov FU San Diego Fish and Wildlife Commission; US Fish and Wildlife Service; Hubbs Sea World Research Institute; San Diego State University; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries FX Data collection was supported by E. Bixby, A. Frey, L. Galver, L. Hansen, L. Hess, S. Johnson, A. Jue, E. LaCasella, G. Lemons, B. Lyon, V. Pease, S. Roden, and numerous other volunteers over the years. Tom Liebst of Dynerg, D. Waller and K. Miles of San Diego Gas and Electric, and E. Maher of the Unified Port of San Diego helped with site access. Funding and other resources were provided by the. San Diego Fish and Wildlife Commission, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Hubbs Sea World Research Institute, San Diego State University, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries. Amanda Karch helped with the literature search and editing of an earlier version of the manuscript. N. Keller, J. Moore, and two anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments that improved the quality of the manuscript. This research was conducted under the National Marine Fisheries Service Scientific Research Permits 988, 1297, and 1591, and California Department of Fish and Game Permit 0411. Original Win Bugs codes for conducting the hierarchical analysis on the von Bertalanffy function were kindly shared by Z. Zhang. NR 58 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 5 U2 37 PU HERPETOLOGISTS LEAGUE PI EMPORIA PA EMPORIA STATE UNIV, DIVISION BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 1200 COMMERCIAL ST, EMPORIA, KS 66801-5087 USA SN 0018-0831 J9 HERPETOLOGICA JI Herpetologica PD MAR PY 2012 VL 68 IS 1 BP 76 EP 87 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 889MM UT WOS:000300077800008 ER PT J AU Shackell, NL Bundy, A Nye, JA Link, JS AF Shackell, Nancy L. Bundy, Alida Nye, Janet A. Link, Jason S. TI Common large-scale responses to climate and fishing across Northwest Atlantic ecosystems SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation; body size; climate; fishing; fishing-induced evolution; marine ecosystem; Northwest Atlantic ID LONG-TERM TRENDS; REGIME-SHIFTS; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; TROPHIC CASCADES; MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; SCOTIAN SHELF; GEORGES-BANK; BODY-SIZE; SEA; COMMUNITY AB Investigating whether there were common biological responses to climate and fishing across seven Northwest Atlantic ecosystems, a minimum/maximum autocorrelation factor analysis of biological indicators for each region revealed a common primary multivariate trend of a rapid change during the 1980s and early 1990s. There was a strong common pattern in the biological indicators responsible for the primary multivariate temporal trend in the five more northerly regions: an increase in the abundance of phytoplankton, an increase in biomass at mid-trophic levels, and a decline in predatory groundfish size. The common associations between patterns and drivers were fishing indices and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, but all associations weakened when co-varying drivers were held constant. The results are consistent with known long-term effects of intense fishing, such as a decline in average fish size and changes in species composition. Less fishing pressure has allowed some regions to recover to former predatory biomass levels since the late 1990s, but the bulk of the biomass consists of fewer species. However, fishing was not the only driver, and a more mechanistic understanding of how the climate affects lower trophic levels is needed to contextualize climate effects in heavily fished ecosystems. C1 [Shackell, Nancy L.; Bundy, Alida] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. [Nye, Janet A.; Link, Jason S.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Shackell, NL (reprint author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, POB 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. EM nancy.shackell@dfo-mpo.gc.ca RI Bundy, Alida/H-2884-2015; OI Bundy, Alida/0000-0002-4282-0715; Shackell, Nancy/0000-0001-5128-948X FU Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans under the Maritimes ERI (Ecosystem Research Initiative); US NOAA NMFS Fisheries FX We thank J. Hare, M. Fogarty, R. Pettipas, B. Petrie, T. Horsman, and K. T. Frank for providing data or assisting with data exchanges. J. A. Fisher and two anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. Funding for this joint Canadian/US research was provided by the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans under the Maritimes ERI (Ecosystem Research Initiative) program and by the US NOAA NMFS Fisheries under the Environment (FATE) program. NR 47 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 45 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 EI 1095-9289 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 69 IS 2 BP 151 EP 162 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fsr195 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 895JA UT WOS:000300491200002 ER PT J AU Hurst, TP Moss, JH Miller, JA AF Hurst, Thomas P. Moss, Jamal H. Miller, Jessica A. TI Distributional patterns of 0-group Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) in the eastern Bering Sea under variable recruitment and thermal conditions SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Bering Sea; density-dependence; distribution; habitat; Pacific cod; temperature ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; DEPENDENT HABITAT SELECTION; IDEAL FREE DISTRIBUTION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; WALLEYE POLLOCK; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; FISH POPULATIONS; SCOTIAN SHELF; MARINE FISHES; LARVAL AB Despite the importance of Pacific cod in Bering Sea fisheries and foodwebs, little is known about the habitat use and the distribution of early life stages. We analysed 6 years of catch data for 0-group Pacific cod in fishery-independent surveys of the Bering Sea shelf. Juvenile cod were most commonly captured on the middle shelf over depths of 50-80 m and were rarely captured north of 58 degrees N. Consistently high catches were observed east of the Pribilof Islands and north of Port Moller along the Alaska Peninsula. There was evidence of density-dependent habitat selection at the local scale as the frequency of occurrence increased with regional catch per unit effort. At the basin scale, the southerly distribution of the weak 2009 cohort suggested the possibility of a range contraction for small cohorts. There was no consistent shift in the distribution of juvenile Pacific cod in response to interannual climate variability. These results for Pacific cod contrast with those observed for walleye pollock, which appears to exhibit greater variance in distribution, but are similar to patterns observed for juvenile Atlantic cod. Future work should focus on distribution in nearshore habitats and examine the patterns of dispersal and the connectivity of the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska populations. C1 [Hurst, Thomas P.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv,Hatfield Marine Sci Ct, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Moss, Jamal H.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Labs, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. [Miller, Jessica A.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Coastal Oregon Marine Expt Stn, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Hurst, TP (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv,Hatfield Marine Sci Ct, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM thomas.hurst@noaa.gov RI Hurst, Thomas/N-1401-2013 FU Bering Sea Fishermen's Association; Arctic Yukon Kuskokwim Sustainable Salmon Initiative; Bering Sea Integrated Ecosystem Research Program; North Pacific Research Board [R0816] FX We thank the staff of the Ecosystem Monitoring and Assessment Program and the crews of the FV "Sea Storm", FV "Northwest Explorer", and RV "Oscar Dyson" for assistance with field sampling. Ed Farley and Jim Murphy assisted with data management. Alex Andrews and Mara Spencer prepared maps of juvenile cod distribution. Grant Thompson provided updated estimates of 0-group Pacific cod recruitment in the Bering Sea. Alec MacCall provided analytical advice. Al Stoner, Ben Laurel, and Alec MacCall provided valuable comments on this research manuscript. Field sampling was conducted as part of the BASIS programme and was supported in part by the Bering Sea Fishermen's Association, The Arctic Yukon Kuskokwim Sustainable Salmon Initiative, and the Bering Sea Integrated Ecosystem Research Program. Data analysis was supported in part by a grant from the North Pacific Research Board (# R0816). This is publication number 325 of the North Pacific Research Board. NR 63 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 5 U2 30 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 69 IS 2 BP 163 EP 174 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fss011 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 895JA UT WOS:000300491200003 ER PT J AU Hennen, DR Jacobson, LD Tang, JS AF Hennen, Daniel R. Jacobson, Larry D. Tang, Jiashen TI Accuracy of the Patch model used to estimate density and capture efficiency in depletion experiments for sessile invertebrates and fish SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE catchability; gear efficiency; invertebrates; Patch model; stock assessment AB The Patch model is used to analyse depletion experiment data for sessile invertebrates and fish that do not randomize after sampling. Simulations indicate that density and capture efficiency estimates were useful under realistic conditions for Atlantic surfclam (Spisula solidissima) and many other sessile demersal species. Density estimates were generally biased low by position-data errors, whereas efficiency estimates were relatively unbiased. A new "hit" matrix method improved the accuracy of efficiency estimates, reduced the variability for efficiency and density estimates, and simplified assumptions about the movement of organisms after sampling. Depletion tows should be spaced to cover the entire study area and to intersect in areas where densities are not low. Model estimates can be made for individuals fully or partially selected by the sampling gear, and information about size selectivity is useful. Patch-model estimates can be used to calculate swept-area abundance or biomass, estimate catchability coefficients for survey or catch per unit effort data, form prior distributions used in stock assessment models, and estimate efficiency for other types of sampling gear. C1 [Hennen, Daniel R.; Jacobson, Larry D.; Tang, Jiashen] NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Hennen, DR (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM daniel.hennen@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 69 IS 2 BP 240 EP 249 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fsr212 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 895JA UT WOS:000300491200011 ER PT J AU MacCall, AD AF MacCall, Alec D. TI Data-limited management reference points to avoid collapse of stocks dependent on learned migration behaviour SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE adopted migrant hypothesis; biological reference points; entrainment hypothesis; episodic fisheries; feeding migration; precautionary approach to management; spawning migrations; spawning potential ratio; socially transmitted behaviour ID ATLANTIC; SARDINE; POPULATIONS; COD AB Risk of stock collapse associated with the loss of a stock's migrational knowledge may be underestimated by conventional reference points. In this paper, I describe three different approaches: a data-poor precautionary approach is to ensure that individuals spawn at least twice; a data-intermediate approach is to calculate a repeat spawning potential ratio (rSPR), which is analogous to the conventional SPR; and for data-rich cases, age-structured population simulations are recommended. C1 NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Ecol Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP MacCall, AD (reprint author), NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Ecol Div, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM alec.maccall@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 11 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 69 IS 2 BP 267 EP 270 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fss008 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 895JA UT WOS:000300491200014 ER PT J AU Hulson, PJF Hanselman, DH Quinn, TJ AF Hulson, Peter-John F. Hanselman, Dana H. Quinn, Terrance J., II TI Determining effective sample size in integrated age-structured assessment models SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE age-structured assessment; Dirichlet distribution; effective sample size ID CATCH-AT-AGE; STOCK-ASSESSMENT; MULTIFAN AB Effective sample size (ESS) is a quantity that allows for overdispersion of variance and is used commonly in integrated age-structured fishery assessment models to fit age-and-length-composition datasets. Owing to the sources of measurement, observation, process, and model-specification errors, the ESS is smaller than the actual sample size. In this study, methods to set a priori or to estimate the ESS when confronted with datasets that include these sources of error were investigated. In general, a number of methods previously proposed to incorporate the ESS resulted in accurate estimation of population quantities and parameters when different sources of error were included in the data on age and length compositions. Three objective methods to incorporate the ESS resulted in unbiased population quantities: (i) using sampling theory to derive the ESS from actual age and length compositions, (ii) iteratively estimating the ESS with the age-structured assessment model, and (iii) estimating the ESS as a parameter with the Dirichlet distribution. C1 [Hulson, Peter-John F.; Quinn, Terrance J., II] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau Ctr, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. [Hulson, Peter-John F.; Hanselman, Dana H.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Labs, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Hulson, PJF (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau Ctr, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, 17101 Point Lena Loop Rd, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM phulson@alaska.edu FU Alaska Sea Grant; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Sea; Department of Commerce [NA06OAR4170013, R/31-16]; University of Alaska; Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research/Alaska Fisheries Science Center (CIFAR/AFSC) FX This publication is the result of research sponsored by Alaska Sea Grant with funds from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Sea Grant, Department of Commerce, under grant NA06OAR4170013 (project number R/31-16) and from the University of Alaska with funds appropriated by the state and the Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research/Alaska Fisheries Science Center (CIFAR/AFSC) Fellowship Program. The findings and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. We thank Milo Adkison, Brenda Norcross, and Gary Marty for helpful comments and advice, and Doug Butterworth and an anonymous reviewer for their insightful reviews of an earlier version of this manuscript. NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 69 IS 2 BP 281 EP 292 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fsr189 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 895JA UT WOS:000300491200016 ER PT J AU Hu, L Rollett, AD Iadicola, M Foecke, T Banovic, S AF Hu, L. Rollett, A. D. Iadicola, M. Foecke, T. Banovic, S. TI Constitutive Relations for AA 5754 Based on Crystal Plasticity SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DEFORMATION POLYCRYSTAL VISCOPLASTICITY; CHANNEL ANGULAR EXTRUSION; SELF-CONSISTENT; TEXTURE DEVELOPMENT; ALUMINUM; PREDICTION; ANISOTROPY; EVOLUTION; STRAIN; SIMULATION AB Constitutive equations for the multiaxial stress-strain behavior of aluminum alloy 5754 sheets were developed, based on crystal plasticity. A Taylor-based polycrystal plasticity model, a tangent formulation of the self-consistent viscoplastic model (VPSC), and an N-site viscoplastic model based on the fast Fourier transform (VPFFT) were used to fit a single slip system hardening law to the available data for tension, plane strain, and biaxial stretching. The fitting procedure yields good agreement with the monotonic stress-strain data, with similar parameter values for each model. When simulating multiaxial tests using the developed hardening law, models that allow both stress and strain variations in grains give better predictions of the stress-strain curves. Furthermore, generally, the simulated texture evolution is too rapid when compared to the experiments. By incorporating a more detailed neighbor interaction effect, the VPFFT model predicts texture evolution in better agreement with experiments. C1 [Hu, L.; Rollett, A. D.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Iadicola, M.; Foecke, T.; Banovic, S.] NIST, NIST Ctr Met Forming, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hu, L (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM linhu@andrew.cmu.edu RI Rollett, Anthony/A-4096-2012 OI Rollett, Anthony/0000-0003-4445-2191 FU Carnegie Mellon University by the National Institute of Standards Technology [70NANB8H8038]; MRSEC, CMU, under NSF [DMR-0520425] FX This work was supported at Carnegie Mellon University by the National Institute of Standards & Technology under Award No. 70NANB8H8038. Use of facilities provided by the Higher Education Program, Intel Corporation, and by the MRSEC, CMU, under NSF Grant No. DMR-0520425 is also gratefully acknowledged. Use of the VPFFT code from Ricardo Lebensohn, Los Alamos National Laboratory, is gratefully acknowledged. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 43A IS 3 BP 854 EP 869 DI 10.1007/s11661-011-0927-1 PG 16 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 891CG UT WOS:000300193300008 ER PT J AU Sun, LL Chen, XJ Guo, J Gao, PW Huang, QZ Wang, HD Fang, MH Chen, XL Chen, GF Wu, Q Zhang, C Gu, DC Dong, XL Wang, L Yang, K Li, AG Dai, X Mao, HK Zhao, ZX AF Sun, Liling Chen, Xiao-Jia Guo, Jing Gao, Peiwen Huang, Qing-Zhen Wang, Hangdong Fang, Minghu Chen, Xiaolong Chen, Genfu Wu, Qi Zhang, Chao Gu, Dachun Dong, Xiaoli Wang, Lin Yang, Ke Li, Aiguo Dai, Xi Mao, Ho-kwang Zhao, Zhongxian TI Re-emerging superconductivity at 48 kelvin in iron chalcogenides SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID 43 K; PRESSURE; COMPOUND AB Pressure has an essential role in the production(1) and control(2,3) of superconductivity in iron-based superconductors. Substitution of a large cation by a smaller rare-earth ion to simulate the pressure effect has raised the superconducting transition temperature T-c to a record high of 55 K in these materials(4,5). In the same way as T-c exhibits a bell-shaped curve of dependence on chemical doping, pressure-tuned T-c typically drops monotonically after passing the optimal pressure(1-3). Here we report that in the superconducting iron chalcogenides, a second superconducting phase suddenly re-emerges above 11.5 GPa, after the T-c drops from the first maximum of 32 K at 1 GPa. The T-c of the re-emerging superconducting phase is considerably higher than the first maximum, reaching 48.0-48.7 K for Tl0.6Rb0.4Fe1.67Se2, K0.8Fe1.7Se2 and K0.8Fe1.78Se2. C1 [Sun, Liling; Guo, Jing; Gao, Peiwen; Chen, Xiaolong; Chen, Genfu; Wu, Qi; Zhang, Chao; Gu, Dachun; Dong, Xiaoli; Dai, Xi; Zhao, Zhongxian] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Beijing 100190, Peoples R China. [Sun, Liling; Guo, Jing; Gao, Peiwen; Chen, Xiaolong; Chen, Genfu; Wu, Qi; Zhang, Chao; Gu, Dachun; Dong, Xiaoli; Dai, Xi; Zhao, Zhongxian] Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing Natl Lab Condensed Matter Phys, Beijing 100190, Peoples R China. [Chen, Xiao-Jia; Mao, Ho-kwang] Carnegie Inst Sci, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA. [Chen, Xiao-Jia] S China Univ Technol, Dept Phys, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, Peoples R China. [Huang, Qing-Zhen] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Wang, Hangdong; Fang, Minghu] Zhejiang Univ, Dept Phys, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. [Wang, Lin] Carnegie Inst Sci, Geophys Lab, HPSynC, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Yang, Ke; Li, Aiguo] Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiat Facil, Shanghai 201204, Peoples R China. RP Zhao, ZX (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Beijing 100190, Peoples R China. EM hmao@gl.ciw.edu; zhxzhao@iphy.ac.cn RI WANG, LIN/G-7884-2012; Dai, Xi/C-4236-2008 OI Dai, Xi/0000-0003-0538-1829 FU NSCF; 973 projects; Chinese Academy of Sciences; EFree, an Energy Frontier Research Center; US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (DOE-BES); CIW; CDAC; UNLV; LLNL through DOE-NNSA; NSF FX We thank I. I. Mazin, W. Bao, and T. Xiang for discussions and J. S. Schilling for the help with the alternating-current susceptibility technique. This work in China was supported by the NSCF, 973 projects, and Chinese Academy of Sciences. This work in the USA was supported as part of the EFree, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (DOE-BES). The High Pressure Collaborative Access Team (HPCAT) is supported by CIW, CDAC, UNLV and LLNL through funding from the DOE-NNSA, the DOE-BES and the NSF. The Advanced Photon Source (APS) is supported by the DOE-BES. NR 21 TC 139 Z9 142 U1 20 U2 194 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAR 1 PY 2012 VL 483 IS 7387 BP 67 EP 69 DI 10.1038/nature10813 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 900HP UT WOS:000300877900045 PM 22367543 ER PT J AU Xie, YF MacDonald, AE AF Xie, Yuanfu MacDonald, Alexander E. TI Selection of Momentum Variables for a Three-Dimensional Variational Analysis SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Control variables; variational data assimilation; error covariance; background; observations; streamfunction and velocity potential; vorticity and divergence; Bayesian theorem; long wave and short wave ID STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS; RECURSIVE FILTERS; NUMERICAL ASPECTS; SERIES EXPANSION; LIMITED AREA; COVARIANCES; RECONSTRUCTION AB Three choices of control variables for meteorological variational analysis (3DVAR or 4DVAR) are associated with horizontal wind: (1) streamfunction and velocity potential, (2) eastward and northward velocity, and (3) vorticity and divergence. This study shows theoretical and numerical differences of these variables in practical 3DVAR data assimilation through statistical analysis and numerical experiments. This paper demonstrates that (a) streamfunction and velocity potential could potentially introduce analysis errors; (b) A 3DVAR using velocity or vorticity and divergence provides a natural scale dependent influence radius in addition to the covariance; (c) for a regional analysis, streamfunction and velocity potential are retrieved from the background velocity field with Neumann boundary condition. Improper boundary conditions could result in further analysis errors; (d) a variational data assimilation or an inverse problem using derivatives as control variables yields smoother analyses, for example, a 3DVAR using vorticity and divergence as controls yields smoother wind analyses than those analyses obtained by a 3DVAR using either velocity or streamfunction/velocity potential as control variables; and (e) statistical errors of higher order derivatives of variables are more independent, e.g., the statistical correlation between U and V is smaller than the one between streamfunction and velocity potential, and thus the variables in higher derivatives are more appropriate for a variational system when a cross-correlation between variables is neglected for efficiency or other reasons. In summary, eastward and northward velocity, or vorticity and divergence are preferable control variables for variational systems and the former is more attractive because of its numerical efficiency. Numerical experiments are presented using analytic functions and real atmospheric observations. C1 [Xie, Yuanfu; MacDonald, Alexander E.] NOAA OAR ESRL GSD, NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab ESRL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Xie, YF (reprint author), NOAA OAR ESRL GSD, NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab ESRL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Yuanfu.Xie@noaa.gov RI Xie, Yuanfu/G-4413-2015 NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 169 IS 3 SI SI BP 335 EP 351 DI 10.1007/s00024-011-0374-3 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 897OP UT WOS:000300661900004 ER PT J AU Schmehl, KJ Haupt, SE Pavolonis, MJ AF Schmehl, Kerrie J. Haupt, Sue Ellen Pavolonis, Michael J. TI A Genetic Algorithm Variational Approach to Data Assimilation and Application to Volcanic Emissions SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE GA-Var; data assimilation; source term estimation; genetic algorithm; volcanic eruption ID DISPERSION; MODEL; TRANSPORT; SYSTEM; ASH; VALIDATION AB Variational data assimilation methods optimize the match between an observed and a predicted field. These methods normally require information on error variances of both the analysis and the observations, which are sometimes difficult to obtain for transport and dispersion problems. Here, the variational problem is set up as a minimization problem that directly minimizes the root mean squared error of the difference between the observations and the prediction. In the context of atmospheric transport and dispersion, the solution of this optimization problem requires a robust technique. A genetic algorithm (GA) is used here for that solution, forming the GA-Variational (GA-Var) technique. The philosophy and formulation of the technique is described here. An advantage of the technique includes that it does not require observation or analysis error covariances nor information about any variables that are not directly assimilated. It can be employed in the context of either a forward assimilation problem or used to retrieve unknown source or meteorological information by solving the inverse problem. The details of the method are reviewed. As an example application, GA-Var is demonstrated for predicting the plume from a volcanic eruption. First the technique is employed to retrieve the unknown emission rate and the steering winds of the volcanic plume. Then that information is assimilated into a forward prediction of its transport and dispersion. Concentration data are derived from satellite data to determine the observed ash concentrations. A case study is made of the March 2009 eruption of Mount Redoubt in Alaska. The GA-Var technique is able to determine a wind speed and direction that matches the observations well and a reasonable emission rate. C1 [Schmehl, Kerrie J.] Penn State Univ, Appl Res Lab, State Coll, PA 16804 USA. [Haupt, Sue Ellen] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Res Applicat Lab, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. [Pavolonis, Michael J.] Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Schmehl, KJ (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Appl Res Lab, POB 30, State Coll, PA 16804 USA. EM haupts2@asme.org RI Pavolonis, Mike/F-5618-2010 OI Pavolonis, Mike/0000-0001-5822-219X NR 64 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 7 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 169 IS 3 SI SI BP 519 EP 537 DI 10.1007/s00024-011-0385-0 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 897OP UT WOS:000300661900015 ER PT J AU Carter, WE Carter, MS AF Carter, William E. Carter, Merri Sue TI The British Longitude Act Reconsidered SO AMERICAN SCIENTIST LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Carter, William E.] Univ Houston, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Houston, TX 77004 USA. [Carter, William E.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Geosci Res Lab, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Carter, WE (reprint author), 5154 Medoras Abe, St Augustine, FL 32080 USA. EM carter4451@bellsouth.net NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SIGMA XI-SCI RES SOC PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 13975, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 0003-0996 J9 AM SCI JI Am. Scientist PD MAR-APR PY 2012 VL 100 IS 2 BP 102 EP 105 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 893CV UT WOS:000300334100011 ER PT J AU Volk, C Kiffney, P AF Volk, Carol Kiffney, Peter TI Comparison of fatty acids and elemental nutrients in periphyton, invertebrates, and cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) in conifer and alder streams of western Washington state SO AQUATIC ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fatty acids; Trophic levels; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Alder; Nutrients ID RED ALDER; TROPHIC RELATIONS; LEAF-LITTER; FOOD WEBS; FISH; TERRESTRIAL; ECOSYSTEMS; WATERSHEDS; LIMITATION; NITROGEN AB Organism growth and reproduction are often limited by nutrient availability in freshwater ecosystems where, in some cases, food webs are primarily supported by allochthonous organic matter. Therefore, we hypothesized that the composition of riparian vegetation would influence the variability of N, P, and fatty acid content of in-stream consumers. Specifically, we predicted that organisms living in alder streams would have higher levels of N, P, and polyunsaturated fatty acids than organisms in coniferous streams. To determine this, we sampled fresh and aged leaf litter, periphyton, invertebrates, and cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) from 6 streams in western Washington state: 3 streams had high densities of nitrogen-fixing red alder (Alnus rubra) in the riparian zone, whereas 3 had high densities of conifers. We found fresh alder litter had twice the total polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations of hemlock vegetation while there were few statistical differences among aged alder and aged hemlock vegetation. Multidimensional plots showed fatty acid profiles were unique to vegetation and fish while periphyton and invertebrates shared the same multidimensional space. We used a mixed model to determine the relative importance of vegetation type (fixed factor: conifer or alder), trophic levels (fixed factor: periphyton, primary consumer, or fish), and streams (random factor) on individual fatty acid concentrations. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids, 16:0, 20:1, 20:3n6 and total n3 were the only fatty acids influenced by stream vegetation (vegetation + stream model or full model). 67% of the fatty acids were best supported by the trophic + stream model. Nitrogen, P, Ca, Fe, C:N, N:P, and C:N:P were all best supported by the trophic level + stream model, and Zn was the only nutrient supported best by the full model. Correlations of n3 and n6 fatty acid concentrations between periphyton and primary consumers, and primary consumers with trout indicated several fatty acid metrics, such as n3:n6, showed food resources may affect relative fatty acid abundances of consumers. Although vegetation type did not influence relative fatty acids of stream organisms, the importance of trophic level likely indicates organisms have different physical requirements for fatty acids. The significance of a random factor, 'stream,' suggests that the relative abundances of fatty acids in periphyton, invertebrates, and trout are stream-specific and are responding to local environmental or communal variables. C1 [Volk, Carol] S Fork Res Inc, N Bend, WA 98045 USA. [Kiffney, Peter] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA Fisheries, Fish Ecol Div, Mukilteo Biol Field Stn,NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Mukilteo, WA 98275 USA. [Kiffney, Peter] Hedmark Univ Coll, Dept Forestry & Wildlife Management, N-2409 Elverum, Norway. RP Volk, C (reprint author), S Fork Res Inc, 44842 SE 145th St, N Bend, WA 98045 USA. EM carol@southforkresearch.org; Peter.kiffney@noaa.gov RI Volk, Carol/I-2824-2012 FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Northwest Fisheries Science Center); U.S. Forest Service FX Significant assistance was provided by Anne Liston and the University of California Limnology Laboratory, Michael Brett (University of Washington), and Brice Semmens (Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California). Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Northwest Fisheries Science Center) and the U.S. Forest Service. NR 38 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 40 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-2588 J9 AQUAT ECOL JI Aquat. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 46 IS 1 BP 85 EP 99 DI 10.1007/s10452-011-9383-7 PG 15 WC Ecology; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 886GS UT WOS:000299842700007 ER PT J AU Daniel, JS Solomon, S Sanford, TJ McFarland, M Fuglestvedt, JS Friedlingstein, P AF Daniel, John S. Solomon, Susan Sanford, Todd J. McFarland, Mack Fuglestvedt, Jan S. Friedlingstein, Pierre TI Limitations of single-basket trading: lessons from the Montreal Protocol for climate policy SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALS; OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIALS; GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS; TERM; STABILIZATION; SCENARIOS AB Numerous policy options exist to reduce future greenhouse gas emissions. A single-basket approach, which controls aggregate emissions, was adopted by the Kyoto Protocol. Such an approach allows emissions reductions of one gas to be traded with those of other gases in the "basket", with the trade "price" determined by some weighting metric like the Global Warming Potential. To reduce stratospheric ozone depletion, the Montreal Protocol also dealt with controlling many compounds, but did so employing an alternative, multi-basket scheme. Trading was allowed within each basket, but not among baskets. While the Montreal Protocol has been highly successful using this approach, we show that if a single-basket approach had been adopted the short-term success could have been at risk due to the non-unique relationship between controls and environmental impacts when using a single basket. Using climate policy as an example, and without considering technological and economic constraints, we further show that the magnitude of the ambiguities in impacts associated with a single-basket approach depends on the rapidity of the emission phaseout. Fast phaseouts lead to less ambiguity than do slow ones. These results suggest that for each set of greenhouse gas control policies considered, the benefit of additional flexibility associated with a single-basket approach should be weighed against the associated increased uncertainties in the impacts to ascertain whether a single- or a multi-basket approach has the greater chance of successfully mitigating climate change. C1 [Daniel, John S.; Solomon, Susan; Sanford, Todd J.] NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [McFarland, Mack] DuPont Chem & Fluoroprod, Wilmington, DE 19805 USA. [Fuglestvedt, Jan S.] CICERO, N-0318 Oslo, Norway. [Friedlingstein, Pierre] Univ Exeter, Coll Engn Math & Phys Sci, Exeter EX4 4QF, Devon, England. [Sanford, Todd J.] Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Daniel, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM john.s.daniel@noaa.gov; tsanford@ucsusa.org; mack.mcfarland@usa.dupont.com; j.s.fuglestvedt@cicero.uio.no; pierre.friedlingstein@exeter.ac.uk RI Daniel, John/D-9324-2011; Friedlingstein, Pierre/H-2700-2014; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Norwegian Research Council FX We thank G.-K. Plattner for providing the Bern carbon cycle model to us and for participating in many helpful discussions regarding its use. JSD and SS acknowledge funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atmospheric Composition and Climate Program. JSF's contribution was funded by the Norwegian Research Council within the project "Climate and health impacts of Short-Lived Atmospheric Components (SLAC)". NR 22 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 25 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD MAR PY 2012 VL 111 IS 2 BP 241 EP 248 DI 10.1007/s10584-011-0136-3 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 892VU UT WOS:000300314500005 ER PT J AU Caballero, S Cardenosa, D Soler, G Hyde, J AF Caballero, S. Cardenosa, D. Soler, G. Hyde, J. TI Application of multiplex PCR approaches for shark molecular identification: feasibility and applications for fisheries management and conservation in the Eastern Tropical Pacific SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE cytochrome oxidase I; molecular identification; multiplex PCR; Pacific Coast of Colombia; sharks ID GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; TRADE; MARKET; FINS AB Here we describe the application of new and existing multiplex PCR methodologies for shark species molecular identification. Four multiplex systems (group ID, thresher sharks, hammerhead sharks and miscellaneous shark) were employed with primers previously described and some designed in this study, which allow for species identification after running PCR products through an agarose gel. This system was implemented for samples (bodies and fins) collected from unidentified sharks landed in the port of Buenaventura and from confiscated tissues obtained from illegal fishing around the Malpelo Island Marine Protected Area, Pacific Coast of Colombia. This method has allowed reliable identification, to date, of 407 samples to the genus and/or species levels, most of them (380) identified as the pelagic thresher shark (Alopias pelagicus). Another seven samples were identified as scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini). This is an easy-to-implement and reliable identification method that could even be used locally to monitor shark captures in the main fishing ports of developed and developing countries. C1 [Caballero, S.; Cardenosa, D.] Univ Los Andes, LEMVA, Dept Ciencias Biol, Bogota, Colombia. [Soler, G.] Fdn Malpelo & Otros Ecosistemas Marinos, Bogota, Colombia. [Hyde, J.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Caballero, S (reprint author), Univ Los Andes, LEMVA, Dept Ciencias Biol, Carrera 1 18A-10, Bogota, Colombia. EM sj.caballero26@uniandes.edu.co OI Cardenosa, Diego/0000-0001-9535-997X FU NOAA; Fundacion Malpelo; Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia (Proyecto de Profesor Asistente, Facultad de Ciencias) FX We would like to thank T. Capson and J. Martinez for their invitation to the 'III Taller Interregional para la Ordenacion y Conservacion de Tiburones en el Oceano Pacifico Oriental', from 6 to 9 July, 2010 in Manta, Ecuador. This research collaboration was started as a result from this meeting. We would also like to thank D. Prada for analyses of the genus Alopias and the SENA (Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje) interns for collecting samples in the Port of Buenaventura, as part of an ongoing monitoring programme by Fundacion Malpelo, Colombia. We would like to thank S. Bessudo for her support in starting this project. Financial support for this project was provided by NOAA, Fundacion Malpelo and Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia (Proyecto de Profesor Asistente, Facultad de Ciencias). NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 32 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1755-098X J9 MOL ECOL RESOUR JI Mol. Ecol. Resour. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 12 IS 2 BP 233 EP 237 DI 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03089.x PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 887MA UT WOS:000299930300005 PM 22067369 ER PT J AU Linteris, GT Burgess, DR Takahashi, F Katta, VR Chelliah, HK Meier, O AF Linteris, Gregory T. Burgess, Donald R. Takahashi, Fumiaki Katta, Viswanath R. Chelliah, Harsha K. Meier, Oliver TI Stirred reactor calculations to understand unwanted combustion enhancement by potential halon replacements SO COMBUSTION AND FLAME LA English DT Article DE Fire suppression; Flame inhibition; CF3Br; C2HF5; Halon replacements; Cargo-bay fire suppression ID LAMINAR BURNING VELOCITIES; CUP-BURNER; FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS; HYDROGEN OXIDATION; KINETIC-MODEL; H-ATOMS; ETHANOL; FLAMES; SUPPRESSION; INHIBITION AB Several agents are under consideration to replace CF3Br for use in suppressing fires in aircraft cargo bays. In a Federal Aviation Administration performance test simulating the explosion of an aerosol can, however, the replacements, when added at sub-inerting concentrations, have all been found to create higher pressure rise than with no agent, hence failing the test. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations as well as perfectly-stirred reactor simulations with detailed reaction kinetics, are performed to understand the reasons for the unexpected enhanced combustion rather than suppression. The high pressure rise with added C2HF5 or C3H2F3Br is shown to be dependent upon the amount of added agent, and can only occur if a large fraction of the available oxidizer in the chamber is consumed, corresponding to stoichiometric proportions of fuel, oxygen, and agent. Conversely, due to the unique stoichiometry of CF3Br, this agent is predicted to cause no increase in pressure, even in the absence of chemical inhibition. The stirred-reactor simulations predict that the inhibition effectiveness of CF3Br is highly dependent upon the mixing conditions of the reactants (which affects the local stoichiometry and hence the overall reaction rate). For C2HF5, however, the overall reaction rate was only weakly dependent upon stoichiometry, so the fuel-oxidizer mixing state has less effect on the suppression effectiveness. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Combustion Institute. C1 [Linteris, Gregory T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Burgess, Donald R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem & Biochem Reference Data Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Takahashi, Fumiaki] Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. [Katta, Viswanath R.] Innovat Sci Solut Inc, Dayton, OH 45440 USA. [Chelliah, Harsha K.] Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. [Meier, Oliver] Boeing Co, Seattle, WA 98124 USA. RP Linteris, GT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM linteris@nist.gov FU Boeing Company FX The authors thank Wing Tsang of NIST, and John Reinhardt at the FAA Technical Center for essential input to the work. Ken Smith and Med Colket at the United Technologies Research Center performed ab initio calculations for C3H2F3Br and graciously provided the thermodynamic data for the C3H2F3Br molecule, allowing us to perform the thermodynamic calculations. Mike Zehe at NASA Glenn Research Center assisted with implementing the C3H2F3Br data in to the NASA CEA program. Brad Williams at NRL kindly provided his changes to the NIST HFC mechanism. The work was supported by The Boeing Company. NR 67 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0010-2180 J9 COMBUST FLAME JI Combust. Flame PD MAR PY 2012 VL 159 IS 3 BP 1016 EP 1025 DI 10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.09.011 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 886LH UT WOS:000299855400010 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Chai, H Lee, JJW Lawn, BR AF Zhang, Y. Chai, H. Lee, J. J. -W. Lawn, B. R. TI Chipping Resistance of Graded Zirconia Ceramics for Dental Crowns SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE edge chipping; dental crowns; graded ceramics; zirconia; indentation; fracture toughness ID FIXED PARTIAL DENTURES; BRITTLE MATERIALS; FRAMEWORKS; GRADIENTS; FAILURE; FATIGUE; DAMAGE AB A serious drawback of veneering porcelains is a pronounced susceptibility to chipping. Glass-infiltrated dense zirconia structures can now be produced with esthetic quality, making them an attractive alternative. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that such infiltrated structures are much more chip-resistant than conventional porcelains, and at least as chip-resistant as non-infiltrated zirconia. A sharp indenter was used to produce chips in flat and anatomically correct glass-infiltrated zirconia crown materials, and critical loads were measured as a function of distance from the specimen edge (flat) or side wall (crown). Control data were obtained on zirconia specimens without infiltration and on crowns veneered with porcelains. The results confirmed that the resistance to chipping in graded zirconia is more than 4 times higher than that of porcelain-veneered zirconia and is at least as high as that of non-veneered zirconia. C1 [Zhang, Y.] NYU, Coll Dent, Dept Biomat & Biomimet, New York, NY 10010 USA. [Chai, H.] Tel Aviv Univ, Fac Engn, Sch Mech Engn, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Lee, J. J. -W.; Lawn, B. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, Y (reprint author), NYU, Coll Dent, Dept Biomat & Biomimet, 345 E 24th St,Room 813C, New York, NY 10010 USA. EM yz21@nyu.edu FU United States National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research [R01 DE017925]; National Science Foundation [CMMI-0758530]; Israeli Science Foundation [ISF-0605414391]; NIST via Dakota Consulting Inc. FX Funding was provided by the United States National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (Grant R01 DE017925), the National Science Foundation (Grant CMMI-0758530), the Israeli Science Foundation (Grant ISF-0605414391), and NIST (via Dakota Consulting Inc.). No conflicts of interest were reported for this article. Information of product names and suppliers in this paper is not intended to imply endorsement by NIST. NR 25 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 4 U2 16 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 91 IS 3 BP 311 EP 315 DI 10.1177/0022034511434356 PG 5 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 888HF UT WOS:000299993800015 PM 22232142 ER PT J AU Beier, CM Signell, SA Luttman, A DeGaetano, AT AF Beier, Colin M. Signell, Stephen A. Luttman, Aaron DeGaetano, Arthur T. TI High-resolution climate change mapping with gridded historical climate products SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Temperature trends; Climate maps; Parameter Regression Independent Slopes Model (PRISM); North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR); Downscaling; Climate adaptation ID UNITED-STATES; TEMPERATURE; PRECIPITATION; MODEL; INTERPOLATION; VARIABLES; SURFACES; TERRAIN; MAXIMUM; TRENDS AB The detection of climate-driven changes in coupled human-natural systems has become a focus of climate research and adaptation efforts around the world. High-resolution gridded historical climate (GHC) products enable analysis of recent climatic changes at the local/regional scales most relevant for research and decision-making, but these fine-scale climate datasets have several caveats. We analyzed two 4 km GHC products to produce high-resolution temperature trend maps for the US Northeast from 1980 to 2009, and compared outputs between products and with an independent climate record. The two products had similar spatial climatologies for mean temperatures, agreed on temporal variability in regionally averaged trends, and agreed that warming has been greater for minimum versus maximum temperatures. Trend maps were highly heterogeneous, i.e., a patchy landscape of warming, cooling and stability that varied by month, but with local-scale anomalies persistent across months (e.g., cooling 'pockets' within warming zones). In comparing trend maps between GHC products, we found large local-scale disparities at high elevations and along coastlines; and where weather stations were sparse, a single-station disparity in input data resulted in a large zone of trend map disagreement between products. Preliminary cross-validation with an independent climate record indicated substantial and complex errors for both products. Our analysis provided novel landscape-scale insights on climate change in the US Northeast, but raised questions about scale and sources of uncertainty in high-resolution GHC products and differences among the many products available. Given rapid growth in their use, we recommend exercising caution in the analysis and interpretation of high-resolution climate maps. C1 [Beier, Colin M.] SUNY Syracuse, Dept Forest & Nat Resources Management, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Adirondack Ecol Ctr, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. [Signell, Stephen A.] SUNY, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Adirondack Ecol Ctr, Newcomb, NY USA. [Luttman, Aaron] Clarkson Univ, Dept Math & Comp Sci, Potsdam, NY USA. [DeGaetano, Arthur T.] Cornell Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, NOAA, NE Reg Climate Ctr, Ithaca, NY USA. RP Beier, CM (reprint author), SUNY Syracuse, Dept Forest & Nat Resources Management, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Adirondack Ecol Ctr, 1 Forestry Dr, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. EM cbeier@esf.edu FU National Aeronautic and Space Administration [NNX09AK16G]; USDA-CSREES FX We thank the PRISM group for providing free access to their 4 km products and the University Consortium of Atmospheric Research (UCAR) for providing the Integrated Data Viewer (IDV). We also thank D. Bishop, R. Signell, B. Belcher and J. Wiley for assistance with data compilation and analysis. This research was supported by the National Aeronautic and Space Administration Biodiversity Program (#NNX09AK16G) and the USDA-CSREES McIntire-Stennis Cooperative Forestry Program. NR 35 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 24 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 EI 1572-9761 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 27 IS 3 BP 327 EP 342 DI 10.1007/s10980-011-9698-8 PG 16 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 889QE UT WOS:000300087500002 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Huang, Q Levin, I Woicik, JC Shi, X Yang, JH Kaduk, JA AF Wong-Ng, W. Huang, Q. Levin, I. Woicik, J. C. Shi, X. Yang, Jihui Kaduk, J. A. TI Crystal structure and powder diffraction reference pattern of type I clathrate Ba8Ni4Ge42 SO POWDER DIFFRACTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICDD PDF-4 Workshop CY JUN 25-30, 2011 CL Bangalore, INDIA DE type I clathrate; Ba8Ni4Ge42; crystal structure; neutron diffraction; TEM; synchrotron EXAFS ID THERMOELECTRIC TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; SCATTERING; GERMANIUM; ELEMENTS; SILICON; MERIT AB The crystal structure of type I clathrate Ba8Ni4Ge42 has been determined using neutron powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy ( TEM, for possible superlattice), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements. Ba8Ni4Ge42 is cubic with the space group Pm (3) over barn and unit-cell parameter a = 10.6769(2) angstrom (D-x = 5.988 g cm(-3)). The structure combines two different types of polyhedra: the dodecahedron (Ge-20, 20-atom cage with 12 pentagonal faces) and the tetrakaidecahedron (Ge-24, 24-atom cage with 12 pentagonal and 2 hexagonal faces). Each unit cell contains two Ge-20 dodecahedra and six Ge-24 tetrakaidecahedra. The Ge-20 dodecahedra are linked via the interstitial 6c positions. The framework structure is formed by a tetrahedrally bounded network of Ge atoms, whereas Ba atoms reside inside the Ge-20 and Ge-24 cavities at the 2a and 6d crystallographic positions, respectively. Ni atoms exclusively occupy the 6c positions located on the hexagonal faces of the larger tetrakaidecahedra; no Ni atoms are found in the smaller dodecahedra that consist of pentagonal faces. A local structure study using EXAFS supports the coexistence of Ge and Ni on the 6c site. Electron diffraction in TEM reveals no detectable Ge/Ni ordering. (C) 2012 International Centre for Diffraction Data. [doi: 10.1017/S0885715612000024] C1 [Wong-Ng, W.; Huang, Q.; Levin, I.; Woicik, J. C.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Shi, X.; Yang, Jihui] Gen Motors R&D Ctr, Mat & Proc Lab, Warren, MI 48090 USA. [Kaduk, J. A.] Poly Crystallog Inc, Naperville, IL 60540 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM winnie.wong-ng@nist.gov FU U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357]; National Science Foundation [DMR-0454672]; U.S. Department of Energy FX Use of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. This work utilized facilities supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Agreement No. DMR-0454672. Drs. X. Shi and Y. Yang acknowledge the partial support from the U.S. Department of Energy. Dr. G. Liu is thanked for his graphical assistance. NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 18 PU J C P D S-INT CENTRE DIFFRACTION DATA PI NEWTOWN SQ PA 12 CAMPUS BLVD, NEWTOWN SQ, PA 19073-3273 USA SN 0885-7156 EI 1945-7413 J9 POWDER DIFFR JI Powder Diffr. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 27 IS 1 BP 25 EP 31 DI 10.1017/S0885715612000024 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 086OJ UT WOS:000314694400006 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W AF Wong-Ng, Winnie TI The Materials Science & Technology 2011 Conference & Exhibition SO POWDER DIFFRACTION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM winnie.wong-ng@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU J C P D S-INT CENTRE DIFFRACTION DATA PI NEWTOWN SQ PA 12 CAMPUS BLVD, NEWTOWN SQ, PA 19073-3273 USA SN 0885-7156 J9 POWDER DIFFR JI Powder Diffr. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 27 IS 1 BP 50 EP 51 DI 10.1017/S088571561200019X PG 2 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 086OJ UT WOS:000314694400012 ER PT J AU Torres, JM Stafford, CM Uhrig, D Vogt, BD AF Torres, Jessica M. Stafford, Christopher M. Uhrig, David Vogt, Bryan D. TI Impact of chain architecture (branching) on the thermal and mechanical behavior of polystyrene thin films SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE glass transition; modulus; polystyrene; star polymers; thin films ID GLASS-TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; ULTRATHIN POLYMER-FILMS; ANIONIC-POLYMERIZATION; HYPERBRANCHED POLYMERS; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; ELASTIC-MODULUS; SURFACE-TENSION; CONFINEMENT; DEPENDENCE AB The modulus and glass transition temperature (Tg) of ultrathin films of polystyrene (PS) with different branching architectures are examined via surface wrinkling and the discontinuity in the thermal expansion as determined from spectroscopic ellipsometry, respectively. Branching of the PS is systematically varied using multifunctional monomers to create comb, centipede, and star architectures with similar molecular masses. The bulk-like (thick film) Tg for these polymers is 103 +/- 2 degrees C and independent of branching and all films thinner than 40 nm exhibit reductions in Tg. There are subtle differences between the architectures with reductions in Tg for linear (25 degrees C), centipede (40 degrees C), comb (9 degrees C), and 4 armed star (9 degrees C) PS for 5 nm films. Interestingly, the room temperature modulus of the thick films is dependent upon the chain architecture with the star and comb polymers being the most compliant (approximate to 2 GPa) whereas the centipede PS is most rigid (approximate to 4 GPa). The comb PS exhibits no thickness dependence in moduli, whereas all other PS architectures examined show a decrease in modulus as the film thickness is decreased below similar to 40 nm. We hypothesize that the chain conformation leads to the apparent susceptibility of the polymer to reductions in moduli in thin films. These results provide insight into potential origins for thickness dependent properties of polymer thin films. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012 C1 [Vogt, Bryan D.] Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA. [Torres, Jessica M.] Arizona State Univ, Chem Engn Program, Tempe, AZ 85284 USA. [Stafford, Christopher M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Uhrig, David] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Nanophase Mat Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Vogt, BD (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA. EM vogt@uakron.edu RI Uhrig, David/A-7458-2016 OI Uhrig, David/0000-0001-8447-6708 FU National Science Foundation [0653989-CMMI]; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy [CNMS2010-021] FX This work was financially supported by the National Science Foundation under grant #0653989-CMMI. The authors acknowledge the use of facilities within the LeRoy Eyring Center for Solid State Science at Arizona State University. A portion of this research was conducted at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, which is sponsored at Oak Ridge National Laboratory by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, reviewed under proposal CNMS2010-021. This manuscript is an official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology; not subject to copyright in the United States. NR 68 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 40 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD MAR 1 PY 2012 VL 50 IS 5 BP 370 EP 377 DI 10.1002/polb.23014 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 879MO UT WOS:000299334000007 ER PT J AU Hyland, LL Taraban, MB Feng, Y Hammouda, B Yu, YB AF Hyland, Laura L. Taraban, Marc B. Feng, Yue Hammouda, Boualem Yu, Y. Bruce TI Viscoelastic properties and nanoscale structures of composite oligopeptide-polysaccharide hydrogels SO BIOPOLYMERS LA English DT Article DE oligopeptide; polysaccharide; hydrogel; rheology; mechanical strength; small-angle neutron scattering (SANS); cross-section analysis; mesh size ID PEPTIDE HYDROGELS; NETWORKS AB Biocompatible and biodegradable peptide hydrogels are drawing increasing attention as prospective materials for human soft tissue repair and replacement. To improve the rather unfavorable mechanical properties of our pure peptide hydrogels, in this work we examined the possibility of creating a double hydrogel network. This network was created by means of the coassembly of mutually attractive, but self-repulsive oligopeptides within an already-existing fibrous network formed by the charged, biocompatible polysaccharides chitosan, alginate, and chondroitin. Using dynamic oscillatory rheology experiments, it was found that the coassembly of the peptides within the existing polysaccharide network resulted in a less stiff material as compared to the pure peptide networks (the elastic modulus G' decreased from 90 to 10 kPa). However, these composite oligopeptide-polysaccharide hydrogels were characterized by a greater resistance to deformation (the yield strain ? grew from 4 to 100%). Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) was used to study the 2D cross-sectional shapes of the fibers, their dimensional characteristics, and the mesh sizes of the fibrous networks. Differences in material structures found with SANS experiments confirmed rheology data, showing that incorporation of the peptides dramatically changed the morphology of the polysaccharide network. The resulting fibers were structurally very similar to those forming the pure peptide networks, but formed less stiff gels because of their markedly greater mesh sizes. Together, these findings suggest an approach for the development of highly deformation-resistant biomaterials. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97: 177188, 2012. C1 [Hyland, Laura L.; Taraban, Marc B.; Yu, Y. Bruce] Univ Maryland, Fischell Dept Bioengn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Feng, Yue; Yu, Y. Bruce] Univ Maryland, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. [Hammouda, Boualem] NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yu, YB (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Fischell Dept Bioengn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM byu@rx.umaryland.edu RI Feng, Yue/H-1578-2012 FU Maryland Technology Development Corporation (TEDCO); NIH [EB004416]; National Science Foundation [DMR-0944772] FX Contract grant sponsor: Maryland Technology Development Corporation (TEDCO); Contract grant sponsors: NIH; Contract grant number: EB004416; Contract grant sponsors: National Science Foundation; Contract grant number: DMR-0944772 NR 31 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 57 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0006-3525 J9 BIOPOLYMERS JI Biopolymers PD MAR PY 2012 VL 97 IS 3 BP 177 EP 188 DI 10.1002/bip.21722 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 867UN UT WOS:000298480400004 PM 21994046 ER PT J AU Srinivasan, V Shakarji, CM Morse, EP AF Srinivasan, Vijay Shakarji, Craig M. Morse, Edward P. TI On the Enduring Appeal of Least-Squares Fitting in Computational Coordinate Metrology SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE coordinate metrology; least-squares fitting; standardization; optimization; manufacturing; sampling ID ALGORITHM AB The vast majority of points collected with coordinate measuring machines are not used in isolation; rather, collections of these points are associated with geometric features through fitting routines. In manufacturing applications, there are two fundamental questions that persist about the efficacy of this fitting-first, do the points collected adequately represent the surface under inspection; and second, does the association of substitute (fitted) geometry with the points meet criteria consistent with the standardized geometric specification of the product. This paper addresses the second question for least-squares fitting both as a historical survey of past and current practices, and as a harbinger of the influence of new specification criteria under consideration for international standardization. It also touches upon a set of new issues posed by the international standardization on the first question as related to sampling and least-squares fitting. [DOI: 10.1115/1.3647877] C1 [Srinivasan, Vijay] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Engn Lab, ASME, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Shakarji, Craig M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Measurement Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Morse, Edward P.] Univ N Carolina, Dept Mech Engn & Engn Sci, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. RP Srinivasan, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Engn Lab, ASME, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM vijay.srinivasan@nist.gov; craig.shakarji@nist.gov; emorse@uncc.edu NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 1530-9827 J9 J COMPUT INF SCI ENG JI J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 12 IS 1 AR 011008 DI 10.1115/1.3647877 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 868QD UT WOS:000298536900008 ER PT J AU Cooke, J Leaper, R Wade, P Lavigne, D Taylor, B AF Cooke, Justin Leaper, Russell Wade, Paul Lavigne, David Taylor, Barbara TI Management rules for marine mammal populations: A response to Lonergan SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Article DE Management procedure; RMP; PBR; Management Strategy Evaluation ID UNCERTAINTY; MORTALITY AB The development of management rules for decisions regarding marine mammal populations, which resulted in the Revised Management Procedure (RMP) of the International Whaling Commission and Potential Biological Removal (PBR) within the US Marine Mammal Protection Act is well documented. The description by Lonergan (Potential biological removal and other currently used management rules for marine mammal populations: a comparison, in Marine Policy) of RMP and PBR, and the origins of the management policy choices that they are designed to implement, is not accurate. The policy decisions relating to conservation targets, and the balance between conservation and utilisation, were made by governments and legislators, not by scientists as claimed by Lonergan. Based on the original sources the key aspects of the two procedures, including the way they incorporate policy choices, are explained. Some misconceptions by Lonergan regarding Canada's Atlantic Seal Management Strategy are also addressed. The Management Strategy Evaluation approach used in the development of RMP and PBR has since become increasingly widely used in fishery management. It provides a means to assess the short- and long-term consequences of different policy choices in the context of realistic levels of uncertainty over the status and dynamics of the populations concerned. An alternative approach suggested by Lonergan has been found wanting in the past and would likely also fail in the future. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Leaper, Russell] Univ Aberdeen, Sch Biol Sci, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland. [Cooke, Justin] CEMS, D-79312 Windenreute, Germany. [Wade, Paul] NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Lavigne, David] Int Fund Anim Welf, Guelph, ON N1H 2G6, Canada. [Taylor, Barbara] SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Leaper, R (reprint author), Univ Aberdeen, Sch Biol Sci, Tillydrone Ave, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland. EM jgc@cems.de; r.c.leaper@abdn.ac.uk; Paul.Wade@noaa.gov; dlavigne@ifaw.org; Barbara.Taylor@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-597X J9 MAR POLICY JI Mar. Pol. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 36 IS 2 BP 389 EP 392 DI 10.1016/j.marpol.2011.06.009 PG 4 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations GA 864EH UT WOS:000298219300012 ER PT J AU Richerson, K Levin, PS Mangel, M AF Richerson, Kate Levin, Phillip S. Mangel, Marc TI Accounting for indirect effects and non-commensurate values in ecosystem based fishery management (EBFM) (vol 34, pg 114, 2010) SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Correction C1 [Richerson, Kate; Mangel, Marc] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Ctr Stock Assessment Res, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Richerson, Kate] MRAG Amer, Capitola, CA 95010 USA. [Levin, Phillip S.] NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Mangel, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Ctr Stock Assessment Res, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM msmangel@ucsc.edu NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-597X J9 MAR POLICY JI Mar. Pol. PD MAR PY 2012 VL 36 IS 2 BP 565 EP 565 DI 10.1016/j.marpol.2011.08.009 PG 1 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations GA 864EH UT WOS:000298219300036 ER PT J AU Sala, E Ballesteros, E Dendrinos, P Di Franco, A Ferretti, F Foley, D Fraschetti, S Friedlander, A Garrabou, J Guclusoy, H Guidetti, P Halpern, BS Hereu, B Karamanlidis, AA Kizilkaya, Z Macpherson, E Mangialajo, L Mariani, S Micheli, F Pais, A Riser, K Rosenberg, AA Sales, M Selkoe, KA Starr, R Tomas, F Zabala, M AF Sala, Enric Ballesteros, Enric Dendrinos, Panagiotis Di Franco, Antonio Ferretti, Francesco Foley, David Fraschetti, Simonetta Friedlander, Alan Garrabou, Joaquim Guclusoy, Harun Guidetti, Paolo Halpern, Benjamin S. Hereu, Bernat Karamanlidis, Alexandros A. Kizilkaya, Zafer Macpherson, Enrique Mangialajo, Luisa Mariani, Simone Micheli, Fiorenza Pais, Antonio Riser, Kristin Rosenberg, Andrew A. Sales, Marta Selkoe, Kimberly A. Starr, Rick Tomas, Fiona Zabala, Mikel TI The Structure of Mediterranean Rocky Reef Ecosystems across Environmental and Human Gradients, and Conservation Implications SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID MARINE PROTECTED AREAS; URCHIN PARACENTROTUS-LIVIDUS; NORTHERN LINE ISLANDS; FISH ASSEMBLAGES; LONG-TERM; FOOD WEBS; ALGAL ASSEMBLAGES; CYSTOSEIRA SPP.; ADRIATIC SEA; MONK SEAL AB Historical exploitation of the Mediterranean Sea and the absence of rigorous baselines makes it difficult to evaluate the current health of the marine ecosystems and the efficacy of conservation actions at the ecosystem level. Here we establish the first current baseline and gradient of ecosystem structure of nearshore rocky reefs at the Mediterranean scale. We conducted underwater surveys in 14 marine protected areas and 18 open access sites across the Mediterranean, and across a 31-fold range of fish biomass (from 3.8 to 118 g m(-2)). Our data showed remarkable variation in the structure of rocky reef ecosystems. Multivariate analysis showed three alternative community states: (1) large fish biomass and reefs dominated by non-canopy algae, (2) lower fish biomass but abundant native algal canopies and suspension feeders, and (3) low fish biomass and extensive barrens, with areas covered by turf algae. Our results suggest that the healthiest shallow rocky reef ecosystems in the Mediterranean have both large fish and algal biomass. Protection level and primary production were the only variables significantly correlated to community biomass structure. Fish biomass was significantly larger in well-enforced no-take marine reserves, but there were no significant differences between multi-use marine protected areas (which allow some fishing) and open access areas at the regional scale. The gradients reported here represent a trajectory of degradation that can be used to assess the health of any similar habitat in the Mediterranean, and to evaluate the efficacy of marine protected areas. C1 [Sala, Enric] Natl Geog Soc, Washington, DC USA. [Sala, Enric; Ballesteros, Enric; Macpherson, Enrique; Mariani, Simone; Tomas, Fiona] CSIC, CEAB, Blanes, Spain. [Dendrinos, Panagiotis; Karamanlidis, Alexandros A.] MOm Hellen Soc Study & Protect Monk Seal, Athens, Greece. [Di Franco, Antonio; Fraschetti, Simonetta; Guidetti, Paolo] Univ Salento, DiSTeBA, Lecce, Italy. [Ferretti, Francesco; Micheli, Fiorenza] Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. [Foley, David] NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pacific Grove, CA USA. [Foley, David] Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Friedlander, Alan] US Geol Survey, Hawaii Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Honolulu, HI USA. [Friedlander, Alan] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Garrabou, Joaquim] CSIC, ICM, Ctr Mediterrani Invest Marines & Ambientals, Barcelona, Spain. [Guclusoy, Harun] Dokuz Eylul Univ, Inst Marine Sci & Technol, Izmir, Turkey. [Guclusoy, Harun; Kizilkaya, Zafer] EKOG, SAD, Ankara, Turkey. [Halpern, Benjamin S.; Selkoe, Kimberly A.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Hereu, Bernat; Zabala, Mikel] Univ Barcelona, Dept Ecol, Fac Biol, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. [Mangialajo, Luisa] Univ Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France. [Pais, Antonio] Univ Sassari, Dipartimento Sci Zootecn, I-07100 Sassari, Italy. [Riser, Kristin; Starr, Rick] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Rosenberg, Andrew A.] Conservat Int, Arlington, VA USA. [Sales, Marta] Ctr Oceanog Balears, IEO, Estacio Invest Jaume Ferrer, Mao, Spain. [Starr, Rick] Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. RP Sala, E (reprint author), Natl Geog Soc, Washington, DC USA. EM esala@ngs.org RI Macpherson, Enrique/J-8982-2012; Ballesteros, Enric/K-6497-2012; Pais, Antonio/D-2209-2012; Di Franco, Antonio/A-8796-2010; Hereu, Bernat/K-9150-2015; OI Di Franco, Antonio/0000-0003-3411-7015; Hereu, Bernat/0000-0001-6247-7638; Guclusoy, Harun/0000-0002-4147-2587; Fraschetti, Simonetta/0000-0002-1780-1651; Guidetti, Paolo/0000-0002-7983-8775; PAIS, Antonio/0000-0003-4370-8423; Mariani, Simone/0000-0003-0903-8657 FU Oak Foundation; Pew Charitable Trusts; Spain's National Council for Scientific Research (CSIC); Lenfest Ocean Program FX This study was funded by the Oak Foundation, the Pew Charitable Trusts, Spain's National Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) and the Lenfest Ocean Program. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 84 TC 81 Z9 83 U1 5 U2 110 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 185 BERRY ST, STE 1300, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD FEB 29 PY 2012 VL 7 IS 2 AR e32742 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0032742 PG 13 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 928SI UT WOS:000303003500099 PM 22393445 ER PT J AU Price, SWT Zonias, N Skylaris, CK Hyde, TI Ravel, B Russell, AE AF Price, Stephen W. T. Zonias, Nicholas Skylaris, Chris-Kriton Hyde, Timothy I. Ravel, Bruce Russell, Andrea E. TI Fitting EXAFS data using molecular dynamics outputs and a histogram approach SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; DISORDERED-SYSTEMS; NANOPARTICLES; CLUSTERS; SIZE; PARTICLES; SPECTROSCOPY; DIFFRACTION; SIMULATION; CUMULANT AB The estimation of metal nanoparticle diameter by analysis of extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data from coordination numbers is nontrivial, particularly for particles < 5 nm in diameter, for which the undercoordination of surface atoms becomes an increasingly significant contribution to the average coordination number. These undercoordinated atoms have increased degrees of freedom over those within the core of the particle, which results in an increase in the degree of structural disorder with decreasing particle size. This increase in disorder, however, is not accounted for by the standard means of EXAFS analysis, where each coordination shell is fitted with a single bond length and disorder term. In addition, the surface atoms of nanoparticles have been observed to undergo a greater contraction than those in the core, further increasing the range of bond distances. Failure to account for this structural change results in an increased disorder being measured, and therefore, a lower apparent coordination number and corresponding particle size are found. Here, we employ molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for a range of nanoparticle sizes to determine each of the nearest neighbor bond lengths, which were then binned into a histogram to construct a radial distribution function (RDF). Each bin from the histogram was considered to be a single scattering path and subsequently used in fitting the EXAFS data obtained for a series of carbon-supported platinum nanoparticles. These MD-based fits are compared with those obtained using a standard fitting model using Artemis and the standard model with the inclusion of higher cumulants, which has previously been used to account for the non-Gaussian distribution of neighboring atoms around the absorber. The results from all three fitting methods were converted to particle sizes and compared with those obtained from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. We find that the use of molecular dynamics simulations resulted in an improved fit over both the standard and cumulant models, in terms of both quality of fit and correlation with the known average particle size. C1 [Ravel, Bruce] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Price, Stephen W. T.; Zonias, Nicholas; Skylaris, Chris-Kriton; Russell, Andrea E.] Univ Southampton, Sch Chem, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. [Hyde, Timothy I.] Johnson Matthey Technol Ctr, Reading RG4 9NH, Berks, England. RP Ravel, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8520, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM bravel@bnl.gov; a.e.russell@soton.ac.uk RI Hyde, Timothy/J-2036-2014; Russell, Andrea/A-9625-2012 OI Hyde, Timothy/0000-0003-0435-2380; FU EPSRC; Southampton Nanoforum; Royal Society; US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-98CH10886] FX The authors acknowledge the EPSRC and Johnson Matthey for funding and would like to thank Brian Theobald and Don Ozkaya of Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Sonning Common for supplying the catalysts samples and for TEM measurements and analysis. The authors would also like to gratefully acknowledge Gopinathan Sankar for useful discussions regarding the cumulant expansion method. N.Z. would like to thank the Southampton Nanoforum for a PhD studentship. C.K.S would like to thank the Royal Society for a University Research Fellowship. Use of the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. NR 49 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 42 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB 29 PY 2012 VL 85 IS 7 AR 075439 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.075439 PG 14 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 901AV UT WOS:000300935000008 ER PT J AU Near, TJ Dornburg, A Kuhn, KL Eastman, JT Pennington, JN Patarnello, T Zane, L Fernandez, DA Jones, CD AF Near, Thomas J. Dornburg, Alex Kuhn, Kristen L. Eastman, Joseph T. Pennington, Jillian N. Patarnello, Tomaso Zane, Lorenzo Fernandez, Daniel A. Jones, Christopher D. TI Ancient climate change, antifreeze, and the evolutionary diversification of Antarctic fishes SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Notothenioidei; Icefish; Percomorpha; molecular clock; buoyancy ID NOTOTHENIOID FISHES; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; ICE-SHEET; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENIES; DIVERSITY; RADIATION; BUOYANCY; RATES; PERCIFORMES; ADAPTATION AB The Southern Ocean around Antarctica is among the most rapidly warming regions on Earth, but has experienced episodic climate change during the past 40 million years. It remains unclear how ancient periods of climate change have shaped Antarctic biodiversity. The origin of antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) in Antarctic notothenioid fishes has become a classic example of how the evolution of a key innovation in response to climate change can drive adaptive radiation. By using a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of notothenioids and reconstructed paleoclimate, we demonstrate that the origin of AFGP occurred between 42 and 22 Ma, which includes a period of global cooling approximately 35 Ma. However, the most species-rich lineages diversified and evolved significant ecological differences at least 10 million years after the origin of AFGPs, during a second cooling event in the Late Miocene (11.6-5.3 Ma). This pattern indicates that AFGP was not the sole trigger of the notothenioid adaptive radiation. Instead, the bulk of the species richness and ecological diversity originated during the Late Miocene and into the Early Pliocene, a time coincident with the origin of polar conditions and increased ice activity in the Southern Ocean. Our results challenge the current understanding of the evolution of Antarctic notothenioids suggesting that the ecological opportunity that underlies this adaptive radiation is not linked to a single trait, but rather to a combination of freeze avoidance offered by AFGPs and subsequent exploitation of new habitats and open niches created by increased glacial and ice sheet activity. C1 [Near, Thomas J.] Yale Univ, Peabody Museum Nat Hist, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. [Near, Thomas J.; Dornburg, Alex; Kuhn, Kristen L.; Pennington, Jillian N.] Yale Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. [Eastman, Joseph T.] Ohio Univ, Coll Osteopath Med, Dept Biomed Sci, Athens, OH 45701 USA. [Pennington, Jillian N.] Yale Univ, Ezra Stiles Coll, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. [Patarnello, Tomaso] Univ Padua, Dept Publ Hlth Comparat Pathol & Vet Hyg, I-35020 Legnaro, Italy. [Zane, Lorenzo] Univ Padua, Dept Biol, I-35131 Padua, Italy. [Fernandez, Daniel A.] Ctr Austral Invest Cient, RA-9410 Ushuaia, Argentina. [Jones, Christopher D.] NOAA, Antarctic Ecosyst Res Div, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Near, TJ (reprint author), Yale Univ, Peabody Museum Nat Hist, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. EM thomas.near@yale.edu RI Zane, Lorenzo/G-6249-2010; Eastman, Joseph/A-9786-2008; OI Zane, Lorenzo/0000-0002-6963-2132; PATARNELLO, Tomaso/0000-0003-1794-5791 FU Antarctic fishes; University of Illinois; National Science Foundation (NSF) [OPP 01-32032, ANT-0839007, DEB-0716155, DEB-1061806, ANT-0436190] FX We thank A. L. DeVries and C.-H. C. Cheng for supporting our initial studies of Antarctic fishes. Field and laboratory support was provided by H. W. Detrich, J. Kendrick, K.-H. Kock, J. A. Moore, and A. L. Stewart. A. L. DeVries and C.-H. C. Cheng (University of Illinois), G. Lecointre (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France), and C. D. Roberts (Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa) provided critical specimens. K. L. Prudic, M. E. Alfaro, J. M. Beaulieu, M. J. Donoghue, R. I. Eytan, A. M. Near, and J. C. Oliver provided comments on previous versions of this manuscript. Fieldwork was facilitated through the United States Antarctic Marine Living Resources Program and the officers and crew of the RV Yuzhmorgeologiya, and the 2004 ICEFISH cruise aboard the RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer, which was funded through National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant OPP 01-32032 (to H. William Detrich III). This research was supported by NSF Grants ANT-0839007 (to T.J.N.), DEB-0716155 (to T.J.N.), DEB-1061806 (to T.J.N.), and ANT-0436190 (to J.T.E.). NR 60 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 16 U2 105 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD FEB 28 PY 2012 VL 109 IS 9 BP 3434 EP 3439 DI 10.1073/pnas.1115169109 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 899PL UT WOS:000300828200051 PM 22331888 ER PT J AU Richards, BL Williams, ID Vetter, OJ Williams, GJ AF Richards, Benjamin L. Williams, Ivor D. Vetter, Oliver J. Williams, Gareth J. TI Environmental Factors Affecting Large-Bodied Coral Reef Fish Assemblages in the Mariana Archipelago SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID BOOSTED REGRESSION TREES; MARINE PROTECTED AREAS; GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; REMOTE HAWAIIAN ATOLLS; NORTHERN LINE ISLANDS; LIFE-HISTORY; MARSHALL-ISLANDS; FLORIDA-KEYS; CARCHARHINUS-AMBLYRHYNCHOS; HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS AB Large-bodied reef fishes represent an economically and ecologically important segment of the coral reef fish assemblage. Many of these individuals supply the bulk of the reproductive output for their population and have a disproportionate effect on their environment (e.g. as apex predators or bioeroding herbivores). Large-bodied reef fishes also tend to be at greatest risk of overfishing, and their loss can result in a myriad of either cascading (direct) or indirect trophic and other effects. While many studies have investigated habitat characteristics affecting populations of small-bodied reef fishes, few have explored the relationship between large-bodied species and their environment. Here, we describe the distribution of the large-bodied reef fishes in the Mariana Archipelago with an emphasis on the environmental factors associated with their distribution. Of the factors considered in this study, a negative association with human population density showed the highest relative influence on the distribution of large-bodied reef fishes; however, depth, water temperature, and distance to deep water also were important. These findings provide new information on the ecology of large-bodied reef fishes can inform discussions concerning essential fish habitat and ecosystem-based management for these species and highlight important knowledge gaps worthy of additional research. C1 [Richards, Benjamin L.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Williams, Ivor D.; Vetter, Oliver J.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Richards, Benjamin L.] NOAA Fisheries Serv, Pacific Islands Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI USA. [Williams, Gareth J.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. RP Richards, BL (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM benjamin.richards@noaa.gov FU National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Habitat Conservation; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration FX The National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Habitat Conservation and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Coral Reef Conservation Program provided funding for this work. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 121 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 52 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 185 BERRY ST, STE 1300, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD FEB 27 PY 2012 VL 7 IS 2 AR e31374 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0031374 PG 25 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 927OV UT WOS:000302918500023 PM 22384014 ER PT J AU Lee, CC Suzuki, S Xie, W Schibli, TR AF Lee, C-C Suzuki, S. Xie, W. Schibli, T. R. TI Broadband graphene electro-optic modulators with sub-wavelength thickness SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID FEEDBACK; FILMS AB Graphene's featureless optical absorption, ultrahigh carrier mobility, and variable optical absorption by an applied gate voltage enable a new breed of optical modulators with broad optical and electrical bandwidths. Here we report on an electro-optic modulator that integrates single-layer graphene in a sub-wavelength thick, reflective modulator structure. These modulators provide a large degree of design freedom, which allows tailoring of their optical properties to specific needs. Current devices feature an active aperture similar to 100 mu m, and provide uniform modulation with flat frequency response from 1 Hz to > 100 MHz. These novel, low insertion-loss graphene-based modulators offer solutions to a variety of high-speed amplitude modulation tasks that require optical amplitude modulation without phase distortions, a flat frequency response, or ultra-thin geometries, such as for controlling monolithic, high-repetition rate mode-locked lasers or active interferometers. (C) 2012 Optical Society of America C1 [Lee, C-C; Xie, W.; Schibli, T. R.] Univ Colorado Boulder, Dep Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Suzuki, S.] Toyota Technol Inst, Grad Sch Engn, Tempaku Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4688511, Japan. [Schibli, T. R.] Univ Colorado, Dep Elect Comp & Energy Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Schibli, T. R.] Univ Colorado, NIST, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Lee, CC (reprint author), Univ Colorado Boulder, Dep Phys, 2000 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM ChienChung.Lee@Colorado.EDU FU NNIN at the Colorado Nanofabrication Laboratory; National Science Foundation [ECS-0335765]; Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) (US) [YFA N66001-11-1-4156] FX We thank Prof. C. Rogers and his group for the use of their RF lock-in amplifier. This research was supported in part by the NNIN at the Colorado Nanofabrication Laboratory and the National Science Foundation under Grant No. ECS-0335765 and by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) (US), Contract No. YFA N66001-11-1-4156. NR 14 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 9 U2 95 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD FEB 27 PY 2012 VL 20 IS 5 BP 5264 EP 5269 DI 10.1364/OE.20.005264 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 902QL UT WOS:000301053200046 PM 22418332 ER PT J AU Norris, DG Cimmarusti, AD Orozco, LA Barberis-Blostein, P Carmichael, HJ AF Norris, D. G. Cimmarusti, A. D. Orozco, L. A. Barberis-Blostein, P. Carmichael, H. J. TI Anomalous light shift through quantum jumps in quasiresonant Rayleigh scattering SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID TRANSITIONS; DYNAMICS; ATOMS AB An anomalous light shift in the precession of a ground-state Zeeman coherence is observed: The Larmor frequency increases with the strength of a drive that is blue (red) detuned from a transition out of the lower (upper) energy level. Our measurements are made on Rb-85 atoms traversing an optical cavity containing a few photons; shifts as large as 1% per photon are recorded. The anomalous shift arises from an accumulation of phase driven by quantum jumps. It is stochastic and accompanied by broadening. C1 [Norris, D. G.] Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Barberis-Blostein, P.] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Invest Matemat Aplicadas & Sistemas, Mexico City 01000, DF, Mexico. [Carmichael, H. J.] Univ Auckland, Dept Phys, Auckland, New Zealand. RP Norris, DG (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM lorozco@umd.edu FU NSF; CONACYT, Mexico; RSNZ FX Work supported by NSF, CONACYT, Mexico, and the Marsden Fund of RSNZ. We thank J. J. Bollinger for useful discussions. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB 27 PY 2012 VL 85 IS 2 AR 021804 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.85.021804 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 899OT UT WOS:000300826300002 ER PT J AU Strauch, FW Onyango, D Jacobs, K Simmonds, RW AF Strauch, Frederick W. Onyango, Douglas Jacobs, Kurt Simmonds, Raymond W. TI Entangled-state synthesis for superconducting resonators SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID TRAPPED ION; PHASE QUBITS; QUANTUM; CIRCUIT; GENERATION; PHOTON; CAVITY AB We present a theoretical analysis of methods to synthesize entangled states of two superconducting resonators. These methods use experimentally demonstrated interactions of resonators with artificial atoms and offer efficient routes to generate nonclassical states. We analyze physical implementations, energy level structure, and the effects of decoherence through detailed dynamical simulations. C1 [Strauch, Frederick W.; Onyango, Douglas] Williams Coll, Williamstown, MA 01267 USA. [Jacobs, Kurt] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02125 USA. [Simmonds, Raymond W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Strauch, FW (reprint author), Williams Coll, Williamstown, MA 01267 USA. EM frederick.w.strauch@williams.edu RI Jacobs, Kurt/E-7049-2011 OI Jacobs, Kurt/0000-0003-0828-6421 FU Research Corporation for Science Advancement; NSF [PHY-0902906, PHY-1005571] FX We gratefully acknowlege discussions with J. Aumentado, F. Altomare, and B. Johnson. F.W.S. was supported by the Research Corporation for Science Advancement, K.J. by the NSF under Project No. PHY-0902906, and both by the NSF under Project No. PHY-1005571. NR 62 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB 27 PY 2012 VL 85 IS 2 AR 022335 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.85.022335 PG 14 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 899OT UT WOS:000300826300007 ER PT J AU Velders, GJM Ravishankara, AR Miller, MK Molina, MJ Alcamo, J Daniel, JS Fahey, DW Montzka, SA Reimann, S AF Velders, Guus J. M. Ravishankara, A. R. Miller, Melanie K. Molina, Mario J. Alcamo, Joseph Daniel, John S. Fahey, David W. Montzka, Stephen A. Reimann, Stefan TI Preserving Montreal Protocol Climate Benefits by Limiting HFCs SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Velders, Guus J. M.] Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm RIVM, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. [Ravishankara, A. R.; Daniel, John S.; Fahey, David W.; Montzka, Stephen A.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Miller, Melanie K.] Touchdown Consulting, B-1310 La Hulpe, Belgium. [Molina, Mario J.] Univ Calif San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Alcamo, Joseph] UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. [Reimann, Stefan] Swiss Fed Labs Mat Sci & Technol Empa, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. RP Velders, GJM (reprint author), Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm RIVM, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. EM guus.velders@rivm.nl RI Daniel, John/D-9324-2011; Reimann, Stefan/A-2327-2009; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Reimann, Stefan/0000-0002-9885-7138; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; Montzka, Stephen/0000-0002-9396-0400 NR 11 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 6 U2 50 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD FEB 24 PY 2012 VL 335 IS 6071 BP 922 EP 923 DI 10.1126/science.1216414 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 900ZQ UT WOS:000300931800029 PM 22362993 ER PT J AU Pauluis, O Dias, J AF Pauluis, Olivier Dias, Juliana TI Satellite Estimates of Precipitation-Induced Dissipation in the Atmosphere SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RADIATIVE-CONVECTIVE EQUILIBRIUM; RAIN-PROFILING ALGORITHM; ENTROPY BUDGET; FRICTIONAL DISSIPATION; RADAR; WORK AB A substantial amount of frictional dissipation in the atmosphere occurs in the microphysical shear zones surrounding falling precipitation. The dissipation rate is computed here from recently available satellite retrieval from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Missions and is found to average 1.8 watts per square meter between 30 degrees S and 30 degrees N. The geographical distribution of the precipitation-induced dissipation is closely tied to that of precipitation but also reveals a stronger dissipation rate for continental convection than for maritime convection. Because the precipitation-induced dissipation is of the same magnitude as the turbulent dissipation of the kinetic energy in the atmosphere, changes in the hydrological cycle could potentially have a direct impact on the amount of kinetic energy generated and dissipated by the atmospheric circulation. C1 [Pauluis, Olivier] NYU, Courant Inst Math Sci, New York, NY 10012 USA. [Dias, Juliana] NOAA, Div Phys Sci, ESRL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Pauluis, O (reprint author), NYU, Courant Inst Math Sci, 251 Mercer St, New York, NY 10012 USA. EM pauluis@cims.nyu.edu FU NSF [ATM-0545047, AGS-0944058] FX The TRMM 3A25 data were obtained from the TRMM Science Data and Information System (TSDIS) at Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA. The authors are thankful to A. Ackerman, A. Del Genio, G. Tselioudis, and A. Fridlind for their comments on a previous version of this manuscript. This work has been supported by NSF grants ATM-0545047 and AGS-0944058. NR 18 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD FEB 24 PY 2012 VL 335 IS 6071 BP 953 EP 956 DI 10.1126/science.1215869 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 900ZQ UT WOS:000300931800042 PM 22363004 ER PT J AU Goslin, J Perrot, J Royer, JY Martin, C Lourenco, N Luis, J Dziak, RP Matsumoto, H Haxel, J Fowler, MJ Fox, CG Lau, ATK Bazin, S AF Goslin, J. Perrot, J. Royer, J. -Y. Martin, C. Lourenco, N. Luis, J. Dziak, R. P. Matsumoto, H. Haxel, J. Fowler, M. J. Fox, C. G. Lau, A. T. -K. Bazin, S. TI Spatiotemporal distribution of the seismicity along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge north of the Azores from hydroacoustic data: Insights into seismogenic processes in a ridge-hot spot context SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Azores hot spot-ridge interaction; autonomous hydrophone; seismicity; spreading center ID HYDROPHONE ARRAYS; REYKJANES RIDGE; MIDOCEAN RIDGES; OMORI FORMULA; SEA-FLOOR; T-WAVES; GRAVITY; EARTHQUAKES; EVOLUTION; SEGMENTATION AB The seismicity of the North Atlantic was monitored from May 2002 to September 2003 by the 'SIRENA array' of autonomous hydrophones. The hydroacoustic signals provide a unique data set documenting numerous low-magnitude earthquakes along the section of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) located in a ridge-hot spot interaction context. During the experiment, 1696 events were detected along the MAR axis between 40 degrees N and 51 degrees N, with a magnitude of completeness level of m(b) approximate to 2.4. Inside the array, location errors are in the order of 2 km, and errors in the origin time are less than 1 s. From this catalog, 15 clusters were detected. The distribution of source level (SL) versus time within each cluster is used to discriminate clusters occurring in a tectonic context from those attributed to non-tectonic (i.e. volcanic or hydrothermal) processes. The location of tectonic and non-tectonic sequences correlates well with regions with positive and negative Mantle Bouguer Anomalies (MBAs), indicating the presence of thinner/colder and thicker/warmer crust respectively. At the scale of the entire array, both the complete and declustered catalogs derived from the hydroacoustic signals show an increase of the seismicity rate from the Azores up to 43 degrees 30'N suggesting a diminishing influence of the Azores hot spot on the ridge-axis temperature, and well correlated with a similar increase in the along-axis MBAs. The comparison of the MAR seismicity with the Residual MBA (RMBA) at different scales leads us to think that the low-magnitude seismicity rates are directly related to along-axis variations in lithosphere rheology and temperatures. C1 [Goslin, J.; Perrot, J.; Royer, J. -Y.; Martin, C.] Univ Brest, Univ Europeenne Bretagne, IUEM, CNRS,UMR 6538, F-29280 Plouzane, France. [Lourenco, N.] Estrutura Missao Extensao Plataforma Continental, P-2770057 Paco De Arcos, Portugal. [Luis, J.] Univ Algarve, Ctr Invest Marinha & Ambiental, P-8005139 Faro, Portugal. [Dziak, R. P.; Matsumoto, H.; Haxel, J.; Fowler, M. J.; Lau, A. T. -K.] Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Fox, C. G.] NOAA, NGDC, NESDIS, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Bazin, S.] Inst Phys Globe, Paris, France. RP Goslin, J (reprint author), Univ Brest, Univ Europeenne Bretagne, IUEM, CNRS,UMR 6538, Pl N Copernic, F-29280 Plouzane, France. RI julie, perrot/A-7160-2010; Luis, Joaquim/A-1112-2009; Lourenco, Nuno/A-5361-2013; Royer, Jean-Yves/B-4312-2010 OI Luis, Joaquim/0000-0002-9035-4069; Lourenco, Nuno/0000-0002-8038-677X; Royer, Jean-Yves/0000-0002-7653-7715 NR 52 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD FEB 24 PY 2012 VL 13 AR Q02010 DI 10.1029/2011GC003828 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 899DE UT WOS:000300794000001 ER PT J AU Turner, DD Merrelli, A Vimont, D Mlawer, EJ AF Turner, D. D. Merrelli, A. Vimont, D. Mlawer, E. J. TI Impact of modifying the longwave water vapor continuum absorption model on community Earth system model simulations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID EMITTED RADIANCE INTERFEROMETER; SPECTRAL RADIANCE; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; ATMOSPHERE MODEL; INSTRUMENT; PERFORMANCE; TROPOSPHERE; RETRIEVAL; RRTM; GCM AB The far-infrared (wavelengths longer than 17 mm) has been shown to be extremely important for radiative processes in the earth's atmosphere. The strength of the water vapor continuum absorption in this spectral region has largely been predicted using observations at other wavelengths that have been extrapolated using semiempirical approaches such as the Clough-Kneizys-Davies (CKD) family of models. Recent field experiments using new far-infrared instrumentation have supported a factor of 2 decrease in the modeled strength of the foreign continuum at 50 mm and a factor of 1.5 increase in the self-continuum at 24 mm in the Clough-Kneizys-Davies continuum model (CKD v2.4); these changes are incorporated in the Mlawer-Tobin-CKD continuum model (MT_CKD v2.4). The water vapor continuum in the Community Earth System Model (CESM v1.0) was modified to use the newer model, and the impacts of this change were investigated by comparing output from the original and modified CESM for 20 year integrations with prescribed sea surface temperatures. The change results in an increase in the net upward longwave flux of order 0.5 W m(-2) between 300 and 400 mb, and a decrease in this flux of about the same magnitude for altitudes below 600 mb. The radiative impact results in a small but statistically significant change in the mean temperature and humidity fields, and also a slight decrease (order 0.5%) of high-cloud amount. The change in the cloud amount modified the longwave cloud radiative forcing, which partially offset the radiative heating caused by the change in the water vapor continuum absorption model. C1 [Turner, D. D.] NOAA, NSSL, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Mlawer, E. J.] Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. [Merrelli, A.; Vimont, D.] Univ Wisconsin, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Dept, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Turner, DD (reprint author), NOAA, NSSL, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM dave.turner@noaa.gov FU Computational Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at NCAR [35381137]; U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FG02-06ER64167] FX The simulations were run on the bluefire supercomputer at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The computer time was supported by small allocation grant 35381137, awarded to AJM and DDT by the Computational Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at NCAR. We would like to thank the three anonymous reviewers for their excellent comments that ultimately strengthened this manuscript. This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy by grant DE-FG02-06ER64167 as part of the Atmospheric System Research program. NR 31 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 24 PY 2012 VL 117 AR D04106 DI 10.1029/2011JD016440 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 899DZ UT WOS:000300796700001 ER PT J AU Chia, HJ Guo, F Belova, LM McMichael, RD AF Chia, Han-Jong Guo, Feng Belova, L. M. McMichael, R. D. TI Nanoscale Spin Wave Localization Using Ferromagnetic Resonance Force Microscopy SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MEMORY; MODES; LOGIC AB We use the dipolar fields from a magnetic cantilever tip to generate localized spin wave precession modes in an in-plane magnetized, thin ferromagnetic film. Multiple resonances from a series of localized modes are detected by ferromagnetic resonance force microscopy and reproduced by micromagnetic models that also reveal highly anisotropic mode profiles. Modeled scans of line defects using the lowest-frequency mode provide resolution predictions of (94.5 +/- 1.5) nm in the field direction, and (390 +/- 2) nm perpendicular to the field. C1 [Chia, Han-Jong; Guo, Feng; McMichael, R. D.] NIST, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Chia, Han-Jong; Guo, Feng] Univ Maryland, Maryland Nanoctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Belova, L. M.] Royal Inst Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Chia, HJ (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hanjong.chia@nist.gov; robert.mcmichael@nist.gov RI Belova, Lyubov/A-9868-2011; McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; Guo, Feng/N-8584-2013; Gastelois, Pedro/F-3891-2012; OI Belova, Lyubov/0000-0003-4889-4210; McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X FU NIST-CNST/UMD-Nanocenter Cooperative Agreement FX We are grateful for the assistance of Meng Zhu for sample fabrication and E. D. Dahlberg and P.C. Hammel for valuable discussions. This work has been supported in part by the NIST-CNST/UMD-Nanocenter Cooperative Agreement. NR 28 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 24 PY 2012 VL 108 IS 8 AR 087206 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.087206 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 897QV UT WOS:000300670300011 PM 22463567 ER PT J AU Deka, U Juhin, A Eilertsen, EA Emerich, H Green, MA Korhonen, ST Weckhuysen, BM Beale, AM AF Deka, Upakul Juhin, Amelie Eilertsen, Einar A. Emerich, Hermann Green, Mark A. Korhonen, Satu T. Weckhuysen, Bert M. Beale, Andrew M. TI Confirmation of Isolated Cu2+ Ions in SSZ-13 Zeolite as Active Sites in NH3-Selective Catalytic Reduction SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID COPPER; NO; COORDINATION; CU-ZSM-5; DECOMPOSITION; COMPLEXES; CHEMISTRY; AMMONIA; OXYGEN; STATE AB NH3-Selective Catalytic Reduction (NH3-SCR) is a widely used technology for NO reduction in the emission control systems of heavy duty diesel vehicles. Copper-based ion exchanged zeolites and in particular Cu-SSZ-13 (CHA framework) catalysts show both exceptional activity and hydrothermal. stability for this reaction. In this work, we have studied the origin of the SCR activity of Cu-SSZ-13 as evidenced from a combination of synchrotron-based and laboratory techniques. Synchrotron-based in situ XAFS/XRD measurements were used to provide complementary information on the local copper environment under realistic NH3-SCR conditions. Crucial then to the catalytic activity of Cu-SSZ-13 is the local environment of the copper species, particularly in the zeolite. Cu-SSZ-13 contains mononuclear Cu2+ species, located in the face of the double-6-ring subunit of the zeolite after calcination where it remains under reaction conditions. At lower temperatures (with low activity), XAFS and XRD data revealed a conformational change in the local geometry of the copper from a planar form toward a distorted tetrahedron as a result of a preferential interaction with NH3. This process appears necessary for activity, but results in a stymieing of activity at low temperatures. At higher temperatures, the Cu2+ possess a local coordination state akin to that seen after calcination. C1 [Deka, Upakul] Mat Innovat Inst M2i, NL-2628 CD Delft, Netherlands. [Deka, Upakul; Korhonen, Satu T.; Weckhuysen, Bert M.; Beale, Andrew M.] Univ Utrecht, Debye Inst Nanomat Sci, Inorgan Chem & Catalysis Grp, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. [Juhin, Amelie] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Inst Mineral & Phys Milieux Condenses, F-75252 Paris 05, France. [Eilertsen, Einar A.] Univ Oslo, Dept Chem, SMN INGAP, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. [Emerich, Hermann] ESRF, Swiss Norwegian Beam, SNBL, BM01, F-38043 Grenoble, France. [Green, Mark A.] NIST, Beamline BT1, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. [Green, Mark A.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Deka, U (reprint author), Mat Innovat Inst M2i, Mekelweg 2, NL-2628 CD Delft, Netherlands. RI Beale, Andrew/C-4866-2009; Beale, Andrew/J-9059-2013; Institute (DINS), Debye/G-7730-2014; JUHIN, Amelie/C-3502-2015; Weckhuysen, Bert/D-3742-2009 OI Beale, Andrew/0000-0002-0923-1433; JUHIN, Amelie/0000-0003-0752-3034; Weckhuysen, Bert/0000-0001-5245-1426 FU ESRF; Materials innovation institute M2i [M23.7.08301] FX This research was carried out under project number M23.7.08301 in the framework of the Research Program of the Materials innovation institute M2i (www.m2i.nl). We would like to thank Sachem Inc. for kindly providing the template (ZeoGen 2825) used in the synthesis of SSZ-13. For the XANES simulations, the work was granted access to the HPC resources of IDRIS under the allocation 2011-1202 made by GENCI (Grand Equipment National de Calcul Intensif). Ines Dacil Gonzalez-Jimenez (Utrecht University) is thanked for helping with experiments at SNBL, ESRF. ESRF is thanked for funding the beamtime to perform combined XAS/XRD measurements. Matthew G. O'Brien (Utrecht University) and David Wragg (Oslo University) are thanked for advice on Rietveld refinements. NR 41 TC 115 Z9 122 U1 21 U2 210 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD FEB 23 PY 2012 VL 116 IS 7 BP 4809 EP 4818 DI 10.1021/jp212450d PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 903XQ UT WOS:000301156500057 ER PT J AU Chotia, A Neyenhuis, B Moses, SA Yan, B Covey, JP Foss-Feig, M Rey, AM Jin, DS Ye, J AF Chotia, Amodsen Neyenhuis, Brian Moses, Steven A. Yan, Bo Covey, Jacob P. Foss-Feig, Michael Rey, Ana Maria Jin, Deborah S. Ye, Jun TI Long-Lived Dipolar Molecules and Feshbach Molecules in a 3D Optical Lattice SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MANY-BODY PHYSICS; POLAR-MOLECULES; ULTRACOLD GASES AB We have realized long-lived ground-state polar molecules in a 3D optical lattice, with a lifetime of up to 25 s, which is limited only by off-resonant scattering of the trapping light. Starting from a 2D optical lattice, we observe that the lifetime increases dramatically as a small lattice potential is added along the tube-shaped lattice traps. The 3D optical lattice also dramatically increases the lifetime for weakly bound Feshbach molecules. For a pure gas of Feshbach molecules, we observe a lifetime of greater than 20 s in a 3D optical lattice; this represents a 100-fold improvement over previous results. This lifetime is also limited by off-resonant scattering, the rate of which is related to the size of the Feshbach molecule. Individually trapped Feshbach molecules in the 3D lattice can be converted to pairs of K and Rb atoms and back with nearly 100% efficiency. C1 [Jin, Deborah S.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Jin, DS (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Jin@jilau1.colorado.edu; Ye@jila.colorado.edu RI Yan, Bo/B-3810-2012; Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Chotia, Amodsen/A-8340-2014 OI Yan, Bo/0000-0001-7235-5554; FU NIST; NSF; AFOSR-MURI; DOE; ARO DARPA OLE; NDSEG FX We thank P. Julienne for the calculation based on the two-channel model of the Feshbach resonance and S. Kotochigova for the calculation of the complex polarizability of KRb ground-state molecules. We thank G. Quemener and J. L. Bohn for stimulating discussions and also their estimates of the on-site bimolecular loss rate. We gratefully acknowledge financial support for this work from NIST, NSF, AFOSR-MURI, DOE, and ARO DARPA OLE. S. A. M. acknowledges funding from the NDSEG. NR 30 TC 120 Z9 121 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 23 PY 2012 VL 108 IS 8 AR 080405 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.080405 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 897QQ UT WOS:000300669600005 PM 22463505 ER PT J AU Yu, PL Purdy, TP Regal, CA AF Yu, P. -L. Purdy, T. P. Regal, C. A. TI Control of Material Damping in High-Q Membrane Microresonators SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL-FRICTION; CAVITY; MOTION; FILMS AB We study the mechanical quality factors of bilayer aluminum-silicon-nitride membranes. By coating ultrahigh-Q Si3N4 membranes with a more lossy metal, we can precisely measure the effect of material loss on Q's of tensioned resonator modes over a large range of frequencies. We develop a theoretical model that interprets our results and predicts the damping can be reduced significantly by patterning the metal film. Using such patterning, we fabricate Al-Si3N4 membranes with ultrahigh Q at room temperature. Our work elucidates the role of material loss in the Q of membrane resonators and informs the design of hybrid mechanical oscillators for optical-electrical-mechanical quantum interfaces. C1 [Yu, P. -L.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Yu, PL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Yu, Pen-Li/J-5062-2012 OI Yu, Pen-Li/0000-0002-7266-0708 FU DARPA QuASAR; ONR; ONR YIP; JILA NSF-PFC; Clare Boothe Luce Foundation; NRC FX We thank I. Wilson-Rae, K. W. Lehnert, and R. W. Simmonds for valuable discussions and A. M. Kaufman for assistance. This work was supported by the DARPA QuASAR program, ONR YIP, and JILA NSF-PFC. C. A. R. thanks the Clare Boothe Luce Foundation for support. T. P. P. thanks the NRC for support. NR 27 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 24 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 23 PY 2012 VL 108 IS 8 AR 083603 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.083603 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 897QQ UT WOS:000300669600018 PM 22463530 ER PT J AU Gaos, AR Lewison, RL Yanez, IL Wallace, BP Liles, MJ Nichols, WJ Baquero, A Hasbun, CR Vasquez, M Urteaga, J Seminoff, JA AF Gaos, Alexander R. Lewison, Rebecca L. Yanez, Ingrid L. Wallace, Bryan P. Liles, Michael J. Nichols, Wallace J. Baquero, Andres Hasbun, Carlos R. Vasquez, Mauricio Urteaga, Jose Seminoff, Jeffrey A. TI Shifting the life-history paradigm: discovery of novel habitat use by hawksbill turtles SO BIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Hawksbill; habitat use; mangroves; estuary; eastern Pacific; life history ID SEA-TURTLES; ERETMOCHELYS-IMBRICATA; POPULATION; MIGRATION AB Adult hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) are typically described as open-coast, coral reef and hard substrate dwellers. Here, we report new satellite tracking data on female hawksbills from several countries in the eastern Pacific that revealed previously undocumented behaviour for adults of the species. In contrast to patterns of habitat use exhibited by their Caribbean and Indo-Pacific counterparts, eastern Pacific hawksbills generally occupied inshore estuaries, wherein they had strong associations with mangrove saltwater forests. The use of inshore habitats and affinities with mangrove saltwater forests presents a previously unknown life-history paradigm for adult hawksbill turtles and suggests a potentially unique evolutionary trajectory for the species. Our findings highlight the variability in life-history strategies that marine turtles and other wide-ranging marine wildlife may exhibit among ocean regions, and the importance of understanding such disparities from an ecological and management perspective. C1 [Gaos, Alexander R.; Lewison, Rebecca L.] San Diego State Univ, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. [Gaos, Alexander R.; Yanez, Ingrid L.; Liles, Michael J.] Eastern Pacific Hawksbill Initiat, San Diego, CA USA. [Wallace, Bryan P.] Conservat Int, Global Marine Div, Arlington, VA USA. [Wallace, Bryan P.] Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Div Marine Sci & Conservat, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. [Liles, Michael J.] Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX USA. [Nichols, Wallace J.] Calif Acad Sci, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. [Baquero, Andres] Fdn Equilibrio Azul, Quito, Ecuador. [Baquero, Andres] Univ San Francisco Quito, Galapagos Inst Arts & Sci, Quito, Ecuador. [Hasbun, Carlos R.] US Agcy Int Dev, San Salvador, El Salvador. [Vasquez, Mauricio] Univ El Salvador, Inst Ciencias Mar & Limnol, Dept Limnol & Ocean Sci, San Salvador, El Salvador. [Urteaga, Jose] Flora & Fauna Int, Managua, Nicaragua. [Seminoff, Jeffrey A.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Gaos, AR (reprint author), San Diego State Univ, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. EM info@hawksbill.org FU Southwest Fisheries Science Centre of the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration; National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; US Fish and Wildlife Service; Machalilla National Park; Paso Pacifico; Asociacion para el Desarrollo Empresarial y Ambiental de Puerto Parada; Fundacion para la Proteccion del Arrecife de Los Cobanos; Cooperativa de Pescadores El Maculis; Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources of El Salvador; Cooperativa Multisectorial de Jiquilillo; Los Zorros y Padre Ramos; Ocean Foundation FX We thank Southwest Fisheries Science Centre of the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Machalilla National Park, Paso Pacifico, Asociacion para el Desarrollo Empresarial y Ambiental de Puerto Parada, Fundacion para la Proteccion del Arrecife de Los Cobanos, Cooperativa de Pescadores El Maculis, Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources of El Salvador, Cooperativa Multisectorial de Jiquilillo, Los Zorros y Padre Ramos and The Ocean Foundation for financial/logisitical support. We recognize the following individuals: Rene Flores, Cristabel Flores, Georgina Mariona, Wilfredo Lopez, Tarla Peterson, Sarah Otterstrom, Liza Gonzalez, Salvador Sanchez, Perla Torres, Eduardo Altamirano Urbina, Eddy Maradiaga, Luis Manzanares, Micaela Pena, Juan Pablo Munoz, Gabriela Anhalzer, Felipe Vallejo, Michelle Pico, Earl Possardt, Grover Jeane, Michael Carey, Philippe Gaspar, Remy Lopez, Michael Coyne and Harry Johnson. We acknowledge insightful reviewer comments by Graeme Hayes. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 7 U2 51 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1744-9561 J9 BIOL LETTERS JI Biol. Lett. PD FEB 23 PY 2012 VL 8 IS 1 BP 54 EP 56 DI 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0603 PG 3 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 879IF UT WOS:000299322200017 PM 21880620 ER PT J AU Parks, SE Warren, JD Stamieszkin, K Mayo, CA Wiley, D AF Parks, Susan E. Warren, Joseph D. Stamieszkin, Karen Mayo, Charles A. Wiley, David TI Dangerous dining: surface foraging of North Atlantic right whales increases risk of vessel collisions SO BIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE foraging ecology; endangered species; vessel collision; right whale ID EUBALAENA-GLACIALIS; ZOOPLANKTON AB North Atlantic right whales are critically endangered and, despite international protection from whaling, significant numbers die from collisions with ships. Large groups of right whales migrate to the coastal waters of New England during the late winter and early spring to feed in an area with large numbers of vessels. North Atlantic right whales have the largest per capita record of vessel strikes of any large whale population in the world. Right whale feeding behaviour in Cape Cod Bay (CCB) probably contributes to risk of collisions with ships. In this study, feeding right whales tagged with archival suction cup tags spent the majority of their time just below the water's surface where they cannot be seen but are shallow enough to be vulnerable to ship strike. Habitat surveys show that large patches of right whale prey are common in the upper 5 m of the water column in CCB during spring. These results indicate that the typical spring-time foraging ecology of right whales may contribute to their high level of mortality from vessel collisions. The results of this study suggest that remote acoustic detection of prey aggregations may be a useful supplement to the management and conservation of right whales. C1 [Parks, Susan E.] Penn State Univ, Appl Res Lab, State Coll, PA 16804 USA. [Warren, Joseph D.] SUNY Stony Brook, Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Southampton, NY 11968 USA. [Stamieszkin, Karen; Mayo, Charles A.] Provincetown Ctr Coastal Studies, Provincetown, MA 02657 USA. [Wiley, David] US Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Gerry E Studds Stellwagen Bank Natl Marine Sanctu, Scituate, MA 02066 USA. RP Parks, SE (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Appl Res Lab, POB 30, State Coll, PA 16804 USA. EM sep20@psu.edu RI Parks, Susan/D-2675-2014 OI Parks, Susan/0000-0001-6663-627X FU Office of Naval Research [N00014-08-0630, N00014-09-0484, N00014-09-1-0066]; NOAA Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary; Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the efforts of the entire field team who aided in the data collection in 2009 and 2010, particularly A. Bocconcelli and the Dtag group from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). This work was supported by Office of Naval Research grants N00014-08-0630 (S. E. P.; D. W.), N00014-09-0484 (J.D.W.) and N00014-09-1-0066 (WHOI). Support was also received from NOAA Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary and the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 45 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1744-9561 J9 BIOL LETTERS JI Biol. Lett. PD FEB 23 PY 2012 VL 8 IS 1 BP 57 EP 60 DI 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0578 PG 4 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 879IF UT WOS:000299322200018 PM 21813549 ER PT J AU Carasso, AS Vladar, AE AF Carasso, Alfred S. Vladar, Andras E. TI Fractional Diffusion, Low Exponent Levy Stable Laws, and 'Slow Motion' Denoising of Helium Ion Microscope Nanoscale Imagery SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HIM images; 'slow motion' image denoising; image texture; image metrology; total variation; curvelet transform; fractional diffusion; low exponent Levy stable laws; image Lipschitz exponents; surface morphology ID NOISE REMOVAL; ALGORITHMS; SPACE AB Helium ion microscopes (HIM) are capable of acquiring images with better than 1 nm resolution, and HIM images are particularly rich in morphological surface details. However, such images are generally quite noisy. A major challenge is to denoise these images while preserving delicate surface information. This paper presents a powerful slow motion denoising technique, based on solving linear fractional diffusion equations forward in time. The method is easily implemented computationally, using fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms. When applied to actual HIM images, the method is found to reproduce the essential surface morphology of the sample with high fidelity. In contrast, such highly sophisticated methodologies as Curvelet Transform denoising, and Total Variation denoising using split Bregman iterations, are found to eliminate vital fine scale information, along with the noise. Image Lipschitz exponents are a useful image metrology tool for quantifying the fine structure content in an image. In this paper, this tool is applied to rank order the above three distinct denoising approaches, in terms of their texture preserving properties. In several denoising experiments on actual HIM images, it was found that fractional diffusion smoothing performed noticeably better than split Bregman TV, which in turn, performed slightly better than Curvelet denoising. C1 [Carasso, Alfred S.; Vladar, Andras E.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Carasso, AS (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alfred.carasso@nist.gov; andras.vladar@nist.gov NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 8 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD FEB 22 PY 2012 VL 117 BP 119 EP 142 DI 10.6028/jres.117.006 PG 24 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 933UT UT WOS:000303389600001 PM 26900518 ER PT J AU Garg, S Porcar, L Hamill, AC Butler, PD Perez-Salas, U AF Garg, S. Porcar, L. Hamill, A. C. Butler, P. D. Perez-Salas, U. TI Response to "How Slow Is the Transbilayer Diffusion (Flip-Flop) of Cholesterol?" SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material ID EXTRUSION; MEMBRANES; LIPOSOMES C1 [Garg, S.; Perez-Salas, U.] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Lemont, IL USA. [Porcar, L.] Inst Laue Langevin, Large Scale Struct Grp, Grenoble, France. [Porcar, L.] Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Colburn Lab, Newark, DE USA. [Hamill, A. C.; Butler, P. D.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Perez-Salas, U.] Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60680 USA. RP Garg, S (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Lemont, IL USA. EM sgarg@anl.gov; porcar@ill.fr; paul.butler@nist.gov; ursulaps@uic.edu RI Garg, Sumit/B-2701-2012; Butler, Paul/D-7368-2011 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 10 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB 22 PY 2012 VL 102 IS 4 BP 947 EP 949 DI 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.01.033 PG 3 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 900WE UT WOS:000300921600027 ER PT J AU Hafezi, M Kim, Z Rolston, SL Orozco, LA Lev, BL Taylor, JM AF Hafezi, M. Kim, Z. Rolston, S. L. Orozco, L. A. Lev, B. L. Taylor, J. M. TI Atomic interface between microwave and optical photons SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; QUANTUM COMMUNICATION; ENSEMBLES; STATE; ENTANGLEMENT AB A complete physical approach to quantum information requires a robust interface among flying qubits, long-lifetime memory, and computational qubits. Here we present a unified interface for microwave and optical photons, potentially connecting engineerable quantum devices such as superconducting qubits at long distances through optical photons. Our approach uses an ultracold ensemble of atoms for two purposes: quantum memory and to transduce excitations between the two frequency domains. Using coherent control techniques, we examine an approach for converting and storing quantum information between microwave photons in superconducting resonators, ensembles of ultracold atoms, and optical photons, as well as a method for transferring information between two resonators. C1 [Hafezi, M.; Kim, Z.; Rolston, S. L.; Orozco, L. A.; Taylor, J. M.] Univ Maryland, NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Lev, B. L.] Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Lev, B. L.] Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Lev, B. L.] Stanford Univ, Edward L Ginzton Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Hafezi, M (reprint author), Univ Maryland, NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM hafezi@umd.edu RI Taylor, Jacob/B-7826-2011; rolston, steven/L-5175-2013; Hafezi, Mohammad/A-1197-2008 OI Taylor, Jacob/0000-0003-0493-5594; rolston, steven/0000-0003-1671-4190; Hafezi, Mohammad/0000-0003-1679-4880 FU ARO MURI [W911NF0910406]; ARO Atomtronics MURI; NSF through the Physics Frontier Center at the Joint Quantum Institute FX This research was funded by ARO MURI Grant No. W911NF0910406, ARO Atomtronics MURI, and by NSF through the Physics Frontier Center at the Joint Quantum Institute. We thank A. Gorshkov for fruitful discussions and E. Tiesinga and S. Polyakov for critical reading of the manuscript. NR 44 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB 22 PY 2012 VL 85 IS 2 AR 020302 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.85.020302 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 896KM UT WOS:000300564700001 ER PT J AU Ehlers, G Huq, A Diallo, SO Adriano, C Rule, KC Cornelius, AL Fouquet, P Pagliuso, PG Gardner, JS AF Ehlers, G. Huq, A. Diallo, S. O. Adriano, C. Rule, K. C. Cornelius, A. L. Fouquet, P. Pagliuso, P. G. Gardner, J. S. TI Low energy spin dynamics in the spin ice Ho2Sn2O7 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID FRUSTRATED PYROCHLORE ANTIFERROMAGNET; TEMPERATURE MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; MONOPOLES; HO2TI2O7; RELAXATION; RESOLUTION; TB2TI2O7; OXIDES; PHASE AB The magnetic properties of Ho2Sn2O7 have been investigated and compared to other spin ice compounds. Although the lattice has expanded by 3% relative to the better studied Ho2Ti2O7 spin ice, no significant changes were observed in the high temperature properties, T greater than or similar to 20 K. As the temperature is lowered and correlations develop, Ho2Sn2O7 enters its quantum phase at a slightly higher temperature than Ho2Ti2O7 and is more antiferromagnetic in character. Below 80 K a weak inelastic mode associated with the holmium nuclear spin system has been measured. The hyperfine field at the holmium nucleus was found to be approximate to 700 T. C1 [Ehlers, G.; Huq, A.; Diallo, S. O.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Sci Directorate, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Adriano, C.; Pagliuso, P. G.] Univ Estadual Campinas, UNICAMP, Inst Fis Gleb Wataghin, BR-13083970 Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Rule, K. C.] Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. [Cornelius, A. L.] Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. [Fouquet, P.] Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. [Gardner, J. S.] Indiana Univ, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. [Gardner, J. S.] NIST, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ehlers, G (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Sci Directorate, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM ehlersg@ornl.gov RI Pagliuso, Pascoal/C-9169-2012; Cornelius, Andrew/A-9837-2008; Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013; Fouquet, Peter/B-5212-2008; Huq, Ashfia/J-8772-2013; Ehlers, Georg/B-5412-2008; Diallo, Souleymane/B-3111-2016; Inst. of Physics, Gleb Wataghin/A-9780-2017 OI Fouquet, Peter/0000-0002-5542-0059; Huq, Ashfia/0000-0002-8445-9649; Ehlers, Georg/0000-0003-3513-508X; Diallo, Souleymane/0000-0002-3369-8391; FU Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy FX The research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Spallation Neutron Source was sponsored by the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy. The authors are grateful to the local support staff at the SNS and at the ILL. NR 55 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 24 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD FEB 22 PY 2012 VL 24 IS 7 AR 076005 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/24/7/076005 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 893XH UT WOS:000300390500022 PM 22293128 ER PT J AU Miles, NL Richardson, SJ Davis, KJ Lauvaux, T Andrews, AE West, TO Bandaru, V Crosson, ER AF Miles, Natasha L. Richardson, Scott J. Davis, Kenneth J. Lauvaux, Thomas Andrews, Arlyn E. West, Tristram O. Bandaru, Varaprasad Crosson, Eric R. TI Large amplitude spatial and temporal gradients in atmospheric boundary layer CO2 mole fractions detected with a tower-based network in the U.S. upper Midwest SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID REGIONAL CARBON EXCHANGE; UNITED-STATES; TALL TOWER; GREENHOUSE GASES; DIOXIDE EXCHANGE; FLUXES; RESOLUTION; SINKS; MODIS; STRATEGIES AB This study presents observations of atmospheric boundary layer CO2 mole fraction from a nine-tower regional network deployed during the North American Carbon Program's Mid-Continent Intensive (MCI) during 2007-2009. The MCI region is largely agricultural, with well-documented carbon exchange available via agricultural inventories. By combining vegetation maps and tower footprints, we show the fractional influence of corn, soy, grass, and forest biomes varies widely across the MCI. Differences in the magnitude of CO2 flux from each of these biomes lead to large spatial gradients in the monthly averaged CO2 mole fraction observed in the MCI. In other words, the monthly averaged gradients are tied to regional patterns in net ecosystem exchange (NEE). The daily scale gradients are more weakly connected to regional NEE, instead being governed by local weather and large-scale weather patterns. With this network of tower-based mole fraction measurements, we detect climate-driven interannual changes in crop growth that are confirmed by satellite and inventory methods. These observations show that regional-scale CO2 mole fraction networks yield large, coherent signals governed largely by regional sources and sinks of CO2. C1 [Miles, Natasha L.; Richardson, Scott J.; Davis, Kenneth J.; Lauvaux, Thomas] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Andrews, Arlyn E.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [West, Tristram O.; Bandaru, Varaprasad] Univ Maryland, Joint Global Change Res Inst, Pacific NW Natl Lab, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Crosson, Eric R.] Picarro Inc, Sunnyvale, CA 94085 USA. RP Miles, NL (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM nmiles@met.psu.edu RI Andrews, Arlyn/K-3427-2012; West, Tristram/C-5699-2013; OI West, Tristram/0000-0001-7859-0125; Lauvaux, Thomas/0000-0002-7697-742X FU U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science TCP [DE-FG02-06ER64315]; U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Office of Global Programs [NA08OAR4310533]; NASA Earth Sciences Division FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the tower owners for allowing tower access and for on-site help; without their cooperation this work would not have been possible. We thank T. Griffis (University of Minnesota) for providing Rosemount CO2 mole fraction and flux data. We recognize P. Tans (NOAA-ESRL) for providing globally averaged data and C. Sweeney (NOAA-ESRL) for providing West Branch aircraft data. We thank A. Schuh (Colorado State University) for providing biome maps. For eddy-covariance flux data we acknowledge A. Suyker and S. Verma (University of Nebraska at Lincoln) for Mead, R. Matamala (Argonne National Laboratory) for Fermi and Brookings, and L. Gu (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) for Missouri Ozarks. This research was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science TCP Program (DE-FG02-06ER64315) and by the U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Office of Global Programs (NA08OAR4310533). Processing of MODIS NDVI was sponsored by the NASA Earth Sciences Division. MCI tower data are available online at http://www.ring2.psu.edu. NR 56 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 25 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-8953 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-BIOGEO JI J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci. PD FEB 21 PY 2012 VL 117 AR G01019 DI 10.1029/2011JG001781 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 899EH UT WOS:000300797600002 ER PT J AU Coddington, O Pilewskie, P Vukicevic, T AF Coddington, Odele Pilewskie, Peter Vukicevic, Tomislava TI The Shannon information content of hyperspectral shortwave cloud albedo measurements: Quantification and practical applications SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTY RETRIEVALS; INFRARED RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; GLOBAL OCEANS; ALGORITHM; RADIOMETER; MODEL AB The Shannon information content provides an objective measure of the information in a data set. In this paper, we quantify the information content of hyperspectral liquid water cloud measurements over a spectral range (300-2500 nm) representing approximately 95% of the total energy in the solar spectrum. We also use the Shannon information content to analyze the cloud retrieval wavelengths and weightings used by the Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR) and to determine the cumulative information in the SSFR retrieval. These applications illustrate the utility of the Shannon information content in guiding the effective processing of hyperspectral data. Such efficiency is of growing importance considering the push toward spectrally resolved satellite measurements of reflected solar irradiance used to study climate. C1 [Coddington, Odele; Pilewskie, Peter] Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Vukicevic, Tomislava] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Coddington, O (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM odele.coddington@lasp.colorado.edu RI Coddington, Odele/F-6342-2012; Vukicevic, Tomislava/B-1386-2014; Richards, Amber/K-8203-2015 OI Coddington, Odele/0000-0002-4338-7028; FU NASA [NNX08AI83G] FX We gratefully acknowledge three anonymous reviewers whose detailed and thoughtful comments and suggestions improved this paper considerably. This work was supported by NASA under award NNX08AI83G. NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 21 PY 2012 VL 117 AR D04205 DI 10.1029/2011JD016771 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 899DS UT WOS:000300796000004 ER PT J AU Helmig, D Lang, EK Bariteau, L Boylan, P Fairall, CW Ganzeveld, L Hare, JE Hueber, J Pallandt, M AF Helmig, D. Lang, E. K. Bariteau, L. Boylan, P. Fairall, C. W. Ganzeveld, L. Hare, J. E. Hueber, J. Pallandt, M. TI Atmosphere-ocean ozone fluxes during the TexAQS 2006, STRATUS 2006, GOMECC 2007, GasEx 2008, and AMMA 2008 cruises SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; DRY DEPOSITION; SURFACE; ATLANTIC; IODINE; WATER; COASTAL; PARAMETERIZATION; ENHANCEMENT; CHEMISTRY AB A ship-based eddy covariance ozone flux system was deployed to investigate the magnitude and variability of ozone surface fluxes over the open ocean. The flux experiments were conducted on five cruises on board the NOAA research vessel Ronald Brown during 2006-2008. The cruises covered the Gulf of Mexico, the southern as well as northern Atlantic, the Southern Ocean, and the persistent stratus cloud region off Chile in the eastern Pacific Ocean. These experiments resulted in the first ship-borne open-ocean ozone flux measurement records. The median of 10 min oceanic ozone deposition velocity (v(d)) results from a combined similar to 1700 h of observations ranged from 0.009 to 0.034 cm s(-1). For the Gulf of Mexico cruise (Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS)) the median v(d) (interquartile range) was 0.034 (0.009-0.065) cm s(-1) (total number of 10 min measurement intervals, N-f = 1953). For the STRATUS cruise off the Chilean coast, the median v(d) was 0.009 (0.004-0.037) cm s(-1) (N-f = 1336). For the cruise from the Gulf of Mexico and up the eastern U. S. coast (Gulf of Mexico and East Coast Carbon cruise (GOMECC)) a combined value of 0.018 (0.006-0.045) cm s(-1) (N-f = 1784) was obtained (from 0.019 (-0.014-0.043) cm s(-1), N-f = 663 in the Gulf of Mexico, and 0.018 (-0.004-0.045) cm s(-1), N-f = 1121 in the North Atlantic region). The Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment (GasEx) and African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA), the Southern Ocean and northeastern Atlantic cruises, respectively, resulted in median ozone v(d) of 0.009 (-0.005-0.026) cm s(-1) (N-f = 2745) and 0.020 (-0.003-0.044) cms(-1) (N-f = 1147). These directly measured ozone deposition values are at the lower end of previously reported data in the literature (0.01-0.12 cm s(-1)) for ocean water. Data illustrate a positive correlation (increase) of the oceanic ozone uptake rate with wind speed, albeit the behavior of the relationship appears to differ during these cruises. The encountered wide range of meteorological and ocean biogeochemical conditions is used to investigate fundamental drivers of oceanic O-3 deposition and for the evaluation of a recently developed global oceanic O-3 deposition modeling system. C1 [Helmig, D.; Lang, E. K.; Boylan, P.; Hueber, J.] Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Bariteau, L.; Fairall, C. W.; Hare, J. E.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Ganzeveld, L.; Pallandt, M.] Wageningen Univ & Res Ctr, Dept Environm Sci, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands. [Bariteau, L.; Hare, J. E.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Helmig, D (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Detlev.Helmig@Colorado.edu RI Boylan, Patrick/A-5289-2010 OI Boylan, Patrick/0000-0002-9617-6240 FU U.S. National Science Foundation [BE-IDEA 0410058]; NOAA [NA07OAR4310168] FX This research was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Interdisciplinary Biocomplexity in the Environment Program, project BE-IDEA 0410058, and by a grant from NOAA's Climate and Global Change Program, NA07OAR4310168. We thank Joseph Salisbury, University of New Hampshire, for making available the GOMECC chlorophyll data. NR 41 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 21 PY 2012 VL 117 AR D04305 DI 10.1029/2011JD015955 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 899DS UT WOS:000300796000001 ER PT J AU Olson, R Sriver, R Goes, M Urban, NM Matthews, HD Haran, M Keller, K AF Olson, Roman Sriver, Ryan Goes, Marlos Urban, Nathan M. Matthews, H. Damon Haran, Murali Keller, Klaus TI A climate sensitivity estimate using Bayesian fusion of instrumental observations and an Earth System model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CHAIN MONTE-CARLO; ANTHROPOGENIC SULFATE AEROSOLS; CARBON-CYCLE; FUTURE; CIRCULATION; OCEAN; SIMULATIONS; TEMPERATURE; PROJECTIONS; SCENARIOS AB Current climate model projections are uncertain. This uncertainty is partly driven by the uncertainty in key model parameters such as climate sensitivity (CS), vertical ocean diffusivity (K-v), and strength of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol forcing. These parameters are commonly estimated using ensembles of model runs constrained by observations. Here we obtain a probability density function (pdf) of these parameters using the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model (UVic ESCM) - an intermediate complexity model with a dynamic three-dimensional ocean. Specifically, we run an ensemble of UVic ESCM runs varying parameters that affect CS, ocean vertical diffusion, and the effects of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols. We use a statistical emulator that interpolates the UVic ESCM output to parameter settings where the model was not evaluated. We adopt a Bayesian approach to constrain the model output with instrumental surface temperature and ocean heat observations. Our approach accounts for the uncertainties in the properties of model-data residuals. We use a Markov chain Monte Carlo method to obtain a posterior pdf of these parameters. The mode of the climate sensitivity estimate is 2.8 degrees C, with the corresponding 95% credible interval ranging from 1.8 to 4.9 degrees C. These results are generally consistent with previous studies. The CS pdf is sensitive to the assumptions about the priors, to the effects of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols, and to the background vertical ocean diffusivity. Our method can be used with more complex climate models. C1 [Olson, Roman; Sriver, Ryan; Keller, Klaus] Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Goes, Marlos] Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Haran, Murali] Penn State Univ, Dept Stat, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Matthews, H. Damon] Concordia Univ, Dept Geog Planning & Environm, Montreal, PQ H3G 1M8, Canada. [Urban, Nathan M.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Energy Secur Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Goes, Marlos] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Urban, Nathan M.] Princeton Univ, Woodrow Wilson Sch Publ & Int Affairs, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Keller, Klaus] Penn State Univ, Earth & Environm Syst Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Olson, R (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, 411 Deike Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM rzt2-wrk@psu.edu RI Goes, Marlos/B-4273-2011; Keller, Klaus/A-6742-2013 OI Goes, Marlos/0000-0001-5874-8079; FU NSF; USGS; Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences (CFCAS) [GR-7059] FX We thank Michael Eby and other UVic ESCM model developers for providing the model and for helpful discussions. Very productive and thought-provoking discussions with David Pollard, Sham Bhat, Andreas Schmittner, and Chris Forest are gratefully acknowledged. This work would not have been possible without the contributions from scientists who compiled the data sets utilized in this study, and who helped to build and refine the UVic ESCM model. We thank two anonymous reviewers and K. Tanaka for very insightful and helpful reviews of the manuscript. This work was partially supported by NSF and USGS, as well as by the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences (CFCAS GR-7059). All errors, views, and opinions are solely those of the authors. NR 58 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 21 PY 2012 VL 117 AR D04103 DI 10.1029/2011JD016620 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 899DS UT WOS:000300796000003 ER PT J AU Petron, G Frost, G Miller, BR Hirsch, AI Montzka, SA Karion, A Trainer, M Sweeney, C Andrews, AE Miller, L Kofler, J Bar-Ilan, A Dlugokencky, EJ Patrick, L Moore, CT Ryerson, TB Siso, C Kolodzey, W Lang, PM Conway, T Novelli, P Masarie, K Hall, B Guenther, D Kitzis, D Miller, J Welsh, D Wolfe, D Neff, W Tans, P AF Petron, Gabrielle Frost, Gregory Miller, Benjamin R. Hirsch, Adam I. Montzka, Stephen A. Karion, Anna Trainer, Michael Sweeney, Colm Andrews, Arlyn E. Miller, Lloyd Kofler, Jonathan Bar-Ilan, Amnon Dlugokencky, Ed J. Patrick, Laura Moore, Charles T., Jr. Ryerson, Thomas B. Siso, Carolina Kolodzey, William Lang, Patricia M. Conway, Thomas Novelli, Paul Masarie, Kenneth Hall, Bradley Guenther, Douglas Kitzis, Duane Miller, John Welsh, David Wolfe, Dan Neff, William Tans, Pieter TI Hydrocarbon emissions characterization in the Colorado Front Range: A pilot study SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CARBON-MONOXIDE; UNITED-STATES; METHANE; TROPOSPHERE; ATMOSPHERE; GASOLINE; BENZENE; RATIOS; OZONE; SCALE AB The multispecies analysis of daily air samples collected at the NOAA Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) in Weld County in northeastern Colorado since 2007 shows highly correlated alkane enhancements caused by a regionally distributed mix of sources in the Denver-Julesburg Basin. To further characterize the emissions of methane and non-methane hydrocarbons (propane, n-butane, i-pentane, n-pentane and benzene) around BAO, a pilot study involving automobile-based surveys was carried out during the summer of 2008. A mix of venting emissions (leaks) of raw natural gas and flashing emissions from condensate storage tanks can explain the alkane ratios we observe in air masses impacted by oil and gas operations in northeastern Colorado. Using the WRAP Phase III inventory of total volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from oil and gas exploration, production and processing, together with flashing and venting emission speciation profiles provided by State agencies or the oil and gas industry, we derive a range of bottom-up speciated emissions for Weld County in 2008. We use the observed ambient molar ratios and flashing and venting emissions data to calculate top-down scenarios for the amount of natural gas leaked to the atmosphere and the associated methane and non-methane emissions. Our analysis suggests that the emissions of the species we measured are most likely underestimated in current inventories and that the uncertainties attached to these estimates can be as high as a factor of two. C1 [Petron, Gabrielle; Frost, Gregory; Miller, Benjamin R.; Hirsch, Adam I.; Montzka, Stephen A.; Karion, Anna; Trainer, Michael; Sweeney, Colm; Andrews, Arlyn E.; Kofler, Jonathan; Dlugokencky, Ed J.; Patrick, Laura; Ryerson, Thomas B.; Siso, Carolina; Lang, Patricia M.; Conway, Thomas; Novelli, Paul; Masarie, Kenneth; Hall, Bradley; Guenther, Douglas; Kitzis, Duane; Miller, John; Welsh, David; Wolfe, Dan; Neff, William; Tans, Pieter] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Petron, Gabrielle; Frost, Gregory; Miller, Benjamin R.; Hirsch, Adam I.; Karion, Anna; Sweeney, Colm; Kofler, Jonathan; Patrick, Laura; Siso, Carolina; Guenther, Douglas; Kitzis, Duane; Miller, John; Welsh, David] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Miller, Lloyd] Sci & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO USA. [Bar-Ilan, Amnon] ENVIRON Int Corp, Novato, CA 94998 USA. [Moore, Charles T., Jr.] Colorado State Univ, Western Reg Air Partnership Western Governors Ass, CIRA, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Kolodzey, William] Clemson Univ, Holcombe Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Petron, G (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, R GMD1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM gabrielle.petron@noaa.gov RI Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013; Andrews, Arlyn/K-3427-2012; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Miller, Benjamin/0000-0003-1647-0122; Montzka, Stephen/0000-0002-9396-0400 NR 40 TC 155 Z9 159 U1 8 U2 184 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 21 PY 2012 VL 117 AR D04304 DI 10.1029/2011JD016360 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 899DS UT WOS:000300796000002 ER PT J AU Takei, S Lin, CH Anderson, BM Galitski, V AF Takei, So Lin, Chien-Hung Anderson, Brandon M. Galitski, Victor TI Low-density molecular gas of tightly bound Rashba-Dresselhaus fermions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; NEUTRAL ATOMS; COLLISIONS; RESONANCES; EMERGENCE AB We study interacting Rashba-Dresselhaus fermions in two spatial dimensions. First, we present an exact solution to the two-particle bound-state problem of spin-orbit (SO)-coupled fermions for arbitrary Rashba and Dresselhaus SO interactions. An exact molecular-wave function and the Green's function are derived explicitly along with the binding energy and the spectrum of the molecular state. In the second part, we consider a thermal Boltzmann gas of fermionic molecules and compute the time-of-flight (TOF) velocity and spin distributions for a single fermion in the gas. We show that the signatures of the bound state can be observed already in the first-moment expectation values, such as TOF density and spin profiles. C1 [Takei, So; Lin, Chien-Hung; Galitski, Victor] Univ Maryland, Condensed Matter Theory Ctr, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Anderson, Brandon M.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Galitski, Victor] Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Takei, S (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Condensed Matter Theory Ctr, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Anderson, Brandon/H-4196-2013 OI Anderson, Brandon/0000-0001-6895-9902 FU US-ARO; ARO-JQI-MURI; ARO-DARPA-OLE; NSF-JQI-PFC FX V.G. would like to thank P. Bedaque for discussions, and S. T. thanks Benjamin M. Fregoso and Jason P. Kestner for valuable discussions. This research was supported by the US-ARO (S. T. and V. G.), ARO-JQI-MURI (B. M. A. and C.-H.L.), ARO-DARPA-OLE (C.-H.L.), and NSF-JQI-PFC (C.-H.L.). NR 65 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB 21 PY 2012 VL 85 IS 2 AR 023626 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.85.023626 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 896KK UT WOS:000300564500024 ER PT J AU Fiore, JL Holmstrom, ED Nesbitt, DJ AF Fiore, Julie L. Holmstrom, Erik D. Nesbitt, David J. TI Entropic origin of Mg2+-facilitated RNA folding SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-MOLECULE FRET; GAAA TETRALOOP; TERTIARY STRUCTURE; TRANSITION-STATE; TETRAHYMENA RIBOZYME; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; MG2+ CONCENTRATION; CONTACT FORMATION; HAIRPIN RIBOZYME; HELICAL PACKING AB Mg2+ is essential for the proper folding and function of RNA, though the effect of Mg2+ concentration on the free energy, enthalpy, and entropy landscapes of RNA folding is unknown. This work exploits temperature-controlled single-molecule FRET methods to address the thermodynamics of RNA folding pathways by probing the intramolecular docking/undocking kinetics of the ubiquitous GAAA tetraloop-receptor tertiary interaction as a function of [Mg2+]. These measurements yield the barrier and standard state enthalpies, entropies, and free energies for an RNA tertiary transition, in particular, revealing the thermodynamic origin of [Mg2+]-facilitated folding. Surprisingly, these studies reveal that increasing [Mg2+] promotes tetraloop-receptor interaction by reducing the entropic barrier (-T Delta S-dock(double dagger)) and the overall entropic penalty (-T Delta S degrees(dock)) for docking, with essentially negligible effects on both the activation enthalpy (Delta H-dock(double dagger)) and overall exothermicity (Delta H degrees(dock)). These observations contrast with the conventional notion that increasing [Mg2+] facilitates folding by minimizing electrostatic repulsion of opposing RNA helices, which would incorrectly predict a decrease in Delta H-dock(double dagger) and Delta H degrees(dock) with [Mg2+]. Instead we propose that higher [Mg2+] can aid RNA folding by decreasing the entropic penalty of counterion uptake and by reducing disorder of the unfolded conformational ensemble. C1 [Nesbitt, David J.] Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Nesbitt, DJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM djn@jila.colorado.edu FU National Science Foundation (NSF); National Institute of Standards and Technology; W. M. Keck Foundation Initiative in RNA Sciences at the University of Colorado at Boulder; NSF; National Institutes of Health/University of Colorado [T32 GM-065103] FX We thank Drs. Samuel Butcher and J.T. Hynes for helpful discussions and Drs. Arthur Pardi and Christopher Downey for design and preparation of the RNA constructs. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF), National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the W. M. Keck Foundation Initiative in RNA Sciences at the University of Colorado at Boulder. J.L.F. was supported in part by the Optical Science and Engineering Program NSF Integrative Graduate Education Research Traineeship. J.L.F and E.D.H were supported in part by the National Institutes of Health/University of Colorado Biophysics Training Grant (T32 GM-065103). NR 55 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 21 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD FEB 21 PY 2012 VL 109 IS 8 BP 2902 EP 2907 DI 10.1073/pnas.1114859109 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 895KM UT WOS:000300495100050 PM 22308376 ER PT J AU Curry, JJ Estupinan, EG Lapatovich, WP Henins, A Shastri, SD Hardis, JE AF Curry, J. J. Estupinan, E. G. Lapatovich, W. P. Henins, A. Shastri, S. D. Hardis, J. E. TI Observation of vapor pressure enhancement of rare-earth metal-halide salts in the temperature range relevant to metal-halide lamps SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Total vapor-phase densities of Dy in equilibrium with a DyI3/InI condensate and Tm in equilibrium with a TmI3/TII condensate have been measured for temperatures between 900 K and 1400 K. The measurements show strong enhancements in rare-earth vapor densities compared to vapors in equilibrium with the pure rare-earth metal-halides. The measurements were made with x-ray induced fluorescence on the sector 1-ID beam line at the Advanced Photon Source. The temperature range and salt mixtures are relevant to the operation of metal-halide high-intensity discharge lamps. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3687171] C1 [Curry, J. J.; Henins, A.; Hardis, J. E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Estupinan, E. G.] Osram Sylvania Inc, Beverly, MA 01915 USA. [Shastri, S. D.] Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Curry, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jjcurry@nist.gov FU U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357]; management of Osram Sylvania FX The authors thank the management of Osram Sylvania for supporting this project and our colleagues Joanne Browne, Victor Perez, Jeff Neil, Michael Quilici, and John Kelso for their expert technical assistance. Use of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 20 PY 2012 VL 100 IS 8 AR 083505 DI 10.1063/1.3687171 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 898BU UT WOS:000300711200064 ER PT J AU Vissers, MR Kline, JS Gao, JS Wisbey, DS Pappas, DP AF Vissers, Michael R. Kline, Jeffrey S. Gao, Jiansong Wisbey, David S. Pappas, David P. TI Reduced microwave loss in trenched superconducting coplanar waveguides SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Reducing the contribution of all sources of microwave loss is important for increasing coherence times in superconducting qubits. In this paper we investigate reducing the loss by systematically removing Si substrate material from the gap region in titanium nitride coplanar waveguides fabricated on intrinsic Si substrates. By exploiting the radial dependence of the etch rate in a parallel plate reactive ion etcher, otherwise identical coplanar waveguides with only the Si gaps etched to varying depth, i.e., trenched, were created in a single TiN film within a single processing step. Measurements at these multiple depths permit the study of the loss reduction in isolation to the unintentional effects caused by any single processing step. When comparing the loss from all trench depths we found that the high power loss was similar, but in the single photon limit the loss was reduced by a factor of two for deeper trenches in agreement with predictions from finite element analysis. [doi:10.1063/1.3683552] C1 [Vissers, Michael R.; Kline, Jeffrey S.; Gao, Jiansong; Wisbey, David S.; Pappas, David P.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Vissers, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM michael.vissers@nist.gov; david.pappas@nist.gov FU BBN; NIST Quantum Initiative FX This work was funded in part in collaboration with BBN and the NIST Quantum Initiative. The authors would like to acknowledge helpful discussions with Jonas Zmuidzinas and collaborators at JPL. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 20 PY 2012 VL 100 IS 8 AR 082602 DI 10.1063/1.3683552 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 898BU UT WOS:000300711200038 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Joress, H Martin, J Zavalij, PY Yan, Y Yang, J AF Wong-Ng, W. Joress, H. Martin, J. Zavalij, P. Y. Yan, Y. Yang, J. TI Thermoelectric properties and structural variations in Bi2Te3-xSx crystals SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BISMUTH AB We report the application of a custom-designed, non-destructive Seebeck coefficient screening technique, in combination with x-ray diffraction and Hall measurements, to characterize the effect of S substitution on n-type Bi2Te3-xSx single crystals. The results elucidate the detailed distribution of Te/S in the Bi2Te3-xSx crystals, including the preferred substitution site, to correlate the compositional gradient with the transport properties in different locations on the same crystal. As the S substitution increases, the carrier concentration increases, and the absolute Seebeck coefficient decreases. The observed trends in the transport properties and the compositional variations are consistent with a narrow gap semiconductor model. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3688485] C1 [Wong-Ng, W.; Joress, H.; Martin, J.; Yan, Y.] NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Wong-Ng, W.; Joress, H.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Zavalij, P. Y.] Univ Maryland, Dept Chem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Yang, J.] Univ Washington, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM winnie.wong-ng@nist.gov RI Zavalij, Peter/H-3817-2012; Yang, Jihui/A-3109-2009; Joress, Howie/B-5061-2014 OI Zavalij, Peter/0000-0001-5762-3469; Joress, Howie/0000-0002-6552-2972 NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 35 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 20 PY 2012 VL 100 IS 8 AR 082107 DI 10.1063/1.3688485 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 898BU UT WOS:000300711200026 ER PT J AU Cerutti, B Uzdensky, DA Begelman, MC AF Cerutti, Benoit Uzdensky, Dmitri A. Begelman, Mitchell C. TI EXTREME PARTICLE ACCELERATION IN MAGNETIC RECONNECTION LAYERS: APPLICATION TO THE GAMMA-RAY FLARES IN THE CRAB NEBULA SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE acceleration of particles; gamma rays: stars; ISM: individual objects (Crab Nebula); magnetic reconnection; radiation mechanisms: non-thermal ID STRIPED PULSAR WIND; FAST TEV VARIABILITY; TERMINATION SHOCK; CURRENT SHEET; PAIR PLASMAS; EMISSION; MODEL; FIELD; SYNCHROTRON; MECHANISM AB The gamma-ray space telescopes AGILE and Fermi detected short and bright synchrotron gamma-ray flares at photon energies above 100 MeV in the Crab Nebula. This discovery suggests that electron-positron pairs in the nebula are accelerated to PeV energies in a milligauss magnetic field, which is difficult to explain with classical models of particle acceleration and pulsar wind nebulae. We investigate whether particle acceleration in a magnetic reconnection layer can account for the puzzling properties of the flares. We numerically integrate relativistic test-particle orbits in the vicinity of the layer, including the radiation reaction force, and using analytical expressions for the large-scale electromagnetic fields. As they get accelerated by the reconnection electric field, the particles are focused deep inside the current layer where the magnetic field is small. The electrons suffer less from synchrotron losses and are accelerated to extremely high energies. Population studies show that, at the end of the layer, the particle distribution piles up at the maximum energy given by the electric potential drop and is focused into a thin fan beam. Applying this model to the Crab Nebula, we find that the emerging synchrotron emission spectrum peaks above 100 MeV and is close to the spectral shape of a single electron. The flare inverse Compton emission is negligible and no detectable emission is expected at other wavelengths. This mechanism provides a plausible explanation for the gamma-ray flares in the Crab Nebula and could be at work in other astrophysical objects such as relativistic jets in active galactic nuclei. C1 [Cerutti, Benoit; Uzdensky, Dmitri A.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, CIPS, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Begelman, Mitchell C.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Begelman, Mitchell C.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Begelman, Mitchell C.] Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cerutti, B (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, CIPS, UCB 390, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM benoit.cerutti@colorado.edu; uzdensky@colorado.edu; mitch@jila.colorado.edu OI Cerutti, Benoit/0000-0001-6295-596X FU NSF [PHY-0903851, AST-0907872]; NASA [NNX09AG02G] FX The authors thank J. G. Kirk for discussions about the radiation reaction force, R. D. Blandford and R. Buehler for valuable discussions regarding the Crab gamma-ray flares, and K. Nalewajko, M. Yamada, and the referee for their comments. This work was supported by NSF grants PHY-0903851 and AST-0907872 and NASA Astrophysics Theory Program grant NNX09AG02G. NR 80 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 10 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD FEB 20 PY 2012 VL 746 IS 2 AR 148 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/148 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 894DD UT WOS:000300406300034 ER PT J AU Castro, SL Wick, GA Emery, WJ AF Castro, Sandra L. Wick, Gary A. Emery, William J. TI Evaluation of the relative performance of sea surface temperature measurements from different types of drifting and moored buoys using satellite-derived reference products SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID CIRCULATION; ACCURACY; SYSTEM; MAINE AB Sea surface temperature (SST) measurements from drifting and moored buoys have been used extensively to validate satellite SST products. Previous efforts explored overall uncertainties in the buoy measurements, but did not quantify differences in the performance of different buoy types. Here, drifting and moored buoys stratified into open-ocean and coastal, were evaluated by manufacturer (drifters) and buoy program (moorings) to identify significant deviations in their suitability for satellite validation. Biases and standard deviations were computed for differences between the buoy SST measurements and two satellite references: the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer SST product from Remote Sensing Systems and the U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office K10 analysis. No significant differences were found among the various drifting and tropical moored buoys, regardless of the manufacturer/program. The largest deviations were observed for the non-tropical moored buoys possibly in part due to calibration differences. In general, coastal buoys exhibited greater standard deviations associated with increased physical variability within the coastal regions. Tropical moored buoys showed smaller standard deviations than for the drifters resulting from better quality measurements or reduced variability in the tropics. Large deviations between the coastal moorings and the SST references appeared linked to coastal currents with upwelling, rather than buoy performance. Coastal moorings provided sampling of small-scale coastal variability, not resolved in satellite products, offering the potential for improving poorly parameterized coastal SSTs. Differences due to diurnal warming were largely eliminated by constraining collocations between the satellite and the buoy to +/- 1 h. Overall, most buoy types appear suitable for satellite SST validation. C1 [Castro, Sandra L.; Emery, William J.] Univ Colorado, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Wick, Gary A.] NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Castro, SL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM sandrac@colorado.edu OI Emery, William/0000-0002-7598-9082 FU NASA; Naval Research Laboratory FX This research has been conducted with the support of funds from the NASA Physical Oceanography Program (E. Lindstrom) and the Naval Research Laboratory (C. Rowley). We thank NAVOCEANO (B. McKenzie) for providing the K10 SST data and Robert Weller for useful discussions. The AMSR-E data were made available by Remote Sensing Systems. NR 21 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD FEB 18 PY 2012 VL 117 AR C02029 DI 10.1029/2011JC007472 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 899OO UT WOS:000300825800003 ER PT J AU Troy, CD Ahmed, S Hawley, N Goodwell, A AF Troy, Cary D. Ahmed, Sultan Hawley, Nathan Goodwell, Allison TI Cross-shelf thermal variability in southern Lake Michigan during the stratified periods SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID COASTAL BOUNDARY-LAYER; DOWNWELLING EVENTS; INTERNAL WAVES; GREAT-LAKES; ONTARIO; HYDRODYNAMICS; OSCILLATIONS; TRANSPORT; ABUNDANCE; NEARSHORE AB Results from a field experiment in southern Lake Michigan are used to quantify the cross-shelf nearshore variability in Great Lakes temperatures during the stratified season. The experiment was conducted along the Indiana coast of southern Lake Michigan, with temperature and velocity moorings arranged in a cross-shelf transect that extended to approximately 20 km from shore (40 m depth). The field site is noteworthy because of its location at the end of a major axis of an elliptical Great Lake, the relatively mild bathymetric slope, and local shoreline orientation that is perpendicular relative to the dominant summer winds. Measurements demonstrate that the location of the thermocline-bottom intersection is highly variable, causing a wide zone of extreme thermal variability in the nearshore region with time scales of variability ranging from hours to months. Near-inertial internal Poincare waves are shown to cause large thermocline excursions but primarily only during periods of elevated activity. Several full upwelling events were observed, but in general, they were brief, lasting only 1-2 days, and had very limited spatial extent (2.5 km or less). Nonetheless, the offshore extent of the upwelling front was shown to be reasonably estimated with a simple estimate of the cross-shelf transport caused by alongshore wind events. A persistent feature that determined the zone of elevated thermal variability (the thermocline-shelf intersection point) was the strongly tilted thermocline, which resulted in the thermocline being located very close to shore. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that internal Kelvin waves affect thermal variability at the study location. C1 [Troy, Cary D.; Ahmed, Sultan] Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Hawley, Nathan] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. [Goodwell, Allison] Univ Illinois, Ven Te Chow Hydrosyst Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Troy, CD (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, 550 Stadium Mall Dr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM troy@purdue.edu OI Goodwell, Allison/0000-0001-9351-557X FU Indiana Department of Natural Resources; Physical Oceanography Division of the National Science Foundation [OCE-1030842] FX The authors wish to thank the crew of the NOAA GLERL R/V Laurentian for their help with mooring deployment and recovery. Tsung-Chan Hsieh, John Newton, and Mallory Barkdull provided helpful assistance with instrument programming and servicing. This work was supported by the Lake Michigan Coastal Program of the Indiana Department of Natural Resources and by the Physical Oceanography Division of the National Science Foundation, grant OCE-1030842. This is GLERL contribution 1615. NR 38 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD FEB 18 PY 2012 VL 117 AR C02028 DI 10.1029/2011JC007148 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 899OO UT WOS:000300825800002 ER PT J AU Timmers, MA Bird, CE Skillings, DJ Smouse, PE Toonen, RJ AF Timmers, Molly A. Bird, Christopher E. Skillings, Derek J. Smouse, Peter E. Toonen, Robert J. TI There's No Place Like Home: Crown-of-Thorns Outbreaks in the Central Pacific Are Regionally Derived and Independent Events SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID STARFISH ACANTHASTER-PLANCI; GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; LIMPETS CELLANA SPP.; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; CORAL-REEFS; HAWAIIAN ARCHIPELAGO; POPULATION-GENETICS; FEEDING PREFERENCES; HERBIVOROUS FISHES; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT AB One of the most significant biological disturbances on a tropical coral reef is a population outbreak of the fecund, corallivorous crown-of-thorns sea star, Acanthaster planci. Although the factors that trigger an initial outbreak may vary, successive outbreaks within and across regions are assumed to spread via the planktonic larvae released from a primary outbreak. This secondary outbreak hypothesis is predominantly based on the high dispersal potential of A. planci and the assertion that outbreak populations (a rogue subset of the larger population) are genetically more similar to each other than they are to low-density non-outbreak populations. Here we use molecular techniques to evaluate the spatial scale at which A. planci outbreaks can propagate via larval dispersal in the central Pacific Ocean by inferring the location and severity of gene flow restrictions from the analysis of mtDNA control region sequence (656 specimens, 17 non-outbreak and six outbreak locations, six archipelagos, and three regions). Substantial regional, archipelagic, and subarchipelagic-scale genetic structuring of A. planci populations indicate that larvae rarely realize their dispersal potential and outbreaks in the central Pacific do not spread across the expanses of open ocean. On a finer scale, genetic partitioning was detected within two of three islands with multiple sampling sites. The finest spatial structure was detected at Pearl & Hermes Atoll, between the lagoon and forereef habitats (<10 km). Despite using a genetic marker capable of revealing subtle partitioning, we found no evidence that outbreaks were a rogue genetic subset of a greater population. Overall, outbreaks that occur at similar times across population partitions are genetically independent and likely due to nutrient inputs and similar climatic and ecological conditions that conspire to fuel plankton blooms. C1 [Timmers, Molly A.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm NOAA Fisheries, Coral Reef Ecosyst Div, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI USA. [Bird, Christopher E.; Skillings, Derek J.; Toonen, Robert J.] Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Kaneohe, HI USA. [Skillings, Derek J.] Univ Hawaii, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Smouse, Peter E.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Nat Resources, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. RP Timmers, MA (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm NOAA Fisheries, Coral Reef Ecosyst Div, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI USA. EM molly.timmers@noaa.gov RI Toonen, Rob/K-2891-2012 OI Toonen, Rob/0000-0001-6339-4340 FU Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) Research Enhancement Activities Program (REAP); National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Science Foundation (OCE) [06-23678]; National Marine Sanctuaries CRER-HIMB [MOA-2005-008/6882]; Sigma-Xi; United States Department of Agriculture; New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station [17111]; NSF, Division of Environmental Biology [0514956] FX This work was funded by Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) Research Enhancement Activities Program (REAP), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Science Foundation (OCE #06-23678), the National Marine Sanctuaries CRER-HIMB partnership (MOA-2005-008/6882), and a Sigma-Xi Grant-in-Aid research scholarship. Dr. Smouse was supported by United States Department of Agriculture and the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station 17111, and the NSF, Division of Environmental Biology 0514956. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 87 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 66 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 185 BERRY ST, STE 1300, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD FEB 17 PY 2012 VL 7 IS 2 AR e31159 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0031159 PG 14 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 926TC UT WOS:000302853600118 PM 22363570 ER PT J AU Lin, MY Fiore, AM Horowitz, LW Cooper, OR Naik, V Holloway, J Johnson, BJ Middlebrook, AM Oltmans, SJ Pollack, IB Ryerson, TB Warner, JX Wiedinmyer, C Wilson, J Wyman, B AF Lin, Meiyun Fiore, Arlene M. Horowitz, Larry W. Cooper, Owen R. Naik, Vaishali Holloway, John Johnson, Bryan J. Middlebrook, Ann M. Oltmans, Samuel J. Pollack, Ilana B. Ryerson, Tomas B. Warner, Juying X. Wiedinmyer, Christine Wilson, John Wyman, Bruce TI Transport of Asian ozone pollution into surface air over the western United States in spring SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC CARBON-MONOXIDE; LOW-LEVEL JET; NORTH-AMERICA; BACKGROUND OZONE; EAST-ASIA; TRANSPACIFIC TRANSPORT; INTEX-B; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; INFRARED SOUNDER; CALIFORNIA COAST AB Many prior studies clearly document episodic Asian pollution in the western U. S. free troposphere. Here, we examine the mechanisms involved in the transport of Asian pollution plumes into western U. S. surface air through an integrated analysis of in situ and satellite measurements in May-June 2010 with a new global high-resolution (similar to 50 x 50 km(2)) chemistry-climate model (GFDL AM3). We find that AM3 with full stratosphere-troposphere chemistry nudged to reanalysis winds successfully reproduces observed sharp ozone gradients above California, including the interleaving and mixing of Asian pollution and stratospheric air associated with complex interactions of midlatitude cyclone air streams. Asian pollution descends isentropically behind cold fronts; at similar to 800 hPa a maximum enhancement to ozone occurs over the southwestern U. S., including the densely populated Los Angeles Basin. During strong episodes, Asian emissions can contribute 8-15 ppbv ozone in the model on days when observed daily maximum 8-h average ozone (MDA8 O-3) exceeds 60 ppbv. We find that in the absence of Asian anthropogenic emissions, 20% of MDA8 O-3 exceedances of 60 ppbv in the model would not have occurred in the southwestern USA. For a 75 ppbv threshold, that statistic increases to 53%. Our analysis indicates the potential for Asian emissions to contribute to high-O-3 episodes over the high-elevation western USA, with implications for attaining more stringent ozone standards in this region. We further demonstrate a proof-of-concept approach using satellite CO column measurements as a qualitative early warning indicator to forecast Asian ozone pollution events in the western U. S. with lead times of 1-3 days. C1 [Lin, Meiyun] Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. [Naik, Vaishali] High Performance Technol Inc, NOAA Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. [Cooper, Owen R.; Oltmans, Samuel J.; Pollack, Ilana B.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Cooper, Owen R.; Holloway, John; Johnson, Bryan J.; Middlebrook, Ann M.; Pollack, Ilana B.; Ryerson, Tomas B.] NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Warner, Juying X.] Univ Maryland, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Wiedinmyer, Christine] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Lin, MY (reprint author), Princeton Univ, 201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM meiyunl@princeton.edu RI Pollack, Ilana/F-9875-2012; Middlebrook, Ann/E-4831-2011; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Lin, Meiyun/D-6107-2013; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Naik, Vaishali/A-4938-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Middlebrook, Ann/0000-0002-2984-6304; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; Lin, Meiyun/0000-0003-3852-3491; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Naik, Vaishali/0000-0002-2254-1700; FU Cooperative Institute for Climate Science (CICS); Princeton University; NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL); NASA Air Quality Applied Science Team (AQAST) [NNH09ZDA001N]; NOAA ESRL; NASA; U.S. Navy, Environment Canada; NOAA's National Air Quality Forecast Capability FX This work is supported by the Cooperative Institute for Climate Science (CICS), a collaboration between Princeton University and NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). The satellite data analysis is funded by the NASA Air Quality Applied Science Team (AQAST) (NNH09ZDA001N). Funding for the IONS-2010 field campaign was provided by NOAA ESRL Health of the Atmosphere Program, NASA Tropospheric Chemistry Program, U.S. Navy, Environment Canada, and NOAA's National Air Quality Forecast Capability. We acknowledge the free use of tropospheric NO2 column data from the SCIAMACHY sensor from www.tenis.nl and Bahreini Roya at NOAA ESRL for help collecting the AMS aerosol measurements onboard the WP-3D aircraft. We are grateful to Songmiao Fan and Hiram Levy II at NOAA GFDL and Pat Dolwick at EPA for helpful comments in improving an earlier version of this manuscript. NR 116 TC 95 Z9 96 U1 2 U2 72 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 17 PY 2012 VL 117 AR D00V07 DI 10.1029/2011JD016961 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 899NE UT WOS:000300821900004 ER PT J AU Wang, ZH Maucher-Fuquay, J Fire, SE Mikulski, CM Haynes, B Doucette, GJ Ramsdell, JS AF Wang, Zhihong Maucher-Fuquay, Jennifer Fire, Spencer E. Mikulski, Christina M. Haynes, Bennie Doucette, Gregory J. Ramsdell, John S. TI Optimization of solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of domoic acid in seawater, phytoplankton, and mammalian fluids and tissues SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE Domoic acid; Seawater; Phytoplankton; Mammalian fluids and tissues; Solid-phase extraction; Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry ID CALIFORNIA; SEAFOOD AB We previously reported a solid-phase extraction (SPE) method for determination of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) in both seawater and phytoplankton by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with the purpose of sample desalting without DA pre-concentration. In the present study, we optimized the SPE procedure with seawater and phytoplankton samples directly acidified with aqueous formic acid without addition of organic solvents, which allowed sample desalting and also 20-fold pre-concentration of DA in seawater and phytoplankton samples. In order to reduce MS contamination, a diverter valve was installed between LC and MS to send the LC eluant to waste, except for the 6-min elution window bracketing the DA retention time, which was sent to the MS. Reduction of the MS turbo gas temperature also helped to maintain the long-term stability of MS signal. Recoveries exceeded 90% for the DA-negative seawater and the DA-positive cultured phytoplankton samples spiked with DA. The SPE method for DA extraction and sample clean-up in seawater was extended to mammalian fluids and tissues with modification in order to accommodate the fluid samples with limited available volumes and the tissue extracts in aqueous methanol. Recoveries of DA from DA-exposed laboratory mammalian samples (amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, placenta, and brain) were above 85%. Recoveries of DA from samples (urine, feces, intestinal contents, and gastric contents) collected from field stranded marine mammals showed large variations and were affected by the sample status. The optimized SPE-LC-MS method allows determination of DA at trace levels (low pg mL(-1)) in seawater with/without the presence of phytoplankton. The application of SPE clean-up to mammalian fluids and tissue extracts greatly reduced the LC column degradation and MS contamination, which allowed routine screening of marine mammalian samples for confirmation of DA exposure and determination of fluid and tissue DA concentrations in experimental laboratory animals. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Wang, Zhihong; Maucher-Fuquay, Jennifer; Fire, Spencer E.; Mikulski, Christina M.; Haynes, Bennie; Doucette, Gregory J.; Ramsdell, John S.] NOAA Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Wang, ZH (reprint author), NOAA Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM zhihong.wang@noaa.gov RI Doucette, Gregory/M-3283-2013; Fire, Spencer/P-6040-2014 OI Fire, Spencer/0000-0002-1657-790X NR 25 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 41 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD FEB 17 PY 2012 VL 715 BP 71 EP 79 DI 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.013 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 890GX UT WOS:000300134200007 PM 22244169 ER PT J AU Last, PR Richards, WJ AF Last, Peter R. Richards, William J. TI Two new gurnards of the genus Pterygotrigla (Scorpaeniformes: Triglidae) from Australian seas SO ZOOTAXA LA English DT Article DE Pterygotrigla; Scorpaeniformes; Triglidae; gurnards; new species; Australian seas AB In recent years there has been considerable research activity devoted to the triglid fauna of Australia, and included within this work has been an investigation of the genus Pterygotrigla. This fauna is considered to be amongst the most diverse of any region and multiple undescribed taxa occur in these seas. Two new species belonging to the subgenus Pterygotrigla are described from northern Australia. Pterygotrigla (Pterygotrigla) gomoni sp. nov. occurs in the eastern Indian Ocean on the upper continental slope off Western Australia, and P. (Pterygotrigla) saumarez sp. nov. occurs in the south-west Pacific on the outer continental shelf and upper slope off central and southern Queensland. These species differ markedly from each other in morphology, and are distinguished from other members of the subgenus by a combination of morphometrics, meristics, morphology of the head (in particular elements of its spination), shape and distribution of the dorsal-fin bucklers, and pectoral-fin coloration. C1 [Last, Peter R.] CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Wealth Oceans Flagship, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. [Richards, William J.] NOAA SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Last, PR (reprint author), CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Wealth Oceans Flagship, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. EM peter.last@csiro.au; htf1967@aol.com NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU MAGNOLIA PRESS PI AUCKLAND PA PO BOX 41383, AUCKLAND, ST LUKES 1030, NEW ZEALAND SN 1175-5326 EI 1175-5334 J9 ZOOTAXA JI Zootaxa PD FEB 16 PY 2012 IS 3195 BP 39 EP 50 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 895QM UT WOS:000300511300002 ER PT J AU Krishnan, P Meyers, TP Scott, RL Kennedy, L Heuer, M AF Krishnan, Praveena Meyers, Tilden P. Scott, Russell L. Kennedy, Linda Heuer, Mark TI Energy exchange and evapotranspiration over two temperate semi-arid grasslands in North America SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Evapotranspiration; Energy exchange; Semi-arid grassland; Eddy covariance; Drought; North American Monsoon ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EXCHANGE; NATIVE TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; WATER-VAPOR EXCHANGE; INTERANNUAL VARIATION; SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; VEGETATION INDEXES; INNER-MONGOLIA; CLIMATE SYSTEM; FLUXNET SITES AB The seasonal and interannual variability in surface energy exchange and evapotranspiration (E) of two temperate semi-arid grasslands in southeastern Arizona, USA, were investigated using multi-year (2004-2007) eddy covariance measurements. The study sites, a post-fire site (AG) and an unburned site (KG), received 43-87% of the annual precipitation (P) during the North American Monsoon season (July-September), with the lowest values in the drought years of 2004 and 2005. Irrespective of the differences in temperature, surface albedo, vegetation cover and soil characteristics both sites responded similarly to changes in environmental conditions. The seasonal and interannual variations in the partitioning of net radiation to turbulent fluxes were mainly controlled by P through the changes in soil water content (theta) and vegetation growth. Drastic changes in albedo, vegetation growth and energy fluxes occurred following the onset of the monsoon season in July. During the dry or cool periods of autumn, winter and spring, the sensible heat flux was the largest component of the energy balance, whereas latent heat flux dominated during the warm and wet periods of summer. The dry-foliage Priestley-Taylor coefficient (alpha) declined when theta in the 0-15 cm soil layer dropped below 0.08 m(3) m(-3) at AG, and 0.09 m(3) m(-3) at KG, respectively. The July-September average of dry-foliage surface conductance, alpha and E. reached their lowest values in 2004 at AG and in 2005 at KG. During July-September, monthly E was linearly correlated to the monthly mean theta and the broadband normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), whereas during May-June the relationship between NDVI and E was not significant. Annual E varied from 264 to 322 mm at AG and from 196 to 284 mm at KG with the lowest value during the severe drought year at the site. July-September E had positive correlation with total P. the mean NDVI and the number of growing season days during that period. Annual P explained more than 80% of the variance in annual E. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Krishnan, Praveena] NOAA ARL, Dept Commerce, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. [Scott, Russell L.] ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, USDA, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Kennedy, Linda] Appleton Whittell Res Ranch, Natl Audubon Soc, Elgin, AZ 85611 USA. RP Krishnan, P (reprint author), NOAA ARL, Dept Commerce, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, 456 S Illinois Ave, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. EM praveena.krishnan@noaa.gov RI Krishnan, Praveena/F-8169-2010; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 FU NOAA's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Air Resources Laboratory FX This work was funded by NOAA's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Air Resources Laboratory. This research was performed while P. Krishnan held a National Research Council Research Associateship Award at NOAA. J. Kochendorfer, J. Miller and T. Wilson are acknowledged for internal review of the paper. We also thank the associate editor and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. NR 85 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 6 U2 75 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 EI 1873-2240 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD FEB 15 PY 2012 VL 153 SI SI BP 31 EP 44 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.09.017 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 903CJ UT WOS:000301093300004 ER PT J AU Komoroske, LM Lewison, RL Seminoff, JA Deustchman, DD Deheyn, DD AF Komoroske, Lisa M. Lewison, Rebecca L. Seminoff, Jeffrey A. Deustchman, Douglas D. Deheyn, Dimitri D. TI Trace metals in an urbanized estuarine sea turtle food web in San Diego Bay, CA SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Green turtle; Bioaccumulation; Metal; Trophic transfer; San Diego Bay; Contaminant ID HEAVY-METALS; COASTAL SEDIMENTS; CARETTA-CARETTA; CHELONIA-MYDAS; CALIFORNIA; CONTAMINATION; BIOAVAILABILITY; ACCUMULATION; TOXICITY; EXCHANGE AB San Diego Bay is an anthropogenically impacted waterway that is also a critical habitat for many sensitive species such as the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas). In this study, we quantified trace metal concentrations in sediment and organisms composing the green sea turtle diet, and identified bioaccumulation patterns for a suite of trace metals. We found Ag, Cd, Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn exhibited the highest bioaccumulation levels in this food web. Cu and Mn concentrations in resident biota displayed a strong spatial gradient from the mouth to the head of the Bay, which was different from the patterns found in the sediment itself. Sediment median concentrations followed a general pattern across the bay of Al > Mn > Cu approximate to Zn > Pb > As > Cd > Ag > Se > Hg. In contrast, eelgrass displayed differential patterns in the mouth versus the back of the Bay (three front Bay sites: Al > Mn > Zn > Cu > Pb > Se > cd > Ag > As; five back Bay sites: Mn > Al > Zn > Cu > Pb approximate to Se > Cd > Ag > Hg > As) with the exception of Shelter Island where levels of Zn and Cu were elevated as a result of anti-fouling paint pollution. Observed differences between sediment and biota metal patterns are likely due to complex processes related to trace metals input and bioavailability, habitat characteristics and specific metabolic functioning of the trace metals for each member of the food web. These data highlight the fact that for the San Diego Bay ecosystem, the current use of toxicity reference values scaled up from sediment and invertebrate testing ex-situ is likely to be inaccurate when transposed to the green sea turtle. Here, we illustrate how identifying spatial variability in metal exposure can improve our understanding of habitat utilization by sea turtles in highly urbanized estuaries. Monitoring contaminants directly in food webs of sensitive vertebrates may greatly improve our understanding of their direct and indirect exposure to potentially deleterious contamination, and should be considered in the future to improve traditional risk assessment approaches. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Komoroske, Lisa M.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife Fish & Conservat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Komoroske, Lisa M.; Lewison, Rebecca L.; Deustchman, Douglas D.] San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol & Coastal, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. [Komoroske, Lisa M.; Lewison, Rebecca L.; Deustchman, Douglas D.] San Diego State Univ, Inst Marine, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. [Seminoff, Jeffrey A.] NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. [Deheyn, Dimitri D.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Biol Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Komoroske, LM (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife Fish & Conservat Biol, 1 Shields Ave,1088 Acad Surge, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM lmkomoroske@ucdavis.edu OI Lewison, Rebecca/0000-0003-3065-2926 FU Port of San Diego, PADI Foundation; Southern California Academy of Sciences; Edna Bailey Sussman Foundation; San Diego State University; NMFS Southwest Fisheries Sciences Center; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; National Science Foundation [0841297] FX We thank the many people who helped with sample collection and laboratory analyses, especially M. Porrachia, A. Aguilar, A. Thornquist, C. Lennert, W. Plaisted, K. Withy-Allen, L. Segui, A. Miller, J. Fournier, and B. Cheng. Funding and facilities were provided by the Port of San Diego, PADI Foundation, Southern California Academy of Sciences, Edna Bailey Sussman Foundation, San Diego State University, NMFS Southwest Fisheries Sciences Center and Scripps Institution of Oceanography. L Komoroske was supported by a Graduate K-12 Fellowship from grant #0841297 from the National Science Foundation to S.L Williams and B. Ludaescher. This is Contribution No. 18 of the Coastal and Marine Institute Laboratory, San Diego State University. NR 48 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 4 U2 42 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 EI 1879-1026 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD FEB 15 PY 2012 VL 417 BP 108 EP 116 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.018 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 909IX UT WOS:000301559300014 PM 22261404 ER PT J AU Castro, MS Moore, C Sherwell, J Brooks, SB AF Castro, Mark S. Moore, Chris Sherwell, John Brooks, Steve B. TI Dry deposition of gaseous oxidized mercury in Western Maryland SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Atmospheric mercury; Gaseous oxidized mercury; Dry deposition ID ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; PARAMETERIZATION; SPECIATION; NEVADA; MODELS; USA AB The purpose of this study was to directly measure the dry deposition of gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) in western Maryland. Annual estimates were made using passive ion-exchange surrogate surfaces and a resistance model. Surrogate surfaces were deployed for seventeen weekly sampling periods between September 2009 and October 2010. Dry deposition rates from surrogate surfaces ranged from 80 to 1512 pg m(-2) h(-1). GOM dry deposition rates were strongly correlated (r(2) = 0.75) with the weekly average atmospheric GOM concentrations, which ranged from 2.3 to 34.1 pg m(-3). Dry deposition of GOM could be predicted from the ambient air concentrations of GOM using this equation: GOM dry deposition (pg m(-2) h(-1)) = 43.2 x GOM concentration - 80.3. Dry deposition velocities computed using GOM concentrations and surrogate surface GOM dry deposition rates, ranged from 0.2 to 1.7 cm s(-1). Modeled dry deposition rates were highly correlated (r(2) = 0.80) with surrogate surface dry deposition rates. Using the overall weekly average surrogate surface dry deposition rate (369 +/- 340 pg m(-2) h(-1)). we estimated an annual GOM dry deposition rate of 3.2 mu g m(-2) year(-1). Using the resistance model, we estimated an annual GOM dry deposition rate of 3.5 mu g m(-2) year(-1). Our annual GOM dry deposition rates were similar to the dry deposition (3.3 mu g m(-2) h(-1)) of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) at our site. In addition, annual GOM dry deposition was approximately 1/2 of the average annual wet deposition of total mercury (7.7 +/- 1.9 mu g m(-2) year(-1)) at our site. Total annual mercury deposition from dry deposition of GOM and GEM and wet deposition was approximately 14.4 mu g m(-2) year(-1), which was similar to the average annual litterfall deposition (15 +/- 2.1 mu g m(-2) year(-1)) of mercury, which was also measured at our site. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Castro, Mark S.] Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Appalachian Lab, Frostburg, MD 21532 USA. [Moore, Chris] Univ Nevada, Div Atmospher Sci, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. [Sherwell, John] Maryland Dept Nat Resources, Power Plant Res Program, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. [Brooks, Steve B.] NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Castro, MS (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Appalachian Lab, 301 Braddock Rd, Frostburg, MD 21532 USA. EM mcastro@umces.edu RI Moore, Christopher/E-8448-2012; Castro, Mark/J-6529-2015 OI Moore, Christopher/0000-0002-6042-5583; Castro, Mark/0000-0002-4279-8204 FU Maryland Department of Natural Resources FX We thank the Maryland Department of Natural Resources and the Maryland Department of the Environment. We also thank Morgan Kaumeyer, a MEES M.S. student, for his help with the Tekran speciation system. The paper is contribution number 4598 for the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. The project was funded by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources Power Plant Research program. NR 26 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD FEB 15 PY 2012 VL 417 BP 232 EP 240 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.044 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 909IX UT WOS:000301559300026 PM 22264922 ER PT J AU Diaz, RE Sharma, R Jarvis, K Zhang, QL Mahajan, S AF Diaz, Rosa E. Sharma, Renu Jarvis, Karalee Zhang, Qinglei Mahajan, Subhash TI Direct observation of nucleation and early stages of growth of GaN nanowires SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article DE Nucleation; In situ TEM; Chemical vapor deposition process; Vapor-liquid-solid mechanism; GaN nanowires; Au catalyst ID LIGHT-EMITTING-DIODES; DEVICES; BLUE AB We report direct observations of the nucleation and early stages of growth of GaN nanowires. The nanowires were formed by exposing Au + Ga droplets to ammonia. The formation process was observed in situ, and controlled in real time using an environmental transmission electron microscope. Observations show that nuclei forms only at thin region of the Au + Ga, following only the VLS mechanism. The droplet-nanowire interface in the initial stages is multi-faceted, and become planar during the growth. Chemical and structural analysis shows that the resulting nuclei are GaN with the wurtzite structure. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Diaz, Rosa E.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Ctr Funct Nanomat, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Diaz, Rosa E.; Sharma, Renu; Zhang, Qinglei] Arizona State Univ, Sch Engn Matter Transport & Energy, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Sharma, Renu] NIST, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Jarvis, Karalee] Univ Texas Austin, Cockrell Sch Engn, Adv Mfg Ctr, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Mahajan, Subhash] Arizona State Univ, Ira A Fulton Sch Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Mahajan, Subhash] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Diaz, RE (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Ctr Funct Nanomat, Bldg 735, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM rdiazrivas@bnl.gov FU National Science Foundation [DMR0706631] FX This work was done at the LeRoy Eyring Center for Solid State Science at Arizona State University. The authors thank Dr. R. Carpenter, Dr. P. Crozier, Dr. J. Venables, and Dr. P. Bennett for helpful discussions and National Science Foundation for financial support (NSF Grant DMR0706631). NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 4 U2 36 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD FEB 15 PY 2012 VL 341 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2011.09.028 PG 6 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 902BO UT WOS:000301013800001 ER PT J AU Heo, GY Liao, WL Turko, IV Pikuleva, IA AF Heo, Gun-Young Liao, Wei-Li Turko, Illarion V. Pikuleva, Irina A. TI Features of the retinal environment which affect the activities and product profile of cholesterol-metabolizing cytochromes P450 CYP27A1 and CYP11A1 SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE CYP11A1; CYP27A1; CYP46A1; Retina; Retinal pigment epithelium; Cholesterol; 5-Cholestenoic acid; 22R-Hydroxycholesterol; Phospholipids; A2E ID SIDE-CHAIN-CLEAVAGE; PIGMENT EPITHELIAL-CELLS; BILE-ACID SYNTHESIS; BOVINE ADRENAL-CORTEX; 46,XY SEX REVERSAL; F-G LOOP; CEREBROTENDINOUS-XANTHOMATOSIS; STEROL 27-HYDROXYLASE; ADRENODOXIN REDUCTASE; HUMAN PLACENTA AB The retina is the sensory organ in the back of the eye which absorbs and converts light to electrochemical impulses transferred to the brain. Herein, we studied how retinal environment affects enzyme-mediated cholesterol removal. We focused on two mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYPs 27A1 and 11A1, which catalyze the first steps in metabolism of cholesterol in the retina and other tissues. Phospholipids (PL) from mitochondria of bovine neural retina, retinal pigment epithelium, liver and adrenal cortex were isolated and compared for the effect on kinetic properties of purified recombinant CYPs in the reconstituted system in vitro. The four studied tissues were also evaluated for the mitochondrial PL and cholesterol content and levels of CYPs 27A1, I 1A1 and their redox partners. The data obtained were used for modeling the retinal environment in the in vitro enzyme assays in which we detected the P450 metabolites, 22R-hydroxycholesterol and 5-cholestenoic acid, unexpectedly found by us in the retina in our previous studies. The effect of the by-product of the visual cycle pyridinium bis-retinoid A2E on kinetics of CYP27A1-mediated cholesterol metabolism was also investigated. The results provide insight into the retina's regulation of the enzyme-mediated cholesterol removal. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Heo, Gun-Young; Pikuleva, Irina A.] Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. [Liao, Wei-Li; Turko, Illarion V.] Inst Biosci & Biotechnol Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. [Turko, Illarion V.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pikuleva, IA (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. EM iap8@case.edu FU National Institutes of Health [EY018383]; Research to Prevent Blindness Foundation FX This work was supported in part by the Grant (EY018383 to I.A.P.) from the National Institutes of Health. I.A.P. is a recipient of the Jules and Doris Stein Professorship from the Research to Prevent Blindness Foundation. NR 71 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0003-9861 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD FEB 15 PY 2012 VL 518 IS 2 BP 119 EP 126 DI 10.1016/j.abb.2011.12.016 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 895CF UT WOS:000300473100004 PM 22227097 ER PT J AU Sagdeev, DI Fomina, MG Mukhamedzyanov, GK Abdulagatov, IM AF Sagdeev, D. I. Fomina, M. G. Mukhamedzyanov, G. Kh. Abdulagatov, I. M. TI Experimental study of the density and viscosity of polyethylene glycols and their mixtures at temperatures from 293 K to 465 K and at high pressures up to 245 MPa SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Article DE Density; Diethylene glycol; Monoethylene glycol; Tait-type equation of state; Triethylene glycol; Viscosity ID PARTIAL MOLAR VOLUMES; EQUATION-OF-STATE; BINARY-MIXTURES; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; ELEVATED PRESSURES; NORMAL-HEPTANE; LIQUID DENSITIES; ETHYLENE-GLYCOL; IONIC LIQUIDS; TAIT EQUATION AB Density and viscosity of monoethylene glycol (MEG), diethylene glycol (DEG), and triethylene glycol (TEG) and their binary, (50%MEG + 50%DEG), (50%MEG + 50%TEG), (50%DEG + 50%TEG), and ternary (33.33%MEG + 33.33%DEG + 33.34%TEG) mixtures have been simultaneously measured over the temperature range from 293 K to 465 K and at pressures up to 245 MPa using the hydrostatic weighing and falling-body techniques. The expanded uncertainty of the density, pressure, temperature, and viscosity measurements at the 95% confidence level with a coverage factor of k = 2 is estimated to be 0.15-0.30%, 0.05%, 0.02 K, and 1.5-2.0% (depending on temperature and pressure ranges), respectively. Tait-type equation of state (EOS) for pure MEG, DEG, and TEG has been developed using the measured (p, rho, T) data. Theoretically based Arrhenius-Andrade and Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher type equation with pressure dependent coefficients was used to describe the temperature dependence of measured viscosities for pure polyethylene glycols. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Sagdeev, D. I.; Fomina, M. G.; Mukhamedzyanov, G. Kh.] Kazan State Technol Univ, Kazan, Russia. [Abdulagatov, I. M.] Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Geothermal Res Inst, Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russia. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), NIST, Thermophys Properties Div TRC NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 76 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD FEB 15 PY 2012 VL 315 BP 64 EP 76 DI 10.1016/j.fluid.2011.11.022 PG 13 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 895DJ UT WOS:000300476100010 ER PT J AU Zolot, AM Giorgetta, FR Baumann, E Nicholson, JW Swann, WC Coddington, I Newbury, NR AF Zolot, A. M. Giorgetta, F. R. Baumann, E. Nicholson, J. W. Swann, W. C. Coddington, I. Newbury, N. R. TI Direct-comb molecular spectroscopy with accurate, resolved comb teeth over 43 THz SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUPERCONTINUA; SPECTROMETER; FIBERS; RANGE AB We demonstrate a dual-comb spectrometer using stabilized frequency combs spanning 177 to 220 THz ( 1360 to 1690nm) in the near infrared. Comb-tooth-resolved measurements of amplitude and phase generate over 4 x 10(5) individually resolved spectral elements at 100MHz point spacing and kilohertz-level resolution and accuracy. The signal-to-noise ratio is 100 to 3000 per comb tooth. Doppler-broadened phase and amplitude spectra of CO2, CH4, C2H2, and H2O in a 30m multipass cell agree with established spectral parameters, achieving high-resolution measurements with optical bandwidth generally associated with blackbody sources. C1 [Zolot, A. M.; Giorgetta, F. R.; Baumann, E.; Swann, W. C.; Coddington, I.; Newbury, N. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Nicholson, J. W.] OFS Labs, Somerset, NJ 08873 USA. RP Zolot, AM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Alex.Zolot@nist.gov RI Zolot, Alexander/C-7450-2013; Giorgetta, Fabrizio/O-1730-2014; Baumann, Esther/P-1315-2015 OI Giorgetta, Fabrizio/0000-0003-2066-3912; Baumann, Esther/0000-0002-6569-2090 FU Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) [PBNEP2-127797] FX We thank Masaaki Hirano of Sumitomo Electric Industries for the donation of the HNLF fiber, and Frank Quinlan and Young-Jin Kim for valuable comments. F. R. Giorgetta received support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PBNEP2-127797. NR 13 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 6 U2 45 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD FEB 15 PY 2012 VL 37 IS 4 BP 638 EP 640 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 898AF UT WOS:000300706500065 PM 22344132 ER PT J AU Falus, P Porcar, L Fratini, E Chen, WR Faraone, A Hong, KL Baglioni, P Liu, Y AF Falus, Peter Porcar, Lionel Fratini, Emiliano Chen, Wei-Ren Faraone, Antonio Hong, Kunlun Baglioni, Piero Liu, Yun TI Distinguishing the monomer to cluster phase transition in concentrated lysozyme solutions by studying the temperature dependence of the short-time dynamics SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; PROTEIN SOLUTIONS; EQUILIBRIUM CLUSTERS; MICELLAR-SOLUTIONS; ATTRACTION; SYSTEMS; SUSPENSIONS; PARTICLES; REPULSION; COLLOIDS AB Recent combined experiments by small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and neutron spin echo (NSE) have demonstrated that dynamic clusters can form in concentrated lysozyme solutions when the right combination of a short-ranged attraction and a long-ranged electrostatic repulsion exists. In this paper, we investigate the temperature effect on the dynamic cluster formation and try to pinpoint the transition concentration from a monomeric protein phase to a cluster phase. Interestingly, even at a relatively high concentration (10% mass fraction), despite the significant change in the SANS patterns that are associated with the change of the short-ranged attraction among proteins, the normalized short-time self-diffusion coefficient is not affected between 5 and 40 degrees C. This is interpreted as a lack of cluster formation in this condition. However, at larger concentrations such as 17.5% and 22.5% mass fraction, we show that the average hydrodynamic radius increases significantly and causes a large decrease of the normalized self-diffusion coefficient as a result of cluster formation when the temperature is changed from 25 to 5 degrees C. C1 [Falus, Peter; Porcar, Lionel] Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. [Fratini, Emiliano; Baglioni, Piero] Univ Florence, Dept Chem, I-50019 Florence, Italy. [Fratini, Emiliano; Baglioni, Piero] Univ Florence, CSGI, I-50019 Florence, Italy. [Chen, Wei-Ren] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, NSS Div, Spallat Neutron Source, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Faraone, Antonio] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Faraone, Antonio] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Hong, Kunlun] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Nanophase Mat Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Liu, Yun] Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Newark, DE USA. RP Falus, P (reprint author), Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, BP 156, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. EM yunliu@nist.gov RI Fratini, Emiliano/C-9983-2010; Liu, Yun/F-6516-2012; Baglioni, Piero/B-1208-2011; Hong, Kunlun/E-9787-2015 OI Fratini, Emiliano/0000-0001-7104-6530; Liu, Yun/0000-0002-0944-3153; Baglioni, Piero/0000-0003-1312-8700; Hong, Kunlun/0000-0002-2852-5111 FU NIST, US Department of Commerce [70NANB7H6178]; Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy; CSGI; MIUR [PRIN 20087K9A2J001] FX This manuscript was prepared under cooperative agreement 70NANB7H6178 from NIST, US Department of Commerce. W R Chen at Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and K L Hong at Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory acknowledge the support of the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy. E Fratini and P Baglioni acknowledge financial support from CSGI and MIUR (PRIN 20087K9A2J001). NR 38 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 33 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD FEB 15 PY 2012 VL 24 IS 6 AR 064114 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/24/6/064114 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 892AY UT WOS:000300260100015 PM 22277797 ER PT J AU Hong, KL Liu, Y Porcar, L Liu, DZ Gao, CY Smith, GS Herwig, KW Cai, S Li, X Wu, B Chen, WR Liu, L AF Hong, Kunlun Liu, Yun Porcar, Lionel Liu, Dazhi Gao, Carrie Y. Smith, Gregory S. Herwig, Kenneth W. Cai, Sheng Li, Xin Wu, Bin Chen, Wei-Ren Liu, Li TI Structural response of polyelectrolyte dendrimer towards molecular protonation: the inconsistency revealed by SANS and NMR SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; PAMAM DENDRIMERS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; CONFORMATIONAL-CHANGES; SELF-DIFFUSION; FIELD GRADIENT; GENERATION; SIMULATIONS; POLYMERS; DYNAMICS AB Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers and their charged state in deuterium oxide have been investigated with proton pulsed field gradient diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques. NMR measurements suggest that significant variation of the hydrodynamic radius, calculated by the Stokes-Einstein relation with appropriate surface conditions, is observed upon increasing the molecular protonation. However, a comparative SANS experiment indicates little dependence of the dendrimer global size, in terms of its radius of gyration, on molecular protonation. The inconsistency indicates the necessity of incorporating the effect of molecular interface modification and molecular porosity provided by dressed counterions, when dynamical measurements are used for the determination of the structural characteristics of ionic soft colloids even in dilute suspensions. C1 [Liu, Dazhi; Gao, Carrie Y.; Smith, Gregory S.; Herwig, Kenneth W.; Chen, Wei-Ren] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Hong, Kunlun] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Nanophase Mat Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Liu, Yun] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Liu, Yun] Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Porcar, Lionel] Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. [Cai, Sheng] Marquette Univ, Dept Chem, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. [Li, Xin; Wu, Bin; Liu, Li] Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Mech Aerosp & Nucl Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA. [Chen, Wei-Ren] Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Chen, WR (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM chenw@ornl.gov; liue@rpi.edu RI Liu, Yun/F-6516-2012; Liu, Dazhi/G-2675-2013; Smith, Gregory/D-1659-2016; Hong, Kunlun/E-9787-2015 OI Liu, Yun/0000-0002-0944-3153; Liu, Dazhi/0000-0002-7604-6940; Smith, Gregory/0000-0001-5659-1805; Hong, Kunlun/0000-0002-2852-5111 FU Division of Scientific User Facilities, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy; NCNR NIST; National Science Foundation [DMR-0944772]; US Department of Energy under NERI-C [DE-FG07-07ID14889]; US Nuclear Regulatory Commission [NRC-38-08-950] FX The research at the Center of Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS), and Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is sponsored at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) by the Division of Scientific User Facilities, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy. We gratefully acknowledge the support of NCNR NIST in providing neutron research facilities which are supported in part by the National Science Foundation under agreement no. DMR-0944772. XL, BW and LL were supported in part by the US Department of Energy, under NERI-C award no. DE-FG07-07ID14889 and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, under award no. NRC-38-08-950. NR 43 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 25 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD FEB 15 PY 2012 VL 24 IS 6 AR 064116 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/24/6/064116 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 892AY UT WOS:000300260100017 PM 22277898 ER PT J AU Kamitakahara, WA Faraone, A Liu, KH Mou, CY AF Kamitakahara, William A. Faraone, Antonio Liu, Kao-Hsiang Mou, Chung-Yuan TI Temperature dependence of structure and density for D2O confined in MCM-41-S SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; LIQUID WATER; SUPERCOOLED WATER; GLASS-TRANSITION; PHASE-DIAGRAM; PORE-SIZE; DIFFRACTION; BEHAVIOR; TRANSFORMATIONS; MINIMUM AB Using neutron diffraction, we have tracked the temperature dependence of structural properties for heavy water confined in the nanoporous silica matrix MCM-41-S. By observing the correlation peak corresponding to the pore-pore distance, which is determined by the scattering contrast between the silica and the water, we monitored the density of the confined water. Concurrently, we studied the prominent first diffraction peak of D2O at approximate to 1.8 angstrom(-1), which furnishes information on the microscopic arrangement of the water molecules. The data show the presence of a density maximum at approximate to 275 K (+/- 10 K), a property similar to bulk water, and the occurrence of a density minimum at approximate to 180 K (+/- 10 K). The prominent diffraction peak of D2O is found to shift and sharpen over a wide T range from 200 to 270 K, reflecting structural changes that are strongly correlated with the changes in density. We also observe the continuous formation of external ice, arising from water expelled from the pores while expansion takes place within the pores. An efficient method for monitoring the density of the confined D2O using a triple-axis spectrometer is demonstrated. C1 [Kamitakahara, William A.; Faraone, Antonio] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Faraone, Antonio] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Liu, Kao-Hsiang; Mou, Chung-Yuan] Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Chem, Taipei 106, Taiwan. RP Kamitakahara, WA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI MOU, CHUNG-YUAN/0000-0001-7060-9899 NR 33 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 25 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD FEB 15 PY 2012 VL 24 IS 6 AR 064106 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/24/6/064106 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 892AY UT WOS:000300260100007 PM 22277370 ER PT J AU Li, H Chiang, WS Fratini, E Ridi, F Bausi, F Baglioni, P Tyagi, M Chen, SH AF Li, Hua Chiang, Wei-Shan Fratini, Emiliano Ridi, Francesca Bausi, Francesco Baglioni, Piero Tyagi, Madhu Chen, Sow-Hsin TI Dynamic crossover in hydration water of curing cement paste: the effect of superplasticizer SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID SUPERCOOLED WATER; TRICALCIUM SILICATE; CALCIUM SILICATE; MODEL; MICROSTRUCTURE; KINETICS; GLASS AB The influence of a new comb-shaped polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer (CSSP) on the hydration kinetics and transport properties of aged cement pastes has been investigated by high-resolution quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) and low temperature differential scanning calorimetry (LT-DSC). A new method of analysis of QENS spectra is proposed. By applying the refined method we were able to access to four independent physical parameters including the self-diffusion coefficient of the hydration water confined in the cement paste. Mean squared displacement (MSD) of the hydrogen atom for mobile water molecules displays a dynamic crossover temperature in agreement with DSC data. The experimental results indicate that CSSP polymer added into cement paste moderates the hydration process and decreases the dynamic crossover temperature of the hydration water. C1 [Li, Hua; Chiang, Wei-Shan; Chen, Sow-Hsin] MIT, Dept Nucl Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Li, Hua] Jinan Univ, Dept Phys, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, Peoples R China. [Fratini, Emiliano; Ridi, Francesca; Bausi, Francesco; Baglioni, Piero] Univ Florence, Dept Chem, I-50019 Florence, Italy. [Fratini, Emiliano; Ridi, Francesca; Bausi, Francesco; Baglioni, Piero] Univ Florence, CSGI, I-50019 Florence, Italy. [Tyagi, Madhu] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Chen, Sow-Hsin] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Chen, SH (reprint author), MIT, Dept Nucl Sci & Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM sowhsin@mit.edu RI Fratini, Emiliano/C-9983-2010; Ridi, Francesca/F-2141-2013; Tyagi, Madhu Sudan/M-4693-2014; Baglioni, Piero/B-1208-2011 OI Fratini, Emiliano/0000-0001-7104-6530; Ridi, Francesca/0000-0002-6887-5108; Tyagi, Madhu Sudan/0000-0002-4364-7176; Baglioni, Piero/0000-0003-1312-8700 FU DOE [DEFG02-90ER45429]; National Science Foundation [DMR-094477]; Ministero dell'Istruzione, Universita e della Ricerca Scientifica (MIUR) [PRIN-2008, 20087K9A2J]; Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI); CTG-Italcementi FX The research at MIT is supported by DOE grant no. DEFG02-90ER45429. This work utilized facilities supported in part by the National Science Foundation under agreement no. DMR-094477. HL acknowledges the hospitality of the Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering of MIT during her stay as a Visiting Scientist. EF, FR, FB and PB gratefully acknowledge the Ministero dell'Istruzione, Universita e della Ricerca Scientifica (MIUR, grant PRIN-2008, prot. 20087K9A2J), Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI) and CTG-Italcementi for partial financial support to this project. We thank NIST Center For Neutron Research for allocation of neutron beam time in HFBS. The cement (Blaine) is identified in this paper to foster understanding. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by NIST, nor does it imply that the material identified is necessarily the best available for the purpose. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 4 U2 20 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD FEB 15 PY 2012 VL 24 IS 6 AR 064108 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/24/6/064108 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 892AY UT WOS:000300260100009 PM 22277581 ER PT J AU Li, X Wu, B Liu, Y Pynn, R Shew, CY Smith, GS Herwig, KW Robertson, JL Chen, WR Liu, L AF Li, Xin Wu, Bin Liu, Yun Pynn, Roger Shew, Chwen-Yang Smith, Gregory S. Herwig, Kenneth W. Robertson, J. Lee Chen, Wei-Ren Liu, Li TI Contrast variation in spin-echo small angle neutron scattering SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID X-RAY; MATURATION AB The use of contrast variation in spin-echo small angle neutron scattering (SESANS) experiments is discussed for the case of colloidal structural investigation. On the basis of calculations for several model systems, we find that the contrast variation SESANS technique, in terms of the measured SESANS correlation function G(z), is not sensitive to the structural characteristics of colloidal suspensions consisting of particles with uniform scattering length density profiles. However, its ability to resolve structural heterogeneity, at both intra-colloidal and inter-colloidal length scales, is clearly demonstrated. The prospect of using this new technique to investigate structural information that is difficult to probe in other ways is also explored. C1 [Li, Xin; Wu, Bin; Pynn, Roger; Smith, Gregory S.; Herwig, Kenneth W.; Chen, Wei-Ren] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Li, Xin; Wu, Bin; Liu, Li] Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Mech Aerosp & Nucl Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA. [Liu, Yun] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Liu, Yun] Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Pynn, Roger] Indiana Univ, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. [Shew, Chwen-Yang] CUNY Coll Staten Isl, Dept Chem, Staten Isl, NY 10314 USA. [Robertson, J. Lee] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Facil Dev Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Chen, Wei-Ren] Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Li, X (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM chenw@ornl.gov; liue@rpi.edu RI Liu, Yun/F-6516-2012; Li, Xin/K-9646-2013; Smith, Gregory/D-1659-2016 OI Liu, Yun/0000-0002-0944-3153; Li, Xin/0000-0003-0606-434X; Smith, Gregory/0000-0001-5659-1805 FU US Department of Energy under NERI-C [DE-FG07-07ID14889]; US Nuclear Regulatory Commission [NRC38-08-950]; Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy for Oak Ridge National Laboratory; PSC of City University of New York; US Department of Energy through its Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Material Science and Engineering [ER46279] FX XL, BW, and LL were supported in part by US Department of Energy, under NERI-C Award No. DE-FG07-07ID14889, and US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, under Award No. NRC38-08-950. KWH, GSS, JLR and WRC acknowledge the support of The Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy for Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Spallation Neutron Source and High Flux Isotope Reactor. CYS was partially supported by the PSC grants of the City University of New York. RP was supported by US Department of Energy through its Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Material Science and Engineering (Grant No. ER46279). NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 20 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD FEB 15 PY 2012 VL 24 IS 6 AR 064115 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/24/6/064115 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 892AY UT WOS:000300260100016 PM 22277831 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Tyagi, M Mamontov, E Chen, SH AF Zhang, Yang Tyagi, Madhusudan Mamontov, Eugene Chen, Sow-Hsin TI Quasi-elastic neutron scattering studies of the slow dynamics of supercooled and glassy aspirin SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID STRONG LIQUID TRANSITION; DIELECTRIC-RELAXATION; FORMING LIQUIDS; DENSITY MINIMUM; HYDRATION WATER; CONFINED WATER; METHYL-GROUPS; TEMPERATURE; CROSSOVER; PROTEIN AB Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is not only a wonderful drug, but also a good glass former. Therefore, it serves as an important molecular system to study the near-arrest and arrested phenomena. In this paper, a high-resolution quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) technique is used to investigate the slow dynamics of supercooled liquid and glassy aspirin from 410 down to 350 K. The measured QENS spectra can be analyzed with a stretched exponential model. We find that (i) the stretched exponent beta(Q) is independent of the wavevector transfer Q in the measured Q range and (ii) the structural relaxation time tau(Q) follows a power-law dependence on Q. Consequently, the Q-independent structural relaxation time tau(0) can be extracted for each temperature to characterize the slow dynamics of aspirin. The temperature dependence of t0 can be fitted with the mode-coupling power law, the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equation and a universal equation for fragile glass forming liquids recently proposed by Tokuyama in the measured temperature range. The calculated dynamic response function chi(T)(Q, t) using the experimentally determined self-intermediate scattering function of the hydrogen atoms of aspirin shows direct evidence of the enhanced dynamic fluctuations as the aspirin is increasingly supercooled, in agreement with the fixed-time mean squared displacement (x(2)) and the non-Gaussian parameter alpha(2) extracted from the elastic scattering. C1 [Chen, Sow-Hsin] MIT, Dept Nucl Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Zhang, Yang; Mamontov, Eugene] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Zhang, Yang; Mamontov, Eugene] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Joint Inst Neutron Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Tyagi, Madhusudan] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Tyagi, Madhusudan] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Chen, SH (reprint author), MIT, Dept Nucl Sci & Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM sowhsin@mit.edu RI Zhang, Yang/A-7975-2012; Tyagi, Madhu Sudan/M-4693-2014; Mamontov, Eugene/Q-1003-2015 OI Zhang, Yang/0000-0002-7339-8342; Tyagi, Madhu Sudan/0000-0002-4364-7176; Mamontov, Eugene/0000-0002-5684-2675 FU ORNL; Department of Energy [DE-FG02-90ER45429]; National Science Foundation [DMR-0454672]; Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy FX The authors are in debt to Dr A Faraone for his assistance in performing the QENS experiments and Dr M Lagi for his attempt to run MD simulations. YZ acknowledges the support from the Clifford G Shull fellowship at ORNL. Research at MIT is supported by the Department of Energy grant DE-FG02-90ER45429. We acknowledge the support of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), US Department of Commerce, in providing the neutron research facilities used in this work. Identification of a commercial product does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the NIST, nor does it imply that the product is necessarily the best for the stated purpose. This work utilized facilities at the NIST Center for Neutron Research supported in part by the National Science Foundation under agreement no. DMR-0454672. We thank the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Spallation Neutron Source sponsored by the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy, for preliminary experiments done at the BASIS spectrometer. NR 41 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 15 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD FEB 15 PY 2012 VL 24 IS 6 AR 064112 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/24/6/064112 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 892AY UT WOS:000300260100013 PM 22277723 ER PT J AU Lane, PA Cunningham, PD Melinger, JS Kushto, GP Esenturk, O Heilweil, EJ AF Lane, Paul A. Cunningham, Paul D. Melinger, Joseph S. Kushto, Gary P. Esenturk, Okan Heilweil, Edwin J. TI Photoexcitation Dynamics in Films of C-60 and Zn Phthalocyanine with a Layered Nanostructure SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RESOLVED TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPY; SOLAR-CELLS; CHARGE-TRANSFER; METAL PHTHALOCYANINES; CARRIER DYNAMICS; THIN-FILMS; SOLID C-60; BLENDS; GENERATION; MOLECULES AB We elucidate photoexcitation dynamics in C-60 and zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) from picoseconds to milliseconds by transient absorption and time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy. Autoionization of C-60 is a precursor to photocarrier generation. Decay of the terahertz signal is due to decreasing photocarrier mobility over the first 20 ps and thereafter reflects recombination dynamics. Singlet diffusion rates in C-60 are determined by modeling the rise of ground state bleaching of ZnPc absorption following C-60 excitation. Recombination dynamics transform from bimolecular to monomolecular as the layer thickness is reduced, revealing a metastable exciplex at the C-60/ZnPc interface with a lifetime of 150 mu s. C1 [Lane, Paul A.; Cunningham, Paul D.; Melinger, Joseph S.; Kushto, Gary P.] USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Esenturk, Okan; Heilweil, Edwin J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lane, PA (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA. FU Office of Naval Research; NIST FX This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research and by NIST. P. C. thanks the National Research Council for administering the postdoctoral fellowship program at NRL. NR 37 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 5 U2 36 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 15 PY 2012 VL 108 IS 7 AR 077402 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.077402 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 894JT UT WOS:000300423700018 PM 22401254 ER PT J AU Kelly, JY Albert, JNL Howarter, JA Stafford, CM Epps, TH Fasolka, MJ AF Kelly, Jennifer Y. Albert, Julie N. L. Howarter, John A. Stafford, Christopher M. Epps, Thomas H., III Fasolka, Michael J. TI Manipulating morphology and orientation in thermally responsive block copolymer thin films SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE block copolymer; film thickness; gradient; high-throughput; morphology; nanostructure; orientation; solvent vapor annealing; surface chemistry; thermal deprotection; thin film ID PERPENDICULAR ORIENTATION; CYLINDER; SURFACE; ARRAYS; LITHOGRAPHY; TRANSITION; DOMAINS; NANOSTRUCTURES; NANOPARTICLES; POLYLACTIDE AB We demonstrate the use of combined thermal annealing and solvent vapor annealing (SVA) to tune the morphology of thermally responsive block copolymer (BCP) thin films. The BCP, poly(styrene-b-tert-butyl acrylate) (PS-b-PtBA), undergoes a chemical deprotection to poly(styrene-b-acrylic anhydride) (PS-b-PAH) above a temperature threshold, giving rise to a structural and morphological transition. Our experiments systematically examine different thermal annealing and SVA protocols with two solvents (tetrahydrofuran and acetone) and map the resulting morphologies. Assessments of these processing protocols were accelerated using temperature gradients. Our results demonstrate that the final nanoscale morphologies after SVA are determined by the changes in the relative solvent/polymer interactions and surface tensions of the polymer blocks that accompany deprotection. Because of these driving forces, certain processing combinations led to irreversible morphological states, whereas others present opportunities for further manipulation. Accordingly, our study reveals that the morphology of this thermally sensitive BCP can be altered through judicious choice of annealing protocol. The protocols that combine equal numbers of SVA and thermal annealing (TA) steps are not necessarily equivalent, and the order of the SVA relative to TA is a deciding factor in the final morphology. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011 C1 [Kelly, Jennifer Y.; Howarter, John A.; Stafford, Christopher M.; Fasolka, Michael J.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Albert, Julie N. L.; Epps, Thomas H., III] Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RP Fasolka, MJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.fasolka@nist.gov RI Epps, Thomas/B-7337-2012 FU NIST MSEL [70NANB9H8150]; NSF DMR [0645586]; NIST/NRC ARRA; NSF FX This work was funded by NIST MSEL 70NANB9H8150 and NSF DMR CAREER - 0645586. J.Y.K. was supported by a NIST/NRC ARRA Postdoctoral Fellowship. J.N.L.A. was supported by a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship. This work is an official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. NR 46 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 41 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD FEB 15 PY 2012 VL 50 IS 4 BP 263 EP 271 DI 10.1002/polb.23004 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 872GJ UT WOS:000298796900005 ER PT J AU Her, JH Wu, H Verdal, N Zhou, W Stavila, V Udovic, TJ AF Her, Jae-Hyuk Wu, Hui Verdal, Nina Zhou, Wei Stavila, Vitalie Udovic, Terrence J. TI Structures of the strontium and barium dodecahydro-closo-dodecaborates SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE B12H122-; Density functional theory; Dodecahydro-closo-dodecaborate; Neutron powder diffraction; Phonon density of states; X-ray powder diffraction ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; 1ST-PRINCIPLES; DECOMPOSITION; SCATTERING; BEHAVIOR AB The structures of the anhydrous alkaline-earth-metal dodecahydro-closo-dodecaborates, SrB12H12 and BaB12H12, were determined by X-ray and neutron powder diffraction methods corroborated by a combination of neutron vibrational spectroscopic data and density-functional-theory-based phonon calculations. Both compounds possess the same novel trigonal structure with P31c space group symmetry, which appears to represent the most stable arrangement of alkaline-earth cations and dodecahydro-closo-dodecaborate anions for cations above a certain size. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Her, Jae-Hyuk; Wu, Hui; Verdal, Nina; Zhou, Wei; Udovic, Terrence J.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Her, Jae-Hyuk; Wu, Hui; Zhou, Wei] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Stavila, Vitalie] Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Verdal, N (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr,MS 6102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nina.verdal@nist.gov RI Wu, Hui/C-6505-2008; Zhou, Wei/C-6504-2008; Stavila, Vitalie/B-6464-2008 OI Wu, Hui/0000-0003-0296-5204; Zhou, Wei/0000-0002-5461-3617; Stavila, Vitalie/0000-0003-0981-0432 FU DOE [DE-AI-01-05EE11104, DE-EE0002978, DE-AC04-94AL85000] FX This work was partially supported by DOE through EERE Grant Nos. DE-AI-01-05EE11104, DE-EE0002978, and DE-AC04-94AL85000. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD FEB 15 PY 2012 VL 514 BP 71 EP 75 DI 10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.10.085 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 866UR UT WOS:000298411300012 ER PT J AU Leibfried, D AF Leibfried, D. TI Quantum state preparation and control of single molecular ions SO NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GROUND-STATE; TRAPPED IONS; SPECTROSCOPY; INFORMATION; RADIATION; LOGIC; GAS AB Preparing molecules at rest and in a very pure quantum state is a long-standing aspiration in chemistry and physics, so far achieved only for a select set of molecules in dedicated experimental setups. Here, a quantum-limited combination of mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy is proposed that should be applicable to a wide range of molecular ions. Excitation of electrons in the molecule followed by uncontrolled decay and branching into several lower-energy states is avoided. Instead, the molecule is always confined to rotational states within the electronic and vibrational ground-state manifold, while a co-trapped atomic ion provides efficient entropy removal and allows for extraction of information about the molecule. The outlined techniques might enable the preparation, manipulation and measurement of a multitude of molecular ion species with the same instrument, with applications including, but not limited to, precise determination of molecular properties and fundamental tests of physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Leibfried, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM dil@boulder.nist.gov NR 34 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 11 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1367-2630 J9 NEW J PHYS JI New J. Phys. PD FEB 14 PY 2012 VL 14 AR 023029 DI 10.1088/1367-2630/14/2/023029 PG 12 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 919FB UT WOS:000302306700002 ER PT J AU Adams, CL Knurr, BJ Weber, JM AF Adams, Christopher L. Knurr, Benjamin J. Weber, J. Mathias TI Photoelectron spectroscopy of 1-nitropropane and 1-nitrobutane anions SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DISSOCIATIVE ELECTRON-ATTACHMENT; VIBRATIONAL FESHBACH RESONANCES; ANGULAR-DISTRIBUTION; NITROMETHANE ANION; FINE-STRUCTURE; NEGATIVE-IONS; BASIS-SET; CLUSTERS; DIPOLE; AUTODETACHMENT AB We present low-energy velocity map photoelectron imaging results for bare and Ar-solvated 1-nitropropane and 1-nitrobutane anions. We report the adiabatic electron affinity of 1-nitropropane as (223 +/- 6) meV and that of 1-nitrobutane as (240 +/- 6 meV). The vertical detachment energies of these two species are found to be (0.92 +/- 0.05) and (0.88 +/- 0.05) eV, respectively. The photoelectron spectra are discussed in the framework of Franck-Condon simulations based on density functional theory. We observe unusual resonances in the photoelectron spectra of both ions under study, whose kinetic energy is independent of the photon energy of the detaching radiation. We discuss possible origins of these resonances as rescattering phenomena, consistent with the experimental photoelectron angular distributions. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3683250] C1 [Weber, J. Mathias] Univ Colorado, NIST, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Weber, JM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NIST, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM weberjm@jila.colorado.edu RI Weber, J. Mathias/B-1618-2009 OI Weber, J. Mathias/0000-0002-5493-5886 FU National Science Foundation (NSF) through the NSF Physics Frontier Center at JILA [PHY-0551010] FX We gratefully acknowledge funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF) through the NSF Physics Frontier Center at JILA (PHY-0551010). We thank Dr. Thomas Sommerfeld who in a discussion brought up the idea that only one vibrational mode may be active in the decay of a vibrational Feshbach resonance. We also thank Dr. Chris Greene, Dr. Anna Krylov, and Dr. Ksenia Bravaya for helpful discussions. NR 51 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD FEB 14 PY 2012 VL 136 IS 6 AR 064307 DI 10.1063/1.3683250 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 895HO UT WOS:000300487200027 PM 22360187 ER PT J AU Dudowicz, J Freed, KF Douglas, JF AF Dudowicz, Jacek Freed, Karl F. Douglas, Jack F. TI Lattice cluster theory of associating polymers. II. Enthalpy and entropy of self-assembly and Flory-Huggins interaction parameter chi for solutions of telechelic molecules SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BASIC THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; PHASE-SEPARATION; LIVING POLYMERIZATION; MONOMER STRUCTURE; EQUILIBRIUM POLYMERIZATION; BINDING AFFINITIES; BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN; RECEPTOR-BINDING; GLASS-FORMATION; CHAIN-LENGTH AB The lattice cluster theory for solutions of telechelic polymer chains, developed in paper I, is applied to determine the enthalpy Delta h(p) and entropy Delta S-p of self-assembly of linear telechelics and to evaluate the Flory-Huggins (FH) interaction parameter chi governing the phase behavior of these systems. Particular focus is placed on examining how these interaction variables depend on the composition of the solution, temperature, van der Waals and local "sticky" interaction energies, and the length of the individual telechelic chains. The FH interaction parameter chi is found to exhibit an entropy-enthalpy compensation effect between the "entropic" and "enthalpic" portions as either the composition or mass of the telechelic species is varied, providing unique theoretical insights into this commonly reported, yet, enigmatic phenomenon. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3681256] C1 [Dudowicz, Jacek; Freed, Karl F.] Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Dudowicz, Jacek; Freed, Karl F.] Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Douglas, Jack F.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dudowicz, J (reprint author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM dudowicz@jfi.uchicago.edu FU National Science Foundation (NSF) [CHE-1111918] FX This research is supported, in part, by National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant No. CHE-1111918. NR 65 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD FEB 14 PY 2012 VL 136 IS 6 AR 064903 DI 10.1063/1.3681256 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 895HO UT WOS:000300487200060 ER PT J AU Zhang, ZY Koren, V Reed, S Smith, M Zhang, Y Moreda, F Cosgrove, B AF Zhang, Ziya Koren, Victor Reed, Seann Smith, Michael Zhang, Yu Moreda, Fekadu Cosgrove, Brian TI SAC-SMA a priori parameter differences and their impact on distributed hydrologic model simulations SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE SSURGO; STATSGO; SAC-SMA; A priori parameters; Distributed modeling ID SOIL DATASET; RESOLUTION; CALIBRATION; SYSTEM AB Deriving a priori gridded parameters is an important step in the development and deployment of an operational distributed hydrologic model. Accurate a priori parameters can reduce the manual calibration effort and/or speed up the automatic calibration process, reduce calibration uncertainty, and provide valuable information at ungauged locations. Underpinned by reasonable parameter data sets, distributed hydrologic modeling can help improve water resource and flood and flash flood forecasting capabilities. Initial efforts at the National Weather Service Office of Hydrologic Development (NWS OHD) to derive a priori gridded Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC-SMA) model parameters for the conterminous United States (CONUS) were based on a relatively coarse resolution soils property database, the State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO) (Soil Survey Staff, 2011) and on the assumption of uniform land use and land cover. In an effort to improve the parameters, subsequent work was performed to fully incorporate spatially variable land cover information into the parameter derivation process. Following that, finer-scale soils data (the county-level Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO) (Soil Survey Staff, 2011a,b), together with the use of variable land cover data, were used to derive a third set of CONUS, a priori gridded parameters. It is anticipated that the second and third parameter sets, which incorporate more physical data, will be more realistic and consistent. Here, we evaluate whether this is actually the case by intercomparing these three sets of a priori parameters along with their associated hydrologic simulations which were generated by applying the National Weather Service Hydrology Laboratory's Research Distributed Hydrologic Model (HL-RDHM) (Koren et al., 2004) in a continuous fashion with an hourly time step. This model adopts a well-tested conceptual water balance model, SAC-SMA, applied on a regular spatial grid, and links to physically-based kinematic hillslope and channel routing models. Discharge and soil moisture simulated using the different set of parameters are presented to show how the parameters affect the results and under what conditions one set of parameters works better than another. In total, 63 basins ranging in size from 30 km(2) to 5224 km(2) were selected for this study. Sixteen of them were used to study the effects of different a priori parameters on simulated flow. Simulated hourly flow time series from three cases were compared to hourly observed data to compute statistics. Although the overall statistics are similar for the three different sets of parameters, improvements in simulated flow are observed for small basins when SSURGO-based parameters are used. Fifty-seven basins covering different climate regimes were used to analyze differences in the modeled soil moisture. Results again showed that the use of SSURGO-based parameters generate better soil moisture results when compared to STATSGO-based results, especially for the upper soil layer of smaller basins and wet basins. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Zhang, Ziya; Koren, Victor; Reed, Seann; Smith, Michael; Zhang, Yu; Cosgrove, Brian] NOAA, Off Hydrol Dev, Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Moreda, Fekadu] RTI Int, Water & Ecosyst Management, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Zhang, ZY (reprint author), NOAA, Off Hydrol Dev, Natl Weather Serv, 1325 EW Highway,Room 8376, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM Ziya.Zhang@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 4 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD FEB 14 PY 2012 VL 420 BP 216 EP 227 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.12.004 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 902ZF UT WOS:000301082000018 ER PT J AU Schaeublin, NM Braydich-Stolle, LK Maurer, EI Park, K MacCuspie, RI Afrooz, ARMN Vaia, RA Saleh, NB Hussain, SM AF Schaeublin, Nicole M. Braydich-Stolle, Laura K. Maurer, Elizabeth I. Park, Kyoungweon MacCuspie, Robert I. Afrooz, A. R. M. Nabiul Vaia, Richard A. Saleh, Navid B. Hussain, Saber M. TI Does Shape Matter? Bioeffects of Gold Nanomaterials in a Human Skin Cell Model SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID IN-VITRO CYTOTOXICITY; PEG CHAIN-LENGTH; SURFACE-CHEMISTRY; NANOPARTICLE AGGREGATION; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; BRAIN MICROGLIA; PROTEIN CORONA; DNA-DAMAGE; NANORODS; SIZE AB Gold nanomaterials (AuNMs) have distinctive electronic and optical properties, making them ideal candidates for biological, medical, and defense applications. Therefore, it is imperative to evaluate the potential biological impact of AuNMs before employing them in any application. This study investigates two AuNMs with different aspect ratios (AR) on mediation of biological responses in the human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) to model potential skin exposure to these AuNMs. The cellular responses were evaluated by cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, alteration in gene and protein expression, and inflammatory response. Gold nanospheres, nominally 20 nm in diameter and coated with mercaptopropane sulfonate (AuNS-MPS), formed agglomerates when dispersed in cell culture media, had a large fractal dimension (D-f = 2.57 +/- 0.4) (i.e., tightly bound and densely packed) and were found to be nontoxic even at the highest dose of 100 mu g/mL. Highly uniform, 16.7 nm diameter, and 43.8 nm long polyethylene glycol-capped gold nanorods (AuNR-PEG) also formed agglomerates when dispersed into the cell culture media. However, the agglomerates had a smaller fractal dimension (D-f = 1.28 +/- 0.08) (i.e., loosely bound) and were found to be cytotoxic to the HaCaT cells, with a significant decrease in cell viability occurring at 25 mu g/mL and higher. Moreover, AuNR-PEG caused significant ROS production and up-regulated several genes involved in cellular stress and toxicity. These results, combined with increased levels of inflammatory and apoptotic proteins, demonstrated that the AuNR-PEG induced apoptosis. Exposure to AuNS-MPS, however, did not show any of the detrimental effects observed from the AuNR-PEG. Therefore, we conclude that shape appears to play a key role in mediating the cellular response to AuNMs. C1 [Schaeublin, Nicole M.; Braydich-Stolle, Laura K.; Maurer, Elizabeth I.; Hussain, Saber M.] USAF, Appl Biotechnol Branch, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Res Lab, Dayton, OH 45431 USA. [Park, Kyoungweon; Vaia, Richard A.] USAF, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Res Lab, Dayton, OH 45431 USA. [MacCuspie, Robert I.] NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Measurement Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Afrooz, A. R. M. Nabiul; Saleh, Navid B.] Univ S Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Hussain, SM (reprint author), USAF, Appl Biotechnol Branch, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Res Lab, 711 Human Performance Wing, Dayton, OH 45431 USA. EM saber.hussain@wpafb.af.mil OI Afrooz, ARM/0000-0002-9141-9426; MacCuspie, Robert/0000-0002-6618-6499 FU AFSG; Henry M. Jackson Foundation FX The authors thank Ms. Constance Estep for help with the viability assay, Dr. Amanda Schrand for TEM imaging and EDAX, and Dr. Kristen Comfort for her assistance with critical and constructive criticism. This work was supported through AFSG funding. Ms. Schaeublin, Dr. Braydich-Stolle, and Ms. Maurer are funded through the Henry M. Jackson Foundation. NR 75 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 66 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD FEB 14 PY 2012 VL 28 IS 6 BP 3248 EP 3258 DI 10.1021/la204081m PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 890IO UT WOS:000300138500025 PM 22242624 ER PT J AU Strychalski, EA Geist, J Gaitan, M Locascio, LE Stavis, SM AF Strychalski, Elizabeth A. Geist, Jon Gaitan, Michael Locascio, Laurie E. Stavis, Samuel M. TI Quantitative Measurements of the Size Scaling of Linear and Circular DNA in Nanofluidic Slitlike Confinement SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID STATISTICS; POLYMERS; DYNAMICS AB Quantitative size measurements of single linear and circular DNA molecules in nanofluidic slitlike confinement are reported. A novel experimental method using DNA entropophoresis down a nanofluidic staircase implemented comprehensive variation of slitlike confinement around d approximate to 2p, where d is the-slit depth and p is the persistence length, throughout the transition from strong to moderate confinement. A new numerical analysis approximated and corrected systematic imaging errors. Together, thee advances :enabled the first measurement of an experimental scaling relation between the in plane radius of gyration, R-||, and d, yielding R-|| similar to d(-1/6) for all DNA samples investigated This differs from the theoretical scaling relation, R-e similar to d(-1/4), for the root-mean-square end-to-end size, R-e. The use of different labeling ratios also allowed a new test of the influence of fluorescent labels on DNA persistence length. These results improve understanding of the basic physical behavior of polymers confined to nanofluidic slits and inform the design of nanofluidic technology for practical applications. C1 [Strychalski, Elizabeth A.; Locascio, Laurie E.] NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Geist, Jon; Gaitan, Michael; Stavis, Samuel M.] NIST, Semicond & Dimens Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Strychalski, EA (reprint author), NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM elizabeth.strychalski@nist.gov OI Geist, Jon/0000-0001-7749-318X FU National Research Council FX This work was performed in part while EAS and SMS held National Research Council Research Associateship Awards. Device fabrication was performed at the Cornell Nanoscale Science and Technology Facility (CNF) and the Cornell Center for Materials Research. Device characterization was performed in part at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology. The authors gratefully acknowledge CNF staff for assistance with device fabrication, Andrew Rukhin and Stefan Leigh for helpful discussions, and Robert Goldberg for assistance with calculating ionic strength. Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified to specify adequately the experimental procedure. Such identification implies neither recommendation nor endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology nor that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose. NR 30 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD FEB 14 PY 2012 VL 45 IS 3 BP 1602 EP 1611 DI 10.1021/ma202559k PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 890DB UT WOS:000300124200053 ER PT J AU Makarova, KS Koonin, EV Kelman, Z AF Makarova, Kira S. Koonin, Eugene V. Kelman, Zvi TI The CMG (CDC45/RecJ, MCM, GINS) complex is a conserved component of the DNA replication system in all archaea and eukaryotes SO BIOLOGY DIRECT LA English DT Article ID STRUCTURE PREDICTION; PROTEINS; HELICASE; DATABASE; GENOMES; INITIATION; MECHANISM; EVOLUTION; DOMAIN; SERVER AB Background: In eukaryotes, the CMG (CDC45, MCM, GINS) complex containing the replicative helicase MCM is a key player in DNA replication. Archaeal homologs of the eukaryotic MCM and GINS proteins have been identified but until recently no homolog of the CDC45 protein was known. Two recent developments, namely the discovery of archaeal (G) under bar INS (a) under bar ssociated (n) under bar uclease (GAN) that belongs to the RecJ family of the DHH hydrolase superfamily and the demonstration of homology between the DHH domains of CDC45 and RecJ, show that at least some Archaea possess a full complement of homologs of the CMG complex subunits. Here we present the results of in-depth phylogenomic analysis of RecJ homologs in archaea. Results: We confirm and extend the recent hypothesis that CDC45 is the eukaryotic ortholog of the bacterial and archaeal RecJ family nucleases. At least one RecJ homolog was identified in all sequenced archaeal genomes, with the single exception of Caldivirga maquilingensis. These proteins include previously unnoticed remote RecJ homologs with inactivated DHH domain in Thermoproteales. Combined with phylogenetic tree reconstruction of diverse eukaryotic, archaeal and bacterial DHH subfamilies, this analysis yields a complex scenario of RecJ family evolution in Archaea which includes independent inactivation of the nuclease domain in Crenarchaeota and Halobacteria, and loss of this domain in Methanococcales. Conclusions: The archaeal complex of a CDC45/RecJ homolog, MCM and GINS is homologous and most likely functionally analogous to the eukaryotic CMG complex, and appears to be a key component of the DNA replication machinery in all Archaea. It is inferred that the last common archaeo-eukaryotic ancestor encoded a CMG complex that contained an active nuclease of the RecJ family. The inactivated RecJ homologs in several archaeal lineages most likely are dedicated structural components of replication complexes. Reviewers: This article was reviewed by Prof. Patrick Forterre, Dr. Stephen John Aves (nominated by Dr. Purificacion Lopez-Garcia) and Prof. Martijn Huynen. For the full reviews, see the Reviewers' Comments section. C1 [Makarova, Kira S.; Koonin, Eugene V.] NIH, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, NLM, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA. [Kelman, Zvi] Univ Maryland, NIST, Inst Biosci & Biotechnol Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Makarova, KS (reprint author), NIH, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, NLM, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA. EM makarova@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov FU NSF [MCB-0815646]; US Department of Health and Human Services (National Library of Medicine) FX This work was supported in part by NSF grant MCB-0815646 (to ZK). KSM and EVK are supported by the intramural funds of the US Department of Health and Human Services (National Library of Medicine). The identification of specific commercial software products in this paper is for the purpose of specifying a protocol, and does not imply a recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. NR 38 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 3 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 1745-6150 J9 BIOL DIRECT JI Biol. Direct PD FEB 13 PY 2012 VL 7 AR 7 DI 10.1186/1745-6150-7-7 PG 10 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 913FE UT WOS:000301860100001 PM 22329974 ER PT J AU Dyer, SD Tanner, MG Baek, B Hadfield, RH Nam, SW AF Dyer, Shellee D. Tanner, Michael G. Baek, Burm Hadfield, Robert H. Nam, Sae Woo TI Analysis of a distributed fiber-optic temperature sensor using single-photon detectors SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-FIBER AB We demonstrate a high-accuracy distributed fiber-optic temperature sensor using superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors and single-photon counting techniques. Our demonstration uses inexpensive single-mode fiber at standard telecommunications wavelengths as the sensing fiber, which enables extremely low-loss experiments and compatibility with existing fiber networks. We show that the uncertainty of the temperature measurement decreases with longer integration periods, but is ultimately limited by the calibration uncertainty. Temperature uncertainty on the order of 3 K is possible with spatial resolution of the order of 1 cm and integration period as small as 60 seconds. Also, we show that the measurement is subject to systematic uncertainties, such as polarization fading, which can be reduced with a polarization diversity receiver. (C) 2012 Optical Society of America C1 [Dyer, Shellee D.; Baek, Burm; Nam, Sae Woo] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Tanner, Michael G.; Hadfield, Robert H.] Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Engn & Phys Sci, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Dyer, SD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sdyer@boulder.nist.gov RI Hadfield, Robert/L-8081-2013; Tanner, Michael/A-4440-2012 OI Hadfield, Robert/0000-0002-8084-4187; FU UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; Royal Society FX The authors are grateful to the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) of Japan for providing SNSPDs for this experiment. MGT and RHH acknowledge funding from the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. RHH also acknowledges a Royal Society University Research Fellowship. The authors thank Robert Maier and Bill MacPherson for useful discussions. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 22 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD FEB 13 PY 2012 VL 20 IS 4 BP 3456 EP 3466 DI 10.1364/OE.20.003456 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA 902MH UT WOS:000301041900010 PM 22418104 ER PT J AU Stiehl, GM Doriese, WB Fowler, JW Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Schmidt, DR Swetz, DS Ullom, JN Vale, LR AF Stiehl, G. M. Doriese, W. B. Fowler, J. W. Hilton, G. C. Irwin, K. D. Reintsema, C. D. Schmidt, D. R. Swetz, D. S. Ullom, J. N. Vale, L. R. TI Code-division multiplexing for x-ray microcalorimeters SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ARRAYS AB We demonstrate the code-division multiplexing (CDM) readout of eight transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters. The energy resolution is 3.0 eV (full width at half-maximum) or better at 5.9 keV, with a best resolution of 2.3 eV and a mean of 2.6 eV over the seven modulated detectors. The flux-summing CDM system is described and compared with similar time-division multiplexing (TDM) readout. We show that the root N-pixels multiplexing disadvantage associated with TDM is not present in CDM. This demonstration establishes CDM as both a simple route to higher performance in existing TDM microcalorimetric experiments and a long-term approach to reaching higher multiplexing factors. [doi:10.1063/1.3684807] C1 [Stiehl, G. M.; Doriese, W. B.; Fowler, J. W.; Hilton, G. C.; Irwin, K. D.; Reintsema, C. D.; Schmidt, D. R.; Swetz, D. S.; Ullom, J. N.; Vale, L. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Stiehl, GM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway MS 817-03, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM joe.fowler@nist.gov FU NASA [NNG09WF27I]; American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Fellowship FX NASA grant NNG09WF27I and an American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Fellowship to J.F. supported this work. Contribution of NIST, not subject to copyright. NR 13 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 13 PY 2012 VL 100 IS 7 AR 072601 DI 10.1063/1.3684807 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 894OR UT WOS:000300436800049 ER PT J AU Riedl, S Lettner, M Vo, C Baur, S Rempe, G Durr, S AF Riedl, Stefan Lettner, Matthias Vo, Christoph Baur, Simon Rempe, Gerhard Duerr, Stephan TI Bose-Einstein condensate as a quantum memory for a photonic polarization qubit SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; OPTICAL INFORMATION; SPATIAL COHERENCE; ATOMIC VAPOR; STORAGE; LIGHT; PULSES; GAS AB A scheme based on electromagnetically induced transparency is used to store light in a Bose-Einstein condensate. In this process, a photonic polarization qubit is stored in atomic Zeeman states. The performance of the storage process is characterized and optimized. The average process fidelity is 1.000 +/- 0.004. For long storage times, temporal fluctuations of the magnetic field reduce this value, yielding a lifetime of the fidelity of (1.1 +/- 0.2) ms. The write-read efficiency of the pulse energy can reach 0.53 +/- 0.05. C1 [Riedl, Stefan; Lettner, Matthias; Vo, Christoph; Baur, Simon; Rempe, Gerhard; Duerr, Stephan] Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany. RP Riedl, S (reprint author), NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Durr, Stephan/C-3760-2017 OI Durr, Stephan/0000-0003-0811-6211 FU German Excellence Initiative through the Nanosystems Initiative Munich; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [SFB 631] FX We thank E. Figueroa and S. Ritter for discussions. This work was supported by the German Excellence Initiative through the Nanosystems Initiative Munich and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through SFB 631. NR 36 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB 13 PY 2012 VL 85 IS 2 AR 022318 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.85.022318 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 891RW UT WOS:000300235300009 ER PT J AU Delaire, O Stone, MB Ma, J Huq, A Gout, D Brown, C Wang, KF Ren, ZF AF Delaire, O. Stone, M. B. Ma, J. Huq, A. Gout, D. Brown, C. Wang, K. F. Ren, Z. F. TI Anharmonic phonons and magnons in BiFeO3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; MULTIFERROIC BIFEO3; RAMAN-SCATTERING; BISMUTH FERRITE; CRYSTAL; DIFFRACTION; SYMMETRY; DYNAMICS AB The phonon density of states (DOS) and magnetic excitation spectrum of polycrystalline BiFeO3 were measured for temperatures 200 <= T <= 750 K, using inelastic neutron scattering (INS). Our results indicate that the magnetic spectrum of BiFeO3 closely resembles that of similar Fe perovskites, such as LaFeO3, despite the cycloid modulation in BiFeO3. We do not find any evidence for a spin gap. A strong T dependence of the phonon DOS was found, with a marked broadening of the whole spectrum, providing evidence of strong anharmonicity. This anharmonicity is corroborated by large-amplitude motions of Bi and O ions observed with neutron diffraction. A clear anomaly is seen in the T dependence of Bi-dominated modes across the Neel transition. These results highlight the importance of spin-phonon coupling in this material. C1 [Delaire, O.; Stone, M. B.; Ma, J.; Huq, A.; Gout, D.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Brown, C.] NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Wang, K. F.; Ren, Z. F.] Boston Coll, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02467 USA. RP Delaire, O (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Stone, Matthew/G-3275-2011; BL18, ARCS/A-3000-2012; Ma, Jie/C-1637-2013; Ren, Zhifeng/B-4275-2014; Wang, Kefeng/E-7683-2011; Brown, Craig/B-5430-2009; Huq, Ashfia/J-8772-2013 OI Stone, Matthew/0000-0001-7884-9715; Wang, Kefeng/0000-0002-8449-9720; Brown, Craig/0000-0002-9637-9355; Huq, Ashfia/0000-0002-8445-9649 FU Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy; National Science Foundation [DMR-0944772]; US Department of Energy [DOE DE-FG02-00ER45805] FX The Research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Spallation Neutron Source was sponsored by the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy. This work utilized facilities supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Agreement No. DMR-0944772. The work performed at Boston College is funded by the US Department of Energy under Contract No. DOE DE-FG02-00ER45805 (Z.F.R.). NR 37 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 6 U2 56 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB 13 PY 2012 VL 85 IS 6 AR 064405 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.064405 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 891SZ UT WOS:000300238200007 ER PT J AU Kot, BW Sears, R Anis, A Nowacek, DP Gedamke, J Marshall, CD AF Kot, Brian W. Sears, Richard Anis, Ayal Nowacek, Douglas P. Gedamke, Jason Marshall, Christopher D. TI Behavioral responses of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) to experimental fishing gear in a coastal environment SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Behavior; Entanglements; Fishing gear; Minke whale; Sensory capabilities; Vocalizations ID HUMPBACK WHALES; ENTANGLEMENTS; IDENTIFICATION; BALEEN; TRAINS; OCEAN; BLUE; SIZE AB Whale entanglement in fishing gear is a global problem, and underwater ropes associated with this gear are often the cause of injuries that can lead to fatalities. Minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) are especially at risk because they are relatively small, widely distributed, and often occur in coastal habitats where many types of fishing gear are deployed. It is unknown whether minke whales can detect and avoid ropes associated with fishing gear. To address this question we conducted a series of field experiments to measure behavioral responses of nearshore minke whales to underwater ropes simulating crab and whelk fishing gear. We also investigated correlations between whale behaviors and specific environmental variables. Our methods involved both visual and acoustic monitoring of whale behaviors near experimental ropes and buoys of different colors. A remote sensing system was also used to simultaneously monitor oceanographic conditions, record underwater sounds, and capture underwater video of whales swimming near ropes. Minke whales (N=42) decreased their swimming velocity and altered their bearing when passing near experimental ropes, especially during trials with white and black ropes. Some minkes (N=7) also altered their underwater swimming trajectories when passing near ropes, and often appeared to produce low-frequency vocalizations. Collectively this information provides strong evidence that minke whales detect and react behaviorally to the presence of underwater ropes that simulate fishing gear in nearshore areas. We hypothesize that visual and perhaps passive acoustic sensory abilities may be the mechanisms behind these rope avoidance behaviors. We recommend that high contrast ropes (white and black) be used with fishing gear in coastal areas to help minimize entanglements of minke and perhaps other whale species. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Kot, Brian W.; Marshall, Christopher D.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Marine Biol, Galveston, TX 77553 USA. [Kot, Brian W.; Sears, Richard] Mingan Isl Cetacean Study Inc, Quebec City, PQ G0G 1V0, Canada. [Anis, Ayal] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 78433 USA. [Anis, Ayal] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Marine Sci, Galveston, TX 77553 USA. [Nowacek, Douglas P.] Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. [Gedamke, Jason] NOAA, Ocean Acoust Program, Off Sci & Technol, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Marshall, Christopher D.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 78433 USA. RP Kot, BW (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Marine Biol, 200 Seawolf Pkwy, Galveston, TX 77553 USA. EM kotb@tamug.edu FU National Fish and Wildlife Foundation [2010-0073-006]; U.S. Marine Mammal Commission [2010-0073-006]; Department of Marine Biology at Texas AM University FX We thank all participating personnel from the Mingan Island Cetacean Study, Inc. (MICS) and Duke University Marine Lab for their logistical assistance in this project. We also thank the undergraduate research assistants in the Ecomorphology and Comparative Physiology Lab at Texas A&M University for their annotation of video footage. Bill Russell was central to camera pod fabrication. Julien Delarue and Jonathan Vallarta of JASCO Research, Ltd. provided helpful guidance with acoustic equipment preparations and field configurations. All field research was conducted under Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada research permit to MICS (QUE03-2010). Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee permits were approved through Texas A&M University (#2010-81). Funding for this project was provided to BWK by a collaborative program between National Fish and Wildlife Foundation and the U.S. Marine Mammal Commission (project #2010-0073-006), and the Department of Marine Biology at Texas A&M University. [RH] NR 41 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD FEB 10 PY 2012 VL 413 BP 13 EP 20 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2011.11.018 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 902IJ UT WOS:000301031500003 ER PT J AU Long, WC Hines, AH AF Long, William Christopher Hines, Anson H. TI Scale and the guild functional response: Density-dependent predation varies with plot size SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Density-dependent effects; Functional response; Mercenaria mercenaria; Predation; Spatial scale ID CRABS CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; BLUE CRABS; PATCH SIZE; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; FISH POPULATIONS; PREY MORTALITY; INTERFERENCE; PATTERNS; BIVALVE; LANDSCAPE AB The predator functional response is an important mechanism determining the persistence of prey species; however, little is known about the effects of spatial scale on the functional response. We used a manipulative field experiment to quantify the effects of plot size on the guild functional response on the clam Mercenaria mercenaria, replicating the experiment in the summer in Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, and in the spring and fall in Indian River Lagoon, Florida, to examine the effects of predator and alternative prey abundance. In Virginia, the predation rate increased with both patch size and predator density, and was described by a modified sigmoid Type III functional response model that incorporated the effects of patch size. In Florida in the spring, the predator functional response was a Type III and did not vary with plot size, but in the fall it was a linear Type I at small plot sizes, and a Type III at a larger plot size. We hypothesize that the difference is primarily driven by changes in predator abundance and species between sites. In showing that the functional response can vary with plot size and season, our results indicate that small-scale experiments do not always scale up spatially or temporally. We suggest that the predictive power of such experiments may be limited by the complexity of the food web. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Long, William Christopher; Hines, Anson H.] Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. RP Long, WC (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Kodiak Lab, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr,Natl Marine Fisheries Se, 301 Res Court, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. EM Chris.Long@noaa.gov RI Long, William/C-7074-2009 OI Long, William/0000-0002-7095-1245 FU PADI Foundation; Smithsonian Marine Science Network; NOAA Chesapeake Bay Program Office to the Blue Crab Advanced Research Consortium FX We thank J. Majoris, B. Tunberg, S. Reed, M. Jones, M. Stevens, E. Linley, J. Lin, H. Reichardt, M. Luckenbach and all the staff and scientists at the Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, Florida, and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science's Eastern Shore Laboratory for help with planning, field work, and laboratory work. We thank Judge Northam for letting us use his property and boat ramp. We thank Cherrystone Aquafarms and Clams R Us for providing clams. Critical comments on earlier versions of this paper by J. Long, R. Foy, the AFSC publications office, and anonymous reviewers substantially improved the manuscript. Funding was provided by a grant from the PADI Foundation to WCL, a Smithsonian Marine Science Network Postdoctoral Fellowship to WCL, and from the NOAA Chesapeake Bay Program Office to the Blue Crab Advanced Research Consortium. The findings and conclusions in the paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. [ST] NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD FEB 10 PY 2012 VL 413 BP 50 EP 55 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2011.11.015 PG 6 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 902IJ UT WOS:000301031500008 ER PT J AU Shaw, JM Nembach, HT Silva, TJ AF Shaw, Justin M. Nembach, Hans T. Silva, T. J. TI Determination of spin pumping as a source of linewidth in sputtered Co90Fe10/Pd multilayers by use of broadband ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID PERPENDICULAR MAGNETIC-ANISOTROPY; CO/PT MULTILAYERS; CO/NI MULTILAYERS; DAMPING CONSTANT; EXCHANGE; FILMS; MICROSTRUCTURE; SCATTERING; REVERSAL; BILAYERS AB We performed a systematic study of damping in Co90Fe10/Pd multilayers by use of broadband (1-60 GHz) ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectroscopy in the perpendicular geometry. The data were fitted with the conventional Landau-Lifshitz equation in conjunction with an inhomogeneous contribution to linewidth Delta H-0. Samples were prepared with net perpendicular anisotropy field values ranging from -0.5 to + 1.2 T. Delta H-0 shows a dependence on the perpendicular anisotropy, though the Landau-Lifshitz damping parameter alpha, which ranged from 0.016 to 0.04, exhibits no trend as a function of anisotropy. We explain the wide variation of alpha as a result of spin pumping from Co90Fe10 into adjacent nonmagnetic layers. We use a quantitative model for spin pumping that includes the intrinsic spin-mixing conductance at the Co90Fe10/Pd interface and the spin-diffusion length of Pd, which were experimentally measured at room temperature to be (1.07 +/- 0.13) x 10(19) m(-2) and 8.6 +/- 1.0 nm, respectively. We quantitatively show how alpha is enhanced by spin pumping through an FMR investigation of individual Pd/CoFe/Pd, and Pd/CoFe/Pd/CoFe/Pd layer structures. C1 [Shaw, Justin M.; Nembach, Hans T.; Silva, T. J.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Shaw, JM (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM justin.shaw@nist.gov RI Shaw, Justin/C-1845-2008; Gastelois, Pedro/F-3891-2012; Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013 OI Shaw, Justin/0000-0003-2027-1521; Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642 NR 51 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 4 U2 44 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB 10 PY 2012 VL 85 IS 5 AR 054412 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.054412 PG 10 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 889PJ UT WOS:000300085400003 ER PT J AU Killgore, JP Hurley, DC AF Killgore, Jason P. Hurley, Donna C. TI Low-force AFM nanomechanics with higher-eigenmode contact resonance spectroscopy SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICROSCOPE CANTILEVERS; ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY; VIBRATION AB Atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods for quantitative measurements of elastic modulus on stiff (>10 GPa) materials typically require tip-sample contact forces in the range from hundreds of nanonewtons to a few micronewtons. Such large forces can cause sample damage and preclude direct measurement of ultrathin films or nanofeatures. Here, we present a contact resonance spectroscopy AFM technique that utilizes a cantilever's higher flexural eigenmodes to enable modulus measurements with contact forces as low as 10 nN, even on stiff materials. Analysis with a simple analytical beam model of spectra for a compliant cantilever's fourth and fifth flexural eigenmodes in contact yielded good agreement with bulk measurements of modulus on glass samples in the 50-75 GPa range. In contrast, corresponding analysis of the conventionally used first and second eigenmode spectra gave poor agreement under the experimental conditions. We used finite element analysis to understand the dynamic contact response of a cantilever with a physically realistic geometry. Compared to lower eigenmodes, the results from higher modes are less affected by model parameters such as lateral stiffness that are either unknown or not considered in the analytical model. Overall, the technique enables local mechanical characterization of materials previously inaccessible to AFM-based nanomechanics methods. C1 [Killgore, Jason P.; Hurley, Donna C.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Killgore, Jason P.] Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Killgore, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM jason.killgore@nist.gov NR 30 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 28 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD FEB 10 PY 2012 VL 23 IS 5 AR 055702 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/23/5/055702 PG 10 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 879FV UT WOS:000299316000016 PM 22236758 ER PT J AU Cygan, A Lisak, D Wojtewicz, S Domyslawska, J Hodges, JT Trawinski, RS Ciurylo, R AF Cygan, A. Lisak, D. Wojtewicz, S. Domyslawska, J. Hodges, J. T. Trawinski, R. S. Ciurylo, R. TI High-signal-to-noise-ratio laser technique for accurate measurements of spectral line parameters SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID DEPENDENT COLLISIONAL WIDTH; HIGH-RESOLUTION; CAVITY RING; LINESHAPE MODELS; FUNDAMENTAL-BAND; A-BAND; SYMMETRIZATION POSTULATE; SPIN-0 PARTICLES; BROADENED HF; H2O LINES AB An experiment enabling extremely high signal-to-noise ratios in the measurement of spectral line shapes is described. This approach, which combines high-bandwidth locking of a continuous wave probe laser and the frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy technique, enables long-term signal averaging and yields high-resolution spectra with a relatively wide dynamic range and low detection limit. By probing rovibronic transitions of the O-16(2) B band near lambda = 689 nm, exceptionally precise measurements of absorption line shape and line position are demonstrated. A signal-to-noise ratio of 220 000 and a minimum detectable absorption coefficient of 2.4 x 10(-11) cm(-1) is reported, which corresponds to the lowest line intensity measurable by this setup of approximately 1.3 x 10(-30) cm(- 1)/(molecule cm(-2)). Careful analysis of the data revealed a subtle line-shape asymmetry that could be explained by the speed dependence of the collisional shift. The demonstrated measurement precision enables the quantification of systematic line-shape deviations, which were approximately 1 part in 80 000 of the peak absorption. The influence of slowly drifting etaloning effects on the precision of the line-shape analysis is discussed. How this method can enable experiments that address a number of fundamental physical problems including the accurate optical measurement of the Boltzmann constant and tests of the symmetrization postulate is also discussed. C1 [Cygan, A.; Lisak, D.; Wojtewicz, S.; Domyslawska, J.; Trawinski, R. S.; Ciurylo, R.] Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika, Inst Fiz, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. [Hodges, J. T.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cygan, A (reprint author), Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika, Inst Fiz, Ul Grudziadzka 5-7, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. RI Cygan, Agata/E-1393-2014; Lisak, Daniel/E-1470-2014; Trawinski, Ryszard /G-3523-2014; Ciurylo, Roman/G-8680-2014; Domyslawska, Jolanta/H-7167-2014; Wojtewicz, Szymon/A-5425-2015 FU Polish MNISW [N N202 1255 35]; Foundation for Polish Science TEAM; EU; Polish NCN [N N202 2392 40]; National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) FX We would like to thank Dr. Alan S. Pine for valuable discussions and critical comments on this work. The research is part of the program of the National Laboratory FAMO in Torun, Poland, and is supported by the Polish MNISW, Project No. N N202 1255 35. The research was partially supported by the Foundation for Polish Science TEAM Project co-financed by the EU European Regional Development Fund. A.C. is supported by the Polish NCN, Project No. N N202 2392 40. J.T.H. was supported in part by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Greenhouse Gas and Climate Science Measurements Program. NR 91 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 36 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB 9 PY 2012 VL 85 IS 2 AR 022508 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.85.022508 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 889OF UT WOS:000300082300002 ER PT J AU Holman, KD Gronewold, A Notaro, M Zarrin, A AF Holman, K. D. Gronewold, A. Notaro, M. Zarrin, A. TI Improving historical precipitation estimates over the Lake Superior basin SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GREAT-LAKES; REGIONAL CLIMATE; SIMULATION; IMPACTS; SYSTEM AB Lake Superior, the northern-most of the Laurentian Great Lakes, is the largest (by surface area) freshwater lake on the planet. Due in part to its high water surface to land area ratio, over one-third of the Lake Superior basin water budget is derived from precipitation falling directly on the lake surface. For most of the Great Lakes (including Lake Superior), historical precipitation estimates extend back to the early 1880s, and are based primarily on land-based gauge measurements. While alternatives to gauge-based estimates have been explored, there is no clear history of applying regional climate models (RCMs) to improve historical over-lake precipitation estimates. To address this gap in regional research, and to advance the state-of-the-art in Great Lakes regional hydrological modeling, we compare 21 years of output (1980-2000) from an RCM to conventional gauge-based precipitation estimates for the same time period over the Lake Superior basin. We find that the RCM, unlike the gauge-based method, simulates realistic variations in over-lake atmospheric stability, which propagate into basin-wide precipitation estimates with a relatively low over-lake to over-land precipitation ratio in warm months (roughly 0.7 to 0.8 in June, July, and August) and a relatively high over-lake to over-land precipitation ratio in cold months (roughly 1.3 to 1.4 in December and January), compared to gauge-based estimates. Our findings underscore a need to potentially update historical gauge-based precipitation estimates for large lake systems, including Lake Superior, and that RCMs appear to provide a robust and defensible basis for making those updates. Citation: Holman, K. D., A. Gronewold, M. Notaro, and A. Zarrin (2012), Improving historical precipitation estimates over the Lake Superior basin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L03405, doi:10.1029/2011GL050468. C1 [Holman, K. D.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Holman, K. D.; Notaro, M.] Univ Wisconsin, Nelson Inst Ctr Climat Res, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Gronewold, A.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. [Zarrin, A.] Ferdowsi Univ Mashhad, Dept Geog, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran. RP Holman, KD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM kdholman@wisc.edu OI Gronewold, Andrew/0000-0002-3576-2529 FU CILER; EPA through the Michigan DNR; NOAA CCDD FX Funding for this research was provided by the CILER Summer Fellowship Program, EPA through the Michigan DNR, and NOAA CCDD. Computational resources were provided through the Teragrid by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the University of Texas at Austin. The NOAA CoastWatch program provided the GLSEA data. The authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions, Tim Hunter from NOAA-GLERL for providing access to the Thiessen polygon precipitation dataset and Val Bennington for important suggestions. This paper is GLERL contribution 1614. Nelson Institute Center for Climatic Research publication 1072. NR 34 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 9 PY 2012 VL 39 AR L03405 DI 10.1029/2011GL050468 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 891UB UT WOS:000300241000005 ER PT J AU Codrescu, MV Negrea, C Fedrizzi, M Fuller-Rowell, TJ Dobin, A Jakowsky, N Khalsa, H Matsuo, T Maruyama, N AF Codrescu, Mihail V. Negrea, Catalin Fedrizzi, Mariangel Fuller-Rowell, T. J. Dobin, Alison Jakowsky, Norbert Khalsa, Hargobind Matsuo, Tomoko Maruyama, Naomi TI A real-time run of the Coupled Thermosphere Ionosphere Plasmasphere Electrodynamics (CTIPe) model SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; MIGRATING SOLAR TIDES; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; LATITUDE THERMOSPHERE; DYNAMICS; DRIFT AB The availability of unprecedented amounts of real-time data from Global Navigation Satellite Systems and ionosondes coupled with new and more stringent requirements for specification and forecast of the neutral and electron densities in the thermosphere-ionosphere system are driving a new wave of development in data assimilation schemes for the thermosphere and ionosphere. However, such schemes require accurate knowledge of any biases affecting the state-propagating models, and characterizing such biases involves significant effort. A first step in the estimation of the model biases, a steady state neutral temperature comparison with the empirical Mass Spectrometer Incoherent Scatter model, was published in Space Weather in 2008. Here we present another step in the validation of the Coupled Thermosphere Ionosphere Plasmasphere Electrodynamics (CTIPe) general circulation model in preparation for its future inclusion in a data assimilation scheme. We describe an implementation of the model at the Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) and present real-time comparisons between CTIPe and GPS total electron content and F-2 layer ionosonde measurements. The CTIPe results are generated automatically about 20 min ahead of real time. The model inputs are based on NASA's Advanced Composition Explorer and F10.7 data available in the SWPC database. The results and the comparison with measurements for the current 2-week period are available at http://helios.swpc.noaa.gov/ctipe/. The results are quite encouraging and offer hope that physics-based models can compete with empirical models during quiet times and have tremendous potential to provide more reliable forecasts during periods of geomagnetic disturbance. C1 [Codrescu, Mihail V.; Negrea, Catalin; Fedrizzi, Mariangel; Fuller-Rowell, T. J.; Dobin, Alison; Khalsa, Hargobind; Matsuo, Tomoko; Maruyama, Naomi] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Negrea, Catalin; Fedrizzi, Mariangel; Fuller-Rowell, T. J.; Dobin, Alison; Khalsa, Hargobind; Matsuo, Tomoko; Maruyama, Naomi] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Jakowsky, Norbert] German Aerosp Ctr, Inst Commun & Nav, D-17235 Neustrelitz, Germany. RP Codrescu, MV (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Space Weather Predict Ctr, W NP9,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Mihail.Codrescu@noaa.gov RI Fedrizzi, Mariangel/C-6493-2012; Negrea, Catalin/A-4321-2017 FU National Science Foundation [0642453] FX This research was supported in part by National Science Foundation award 0642453. NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD FEB 9 PY 2012 VL 10 AR S02001 DI 10.1029/2011SW000736 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 891SK UT WOS:000300236700001 ER PT J AU Patridge, CJ Whittaker, L Ravel, B Banerjee, S AF Patridge, Christopher J. Whittaker, Luisa Ravel, Bruce Banerjee, Sarbajit TI Elucidating the Influence of Local Structure Perturbations on the Metal-Insulator Transitions of V1-xMoxO2 Nanowires: Mechanistic Insights from an X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID SOL-GEL METHOD; DOPED VANADIUM DIOXIDE; PHASE-TRANSITION; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; THIN-FILMS; VO2; TEMPERATURE; SPECTRA; COATINGS; TUNGSTEN AB The substitutional doping of Mo within VO2 substantially alters the electronic and structural phase diagrams of the host lattice, most notably by bringing the technologically relevant metal-insulator phase transition temperature in closer proximity to room temperature. Here, we have used X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy at V and Mo K-edges to examine the local electronic and geometric structure of both the dopant atoms and the host lattice. A nominal Mo oxidation state of +5 has been determined, which implies electron doping of the VO2 band structure. In addition, XAFS studies suggest that doping with Mo creates locally symmetric domains that are more akin to the high-temperature rutile phase of VO2, thereby lowering activation energy barriers for structural transformation to the metallic phase. Substantial rectification of octahedral canting is also observed upon Mo doping, which has the effect of decreasing V 3d-O 2p hybridization and likely assists in closing the characteristic band gap of the low-temperature monoclinic phase. A correlated set of cationic interactions is seen to emerge with increasing Mo doping, which can be ascribed to local dimerization along the rutile c axis as has been proposed to be a characteristic structural feature of a correlated metallic phase with intermediate mass. C1 [Patridge, Christopher J.; Whittaker, Luisa; Banerjee, Sarbajit] SUNY Buffalo, Dept Chem, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. [Ravel, Bruce] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Measurement Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Banerjee, S (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Chem, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. EM sb244@buffalo.edu FU National Science Foundation [DMR 0847169]; Research Corporation for Science Advancement; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-98CH10886] FX This work was primarily supported by the National Science Foundation under DMR 0847169 and the Research Corporation for Science Advancement through a Cottrell Scholar Fellowship. Certain commercial names are presented in this manuscript for purposes of illustration and do not constitute an endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Use of the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. NR 45 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 43 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD FEB 9 PY 2012 VL 116 IS 5 BP 3728 EP 3736 DI 10.1021/jp2091335 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 888DZ UT WOS:000299985300065 ER PT J AU Smith, MB Gupta, HV AF Smith, Michael B. Gupta, Hoshin V. TI The Distributed Model Intercomparison Project (DMIP) - Phase 2 experiments in the Oklahoma Region, USA Preface SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Smith, Michael B.] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Gupta, Hoshin V.] Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Smith, MB (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, 1325 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM michael.smith@noaa.gov; hoshin.gupta@hwr.arizona.edu RI Gupta, Hoshin/D-1642-2010 OI Gupta, Hoshin/0000-0001-9855-2839 NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD FEB 8 PY 2012 VL 418 BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.09.036 PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 904AF UT WOS:000301165300001 ER PT J AU Smith, MB Koren, V Reed, S Zhang, ZY Zhang, Y Moreda, F Cui, ZT Mizukami, N Anderson, EA Cosgrove, BA AF Smith, Michael B. Koren, Victor Reed, Seann Zhang, Ziya Zhang, Yu Moreda, Fekadu Cui, Zhengtao Mizukami, Naoki Anderson, Eric A. Cosgrove, Brian A. TI The distributed model intercomparison project - Phase 2: Motivation and design of the Oklahoma experiments SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Distributed hydrologic model; Rainfall runoff; Hillslope routing; Channel routing; Streamflow simulation; Lumped model ID ASSIMILATION SYSTEM NLDAS; MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION; SOIL-MOISTURE; HYDROLOGIC MODEL; STREAMFLOW SIMULATION; RIVER-BASIN; AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION; WATER-BALANCE; SURFACE; NEXRAD AB The Office of Hydrologic Development (OHD) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS) conducted the second phase of the Distributed Model Intercomparison Project (DMIP 2). After DMIP 1, the NWS recognized the need for additional science experiments to guide its research-to-operations path towards advanced hydrologic models for river and water resources forecasting. This was accentuated by the need to develop a broader spectrum of water resources forecasting products (such as soil moisture) in addition to the more traditional river, flash flood, and water supply forecasts. As it did for DMIP 1, the NWS sought the input and contributions from the hydrologic research community. DMIP 1 showed that using operational precipitation data, some distributed models could indeed perform as well as lumped models in several basins and better than lumped models for one basin. However, in general, the improvements were more limited than anticipated by the scientific community. Models combining so-called conceptual rainfall-runoff mechanisms with physically-based routing schemes achieved the best overall performance. Clear gains were achieved through calibration of model parameters, with the average performance of calibrated models being better than uncalibrated models. DMIP 1 experiments were hampered by temporally-inconsistent precipitation data and few runoff events in the verification period for some basins. Greater uncertainty in modeling small basins was noted, pointing to the need for additional tests of nested basins of various sizes. DMIP 2 experiments in the Oklahoma (OK) region were more comprehensive than in DMIP 1, and were designed to improve our understanding beyond what was learned in DMIP 1. Many more stream gauges were located, allowing for more rigorous testing of simulations at interior points. These included two new gauged interior basins that had drainage areas smaller than the smallest in DMIP 1. Soil moisture and routing experiments were added to further assess if distributed models could accurately model basin-interior processes. A longer period of higher quality precipitation data was available, and facilitated a test to note the impacts of data quality on model calibration. Moreover, the DMIP 2 calibration and verification periods contained more runoff events for analysis. Two lumped models were used to define a robust benchmark for evaluating the improvement of distributed models compared to lumped models. Fourteen groups participated in DMIP 2 using a total of sixteen models. Ten of these models were not in DMIP 1. This paper presents the motivation for DMIP 2 Oklahoma experiments, discusses the major project elements, and describes the data and models used. In addition, the paper introduces the findings, which are covered in a companion results paper (Smith et al., this issue). Lastly, the paper summarizes the DMIP 1 and 2 experiments with commentary from the NWS perspective. Future papers will cover the DMIP 2 experiments in the western USA mountainous basins. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Smith, Michael B.; Koren, Victor; Reed, Seann; Zhang, Ziya; Zhang, Yu; Cui, Zhengtao; Mizukami, Naoki; Anderson, Eric A.; Cosgrove, Brian A.] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Moreda, Fekadu] RTI Int, Water & Ecosyst Management, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Smith, MB (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, 1325 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM michael.smith@noaa.gov RI Mizukami, Naoki/J-7027-2015 NR 117 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD FEB 8 PY 2012 VL 418 BP 3 EP 16 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.08.055 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 904AF UT WOS:000301165300002 ER PT J AU Smith, MB Koren, V Zhang, ZY Zhang, Y Reed, SM Cui, ZT Moreda, F Cosgrove, BA Mizukami, N Anderson, EA AF Smith, Michael B. Koren, Victor Zhang, Ziya Zhang, Yu Reed, Seann M. Cui, Zhengtao Moreda, Fekadu Cosgrove, Brian A. Mizukami, Naoki Anderson, Eric A. CA DMIP 2 Participants TI Results of the DMIP 2 Oklahoma experiments SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Distributed hydrologic modeling; Model intercomparison; Rainfall-runoff; Hydrologic simulation; Soil moisture; Channel routing ID RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELS; DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGIC MODEL; AMPT INFILTRATION PARAMETERS; RIVER-BASIN EXPERIMENT; WATER-BALANCE MODEL; SOIL-MOISTURE; AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION; STREAMFLOW SIMULATION; GRIDDED PRECIPITATION; MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES AB Phase 2 of the Distributed Model Intercomparison Project (DMIP 2) was formulated primarily as a mechanism to help guide the US National Weather Service (NWS) as it expands its use of spatially distributed watershed models for operational river, flash flood, and water resources forecasting. The overall purpose of DMIP 2 was to test many distributed models with operational quality data with a view towards meeting NWS operational forecasting needs. At the same time, DMIP 2 was formulated as an experiment that could be leveraged by the broader scientific community as a platform for testing, evaluating, and improving the science of spatially distributed models. This paper presents the key results of the DMIP 2 experiments conducted for the Oklahoma region, which included comparison of lumped and distributed model simulations generated with uncalibrated and calibrated parameters, water balance tests, routing and soil moisture tests, and simulations at interior locations. Simulations from 14 independent groups and 16 models are analyzed. As in DMIP 1, the participant simulations were evaluated against observed hourly streamflow data and compared with simulations generated by the NWS operational lumped model. A wide range of statistical measures are used to evaluate model performance on both run-period and event basis. A noteworthy improvement in DMIP 2 was the combined use of two lumped models to form the benchmark for event improvement statistics, where improvement was measured in terms of runoff volume, peak flow, and peak timing for between 20 and 40 events in each basin. Results indicate that in general, those spatially distributed models that are calibrated to perform well for basin outlet simulations also, in general, perform well at interior points whose drainage areas cover a wide range of scales. Two of the models were able to provide reasonable estimates of soil moisture versus depth over a wide geographic domain and through a period containing two severe droughts. In several parent and interior basins, a few uncalibrated spatially distributed models were able to achieve better goodness-of-fit statistics than other calibrated distributed models, highlighting the strength of those model structures combined with their a priori parameters. In general, calibration solely at basin outlets alone was not able to greatly improve relative model performance beyond that established by using uncalibrated a priori parameters. Further, results from the experiment for returning DMIP 1 participants reinforce the need for stationary data for model calibration: in some cases, the improvements gained by distributed models compared to lumped were not realized when the models were calibrated using inconsistent precipitation data from DMIP 1. Event-average improvement of distributed models over the combined lumped benchmark was measured in terms of runoff volume, peak flow, and peak timing for between 20 and 40 events. The percentage of model-basin pairs having positive distributed model improvement at basin outlets and interior points was 18%, 24%, and 28% respectively, for these quantities. These values correspond to 14%, 33%, and 22% respectively, in DMIP 1. While there may not seem to be much gain compared to DMIP 1 results, the DMIP 2 values were based on more precipitation-runoff events, more model-basin combinations (148 versus 51), more interior ungauged points (9 versus 3), and a benchmark comprised of two lumped model simulations. In addition, we propose a set of statistical measures that can be used to guide the calibration of distributed and lumped models for operational forecasting. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Smith, Michael B.; Koren, Victor; Zhang, Ziya; Zhang, Yu; Reed, Seann M.; Cui, Zhengtao; Cosgrove, Brian A.; Mizukami, Naoki; Anderson, Eric A.] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Moreda, Fekadu] RTI Int, Water & Ecosyst Management, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Smith, MB (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, 1325 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM michael.smith@noaa.gov RI Safari, Ali/F-6313-2012; Tian, Fuqiang/M-9958-2013; Mizukami, Naoki/J-7027-2015 OI Safari, Ali/0000-0002-7923-3186; Tian, Fuqiang/0000-0001-9414-7019; NR 153 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD FEB 8 PY 2012 VL 418 BP 17 EP 48 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.08.056 PG 32 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 904AF UT WOS:000301165300003 ER PT J AU Safari, A De Smedt, F Moreda, F AF Safari, Alireza De Smedt, F. Moreda, Fekadu TI WetSpa model application in the Distributed Model Intercomparison Project (DMIP2) SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE WetSpa; DMIP; NEXRAD rainfall data; Streamflow simulation; PEST; Ungaged basin ID HYDROLOGIC MODEL; CALIBRATION; CONSTRUCTION; VALIDATION; SIMULATION; ALGORITHM; INDEX; BASIN AB This paper describes the application of a spatially distributed hydrologic model (WetSpa) Water and Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere, for the second phase of the Distributed Model Intercomparison Project (DMIP2) study. The model implementation is based on 30-m spatial resolution and 1 h time-step for all basins and interior watersheds involved in the DMIP study. Rainfall inputs are derived from Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD). The distributed model parameters are based on an extensive database of watershed characteristics available for the region, including digital maps of topography, soil type, and landuse. The model is calibrated and validated on part of the river flow records for each basin and applied to the smaller interior watersheds not used in calibration to assess the model performance in ungaged basins. The statistics improve significantly with calibration of the global model parameters but even for uncalibrated simulations, the WetSpa model reproduces flow rates of acceptable accuracy for most cases. To evaluate the model performance during calibration and validation periods, an Aggregated Measure (AM) is introduced that measures different aspects of the simulated hydrograph such as shape, size and volume. The statistics for the five calibration basins show that the model produces very good to excellent results for the calibration period. With the exception of Blue River basin, the overall model performance for the validation period remains good to very good, indicating that the model is able to simulate the relevant hydrologic processes in the basins accurately. The performance of the uncalibrated model for the subcatchments is more variable, but the hourly flow rates generally reproduced with reasonable accuracy indicating an encouraging performance of the model. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Safari, Alireza; De Smedt, F.] Vrije Univ Brussel, Dept Hydrol & Hydraul Engn, Brussels, Belgium. [Moreda, Fekadu] Riverside Technol Inc, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Moreda, Fekadu] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Safari, A (reprint author), Vrije Univ Brussel, Dept Hydrol & Hydraul Engn, Brussels, Belgium. EM asafarim@vub.ac.be RI Safari, Ali/F-6313-2012; OI Safari, Ali/0000-0002-7923-3186; De Smedt, Florimond/0000-0002-4075-788X NR 38 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD FEB 8 PY 2012 VL 418 BP 78 EP 89 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.04.001 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 904AF UT WOS:000301165300006 ER PT J AU Ma, HR Gibson, EA Dittmer, PJ Jimenez, R Palmer, AE AF Ma, Hairong Gibson, Emily A. Dittmer, Philip J. Jimenez, Ralph Palmer, Amy E. TI High-Throughput Examination of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Detected Metal-Ion Response in Mammalian Cells SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID GENETICALLY ENCODED SENSORS; CA2+ INDICATORS; LIVING CELLS; MICROFLUIDICS; KINETICS; PHYSICS AB Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based genetically encoded metal-ion sensors are important tools for studying metal-ion dynamics in live cells. We present a time-resolved microfluidic flow cytometer capable of characterizing the FRET-based dynamic response of metal-ion sensors in mammalian cells at a throughput of 15 cells/s with a time window encompassing a few milliseconds to a few seconds after mixing of cells with exogenous ligands. We have used the instrument to examine the cellular heterogeneity of Zn2+ and Ca2+ sensor FRET response amplitudes and demonstrated that the cluster maps of the Zn2+ sensor FRET changes resolve multiple subpopulations. We have also measured the in vivo sensor response kinetics induced by changes in Zn2+ and Ca2+ concentrations. We observed an similar to 30 fold difference between the extracellular and intracellular sensors. C1 [Ma, Hairong; Gibson, Emily A.; Dittmer, Philip J.; Jimenez, Ralph; Palmer, Amy E.] Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Ma, Hairong; Jimenez, Ralph] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Ma, Hairong; Jimenez, Ralph] NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Jimenez, R (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Campus Box 215, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM rjimenez@jilau1.colorado.edu; amy.palmer@colorado.edu FU CU-NIST; NIH [GM083849, GM084027]; JILA Physics Frontier Center; Biophysics Training Grant [T32 GM-065103] FX We acknowledge financial support from a CU-NIST seed grant, from NIH Grants GM083849 (to A.E.P. and R.J.) and GM084027 (to A.E.P.), and from the JILA Physics Frontier Center (to R.J.). R.J. is a staff member in the Quantum Physics Division of NIST. P.J.D. was supported by a Biophysics Training Grant (T32 GM-065103). NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 32 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD FEB 8 PY 2012 VL 134 IS 5 BP 2488 EP 2491 DI 10.1021/ja2101592 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 894XK UT WOS:000300460600011 PM 22260720 ER PT J AU Pfefferkorn, CM Heinrich, F Sodt, AJ Maltsev, AS Pastor, RW Lee, JC AF Pfefferkorn, Candace M. Heinrich, Frank Sodt, Alexander J. Maltsev, Alexander S. Pastor, Richard W. Lee, Jennifer C. TI Depth of alpha-Synuclein in a Bilayer Determined by Fluorescence, Neutron Reflectometry, and Computation SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; SOLUTION NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; PULSED ESR MEASUREMENTS; PARKINSONS-DISEASE; TRYPTOPHAN FLUORESCENCE; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; IN-VITRO; VESICLE PERMEABILIZATION; PHOSPHOLIPID-BINDING; MEMBRANE INTERACTION AB alpha-Synuclein (alpha-syn) membrane interactions are implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Fluorescence and neutron reflectometry (NR) measurements reveal that alpha-syn penetrates similar to 9-14 angstrom into the outer leaflet of the bilayer, with a substantial portion of the membrane-bound polypeptide extending into the aqueous solvent. For the first time, to our knowledge, we used NR to obtain direct quantitative evidence of alpha-syn-induced membrane thinning. To examine the effect of specific residues on membrane penetration depths, we used a series of W4-containing N-terminal peptides. We identified that the first 15 residues (P15) nearly recapitulate the features of the full-length protein (i.e., partition constants, molecular Mobility, and insertion of the W4 side chain into the bilayer), and found that as few as the first four N-terminal residues are sufficient for vesicle binding. Although at least one imperfect amphipathic repeat sequence (KAKEGV) is required for alpha-helical formation, secondary structural formation has little effect on membrane affinity. To develop an N-terminal alpha-syn model for bilayer interactions, we performed molecular-dynamics simulations of the P15 peptide submerged in a bilayer. The simulation results are highly consistent with experimental data indicating a broad low-energy region (8.5-14.5 angstrom) for W4 insertion. C1 [Pfefferkorn, Candace M.; Lee, Jennifer C.] NHLBI, Lab Mol Biophys, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. [Sodt, Alexander J.; Pastor, Richard W.] NHLBI, Lab Computat Biol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. [Maltsev, Alexander S.] NIDDK, Lab Chem Phys, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. [Heinrich, Frank] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Phys, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Heinrich, Frank] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, JC (reprint author), NHLBI, Lab Mol Biophys, NIH, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM leej4@mail.nih.gov RI Maltsev, Alexander/A-8175-2012; Heinrich, Frank/A-5339-2010; Lee, Jennifer/E-9658-2015 OI Heinrich, Frank/0000-0002-8579-553X; Lee, Jennifer/0000-0003-0506-8349 FU NHLBI; NIDDK, National Institutes of Health FX This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NHLBI and NIDDK, National Institutes of Health. Research was performed in part at the NIST for Nanoscale Science and Technology. NR 88 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 30 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB 8 PY 2012 VL 102 IS 3 BP 613 EP 621 DI 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.12.051 PG 9 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 890CK UT WOS:000300122500028 PM 22325285 ER PT J AU Hanna, TM Tiesinga, E Mitchell, WF Julienne, PS AF Hanna, Thomas M. Tiesinga, Eite Mitchell, William F. Julienne, Paul S. TI Resonant control of polar molecules in individual sites of an optical lattice SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-STATE; GASES; ATOMS AB We study the resonant control of two nonreactive polar molecules in an optical lattice site, focusing on the example of RbCs. Collisional control can be achieved by tuning bound states of the intermolecular dipolar potential by varying the applied electric field or trap frequency. We consider a wide range of electric fields and trapping geometries, showing that a three-dimensional optical lattice allows significantly wider avoided crossings than free space or quasi-two dimensional geometries. Furthermore, we find that dipolar confinement-induced resonances can be created with reasonable trapping frequencies and electric fields, and have widths that will enable useful control in forthcoming experiments. C1 [Hanna, Thomas M.; Tiesinga, Eite; Julienne, Paul S.] NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Hanna, Thomas M.; Tiesinga, Eite; Julienne, Paul S.] Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Mitchell, William F.] NIST, Appl & Computat Math Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hanna, TM (reprint author), NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 FU AFOSR MURI; ONR FX We acknowledge funding from an AFOSR MURI on ultracold molecules (T.M.H. and P.S.J.) and partial funding from the ONR (P.S.J.). We thank Z. Idziaszek for stimulating discussions. NR 49 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB 8 PY 2012 VL 85 IS 2 AR 022703 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.85.022703 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 889OA UT WOS:000300081800006 ER PT J AU Takatsu, H Kadowaki, H Sato, TJ Lynn, JW Tabata, Y Yamazaki, T Matsuhira, K AF Takatsu, Hiroshi Kadowaki, Hiroaki Sato, Taku J. Lynn, Jeffrey W. Tabata, Yoshikazu Yamazaki, Teruo Matsuhira, Kazuyuki TI Quantum spin fluctuations in the spin-liquid state of Tb2Ti2O7 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID PYROCHLORE ANTIFERROMAGNET TB2TI2O7 AB Neutron scattering experiments on a polycrystalline sample of the frustrated pyrochlore magnet Tb2Ti2O7, which does not show any magnetic order down to 50 mK, have revealed that it shows condensation behavior below 0.4 K from a thermally fluctuating paramagnetic state to a spin-liquid ground state with quantum spin fluctuations. Energy spectra change from quasielastic scattering to a continuum with a double-peak structure at energies of 0 and 0.8 K in the spin-liquid state. Specific heat shows an anomaly at the crossover temperature. C1 [Takatsu, Hiroshi; Kadowaki, Hiroaki] Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Dept Phys, Hachioji, Tokyo 1920397, Japan. [Sato, Taku J.] Univ Tokyo, NSL, Inst Solid State Phys, Tokai, Ibaraki 3191106, Japan. [Lynn, Jeffrey W.] NIST, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Tabata, Yoshikazu] Kyoto Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Kyoto 6068501, Japan. [Yamazaki, Teruo] Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778581, Japan. [Matsuhira, Kazuyuki] Kyushu Inst Technol, Dept Elect, Fac Engn, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 8048550, Japan. RP Takatsu, H (reprint author), Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Dept Phys, Hachioji, Tokyo 1920397, Japan. RI Sato, Taku/I-7664-2015 OI Sato, Taku/0000-0003-2511-4998 FU KAKENHI on Priority Areas 'Novel States of Matter Induced by Frustration'; US-Japan Cooperative Program on Neutron Scattering FX We thank M J P Gingras, R Higashinaka, Y Maeno, Y Yasui and S Yonezawa for useful discussions. This work was supported by KAKENHI on Priority Areas 'Novel States of Matter Induced by Frustration' and by the US-Japan Cooperative Program on Neutron Scattering. NR 36 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 19 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 EI 1361-648X J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD FEB 8 PY 2012 VL 24 IS 5 AR 052201 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/24/5/052201 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 879JW UT WOS:000299326500001 PM 22156109 ER PT J AU Johnson, RC Weber, PK Wikert, JD Workman, ML MacFarlane, RB Grove, MJ Schmitt, AK AF Johnson, Rachel C. Weber, Peter K. Wikert, John D. Workman, Michelle L. MacFarlane, R. Bruce Grove, Marty J. Schmitt, Axel K. TI Managed Metapopulations: Do Salmon Hatchery 'Sources' Lead to In-River 'Sinks' in Conservation? SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID CHINOOK SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; ANADROMOUS SALMONIDS; ATLANTIC SALMON; SOCKEYE-SALMON; WILD; FISH; OTOLITHS; CALIFORNIA; SULFUR AB Maintaining viable populations of salmon in the wild is a primary goal for many conservation and recovery programs. The frequency and extent of connectivity among natal sources defines the demographic and genetic boundaries of a population. Yet, the role that immigration of hatchery-produced adults may play in altering population dynamics and fitness of natural populations remains largely unquantified. Quantifying, whether natural populations are self-sustaining, functions as sources (population growth rate in the absence of dispersal, lambda>1), or as sinks (lambda<1) can be obscured by an inability to identify immigrants. In this study we use a new isotopic approach to demonstrate that a natural spawning population of Chinook salmon, (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) considered relatively healthy, represents a sink population when the contribution of hatchery immigrants is taken into consideration. We retrieved sulfur isotopes (S-34/S-32, referred to as delta S-34) in adult Chinook salmon otoliths (ear bones) that were deposited during their early life history as juveniles to determine whether individuals were produced in hatcheries or naturally in rivers. Our results show that only 10.3% (CI = 5.5 to 18.1%) of adults spawning in the river had otolith delta S-34 values less than 8.5%, which is characteristic of naturally produced salmon. When considering the total return to the watershed (total fish in river and hatchery), we estimate that 90.7 to 99.3% (CI) of returning adults were produced in a hatchery (best estimate = 95.9%). When population growth rate of the natural population was modeled to account for the contribution of previously unidentified hatchery immigrants, we found that hatchery-produced fish caused the false appearance of positive population growth. These findings highlight the potential dangers in ignoring source-sink dynamics in recovering natural populations, and question the extent to which declines in natural salmon populations are undetected by monitoring programs. C1 [Johnson, Rachel C.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Weber, Peter K.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Livermore, CA USA. [Wikert, John D.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anadromous Fish Restorat Program, Stockton, CA USA. [Workman, Michelle L.] E Bay Municipal Util Dist, Lodi, CA USA. [MacFarlane, R. Bruce] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA USA. [Grove, Marty J.; Schmitt, Axel K.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Johnson, RC (reprint author), US Bur Reclamat, Bay Delta Off, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. EM rbarnettjohnson@usbr.gov RI UCLA, SIMS/A-1459-2011; OI Schmitt, Axel/0000-0002-9029-4211 FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Division of Earth Sciences, National Science Foundation FX RBJ, PW, and RBM gratefully acknowledge the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Anadromous Fish Restoration Program for awarding the grant that funded this project. The ion microprobe facility at UCLA is partly supported by a grant from the Instrumentation and Facilities Program, Division of Earth Sciences, National Science Foundation. The funding agency had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 58 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 35 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 1160 BATTERY STREET, STE 100, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD FEB 8 PY 2012 VL 7 IS 2 AR e28880 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0028880 PG 11 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 924ZP UT WOS:000302730100003 PM 22347362 ER PT J AU Larson-Smith, K Jackson, A Pozzo, DC AF Larson-Smith, Kjersta Jackson, Andrew Pozzo, Danilo C. TI SANS and SAXS Analysis of Charged Nanoparticie Adsorption at Oil-Water Interfaces SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; COLLOIDAL PARTICLES; PICKERING EMULSIONS; LATEX-PARTICLES; GOLD NANOPARTICLES; SURFACE; LIQUID; STABILITY; LAYER; COLLOIDOSOMES AB A systematic study of the adsorption of charged nanoparticles at dispersed oil-in-water emulsion interfaces is presented. The interaction potentials for negatively charged hexadecane droplets with anionic polystyrene latex particles or cationic gold particles are calculated using DLVO theory. Calculations demonstrate that increased ionic strength decreases the decay length of the electrostatic repulsion leading to enhanced particle adsorption. For the case of anionic PS latex particles, the energy barrier for particle adsorption is also reduced when the surface charge is neutralized through changes in pH. Complementary small-angle scattering experiments show that the highest particle adsorption for PS latex occurs at moderate ionic strength and low pH. For cationic gold particles, simple DLVO calculations also explain scattering results showing that the highest particle adsorption occurs at neutral pH due to the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged surfaces. This work demonstrates that surface charges of particles and oil droplets are critical parameters to consider when engineering particle-stabilized emulsions. C1 [Larson-Smith, Kjersta; Pozzo, Danilo C.] Univ Washington, Dept Chem Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Jackson, Andrew] Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Jackson, Andrew] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pozzo, DC (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Chem Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM dpozzo@u.washington.edu RI Jackson, Andrew/B-9793-2008 OI Jackson, Andrew/0000-0002-6296-0336 FU American Chemical Society; National Science Foundation [DMR-0817622, DMR-0944772] FX Acknowledgment is made to the Donors of the American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund for support of this research. We acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation for funding the small angle X-ray scattering instrument used in this work under the grant No DMR-0817622. This work also utilized facilities supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Agreement No. DMR-0944772. The manuscript was prepared under cooperative agreement 70NANB7H6178 from NIST, U.S. Department of Commerce. NR 54 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 8 U2 83 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD FEB 7 PY 2012 VL 28 IS 5 BP 2493 EP 2501 DI 10.1021/la204513n PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 886OU UT WOS:000299864500023 PM 22220758 ER PT J AU Atha, DH Wang, HH Petersen, EJ Cleveland, D Holbrook, RD Jaruga, P Dizdaroglu, M Xing, BS Nelson, BC AF Atha, Donald H. Wang, Huanhua Petersen, Elijah J. Cleveland, Danielle Holbrook, R. David Jaruga, Pawel Dizdaroglu, Miral Xing, Baoshan Nelson, Bryant C. TI Copper Oxide Nanoparticle Mediated DNA Damage in Terrestrial Plant Models SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERENNIAL RYEGRASS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; OXIDATIVE DAMAGE; REPAIR; MECHANISMS; ARABIDOPSIS; TOXICITY AB Engineered nanopartides, due to their unique electrical, mechanical, and catalytic properties, are presently found in many commercial products and will be intentionally or inadvertently released at increasing concentrations into the natural environment. Metal- and metal oxide-based nanomaterials have been shown to act as mediators of DNA damage in mammalian cells, organisms, and even in bacteria, but the molecular mechanisms through which this occurs are poorly understood. For the first time, we report that copper oxide nanopartides induce DNA damage in agricultural and grassland plants. Significant accumulation of oxidatively modified, mutagenic DNA lesions (7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine; 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine; 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine) and strong plant growth inhibition were observed for radish (Raphanus sativus), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) under controlled laboratory conditions. Lesion accumulation levels mediated by copper ions and macroscale copper particles were measured in tandem to clarify the mechanisms of DNA damage. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of multiple DNA lesion formation and accumulation in plants. These findings provide impetus for future investigations on nanoparticle-mediated DNA damage and repair mechanisms in plants. C1 [Wang, Huanhua; Xing, Baoshan] Univ Massachusetts Amherst, Dept Plant Soil & Insect Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Atha, Donald H.; Petersen, Elijah J.; Cleveland, Danielle; Holbrook, R. David; Jaruga, Pawel; Dizdaroglu, Miral; Nelson, Bryant C.] NIST, Mat Measurement Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xing, BS (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts Amherst, Dept Plant Soil & Insect Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM bx@pssci.umass.edu; bryant.nelson@nist.gov RI Petersen, Elijah/E-3034-2013; Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015; OI Cleveland, Danielle/0000-0003-3880-4584 FU USDA-AFRI [2011-67006-30181] FX We thank Jerry Rattanoong and Bisrat Nigussie for help in the preparation of the figures and Andrew Dillon for help with preliminary plant DNA damage experiments. We also thank Timothy Maugel for his sectioning of the plants for STEM analyses. The work is partly supported by USDA-AFRI (2011-67006-30181). Certain commercial equipment, instruments, and materials are identified in order to specify experimental procedures as completely as possible. In no case does such identification imply a recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) nor does it imply that any of the materials, instruments, or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose. NR 37 TC 100 Z9 106 U1 9 U2 121 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 7 PY 2012 VL 46 IS 3 BP 1819 EP 1827 DI 10.1021/es202660k PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 886OT UT WOS:000299864400068 PM 22201446 ER PT J AU Jang, Y Bowden, SR Mascaro, M Unguris, J Ross, CA AF Jang, Youngman Bowden, S. R. Mascaro, Mark Unguris, J. Ross, C. A. TI Formation and structure of 360 and 540 degree domain walls in thin magnetic stripes SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE magnetic domain walls; magnetic force microscopy; remanence; scanning electron microscopy ID 360-DEGREES; FILMS AB 360 degrees, 540 degrees, and other complex transverse domain walls have been created in narrow cobalt wires connected to injection pads by cycling a magnetic field perpendicular to the wire length. The composite walls, formed by impingement of 180 degrees transverse walls of alternating chirality, are stable over a wide field range. The structure of the walls observed at remanence by scanning electron microscopy with polarization analysis and by magnetic force microscopy is in good quantitative agreement with the prediction of micromagnetic simulations. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3681800] C1 [Jang, Youngman; Mascaro, Mark; Ross, C. A.] MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Bowden, S. R.; Unguris, J.] NIST, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jang, Y (reprint author), Samsung Adv Inst Technol SAIT, Gyeonggi Do 446712, South Korea. EM caross@mit.edu RI Unguris, John/J-3989-2014 FU National Science Foundation; Nanoelectronics Research Initiative INDEX Center FX Support of the National Science Foundation and the Nanoelectronics Research Initiative INDEX Center is gratefully acknowledged. NR 25 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 25 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 6 PY 2012 VL 100 IS 6 AR 062407 DI 10.1063/1.3681800 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 891JW UT WOS:000300214000050 ER PT J AU Kemiktarak, U Metcalfe, M Durand, M Lawall, J AF Kemiktarak, Utku Metcalfe, Michael Durand, Mathieu Lawall, John TI Mechanically compliant grating reflectors for optomechanics SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CAVITY; RADIATION; MIRROR AB We demonstrate micromechanical reflectors with a reflectivity as large as 99.4% and a mechanical quality factor Q as large as 7.8 x 10(5) for optomechanical applications. The reflectors are silicon nitride membranes patterned with sub-wavelength grating structures, obviating the need for the many dielectric layers used in conventional mirrors. We have employed the reflectors in the construction of a Fabry-Perot cavity with a finesse as high as F = 1200, and used the optical response to probe the mechanical properties of the membrane. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3684248] C1 [Kemiktarak, Utku; Metcalfe, Michael; Durand, Mathieu; Lawall, John] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Kemiktarak, Utku; Metcalfe, Michael] Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Kemiktarak, U (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM utku.kemiktarak@nist.gov; john.lawall@nist.gov OI Durand, Mathieu/0000-0001-5366-0473 FU National Science Foundation through the Physics Frontier Center at the Joint Quantum Institute FX We acknowledge National Science Foundation support through the Physics Frontier Center at the Joint Quantum Institute. Research performed in part at the NIST Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology. NR 24 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 6 PY 2012 VL 100 IS 6 AR 061124 DI 10.1063/1.3684248 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 891JW UT WOS:000300214000024 ER PT J AU Redding, B Ge, L Solomon, GS Cao, H AF Redding, Brandon Ge, Li Solomon, Glenn S. Cao, Hui TI Directional waveguide coupling from a wavelength-scale deformed microdisk laser SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OUTPUT AB We demonstrate uni-directional evanescent coupling of lasing emission from a wavelength-scale deformed microdisk to a waveguide. This is attributed to the Goos-Haumlnchen shift and Fresnel filtering effect that result in a spatial separation of the clockwise (CW) and counter-clockwise (CCW) propagating ray orbits. By placing the waveguide tangentially at different locations to the cavity boundary, we may selectively couple the CW (CCW) wave out, leaving the CCW (CW) wave inside the cavity, which also reduces the spatial hole burning effect. The device geometry is optimized with a full-wave simulation tool, and the lasing behavior and directional coupling are confirmed experimentally. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3684249] C1 [Redding, Brandon; Cao, Hui] Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. [Ge, Li] Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Solomon, Glenn S.] NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Solomon, Glenn S.] Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Redding, B (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. EM brandon.redding@yale.edu; hui.cao@yale.edu RI Cao, Hui/F-4815-2012 FU NIST [70NANB6H6162]; NSF [DMR-0808937] FX We thank Professors A. Douglas Stone and Jan. Wiersig for useful discussions. This work is supported partly by NIST under the Grant No. 70NANB6H6162 and by NSF under the Grant No. DMR-0808937. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 6 PY 2012 VL 100 IS 6 AR 061125 DI 10.1063/1.3684249 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 891JW UT WOS:000300214000025 ER PT J AU Chua, YS Wu, H Zhou, W Udovic, TJ Wu, GT Xiong, ZT Wong, MW Chen, P AF Chua, Yong Shen Wu, Hui Zhou, Wei Udovic, Terrence J. Wu, Guotao Xiong, Zhitao Wong, Ming Wah Chen, Ping TI Monoammoniate of Calcium Amidoborane: Synthesis, Structure, and Hydrogen-Storage Properties SO INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; AMMONIA-BORANE; THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; METAL AMIDOBORANES; RELEASE; LITHIUM; AMIDOTRIHYDROBORATE; DEHYDROGENATION; ALKALI; NA AB The monoammoniate of calcium amidoborane, Ca(NH2BH3)(2)center dot NH3, was synthesized by ball milling an equimolar mixture of CaNH and AB. Its crystal structure has been determined and was found to contain a dihydrogen-bonded network. Thermal decomposition under an open-system begins with the evolution of about 1 equivalent/formula unit (equiv.) of NH3 at temperatures <100 degrees C followed by the decomposition of Ca(NH2BH3)(2) to release hydrogen. In a closed-system thermal decomposition process, hydrogen is liberated in two stages, at about 70 and 180 degrees C, with the first stage corresponding to an exothermic process. It has been found that the presence of the coordinated NH3 has induced the dehydrogenation to occur at low temperature. At the end of the dehydrogenation, about 6 equiv. (similar to 10.2 wt %) of hydrogen can be released, giving rise to the formation of CaB2N3H. C1 [Chua, Yong Shen; Wu, Guotao; Xiong, Zhitao; Chen, Ping] Dalian Inst Chem Phys, Dalian 116023, Peoples R China. [Chua, Yong Shen; Wong, Ming Wah] Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Chem, Singapore 117542, Singapore. [Wu, Hui; Zhou, Wei; Udovic, Terrence J.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Wu, Hui; Zhou, Wei] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Wu, H (reprint author), Dalian Inst Chem Phys, Dalian 116023, Peoples R China. EM huiwu@nist.gov; wgt@dicp.ac.cn RI Wu, Hui/C-6505-2008; Zhou, Wei/C-6504-2008; Chua, Yong Shen/J-3551-2016 OI Wu, Hui/0000-0003-0296-5204; Zhou, Wei/0000-0002-5461-3617; FU National Program on Key Basic Research Project (973 project) [2010CB631304]; CAS [KJCX2-YW-H21]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [20971120, 10979051, 20973162]; National University of Singapore; U.S. DOE through EERE [DE-AI-01-05EE11104] FX This work was supported by National Program on Key Basic Research Project (973 project, No. 2010CB631304), the Hundred Talents Project and Knowledge Innovation Program of CAS (KJCX2-YW-H21), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20971120, 10979051, and 20973162), the scholarship from the National University of Singapore, and was partially supported by U.S. DOE through EERE Grant DE-AI-01-05EE11104 (T.J.U.). The authors wish to thank BL14B1 of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) for providing the beam time. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0020-1669 J9 INORG CHEM JI Inorg. Chem. PD FEB 6 PY 2012 VL 51 IS 3 BP 1599 EP 1603 DI 10.1021/ic201898v PG 5 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA 895CV UT WOS:000300474700052 PM 22229699 ER PT J AU Langford, AO Brioude, J Cooper, OR Senff, CJ Alvarez, RJ Hardesty, RM Johnson, BJ Oltmans, SJ AF Langford, A. O. Brioude, J. Cooper, O. R. Senff, C. J. Alvarez, R. J., II Hardesty, R. M. Johnson, B. J. Oltmans, S. J. TI Stratospheric influence on surface ozone in the Los Angeles area during late spring and early summer of 2010 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CROSS-TROPOPAUSE EXCHANGE; PARTICLE DISPERSION MODEL; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; UNITED-STATES; NORTH-AMERICA; TROPOSPHERE EXCHANGE; BACKGROUND OZONE; GROUND-LEVEL; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; AIR-QUALITY AB The influence of stratosphere-to-troposphere transport (STT) on surface ozone (O-3) concentrations in the greater Los Angeles area during the CalNex and IONS-2010 measurement campaigns has been investigated. Principal component analysis (PCA) of surface O-3 measurements from 41 sampling stations indicates that similar to 13% of the variance in the maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) O-3 between May 10 and June 19, 2010 was associated with changes of 2-3 day duration linked to the passage of upper-level troughs. Ozonesondes launched from Joshua Tree National Park and airborne lidar measurements show that these changes coincided with the appearance of stratospheric intrusions in the lower troposphere above southern California. The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART reproduces most of these intrusions, and supports the conclusion from the PCA that significant transport of stratospheric air to the surface occurred on May 28-30. This intrusion led to a peak 1-h O-3 concentration of 88 ppbv at Joshua Tree National Monument near the ozonesonde launch site on May 28, and widespread entrainment of stratospheric air into the boundary layer increased the local background O3 over the entire area to similar to 55 ppbv on May 29-30. This background was 10-15 ppbv higher than the baseline O-3 in air transported ashore from the Pacific Ocean, and when combined with locally produced O-3 led to several exceedances of the current National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) on the following day. C1 [Langford, A. O.; Brioude, J.; Cooper, O. R.; Senff, C. J.; Alvarez, R. J., II; Hardesty, R. M.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Johnson, B. J.; Oltmans, S. J.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Brioude, J.; Cooper, O. R.; Senff, C. J.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Langford, AO (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Langford, Andrew/D-2323-2009; Brioude, Jerome/E-4629-2011; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Hardesty, Robert/H-9844-2013; Senff, Christoph/I-2592-2013; Alvarez, Raul/I-4879-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Langford, Andrew/0000-0002-2932-7061; FU NOAA; flight crew of the NOAA Twin Otter research aircraft FX The authors would like to thank David Parrish for his helpful comments on the manuscript. We also thank Ann Weickmann, Scott Sandberg, Rich Marchbanks, Bob Banta, and Alan Brewer for their help with the airborne O3 lidar instrument. We would like to acknowledge support from the NOAA Health of the Atmosphere and Climate Programs and the flight crew of the NOAA Twin Otter research aircraft. We also thank Emrys Hall and Allen Jordan at NOAA ESRL GMD for the use of the Skysonde software and for their assistance in processing the Joshua Tree ozonesondes, and Luke Sabala and Victoria Chang of the Joshua Tree National Park. The NOAA ESRL Health of the Atmosphere Program, NASA Tropospheric Chemistry Program, U. S. Navy, Environment Canada, and NOAA's National Air Quality Forecast Capability provided funding for the IONS-2010 field campaign. The European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)/Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) provided the EDGARv4.1 global NOx emissions inventory. The global land cover data set, as well as the MODIS fire detection data, was provided by the University of Maryland from their ftp server. NR 71 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 48 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 4 PY 2012 VL 117 AR D00V06 DI 10.1029/2011JD016766 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 887WB UT WOS:000299961100003 ER PT J AU Jackson, DL Wick, GA Hare, JE AF Jackson, Darren L. Wick, Gary A. Hare, Jeffrey E. TI A comparison of satellite-derived carbon dioxide transfer velocities from a physically based model with GasEx cruise observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; CO2 EXCHANGE; WIND-SPEED; RESPONSE EXPERIMENT; OCEAN; PARAMETERIZATION; FLUXES; DEPENDENCE AB A method has been developed to use satellite observations with the physically based National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (NOAA-COARE) gas transfer model (COAREG) to determine global estimates of carbon dioxide (CO2) transfer velocities. Ship observations from three Gas Exchange (GasEx) experiments conducted in 1998 (GasEx-98), 2001 (GasEx-01), and 2008 (SO GasEx) were used to validate the satellite estimates. Satellite retrievals of near-surface temperature, humidity, and wind speed along with observations of sea surface temperature, longwave and shortwave radiative fluxes at the surface were used to execute the gas transfer model. These satellite products exhibited good agreement with collocated in situ measurements even in higher-latitude environments where the retrieval techniques had not yet been extensively validated. Transfer velocities computed with COAREG using both the satellite-and ship-derived inputs further showed good agreement with an overall bias of -1.01 cm/h and a root mean square (RMS) difference of 7.43 cm/h. These results imply that COAREG can be applied with satellite inputs with accuracy comparable to that achieved with ship-based observations. COAREG transfer velocities were found to have a bias of 6.32 cm/h and RMS difference of 14.02 cm/h when compared with covariance-derived transfer velocities. Comparison of satellite-derived COAREG transfer velocities with empirical-derived wind-only models shows generally higher transfer velocities for wind speeds exceeding 7 m/s. However, these higher transfer velocities show good agreement with covariance-derived observations from both GasEx-98 and SO GasEx. C1 [Jackson, Darren L.; Hare, Jeffrey E.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Jackson, Darren L.; Wick, Gary A.; Hare, Jeffrey E.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Jackson, DL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM darren.l.jackson@noaa.gov RI Jackson, Darren/D-5506-2015 OI Jackson, Darren/0000-0001-5211-7866 FU NASA Earth Science MEaSUREs DISCOVER; NASA [NNH08AH27I] FX We would to thank James B. Edson for providing SO GasEx covariance-derived observations, Wade McGillis and James B. Edson for the GasEx-98 covariance-derived data, and David Ho for suggesting to include his dual tracer results. We would also like to thank Chris Fairall for providing the NOAA-COARE gas transfer and turbulent heat flux models. NCEP Reanalysis data were provided by the Physical Sciences Division of the Earth System Research Laboratory. SSM/I wind speed data were produced by Remote Sensing Systems and sponsored by the NASA Earth Science MEaSUREs DISCOVER Project. Data are available at http://www.remss.com. This project was funded by NASA grant NNH08AH27I. NR 37 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD FEB 4 PY 2012 VL 117 AR C00F13 DI 10.1029/2011JC007329 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 887UE UT WOS:000299955300001 ER PT J AU Kodippili, GC Spector, J Hale, J Giger, K Hughes, MR McNagny, KM Birkenmeier, C Peters, L Ritchie, K Low, PS AF Kodippili, Gayani C. Spector, Jeff Hale, Jacob Giger, Katie Hughes, Michael R. McNagny, Kelly M. Birkenmeier, Connie Peters, Luanne Ritchie, Ken Low, Philip S. TI Analysis of the Mobilities of Band 3 Populations Associated with Ankyrin Protein and Junctional Complexes in Intact Murine Erythrocytes SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RED-CELL MEMBRANE; COMPENSATED HEMOLYTIC-ANEMIA; CYTOPLASMIC DOMAIN; LATERAL MOBILITY; HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS; ROTATIONAL DIFFUSION; GLYCOPHORIN-C; TARGETED DISRUPTION; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; BETA-ADDUCIN AB Current models of the erythrocyte membrane depict three populations of band 3: (i) a population tethered to spectrin via ankyrin, (ii) a fraction attached to the spectrin-actin junctional complex via adducin, and (iii) a freely diffusing population. Because many studies of band 3 diffusion also distinguish three populations of the polypeptide, it has been speculated that the three populations envisioned in membrane models correspond to the three fractions observed in diffusion analyses. To test this hypothesis, we characterized band 3 diffusion by single-particle tracking in wild-type and ankyrin-and adducin-deficient erythrocytes. We report that similar to 40% of total band 3 in wild-type murine erythrocytes is attached to ankyrin, whereas similar to 33% is immobilized by adducin, and similar to 27% is not attached to any cytoskeletal anchor. Moredetailed analyses reveal that mobilities of individual ankyrin- and adducin-tethered band 3 molecules are heterogeneous, varying by nearly 2 orders of magnitude and that there is considerable overlap in diffusion coefficients for adducin and ankyrin-tethered populations. Taken together, the data suggest that although the ankyrin-and adducin-immobilized band 3 can be monitored separately, significant heterogeneity still exists within each population, suggesting that structural and compositional properties likely vary considerably within each band 3 complex. C1 [Spector, Jeff; Hale, Jacob; Ritchie, Ken] Purdue Univ, Dept Phys, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Kodippili, Gayani C.; Giger, Katie; Low, Philip S.] Purdue Univ, Dept Chem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Spector, Jeff] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Hughes, Michael R.; McNagny, Kelly M.] Univ British Columbia, Biomed Res Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada. [Birkenmeier, Connie; Peters, Luanne] Jackson Lab, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA. RP Ritchie, K (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Phys, 525 Northwest Ave, W Lafayette, IN 47909 USA. EM kpritchie@purdue.edu; plow@purdue.edu RI McNagny, Kelly/P-5239-2014; Hughes, Michael/N-6039-2015; OI McNagny, Kelly/0000-0003-4737-3499; Hughes, Michael/0000-0002-7925-6070; Low, Philip/0000-0001-9042-5528 FU National Institute of Health [GM24417-32]; National Science Foundation [0646633]; Canadian Institutes for Health Research [MOP-93580] FX This work was supported, in whole or in part, by National Institute of Health Grant GM24417-32 (to P. S. L.). This work was also supported by National Science Foundation Grant 0646633 (to K. R.) and Canadian Institutes for Health Research Grant MOP-93580 (to K. M. M.). NR 61 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD FEB 3 PY 2012 VL 287 IS 6 BP 4129 EP 4138 DI 10.1074/jbc.M111.294439 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 894EX UT WOS:000300410900046 PM 22147703 ER PT J AU Hu, AX Meehl, GA Han, WQ Abe-Ouchi, A Morrill, C Okazaki, Y Chikamoto, MO AF Hu, Aixue Meehl, Gerald A. Han, Weiqing Abe-Ouchi, Ayako Morrill, Carrie Okazaki, Yusuke Chikamoto, Megume O. TI The Pacific-Atlantic seesaw and the Bering Strait SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; CLIMATE CHANGES; OCEAN AB Paleo proxy data and previous modeling studies both indicate that the massive discharge of icebergs into the North Atlantic may have led to a (nearly) collapsed Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), resulting in a seesaw-like climate change between the North Pacific and North Atlantic, with a warming in the former and a cooling in the latter. Here by using a fully coupled climate model, we show that this Pacific-Atlantic seesaw associated with changes of the AMOC can only occur when the Bering Strait is closed. As this strait is closed, the oceanic communication between the North Pacific and Atlantic is cut off. When AMOC collapses, the North Atlantic becomes cooler, but the North Pacific becomes warmer due to the buildup of the Pacific meridional overturning circulation which transports more warm and salty subtropical water into the North Pacific, leading to seesaw-like climate changes in the two ocean basins. Citation: Hu, A., G. A. Meehl, W. Han, A. Abe-Ouchi, C. Morrill, Y. Okazaki, and M. O. Chikamoto (2012), The Pacific-Atlantic seesaw and the Bering Strait, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L03702, doi: 10.1029/2011GL050567. C1 [Hu, Aixue; Meehl, Gerald A.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Han, Weiqing] Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. [Abe-Ouchi, Ayako] Univ Tokyo, Atmosphere & Ocean Res Inst, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778568, Japan. [Morrill, Carrie] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Morrill, Carrie] NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Okazaki, Yusuke; Chikamoto, Megume O.] Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan. RP Hu, AX (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam Div, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ahu@ucar.edu RI Hu, Aixue/E-1063-2013; Abe-Ouchi, Ayako/M-6359-2013; OI Hu, Aixue/0000-0002-1337-287X; Abe-Ouchi, Ayako/0000-0003-1745-5952; Okazaki, Yusuke/0000-0002-2406-3466; Morrill, Carrie/0000-0002-1635-5469 FU Office of Science (BER), U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FC02-97ER62402, DE-AC02-05CH11231]; National Science Foundation FX A portion of this study was supported by the Office of Science (BER), U.S. Department of Energy, Cooperative Agreement DE-FC02-97ER62402. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, which is supported by the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 3 PY 2012 VL 39 AR L03702 DI 10.1029/2011GL050567 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 888GN UT WOS:000299991900004 ER PT J AU Xia, YL Mitchell, K Ek, M Sheffield, J Cosgrove, B Wood, E Luo, LF Alonge, C Wei, HL Meng, J Livneh, B Lettenmaier, D Koren, V Duan, QY Mo, K Fan, Y Mocko, D AF Xia, Youlong Mitchell, Kenneth Ek, Michael Sheffield, Justin Cosgrove, Brian Wood, Eric Luo, Lifeng Alonge, Charles Wei, Helin Meng, Jesse Livneh, Ben Lettenmaier, Dennis Koren, Victor Duan, Qingyun Mo, Kingtse Fan, Yun Mocko, David TI Continental-scale water and energy flux analysis and validation for the North American Land Data Assimilation System project phase 2 (NLDAS-2): 1. Intercomparison and application of model products SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SURFACE PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES; LATITUDE HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES; CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; MESOSCALE ETA-MODEL; TORNE-KALIX BASIN; RIVER-BASIN; PILPS PHASE-2(E); PRECIPITATION; SIMULATION AB Results are presented from the second phase of the multiinstitution North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS-2) research partnership. In NLDAS, the Noah, Variable Infiltration Capacity, Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting, and Mosaic land surface models (LSMs) are executed over the conterminous U.S. (CONUS) in realtime and retrospective modes. These runs support the drought analysis, monitoring and forecasting activities of the National Integrated Drought Information System, as well as efforts to monitor large-scale floods. NLDAS-2 builds upon the framework of the first phase of NLDAS (NLDAS-1) by increasing the accuracy and consistency of the surface forcing data, upgrading the land surface model code and parameters, and extending the study from a 3-year (1997-1999) to a 30-year (1979-2008) time window. As the first of two parts, this paper details the configuration of NLDAS-2, describes the upgrades to the forcing, parameters, and code of the four LSMs, and explores overall model-to-model comparisons of land surface water and energy flux and state variables over the CONUS. Focusing on model output rather than on observations, this study seeks to highlight the similarities and differences between models, and to assess changes in output from that seen in NLDAS-1. The second part of the two-part article focuses on the validation of model-simulated streamflow and evaporation against observations. The results depict a higher level of agreement among the four models over much of the CONUS than was found in the first phase of NLDAS. This is due, in part, to recent improvements in the parameters, code, and forcing of the NLDAS-2 LSMs that were initiated following NLDAS-1. However, large inter-model differences still exist in the northeast, Lake Superior, and western mountainous regions of the CONUS, which are associated with cold season processes. In addition, variations in the representation of sub-surface hydrology in the four LSMs lead to large differences in modeled evaporation and subsurface runoff. These issues are important targets for future research by the land surface modeling community. Finally, improvement from NLDAS-1 to NLDAS-2 is summarized by comparing the streamflow measured from U. S. Geological Survey stream gauges with that simulated by four NLDAS models over 961 small basins. C1 [Xia, Youlong; Mitchell, Kenneth; Ek, Michael; Wei, Helin; Meng, Jesse] NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm & Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Xia, Youlong; Wei, Helin; Meng, Jesse] NCEP EMC, IMSG, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Sheffield, Justin; Wood, Eric] Princeton Univ, Dept Environm & Civil Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Cosgrove, Brian; Koren, Victor] NOAA, Off Hydrol Dev, Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Luo, Lifeng] Michigan State Univ, Dept Geog, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Alonge, Charles] AWS Truewind LLC, Albany, NY 12205 USA. [Livneh, Ben; Lettenmaier, Dennis] Univ Washington, Dept Environm & Civil Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Duan, Qingyun] Beijing Normal Univ, Coll Global Change & Earth Syst Sci, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. [Mo, Kingtse] NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm & Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Fan, Yun] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Sci & Technol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Mocko, David] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20715 USA. [Mocko, David] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20715 USA. RP Xia, YL (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm & Predict, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Youlong.Xia@noaa.gov RI lettenmaier, dennis/F-8780-2011; Duan, Qingyun/C-7652-2011; Livneh, Ben/I-2939-2015 OI lettenmaier, dennis/0000-0003-3317-1327; Duan, Qingyun/0000-0001-9955-1512; FU NOAA/CPO/CPPA FX This work was supported by the NOAA/CPO/CPPA core project. NR 59 TC 196 Z9 197 U1 2 U2 52 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 3 PY 2012 VL 117 AR D03109 DI 10.1029/2011JD016048 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 887VW UT WOS:000299960500001 ER PT J AU Xia, YL Mitchell, K Ek, M Cosgrove, B Sheffield, J Luo, LF Alonge, C Wei, HL Meng, J Livneh, B Duan, QY Lohmann, D AF Xia, Youlong Mitchell, Kenneth Ek, Michael Cosgrove, Brian Sheffield, Justin Luo, Lifeng Alonge, Charles Wei, Helin Meng, Jesse Livneh, Ben Duan, Qingyun Lohmann, Dag TI Continental-scale water and energy flux analysis and validation for North American Land Data Assimilation System project phase 2 (NLDAS-2): 2. Validation of model-simulated streamflow SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID LATITUDE HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES; TORNE-KALIX BASIN; INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; PILPS PHASE-2(E); SURFACE MODELS; UNITED-STATES; ETA-MODEL; SNOW; PARAMETERIZATION; PRECIPITATION AB This is the second part of a study on continental-scale water and energy flux analysis and validation conducted in phase 2 of the North American Land Data Assimilation System project (NLDAS-2). The first part concentrates on a model-by-model comparison of mean annual and monthly water fluxes, energy fluxes and state variables. In this second part, the focus is on the validation of simulated streamflow from four land surface models (Noah, Mosaic, Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC-SMA), and Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) models) and their ensemble mean. Comparisons are made against 28-years (1 October 1979-30 September 2007) of United States Geological Survey observed streamflow for 961 small basins and 8 major basins over the conterminous United States (CONUS). Relative bias, anomaly correlation and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) statistics at daily to annual time scales are used to assess model-simulated streamflow. The Noah (the Mosaic) model overestimates (underestimates) mean annual runoff and underestimates (overestimates) mean annual evapotranspiration. The SAC-SMA and VIC models simulate the mean annual runoff and evapotranspiration well when compared with the observations. The ensemble mean is closer to the mean annual observed streamflow for both the 961 small basins and the 8 major basins than is the mean from any individual model. All of the models, as well as the ensemble mean, have large daily, weekly, monthly, and annual streamflow anomaly correlations for most basins over the CONUS, implying strong simulation skill. However, the daily, weekly, and monthly NSE analysis results are not necessarily encouraging, in particular for daily streamflow. The Noah and Mosaic models are useful (NSE > 0.4) only for about 10% of the 961 small basins, the SAC-SMA and VIC models are useful for about 30% of the 961 small basins, and the ensemble mean is useful for about 42% of the 961 small basins. As the time scale increases, the NSE increases as expected. However, even for monthly streamflow, the ensemble mean is useful for only 75% of the 961 small basins. C1 [Xia, Youlong; Mitchell, Kenneth; Ek, Michael; Wei, Helin; Meng, Jesse] NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm & Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Xia, Youlong; Wei, Helin; Meng, Jesse] NCEP EMC, IMSG, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Cosgrove, Brian] NOAA, Off Hydrol Dev, Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Sheffield, Justin] Princeton Univ, Dept Environm & Civil Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Luo, Lifeng] Michigan State Univ, Dept Geog, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Alonge, Charles] AWS Truewind LLC, Albany, NY 12205 USA. [Livneh, Ben] Univ Washington, Dept Environm & Civil Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Duan, Qingyun] Beijing Normal Univ, Coll Global Change & Earth Syst Sci, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. [Lohmann, Dag] Risk Management Solut, Newark, CA 94560 USA. RP Xia, YL (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm & Predict, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Youlong.Xia@noaa.gov RI Duan, Qingyun/C-7652-2011; Livneh, Ben/I-2939-2015; OI Duan, Qingyun/0000-0001-9955-1512; LIVNEH, BEN/0000-0001-5445-2473 FU NOAA/CPO/CPPA FX This work was supported by the NOAA/CPO/CPPA core project. NR 49 TC 88 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 28 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 3 PY 2012 VL 117 AR D03110 DI 10.1029/2011JD016051 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 887VW UT WOS:000299960500002 ER PT J AU Baker-Jarvis, J Kim, S AF Baker-Jarvis, James Kim, Sung TI The Interaction of Radio-Frequency Fields With Dielectric Materials at Macroscopic to Mesoscopic Scales SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dielectric; electromagnetic fields; loss factor; metamaterials; microwave; millimeter wave; nanoscale; permeability; permittivity; plasmon; polariton ID NONEQUILIBRIUM STATISTICAL-MECHANICS; POISSON-BOLTZMANN CALCULATIONS; LOW-FREQUENCY PLASMONS; NEGATIVE REFRACTION; CARBON NANOTUBES; DNA SOLUTIONS; LOCAL-FIELDS; MICROWAVE-FREQUENCIES; ELECTRICAL-PROPERTIES; COMPLEX PERMITTIVITY AB The goal of this paper is to overview radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic interactions with solid and liquid materials from the macroscale to the nanoscale. The overview is geared toward the general researcher. Because this area of research is vast, this paper concentrates on currently active research areas in the megahertz (MHz) through gigahertz (GHz) frequencies, and concentrates on dielectric response. The paper studies interaction mechanisms both from phenomenological and fundamental viewpoints. Relaxation, resonance, interface phenomena, plasmons, the concepts of permittivity and permeability, and relaxation times are summarized. Topics of current research interest, such as negative-index behavior, noise, plasmonic behavior, RF heating, nanoscale materials, wave cloaking, polaritonic surface waves, biomaterials, and other topics are overviewed. Relaxation, resonance, and related relaxation times are overviewed. The wavelength and material length scales required to define permittivity in materials is discussed. C1 [Baker-Jarvis, James; Kim, Sung] NIST, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Baker-Jarvis, J (reprint author), NIST, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jjarvis@boulder.nist.gov; sung.kim@boulder.nist.gov NR 256 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 30 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD FEB 2 PY 2012 VL 117 BP 1 EP 60 DI 10.6028/jres.117.001 PG 60 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 933UQ UT WOS:000303389300001 PM 26900513 ER PT J AU Lynn, JW Chen, Y Chang, S Zhao, Y Chi, S Ratcliff, W Ueland, BG Erwin, RW AF Lynn, J. W. Chen, Y. Chang, S. Zhao, Y. Chi, S. Ratcliff, W., II Ueland, B. G. Erwin, R. W. TI Double-Focusing Thermal Triple-Axis Spectrometer at the NCNR SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Inelastic neutron scattering; neutron diffraction; polarized neutrons; position sensitive detector; thermal neutron triple-axis spectrometer ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; MONOCHROMATOR; CRYSTALS AB The new thermal triple-axis spectrometer at the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR) is located at the BT-7 beam port. The 165 mm diameter reactor beam is equipped with a selection of Soller collimators, beam-limiters, and a pyrolytic graphite (PG) filter to tailor the beam for the dual 20x20 cm(2) double-focusing monochromator system that provides monochromatic fluxes exceeding 10(8) n/cm(2)/s onto the sample. The two monochromators installed are PG(002) and Cu(220), which provide incident energies from 5 meV to above 500 meV. The computer controlled analyzer system offers six standard modes of operation, including a diffraction detector, a position-sensitive detector (PSD) in diffraction mode, horizontal energy focusing analyzer with detector, a Q-E mode employing a flat analyzer and PSD, a constant-E mode with the analyzer crystal system and PSD, and a conventional mode with a selection of Soller collimators and detector. Additional configurations for specific measurement needs are also available. This paper discusses the capabilities and performance for this new state-of-the-art neutron spectrometer. C1 [Lynn, J. W.; Chen, Y.; Chang, S.; Zhao, Y.; Chi, S.; Ratcliff, W., II; Ueland, B. G.; Erwin, R. W.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Chen, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Chi, S.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Lynn, JW (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jeffrey.lynn@nist.gov; william.ratcliff@nist.gov; ross.erwin@nist.gov RI Ueland, Benjamin/B-2312-2008; Chi, Songxue/A-6713-2013 OI Ueland, Benjamin/0000-0001-9784-6595; Chi, Songxue/0000-0002-3851-9153 NR 19 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 17 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD FEB 2 PY 2012 VL 117 BP 61 EP 79 DI 10.6028/jres.117.002 PG 19 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 933UQ UT WOS:000303389300002 PM 26900514 ER PT J AU Fitzgerald, R AF Fitzgerald, Ryan TI NIST Ionization Chamber "A" Sample-Height Corrections SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Half-life; ionization chamber ID HALF-LIFE MEASUREMENTS AB For over 30 years scientists in the NIST radioactivity group have been using their pressurized ionization chamber "A" (PIC "A") to make measurements of radioactivity and radioactive half-lives. We now have evidence that some of those reported measurements were incorrect due to slippage of the source positioning ring over time. The temporal change in the holder caused an error in the source-height within the chamber, which was thought to be invariant. This unaccounted-for height change caused a change in the detector response and thus a relative error in measured activity on the order of 10(-5) to 10(-3) per year, depending on the radionuclide. The drifting detector response affected calibration factors and half-life determinations. After discovering the problem, we carried out historic research and new sensitivity tests. As a result, we have created a quantitative model of the effect and have used that model to estimate corrections to some of the past measurement results from PIC "A". In this paper we report the details and results of that model. Meanwhile, we have fixed the positioning ring and are recalibrating the detector using primary measurement methods and enhanced quality control measures. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fitzgerald, R (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ryan.fitzgerald@nist.gov RI Fitzgerald, Ryan/H-6132-2016 NR 7 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD FEB 2 PY 2012 VL 117 BP 80 EP 95 DI 10.6028/jres.117.003 PG 16 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 933UQ UT WOS:000303389300003 PM 26900515 ER PT J AU Eppeldauer, GP AF Eppeldauer, George P. TI Standardization of Broadband UV Measurements for 365 nm LED Sources SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 365 nm LED; broadband UV measurements; Hg source; standard UV measurement; ultraviolet irradiance; UV excitation source; CIE UV-A meter AB Broadband UV measurements are evaluated when UV-A irradiance meters measure optical radiation from 365 nm UV sources. The CIE standardized rectangular-shape UV-A function can be realized only with large spectral mismatch errors. The spectral power-distribution of the 365 nm excitation source is not standardized. Accordingly, the readings made with different types of UV meters, even if they measure the same UV source, can be very different. Available UV detectors and UV meters were measured and evaluated for spectral responsivity. The spectral product of the source-distribution and the meter's spectral-responsivity were calculated for different combinations to estimate broad-band signal-measurement errors. Standardization of both the UV source-distribution and the meter spectral-responsivity is recommended here to perform uniform broad-band measurements with low uncertainty. It is shown what spectral responsivity function(s) is needed for new and existing UV irradiance meters to perform low-uncertainty broadband 365 nm measurements. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Eppeldauer, GP (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM george.eppeldauer@nist.gov NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 7 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD FEB 2 PY 2012 VL 117 BP 96 EP 103 DI 10.6028/jres.117.004 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 933UQ UT WOS:000303389300004 PM 26900516 ER PT J AU Paulter, NG AF Paulter, N. G., Jr. TI The Effect of Non-equispaced Sampling Instants, Sub-period Record Epochs, and Timebase Gain on the Information Content of Discretized Replicas of Periodic Signals SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE digitized replica; equivalent-time sampler; impulse-like waveforms; periodic signals; real-time oscilloscope; sampling instants; step-like waveforms; timebase gain; transient digitizer; waveform recorder ID FAST-FOURIER-TRANSFORM; DIGITAL SPECTRA; INTERPOLATION; DIGITIZERS; ERROR AB The effect of non-equispaced sampling instants and timebase gain on the information content of the discretized replica of a periodic signal is examined. The effect of the duration of record epochs that are not equal to an integer number of signal periods on the information content of the discretized replica is also explored. A general model describing sampled and windowed data is provided and compared to related models developed by other researchers. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Paulter, NG (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nicholas.paulter@nist.gov NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD FEB 2 PY 2012 VL 117 BP 104 EP 118 DI 10.6028/jres.117.005 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 933UQ UT WOS:000303389300005 PM 26900517 ER PT J AU Amorocho, DF Abreu-Grobois, FA Dutton, PH Reina, RD AF Amorocho, Diego F. Alberto Abreu-Grobois, F. Dutton, Peter H. Reina, Richard D. TI Multiple Distant Origins for Green Sea Turtles Aggregating off Gorgona Island in the Colombian Eastern Pacific SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID CHELONIA-MYDAS-AGASSIZII; CONTROL REGION SEQUENCES; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; POPULATION-GENETICS; MARINE TURTLES; NATIONAL-PARK; MARKERS; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; DISPERSAL; OCEAN AB Mitochondrial DNA analyses have been useful for resolving maternal lineages and migratory behavior to foraging grounds (FG) in sea turtles. However, little is known about source rookeries and haplotype composition of foraging green turtle aggregations in the southeastern Pacific. We used mitochondrial DNA control region sequences to identify the haplotype composition of 55 green turtles, Chelonia mydas, captured in foraging grounds of Gorgona National Park in the Colombian Pacific. Amplified fragments of the control region (457 bp) revealed the presence of seven haplotypes, with haplotype (h) and nucleotide (pi) diversities of h = 0.300 +/- 0.080 and pi = 0.009 +/- 0.005 respectively. The most common haplotype was CMP4 observed in 83% of individuals, followed by CMP22 (5%). The genetic composition of the Gorgona foraging population primarily comprised haplotypes that have been found at eastern Pacific rookeries including Mexico and the Galapagos, as well as haplotypes of unknown stock origin that likely originated from more distant western Pacific rookeries. Mixed stock analysis suggests that the Gorgona FG population is comprised mostly of animals from the Galapagos rookery (80%). Lagrangian drifter data showed that movement of turtles along the eastern Pacific coast and eastward from distant western and central Pacific sites was possible through passive drift. Our results highlight the importance of this protected area for conservation management of green turtles recruited from distant sites along the eastern Pacific Ocean. C1 [Amorocho, Diego F.; Reina, Richard D.] Monash Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Clayton, Vic, Australia. [Amorocho, Diego F.] Res Ctr Environm Management & Dev, Cali, Colombia. [Alberto Abreu-Grobois, F.] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ciencias Mar & Limnol, Unidad Acad Mazatlan, Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico. [Dutton, Peter H.] NOAA, Protected Resources Div, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Amorocho, DF (reprint author), Monash Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Clayton, Vic, Australia. EM richard.reina@monash.edu RI Abreu Grobois, Alberto/A-3560-2017 FU United States National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; Chelonian Research Foundation; Rufford Foundation; Monash University FX Funding was received from the following: United States National Fish and Wildlife Foundation funded fieldwork and analysis costs; the Chelonian Research Foundation funded fieldwork and analysis costs; the Rufford Foundation funded fieldwork, administrative and analysis costs; Monash University funded travel and analysis costs. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 65 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 33 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 1160 BATTERY STREET, STE 100, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD FEB 2 PY 2012 VL 7 IS 2 AR e31486 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0031486 PG 12 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 914UV UT WOS:000301979000030 PM 22319635 ER PT J AU Cingoz, A Yost, DC Allison, TK Ruehl, A Fermann, ME Hartl, I Ye, J AF Cingoez, Arman Yost, Dylan C. Allison, Thomas K. Ruehl, Axel Fermann, Martin E. Hartl, Ingmar Ye, Jun TI Direct frequency comb spectroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID HIGH-HARMONIC-GENERATION; SPECTRUM; PULSES; POWER AB The development of the optical frequency comb(a spectrum consisting of a series of evenly spaced lines) has revolutionized metrology and precision spectroscopy owing to its ability to provide a precise and direct link between microwave and optical frequencies(1,2). A further advance in frequency comb technology is the generation of frequency combs in the extreme-ultraviolet spectral range by means of high-harmonic generation in a femtosecond enhancement cavity(3,4). Until now, combs produced by this method have lacked sufficient power for applications, a drawback that has also hampered efforts to observe phase coherence of the high-repetition-rate pulse train produced by high-harmonic generation, which is an extremely nonlinear process. Here we report the generation of extreme-ultraviolet frequency combs, reaching wavelengths of 40 nanometres, by coupling a high-power near-infrared frequency comb(5) to a robust femtosecond enhancement cavity. These combs are powerful enough for us to observe single-photon spectroscopy signals for both an argon transition at 82 nanometres and a neon transition at 63 nanometres, thus confirming the combs' coherence in the extreme ultraviolet. The absolute frequency of the argon transition has been determined by direct frequency comb spectroscopy. The resolved ten-megahertz linewidth of the transition, which is limited by the temperature of the argon atoms, is unprecedented in this spectral region and places a stringent upper limit on the linewidth of individual comb teeth. Owing to the lack of continuous-wave lasers, extreme-ultraviolet frequency combs are at present the only promising route to extending ultrahigh-precision spectroscopy to the spectral region below 100 nanometres. At such wavelengths there is a wide range of applications, including the spectroscopy of electronic transitions in molecules(6), experimental tests of bound-state and many-body quantum electrodynamics in singly ionized helium and neutral helium(7-9), the development of next-generation 'nuclear' clocks(10-12) and searches for variation of fundamental constants(13) using the enhanced sensitivity of highly charged ions(14). C1 [Cingoez, Arman; Yost, Dylan C.; Allison, Thomas K.; Ye, Jun] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Cingoez, Arman; Yost, Dylan C.; Allison, Thomas K.; Ye, Jun] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Ruehl, Axel; Fermann, Martin E.; Hartl, Ingmar] IMRA Amer Inc, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Cingoz, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM acingoz@jila.colorado.edu; junye@jila.colorado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 FU DARPA; AFOSR; NIST; NSF; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (Germany) FX We thank J. L. Hall for the use of an iodine-stabilized laser, M. D. Swallows for the assistance with the hydrogen maser frequency transfer, and S. T. Cundiff and A. Foltynowicz for reading a draft of the manuscript. This research is funded by the DARPA, AFOSR, NIST and NSF. A. C. and T. K. A. are National Research Council postdoctoral fellows. A. R. acknowledges funding from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (Germany). NR 30 TC 168 Z9 172 U1 10 U2 100 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD FEB 2 PY 2012 VL 482 IS 7383 BP 68 EP 71 DI 10.1038/nature10711 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 884RN UT WOS:000299726000036 PM 22297971 ER PT J AU Amaral, AR Beheregaray, LB Bilgmann, K Boutov, D Freitas, L Robertson, KM Sequeira, M Stockin, KA Coelho, MM Moller, LM AF Amaral, Ana R. Beheregaray, Luciano B. Bilgmann, Kerstin Boutov, Dmitri Freitas, Luis Robertson, Kelly M. Sequeira, Marina Stockin, Karen A. Coelho, M. Manuela Moeller, Luciana M. TI Seascape Genetics of a Globally Distributed, Highly Mobile Marine Mammal: The Short-Beaked Common Dolphin (Genus Delphinus) SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID MULTILOCUS GENOTYPE DATA; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; WHALES ORCINUS-ORCA; SOUTH-EAST COAST; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; LANDSCAPE GENETICS; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB Identifying which factors shape the distribution of intraspecific genetic diversity is central in evolutionary and conservation biology. In the marine realm, the absence of obvious barriers to dispersal can make this task more difficult. Nevertheless, recent studies have provided valuable insights into which factors may be shaping genetic structure in the world's oceans. These studies were, however, generally conducted on marine organisms with larval dispersal. Here, using a seascape genetics approach, we show that marine productivity and sea surface temperature are correlated with genetic structure in a highly mobile, widely distributed marine mammal species, the short-beaked common dolphin. Isolation by distance also appears to influence population divergence over larger geographical scales (i.e. across different ocean basins). We suggest that the relationship between environmental variables and population structure may be caused by prey behaviour, which is believed to determine common dolphins' movement patterns and preferred associations with certain oceanographic conditions. Our study highlights the role of oceanography in shaping genetic structure of a highly mobile and widely distributed top marine predator. Thus, seascape genetic studies can potentially track the biological effects of ongoing climate-change at oceanographic interfaces and also inform marine reserve design in relation to the distribution and genetic connectivity of charismatic and ecologically important megafauna. C1 [Amaral, Ana R.; Coelho, M. Manuela] Univ Lisbon, Fac Ciencias, Ctr Biol Ambiental, P-1699 Lisbon, Portugal. [Amaral, Ana R.; Beheregaray, Luciano B.] Macquarie Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. [Beheregaray, Luciano B.; Moeller, Luciana M.] Flinders Univ S Australia, Sch Biol Sci, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia. [Bilgmann, Kerstin] Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. [Boutov, Dmitri] Univ Lisbon, Fac Ciencias, Ctr Oceanog, Lisbon, Portugal. [Freitas, Luis] Museu Baleia Madeira, Canical, Madeira, Portugal. [Robertson, Kelly M.] SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA USA. [Sequeira, Marina] Inst Conservacao Nat & Biodiversidade, Lisbon, Portugal. [Stockin, Karen A.] Massey Univ, Inst Nat Sci, Coastal Marine Res Grp, Auckland, New Zealand. RP Amaral, AR (reprint author), Univ Lisbon, Fac Ciencias, Ctr Biol Ambiental, P-1699 Lisbon, Portugal. EM aramaral@fc.ul.pt RI Amaral, Ana/D-1060-2010; Boutov, Dmitri/B-2720-2012; Beheregaray, Luciano/A-8621-2008; Coelho, Maria/B-8672-2009 OI Beheregaray, Luciano/0000-0003-0944-3003; Amaral, Ana/0000-0002-0595-0086; Boutov, Dmitri/0000-0001-8530-4369; Coelho, Maria/0000-0003-3288-1693 FU Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (Portugal); Macquarie University [MQ A006162] FX Funding was provided by Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (Portugal) through a PhD grant to AR Amaral and by Macquarie University. Sample collection in Australia was funded by Macquarie University through research grants to L. Moller, L. Beheregaray (MQ A006162) and K. Bilgmann. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 87 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 8 U2 82 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 1160 BATTERY STREET, STE 100, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD FEB 2 PY 2012 VL 7 IS 2 AR e31482 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0031482 PG 14 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 914UV UT WOS:000301979000029 PM 22319634 ER PT J AU Persily, AK Emmerich, SJ AF Persily, Andrew K. Emmerich, Steven J. TI Indoor air quality in sustainable, energy efficient buildings SO HVAC&R RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTS; HEALTH; RATES AB Building designers, contractors, owners, and managers have long been challenged with providing quality indoor environments at a reasonable energy cost. Current efforts to improve building energy efficiency, including goals of sustainability and net-zero energy use, are bringing more focus on how to simultaneously achieve energy efficiency and good indoor air quality (IAQ). While energy efficiency and IAQ are sometimes viewed as incompatible, there are many strategies than support both ends. This article discusses the relationship between IAQ and energy efficiency, with outdoor air ventilation being the primary connection. A number of strategies that are currently being used or proposed to provide both improved IAQ and energy efficiency are highlighted, including increased envelope airtightness, heat recovery ventilation, demand controlled ventilation, and improved system maintenance. In addition, the manner in which various green and sustainable building programs, standards, and guidance documents address IAQ is reviewed. These programs and documents are driving the trend towards sustainable buildings, and the manner in which they consider IAQ is critical to achieving energy efficient buildings with good indoor environments. C1 [Persily, Andrew K.; Emmerich, Steven J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Persily, AK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 1070,MS8633, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM andyp@nist.gov NR 44 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 4 U2 33 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1078-9669 J9 HVAC&R RES JI HVAC&R Res. PD FEB-APR PY 2012 VL 18 IS 1-2 BP 4 EP 20 DI 10.1080/10789669.2011.592106 PG 17 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 910JP UT WOS:000301633300002 ER PT J AU Wang, LZ Dols, WS Emmerich, SJ AF Wang, Liangzhu (Leon) Dols, W. Stuart Emmerich, Steven J. TI Simultaneous solutions of coupled thermal airflow problem for natural ventilation in buildings SO HVAC&R RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Natural and hybrid ventilation can be sustainable building ventilation strategies, where airflow is driven naturally by thermal buoyancy and/or wind forces other than pure mechanical means. The simulation and design of these systems need to consider the combined impact of thermal and airflow transport behaviors. The numerical solution of such combined thermal airflow problems often employs a segregate and iterative approach. Either the air temperatures in the thermal problem or the air pressures in the airflow problem are solved separately with the other parameter known from a previous iteration. The newly solved parameters are then substituted successively into the other calculation. For highly coupled thermal airflow problems, the segregate method can cause solution fluctuation or even divergence when relaxation factors are not carefully selected to avoid abrupt changes of air parameters in the successive substitution procedure. This article investigated two nonsegregate methods to solve thermal and airflow problems simultaneously. In the fully simultaneous method, air temperatures and pressures for all rooms of a building are solved simultaneously using a single Jacobian matrix. In the semi-simultaneous method, a Jacobian matrix for the air temperature and pressure of one room is solved when air temperatures and pressures of other rooms are kept as constants. The same procedure is then repeated for each room of a building. In both cases, relaxation factors are not required. The simultaneous solution methods are demonstrated for a two-zone building with thermal buoyancy-driven flows and validated for an experimental study of combined wind and buoyancy forces in a light well. It was shown that the simultaneous solvers provide stable solutions without using any relaxation in both cases. The predicted results also agree reasonably well with the experimental data. C1 [Wang, Liangzhu (Leon)] Concordia Univ, Dept Bldg Civil & Environm Engn, Montreal, PQ H3G 1M8, Canada. [Dols, W. Stuart; Emmerich, Steven J.] NIST, Indoor Air Qual & Ventilat Grp, Bldg Environm Div, Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, LZ (reprint author), Concordia Univ, Dept Bldg Civil & Environm Engn, 1455 De Maisonneuve Blvd, Montreal, PQ H3G 1M8, Canada. EM leonwang@bcee.concordia.ca NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1078-9669 J9 HVAC&R RES JI HVAC&R Res. PD FEB-APR PY 2012 VL 18 IS 1-2 BP 264 EP 274 DI 10.1080/10789669.2011.591258 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 910JP UT WOS:000301633300021 ER PT J AU Conn, PB Cooch, EG Caley, P AF Conn, Paul B. Cooch, Evan G. Caley, Peter TI Accounting for detection probability when estimating force-of-infection from animal encounter data SO JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th EURING Analytical Meeting CY SEP 14-20, 2009 CL Ist Superiore Protezione Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Pescara, ITALY SP EURING HO Ist Superiore Protezione Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA) DE Apparent prevalence; Capture-recapture; Detection probability; Force-of-infection ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE MODELS; ESTIMATING PARAMETERS; DISEASE PREVALENCE; CONTINUOUS-TIME; SURVIVAL; POPULATIONS; MORTALITY; DYNAMICS; RATES; STATE AB Force-of-infection (FOI; the instantaneous rate at which susceptible individuals acquire infection) is an important summary parameter in many disease studies. This parameter controls the propensity of diseases and parasites to spread through populations and often depends on the degree of contact between susceptible and infected individuals. Longitudinal studies are perhaps capable of providing the most information about FOI; however, inference can also be drawn from cross-sectional age-prevalence data in certain situations (for instance, when disease is endemic in a population with little temporal variation in vital rates). In this paper, we provide a review of FOI as it relates to the study of marked animals, highlighting difficulties with obtaining parameter estimates with the intended interpretation. We also provide several alternatives for accounting for detection probability when estimating FOI. We primarily concentrate on the analysis of cross-sectional age-prevalence data, where previous approaches have traditionally assumed that the probability of sampling an individual is the same regardless of disease status or age class. Since this assumption is likely to be violated in many wildlife populations, we work to extend existing statistical methodology to account for potential differences in capture probability. Our approach requires that data be gathered such that capture-recapture or removal estimators of abundance may be employed. We use simulation to investigate the importance of accounting for differences in detectability, demonstrating a potential for substantial bias when detectability is ignored. Finally, we illustrate our approach by analyzing age-prevalence data from a removal study of ferrets in New Zealand. Interest in this case focused on quantifying age-specific susceptibility of ferrets to bovine tuberculosis. C1 [Conn, Paul B.] Cornell Univ, Ornithol Lab, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. [Conn, Paul B.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Beaufort, NC USA. [Cooch, Evan G.] Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Caley, Peter] Dept Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Bur Rural Sci, Risk Sci Branch, Canberra, ACT, Australia. RP Conn, PB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Ornithol Lab, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. EM paul.conn@noaa.gov RI Caley, Peter/D-8638-2011 NR 42 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 19 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0021-8375 EI 1439-0361 J9 J ORNITHOL JI J. Ornithol. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 152 SU 2 BP S511 EP S520 DI 10.1007/s10336-010-0591-z PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 016RZ UT WOS:000309538300020 ER PT J AU Cooch, EG Conn, PB Ellner, SP Dobson, AP Pollock, KH AF Cooch, Evan G. Conn, Paul B. Ellner, Stephen P. Dobson, Andrew P. Pollock, Kenneth H. TI Disease dynamics in wild populations: modeling and estimation: a review SO JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th EURING Analytical Meeting CY SEP 14-20, 2009 CL Ist Superiore Protezione Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Pescara, ITALY SP EURING HO Ist Superiore Protezione Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA) DE Detection probability; Disease models; Mark-recapture; Multi-state models; Parameterization; Time series; Uncertain state ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE DATA; HIDDEN MARKOV-MODELS; STATE-SPACE MODELS; CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE; FINCHES CARPODACUS-MEXICANUS; INTEGRAL PROJECTION MODELS; RECORD SYSTEMS ESTIMATION; IN-HOUSE FINCHES; TIME-SERIES; DEMOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS AB Models of infectious disease dynamics focus on describing the temporal and spatial variations in disease prevalence, and on understanding the factors that affect how many cases will occur in each time period and which individuals are likely to become infected. Classical methods for selecting and fitting models, mostly motivated by human diseases, are almost always based solely on raw counts of infected and uninfected individuals. We begin by reviewing the main classical approaches to parameter estimation, and some of their applications. We then review recently developed methods which enable representation of component processes such as infection and recovery, with observation models that acknowledge the complexities of the sampling and detection processes. We demonstrate the need to account for detectability in modeling disease dynamics, and explore a number of mark-recapture and occupancy study designs for estimating disease parameters while simultaneously accounting for variation in detectability. We highlight the utility of different modeling approaches and also consider the typically strong assumptions that may actually serve to limit their utility in general application to the study of disease dynamics (e.g., assignment of individuals to discrete disease states when underlying state space is more generally continuous; transitions assumed to be simple first-order Markov; temporal separation of hazard and transition events). C1 [Cooch, Evan G.] Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Conn, Paul B.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Beaufort, NC USA. [Dobson, Andrew P.] Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Pollock, Kenneth H.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Cooch, EG (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Fernow Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM evan.cooch@cornell.edu NR 186 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 4 U2 62 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0021-8375 EI 1439-0361 J9 J ORNITHOL JI J. Ornithol. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 152 SU 2 BP S485 EP S509 DI 10.1007/s10336-010-0636-3 PG 25 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 016RZ UT WOS:000309538300019 ER PT J AU Notarnicola, C Caporaso, L Di Giuseppe, F Temimi, M Ventura, B Zebisch, M AF Notarnicola, C. Caporaso, L. Di Giuseppe, F. Temimi, M. Ventura, B. Zebisch, M. TI Inferring soil moisture variability in the Mediterrean Sea area using infrared and passive microwave observations SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID THERMAL INERTIA; ERS SCATTEROMETER; AMSR-E; RETRIEVAL; TEMPERATURE; VALIDATION; WETNESS; SURFACE; BASIN; MODEL AB The objective of this study was to infer soil moisture variability from a combination of passive microwave and infrared satellite observations. The proposed approach is mainly based on the concept of apparent thermal inertia (ATI) and makes use of the daily gradient in brightness temperature from MODIS AQUA to infer soil moisture at moderate spatial resolution. Soil moisture retrievals from optical polar orbiting satellites are affected by discontinuities due to the presence of clouds and spurious fluctuations because of low temporal sampling, which is not sufficient for a reliable daily cycle sampling. To mitigate these limitations, we propose using soil moisture temporal trend derived from passive microwave based product, namely the NASA AMSR-E soil moisture product, to filter estimates from MODIS observations. Passive microwave-based soil moisture products exhibit less fluctuation because of their coarse resolution and lower sensitivity to atmosphere. They can therefore be considered as natural "low pass filters" thus reducing the effect of noise in the infrared based estimates. A sensitivity test was conducted to identify to determine the contribution of various factors to the inferred soil moisture from ATI and the error that they may introduce in the estimates. The ATI-based approach was then applied to qualitatively describe the spatial distribution of soil moisture. The algorithm was validated over two different test areas in Italy and France where reference measurements are available. For the test site in Italy, the obtained ATI values were clustered around four different values corresponding to different levels of wetness. The determined four classes of soil moisture (low, medium, medium-high, and high) were compared to available in situ observations. An agreement with in situ observations of 81% was obtained. In densely vegetated areas, only three classes of soil moisture were instead distinguishable. The obtained agreement between observed and inferred soil moisture values was 88%. Also, in the second study area in France, where vegetation is more dominant, only three classes of soil moisture were determined with a lower agreement of 73%. In addition, the ATI trends are in agreement with thermal inertia values determined from physics-based formulation. This study showed that a combination of infrared and passive microwave observation may lead to a better mapping of soil moisture at the regional scale. C1 [Notarnicola, C.; Ventura, B.; Zebisch, M.] EURAC, Inst Appl Remote Sensing, Bolzano, Italy. [Caporaso, L.] Univ Bologna, Dept Phys, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. [Di Giuseppe, F.] ARPA Serv IdroMeteoClima, Bologna, Italy. [Temimi, M.] CUNY City Coll, NOAA, CREST, New York, NY 10031 USA. RP Notarnicola, C (reprint author), EURAC, Inst Appl Remote Sensing, Viale Druso 1, Bolzano, Italy. EM Claudia.notarnicola@eurac.edu NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 14 PU CANADIAN AERONAUTICS SPACE INST PI KANATA PA 350 TERRY FOX DR, STE 104, KANATA, ON K2K 2W5, CANADA SN 1712-7971 J9 CAN J REMOTE SENS JI Can. J. Remote Sens. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 38 IS 1 BP 46 EP 59 DI 10.5589/m12-011 PG 14 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 971QM UT WOS:000306218900004 ER PT J AU DeWitt, JC Peden-Adams, MM Keller, JM Germolec, DR AF DeWitt, Jamie C. Peden-Adams, Margie M. Keller, Jennifer M. Germolec, Dori R. TI Immunotoxicity of Perfluorinated Compounds: Recent Developments SO TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE perfluorinated compounds; immunotoxicity; inflammation; perfluorooctane sulfonate; perfluorooctanoic acid; peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha ID PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATE PFOS; ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-ALPHA; SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE; FEMALE B6C3F1 MICE; NF-KAPPA-B; PEROXISOME-PROLIFERATOR; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; MARINE MAMMALS; UNITED-STATES; FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS AB Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are environmentally widespread, persistent, and bioaccumulative chemicals with multiple toxicities reported in experimental models and wildlife, including immunomodulation. The two most commonly detected compounds, which also generally occur in the highest concentrations in environmentally exposed organisms, are perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). PFOA and PFOS have been reported to alter inflammatory responses, production of cytokines, and adaptive and innate immune responses in rodent models, avian models, reptilian models, and mammalian and nonmammalian wildlife. Mounting evidence suggests that immune effects in laboratory animal models occur at serum concentrations below, within the reported range, or just above those reported for highly exposed humans and wildlife. Thus, the risk of immune effects for humans and wildlife exposed to PFCs cannot be discounted, especially when bioaccumulation and exposure to multiple PFCs are considered. This review contains brief descriptions of current and recently published work exploring immunomodulation by PFOA, PFOS, and other PFCs in rodent models, alternative laboratory models, and wildlife. C1 [DeWitt, Jamie C.] E Carolina Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Brody Sch Med, Greenville, NC 27834 USA. [Peden-Adams, Margie M.] Univ Nevada, Harry Reid Ctr Environm Studies, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. [Keller, Jennifer M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC USA. [Germolec, Dori R.] Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Natl Toxicol Program, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP DeWitt, JC (reprint author), E Carolina Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Brody Sch Med, 6S-10 Brody Bldg,600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, NC 27834 USA. EM dewittj@ecu.edu OI DeWitt, Jamie/0000-0002-0440-4059 FU National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health FX The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article. This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. This article may be the work product of an employee or group of employees of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH); however, the statements, opinions or conclusions contained therein do not necessarily represent the statements, opinions, or conclusions of NIEHS, NIH, or the U.S. government. NR 101 TC 87 Z9 88 U1 7 U2 78 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0192-6233 EI 1533-1601 J9 TOXICOL PATHOL JI Toxicol. Pathol. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 40 IS 2 BP 300 EP 311 DI 10.1177/0192623311428473 PG 12 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA 961JL UT WOS:000305460600020 PM 22109712 ER PT J AU Holloway, CL Shah, HA Pirkl, R Young, WF Hill, DA Ladbury, J AF Holloway, Christopher L. Shah, Haider A. Pirkl, Ryan Young, William F. Hill, David A. Ladbury, John TI A Three-Antenna Technique for Determining the Total and Radiation Efficiencies of Antennas in Reverberation Chambers SO IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION MAGAZINE LA English DT Article DE Antenna measurements; antenna radiation efficiency; reverberation chambers; total efficiency; uncertainties AB In this paper, we discuss a three-antenna reverberation-chamber method that allows for the determination of the antenna efficiency. While reverberation chambers have been used in the past for determining antenna efficiency, the previous approaches required knowledge of the efficiency of a reference antenna. The approach discussed in this paper allows one to determine the efficiency of one or all three antennas, and does not require one to know the efficiency of any of the antennas under test beforehand. The technique combines both time-domain and frequency-domain processed data, collected in reverberation-chamber experiments. Combining data in these two domains for three sets of experiments (a set for each two-antenna combination of the three antennas under test) allows for the determination of the efficiencies of the three unknown antennas. In this paper, we discuss the technique and present experimental data in order to illustrate its validity. C1 [Holloway, Christopher L.; Shah, Haider A.; Pirkl, Ryan; Young, William F.; Hill, David A.; Ladbury, John] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Holloway, CL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM holloway@boulder.nist.gov OI Pirkl, Ryan/0000-0001-8803-3154 NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1045-9243 EI 1558-4143 J9 IEEE ANTENN PROPAG M JI IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 54 IS 1 BP 235 EP 241 DI 10.1109/MAP.2012.6209518 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 957RJ UT WOS:000305180100020 ER PT J AU Miyakoda, K Cherchi, A Navarra, A Masina, S Ploshay, J AF Miyakoda, Kikuro Cherchi, Annalisa Navarra, Antonio Masina, Simona Ploshay, Jeff TI ENSO and Its Effects on the Atmospheric Heating Processes SO JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPOSPHERIC BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON; TROPICAL-WIDE TELECONNECTION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; OCEAN RECHARGE PARADIGM; PACIFIC WARM POOL; EL-NINO; INDIAN-OCEAN AB El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an important air-sea coupled phenomenon that plays a dominant role in the variability of the tropical regions. Observations, atmospheric and oceanic reanalysis datasets are used to classify ENSO and non-ENSO years to investigate the typical features of its periodicity and atmospheric circulation patterns. Among non-ENSO years, we have analyzed a group, called type-II years, with very small SST anomalies in summer that tend to weaken the correlation between ENSO and precipitation in the equatorial regions. A unique character of ENSO is studied in terms of the quasi-biennial periodicity of SST and heat content (HC) fields over the Pacific-Indian Oceans. While the SST tends to have higher biennial frequency along the Equator, the HC maximizes it into two centers in the western Pacific sector. The north-western center, located east of Mindanao, is strongly correlated with SST in the NINO3 region. The classification of El Nino and La Nina years, based on NINO3 SST and north-western Pacific HC respectively, has been used to identify and describe temperature and wind patterns over an extended-ENSO region that includes the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans. The description of the spatial patterns within the atmospheric ENSO circulation has been extended to tropospheric moisture fields and low-level moisture divergence during November-December-January, differentiating the role of El Nino, when lame amounts of condensational heat are concentrated in the central Pacific, from La Nina that tends to mainly redistribute heat to Maritime Continents and higher latitudes. The influence of the described mechanisms on equatorial convection in the context of the variability of ENSO on longer timescales for the end of the 20th century is questioned. However, the inaccuracy of the atmospheric reanalysis products in terms of precipitation and the shorter time length of more reliable datasets hamper a final conclusion on this issue. C1 [Cherchi, Annalisa; Navarra, Antonio; Masina, Simona] Ctr Euromediterraneo Cambiamenti Climat, Bologna, Italy. [Cherchi, Annalisa; Navarra, Antonio; Masina, Simona] Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Bologna, Italy. [Miyakoda, Kikuro] Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Ploshay, Jeff] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Cherchi, A (reprint author), Univ Bologna, Ctr Euromediterraneo Cambiamenti Climat CMCC, Viale Aldo Moro 44, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. EM annalisa.cherchi@bo.ingv.it RI Masina, Simona/B-4974-2012 FU Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research; Ministry for Environment, Land and Sea FX We are grateful to the reviewers whose comments helped us to largely improve the manuscript. We express our appreciation to GFDL (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory), US Department of Commerce for providing the convenience of the research to K. Miyakoda and J. Ploshay. We are also very much owe to a number of people, particularly Drs. S. Manabe and S. K. Bryan, A. F. Wittenberg, Ms. Cathy Raphael. Dr. P. Kalberg is acknowledged as he provided the unpublished information about the accuracy of ERA-40. The JRA-25 long-term reanalysis cooperative research project carried out by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) has been used in this study. We gratefully acknowledge the support of Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research, and Ministry for Environment, Land and Sea through the project GEMINA. NR 105 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 8 PU METEOROLOGICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA C/O JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY 1-3-4 OTE-MACHI, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 100-0004, JAPAN SN 0026-1165 EI 2186-9057 J9 J METEOROL SOC JPN JI J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 90 IS 1 BP 35 EP 57 DI 10.2151/jmsj.2012-103 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 930JG UT WOS:000303135100004 ER PT J AU Aronson, RB Precht, WF Macintyre, IG Toth, LT AF Aronson, Richard B. Precht, William F. Macintyre, Ian G. Toth, Lauren T. TI Catastrophe and the life span of coral reefs SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Belize; coral bleaching; coral disease; coral reef; earthquake; paleoecology; resilience; sponges; submarine avalanche; T-50 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; PHASE-SHIFTS; BELIZE; ECOSYSTEMS; RESILIENCE; DISTURBANCE; RECOVERY; ISLANDS AB A strong earthquake in the western Caribbean in 2009 had a catastrophic impact on uncemented, unconsolidated coral reefs in the central sector of the shelf lagoon of the Belizean barrier reef. In a set of 21 reef sites that had been observed prior to the earthquake, the benthic assemblages of 10 were eradicated, and one was partially damaged, by avalanching of their slopes. Ecological dynamics that had played out over the previous 23 years, including the mass mortalities of two sequentially dominant coral species and a large increase in the cover of an encrusting sponge, were instantaneously rendered moot in the areas of catastrophic reef-slope failure. Because these prior dynamics also determined the benthic composition and resilience of adjacent sections of reef that remained intact, the history of disturbance prior to the earthquake will strongly influence decadal-scale recovery in the failed areas. Geological analysis of the reef framework yielded a minimum return time of 2000-4000 years for this type of high-amplitude event. Anthropogenic degradation of ecosystems must be viewed against the backdrop of long-period, natural catastrophes, such as the impact of strong earthquakes on uncemented, lagoonal reefs. C1 [Aronson, Richard B.; Toth, Lauren T.] Florida Inst Technol, Dept Biol Sci, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA. [Precht, William F.] NOAA, Florida Keys Natl Marine Sanctuary, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. [Macintyre, Ian G.] Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Paleobiol, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Aronson, RB (reprint author), Florida Inst Technol, Dept Biol Sci, 150 W Univ Blvd, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA. EM raronson@fit.edu FU Smithsonian Marine Science Network FX We thank M. B. Bush, S. R. Dudgeon, L. Kaufman, R. M. Moody, B. R. Silliman, R. A. Tankersley, R. van Woesik, and J. L. Wulff for advice and discussion. Comments from two anonymous reviewers improved the manuscript. W. B. Goodwin and A. G. Macintyre assisted with the fieldwork. T. Rath and B. V. Shank kindly provided images and initial information on the impacts of the earthquake in Belize. Fieldwork was supported by a grant from the Smithsonian Marine Science Network and carried out under a permit from the Belize Department of Fisheries. This paper is Contribution No. 909 from the Smithsonian's Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems (CCRE) Program and Contribution No. 62 from the Institute for Research on Global Climate Change at the Florida Institute of Technology. The content of this paper does not reflect any position of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) or the U.S. Government, unless otherwise specified. NR 71 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 49 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD FEB PY 2012 VL 93 IS 2 BP 303 EP 313 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 925WZ UT WOS:000302794100011 PM 22624312 ER PT J AU Rodrigues, P Aubrecht, C Gil, A Longcore, T Elvidge, C AF Rodrigues, Pedro Aubrecht, Christoph Gil, Artur Longcore, Travis Elvidge, Chris TI Remote sensing to map influence of light pollution on Cory's shearwater in Sao Miguel Island, Azores Archipelago SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Light pollution; Marine birds; Remote sensing; Ground collection data; Azores Islands ID CALONECTRIS-DIOMEDEA; ARTIFICIAL LIGHTS; MOON PHASE; PETRELS; ATTRACTION; SEABIRDS; BIRDS; CONSERVATION; MORTALITY; GRANDE AB Global economic and population growth increase the extent and intensity of artificial night lighting. From an ecological perspective, this is light pollution, which causes changes in reproductive physiology, migration and foraging of many species and ultimately leads to loss of biodiversity. Some seabirds are intimately linked with the light features of their environments because they are nocturnally active. We report light-induced groundings of Cory's shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) during a 2-year study (2008 and 2009) in Sao Miguel Island, in the Azores archipelago, and investigate the spatial correlation of locations of grounded birds with an annual composite of remotely sensed stable lights. Results indicate that 16.7% of fledglings are attracted to lights. The exposure of shearwater colonies in the study area to artificial night lighting is low overall. Four colonies account for 87% of the grounded birds. The distance each bird was found from the closest colony was best explained by the ratio of the satellite-measured light levels at the grounding spot to the light levels at the assigned colony of origin. These results demonstrate that satellite-observed nighttime lights are sufficient to assess risk to marine birds at the scale of oceanic islands and indicate their utility for monitoring the effectiveness of programs to manage lighting to reduce risk for these species and conducting global assessments of species vulnerability. To minimize the impact on Cory's shearwater and other marine birds, we recommend measures such as reduction and control of lighting intensity near colony locations, while continuing and re-enforcing rescue campaigns. C1 [Rodrigues, Pedro] Univ Azores, P-9501801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal. [Rodrigues, Pedro] Univ Azores, Dept Biol, CIBIO Res Ctr Biodivers & Genet Resources, Sao Miguel, Azores, Portugal. [Aubrecht, Christoph] AIT Austrian Inst Technol GmbH, Foresight & Policy Dev Dept, Vienna, Austria. [Gil, Artur] Univ Azores, Dept Biol, CITA Azorean Biodivers Grp, Sao Miguel, Azores, Portugal. [Longcore, Travis] Univ So Calif, Spatial Sci Inst, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Elvidge, Chris] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr NGDC, Boulder, CO USA. RP Rodrigues, P (reprint author), Univ Azores, Rua Mae Deus,Apartado 1422, P-9501801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal. EM pedrorodrigues@uac.pt; christoph.aubrecht@ait.ac.at; arturgil@uac.pt; longcore@usc.edu; chris.elvidge@noaa.gov RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009; Gil, Artur/I-7520-2012; Aubrecht, Christoph/K-1821-2012; Rodrigues, Pedro/L-6682-2014; Longcore, Travis/A-4978-2008 OI Gil, Artur/0000-0003-4450-8167; Rodrigues, Pedro/0000-0002-2974-5909; Longcore, Travis/0000-0002-1039-2613 FU NOAA FX The nighttime lights data used for the presented research result from the DMSP archive run and maintained by NOAA's NGDC (Boulder, CO). The SOS Cagarro data were kindly provided by the NGO "Amigos dos A ores." The authors thank NOAA for funding work that contributed to this article. The article contents are solely the opinions of the authors and do not constitute a statement of policy, decision, or position on behalf of NOAA or the US Government. NR 46 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 7 U2 67 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1612-4642 J9 EUR J WILDLIFE RES JI Eur. J. Wildl. Res. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 58 IS 1 BP 147 EP 155 DI 10.1007/s10344-011-0555-5 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 912GB UT WOS:000301781700016 ER PT J AU Srinioas, G Ford, J Zhou, W Yildirim, T AF Srinioas, Gadipelli Ford, Jamie Zhou, Wei Yildirim, Taner TI Zn-MOF assisted dehydrogenation of ammonia borane: Enhanced kinetics and clean hydrogen generation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Renewable Energy (ICRE) CY JAN 17-21, 2011 CL Jaipur, INDIA SP Univ Rajasthan, Ctr Non-Convent Energy Resources DE Ammonia borane; Metal-organic framework; Nanoconfinement; Dehydrogenation kinetics; Hydrogen storage ID METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS; STORAGE MATERIALS; ADSORPTION; NH3BH3; SITES; UNITS AB We report controllable and enhanced hydrogen release kinetics at reduced temperatures in ammonia borane (AB) catalyzed by Zn-MOF-74. AB is loaded into the unsaturated Zn-metal coordinated one-dimensional hexagonal open nanopores of MOF-74 (ABMOF) via solution infiltration. The ABMOF system provides clean hydrogen by suppressing the release of detrimental volatile byproducts such as ammonia, borazine and diborane. These byproducts prevent the direct use of AB as a hydrogen source for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell applications. The H-2 release temperature, kinetics, and byproduct generation are dependent on the amount of AB loading. We show that nanoconfinement of AB and its interaction with the active Zn-metal centers in MOF are important in promoting efficient and clean hydrogen generation. Copyright (C) 2011, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Srinioas, Gadipelli; Ford, Jamie; Zhou, Wei; Yildirim, Taner] NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Srinioas, Gadipelli; Ford, Jamie; Yildirim, Taner] Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. [Zhou, Wei] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Srinioas, G (reprint author), NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gsrini@seas.upenn.edu; taner@seas.upenn.edu RI Zhou, Wei/C-6504-2008; yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; Gadipelli, Srinivas/A-8622-2010 OI Zhou, Wei/0000-0002-5461-3617; Gadipelli, Srinivas/0000-0002-1362-6905 NR 26 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 76 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0360-3199 EI 1879-3487 J9 INT J HYDROGEN ENERG JI Int. J. Hydrog. Energy PD FEB PY 2012 VL 37 IS 4 BP 3633 EP 3638 DI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.04.008 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels GA 910CP UT WOS:000301615100071 ER PT J AU Incardona, JP Vines, CA Linbo, TL Myers, MS Sloan, CA Anulacion, BF Boyd, D Collier, TK Morgan, S Cherr, GN Scholz, NL AF Incardona, John P. Vines, Carol A. Linbo, Tiffany L. Myers, Mark S. Sloan, Catherine A. Anulacion, Bernadita F. Boyd, Daryle Collier, Tracy K. Morgan, Steven Cherr, Gary N. Scholz, Nathaniel L. TI Potent Phototoxicity of Marine Bunker Oil to Translucent Herring Embryos after Prolonged Weathering SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; EXXON-VALDEZ OIL; CRUDE-OIL; PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY; CLUPEA-PALLASI; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; FISH EMBRYOS; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS AB Pacific herring embryos (Clupea pallasi) spawned three months following the Cosco Busan bunker oil spill in San Francisco Bay showed high rates of late embryonic mortality in the intertidal zone at oiled sites. Dead embryos developed to the hatching stage (e. g. fully pigmented eyes) before suffering extensive tissue deterioration. In contrast, embryos incubated subtidally at oiled sites showed evidence of sublethal oil exposure (petroleum-induced cardiac toxicity) with very low rates of mortality. These field findings suggested an enhancement of oil toxicity through an interaction between oil and another environmental stressor in the intertidal zone, such as higher levels of sunlight-derived ultraviolet (UV) radiation. We tested this hypothesis by exposing herring embryos to both trace levels of weathered Cosco Busan bunker oil and sunlight, with and without protection from UV radiation. Cosco Busan oil and UV co-exposure were both necessary and sufficient to induce an acutely lethal necrotic syndrome in hatching stage embryos that closely mimicked the condition of dead embryos sampled from oiled sites. Tissue levels of known phototoxic polycyclic aromatic compounds were too low to explain the observed degree of phototoxicity, indicating the presence of other unidentified or unmeasured phototoxic compounds derived from bunker oil. These findings provide a parsimonious explanation for the unexpectedly high losses of intertidal herring spawn following the Cosco Busan spill. The chemical composition and associated toxicity of bunker oils should be more thoroughly evaluated to better understand and anticipate the ecological impacts of vessel-derived spills associated with an expanding global transportation network. C1 [Incardona, John P.; Linbo, Tiffany L.; Myers, Mark S.; Sloan, Catherine A.; Anulacion, Bernadita F.; Boyd, Daryle; Collier, Tracy K.; Scholz, Nathaniel L.] NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA USA. [Vines, Carol A.; Morgan, Steven; Cherr, Gary N.] Univ Calif Davis, Bodega Marine Lab, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA. [Cherr, Gary N.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Toxicol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Cherr, Gary N.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Incardona, JP (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA USA. EM john.incardona@noaa.gov RI Scholz, Nathaniel/L-1642-2013 OI Scholz, Nathaniel/0000-0001-6207-0272 FU Natural Resource Damage Assessment process; Cosco Busan oil spill Responsible Party by Federal and California State FX All funding for this work was provided by the Natural Resource Damage Assessment process, obtained from the Cosco Busan oil spill Responsible Party by Federal and California State co-Trustees under the authority of the US Clean Water and Oil Pollution Acts. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 36 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 4 U2 50 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 1160 BATTERY STREET, STE 100, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD FEB 1 PY 2012 VL 7 IS 2 AR e30116 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0030116 PG 13 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 914UG UT WOS:000301977500004 PM 22312421 ER PT J AU Li, YQ Sunila, I Wikfors, GH AF Li, Yaqin Sunila, Inke Wikfors, Gary H. TI Bioactive effects of Prorocentrum minimum on juvenile bay scallops (Argopecten irradians irradians) are dependent upon algal physiological status SO BOTANICA MARINA LA English DT Article DE growth stage; Prorocentrum minimum; scallop; toxicity ID DINOFLAGELLATE ALEXANDRIUM-MINUTUM; OYSTERS CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; MUSSEL MYTILUS-EDULIS; LIFE-HISTORY STAGES; KARLODINIUM-VENEFICUM; MARINE DINOFLAGELLATE; EASTERN OYSTER; MERCENARIA-MERCENARIA; CULTURED STRAIN; HARMFUL ALGAE AB The harmful dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum reportedly has variable toxicity to grazing animals. We used the bay scallop Argopecten irradians irradians as a bioassay organism to compare expression of harmful effects of P. minimum cultures in growth or senescent phases. The non-toxic alga Rhodomonas sp. was used as a control. Exposure to both types of P minimum cultures decreased the degree of shell opening, amount of biodeposits produced, motility and byssal-thread attachment. As P minimum cultures approached senescence, effects became more severe, and mortality increased to 15% in scallops exposed to senescent P minimum. Pathological effects of P minimum on scallops included derangements of scallop digestive tubules and the adductor muscles, and abnormal hemocyte distributions, which were more severe in scallops exposed to senescent cultures. These findings help to explain the variable toxicity of P minimum to scallops and other bivalves reported in the literature. Further, these findings demonstrate that the definition of a "harmful algal bloom" should probably be expanded to include physiological status along with identity and abundance of a phytoplankton species. C1 [Li, Yaqin; Wikfors, Gary H.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Milford Lab, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford, CT 06460 USA. [Sunila, Inke] USDA, Bur Aquaculture, Milford, CT 06460 USA. RP Li, YQ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Milford Lab, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460 USA. EM judy.yaqi.li@noaa.gov NR 50 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 17 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0006-8055 J9 BOT MAR JI Bot. Marina PD FEB PY 2012 VL 55 IS 1 BP 19 EP 29 DI 10.1515/BOT.2011.123 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 915QS UT WOS:000302043100002 ER PT J AU Marko, P Nance, H Dawson-Guynn, K AF Marko, Peter Nance, Holly Dawson-Guynn, Kimberly TI Seafood mislabeling: a response to Mariani SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Letter ID FISH C1 [Marko, Peter] Clemson Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. [Nance, Holly] Florida Atlantic Univ, Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst, Ft Pierce, FL USA. [Dawson-Guynn, Kimberly] NOAA, Natl Seafood Inspect Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pascagoula, MS USA. RP Marko, P (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM pmarko@clemson.edu NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 11 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 10 IS 1 BP 10 EP 11 DI 10.1890/12.WB.002 PG 2 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 913GG UT WOS:000301864000013 ER PT J AU Soler, T Smith, D AF Soler, Tomas Smith, Dru TI Closure to "Rigorous Estimation of Local Accuracies" by Tomas Soler and Dru Smith SO JOURNAL OF SURVEYING ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Soler, Tomas] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Spatial Reference Syst Div, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Soler, T (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Spatial Reference Syst Div, Natl Geodet Survey, 1315 E W Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM Tom.Soler@noaa.gov; Dru.Smith@noaa.gov RI Soler, Tomas/F-6386-2010 NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9453 J9 J SURV ENG-ASCE JI J. Surv. Eng.-ASCE PD FEB PY 2012 VL 138 IS 1 BP 48 EP 50 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)SU.1943-5428.0000071 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA 910WS UT WOS:000301675500008 ER PT J AU Hudson, MR Queen, WL Mason, JA Fickel, DW Lobo, RF Brown, CM AF Hudson, Matthew R. Queen, Wendy L. Mason, Jarad A. Fickel, Dustin W. Lobo, Raul F. Brown, Craig M. TI Unconventional, Highly Selective CO2 Adsorption in Zeolite SSZ-13 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE CAPTURE; METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS; CHABAZITE ZEOLITES; GAS-ADSORPTION; HIGH-CAPACITY; TEMPERATURE; MEMBRANES; PRESSURE; STORAGE; SODIUM AB Low-pressure adsorption of carbon dioxide and nitrogen was studied in both acidic and copper-exchanged forms of SSZ-13, a zeolite containing an 8-ring window. Under ideal conditions for industrial separations of CO, from N-2, the ideal adsorbed solution theory selectivity is >70 in each compound. For low gas coverage, the isosteric heat of adsorption for CO2 was found to be 33.1 and 34.0 kJ/mol for Cu- and H-SSZ-13, respectively. From in situ neutron powder diffraction measurements, we ascribe the CO2 over N-2 selectivity to differences in binding sites for the two gases, where the primary CO2 binding site is located in the center of the 8-membered-ring pore window. This CO2 binding mode, which has important implications for use of zeolites in separations, has not been observed before and is rationalized and discussed relative to the high selectivity for CO2 over N-2 in SSZ-13 and other zeolites containing 8-ring windows. C1 [Fickel, Dustin W.; Lobo, Raul F.] Univ Delaware, Ctr Catalyt Sci & Technol, Dept Chem Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Brown, Craig M.] Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Bragg Inst, Menai, NSW, Australia. [Mason, Jarad A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Hudson, Matthew R.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Hudson, Matthew R.; Queen, Wendy L.; Brown, Craig M.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lobo, RF (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Ctr Catalyt Sci & Technol, Dept Chem Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. EM lobo@udel.edu; craig.brown@nist.gov RI Brown, Craig/B-5430-2009; OI Brown, Craig/0000-0002-9637-9355; Queen, Wendy/0000-0002-8375-2341 FU ACS-PRF [48480-ACS]; NSF FX R.F.L. and D.W.F. acknowledge financial support from ACS-PRF grant no. 48480-ACS. W.L.Q., gratefully acknowledges the NIST NRC postdoctoral research associateship program. We also thank NSF for providing graduate fellowship support (JAM.). We thank V. K. Peterson for providing technical assistance and supplies at ANSTO, and C. J. Kepert for use of the argon glovebox. NR 40 TC 121 Z9 125 U1 13 U2 195 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD FEB 1 PY 2012 VL 134 IS 4 BP 1970 EP 1973 DI 10.1021/ja210580b PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 903AF UT WOS:000301084600020 PM 22235866 ER PT J AU Li, Y Zaluzhna, O Zangmeister, CD Allison, TC Tong, YYJ AF Li, Ying Zaluzhna, Oksana Zangmeister, Christopher D. Allison, Thomas C. Tong, YuYe J. TI Different Mechanisms Govern the Two-Phase Brust-Schiffrin Dialkylditelluride Syntheses of Ag and Au Nanoparticles SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID GOLD NANOPARTICLES; PARTICLE-SIZE; C-13 NMR; SPECTROSCOPY; MONOLAYERS; COMPLEXES; SPECTRA AB Here we report the first unambiguous identification of the chemical structures of the precursor species involving metal (Au and Ag) ions and Te-containing ligands in the Brust-Schiffrin syntheses of the respective metal nanoparticles, through which the different reaction pathways involved are delineated. C1 [Li, Ying; Zaluzhna, Oksana; Tong, YuYe J.] Georgetown Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20057 USA. [Zangmeister, Christopher D.; Allison, Thomas C.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tong, YYJ (reprint author), Georgetown Univ, Dept Chem, 37th & O St NW, Washington, DC 20057 USA. EM yyt@georgetown.edu RI Li, Ying/B-9837-2013; Tong, YuYe/A-2334-2008 OI Li, Ying/0000-0003-3466-4115; Tong, YuYe/0000-0003-2799-022X FU NSF [CHE-0456848, CHE-0923910]; Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research FX This work was supported by grants from the NSF (CHE-0456848 and CHE-0923910). The authors thank the UMD NISP Lab for use of its TEM facility. A portion of the research was performed using EMSL, a National Scientific User Facility sponsored by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 40 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD FEB 1 PY 2012 VL 134 IS 4 BP 1990 EP 1992 DI 10.1021/ja210359r PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 903AF UT WOS:000301084600025 PM 22260496 ER PT J AU Bronnimann, S Martius, O von Waldow, H Welker, C Luterbacher, J Compo, GP Sardeshmukh, PD Usbeck, T AF Broennimann, S. Martius, O. von Waldow, H. Welker, C. Luterbacher, J. Compo, G. P. Sardeshmukh, P. D. Usbeck, T. TI Extreme winds at northern mid-latitudes since 1871 SO METEOROLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article ID INTERDECADAL VARIATIONS; SOUTHERN SWEDEN; CENTRAL-EUROPE; WINTER STORMS; CLIMATE; SWITZERLAND; ATLANTIC; EVENTS; TRENDS; TEMPERATURE AB Studying a sufficiently large sample of extremes or analysing the statistics of their occurrence, including trends, is hampered by the length of the existing observation-based record. New data sets such as the Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR), which consists of an ensemble of 56 members, significantly extend our record back in time. In this paper, we present examples of extremes of winds at northern hemisphere mid-latitudes in 20CR to illustrate challenges and opportunities for analysing extremes over a longer period than previously possible. For four representative storms from Europe and North America, 20CR provides a relatively good depiction of the synoptic-scale meteorological development, although it misses smaller scale features as well as local effects due to orography. For analysing trends of extreme winds, it is shown that the individual ensemble members should be used, rather than the ensemble mean, which appears to be biased towards lower wind speeds early in the record. For the studied locations, decadal variability and trends can best be characterised after around 1950, when the ensemble variance remains consistent. Different methodological approaches for studying changes in extreme winds are discussed. Finally, we show hemispheric maps of trends in extreme wind speeds since 1950. C1 [Broennimann, S.; Martius, O.; von Waldow, H.; Welker, C.] Univ Bern, Oeschger Ctr Climate Change Res, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. [Broennimann, S.; Martius, O.; von Waldow, H.; Welker, C.] Univ Bern, Inst Geog, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. [Luterbacher, J.] Univ Giessen, Dept Geog Climatol Climate Dynam & Climate Change, Giessen, Germany. [Compo, G. P.; Sardeshmukh, P. D.] Univ Colorado, Climate Diagnost Ctr, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Compo, G. P.; Sardeshmukh, P. D.] NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Usbeck, T.] Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Landscape Res WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland. [Usbeck, T.] Univ Neuchatel, Dept Geog, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland. RP Bronnimann, S (reprint author), Univ Bern, Oeschger Ctr Climate Change Res, Hallerstr 12, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. EM stefan.broennimann@giub.unibe.ch OI COMPO, GILBERT/0000-0001-5199-9633; Martius, Olivia/0000-0002-8645-4702; Bronnimann, Stefan/0000-0001-9502-7991 FU Swiss National Science Foundation through the National Competence Centre on Research (NCCR) in Climate; EU/FP7 project ACQWA [212250]; Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231, DE-AC05-00OR22725] FX This work was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation through project EVALUATE and through the National Competence Centre on Research (NCCR) in Climate. Juerg LUTERBACHER acknowledges support by the project "Climate Change and Extreme Weather in Hessen Analysis of observation data and ensemble projections for the 21st century" funded by the Hessian Centre on Climate Change and Geology. Juerg LUTERBACHER is also supported by the EU/FP7 project ACQWA (#212250). We acknowledge helpful comments by Thomas WOHLGEMUTH (WSL, Switzerland). 20CR data were obtained courtesy of the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their Web site at www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/. Support for the Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project dataset is provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science Innovative and Novel Computational Impact on Theory and Experiment (DOE INCITE) program, and Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER), and by the NOAA Climate Goal. The Project used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center and of the National Center for Computational Sciences at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which are supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 and Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725, respectively. We acknowledge the data providers in the ECA&D project (http://eca.knmi.nl) NR 72 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 18 PU E SCHWEIZERBARTSCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG PI STUTTGART PA NAEGELE U OBERMILLER, SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, JOHANNESSTRASSE 3A, D 70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0941-2948 EI 1610-1227 J9 METEOROL Z JI Meteorol. Z. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 21 IS 1 BP 13 EP 27 DI 10.1127/0941-2948/2012/0337 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 906XQ UT WOS:000301382800003 ER PT J AU Bronnimann, S Compo, GP AF Broennimann, Stefan Compo, Gilbert P. TI Ozone highs and associated flow features in the first half of the twentieth century in different data sets SO METEOROLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article ID DATA ASSIMILATION; REANALYSIS; INTRUSIONS; SIGNATURES; BLOCKING; HISTORY; SECTOR; AROSA; IGY AB In order to better understand weather extremes, their relation to the large-scale climate variability, and their possible changes over time, observation-based atmospheric data sets are required that reach back in time as far as possible and that provide information on the 3-dimensional structure of the atmosphere. A number of new such data sets have been published in recent years, including historical observations, reanalyses, and reconstructions, some of which reach back into the nineteenth century. However, their usefulness for studying weather extremes remains to be shown. Here we compare some of these historical data sets in the first half of the twentieth century, focusing on one specific type of extreme, namely "ozone highs". Using historical total ozone observations as a starting point, we assess dynamical links between total ozone, the flow near the tropopause, and tropospheric circulation in the "Twentieth Century Reanalysis" (20CR), historical radiosonde and aircraft observations, and hand drawn historical maps. Selected cases are presented for two regions (Europe and China). Ozone highs over Europe in the 1920s to 1950s were qualitatively well reproduced in 20CR and could mostly be interpreted in the context of cut-off lows. Some of these coincided with a blocking high over the North Atlantic or with vigorous cold-air outbreaks. One of these cases is analysed in more detail. Ozone highs over China in the 1930s may have been related to changes in the jet stream and the subtropical tropopause, but they were not always well reproduced in 20CR. The results demonstrate that, in many of the cases, the available data allow a dynamical interpretation. This confirms the potential of the available data and techniques to extend the length of atmospheric data sets suitable for studying extremes. C1 [Broennimann, Stefan] Univ Bern, Oeschger Ctr, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. [Broennimann, Stefan] Univ Bern, Inst Geog, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. [Compo, Gilbert P.] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Compo, Gilbert P.] NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Bronnimann, S (reprint author), Univ Bern, Oeschger Ctr Climate Change Res, Hallerstr 12, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. OI COMPO, GILBERT/0000-0001-5199-9633; Bronnimann, Stefan/0000-0001-9502-7991 FU Swiss National Science Foundation; NOAA; Office of Science (BER); U.S. Department of Energy; Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231, DE-AC05-00OR22725] FX Productive conversations are acknowledged with colleagues at NOAA/ESRL, J.S. WHITAKER and P.D. SARDESHMUKH (also of the University of Colorado CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center). Assistance with the NCEP GFS ozone parameterization was kindly provided by S. MOORTHI and S. SAHA at NCEP/Environmental Modeling Center and J. MCCORMACK of Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory. This work was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation project EVALUATE. G. COMPO received support from the NOAA Climate Program and the Office of Science (BER), U.S. Department of Energy. 20CR data were obtained courtesy of the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their Web site at www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/. Support for the Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project dataset is provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science Innovative and Novel Computational Impact on Theory and Experiment (DOE INCITE) program, and Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER), and by the NOAA Climate Goal. The Project used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center and of the National Center for Computational Sciences at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which are supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 and Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725, respectively. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 10 PU E SCHWEIZERBARTSCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG PI STUTTGART PA NAEGELE U OBERMILLER, SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, JOHANNESSTRASSE 3A, D 70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0941-2948 EI 1610-1227 J9 METEOROL Z JI Meteorol. Z. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 21 IS 1 BP 49 EP 59 DI 10.1127/0941-2948/2012/0284 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 906XQ UT WOS:000301382800006 ER PT J AU Barkley, SS Deng, Z Gates, RS Reitsma, MG Cannara, RJ AF Barkley, Sarice S. Deng, Zhao Gates, Richard S. Reitsma, Mark G. Cannara, Rachel J. TI Quantitative comparison of two independent lateral force calibration techniques for the atomic force microscope SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID CANTILEVERS AB Two independent lateral-force calibration methods for the atomic force microscope (AFM)-the hammerhead (HH) technique and the diamagnetic lateral force calibrator (D-LFC)-are systematically compared and found to agree to within 5 % or less, but with precision limited to about 15 %, using four different tee-shaped HH reference probes. The limitations of each method, both of which offer independent yet feasible paths toward traceable accuracy, are discussed and investigated. We find that stiff cantilevers may produce inconsistent D-LFC values through the application of excessively high normal loads. In addition, D-LFC results vary when the method is implemented using different modes of AFM feedback control, constant height and constant force modes, where the latter is more consistent with the HH method and closer to typical experimental conditions. Specifically, for the D-LFC apparatus used here, calibration in constant height mode introduced errors up to 14 %. In constant force mode using a relatively stiff cantilever, we observed an approximate to 4 % systematic error per mu N of applied load for loads <= 1 mu N. The issue of excessive load typically emerges for cantilevers whose flexural spring constant is large compared with the normal spring constant of the D-LFC setup (such that relatively small cantilever flexural displacements produce relatively large loads). Overall, the HH method carries a larger uncertainty, which is dominated by uncertainty in measurement of the flexural spring constant of the HH cantilever as well as in the effective length dimension of the cantilever probe. The D-LFC method relies on fewer parameters and thus has fewer uncertainties associated with it. We thus show that it is the preferred method of the two, as long as care is taken to perform the calibration in constant force mode with low applied loads. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3685243] C1 [Barkley, Sarice S.; Deng, Zhao; Cannara, Rachel J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Deng, Zhao] Univ Maryland, Maryland NanoCtr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Gates, Richard S.; Reitsma, Mark G.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Measurement Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cannara, RJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mark@asylumresearch.com; rachel.cannara@nist.gov RI Cannara, Rachel/C-9128-2013; Deng, Zhao/B-6555-2016 OI Cannara, Rachel/0000-0002-2984-5475; FU National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) FX We thank Erin Flater and Gordon Shaw for helpful discussions regarding this work. S.S.B. is grateful to the 2011 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship program for financial support. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 83 IS 2 AR 023707 DI 10.1063/1.3685243 PN 1 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 909LS UT WOS:000301566600031 PM 22380099 ER PT J AU Levine, J AF Levine, Judah TI Invited Review Article: The statistical modeling of atomic clocks and the design of time scales SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Review ID FREQUENCY; ALGORITHM; EAL AB I will show how the statistical models that are used to describe the performance of atomic clocks are derived from their internal design. These statistical models form the basis for time scales, which are used to define international time scales such as International Atomic Time and Coordinated Universal Time. These international time scales are realized by ensembles of clocks at national laboratories such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and I will describe how ensembles of atomic clocks are characterized and managed. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3681448] C1 [Levine, Judah] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Levine, Judah] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Levine, Judah] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Levine, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 38 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 83 IS 2 AR 021101 DI 10.1063/1.3681448 PN 1 PG 28 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 909LS UT WOS:000301566600002 PM 22380071 ER PT J AU Parker, TE AF Parker, Thomas E. TI Invited Review Article: The uncertainty in the realization and dissemination of the SI second from a systems point of view SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Review ID PRIMARY FREQUENCY STANDARD; TIME-TRANSFER; ACCURACY EVALUATION; NIST-F1; CLOCKS; TAI; GPS AB The uncertainty (accuracy) in the realization and dissemination of the SI second is determined by the characteristics of three major components: (1) primary frequency standards, (2) time scale flywheels that provide a continuously present frequency reference, and (3) frequency transfer systems. Currently these three systems contribute at approximately equal levels in the mid 10(-16) range over 20 to 30 days of averaging time to the practical delivery of the SI second to the most demanding users. Any significant improvement in one system requires similar improvements in the other two systems in order for most users to see the full benefits. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3682002] C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Parker, TE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 35 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 83 IS 2 AR 021102 DI 10.1063/1.3682002 PN 1 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 909LS UT WOS:000301566600003 PM 22380072 ER PT J AU Tan, JN Brewer, SM Guise, ND AF Tan, Joseph N. Brewer, Samuel M. Guise, Nicholas D. TI Penning traps with unitary architecture for storage of highly charged ions SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID NONNEUTRAL PLASMAS; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; PARTICLES; CONFINEMENT; TECHNOLOGY; ANTIMATTER; CRYSTALS; STATES; BEAMS AB Penning traps are made extremely compact by embedding rare-earth permanent magnets in the electrode structure. Axially-oriented NdFeB magnets are used in unitary architectures that couple the electric and magnetic components into an integrated structure. We have constructed a two-magnet Penning trap with radial access to enable the use of laser or atomic beams, as well as the collection of light. An experimental apparatus equipped with ion optics is installed at the NIST electron beam ion trap (EBIT) facility, constrained to fit within 1 meter at the end of a horizontal beamline for transporting highly charged ions. Highly charged ions of neon and argon, extracted with initial energies up to 4000 eV per unit charge, are captured and stored to study the confinement properties of a one-magnet trap and a two-magnet trap. Design considerations and some test results are discussed. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3685246] C1 [Tan, Joseph N.; Guise, Nicholas D.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Brewer, Samuel M.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Tan, JN (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU National Research Council FX The work of Nicholas D. Guise is supported by a National Research Council Associateship Award. NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 83 IS 2 AR 023103 DI 10.1063/1.3685246 PN 1 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 909LS UT WOS:000301566600006 PM 22380075 ER PT J AU Rasmussen, DJ Fiore, AM Naik, V Horowitz, LW McGinnis, SJ Schultz, MG AF Rasmussen, D. J. Fiore, A. M. Naik, V. Horowitz, L. W. McGinnis, S. J. Schultz, M. G. TI Surface ozone-temperature relationships in the eastern US: A monthly climatology for evaluating chemistry-climate models SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Ozone; Temperature; Climate; Global climate models; Model evaluation ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; NITROGEN-OXIDES EMISSIONS; AIR-QUALITY; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; URBAN OZONE; SENSITIVITY; VARIABILITY; TRENDS; NOX; METEOROLOGY AB We use long-term, coincident O-3 and temperature measurements at the regionally representative US Environmental Protection Agency Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) over the eastern US from 1988 through 2009 to characterize the surface O-3 response to year-to-year fluctuations in weather, for the purpose of evaluating global chemistry-climate models. We first produce a monthly climatology for each site over all available years, defined as the slope of the best-fit line (m(O3-T)) between monthly average values of maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) O-3 and monthly average values of daily maximum surface temperature (T-max). Applying two distinct statistical approaches to aggregate the site-specific measurements to the regional scale, we find that summer time m(O3-T) is 3-6 ppb K-1 (r = 0.5-0.8) over the Northeast, 3-4 ppb K-1 (r = 0.5-0.9) over the Great Lakes, and 3-6 ppb K-1 (r = 0.2-0.8) over the Mid-Atlantic. The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Atmospheric Model version 3 (AM3) global chemistry-climate model generally captures the seasonal variations in correlation coefficients and m(O3-T) despite biases in both monthly mean summertime MDA8 O-3 (up to +10 to +30 ppb) and daily T-max (up to +5 K) over the eastern US. During summer, GFDL AM3 reproduces m(O3-T) over the Northeast (m(O3-T) = 2-6 ppb K-1; r = 0.6-0.9), but underestimates m(O3-T) by 4 ppb K-1 over the Mid-Atlantic, in part due to excessively warm temperatures above which O-3 production saturates in the model. Combining T-max biases in GFDL AM3 with an observation-based m(O3-T) estimate of 3 ppb K-1 implies that temperature biases could explain up to 5-15 ppb of the MDA8 O-3 bias in August and September though correcting for excessively cool temperatures would worsen the O-3 bias in June. We underscore the need for long-term, coincident measurements of air pollution and meteorological variables to develop process-level constraints for evaluating chemistry-climate models used to project air quality responses to climate change. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Naik, V.] NOAA, GFDL, High Performance Technol Inc, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. [McGinnis, S. J.] Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Schultz, M. G.] Forschungszentrum Julich, IEK 8, D-52425 Julich, Germany. RP Rasmussen, DJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM david.rasmussen@noaa.gov RI Schultz, Martin/I-9512-2012; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Naik, Vaishali/A-4938-2013 OI Schultz, Martin/0000-0003-3455-774X; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Naik, Vaishali/0000-0002-2254-1700 NR 80 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 47 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 47 BP 142 EP 153 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.021 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 903XY UT WOS:000301157700017 ER PT J AU Santella, N Ho, DT Schlosser, P Gottlieb, E Munger, WJ Elkins, JW Dutton, GS AF Santella, Nicholas Ho, David T. Schlosser, Peter Gottlieb, Elaine Munger, William J. Elkins, James W. Dutton, Geoffrey S. TI Atmospheric variability and emissions of halogenated trace gases near New York City SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Chlorofluorocarbons; Sulfur hexafluoride; Emission estimates; Atmospheric transport ID LARGE URBAN AREA; UNITED-STATES; MONTREAL PROTOCOL; HALOCARBONS; SF6; TRENDS; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; CCL2F2; RADON; CCL3F AB Elevated mixing ratios of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11 and CFC-12), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) have been observed at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), located approximately 25 km north of New York City (NYC). Emissions and transport of these gases are of interest because of their global warming potential, the role of CFCs in depletion of stratospheric ozone and information they provide on the transport of atmospheric pollutants. Comparison of trace gas time series with meteorological data indicates that both NYC and the region to the southwest (New Jersey and the Philadelphia -Washington DC area) are significant sources of CFCs, and confirms that NYC is an unusually large source of SF6. From 1996 to 2005 the elevation of CFC-12 mixing ratio above that of the remote (well mixed) atmosphere has decreased on average by 5.2 +/- 0.6 ppt y(-1), whereas that of CFC-11 has not changed significantly (0.0 +/- 2.0 ppt y(-1)). From 1998 to 2006, the elevation of SF6 mixing ratios above that of the remote atmosphere declined by 0.4 +/- 0.1 ppt y(-1). Time series of the same gases measured at Harvard Forest, 205 km northeast of LDEO, demonstrate transport of air masses with elevated levels of these gases from their source region to central Massachusetts. Emissions in the local area around LDEO were quantified through analysis of diurnal cycles. Local CFC-12 emissions decreased ca. 95% between 1996 and 2005 while CFC-11 emission decreased ca. 51% during the same period. Local SF6 emissions decreased by 47% between 1998 and 2005. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Santella, Nicholas; Ho, David T.; Schlosser, Peter] Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. [Santella, Nicholas; Ho, David T.; Schlosser, Peter] Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Gottlieb, Elaine] Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA. [Munger, William J.] Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA. [Elkins, James W.; Dutton, Geoffrey S.] NOAA, GMD, ESRL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Dutton, Geoffrey S.] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Schlosser, P (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, 61 Rt 9W, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM santella@ldeo.columbia.edu; schlosser@ldeo.columbia.edu RI Schlosser, Peter/C-6416-2012; Ho, David/A-3154-2011 OI Schlosser, Peter/0000-0002-6514-4203; Ho, David/0000-0002-0944-6952 FU NSF/DOE through the Environmental Molecular Science Institute FX We thank W. Schuster for providing Black Rock Forest meteorological data. SF6 and CFC data from Harvard Forest was obtained courtesy of Steven Wofsy of Harvard University . Funding was provided by NSF/DOE through the Environmental Molecular Science Institute. This is LDEO contribution 7501. NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 47 BP 533 EP 540 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.012 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 903XY UT WOS:000301157700059 ER PT J AU Tong, DQ Lee, P Saylor, RD AF Tong, Daniel Q. Lee, Pius Saylor, Rick D. TI New Directions: The need to develop process-based emission forecasting models SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID CHEMISTRY; SYSTEM C1 [Tong, Daniel Q.; Lee, Pius; Saylor, Rick D.] NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Tong, DQ (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM daniel.tong@noaa.gov RI Tong, Daniel/A-8255-2008; Saylor, Rick/D-1252-2014; Lee, Pius/D-5201-2016 OI Tong, Daniel/0000-0002-4255-4568; Saylor, Rick/0000-0003-4835-8290; NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 47 BP 560 EP 561 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.070 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 903XY UT WOS:000301157700063 ER PT J AU Eberle, APR Porcar, L AF Eberle, Aaron P. R. Porcar, Lionel TI Flow-SANS and Rheo-SANS applied to soft matter SO CURRENT OPINION IN COLLOID & INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE SANS; Rheo-SANS; Flow-SANS; Flow induced structure; Shear; Flow ID ANGLE-NEUTRON-SCATTERING; INTERNAL PHASE EMULSIONS; SOLID-SOLUTION INTERFACE; WORMLIKE MICELLES; LAMELLAR PHASE; SHEAR-FLOW; ELONGATIONAL FLOW; UNDULATION INSTABILITY; COLLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS; SURFACTANT MESOPHASES AB We review the current literature pertaining to the characterization of soft matter subject to flow utilizing small-angle neutron scattering, flow-SANS, with an emphasis on the simultaneous measurement of the rheology, Rheo-SANS. Experimental results are discussed in terms of the flow induced structure and direct connection to the bulk rheology in which we highlight the use of the contrast match method as a unique advantage to neutron scattering techniques. Finally, we discuss specific areas in each field that could benefit from focused flow-SANS experiments, and the projected evolution of specialized flow-SANS sample environments. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Porcar, Lionel] Inst Laue Langevin, Large Scale Struct Grp, Grenoble, France. [Eberle, Aaron P. R.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Porcar, L (reprint author), Inst Laue Langevin, Large Scale Struct Grp, Grenoble, France. EM porcar@ill.fr FU National Academy of Sciences through a National Research Council; Institut Laue Langevin (ILL) FX The authors thank Paul Butler for discussion and Kathleen Weigandt for the images in Fig. 3. The financial support for A.P.R.E, comes from the National Academy of Sciences through a National Research Council postdoctoral fellowship award, and support for L P. comes from the Institut Laue Langevin (ILL). The identification of any commercial product or trade name within this paper does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose. NR 123 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 8 U2 93 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1359-0294 EI 1879-0399 J9 CURR OPIN COLLOID IN JI Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 17 IS 1 BP 33 EP 43 DI 10.1016/j.cocis.2011.12.001 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 912AU UT WOS:000301766600005 ER PT J AU Kirby, BJ Kienzle, PA Maranville, BB Berk, NF Krycka, J Heinrich, F Majkrzak, CF AF Kirby, B. J. Kienzle, P. A. Maranville, B. B. Berk, N. F. Krycka, J. Heinrich, F. Majkrzak, C. F. TI Phase-sensitive specular neutron reflectometry for imaging the nanometer scale composition depth profile of thin-film materials SO CURRENT OPINION IN COLLOID & INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE Neutron; Reflectivity; Phase-sensitive; Thin films; Multilayers; Composition depth profile ID MONTE-CARLO-SIMULATION; X-RAY REFLECTOMETRY; DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION; SURROUNDING MEDIA; DENSITY PROFILES; LIPID-MEMBRANES; REFLECTION; SURFACES; INTERFACES; BILAYER AB Neutron reflectometry is a powerful method for probing the molecular scale structure of both hard and soft condensed matter films. Moreover, the phase-sensitive methods which have been developed make it possible for specular neutron reflectometry to be effectively employed as an imaging device of the composition depth profile of thin film materials with a spatial resolution approaching a fraction of a nanometer. The image of the cross-sectional distribution of matter in the film obtained in such a way can be shown to be, in most cases, unambiguous to a degree limited primarily by the range and statistical uncertainty of the reflectivity data available. The application of phase-sensitive neutron reflectometry (PSNR) to the study of several types of soft matter thin film systems are illustrated by a number of specific examples from recent studies. In addition, new software tools available to the researcher to apply PSNR methods and analysis are discussed. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Kirby, B. J.; Kienzle, P. A.; Maranville, B. B.; Berk, N. F.; Krycka, J.; Majkrzak, C. F.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Heinrich, F.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Phys, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Majkrzak, CF (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Heinrich, Frank/A-5339-2010 OI Heinrich, Frank/0000-0002-8579-553X NR 61 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 38 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1359-0294 EI 1879-0399 J9 CURR OPIN COLLOID IN JI Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 17 IS 1 BP 44 EP 53 DI 10.1016/j.cocis.2011.11.001 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 912AU UT WOS:000301766600006 ER PT J AU Kim, FH Penumadu, D Hussey, DS AF Kim, Felix H. Penumadu, Dayakar Hussey, Daniel S. TI Water Distribution Variation in Partially Saturated Granular Materials Using Neutron Imaging SO JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Imaging; Sand; Water; Partially; Saturated; Neutrons; X-rays; Tomography; Three dimensional; Quantification ID X-RAY MICROTOMOGRAPHY; POROUS-MEDIA; COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY; VOID RATIO; RADIOGRAPHY; STABILITY; POROSITY; LIQUIDS AB The use of neutron imaging is demonstrated for visualizing and quantifying water distribution in partially saturated granular porous media. Because of the unique difference in the total neutron cross sections of water, sand, and air, a significant contrast for the three phases is observed in a neutron transmission image, and a quantitative analysis provides detailed information on the arrangement and distribution of particles, voids, and water. The experiments in this study are performed at the Neutron Imaging Facility (NIF) at the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST). An amorphous silicon flat panel detector was used in this research with a spatial resolution of approximately 250 mu m (127 mu m/pixel). The effect of particle morphology on water distribution in compacted granular columns is investigated by using round and angular silica sand. Silica sand specimens with different bulk gravimetric water contents (0%, 6%, 9%, and 12%) are studied for evaluating the water phase-distribution spatially for compacted sand specimens in an aluminum cylinder. DOI: 10.1061/ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000583. (C) 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. C1 [Penumadu, Dayakar] Univ Tennessee, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, JIAM Chair Excellence, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Hussey, Daniel S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Penumadu, D (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, JIAM Chair Excellence, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM fkim@utk.edu; dpenumad@utk.edu; daniel.hussey@nist.gov OI Kim, Felix/0000-0002-1042-9500 FU U.S. Dept. of Commerce; NIST Ionizing Radiation Division; Director's office of NIST; NIST Center for Neutron Research; Dept. of Energy [DE-AI01-01EE50660] FX This work was supported by the U.S. Dept. of Commerce, the NIST Ionizing Radiation Division, the Director's office of NIST, the NIST Center for Neutron Research, and the Dept. of Energy interagency agreement No. DE-AI01-01EE50660. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 16 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1090-0241 J9 J GEOTECH GEOENVIRON JI J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 138 IS 2 BP 147 EP 154 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000583 PG 8 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 908QU UT WOS:000301506000004 ER PT J AU Grau, M Leanhardt, AE Loh, H Sinclair, LC Stutz, RP Yahn, TS Cornell, EA AF Grau, M. Leanhardt, A. E. Loh, H. Sinclair, L. C. Stutz, R. P. Yahn, T. S. Cornell, E. A. TI Near-infrared LIF spectroscopy of HfF SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE Hafnium fluoride; Laser spectroscopy; Induced fluorescence AB The molecular ion HfF+ is the chosen species for a JILA experiment to measure the electron electric dipole moment (eEDM). Detailed knowledge of the spectrum of HIP is crucial to prepare HfF+ in a state suitable for performing an eEDM measurement [1]. We investigated the near-infrared electronic spectrum of HIP using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) of a supersonic molecular beam. We discovered eight unreported bands, and assign each of them unambiguously, four to vibrational bands belonging to the transition [13.8]0.5 <- X1.5, and four to vibrational bands belonging to the transition [14.2]1.5 -> X1.5. Additionally, we report an improved measurement of vibrational spacing of the ground state, as well as anharmonicity omega(e)x(e). (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Grau, M.; Loh, H.; Sinclair, L. C.; Stutz, R. P.; Yahn, T. S.; Cornell, E. A.] Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Grau, M.; Loh, H.; Sinclair, L. C.; Stutz, R. P.; Yahn, T. S.; Cornell, E. A.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Leanhardt, A. E.] Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Cornell, EA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM graum@jila.colorado.edu; ecornell@jilau1.Colorado.EDU OI Loh, Huanqian/0000-0002-7325-0815 FU NSF; W.M. Keck Foundation; Marsico Endowed Chair; A*STAR (Singapore) FX We would like to thank J. Ye for the loan of a fast PMT gating circuit, and acknowledge useful conversations with P. Bernath and R. Field. This work was supported by the NSF, the W.M. Keck Foundation, and the Marsico Endowed Chair. H. Loh acknowledges support from A*STAR (Singapore). NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 272 IS 1 BP 32 EP 35 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2011.12.006 PG 4 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 910FC UT WOS:000301621600006 ER PT J AU Nalewajko, K AF Nalewajko, Krzysztof TI Dissipation efficiency of reconfinement shocks in relativistic jets SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE shock waves; gamma-ray burst: general; galaxies: individual: M87; galaxies: jets ID GAMMA-RAY BURSTS; SPACE-TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS; M87 JET; RADIO-SOURCES; EMISSION; MODEL; LONG; ACCELERATION; LOCATION; OUTBURST AB We calculate the dissipation efficiency of relativistic reconfinement shocks. Building on previous work, we consider different distributions of the external pressure. The average dissipation efficiency epsilon(diss) is a function of the product of two parameters - the jet Lorentz factor Gamma(j) and the reconfinement angle Theta(r), which is related to the opening angle Theta(j) and the external pressure index eta. The spatial distribution of the dissipation rate strongly depends on eta. We discuss the significance of these results for the properties of relativistic jets in gamma-ray bursts and active galactic nuclei and propose that reconfinement shocks may explain a very high dissipation efficiency of the former and a moderate dissipation efficiency of the latter. Finally, we estimate the dissipation efficiency of the reconfinement shock associated with the quasi-stationary knot HST-1 in the jet of radio galaxy M87 and show that it is roughly consistent with the observational constraints. C1 [Nalewajko, Krzysztof] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Nalewajko, Krzysztof] NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Nalewajko, Krzysztof] Nicolaus Copernicus Astron Ctr, PL-00716 Warsaw, Poland. RP Nalewajko, K (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM knalew@jila.colorado.edu FU Polish MNiSW [N N203 301635, N N203 386337]; Polish ASTRONET [621/E-78/SN-0068/2007]; NSF [AST-0907872]; NASA [NNX09AG02G] FX The author is grateful to Marek Sikora for his advise and support. Mitch Begelman and Kris Beckwith read the manuscript and provided helpful comments. This work has been partly supported by the Polish MNiSW grants N N203 301635 and N N203 386337, the Polish ASTRONET grant 621/E-78/SN-0068/2007, the NSF grant AST-0907872 and the NASA Astrophysics Theory Program grant NNX09AG02G. NR 38 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 EI 1365-2966 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 420 IS 1 BP L48 EP L52 DI 10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01193.x PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 905PL UT WOS:000301284600011 ER PT J AU Burger, JL Baibourine, E Bruno, TJ AF Burger, Jessica L. Baibourine, Evgenii Bruno, Thomas J. TI Comparison of Diesel Fuel Oxygenate Additives to the Composition-Explicit Distillation Curve Method. Part 4: Alcohols, Aldehydes, Hydroxy Ethers, and Esters of Butanoic Acid SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article ID DECREASED PARTICULATE-EMISSIONS; IMPROVEMENTS; COMBUSTION; MIXTURES; GASOLINE; ENTHALPY; BLENDS; METHYL; OIL AB There is a great deal of interest in formulating oxygenated diesel fuels that produce low-particulate emissions. In this paper, the fourth in a series of papers on the properties of mixtures of diesel fuel with oxygenating additives, we present the volatility, as measured by the advanced distillation curve, of diesel fuels with potential fuel additives: butanal, pentanal, methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, and 2-butoxyethanol. As observed in earlier studies of oxygenate additive mixtures, the more volatile additives cause significant early departures from the distillation curves of diesel fuel, while the less volatile additives act more to displace the entire distillation curve. We also note that oxygenates with higher heat capacities caused greater variability among distillation curves. This is probably due to the onset of film boiling in the distillation flask. We present the results for the initial boiling behavior and the distillation curve temperatures and track the oxygenates throughout the distillations. These data will aid in determining the suitability of these types of compounds as oxygenates. C1 [Burger, Jessica L.; Baibourine, Evgenii; Bruno, Thomas J.] NIST, Thermophys Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), NIST, Thermophys Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bruno@boulder.nist.gov FU National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (NAS/NRC) at NIST; NIST FX Jessica L. Burger gratefully acknowledges a National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (NAS/NRC) postdoctoral fellowship at NIST. Evgenii Baibourine gratefully acknowledges a Professional Research Experiences Program (PREP) undergraduate fellowship at NIST. NR 40 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD FEB PY 2012 VL 26 IS 2 BP 1114 EP 1123 DI 10.1021/ef2016655 PG 10 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 892GQ UT WOS:000300275100037 ER PT J AU Patrone, PN Caflisch, RE Margetis, D AF Patrone, P. N. Caflisch, R. E. Margetis, D. TI Characterizing equilibrium in epitaxial growth SO EPL LA English DT Article ID KINETIC-MODEL; KINK MODEL; STEP-EDGE; SURFACES; FLUCTUATIONS; STABILITY; DYNAMICS; ISLANDS AB Using a kinetic model of epitaxial growth, we describe how geometry controls kinetic pathways through which external deposition influences the state of a vicinal surface. The state of the surface is determined by three key, adjustable parameters: the local step angle theta, the Peclet number P, and the single-bond detachment rate. b. By scaling arguments in P, we find three steady-state regimes. In one regime, detailed flux balance approximately holds, so that the system is near equilibrium. In the other two regimes, geometric effects compete with deposition as the system is driven progressively out of equilibrium. Our analytical results are in excellent agreement with those of kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. Copyright (C) EPLA, 2012 C1 [Patrone, P. N.] Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Patrone, P. N.] Univ Maryland, Inst Res Elect & Appl Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Patrone, P. N.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Caflisch, R. E.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Math, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Caflisch, R. E.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Pure & Appl Math, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Margetis, D.] Univ Maryland, Dept Math, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Margetis, D.] Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Margetis, D.] Univ Maryland, Ctr Sci Computat & Math Modeling, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Patrone, PN (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM ppatrone@umd.edu FU National Institute of Standards and Technology through the University of Maryland [70NANB10H026]; NSF MRSEC [DMR 0520471]; NSF [EFRI 1025104, DMS 0847587] FX The first author (PNP) acknowledges support under the National Institute of Standards and Technology American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Measurement Science and Engineering Fellowship Program Award No. 70NANB10H026 through the University of Maryland; and by NSF MRSEC Grant No. DMR 0520471 at the University of Maryland. The second author (REC) was partially supported by NSF Grant No. EFRI 1025104. The third author (DM) was supported by NSF Grant No. DMS 0847587. The authors wish to thank T. L. EINSTEIN and R. SHARMA for helpful comments during the preparation of the manuscript. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 8 PU EPL ASSOCIATION, EUROPEAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY PI MULHOUSE PA 6 RUE DES FRERES LUMIERE, MULHOUSE, 68200, FRANCE SN 0295-5075 J9 EPL-EUROPHYS LETT JI EPL PD FEB PY 2012 VL 97 IS 4 AR 48012 DI 10.1209/0295-5075/97/48012 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 899VH UT WOS:000300844100047 ER PT J AU Gobler, CJ Sunda, WG AF Gobler, Christopher J. Sunda, William G. TI Ecosystem disruptive algal blooms of the brown tide species, Aureococcus anophagefferens and Aureoumbra lagunensis SO HARMFUL ALGAE LA English DT Review DE Aureococcus; Aureoumbra; Brown tide; Algal blooms; Nutrients; Grazing ID QUAHOG MERCENARIA-MERCENARIA; PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; 18S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; LONG-ISLAND; LAGUNA MADRE; COASTAL BAYS; NEW-YORK; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; PHYSIOLOGICAL-RESPONSES; LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS AB Brown tides of the pelagophytes Aureococcus anophagefferens Hargraves et Sieburth and Aureoumbra lagunensis DeYoe et Stockwell have formed ecosystem disruptive algal blooms in shallow estuaries of the United States and South Africa for more than two decades. These algae achieve maximum growth rates at low light and nutrient levels and are able to utilize a wide variety of organic nutrient (N and P) substrates. They also experience low mortality losses via their ability to discourage grazing by zooplankton and filter feeding mollusks. Observations and conceptual and numerical models have indicated the importance of 'pre-blooms' of competing high nutrient-adapted phytoplankton that reduce available nutrients to low levels prior to the formation of many brown tide blooms, especially those of Aureococcus. These models suggest that brown tides are promoted by positive feedback mechanisms involving the ability of these algae to grow competitively at low nutrient and light levels, their low rates of grazing mortality, and the associated low grazing-mediated recycling of nutrients. The latter further reduces nutrient concentrations, which further favors competitive population growth of the brown tide species, thereby promoting blooms. Molecular and genomic studies of brown tides have identified the genes that encode many of the key proteins that facilitate bloom formation and persistence. Brown tides are among the most widely studied harmful algal blooms (HABs), which makes them ideal model systems for identifying the factors and complex mechanisms that promote HAB events. As such, several promising bloom mitigation strategies are now apparent. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Gobler, Christopher J.] SUNY Stony Brook, Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11790 USA. [Sunda, William G.] NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Gobler, CJ (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11790 USA. EM cgobler@notes.cc.sunysb.edu; bill.sunda@noaa.gov FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Center [NA09NOS4780206]; New York Sea Grant FX Writing this review was supported, in part, by award NA09NOS4780206 to C.J.G. from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Center for Sponsored Coastal Ocean Research's ECOHAB program and an award from New York Sea Grant to C.J.G. We are grateful for useful comments on this manuscript from Drs. Wayne Litaker, Jackie Collier, Sonya Dyhrman, and Sandra Shumway, and from Ms. Elyse Walker.[SS] NR 97 TC 37 Z9 43 U1 10 U2 76 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-9883 J9 HARMFUL ALGAE JI Harmful Algae PD FEB PY 2012 VL 14 SI SI BP 36 EP 45 DI 10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.013 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 899LS UT WOS:000300818000004 ER PT J AU Parsons, ML Aligizaki, K Bottein, MYD Fraga, S Morton, SL Penna, A Rhodes, L AF Parsons, Michael L. Aligizaki, Katerina Bottein, Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Fraga, Santiago Morton, Steve L. Penna, Antonella Rhodes, Lesley TI Gambierdiscus and Ostreopsis: Reassessment of the state of knowledge of their taxonomy, geography, ecophysiology, and toxicology SO HARMFUL ALGAE LA English DT Review DE Biotoxin; Coral reef; Dinoflagellate; Gambiertoxin; Harmful algal blooms; Maitotoxin ID SP-NOV DINOPHYCEAE; PALYTOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS; HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY; JACK CARANX-LATUS; GULF-OF-MEXICO; DINOFLAGELLATE GAMBIERDISCUS; TOXICUS DINOPHYCEAE; BENTHIC DINOFLAGELLATE; INDIAN-OCEAN AB Of the known benthic, toxigenic microalgae, species from the genera, Gambierdiscus and Ostreopsis, present the biggest threats to human and environmental health. Gambierdiscus spp. produce gambiertoxins which are precursors of ciguatoxins, the compounds that cause ciguatera, the most prevalent, phycotoxin-related form of seafood poisoning across the globe, affecting 25,000 to 500,000 people annually. Recent Ostreopsis spp. blooms in the Mediterranean Sea and coastal waters of New Zealand have led to concerns for seafood safety due to the palytoxin analogs produced by these dinoflagellates. Recent advances in molecular genetics have demonstrated that the taxonomy of both genera were in dire need of revision. Subsequently, Gambierdiscus was revised, and efforts to do the same are ongoing for Ostreopsis. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to update the state of knowledge of these genera, with particular emphasis on the validation or dismissal of earlier findings in light of these revisions. The review is divided into four sections (taxonomy, geography, ecophysiology, and toxicology) in an effort to cover all major aspects of study of these genera. A concluding section closes the review with a synthesis of the state of knowledge on these dinoflagellates and identifies gaps as suggested areas for future research efforts. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Parsons, Michael L.] Florida Gulf Coast Univ, Dept Marine & Ecol Sci, Ft Myers, FL 33965 USA. [Aligizaki, Katerina] Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Sch Biol, Lab Unit Harmful Marine Microalgae, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece. [Bottein, Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui; Morton, Steve L.] NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Fraga, Santiago] IEO, Ctr Oceanog Vigo, Vigo 36390, Spain. [Penna, Antonella] Univ Urbino, Biomol Sci Dept, I-61100 Pesaro, Italy. [Rhodes, Lesley] Cawthron Inst, Nelson 7010, New Zealand. RP Parsons, ML (reprint author), Florida Gulf Coast Univ, Dept Marine & Ecol Sci, Ft Myers, FL 33965 USA. EM mparsons@fgcu.edu RI Fraga, Santiago/C-8641-2012 OI Fraga, Santiago/0000-0003-3917-9960 FU Centers for Oceans and Human Health (COHN); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [P50ES012740]; National Institutes of Health; National Science Foundation [OCE04-32479]; ISPRA; PRIN 2007 [FXSCL2]; Sixth Framework Programme; Unidad Asociada Fitoplancton toxic IEO-CSIC; [GOCE-003875] FX The authors wish to thank the editors of Harmful Algae (Sandy Shumway and Ted Smayda) for the invitation to submit this manuscript for this special issue of the journal, especially given the timeliness of the subject matter with the recent and ongoing revisions of the two genera presented here. We would also like to thank Rex Munday (AgResearch, Hamilton, NZ), for important discussions pertaining to the potential role of maitotoxin in ciguatera fish poisoning. Lacey Heine (Florida Gulf Coast University) was gracious enough to read early drafts of this manuscript and to offer valuable editorial insight in keeping to the themes of the paper, thereby making this a stronger submission. Research results presented in this paper were funded in part by grants to MLP from the Centers for Oceans and Human Health (COHN) program, of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P50ES012740), National Institutes of Health, and the National Science Foundation (OCE04-32479). The work of AP was supported by ISPRA Project "Ostreopsis ovata e Ostreopsis spp.: nuovi rischi di tossicita microalgale nei mari italiani"; PRIN 2007 Grant prot. FXSCL2; EC Contract No. GOCE-003875, funded by the Sixth Framework Programme.; Financing for SF was provided by project EBITOX, a contribution of "Unidad Asociada Fitoplancton toxic IEO-CSIC".[SS] NR 299 TC 80 Z9 86 U1 4 U2 88 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-9883 J9 HARMFUL ALGAE JI Harmful Algae PD FEB PY 2012 VL 14 SI SI BP 107 EP 129 DI 10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.017 PG 23 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 899LS UT WOS:000300818000008 ER PT J AU Trainer, VL Bates, SS Lundholm, N Thessen, AE Cochlan, WP Adams, NG Trick, CG AF Trainer, Vera L. Bates, Stephen S. Lundholm, Nina Thessen, Anne E. Cochlan, William P. Adams, Nicolaus G. Trick, Charles G. TI Pseudo-nitzschia physiological ecology, phylogeny, toxicity, monitoring and impacts on ecosystem health SO HARMFUL ALGAE LA English DT Review DE Algal phylogeny; Algal taxonomy; Amnesic shellfish poisoning; Diatom sexual reproduction; Domoic acid; Harmful algal bloom; Pseudo-nitzschia ID DOMOIC ACID PRODUCTION; MARINE PLANKTONIC DIATOM; HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; GULF-OF-MEXICO; SP-NOV BACILLARIOPHYCEAE; SCALLOPS PECTEN-MAXIMUS; CRAB POLYBIUS-HENSLOWII; PUNGENS F MULTISERIES; PRINCE-EDWARD-ISLAND; SAMPLE PROCESSOR ESP AB Over the last decade, our understanding of the environmental controls on Pseudo-nitzschia blooms and domoic acid (DA) production has matured. Pseudo-nitzschia have been found along most of the world's coastlines, while the impacts of its toxin, DA, are most persistent and detrimental in upwelling systems. However, Pseudo-nitzschia and DA have recently been detected in the open ocean's high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll regions, in addition to fjords, gulfs and bays, showing their presence in diverse environments. The toxin has been measured in zooplankton, shellfish, crustaceans, echinoderms, worms, marine mammals and birds, as well as in sediments, demonstrating its stable transfer through the marine food web and abiotically to the benthos. The linkage of DA production to nitrogenous nutrient physiology, trace metal acquisition, and even salinity, suggests that the control of toxin production is complex and likely influenced by a suite of environmental factors that may be unique to a particular region. Advances in our knowledge of Pseudo-nitzschia sexual reproduction, also in field populations, illustrate its importance in bloom dynamics and toxicity. The combination of careful taxonomy and powerful new molecular methods now allow for the complete characterization of Pseudo-nitzschia populations and how they respond to environmental changes. Here we summarize research that represents our increased knowledge over the last decade of Pseudo-nitzschia and its production of DA, including changes in worldwide range, phylogeny, physiology, ecology, monitoring and public health impacts. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Trainer, Vera L.; Adams, Nicolaus G.] NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Bates, Stephen S.] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Ctr, Moncton, NB E1C 9B6, Canada. [Lundholm, Nina] Univ Copenhagen, Nat Hist Museum Denmark, DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark. [Thessen, Anne E.] Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Lib & Informat, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Cochlan, William P.] San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr Environm Studies, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. [Trick, Charles G.] Univ Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Dept Biol, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. [Trick, Charles G.] Univ Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. RP Trainer, VL (reprint author), NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Vera.L.Trainer@noaa.gov RI Thessen, Anne/J-6449-2012; Lundholm, Nina/A-4856-2013 OI Thessen, Anne/0000-0002-2908-3327; Lundholm, Nina/0000-0002-2035-1997 NR 356 TC 121 Z9 128 U1 31 U2 167 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-9883 J9 HARMFUL ALGAE JI Harmful Algae PD FEB PY 2012 VL 14 SI SI BP 271 EP 300 DI 10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.025 PG 30 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 899LS UT WOS:000300818000016 ER PT J AU Borowska, L Zrnic, D AF Borowska, L. Zrnic, D. TI Use of Ground Clutter to Monitor Polarimetric Radar Calibration SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL REFLECTIVITY; PART I; RAIN AB It is suggested that urban ground clutter can have a role in monitoring calibration of reflectivity factor Z(H) and differential reflectivity Z(DR) on polarimetric radars. The median and average values of these variables are considered. Analysis of data from 1 month of cold season in Germany (X-band radar) and 3.5 hot days in Oklahoma (S-band radar) is presented. In the presence of up to moderate rain or snow a reflectivity threshold suffices for separating significant clutter from precipitation observed with an X-band radar. The same threshold was suitable on observations with an S-band radar in Oklahoma because heavy precipitation was not present. The tests suggest the scheme is worthy considering for operational monitoring of Z(H) as its median values at both locations were within the quantization interval of 0.5 dB. Environmental factors that can influence reflectivities from clutter are examined. The effects on Z(DR) can be significant. These are quantified in the data and possible uses for calibration and monitoring radar status are indicated. C1 [Borowska, L.; Zrnic, D.] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73072 USA. RP Borowska, L (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM lesya.borowska@noaa.gov FU National Research Council (NRC); NOAA/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research [N-0940760] FX We thank the Meteorological Institute at the University of Bonn for the X-band radar data. We thank Prof. Simmer for establishing and leading the radar program. Richard L. Ice and Darcy Saxion from the Radar Operation Center, Norman, Oklahoma, arranged data collection on the polarimetric WSR-88D (KOUN). Dan Suppes and John Krause from CIMMS, Norman, Oklahoma, provided these data to us. We appreciate the suggestion of one reviewer to explore the clutter map and examine data from the WSR-88D radar, and the suggestion by the other reviewer to plot the number of clutter detections. Funding for Dr. Borowska was provided by the National Research Council (NRC) sponsored by NOAA/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Grant N-0940760. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 29 IS 2 BP 159 EP 176 DI 10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00036.1 PG 18 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 893WW UT WOS:000300389400002 ER PT J AU Lumpkin, R Maximenko, N Pazos, M AF Lumpkin, Rick Maximenko, Nikolai Pazos, Mayra TI Evaluating Where and Why Drifters Die SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC AB NOAA's Global Drifter Program (GDP) manages a global array of similar to 1250 active satellite-tracked surface drifting buoys ("drifters") in collaboration with numerous national and international partners. To better manage the drifter array and to assess the performance of various drifter manufacturers, it is important to discriminate between drifters that cease transmitting because of internal failure and those that cease because of external factors such as running aground or being picked up. An accurate assessment of where drifters run aground would also allow the observations to be used to more accurately simulate the evolution of floating marine debris and to quantify globally which shores are most prone to the deposit of marine debris. While the drifter Data Assembly Center of the GDP provides a metadata file that includes cause of death, the identified cause for most drifters is simply "quit transmitting." In this study it is shown that a significant fraction of these drifters likely ran aground or were picked up, and a statistical estimate that each drifter ran aground or was picked up is derived. C1 [Lumpkin, Rick; Pazos, Mayra] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Maximenko, Nikolai] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Int Pacific Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Lumpkin, R (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM rick.lumpkin@noaa.gov RI Lumpkin, Rick/C-9615-2009; Pazos, Mayra/H-3693-2014 OI Lumpkin, Rick/0000-0002-6690-1704; Pazos, Mayra/0000-0002-8671-9723 FU NOAA's Office of Climate Observations; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory; NASA [NNX08AR49G, NNX07AG53G]; JAMSTEC; NOAA through International Pacific Research Center [NA17RJ1230] FX Elizabeth Forteza provided numerous helpful comments on an initial draft of this paper, and two anonymous reviewers provided additional guidance for improvements. RL and MP were supported by NOAA's Office of Climate Observations and the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. NM was partly supported by NASA through Grant NNX08AR49G, and also by JAMSTEC, by NASA through Grant NNX07AG53G, and by NOAA through Grant NA17RJ1230 through their sponsorship of the International Pacific Research Center. The NOAA Global Self-Consistent, Hierarchical, High-Resolution Shoreline Database (GSHHS version 2.1) was obtained from http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/shorelines/gshhs.html. The ETOPO11 arc-min Global Relief Model was obtained from http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html. NR 7 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 29 IS 2 BP 300 EP 308 DI 10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00100.1 PG 9 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 893WW UT WOS:000300389400012 ER PT J AU Kinsinger, CR Apffel, J Baker, M Bian, XP Borchers, CH Bradshaw, R Brusniak, MY Chan, DW Deutsch, EW Domon, B Gorman, J Grimm, R Hancock, W Hermjakob, H Horn, D Hunter, C Kolar, P Kraus, HJ Langen, H Linding, R Moritz, RL Omenn, GS Orlando, R Pandey, A Ping, PP Rahbar, A Rivers, R Seymour, SL Simpson, RJ Slotta, D Smith, RD Stein, SE Tabb, DL Tagle, D Yates, JR Rodriguez, H AF Kinsinger, Christopher R. Apffel, James Baker, Mark Bian, Xiaopeng Borchers, Christoph H. Bradshaw, Ralph Brusniak, Mi-Youn Chan, Daniel W. Deutsch, Eric W. Domon, Bruno Gorman, Jeff Grimm, Rudolf Hancock, William Hermjakob, Henning Horn, David Hunter, Christie Kolar, Patrik Kraus, Hans-Joachim Langen, Hanno Linding, Rune Moritz, Robert L. Omenn, Gilbert S. Orlando, Ron Pandey, Akhilesh Ping, Peipei Rahbar, Amir Rivers, Robert Seymour, Sean L. Simpson, Richard J. Slotta, Douglas Smith, Richard D. Stein, Stephen E. Tabb, David L. Tagle, Danilo Yates, John R., III Rodriguez, Henry TI Recommendations for Mass Spectrometry Data Quality Metrics for Open Access Data (Corollary to the Amsterdam Principles) SO JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE selected reaction monitoring; bioinformatics; data quality; metrics; open access; Amsterdam Principles; standards ID PROTEIN IDENTIFICATION DATA; SHOTGUN PROTEOMICS; PEPTIDE IDENTIFICATION; CLINICAL PROTEOMICS; MINIMUM INFORMATION; STATISTICAL-MODEL; GUIDELINES; RESOURCE; SPECTRA; REPRODUCIBILITY AB Policies supporting the rapid and open sharing of proteomic data are being implemented by the leading journals in the field. The proteomics community is taking steps to ensure that data are made publicly accessible and are of high quality, a challenging task that requires the development and deployment of methods for measuring and documenting data quality metrics. On September 18, 2010, the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI) convened the "International Workshop on Proteomic Data Quality Metrics" in Sydney, Australia, to identify and address issues facing the development and use of such methods for open access proteomics data. The stakeholders at the workshop enumerated the key principles underlying a framework for data quality assessment in mass spectrometry data that will meet the needs of the research community, journals, funding agencies, and data repositories. Attendees discussed and agreed up on two primary needs for the wide use of quality metrics: (1) an evolving list of comprehensive quality metrics and (2) standards accompanied by software analytics. Attendees stressed the importance of increased education and training programs to promote reliable protocols in proteomics. This workshop report explores the historic precedents, key discussions, and necessary next steps to enhance the quality of open access data. By agreement, this article is published simultaneously in the Journal of Proteome Research, Molecular and Cellular Proteomics, Proteomics, and Proteomics Clinical Applications as a public service to the research community. The peer review process was a coordinated effort conducted by a panel of referees selected by the journals. C1 [Kinsinger, Christopher R.] NCI, Off Canc Clin Prote Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Agilent Res Labs, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA. Macquarie Univ, Dept Chem & Biomol Sci, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. NCI, Ctr Bioinformat & Informat Technol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Victoria, Genome BC Prote Ctr, Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada. Univ Calif San Francisco, Mass Spectrometry Facil, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Inst Syst Biol, Seattle, WA 98103 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA. Inst Syst Biol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. CRP Sante, Luxembourg Clin Prote Ctr, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg. Queensland Inst Med Res, Prot Discovery Ctr, Herston, Qld 4029, Australia. Agilent Technol, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA. Northeastern Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. European Bioinformat Inst, Prote Serv, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England. Thermo Fisher Sci, Prote Software Strateg Mkt, San Jose, CA 95134 USA. AB SCIEX, Foster City, CA 94404 USA. Commiss European Communities, Directorate Gen Res, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium. Wiley VCH, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany. Hoffmann La Roche AG, Exploratory Biomarkers, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland. Tech Univ Denmark DTU, Cellular Signal Integrat Grp C SIG, Ctr Biol Sequence Anal CBS, Dept Syst Biol, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. Inst Syst Biol, Cellular & Mol Log Unit, Seattle, WA 98103 USA. Univ Michigan, Ctr Computat Med & Bioinformat, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, McKusick Nathans Inst Genet Med, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NCI, Small Business Dev Ctr, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. La Trobe Univ, La Trobe Inst Mol Sci, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia. NIH, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NIST, Chem Reference Data Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Vanderbilt Ingram Canc Ctr, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Natl Inst Neurol Disorders & Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Scripps Res Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Kinsinger, CR (reprint author), NCI, Off Canc Clin Prote Res, NIH, 31 Ctr Dr,MSC 2580, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM kinsingc@mail.nih.gov RI Pandey, Akhilesh/B-4127-2009; Smith, Richard/J-3664-2012; OI Pandey, Akhilesh/0000-0001-9943-6127; Smith, Richard/0000-0002-2381-2349; Ping, Peipei/0000-0003-3583-3881; Omenn, Gilbert S./0000-0002-8976-6074; Hermjakob, Henning/0000-0001-8479-0262; Baker, Mark/0000-0001-5858-4035 FU Intramural NIH HHS [Z99 CA999999]; NHGRI NIH HHS [RC2 HG005805]; NIGMS NIH HHS [P50 GM076547] NR 51 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 4 U2 40 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1535-3893 EI 1535-3907 J9 J PROTEOME RES JI J. Proteome Res. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 11 IS 2 BP 1412 EP 1419 DI 10.1021/pr201071t PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 894WN UT WOS:000300458300077 PM 22053864 ER PT J AU Nieukirk, SL Mellinger, DK Moore, SE Klinck, K Dziak, RP Goslin, J AF Nieukirk, Sharon L. Mellinger, David K. Moore, Sue E. Klinck, Karolin Dziak, Robert P. Goslin, Jean TI Sounds from airguns and fin whales recorded in the mid-Atlantic Ocean, 1999-2009 SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID BALAENOPTERA-PHYSALUS; PHYSETER-MACROCEPHALUS; MEGAPTERA-NOVAEANGLIAE; ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT; HUMPBACK WHALES; MARINE MAMMALS; BALEEN WHALES; NOISE; GULF; CALIFORNIA AB Between 1999 and 2009, autonomous hydrophones were deployed to monitor seismic activity from 16 degrees N to 50 degrees N along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. These data were examined for airgun sounds produced during offshore surveys for oil and gas deposits, as well as the 20 Hz pulse sounds from fin whales, which may be masked by airgun noise. An automatic detection algorithm was used to identify airgun sound patterns, and fin whale calling levels were summarized via long-term spectral analysis. Both airgun and fin whale sounds were recorded at all sites. Fin whale calling rates were higher at sites north of 32 degrees N, increased during the late summer and fall months at all sites, and peaked during the winter months, a time when airgun noise was often prevalent. Seismic survey vessels were acoustically located off the coasts of three major areas: Newfoundland, northeast Brazil, and Senegal and Mauritania in West Africa. In some cases, airgun sounds were recorded almost 4000 km from the survey vessel in areas that are likely occupied by fin whales, and at some locations airgun sounds were recorded more than 80% days/month for more than 12 consecutive months. (C) 2012 Acoustical Society of America. [DOI: 10.1121/1.3672648] C1 [Nieukirk, Sharon L.; Mellinger, David K.; Klinck, Karolin; Dziak, Robert P.] Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Nieukirk, Sharon L.; Mellinger, David K.; Klinck, Karolin; Dziak, Robert P.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Moore, Sue E.] NOAA, Fisheries Off Sci & Technol, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Goslin, Jean] Univ Bretagne Occidentale, Inst Univ Europeen Mer, UMR 6538, Domaines Ocean, F-29280 Plouzane, France. RP Nieukirk, SL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM sharon.nieukirk@noaa.gov FU National Science Foundation [OCE-9811575, OCE-0137164, OCE-0201692]; Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers (a department of the Centre National de la recherche Scientifique, France); Office of Naval Research [N00014-00-F-0395, N00014-03-1-0099, N00244-10-1-0047, N00244-11-1-0026]; NOAA NMFS [AB133F08SE4903]; NOAA PMEL FX Funding for the deployment, maintenance, and data analysis for the hydrophone array along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge was provided by National Science Foundation Grants to R. P. D. No. OCE-9811575, No. OCE-0137164, and No. OCE-0201692, and by the Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers (a department of the Centre National de la recherche Scientifique, France). Analysis and writing were supported by Office of Naval Research Grants No. N00014-00-F-0395 and No. N00014-03-1-0099, Naval Postgraduate School Grants No. N00244-10-1-0047 and No. N00244-11-1-0026, and NOAA NMFS Contract No. AB133F08SE4903 to D. K. M. Development of the hydrophone instruments was supported by in-kind funding from NOAA PMEL. We are indebted to Haru Matsumoto for design and construction of the instruments used in this experiment; Andy Lau for the development of some of the software used for data analysis; Matt Fowler and Joe Haxel for instrument deployment and recovery, and Sarah Follett, Rita Bento, and Andra Bobbitt for their help with various stages of the analysis. Lastly, SLN would like to thank Chris Fox for encouraging me to investigate airgun noise in our acoustic datasets. This is PMEL contribution #3515. NR 60 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 6 U2 38 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 131 IS 2 BP 1102 EP 1112 DI 10.1121/1.3672648 PN 1 PG 11 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 895ID UT WOS:000300488800030 PM 22352485 ER PT J AU Wear, KA Nagaraja, S Dreher, ML Gibson, SL AF Wear, Keith A. Nagaraja, Srinidhi Dreher, Maureen L. Gibson, Sheng L. TI Relationships of quantitative ultrasound parameters with cancellous bone microstructure in human calcaneus in vitro SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HUMAN TRABECULAR BONE; ACOUSTIC-WAVE PROPAGATION; BIOT-ATTENBOROUGH MODEL; WEAK SCATTERING MODEL; FREQUENCY-DEPENDENCE; BACKSCATTER MEASUREMENTS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; PHASE-VELOCITY; MIMICKING PHANTOMS; MINERAL DENSITY AB Ultrasound parameters (attenuation, phase velocity, and backscatter), bone mineral density (BMD), and microarchitectural features were measured on 29 human cancellous calcaneus samples in vitro. Regression analysis was performed to predict ultrasound parameters from BMD and microarchitectural features. The best univariate predictors of the ultrasound parameters were the indexes of bone quantity: BMD and bone volume fraction (BV/TV). The most predictive univariate models for attenuation, phase velocity, and backscatter coefficient yielded adjusted squared correlation coefficients of 0.69-0.73. Multiple regression models yielded adjusted correlation coefficients of 0.74-0.83. Therefore attenuation, phase velocity, and backscatter are primarily determined by bone quantity, but multiple regression models based on bone quantity plus microarchitectural features achieve slightly better predictive performance than models based on bone quantity alone. [DOI: 10.1121/1.3672701] C1 [Wear, Keith A.; Nagaraja, Srinidhi; Dreher, Maureen L.] US FDA, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA. [Gibson, Sheng L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wear, KA (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, 10903 New Hampshire Blvd, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA. EM keith.wear@fda.hhs.gov FU FDA Office of Women's Health FX The authors are grateful to (1) the FDA Office of Women's Health for funding, (2) Dr. James Reynolds and Angela Stuber, NIH Clinical Center, who helped with DXA measurements, and (3) Dr. Andres Laib, Scanco Medical AG, Bruttisellen, Switzerland for producing a microCT image. The mention of commercial products, their sources, or their use in connection with material reported herein is not to be construed as either an actual or implied endorsement of such products by the Department of Health and Human Services. Certain equipment, instruments or materials are identified in this paper to adequately specify the experimental details. Such identification does not imply recommendation by the National Institute of Standards and Technology nor does it imply the materials are necessarily the best available for the purpose. NR 87 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 EI 1520-8524 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 131 IS 2 BP 1605 EP 1612 DI 10.1121/1.3672701 PN 1 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 895ID UT WOS:000300488800075 PM 22352530 ER PT J AU Woillez, M Ressler, PH Wilson, CD Horne, JK AF Woillez, M. Ressler, P. H. Wilson, C. D. Horne, J. K. TI Multifrequency species classification of acoustic-trawl survey data using semi-supervised learning with class discovery SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MIXTURE MODEL; IDENTIFICATION; EM; LIKELIHOOD; ALGORITHM; FISH AB Acoustic surveys often use multifrequency backscatter to estimate fish and plankton abundance. Direct samples are used to validate species classification of acoustic backscatter, but samples may be sparse or unavailable. A generalized Gaussian mixture model was developed to classify multifrequency acoustic backscatter when not all species classes are known. The classification, based on semi-supervised learning with class discovery, was applied to data collected in the eastern Bering Sea during summers 2004, 2007, and 2008. Walleye pollock, euphausiids, and two other major classes occurring in the upper water column were identified. C1 [Woillez, M.; Ressler, P. H.; Wilson, C. D.] NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Woillez, M.; Horne, J. K.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Woillez, M (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM mathieu.woillez@gmail.com; patrick.ressler@noaa.gov; chris.wilson@noaa.gov; jhorne@u.washington.edu FU Alaska Fishery Science Center; NMFS; NOAA; Bering Sea Integrated Ecosystem Research Program [34]; North Pacific Research Board [327] FX Support was provided by Alaska Fishery Science Center, NMFS, NOAA, and the Bering Sea Integrated Ecosystem Research Program (publication #34), North Pacific Research Board (publication #327). We thank Alex De Robertis for supplying labeled data and reviewing the manuscript, Jim Ianelli and two anonymous referees for manuscript review, and Ainhoa Lezama-Ochoa for helpful discussions. Findings and conclusions are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent views of NMFS, NOAA. Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 131 IS 2 BP EL184 EP EL190 DI 10.1121/1.3678685 PN 1 PG 7 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 895ID UT WOS:000300488800016 PM 22352620 ER PT J AU Thomas, JJ Allen, AJ Jennings, HM AF Thomas, Jeffrey J. Allen, Andrew J. Jennings, Hamlin M. TI Density and water content of nanoscale solid C-S-H formed in alkali-activated slag (AAS) paste and implications for chemical shrinkage SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H); Alkali Activated Cement; Granulated Blast- Furnace Slag ID CALCIUM-SILICATE-HYDRATE; PORTLAND-CEMENT PASTES; BLAST-FURNACE SLAG; TRICALCIUM SILICATE; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; AUTOGENOUS SHRINKAGE; DRYING SHRINKAGE; SURFACE-AREA; GEL PHASE; MORTARS AB Alkali-activated slag (AAS) paste was analyzed using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The scattering response indicates that the microstructure consists of a uniform matrix of hydration product with a high surface area studded with unhydrated cores of slag particles. In contrast with portland cement paste, no surface fractal scattering regime was detected, and elevated temperature curing (at 60 degrees C) had no detectable effect on the microstructure at any length scale studied. The specific surface area of the AAS pastes is about 25% higher than that of a portland cement paste cured under the same conditions. The composition and mass density of the nanoscale solid C-S-H phase formed in the MS paste was determined using a previously developed neutron scattering method, in conjunction with a hydration model. The result ((CaO)(0.99)-SiO2-(Al2O3)(0.06)-(H2O)(0.97), d = (2.73 +/- 0.02) g/cm(3)) is significantly lower in calcium and in water as compared to portland cement or pure tricalcium silicate paste. These values were used to calculate the chemical shrinkage that would result from complete hydration of the MS paste. The result, (12.2 +/- 1.5) cm(3) of volumetric shrinkage per 100 g of unhydrated cement, is about twice the amount of chemical shrinkage exhibited by normal cement pastes. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Thomas, Jeffrey J.] Schlumberger Doll Res Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Allen, Andrew J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Jennings, Hamlin M.] MIT, CSHub, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Thomas, JJ (reprint author), Schlumberger Doll Res Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM jthomas39@slb.com RI Jennings, Hamlin/B-7006-2009; OI Thomas, Jeffrey/0000-0003-2897-2023 FU National Science Foundation [DMR-0454672] FX This work utilized neutron scattering facilities supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Agreement No. DMR-0454672. NR 38 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 47 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 42 IS 2 BP 377 EP 383 DI 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.11.003 PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 899JK UT WOS:000300812000016 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP Ferraris, CF Galler, MA Hansen, AS Guynn, JM AF Bentz, Dale P. Ferraris, Chiara F. Galler, Michael A. Hansen, Andrew S. Guynn, John M. TI Influence of particle size distributions on yield stress and viscosity of cement-fly ash pastes SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Cement; Fly ash; Particle size distribution; Rheology; Surface area ID RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; SUSPENSIONS; CHOCOLATE; PROPERTY; MODELS AB The rheological properties of blended cement-based materials depend strongly on mixture proportions and the characteristics of the components. In this study, design of experiments is used to investigate the influence of three variables (cement particle size distribution (PSD), fly ash PSD, and ratio of fly ash to cement) at each of four levels on the yield stress and viscosity of blended pastes. Both rheological parameters are seen to vary over several orders of magnitude for the evaluated design space. Physical characteristics of the powders, such as cement and total particle densities and total particle surface area, are computed for each mixture. A percolation-type relationship is observed between yield stress and cement particle (number) density. While neither apparent nor plastic viscosities were particularly well described by the commonly employed Kreiger-Dougherty equation, plastic viscosities were found to be linear functions of either total (cement + fly ash) particle surface area or total particle density. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Bentz, Dale P.; Ferraris, Chiara F.; Galler, Michael A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8615, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.bentz@nist.gov; clarissa.ferraris@nist.gov; michael.galler@nist.gov; andrew@RomanCement.com NR 28 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 6 U2 40 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 42 IS 2 BP 404 EP 409 DI 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.11.006 PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 899JK UT WOS:000300812000019 ER PT J AU Hoskins, BL Milke, JA AF Hoskins, Bryan L. Milke, James A. TI Differences in measurement methods for travel distance and area for estimates of occupant speed on stairs SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Evacuation; Egress; Fire safety; Stairs; Speed; Density ID BUILDINGS; MOVEMENT AB Many previous studies have reported that the density in the stairs affects the achievable speed of the population using them. To measure the speed, one value that needs to be known is the distance. Similarly, to measure the density, one value that needs to be known is the area used by the population. Previous studies have used different methods to calculate these values and this paper reviews some of these different methods. Comparisons are made between these methods to show the difference in results that can result simply using data and equations developed using different assumptions. Then theoretical equations are developed for the travel distance and area based on how people have previously been observed traveling along arcs while crossing landings on stairs. Finally, the effects of misusing the different methods for calculating travel distance and area are compared using data from an actual building evacuation drill. It is shown that misusing methods can lead to significantly different results for the same data. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Hoskins, Bryan L.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Milke, James A.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Hoskins, BL (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM bhoskins@umd.edu NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 48 BP 49 EP 57 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2011.12.009 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 901LD UT WOS:000300967500006 ER PT J AU Helser, TE Alade, L AF Helser, Thomas E. Alade, Larry TI A retrospective of the hake stocks off the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States: Uncertainties and challenges facing assessment and management in a complex environment SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Merluccius productus; Merluccius bilinearis; US Fisheries ID CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM; MERLUCCIUS-BILINEARIS STOCKS; DENSITY-DEPENDENT GROWTH; SILVER HAKE; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; EASTERN BOUNDARY; TARGET-STRENGTH; NORTH PACIFIC; REGIME SHIFT; WEST-COAST AB Hake stocks off the northeast and northwest coasts of the United States and Canada have been commercially exploited since the early 1950s and have been major contributors to the historic world-wide hake catches. During the last two decades annual U.S. hake catches have averaged approximately 300,000 tonnes with the dominant share coming from the coastal Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) stock. Pacific hake occurs over the continental shelf with a number of localized sub populations found in coastal inland waters of Washington State and the Province of British Columbia. In the northwest Atlantic two sympatric species occur, the commercially sought coastal silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis) and the offshore hake (Merluccius albidus), which is generally distributed in deeper waters. As with many of the 12 world-wide species of hakes in the genus Merluccius, the U.S. hake species share common attributes in their biology, ecology and population dynamics which may be dictated by the production cycles and circulation patterns characteristic of northerly ecosystems. For instance, both species exhibit a migration pattern centered on spawning in one region followed by feeding in another, both are fast swimming ambush predators that take advantage of high euphausid production as young but transition to a piscivorous diet with age, and both are known to exhibit highly variable, density-dependent related life history characteristics as population regulatory mechanisms. However, these species can be contrasted in many different ways related to specific adaptations within the unique ecosystems in which they live, the diverse and changing fisheries targeting them, and the complexity of stock assessment tools and management structures that have emerged in an attempt to provide a sound scientific basis for setting catch limits. This paper takes a retrospective and contemporary look at these two species, comparing and contrasting our current state of knowledge, highlighting uncertainties and identifying the complex challenges facing assessment and management. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Helser, Thomas E.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Resource Ecol & Fisheries Management Div, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Alade, Larry] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Helser, TE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Resource Ecol & Fisheries Management Div, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Thomas.helser@noaa.gov NR 68 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 114 SI SI BP 2 EP 18 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2011.10.001 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 900UQ UT WOS:000300917200002 ER PT J AU Link, JS Lucey, SM Melgey, JH AF Link, Jason S. Lucey, Sean M. Melgey, Jessica H. TI Examining cannibalism in relation to recruitment of silver hake Merluccius bilinearis in the U.S. northwest Atlantic SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Cannibalism; Recruitment; Spawning stock biomass; Population dynamics ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; WALLEYE POLLOCK; FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; UNITED-STATES; BERING-SEA; BALTIC COD; POPULATIONS; FISH; SIZE; PREDATION AB Cannibalism can be an important feature for several fish species. From an ecological perspective, studying cannibalism in the northwest Atlantic fish community usually results in examining silver hake Merluccius bilinearis population dynamics. From a population dynamics (and hence fisheries assessment) perspective, silver hake pose some unique challenges and have defied easy, standardized approaches for evaluation of stock dynamics. Thus, here we propose to examine one facet of silver hake dynamics in light of their known cannibalistic propensity. We show for the two U.S. northwest Atlantic stocks that the percent diet composition of silver hake in silver hake is quite high and has been quite consistent over time. We also explore the size composition of cannibalized individuals as well, noting that the 0-10 cm grouping is largely cannibalized by the 20-40 cm group, which is itself cannibalized by 40-60 cm group. From this, we fit stock-recruitment models (both Ricker and Beverton-Holt) that were typical and excluded cannibalism, that included cannibalism as an additional factor, and that changed the definition of the spawning stock biomass (SSB) from 20+ to those fish that are >40 cm. This latter shift resulted from the observed offset of recruitment production versus copious cannibalism as seen in the middle size group. Our results show that either the inclusion of cannibalism directly, or accounting for cannibalism indirectly by using a larger cutoff for the definition of SSB, are better model fits for both stocks than ignoring cannibalism for this species. We discuss the broader implications of including cannibalism for this species, for other cannibalistic species, for changes in how we consider recruitment-particularly those species managed with recruitment-based reference points-and for how these might alter perceptions of stock dynamics. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Link, Jason S.; Lucey, Sean M.] NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Melgey, Jessica H.] Univ Massachusetts Dartmouth, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, Fairhaven, MA 02719 USA. RP Link, JS (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jason.link@noaa.gov NR 62 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 5 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 114 SI SI BP 31 EP 41 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2011.04.022 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 900UQ UT WOS:000300917200004 ER PT J AU Traver, ML Alade, L Sosebee, KA AF Traver, Michele L. Alade, Larry Sosebee, Katherine A. TI Population biology of a data poor species, offshore hake (Merluccius albidus) in the northwest Atlantic, United States SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Offshore hake; Merluccius albidus; Growth; Population biology; Hake AB Offshore hake (Merluccius albidus) is a data-poor stock and very little is known about its biology and life history. This paper provides a general synopsis of the data acquired during the National Marine Fisheries Service bottom trawl surveys between 1963 and 2008 for offshore hake in the northeast United States and is limited to those fish found in the northwestern Atlantic. Offshore hake are commonly distributed from southern Georges Bank through the Mid-Atlantic Bight, at depths of 160-550m and temperatures ranging between 11 and 13 degrees C. They are known to co-occur with silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis) on the outer continental slopes of the Atlantic Ocean and are easily confused with silver hake because of their strong morphological resemblance. Spawning generally occurs between April and July. Maximum observed size was approximately 43 cm for males and 56 cm for females, and fish greater than 40 cm consist mainly of females, suggesting that they are sexually dimorphic. Length at 50% maturity (L-50) also differed significantly between sexes with females maturing at larger sizes (28 cm) relative to males (23 cm). This basic life history information is critical to conserving the offshore hake population and managing sustainable fisheries. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Traver, Michele L.; Alade, Larry; Sosebee, Katherine A.] NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Traver, ML (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM michele.traver@noaa.gov; larry.alade@noaa.gov; katherine.sosebee@noaa.gov NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 114 SI SI BP 42 EP 51 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2011.08.004 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 900UQ UT WOS:000300917200005 ER PT J AU Min, JE Ryu, JH Lee, S Son, S AF Min, Jee-Eun Ryu, Joo-Hyung Lee, Seok Son, SeungHyun TI Monitoring of suspended sediment variation using Landsat and MODIS in the Saemangeum coastal area of Korea SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Suspended sediment concentration (SS); Landsat; MODIS; Saemangeum dyke; Anthropogenic forcing ID 250 M IMAGERY; SATELLITE DATA; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; FRENCH-GUIANA; WATER-QUALITY; RIVER MOUTH; TURBIDITY; SEA; BAY; DYNAMICS AB Suspended sediment concentration (SS) is an important indicator of marine environmental changes due to natural causes such as tides, tidal currents, and river discharges, as well as human activities such as construction in coastal regions. In the Saemangeum area on the west coast of Korea, construction of a huge tidal dyke for land reclamation has strongly influenced the coastal environment. This study used remotely sensed data to analyze the SS changes in coastal waters caused by the dyke construction. Landsat and MODIS satellite images were used for the spatial analysis of finer patterns and for the detailed temporal analysis, respectively. Forty Landsat scenes and 105 monthly composite MODIS images observed during 1985-2010 were employed, and four field campaigns (from 2005 to 2006) were performed to verify the image-derived SS. The results of the satellite data analyses showed that the seawater was clear before the dyke construction, with SS values lower than 20 g/m(3). These values increased continuously as the dyke construction progressed. The maximum SS values appeared just before completion of the fourth dyke. Values decreased to below 5 g/m(3) after dyke construction. These changes indicated tidal current modification. Some eddies and plumes were observed in the images generated from Landsat data. Landsat and MODIS can reveal that coastal water turbidity was greatly reduced after completion of the construction. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Min, Jee-Eun; Ryu, Joo-Hyung] Korea Ocean Res & Dev Inst, Korea Ocean Satellite Ctr, Ansan 426744, Kyunggido, South Korea. [Min, Jee-Eun] Inha Univ, Dept Geoinformat Engn, Inchon 402751, South Korea. [Lee, Seok] Korea Ocean Res & Dev Inst, Marine Environm & Pollut Prevent Res Dept, Ansan 426744, Kyunggido, South Korea. [Son, SeungHyun] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Ryu, JH (reprint author), Korea Ocean Res & Dev Inst, Korea Ocean Satellite Ctr, Haeanro 787, Ansan 426744, Kyunggido, South Korea. EM jhryu@kordi.re.kr FU Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, Korea; Korea Research Council of Fundamental Science & Technology, Korea FX This research was a part of the project titled "Support for research and applications of Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI)" funded by the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, Korea and "Development of the public applications research of satellite data" funded by the Korea Research Council of Fundamental Science & Technology, Korea. NR 41 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 64 IS 2 BP 382 EP 390 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.10.025 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 900CS UT WOS:000300864800037 PM 22136763 ER PT J AU Heskett, M Takada, H Yamashita, R Yuyama, M Ito, M Geok, YB Ogata, Y Kwan, C Heckhausen, A Taylor, H Powell, T Morishige, C Young, D Patterson, H Robertson, B Bailey, E Mermoz, J AF Heskett, Marvin Takada, Hideshige Yamashita, Rei Yuyama, Masaki Ito, Maki Geok, Yeo Bee Ogata, Yuko Kwan, Charita Heckhausen, Angelika Taylor, Heidi Powell, Taj Morishige, Carey Young, Doug Patterson, Hugh Robertson, Bryson Bailey, Elizabeth Mermoz, Jorge TI Measurement of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in plastic resin pellets from remote islands: Toward establishment of background concentrations for International Pellet Watch SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Marine plastics; PCBs; DDTs; HCHs; Monitoring; Marine debris ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; MARINE-ENVIRONMENT; DEBRIS; BEACHES; OCEAN AB Plastic resin pellets collected from remote islands in the Pacific. Atlantic, and Indian Oceans and the Caribbean Sea were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichloro-diphenyltrichloroethane and its degradation products (DDTs), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs). Concentrations of PCBs (sum of 13 congeners) in the pellets were 0.1-9.9 ng/g-pellet. These were 1-3 orders of magnitude smaller than those observed in pellets from industrialized coastal shores. Concentrations of DDTs in the pellets were 0.8-4.1 ng/g-pellet. HCH concentrations were 0.6-1.7 ng/g-pellet, except for 19.3 ng/g-pellet on St. Helena, where current use of lindane is likely influence. This study provides background levels of POPs (PCBs < 10 ng/g-pellet, DDTs < 4 ng/g-pellet, HCHs < 2 ng/g-pellet) for International Pellet Watch. Sporadic large concentrations of POPs were found in some pellet samples from remote islands and should be considered in future assessments of pollutants on plastic debris. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Takada, Hideshige; Yamashita, Rei; Yuyama, Masaki; Ito, Maki; Geok, Yeo Bee; Ogata, Yuko] Tokyo Univ Agr & Technol, Lab Organ Geochem, Fuchu, Tokyo 1838509, Japan. [Heskett, Marvin] Surfrider Fdn, Oahu, HI USA. [Kwan, Charita] Univ Philippines, Nat Sci Res Inst, Quezon City 1101, Philippines. [Taylor, Heidi; Powell, Taj] Tangaroa Blue Ocean Care Soc, Port Douglas, Qld, Australia. [Morishige, Carey] IM Syst Grp Inc, NOAA Marine Debris Program, Honolulu, HI 96825 USA. [Robertson, Bryson] Univ Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. [Mermoz, Jorge] Proyecto Estuario Plata, La Plata, Argentina. RP Takada, H (reprint author), Tokyo Univ Agr & Technol, Lab Organ Geochem, Fuchu, Tokyo 1838509, Japan. EM shige@cc.tuat.ac.jp RI Takada, Hideshige/G-1096-2013 FU Mitsui Co. Ltd. [71-057]; Ministry of Education and Culture of Japan [23310046] FX We are most grateful to Ms. Courtney Arthur for valuable scientific comments on the manuscript. We express special thanks to Mitsui & Co. Ltd., Environment Fund for their financial support (Project 71-057). The present research was financially supported by Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education and Culture of Japan (Project No. 23310046). We are grateful to OPT Research Inc. for their kind updating of Plascan. NR 17 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 6 U2 68 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 64 IS 2 BP 445 EP 448 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.11.004 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 900CS UT WOS:000300864800046 PM 22137935 ER PT J AU Rose, JM Ferreira, JG Stephenson, K Bricker, SB Tedesco, M Wikfors, GH AF Rose, Julie M. Ferreira, Joao G. Stephenson, Kurt Bricker, Suzanne B. Tedesco, Mark Wikfors, Gary H. TI Comment on Stadmark and Conley (2011) "Mussel farming as a nutrient reduction measure in the Baltic Sea: Consideration of nutrient biogeochemical cycles" SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Letter ID CULTURE; OYSTER; EUTROPHICATION; BIODEPOSITS; ENVIRONMENT; NITROGEN; IMPACTS; BAY; USA C1 [Rose, Julie M.; Wikfors, Gary H.] NOAA Fisheries Milford Lab, NOAA Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Milford, CT USA. [Ferreira, Joao G.] Univ Nova Lisboa, FCT, DCEA, Ctr Ocean & Environm, P-1200 Lisbon, Portugal. [Stephenson, Kurt] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Agr & Appl Econ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Bricker, Suzanne B.] Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, NOAA Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Tedesco, Mark] EPA Long Isl Sound Off, Stamford, CT USA. RP Rose, JM (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries Milford Lab, NOAA Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Milford, CT USA. OI Ferreira, Joao/0000-0001-9614-142X NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 64 IS 2 BP 449 EP 451 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.11.024 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 900CS UT WOS:000300864800047 PM 22197279 ER PT J AU Camarota, B Scherer, H Keller, MW Lotkhov, SV Willenberg, GD Ahlers, FJ AF Camarota, Benedetta Scherer, Hansjoerg Keller, Mark W. Lotkhov, Sergey V. Willenberg, Gerd-Dietmar Ahlers, Franz Josef TI Electron Counting Capacitance Standard with an improved five-junction R-pump SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID JOSEPHSON; OPERATION; ACCURACY; TRIANGLE AB The Electron Counting Capacitance Standard currently pursued at PTB aims to close the Quantum Metrological Triangle with a final precision of a few parts in 107. This paper reports the considerable progress recently achieved with a new generation of single-electron tunnelling devices. A five-junction R-pump was operated with a relative charge transfer error of five electrons in 107, and was used to successfully perform single-electron charging of a cryogenic capacitor. The preliminary result for the single-electron charge quantum has an uncertainty of less than two parts in 106 and is consistent with the value of the elementary charge. C1 [Camarota, Benedetta; Scherer, Hansjoerg; Lotkhov, Sergey V.; Willenberg, Gerd-Dietmar; Ahlers, Franz Josef] PTB, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. [Keller, Mark W.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Camarota, B (reprint author), PTB, Bundesallee 100, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. FU European Community [217257] FX The Electron Counting Capacitance Standard (ECCS) experiment has been pursued at PTB within the EURAMET joint research project 'REUNIAM' (March 2008-May 2011). The research conducted within this project has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme, ERA-NET Plus, under Grant Agreement No 217257. NR 25 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD FEB PY 2012 VL 49 IS 1 BP 8 EP 14 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/49/1/002 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 891OY UT WOS:000300227700005 ER PT J AU Wang, CM Iyer, HK AF Wang, C. M. Iyer, Hari K. TI On non-linear estimation of a measurand SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB We consider an estimation problem described in the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). The problem is concerned with estimating a measurand that is a non-linear function of input quantities. The GUM describes two methods for estimating the measurand-method 1 is based on the same non-linear function of input-quantity estimates and method 2 is based on the mean of that function of individual measurements. We use several examples to compare the two methods based on their mean-squared errors and to demonstrate that a uniformly preferred method may not be available except for the simplest cases. We also consider an approach based on the Monte Carlo method in Supplement 1 of the GUM for the problem and compare it with the two methods. C1 [Wang, C. M.; Iyer, Hari K.] NIST, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Iyer, Hari K.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Wang, CM (reprint author), NIST, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jwang@boulder.nist.gov NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD FEB PY 2012 VL 49 IS 1 BP 20 EP 26 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/49/1/004 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 891OY UT WOS:000300227700007 ER PT J AU Kim, MS Pratt, JR Brand, U Jones, CW AF Kim, Min-Seok Pratt, Jon R. Brand, Uwe Jones, Christopher W. TI Report on the first international comparison of small force facilities: a pilot study at the micronewton level SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID SPRING-CONSTANT; CANTILEVER CALIBRATION; MICROSCOPE CANTILEVERS; SI; METROLOGY; STANDARD; DEVICE AB Measurements of forces less than a micronewton are critical when examining the mechanical behaviour of materials and devices at characteristic length scales below a micrometre. As a result, specification standards for nanomechanical tests and test equipment are being proposed by international standards organizations, and an infrastructure for traceable small force calibration is developing. In this context, results are reported from the first interlaboratory comparison of micronewton-level force metrology. The basis of the comparison was the calibration of a set of five piezoresistive cantilever force sensors similar to those used for atomic force microscopes but employed here as transfer artefacts. The artefacts were circulated among four national metrology institutes with each using their own force balance to calibrate the stiffness (force change per unit displacement) and sensitivity (signal output change per unit force) of the artefacts. By considering the weighted mean of the stiffness and sensitivity values reported for a given artefact, reference values were obtained. The largest contributing uncertainty components were due to the transfer artefacts themselves, rather than from the measurements of the physical quantities of force, voltage and displacement. The results imply that it should be possible to determine cantilever stiffness using force balance techniques with an accuracy of better than 1% if necessary, but that improvements in the ability to orient the transfer artefacts, to characterize the non-linearity of their output, and to compensate for the stiffness of the associated fixtures and load frames are required if the resolution of future comparisons is to improve. C1 [Kim, Min-Seok] KRISS, Taejon, South Korea. [Pratt, Jon R.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Brand, Uwe] PTB, Braunschweig, Germany. [Jones, Christopher W.] NPL, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. RP Kim, MS (reprint author), KRISS, Taejon, South Korea. EM jon.pratt@nist.gov FU Korean Government (MOEHRD) [KRF-2007-611-D00010]; Mass and Force Group; NPL FX M-S Kim is grateful to the Korea Research Foundation Grant Program funded by the Korean Government (MOEHRD) (KRF-2007-611-D00010) and to the NIST Mass and Force group for support during his stay at NIST. J R Pratt acknowledges the support of his colleagues in the Mass and Force Group and the technical contributions of John Kramar, who assisted with data analysis. NPL's participation was funded by the UK NMO Engineering Measurement Programme. C W Jones acknowledges the support of NPL colleague Richard Leach. NR 32 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD FEB PY 2012 VL 49 IS 1 BP 70 EP 81 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/49/1/011 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 891OY UT WOS:000300227700014 ER PT J AU Mahoney, K Alexander, MA Thompson, G Barsugli, JJ Scott, JD AF Mahoney, Kelly Alexander, Michael A. Thompson, Gregory Barsugli, Joseph J. Scott, James D. TI Changes in hail and flood risk in high-resolution simulations over Colorado's mountains SO NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; PRECIPITATION; CLIMATE; IMPACT AB The effect of a warming climate on hailstorm frequency and intensity is largely unknown. Global climate models have too coarse resolution to simulate hailstorms explicitly; thus it is unclear if a warmer climate will change hailstorm frequency and intensity, and if so, whether such events will become more likely through intensified thunderstorms or less likely owing to overall warmer conditions. Here we investigate hail generation and maintenance for warm-season extreme precipitation events in Colorado, USA, for both present-day and projected future climates using high-resolution model simulations capable of resolving hailstorms. Most simulations indicate a near-elimination of hail at the surface in future simulations for this region, despite more intense future storms and significantly larger amounts of hail generated in-cloud. An increase in the height of the environmental melting level due to climate warming is found to be the primary reason for the disappearance of surface hail, as the warmer atmosphere increases the melting of frozen precipitation. A decrease in future surface hail at high-elevation locations may imply potential changes in both hail damage and flood risk. C1 [Mahoney, Kelly] NOAA, Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Postdocs Applying Climate Expertise Fellowship Pr, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Mahoney, Kelly] US Bur Reclamat, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Thompson, Gregory] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Barsugli, Joseph J.] Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci Western Water Asse, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Scott, James D.] CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Mahoney, K (reprint author), NOAA, Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Postdocs Applying Climate Expertise Fellowship Pr, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Kelly.mahoney@noaa.gov RI Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013; Barsugli, Joseph/K-3541-2015 OI Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427; Barsugli, Joseph/0000-0002-3078-6396 FU Postdocs Applying Climate Expertise (PACE) Fellowship Program; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Bureau of Reclamation; Western Water Assessment; NSF; US Department of Energy (DoE); US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development (EPA) FX This research was supported by the Postdocs Applying Climate Expertise (PACE) Fellowship Program, administered by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, jointly funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Bureau of Reclamation, and the Western Water Assessment. We acknowledge NCAR and the National Science Foundation (NSF) for the availability of the WRF model and NCL software, and Unidata for the IDV package. We also wish to thank the NARCCAP project for providing the RCM data used in this paper. NARCCAP is funded by the NSF, the US Department of Energy (DoE), NOAA, and the US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development (EPA). Gratitude is extended to NOAA ESRL's Jet Supercomputing system for providing computer resources for this work. NR 31 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 18 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1758-678X J9 NAT CLIM CHANGE JI Nat. Clim. Chang. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 2 IS 2 BP 125 EP 131 DI 10.1038/NCLIMATE1344 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 895TU UT WOS:000300520100026 ER PT J AU Montgomery, MT Davis, C Dunkerton, T Wang, Z Velden, C Torn, R Majumdar, SJ Zhang, FQ Smith, RK Bosart, L Bell, MM Haase, JS Heymsfield, A Jensen, J Campos, T Boothe, MA AF Montgomery, Michael T. Davis, Christopher Dunkerton, Timothy Wang, Zhuo Velden, Christopher Torn, Ryan Majumdar, Sharanya J. Zhang, Fuqing Smith, Roger K. Bosart, Lance Bell, Michael M. Haase, Jennifer S. Heymsfield, Andrew Jensen, Jorgen Campos, Teresa Boothe, Mark A. TI THE PRE-DEPRESSION INVESTIGATION OF CLOUD-SYSTEMS IN THE TROPICS (PREDICT) EXPERIMENT Scientific Basis, New Analysis Tools, and Some First Results SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ENSEMBLE KALMAN FILTER; WAVE CRITICAL LAYER; SAHARAN AIR LAYER; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; DATA ASSIMILATION; FIELD EXPERIMENT; EASTERLY WAVES; TYPHOON NURI; GENESIS; ATLANTIC C1 [Montgomery, Michael T.; Bell, Michael M.; Boothe, Mark A.] USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Meteorol, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. [Dunkerton, Timothy] NW Res Associates Inc, Bellevue, WA 98009 USA. [Davis, Christopher; Heymsfield, Andrew; Jensen, Jorgen; Campos, Teresa] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Wang, Zhuo] Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL USA. [Velden, Christopher] Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Madison, WI USA. [Torn, Ryan; Bosart, Lance] SUNY Albany, Dept Atmospher & Environm Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA. [Majumdar, Sharanya J.] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Zhang, Fuqing] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Smith, Roger K.] Univ Munich, Inst Meteorol, D-8000 Munich, Germany. [Haase, Jennifer S.] Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Montgomery, Michael T.; Bell, Michael M.] NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL USA. RP Montgomery, MT (reprint author), USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Meteorol, 1 Univ Circle, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. EM mtmontgo@nps.edu RI Bell, Michael/B-1144-2009; Heymsfield, Andrew/E-7340-2011; Zhang, Fuqing/E-6522-2010 OI Bell, Michael/0000-0002-0496-331X; Zhang, Fuqing/0000-0003-4860-9985 FU National Science Foundation [ATM-0733380, 0850709, 0851077, 0840651, 1016095]; NASA [NNH09AK561, NNG09HG031]; NOAA's Hurricane Research Division; NOAA/AOML; IFEX; GRIP; Earth Observing Laboratory of NCAR FX This research was supported by the National Science Foundation Grants ATM-0733380, 0850709, 0851077, 0840651, and 1016095; NASA Grants NNH09AK561 and NNG09HG031; and a grant to MTM from NOAA's Hurricane Research Division. The scientists from the PREDICT team wish to express their gratitude to Stephen Nelson and Bradley Smull at NSF-ATM for providing helpful guidance through the planning stages of this experiment. The team expresses also their many thanks to Frank Marks Jr., of NOAA/AOML and Ramesh Kakar of NASA and the corresponding science teams of IFEX and GRIP for their enthusiastic collaboration and support. The authors thank the many members of the Earth Observing Laboratory of NCAR for their fantastic support of PREDICT. While there were too many people involved to list all of them, scientists Jose Meitin, Greg Stossmeister, Al Schanot, Al Cooper, Dave Rogers, Jeff Stith, Julie Haggerty, Cindy Twohy, and Darin Toohey were vital to the success of the project, as were operations managers Brigitte Baeuerle and Vidal Salazar. Pilots Henry Boynton, Scotty McClain, Steve Thompson, Ed Ringleman, and Lowell Genzlinger provided expert operation of the GV and were eager to work with the PIs to optimize the flight track given weather and air space restrictions. We wish to thank Gerald Thomsen and the German Weather Service for providing the ECMWF data. Numerous research scientists provided field support as well, including Tony Wimmers and Derrick Herndon (CIMSS) and Jason Dunion (NOAA/AOML/HRD). Numerous students and postdocs played a pivotal role in PREDICT, and they have summarized their experiences in a companion article (Evans et al. 2011). Finally, we wish to thank David Raymond and Carlos Lopez for their dedicated participation in the experiment and providing the team with valuable scientific input, debate, flight-planning support, and mission-scientist leadership. NR 61 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 93 IS 2 BP 153 EP 172 DI 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00046.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 897FP UT WOS:000300632200005 ER PT J AU White, AB Colman, B Carter, GM Ralph, FM Webb, RS Brandon, DG King, CW Neiman, PJ Gottas, DJ Jankov, I Brill, KF Zhu, YJ Cook, K Buehner, HE Opitz, H Reynolds, DW Schick, LJ AF White, Allen B. Colman, Brad Carter, Gary M. Ralph, F. Martin Webb, Robert S. Brandon, David G. King, Clark W. Neiman, Paul J. Gottas, Daniel J. Jankov, Isidora Brill, Keith F. Zhu, Yuejian Cook, Kirby Buehner, Henry E. Opitz, Harold Reynolds, David W. Schick, Lawrence J. TI NOAA'S RAPID RESPONSE TO THE HOWARD A. HANSON DAM FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT CRISIS SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC RIVERS; PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; VERTICAL STRUCTURE; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; RADAR; ENSEMBLE; CALJET; RAIN; LEVEL C1 [White, Allen B.; Ralph, F. Martin; Webb, Robert S.; King, Clark W.; Neiman, Paul J.; Gottas, Daniel J.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Colman, Brad; Cook, Kirby; Buehner, Henry E.] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, WFO Seattle, Seattle, WA USA. [Carter, Gary M.] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Brandon, David G.] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Western Reg Hydrol Serv, Salt Lake City, UT USA. [Brandon, David G.] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Climate Serv, Salt Lake City, UT USA. [Jankov, Isidora] Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Jankov, Isidora] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Syst Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Brill, Keith F.] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrometeorol Predict Ctr, Suitland, MD USA. [Zhu, Yuejian] NOAA, NWS, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Opitz, Harold] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Pacific NW RFC, Portland, OR USA. [Reynolds, David W.] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, WFO San Francisco Bay Area, Monterey, CA USA. [Schick, Lawrence J.] USA, Corps Engineers, Seattle, WA USA. RP White, AB (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab R PS2, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM allen.b.white@noaa.gov RI jankov, isidora/D-2830-2015 FU NWS Office of Science and Technology; NWS Office of Hydrologic Development; Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research; NOAA/ESRL Physical Sciences Division FX This study would not have been possible without the dedicated support of the talented engineering and technical team located in the Physical Sciences Division of NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory, which built, deployed, and maintained the radars used in this study. In particular, we acknowledge Mr. James R. Jordan and Dr. Clark W. King for managing the staff and field deployments. We thank the city of Westport for providing a site for the ARO at Westport and Pierce County and the city of Tacoma/Tacoma Water Agency for providing sites for the equipment in the ARO couplet at Spanaway and Ravensdale, respectively. This work was supported by grants from the NWS Office of Science and Technology, the NWS Office of Hydrologic Development, the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, and the NOAA/ESRL Physical Sciences Division. NR 52 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 93 IS 2 BP 189 EP 207 DI 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00103.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 897FP UT WOS:000300632200007 ER PT J AU Hamill, TM Brennan, MJ Brown, B DeMaria, M Rappaport, EN Toth, Z AF Hamill, Thomas M. Brennan, Michael J. Brown, Barbara DeMaria, Mark Rappaport, Edward N. Toth, Zoltan TI NOAA'S FUTURE ENSEMBLE-BASED HURRICANE FORECAST PRODUCTS SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID VARIATIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK; KALMAN FILTER ENKF; PREDICTION SYSTEM; BOUNDARY-LAYER; PART II; OPERATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION; RAPID INTENSIFICATION; TURBULENT FLUXES; GLOBAL ENSEMBLE C1 [Hamill, Thomas M.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Brennan, Michael J.; Rappaport, Edward N.] Natl Hurricane Ctr, Miami, FL USA. [Brown, Barbara] NCAR, Res Applicat Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [DeMaria, Mark] NOAA, NESDIS, Ft Collins, CO USA. [Toth, Zoltan] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Syst Div, Boulder, CO USA. RP Hamill, TM (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, R PSD 1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tom.hamill@noaa.gov RI DeMaria, Mark/F-5583-2010; Toth, Zoltan/I-6624-2015 OI Toth, Zoltan/0000-0002-9635-9194 FU NOAA; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Tropical Cyclone Modeling Testbed FX This article summarizes the HFIP-THORPEX Ensemble Product Development Workshop, which was held 20-21 April 2010 in Boulder, Colorado. About 50 ensemble prediction experts, meteorologists with expertise in statistics, hurricane forecasters, and representatives from the emergency management and social-science communities attended the workshop, in person or over the phone. The workshop was sponsored by 1) NOAA's The Observing System, Research, and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) program, which has sponsored much of NOAA's ensemble prediction research; 2) the NOAA Hurricane Forecast Improvement Project (HFIP), which seeks to halve track and intensity errors in the next 10 yr through a coordinated research and development and transition to operations program on hurricanes; and 3) the workshop host, the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Tropical Cyclone Modeling Testbed. NR 86 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 93 IS 2 BP 209 EP 220 DI 10.1175/2011BAMS3106.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 897FP UT WOS:000300632200008 ER PT J AU Guilyardi, E Cai, WJ Collins, M Fedorov, A Jin, FF Kumar, A Sun, DZ Wittenberg, A AF Guilyardi, Eric Cai, Wenju Collins, Mat Fedorov, Alexey Jin, Fei-Fei Kumar, Arun Sun, De-Zheng Wittenberg, Andrew TI NEW STRATEGIES FOR EVALUATING ENSO PROCESSES IN CLIMATE MODELS SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Guilyardi, Eric] UPMC, LOCEAN IPSL, F-75252 Paris 05, France. [Guilyardi, Eric] Univ Reading, NCAS Climate, Reading, Berks, England. [Cai, Wenju] CSIRO, Aspendale, Vic, Australia. [Collins, Mat] Univ Exeter, Exeter, Devon, England. [Fedorov, Alexey] Yale Univ, New Haven, CT USA. [Jin, Fei-Fei] Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Kumar, Arun; Sun, De-Zheng] NOAA, ESRL, Boulder, CO USA. [Wittenberg, Andrew] NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Guilyardi, E (reprint author), UPMC, LOCEAN IPSL, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France. EM eric.guilyardi@locean-ipsl.upmc.fr RI Guilyardi, Eric/D-4868-2011; Cai, Wenju/C-2864-2012; Wittenberg, Andrew/G-9619-2013; Collins, Matthew/F-8473-2011 OI Guilyardi, Eric/0000-0002-2255-8625; Wittenberg, Andrew/0000-0003-1680-8963; Collins, Matthew/0000-0003-3785-6008 NR 0 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 93 IS 2 BP 235 EP 238 DI 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00106.1 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 897FP UT WOS:000300632200010 ER PT J AU Baumgardner, D Avallone, L Bansemer, A Borrmann, S Brown, P Bundke, U Chuang, PY Cziczo, D Field, P Gallagher, M Gayet, JF Heymsfield, A Korolev, A Kramer, M McFarquhar, G Mertes, S Mohler, O Lance, S Lawson, P Petters, MD Pratt, K Roberts, G Rogers, D Stetzer, O Stith, J Strapp, W Twohy, C Wendisch, M AF Baumgardner, D. Avallone, L. Bansemer, A. Borrmann, S. Brown, P. Bundke, U. Chuang, P. Y. Cziczo, D. Field, P. Gallagher, M. Gayet, J. -F. Heymsfield, A. Korolev, A. Kraemer, M. McFarquhar, G. Mertes, S. Moehler, O. Lance, S. Lawson, P. Petters, M. D. Pratt, K. Roberts, G. Rogers, D. Stetzer, O. Stith, J. Strapp, W. Twohy, C. Wendisch, M. TI IN SITU, AIRBORNE INSTRUMENTATION Addressing and Solving Measurement Problems in Ice Clouds SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material ID NEPHELOMETER; PARTICLES; DESIGN; CIRRUS; PROBE C1 [Baumgardner, D.] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Ciencias Atmosfera, Mexico City 045120, DF, Mexico. [Avallone, L.] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Bansemer, A.; Heymsfield, A.; Rogers, D.; Stith, J.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Borrmann, S.] Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Mainz, Germany. [Brown, P.; Field, P.] Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. [Bundke, U.] Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany. [Chuang, P. Y.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Cziczo, D.] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Gallagher, M.] Univ Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, England. [Gayet, J. -F.] Univ Clermont Ferrand, Lab Meteorol Phys, CNRS UMR6016, Clermont Ferrand, France. [Kraemer, M.] Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energie & Klimaforsch Stratosphare IEK 7, D-52425 Julich, Germany. [McFarquhar, G.] Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL USA. [Mertes, S.] Leibniz Inst Tropospher Res, Leipzig, Germany. [Moehler, O.] Karlsruhe Inst, Karlsruhe, Germany. [Lance, S.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Lance, S.] NOAA, ESRL, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Lawson, P.] SPEC Inc, Boulder, CO USA. [Petters, M. D.] N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Pratt, K.] Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Roberts, G.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Stetzer, O.] ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. [Twohy, C.] Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Wendisch, M.] Univ Leipzig, Leipziger Inst Meteorol LIM, Leipzig, Germany. RP Baumgardner, D (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Ciencias Atmosfera, Mexico City 045120, DF, Mexico. EM darrel.baumgardner@gmail.com RI Petters, Markus/D-2144-2009; Pratt, Kerri/F-8025-2010; Heymsfield, Andrew/E-7340-2011; Borrmann, Stephan/E-3868-2010; Mohler, Ottmar/J-9426-2012; Kramer, Martina/A-7482-2013; Bundke, Ulrich/D-5813-2015; Wendisch, Manfred/E-4175-2013; Field, Paul/B-1692-2009; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Petters, Markus/0000-0002-4082-1693; Pratt, Kerri/0000-0003-4707-2290; Bundke, Ulrich/0000-0001-5484-8099; Wendisch, Manfred/0000-0002-4652-5561; Field, Paul/0000-0001-8528-0088; McFarquhar, Greg/0000-0003-0950-0135; Gallagher, Martin/0000-0002-4968-6088 NR 18 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 49 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 93 IS 2 BP E529 EP E534 DI 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00123.1 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 897FP UT WOS:000300632200002 ER PT J AU Marquis, M Emch, P AF Marquis, Melinda Emch, Pam TI METRICS AND COLLABORATIONS ARE KEY TO CREATING AND PRESERVING NEW OBSERVATION RECORDS SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Marquis, Melinda] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Emch, Pam] Northrop Grumman Aerosp Syst, Redondo Beach, CA USA. RP Marquis, M (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM melinda.marquis@noaa.gov RI Marquis, Melinda/K-8895-2015 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 93 IS 2 BP E525 EP E528 DI 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00134.1 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 897FP UT WOS:000300632200001 ER PT J AU Shelton, AO Dick, EJ Pearson, DE Ralston, S Mangel, M AF Shelton, Andrew O. Dick, E. J. Pearson, Donald E. Ralston, Stephen Mangel, Marc TI Estimating species composition and quantifying uncertainty in multispecies fisheries: hierarchical Bayesian models for stratified sampling protocols with missing data SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID OBSERVER SURVEYS; LANDINGS; DESIGN AB Accurate landing statistics are among the most important data for the management of sustainable fisheries. For many fisheries, however, estimating species-specific landings and the associated uncertainty can be difficult, especially in the case of complex multispecies fisheries. Here we develop general and flexible methods for estimating species-specific landings, motivated by the mixed-species California groundfish fishery. We describe Bayesian generalized linear and hierarchical models for estimating species compositions from port sampling data and illustrate the application of each to several examples from California fisheries. Our hierarchical modeling approach provides a coherent statistical framework that can provide estimates of landings and uncertainty in the face of sparse and missing sampling data that compliment existing procedures for estimating landings. Furthermore, our methods provide ways to compare alternative model formulations and to maintain estimates of uncertainty when landings are aggregated across temporal or spatial scales. Our model structure is applicable to fisheries worldwide. C1 [Shelton, Andrew O.; Dick, E. J.; Ralston, Stephen; Mangel, Marc] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ctr Stock Assessment Res, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Dick, E. J.; Pearson, Donald E.; Ralston, Stephen] NOAA, Fisheries Ecol Div, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Mangel, Marc] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Jack Baskin Sch Engn, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Mangel, Marc] Univ Bergen, Dept Biol, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway. RP Shelton, AO (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ctr Stock Assessment Res, Mail Stop SOE 2, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM ashelton@soe.ucsc.edu FU NOAA Fisheries; Southwest Fisheries Science Center, under the Expand Annual Stock Assessment (EASA); Fisheries Ecology Division; Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Santa Cruz, California; University of California Santa Cruz, California FX We thank S. Munch, A. MacCall, W. Satterthwaite, J. Cotter, and an anonymous reviewer for comments on the manuscript. This research was funded by an award from NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, under the Expand Annual Stock Assessment (EASA) program to the Center for Stock Assessment Research (CSTAR), a partnership between the Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Santa Cruz, California, and the University of California Santa Cruz, California. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 12 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 69 IS 2 BP 231 EP 246 DI 10.1139/F2011-152 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 894GZ UT WOS:000300416400003 ER PT J AU Chen, K Chan, KS Bailey, KM Aydin, K Ciannelli, L AF Chen, Kun Chan, Kung-Sik Bailey, Kevin M. Aydin, Kerim Ciannelli, Lorenzo TI A probabilistic cellular automata approach for predator-prey interactions of arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) and walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in the eastern Bering Sea SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-SPECIES MODELS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; SCALING-UP; RECRUITMENT; SYSTEMS; TEMPERATURE AB We developed a hybrid cellular automata (CA) modelling approach to explore the dynamics of a key predator-prey interaction in a marine system; our study is motivated by the quest for better understanding of the scale and heterogeneity-related effects on the arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) and walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) dynamics during the summer feeding season in the eastern Bering Sea (EBS), but can be readily extended to other systems. The spatially explicit and probabilistic CA model incorporates individual behaviours and strategies and local interactions among species, as well as spatial and temporal heterogeneity due to geographical and (or) environmental changes in the physical environment. The model is hybridized, with an individual-based model (IBM) approach for increasing its capacity and continuum and for balancing between computational efficiency and model validity, which makes it suitable for simulating predator-prey dynamics in a large, complex ecological environment. We focus on the functional and aggregative responses of predators to prey density at different spatial scales, the effects of individual behaviours, and the impacts of systematic heterogeneity. Simulations from the model with suitable parameter values share qualitatively similar features found in field observations, e. g., local aggregations around hydrographical features. Spatial heterogeneity is an important aspect of whether local-scale functional and aggregative responses reflect those operating over large, or global, scales. C1 [Chen, Kun; Chan, Kung-Sik] Univ Iowa, Dept Stat & Actuarial Sci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. [Bailey, Kevin M.; Aydin, Kerim] NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Ciannelli, Lorenzo] Oregon State Univ, Coll Earth Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Chan, KS (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Stat & Actuarial Sci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. EM kung-sik-chan@uiowa.edu FU NOAA-NSF CAMEO FX The authors thank the NOAA-NSF CAMEO program for financial support. The authors also thank two anonymous reviewers and Don Jackson and Yong Chen for very helpful comments, Jeff Napp and Mary Hunsicker for comments on drafts of the manuscript, and Cathleen Vestfals for producing Fig. 2. This is EcoFOCI contribution 0734-ROA-9. NR 42 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 10 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 69 IS 2 BP 259 EP 272 DI 10.1139/F2011-160 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 894GZ UT WOS:000300416400005 ER PT J AU Walline, PD Wilson, CD Hollowed, AB Stienessen, SC AF Walline, Paul D. Wilson, Christopher D. Hollowed, Anne B. Stienessen, Sarah C. TI Short-term effects of commercial fishing on the distribution and abundance of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID STELLER SEA LIONS; CAPELIN MALLOTUS-VILLOSUS; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; NUTRITIONAL STRESS; POPULATION DECLINE; REGIME SHIFTS; ALASKA; DIET; FISHERIES; OCEAN AB Replicate acoustic surveys conducted near Kodiak Island, Alaska, USA, during summers 2001, 2004, and 2006 showed that the short-term effect of commercial fishing activities on walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) during this period was small, in most cases too small to detect. An area with commercial fishing and a nearby comparison area where commercial fishing was prohibited were surveyed before and during the fishery. Acoustic data were used to assess changes in the abundance, geographical and vertical distributions, and small-scale spatial patterns of walleye pollock, which may have occurred after the fishery commenced. A decrease in biomass after fishing began was detected only in 2004. No changes were detected in geographical or vertical distributions that could be attributed to the fishery in any year. Adults did not appear to aggregate or disperse in response to the fishery. Juvenile aggregations did differ between the prefishery and fishery surveys in 1 of the 2 years when juveniles were present. These data suggest that changes in walleye pollock abundance and distribution caused by the fishery are likely quite small compared with natural fluctuations. C1 [Walline, Paul D.; Wilson, Christopher D.; Hollowed, Anne B.; Stienessen, Sarah C.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Walline, PD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM paul.walline@noaa.gov NR 63 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 9 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 69 IS 2 BP 354 EP 368 DI 10.1139/F2011-166 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 894GZ UT WOS:000300416400013 ER PT J AU Hagwood, C Bernal, J Halter, M Elliott, J AF Hagwood, Charles Bernal, Javier Halter, Michael Elliott, John TI Evaluation of Segmentation Algorithms on Cell Populations Using CDF Curves SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING LA English DT Article DE Cell morphology; cumulative distribution function (CDF); flow cytometry; image cytometry; misclassification errors; segmentation ID FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; HISTOGRAMS AB Cell segmentation is a critical step in the analysis pipeline for most imaging cytometry experiments and evaluating the performance of segmentation algorithms is important for aiding the selection of segmentation algorithms. Four popular algorithms are evaluated based on their cell segmentation performance. Because segmentation involves the classification of pixels belonging to regions within the cell or belonging to background, these algorithms are evaluated based on their total misclassification error. Misclassification error is particularly relevant in the analysis of quantitative descriptors of cell morphology involving pixel counts, such as projected area, aspect ratio and diameter. Since the cumulative distribution function captures completely the stochastic properties of a population of misclassification errors it is used to compare segmentation performance. C1 [Hagwood, Charles] NIST, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Bernal, Javier] NIST, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Halter, Michael; Elliott, John] NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hagwood, C (reprint author), NIST, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hag-wood@nist.gov; bernal@nist.gov; michael.halter@nist.gov; john.elliott@nist.gov NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0278-0062 J9 IEEE T MED IMAGING JI IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging PD FEB PY 2012 VL 31 IS 2 BP 380 EP 390 DI 10.1109/TMI.2011.2169806 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Biomedical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Computer Science; Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 891DU UT WOS:000300197500019 PM 21965194 ER PT J AU Bradford, AL Weller, DW Punt, AE Ivashchenko, YV Burdin, AM VanBlaricom, GR Brownell, RL AF Bradford, Amanda L. Weller, David W. Punt, Andre E. Ivashchenko, Yulia V. Burdin, Alexander M. VanBlaricom, Glenn R. Brownell, Robert L., Jr. TI Leaner leviathans: body condition variation in a critically endangered whale population SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE density-independence; energy reserves; environmental variability; fitness; Okhotsk Sea; ordinal logistic regression; photo-identification; western gray whales ID ESCHRICHTIUS-ROBUSTUS; NUTRITIONAL CONDITION; GRAY WHALE; CONDITION INDEXES; SAKHALIN ISLAND; HIGH AGREEMENT; FAT CONDITION; ATLANTIC FIN; POLAR BEARS; LOW KAPPA AB The role of environmental limitation and density-dependent regulation in shaping populations is debated in ecology. Populations at low densities may offer an unobstructed view of basic environmental and physiological interactions that impact individual fitness and thus population productivity. The energy reserves of an organism are reflected in its body condition, a measure linking individual fitness and the environment. From 1997 to 2007, we monitored the critically endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) population on its primary summer feeding ground off the northeastern coast of Sakhalin Island, Russia. This effort resulted in a large data set of photo-identification images from 5,007 sightings of 168 individual whales that we used to visually assess western gray whale body condition. We quantified temporal variation in the resulting 1,539 monthly body condition determinations with respect to observations of reproductive status and sex. Western gray whale body condition varied annually, and we identified years of significantly better (2004) and worse ((999, 2006, and 2007) body condition. This study is the 1st to track the within-season body condition of individual whales. Body condition improved significantly as the summer progressed, although results suggest that not all whales replenish their energy stores by the end of the season. The body condition of lactating females was significantly worse than that of other whales at all times and was most often determined to be compromised. The body condition of their weaning calves exhibited no temporal variation and was consistently good. It is possible lactating females provide an energetic buffer to their offspring at the expense of their own body condition and future reproductive success. Findings from the analysis establish a foundation for quantifying links between western gray whale body condition, demographic parameters, and environmental conditions; and provide a baseline for monitoring individual and population condition of an ecosystem sentinel species in a changing environment. Overall, this study highlights the presence of density-independent environmental and physiological mechanisms that affect the abundance and growth of populations. C1 [Weller, David W.] NOAA, Protected Resources Div, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. [Ivashchenko, Yulia V.] Seastar Sci, Yaroslavl 150033, Russia. [Bradford, Amanda L.] Russian Acad Sci, Far E Branch, Kamchatka Branch, Pacific Inst Geog, Petropavlovsk Kamchatski 683024, Russia. [Brownell, Robert L., Jr.] NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. [Bradford, Amanda L.; Punt, Andre E.; VanBlaricom, Glenn R.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Bradford, AL (reprint author), NOAA, Protected Species Div, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 1601 Kapiolani Blvd,Suite 1000, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. EM alb992@u.washington.edu OI Punt, Andre/0000-0001-8489-2488 FU University of Washington; Alaska Sea Life Center; Exxon Neftegas Limited; International Fund for Animal Welfare; International Whaling Commission; United States Marine Mammal Commission; Texas A&M University at Galveston; National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; United States National Marine Fisheries Service; Ocean Park Conservation Foundation; Sakhalin Energy Investment Company; School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences at the University of Washington; United States Environmental Protection Agency; Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit FX We thank the many individuals who have provided field assistance over the years, especially S. Blokhin, H. W. Kim, A. Lang, S. Rickards, and G. Tsidulko. Participants in the 2006 NOAA Large Whale Health Assessment Workshop contributed valuable feedback on the body condition assessment protocol. N. Ellis, P. Heagerty, and R. Christensen offered useful advice on the statistical analysis. The edits of W. Perrin and 2 anonymous reviewers improved the manuscript. Support for ALB was funded in part by a grant from the Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington, pursuant to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Graduate Fellowship Program in Population Dynamics and Marine Resource Economics. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or any of its subagencies. Support and funding for the Russia United States western gray whale research project were provided (in alphabetical order) by Alaska Sea Life Center, Exxon Neftegas Limited, the International Fund for Animal Welfare, the International Whaling Commission, the United States Marine Mammal Commission, the Marine Mammal Research Program at Texas A&M University at Galveston, the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the United States National Marine Fisheries Service, Ocean Park Conservation Foundation, Sakhalin Energy Investment Company, the School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences at the University of Washington, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and the Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. The project was conducted as part of the Marine Mammal Project under Area V: Protection of Nature and the Organization of Reserves within the United States Russia Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection. NR 83 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 26 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 93 IS 1 BP 251 EP 266 DI 10.1644/11-MAMM-A-091.1 PG 16 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 896VE UT WOS:000300598700023 ER PT J AU Stan, G Krylyuk, S Davydov, AV Cook, RF AF Stan, Gheorghe Krylyuk, Sergiy Davydov, Albert V. Cook, Robert F. TI Bending manipulation and measurements of fracture strength of silicon and oxidized silicon nanowires by atomic force microscopy SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; GERMANIUM NANOWIRES; CARBON NANOTUBES; AFM MANIPULATION; INAS NANOWIRES; SI NANOWIRES; PLASTICITY; NANOMATERIALS; BEHAVIOR; FIBERS AB In this work, the ultimate bending strengths of as-grown Si and fully oxidized Si nanowires (NWs) were investigated by using a new atomic force microscopy (AFM) bending method. NWs dispersed on Si substrates were bent into hook and loop configurations by AFM manipulation. The adhesion between NWs and the substrate provided sufficient restraint to retain NWs in imposed bent states and allowed subsequent AFM imaging. The stress and friction force distributions along the bent NWs were calculated based on the in-plane configurations of the NWs in the AFM images. As revealed from the last-achieved bending state, before fracture, fracture strengths close to the ideal strength of materials were attained in these measurements: 17.3 GPa for Si NWs and 6.2 GPa for fully oxidized Si NWs. C1 [Stan, Gheorghe; Cook, Robert F.] NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Krylyuk, Sergiy; Davydov, Albert V.] NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Krylyuk, Sergiy] Univ Maryland, Inst Res Elect & Appl Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Stan, G (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gheorghe.stan@nist.gov RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311 NR 51 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 20 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 27 IS 3 BP 562 EP 570 DI 10.1557/jmr.2011.354 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 886TT UT WOS:000299877500008 ER PT J AU Sooraj, KP Annamalai, H Kumar, A Wang, H AF Sooraj, K. P. Annamalai, H. Kumar, Arun Wang, Hui TI A Comprehensive Assessment of CFS Seasonal Forecasts over the Tropics SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODELS; INDIAN-OCEAN; EL-NINO; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; PREDICTION SKILL; ENSO PREDICTION AB The 15-member ensemble hindcasts performed with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System (CFS) for the period 1981-2005, as well as real-time forecasts for the period 2006-09, are assessed for seasonal prediction skills over the tropics, from deterministic (anomaly correlation), categorical (Heidke skill score), and probabilistic (rank probability skill score) perspectives. Further, persistence, signal-to-noise ratio, and root-mean-square error analyses are also performed. The CFS demonstrates high skill in forecasting El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) related sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies during developing and mature phases, including that of different types of El Nino. During ENSO, the space-time evolution of anomalous SST, 850-hPa wind, and rainfall along the equatorial Pacific, as well as the mechanisms involved in the teleconnection to the tropical Indian Ocean, are also well represented. During ENSO phase transition and in the summer, the skill of forecasting Pacific SST anomalies is modest. An examination of CFS ability in forecasting seasonal rainfall anomalies over the U.S. Affiliated Pacific Islands (USAPI) indicates that forecasting the persistence of dryness from El Nino winter into the following spring/summer is skillful at leads > 3 months. During strong El Nino years the persistence is predicted by all members with a 6-month lead time. Also, the model is skillful in predicting regional rainfall responses during different types of El Nino. Since both deterministic and probabilistic skill scores converge, the suggestion is that the forecast is useful. The model's skill in the real-time forecasts for the period 2006-09 is also discussed. The results suggest the feasibility that a dynamical-system-based seasonal prediction of precipitation over the USAPI can be considered. C1 [Sooraj, K. P.; Annamalai, H.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Int Pacific Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Kumar, Arun; Wang, Hui] NCEP Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC USA. [Wang, Hui] Wyle Informat Syst, Mclean, VA USA. RP Annamalai, H (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Int Pacific Res Ctr, 1680 East West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM hanna@hawaii.edu RI Wang, Hui/B-6516-2008 FU NOAA Climate Test Bed (CTB); IPRC FX The first author expresses his sincere gratitude to Jan Hafner, V. Prasanna, P. Pillai, J. Chowdary, H.J. Kim, and J.Y. Lee for various discussions during the course of this project. Comments from Drs. Chowdary and Pillai on the draft version of the manuscript are appreciated. Comments and critiques from the anonymous reviewers helped in improving the presentation of this manuscript. This study is supported by the NOAA Climate Test Bed (CTB) program and also partly funded by the institutional grants of the IPRC. NR 67 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 27 IS 1 BP 3 EP 27 DI 10.1175/WAF-D-11-00014.1 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 895VW UT WOS:000300525800001 ER PT J AU Suarez, A Reeves, HD Wheatley, D Coniglio, M AF Suarez, Astrid Reeves, Heather Dawn Wheatley, Dustan Coniglio, Michael TI Comparison of Ensemble Kalman Filter Based Forecasts to Traditional Ensemble and Deterministic Forecasts for a Case Study of Banded Snow SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SCALE DATA ASSIMILATION; NORTHEAST US CYCLONES; CONDITIONAL SYMMETRIC INSTABILITY; HIGH-RESOLUTION; PART II; MESOSCALE PREDICTABILITY; MODEL EXPERIMENTS; WINTER CYCLONE; UNITED-STATES; COMMA HEAD AB The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) technique is compared to other modeling approaches for a case study of banded snow. The forecasts include a 12- and 3-km grid-spaced deterministic forecast (D12 and D3), a 12-km 30-member ensemble (E12), and a 12-km 30-member ensemble with EnKF-based four-dimensional data assimilation (EKF12). In D12 and D3, flow patterns are not ideal for banded snow, but they have similar precipitation accumulations in the correct location. The increased resolution did not improve the quantitative precipitation forecast. The E12 ensemble mean has a flow pattern favorable for banding and precipitation in the approximate correct location, although the magnitudes and probabilities of relevant features are quite low. Six members produced good forecasts of the flow patterns and the precipitation structure. The EKF12 ensemble mean has an ideal flow pattern for banded snow and the mean produces banded precipitation, but relevant features are about 100 km too far north. The EKF12 has a much lower spread than does E12, a consequence of their different initial conditions. Comparison of the initial ensemble means shows that EKF12 has a closed surface low and a region of high low- to midlevel humidity that are not present in E12. These features act in concert to produce a stronger ensemble-mean cyclonic system with heavier precipitation at the time of banding. C1 [Reeves, Heather Dawn] NOAA, DOC, OAR, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Reeves, Heather Dawn; Wheatley, Dustan] Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Suarez, Astrid] Natl Weather Ctr Res Experience Undergrad Program, Norman, OK USA. RP Reeves, HD (reprint author), NOAA, DOC, OAR, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Ste 2401,120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM heather.reeves@noaa.gov FU National Science Foundation [ATM-0648566]; Oklahoma EPSCoR; NCAR/EOL; NOAA/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research under NOAA-University of Oklahoma [NA17RJ1227]; U.S. Department of Commerce FX This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant ATM-0648566 and Oklahoma EPSCoR. Special thanks to A. Clark, G. DiMego, J. Kain, J. Kwiatkowski, G. Manikin, and D. Stensrud, and NCAR/EOL (under sponsorship of the National Science Foundation). Funding was provided by NOAA/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research under NOAA-University of Oklahoma Cooperative Agreement NA17RJ1227, U.S. Department of Commerce. NR 63 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 27 IS 1 BP 85 EP 105 DI 10.1175/WAF-D-11-00030.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 895VW UT WOS:000300525800005 ER PT J AU Grams, JS Thompson, RL Snively, DV Prentice, JA Hodges, GM Reames, LJ AF Grams, Jeremy S. Thompson, Richard L. Snively, Darren V. Prentice, Jayson A. Hodges, Gina M. Reames, Larissa J. TI A Climatology and Comparison of Parameters for Significant Tornado Events in the United States SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SEVERE WEATHER REPORTS; RAPID UPDATE CYCLE; ENVIRONMENTAL-CONDITIONS; FORECAST PARAMETERS; CONVECTIVE MODE; SUPERCELLS; MORPHOLOGY; STORMS AB A sample of 448 significant tornado events was collected, representing a population of 1072 individual tornadoes across the contiguous United States from 2000 to 2008. Classification of convective mode was assessed from radar mosaics for each event with the majority classified as discrete cells compared to quasi-linear convective systems and clusters. These events were further stratified by season and region and compared with a null-tornado database of 911 significant hail and wind events that occurred without nearby tornadoes. These comparisons involved 1) environmental variables that have been used through the past 25-50 yr as part of the approach to tornado forecasting, 2) recent sounding-based parameter evaluations, and 3) convective mode. The results show that composite and kinematic parameters (whether at standard pressure levels or sounding derived), along with convective mode, provide greater discrimination than thermodynamic parameters between significant tornado versus either significant hail or wind events that occurred in the absence of nearby tornadoes. C1 [Grams, Jeremy S.; Thompson, Richard L.] NOAA, NWS, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Snively, Darren V.] Ohio Univ, Dept Geog, Athens, OH 45701 USA. [Prentice, Jayson A.] Iowa State Univ, Dept Geol & Atmospher Sci, Ames, IA USA. [Hodges, Gina M.; Reames, Larissa J.] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Grams, JS (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Storm Predict Ctr, Ste 2300,120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM jeremy.grams@noaa.gov RI Nesbitt, Stephen/I-3965-2013 OI Nesbitt, Stephen/0000-0003-0348-0452 NR 44 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 27 IS 1 BP 106 EP 123 DI 10.1175/WAF-D-11-00008.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 895VW UT WOS:000300525800006 ER PT J AU Gourley, JJ Erlingis, JM Hong, Y Wells, EB AF Gourley, Jonathan J. Erlingis, Jessica M. Hong, Yang Wells, Ernest B. TI Evaluation of Tools Used for Monitoring and Forecasting Flash Floods in the United States SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID UNGAUGED BASINS; GUIDANCE; MODEL; UNCERTAINTIES; THRESHOLDS; SUPPORT; GIS AB This paper evaluates, for the first time, flash-flood guidance (FFG) values and recently developed gridded FFG (GFFG) used by the National Weather Service (NWS) to monitor and predict imminent flash flooding, which is the leading storm-related cause of death in the United States. It is envisioned that results from this study will be used 1) to establish benchmark performance of existing operational flash-flood prediction tools and 2) to provide information to NWS forecasters that reveals how the existing tools can be readily optimized. Sources used to evaluate the products include official reports of flash floods from the NWS Storm Data database, discharge measurements on small basins available from the U.S. Geological Survey, and witness reports of flash flooding collected during the Severe Hazards Analysis and Verification Experiment. Results indicated that the operational guidance values, with no calibration, were marginally skillful, with the highest critical success index of 0.20 occurring with 3-h GFFG. The false-alarm rates fell and the skill improved to 0.34 when the rainfall was first spatially averaged within basins and then reached 50% of FFG for 1-h accumulation and exceeded 3-h FFG. Although the skill of the GFFG values was generally lower than that of their FFG counterparts, GFFG was capable of detecting the spatial variability of reported flash flooding better than FFG was for a case study in an urban setting. C1 [Gourley, Jonathan J.; Erlingis, Jessica M.] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. [Erlingis, Jessica M.] Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Hong, Yang] Univ Oklahoma, Dept Civil Engn & Environm Sci, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Wells, Ernest B.] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Climate Water & Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Gourley, JJ (reprint author), Natl Weather Ctr, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM jj.gourley@noaa.gov RI Hong, Yang/D-5132-2009; Gourley, Jonathan/C-7929-2016 OI Hong, Yang/0000-0001-8720-242X; Gourley, Jonathan/0000-0001-7363-3755 FU NOAA/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research under NOAA-University of Oklahoma [NA17RJ1227]; U.S. Department of Commerce; National Severe Storms Laboratory's Director's Discretionary Research Funds; National Weather Service's Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System funds FX Funding was provided by the NOAA/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research under NOAA-University of Oklahoma Cooperative Agreement NA17RJ1227, the U.S. Department of Commerce, the National Severe Storms Laboratory's Director's Discretionary Research Funds, and the National Weather Service's Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System funds. Hindcast values of daily flash-flood guidance were produced and provided by James Paul (ABRFC). Useful discussions with John Schmidt (SERFC) and Seann Reed (OHD) helped in the synthesis of this study. Their assistance is greatly appreciated. We also appreciate the NWS National Precipitation Verification Unit for making the QPE and GFFG grids available to us. NR 31 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 25 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 27 IS 1 BP 158 EP 173 DI 10.1175/WAF-D-10-05043.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 895VW UT WOS:000300525800009 ER PT J AU Donovan, GH Michael, YL Butry, DT Sullivan, AD Chase, JM AF Donovan, Geoffrey H. Michael, Yvonne L. Butry, David T. Sullivan, Amy D. Chase, John M. TI Comment on "Green Space, health inequality, and pregnancy" SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Letter C1 [Donovan, Geoffrey H.; Chase, John M.] US Forest Serv, USDA, PNW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97205 USA. [Michael, Yvonne L.] Drexel Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA. [Butry, David T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Sullivan, Amy D.] Multnomah Cty Hlth Dept, Portland, OR 97204 USA. RP Donovan, GH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, PNW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97205 USA. EM gdonovan@fs.fed.us NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 39 IS 1 BP 133 EP 133 DI 10.1016/j.envint.2011.10.009 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 890EY UT WOS:000300129100017 PM 22208752 ER PT J AU Denkenberger, JS Driscoll, CT Branfireun, BA Eckley, CS Cohen, M Selvendiran, P AF Denkenberger, Joseph S. Driscoll, Charles T. Branfireun, Brian A. Eckley, Chris S. Cohen, Mark Selvendiran, Pranesh TI A synthesis of rates and controls on elemental mercury evasion in the Great Lakes Basin SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Evasion; Great Lakes; Land cover; Mercury; Volatilization ID DISSOLVED GASEOUS MERCURY; FRESH-WATER LAKES; ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; UNITED-STATES; AIR/SURFACE EXCHANGE; VOLATILE MERCURY; BACKGROUND SOILS; DIVALENT MERCURY; NATURAL SOURCES; EMISSIONS AB Rates of surface-air elemental mercury (Hg-0) fluxes in the literature were synthesized for the Great Lakes Basin (GLB). For the majority of surfaces, fluxes were net positive (evasion). Digital land-cover data were combined with representative evasion rates and used to estimate annual Hg-0 evasion for the GLB (7.7 Mg/yr). This value is less than our estimate of total Hg deposition to the area (15.9 Mg/yr), suggesting the GLB is a net sink for atmospheric Hg. The greatest contributors to annual evasion for the basin are agricultural (similar to 55%) and forest (similar to 25%) land cover types, and the open water of the Great Lakes (similar to 15%). Areal evasion rates were similar across most land cover types (range: 7.0-21.0 mu g/m(2)-yr), with higher rates associated with urban (12.6 mu g/m(2)-yr) and agricultural (21.0 mu g/m(2)-yr) lands. Uncertainty in these estimates could be partially remedied through a unified methodological approach to estimating Hg fluxes. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Denkenberger, Joseph S.; Driscoll, Charles T.] Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. [Branfireun, Brian A.] Univ Western Ontario, Dept Biol, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. [Branfireun, Brian A.] Univ Western Ontario, Ctr Environm & Sustainabil, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. [Eckley, Chris S.] Environm Canada, Vancouver, BC V6C 3S5, Canada. [Cohen, Mark] NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Selvendiran, Pranesh] LimnoTech, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. RP Denkenberger, JS (reprint author), Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. EM jsdenken@syr.edu RI Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; Cohen, Mark/P-6936-2015; OI Cohen, Mark/0000-0003-3183-2558; Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 FU New York Energy Research and Development Authority; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FX We thank Marty Risch, David Gay, Tom Holsen and Kim Driscoll for their help with this analysis. We also appreciate the assistance of the reviewers, who provided constructive and helpful critiques, and whose comments have benefited the paper. Support for this study was provided by New York Energy Research and Development Authority and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. NR 64 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 40 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 161 BP 291 EP 298 DI 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.007 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 896BB UT WOS:000300539300038 PM 21719170 ER PT J AU Makogon, D Spielman, IB Smith, CM AF Makogon, D. Spielman, I. B. Smith, C. Morais TI Spin-charge-density wave in a rounded-square Fermi surface for ultracold atoms SO EPL LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL LATTICES; FIELD; GAS AB We derive and discuss an experimentally realistic model describing ultracold atoms in an optical lattice including a commensurate, but staggered, spin-flip term. The resulting band structure is quite exotic; fermions in the third band have an unusual rounded picture-frame Fermi surface (essentially two concentric squircles), leading to imperfect nesting. We develop a generalized theory describing the spin and charge degrees of freedom simultaneously at the random-field-approximation level, and show that the system can develop a coupled spin-charge-density wave order. Our generic approach can be used to study spin and charge instabilities in many materials, such as high-T-c superconductors, organic compounds, graphene, and iron pnictides. Copyright (C) EPLA, 2012 C1 [Makogon, D.; Smith, C. Morais] Univ Utrecht, Inst Theoret Phys, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands. [Spielman, I. B.] NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Spielman, I. B.] Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Makogon, D (reprint author), Univ Utrecht, Inst Theoret Phys, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands. EM c.demoraissmith@uu.nl RI Morais Smith, Cristiane/D-2947-2012 FU National Science Foundation [PHY05-51164]; ARO; DARPA's OLE; Atomtronics MURI; NSF through the PFC at JQI; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research NWO FX We acknowledge the hospitality of the KITP Santa Barbara, supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHY05-51164, where this work was initiated. IBS acknowledges the financial support of the ARO with funds from DARPA's OLE program and the Atomtronics MURI; and the NSF through the PFC at JQI. CMS was partially supported by Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research NWO. We are indebted to D. BAERISWYL, G. BAYM, A. HEMMERICH, and A. LAZARIDES for fruitful discussions. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU EPL ASSOCIATION, EUROPEAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY PI MULHOUSE PA 6 RUE DES FRERES LUMIERE, MULHOUSE, 68200, FRANCE SN 0295-5075 J9 EPL-EUROPHYS LETT JI EPL PD FEB PY 2012 VL 97 IS 3 AR 33002 DI 10.1209/0295-5075/97/33002 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 894AU UT WOS:000300400000011 ER PT J AU Kajbafvala, A Nachtrab, W Lu, XF Hunte, F Liu, XT Cheggour, N Wong, T Schwartz, J AF Kajbafvala, Amir Nachtrab, William Lu, Xi Feng Hunte, Frank Liu, Xiaotao Cheggour, Najib Wong, Terence Schwartz, Justin TI Dispersion-Strengthened Silver Alumina for Sheathing Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x Multifilamentary Wire SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Dispersion-strengthened (DS) alloys; high-temperature superconductor; tensile properties; transport measurements AB High-strength high-elastic-modulus dispersion-strengthened (DS) silver aluminum alloys are studied for sheathing Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x (Bi2212) round wire. DS is an effective method for producing a fine grain metallurgical structure that is resistant to softening during high-temperature heat treatment. Here, DS Ag/0.5-wt.% Al (AgAl) alloy sheet is produced using powder metallurgy and is compared with Ag/0.2-wt.% Mg (AgMg) alloy, which is currently the most common alloy used for Bi2212 wire. Room temperature (RT), 77- and 4.0-K tensile tests, Vickers microhardness, optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and electrical resistivity measurements are compared. Furthermore, Bi2212/AgMg and Bi2212/AgAl wires are produced and compared for short-sample and coil I-c (4.2 K; self-field). It is found that the AgAl solid wire shows high yield stress and ultimate tensile strength in the annealed condition at both RT and 4.0 K, as well as significant ductility at 4.0 K. Electrical transport measurements show that the Bi2212/AgAl wires perform as well or better than Bi2212/AgMg wires. Furthermore, no leakage is observed after partial melt processing (PMP) of Bi2212/AgAl spirals. After PMP, the Bi2212/AgAl wire not only has yield and tensile stresses slightly higher than those of the Bi2212/AgMg wire but also exhibits > 2% elongation, which is several times higher than that of Bi2212/AgMg. C1 [Kajbafvala, Amir; Hunte, Frank; Liu, Xiaotao; Schwartz, Justin] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Nachtrab, William; Wong, Terence] Supercon Inc, Shrewsbury, MA 01545 USA. [Lu, Xi Feng; Cheggour, Najib] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kajbafvala, A (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Box 7907, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Cheggour, Najib/K-2769-2012 OI Cheggour, Najib/0000-0002-0741-3065 FU U.S. DoE Office of High Energy Physics STTR [DE-SC0004268] FX Manuscript received August 25, 2011; revised October 6, 2011 and November 30, 2011; accepted November 30, 2011. Date of publication January 23, 2012; date of current version February 3, 2012. This work was supported in part by the U.S. DoE Office of High Energy Physics STTR Phase I Grant DE-SC0004268. This paper was recommended by Associate Editor D. van der Laan. NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 13 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 22 IS 1 SI SI AR 8400210 DI 10.1109/TASC.2011.2179296 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 894JQ UT WOS:000300423400003 ER PT J AU Lu, XF Goodrich, LF van der Laan, DC Splett, JD Cheggour, N Holesinger, TG Baca, FJ AF Lu, X. F. Goodrich, L. F. van der Laan, D. C. Splett, J. D. Cheggour, N. Holesinger, T. G. Baca, F. J. TI Correlation Between Pressure Dependence of Critical Temperature and the Reversible Strain Effect on the Critical Current and Pinning Force in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x Wires SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Axial strain; Bi-2212 wire; critical current; flux pinning; irreversibility field ID TRANSPORT CRITICAL CURRENTS; AXIAL STRAIN; SUPERCONDUCTING WIRES; MAGNETIC-FIELD; T-C AB Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x round wires are among the most promising high-temperature superconductor candidates for making high-field magnets that operate at fields above 20 T. Owing to the brittle nature of high-temperature superconductors, their electromechanical properties need to be studied and understood prior to magnet design and construction. The irreversible degradation of the critical current at high strains has been previously correlated to damage in the microstructure of the superconductor. The origin of the much smaller reversible strain dependence of the superconducting properties of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x x wires has not yet been studied in detail. In this paper, we determine the cause of the reversible effect of strain on the pinning force and the critical current at temperatures ranging from 4 K to 65 K. Measurements were made as a function of tensile strain in magnetic fields up to 16 T. The irreversibility fields, determined from the macroscopic pinning force at various temperatures and strains, and the critical temperature of the Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x wire were found to be strain dependent. The reversible change in critical current and pinning force in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x superconducting wires can be solely attributed to the dependence of the critical temperature on pressure. C1 [Lu, X. F.; Goodrich, L. F.; van der Laan, D. C.; Splett, J. D.; Cheggour, N.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Lu, X. F.; van der Laan, D. C.; Cheggour, N.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Holesinger, T. G.; Baca, F. J.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Lu, XF (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM goodrich@boulder.nist.gov RI Cheggour, Najib/K-2769-2012; van der Laan, Danko/L-5098-2016 OI Cheggour, Najib/0000-0002-0741-3065; FU High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy; U.S. Government FX Manuscript received September 8, 2011; revised October 28, 2011; accepted October 28, 2011. Date of publication December 16, 2011; date of current version February 3, 2012. This work was supported in part by High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy through the Very High Field Superconducting Magnet Collaboration. This work was also supported in part by the U.S. Government, not protected by U.S. Copyright. This paper was recommended by Associate Editor J. Schwartz. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 15 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 22 IS 1 SI SI AR 8400307 DI 10.1109/TASC.2011.2174630 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 894JQ UT WOS:000300423400004 ER PT J AU van der Laan, DC Douglas, JF Goodrich, LF Semerad, R Bauer, M AF van der Laan, D. C. Douglas, J. F. Goodrich, L. F. Semerad, R. Bauer, M. TI Correlation Between In-Plane Grain Orientation and the Reversible Strain Effect on Flux Pinning in RE-Ba2Cu3O7-delta Coated Conductors SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Critical current; flux pinning; REBCO coated conductors; strain ID AXIAL-STRAIN; TAPES; SUPERCONDUCTORS; BEHAVIOR; DEPENDENCE; STRESS; FIELDS; NB3SN AB The uniaxial pressure dependence of the critical temperature causes a reversible effect of strain on the critical current density and the flux pinning strength in many high-temperature superconductors. Recent experiments on patterned coated conductor bridges have shown that the anisotropic nature of the pressure dependence of the critical temperature of rare earth (RE)-Ba2Cu3O7-delta (REBCO) has a major impact on the performance of coated conductors under strain. The strain effect on the critical current density is most prominent when the strain is along the [100] and [010] directions of the superconducting film, whereas it almost completely disappears when the strain is along [110]. In this paper, we investigate the correlation between the uniaxialpressure dependence of the critical temperature and the reversible strain effect on flux pinning in REBCO coated conductors. We show that axial strain has a large effect on the irreversibility field and the pinning force in coated conductors when the [100] and [010] directions of the superconducting film are aligned along the conductor axis. The magnitude of the strain effect in these conductors largely depends on the angle at which the magnetic field is applied. On the other hand, the critical temperature is not expected to change with the axial strain in coated conductors when the [110] direction is aligned along the conductor axis. Indeed, the irreversibility field and the magnetic field dependence of the pinning force of these conductors are almost independent of the axial strain for all angles at which the magnetic field is applied. The minor strain dependence of the critical current measured in these conductors could be caused by the average in-plane grain misalignment of between 6 degrees and 8 degrees, which causes a slight variation in the strain alignment with the axes of the superconducting film. The results confirm that the reversible strain effect in REBCO coated conductors is largely determined by the uniaxial pressure dependence of the critical temperature. C1 [van der Laan, D. C.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [van der Laan, D. C.; Douglas, J. F.; Goodrich, L. F.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Semerad, R.; Bauer, M.] THEVA Dunnschichttech GmbH, D-85737 Ismaning, Germany. RP van der Laan, DC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM danko@boulder.nist.gov RI van der Laan, Danko/L-5098-2016 FU Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, U.S. Department of Energy FX Manuscript received September 8, 2011; revised October 21, 2011; accepted October 22, 2011. Date of publication December 16, 2011; date of current version February 3, 2012. This work was supported in part by the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, U.S. Department of Energy. This paper was recommended by Associate Editor J. Schwartz. NR 33 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 22 IS 1 SI SI AR 8400707 DI 10.1109/TASC.2011.2174359 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 894JQ UT WOS:000300423400008 ER PT J AU van der Laan, D AF van der Laan, Danko TI Special Issue on Electromechanical Properties of High-Temperature Superconductors SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [van der Laan, Danko] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [van der Laan, Danko] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP van der Laan, D (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 22 IS 1 SI SI AR 0000101 DI 10.1109/TASC.2012.2183040 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 894JQ UT WOS:000300423400001 ER PT J AU Polikhronidi, NG Abdulagatov, IM Batyrova, RG Stepanov, GV Wu, JT Ustuzhanin, EE AF Polikhronidi, N. G. Abdulagatov, I. M. Batyrova, R. G. Stepanov, G. V. Wu, J. T. Ustuzhanin, E. E. TI Experimental Study of the Isochoric Heat Capacity of Diethyl Ether (DEE) in the Critical and Supercritical Regions SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Adiabatic calorimeter; Critical point; Diethyl ether; Equation of state; Isochoric heat capacity ID YANG-YANG RELATION; CRITICAL-POINT; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; TRIPLE-POINT; ISING-MODEL; 298.15 K; CONFLUENT SINGULARITIES; NITROGEN TETROXIDE; DIISOPROPYL ETHER AB Two- and one-phase liquid and vapor isochoric heat capacities (C (V rho) T relationship) of diethyl ether (DEE) in the critical and supercritical regions have been measured with a high-temperature and high-pressure nearly constant-volume adiabatic calorimeter. The measurements were carried out in the temperature range from 347 K to 575 K for 12 liquid and 5 vapor densities from 212.6 kg center dot m(-3) to 534.6 kg center dot m(-3). The expanded uncertainties (coverage factor k = 2, two-standard deviation estimate) for values of the heat capacity were 2% to 3% in the near-critical region, 1.0% to 1.5% for the liquid isochores, and 3% to 4% for the vapor isochores. The uncertainties of density (rho) and temperature (T) measurements were 0.02% and 15 mK, respectively. The values of the internal energy, U(T, V), and second temperature derivative of pressure, (a,(2) P/a,T (2)) (rho) , were derived using the measured C (V) data near the critical point. The critical anomaly of the measured C (V) and derived values of U(T, V) and (a,(2) P/a,T (2)) (rho) in the critical and supercritical regions were interpreted in terms of the scaling theory of critical phenomena. The asymptotic critical amplitudes (A(0)(+) and A(0)(-)) of the scaling power laws along the critical isochore for one- and two-phase CV were calculated from the measured values of CV. Experimentally derived values of the critical amplitude ratio for C-V (A(0)(+)/A(0)(-) = 0.521) are in good agreement with the values predicted by scaling theory. The measured C-V data for DEE were analyzed to study the behavior of loci of isothermal and isochoric C-V maxima and minima in the critical and supercritical regions. C1 [Polikhronidi, N. G.; Batyrova, R. G.; Stepanov, G. V.] Russian Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russia. [Abdulagatov, I. M.] Russian Acad Sci, Geothermal Res Inst, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russia. [Wu, J. T.] Xi An Jiao Tong Univ, Xian 710049, Shaanxi, Peoples R China. [Ustuzhanin, E. E.] Moscow Power Engn Inst, Dept Thermophys Engn, Moscow, Russia. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), NIST, Thermophys Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov FU RFBR [08-08-92215] FX One of us, I. M. Abdulagatov, thanks the Thermophysical Properties Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology for the opportunity to work as a Guest Researcher during the course of this research. The authors also thank Dr. J.W. Magee for useful discussions. This work was supported by Grant RFBR 08-08-92215. NR 69 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 33 IS 2 BP 185 EP 219 DI 10.1007/s10765-011-1147-z PG 35 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 891ZA UT WOS:000300254400001 ER PT J AU Davis, SM Rosenlof, KH AF Davis, Sean M. Rosenlof, Karen H. TI A Multidiagnostic Intercomparison of Tropical-Width Time Series Using Reanalyses and Satellite Observations SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; TROPOSPHERIC RESPONSE; SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE; POLEWARD SHIFT; EL-NINO; CLIMATE; CIRCULATION; TRENDS; PERTURBATIONS; TEMPERATURE AB Poleward migration of the latitudinal edge of the tropics of 0.25 degrees-3.0 degrees decade(-1) has been reported in several recent studies based on satellite and radiosonde data and reanalysis output covering the past similar to 30 yr. The goal of this paper is to identify the extent to which this large range of trends can be explained by the use of different data sources, time periods, and edge definitions, as well as how the widening varies as a function of hemisphere and season. Toward this end, a suite of tropical edge latitude diagnostics based on tropopause height, winds, precipitation-evaporation, and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) are analyzed using several reanalyses and satellite datasets. These diagnostics include both previously used definitions and new definitions designed for more robust detection. The wide range of widening trends is shown to be primarily due to the use of different datasets and edge definitions and only secondarily due to varying start-end dates. This study also shows that the large trends (>similar to 1 degrees decade(-1)) previously reported in tropopause and OLR diagnostics are due to the use of subjective definitions based on absolute thresholds. Statistically significant Hadley cell expansion based on the mean meridional streamfunction of 1.0 degrees-1.5 degrees decade(-1) is found in three of four reanalyses that cover the full time period (1979-2009), whereas other diagnostics yield trends of -0.5 degrees-0.8 degrees decade(-1) that are mostly insignificant. There are indications of hemispheric and seasonal differences in the trends, but the differences are not statistically significant. C1 [Davis, Sean M.; Rosenlof, Karen H.] NOAA, ESRL, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Davis, Sean M.] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Davis, SM (reprint author), Mail Stop R CSD-8,325 S Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sean.m.davis@noaa.gov RI Davis, Sean/C-9570-2011; Rosenlof, Karen/B-5652-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Davis, Sean/0000-0001-9276-6158; Rosenlof, Karen/0000-0002-0903-8270; NR 47 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 3 U2 30 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 25 IS 4 BP 1061 EP 1078 DI 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00127.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 894HU UT WOS:000300418500001 ER PT J AU Long, Z Perrie, W Tang, CL Dunlap, E Wang, J AF Long, Z. Perrie, W. Tang, C. L. Dunlap, E. Wang, J. TI Simulated Interannual Variations of Freshwater Content and Sea Surface Height in the Beaufort Sea SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; ICE MODEL; ARCTIC-OCEAN AB The authors investigate the interannual variations of freshwater content (FWC) and sea surface height (SSH) in the Beaufort Sea, particularly their increases during 2004-09, using a coupled ice-ocean model (CIOM), adapted for the Arctic Ocean to simulate the interannual variations. The CIOM simulation exhibits a (relative) salinity minimum in the Beaufort Sea and a warm Atlantic water layer in the Arctic Ocean, which is similar to the Polar Hydrographic Climatology (PHC), and captures the observed FWC maximum in the central Beaufort Sea, and the observed variation and rapid decline of total ice concentration, over the last 30 years. The model simulations of SSH and FWC suggest a significant increase in the central Beaufort Sea during 2004-09. The simulated SSH increase is about 8 cm, while the FWC increase is about 2.5 m, with most of these increases occurring in the center of the Beaufort gyre. The authors show that these increases are due to an increased surface wind stress curl during 2004-09, which increased the FWC in the Beaufort Sea by about 0.63 m yr(-1) through Ekman pumping. Moreover, the increased surface wind is related to the interannual variation of the Arctic polar vortex at 500 hPa. During 2004-09, the polar vortex had significant weakness, which enhanced the Beaufort Sea high by affecting the frequency of synoptic weather systems in the region. In addition to the impacts of the polar vortex, enhanced melting of sea ice also contributes to the FWC increase by about 0.3 m yr(-1) during 2004-09. C1 [Long, Z.; Perrie, W.; Tang, C. L.; Dunlap, E.] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. [Wang, J.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Perrie, W (reprint author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, 1 Challenger Dr, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. EM william.perrie@dfo-mpo.gc.ca FU Federal International Polar Year (IPY) Office of Canada; NOAA Russian-American Long-Term Census of the Arctic (RUSALCA) IPY FX We want to thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments, which helped us improve our manuscript. Support for this research comes from the Federal International Polar Year (IPY) Office of Canada. JW also appreciates the support received from the NOAA Russian-American Long-Term Census of the Arctic (RUSALCA) IPY modeling project. NR 37 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 25 IS 4 BP 1079 EP 1095 DI 10.1175/2011JCLI4121.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 894HU UT WOS:000300418500002 ER PT J AU Wang, J Bai, XZ Hu, HG Clites, A Colton, M Lofgren, B AF Wang, Jia Bai, Xuezhi Hu, Haoguo Clites, Anne Colton, Marie Lofgren, Brent TI Temporal and Spatial Variability of Great Lakes Ice Cover, 1973-2010 SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT; ARCTIC OSCILLATION; LABRADOR SEA; BAFFIN-BAY; HUDSON-BAY; MICHIGAN; WINTER; TELECONNECTIONS; TRENDS AB In this study, temporal and spatial variability of ice cover in the Great Lakes are investigated using historical satellite measurements from 1973 to 2010. The seasonal cycle of ice cover was constructed for all the lakes, including Lake St. Clair. A unique feature found in the seasonal cycle is that the standard deviations (i.e., variability) of ice cover are larger than the climatological means for each lake. This indicates that Great Lakes ice cover experiences large variability in response to predominant natural climate forcing and has poor predictability. Spectral analysis shows that lake ice has both quasi-decadal and interannual periodicities of similar to 8 and similar to 4 yr. There was a significant downward trend in ice coverage from 1973 to the present for all of the lakes, with Lake Ontario having the largest, and Lakes Erie and St. Clair having the smallest. The translated total loss in lake ice over the entire 38-yr record varies from 37% in Lake St. Clair (least) to 88% in Lake Ontario (most). The total loss for overall Great Lakes ice coverage is 71%, while Lake Superior places second with a 79% loss. An empirical orthogonal function analysis indicates that a major response of ice cover to atmospheric forcing is in phase in all six lakes, accounting for 80.8% of the total variance. The second mode shows an out-of-phase spatial variability between the upper and lower lakes, accounting for 10.7% of the total variance. The regression of the first EOF-mode time series to sea level pressure, surface air temperature, and surface wind shows that lake ice mainly responds to the combined Arctic Oscillation and El Nino-Southern Oscillation patterns. C1 [Wang, Jia; Clites, Anne; Colton, Marie; Lofgren, Brent] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. [Bai, Xuezhi; Hu, Haoguo] Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Wang, J (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 4840 S State Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. EM jia.wang@noaa.gov OI Lofgren, Brent/0000-0003-2189-0914 FU National Research Council Research Association; NOAA GLERL; U.S. EPA's Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) FX NCEP reanalysis data was provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, from their Web site at http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/. This study was supported by grants from National Research Council Research Association Fellowship and NOAA GLERL. Support from U.S. EPA's Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) to climate change and modeling studies is appreciated. We appreciate Cathy Darnell for her editorial assistance. We particularly thank Dr. John Lenters of University of Nebraska-Lincoln for his valuable comments on the first draft of this paper. We also sincerely thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which helped to improve the presentation of the paper. NR 25 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 7 U2 60 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 25 IS 4 BP 1318 EP 1329 DI 10.1175/2011JCLI4066.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 894HU UT WOS:000300418500016 ER PT J AU Luo, ZJ Kley, D Johnson, RH Liu, GY Nawrath, S Smit, HGJ AF Luo, Zhengzhao Johnny Kley, Dieter Johnson, Richard H. Liu, G. Y. Nawrath, Susanne Smit, Herman G. J. TI Influence of Sea Surface Temperature on Humidity and Temperature in the Outflow of Tropical Deep Convection SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR FEEDBACK; ICE-SUPERSATURATED REGIONS; LARGE-SCALE ADVECTION; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; CLIMATE; CIRRUS; MLS; PERFORMANCE; AIRCRAFT; SOUNDER AB Multiple years of measurements of tropical upper-tropospheric temperature and humidity by the Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In-Service Aircraft (MOZAIC) project are analyzed in the vicinity of deep convective outflow to study the variations of temperature and humidity and to investigate the influence of the sea surface temperature (SST) on the outflow air properties. The principal findings are the following. 1) The distribution of relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi) depends on where a convective system is sampled by the MOZAIC aircraft: deep inside the system, RHi is unimodal with the mode at similar to 114%; near the outskirts of the system, bimodal distribution of RHi starts to emerge with a dry mode at around 40% and a moist mode at 100%. The results are compared with previous studies using in situ measurements and model simulations. It is suggested that the difference in the RHi distribution can be explained by the variation of vertical motions associated with a convective system. 2) Analysis of MOZAIC data shows that a fractional increase of specific humidity with SST, q(-1) dq/dSTT, near the convective outflow is about 0.16-0.18 K-1. These values agree well with previous studies using satellite data. Because MOZAIC measurements of temperature and humidity are independent, the authors further analyze the SST dependence of RHi and temperature individually. Temperature increases with SST for both prevalent flight levels (238 and 262 hPa); RHi stays close to constant with respect to SST for 238 hPa but shows an increasing trend for the 262-hPa level. Analysis conducted in this study represents a unique observational basis against which model simulations of upper-tropospheric humidity and its connection to deep convection and SST can be evaluated. C1 [Luo, Zhengzhao Johnny; Liu, G. Y.] CUNY, City Coll New York, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, New York, NY 10031 USA. [Luo, Zhengzhao Johnny; Liu, G. Y.] CUNY, City Coll New York, NOAA CREST Ctr, New York, NY 10031 USA. [Kley, Dieter; Johnson, Richard H.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Nawrath, Susanne] Klimahaus Betriebsgesell mbH, Bremerhaven, Germany. [Kley, Dieter; Smit, Herman G. J.] Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energie & Klimaforsch, D-52425 Julich, Germany. RP Luo, ZJ (reprint author), CUNY, City Coll New York, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, New York, NY 10031 USA. EM luo@sci.ccny.cuny.edu RI Smit, Herman/J-2397-2012 OI Smit, Herman/0000-0002-2268-4189 FU National Science Foundation (NSF) [ATM-0444244]; Forschungszentrum Julich; NOAA [NA10NES4400004]; NASA MAP [NNX09AJ46G] FX This work was partially supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant ATM-0444244 and Forschungszentrum Julich, and partially supported by NOAA Grant NA10NES4400004, which was awarded to City College of New York, and NASA MAP Grant NNX09AJ46G, which was awarded to the University of Michigan. We thank Gert Konig-Langlo from the Alfred Wegener Institute for supplying R/V Polarstern data. The lead author wishes to thank Dr. Xianglei Huang of the University of Michigan for his helpful discussion. NR 39 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 25 IS 4 BP 1340 EP 1348 DI 10.1175/2011JCLI4124.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 894HU UT WOS:000300418500018 ER PT J AU Kogan, YL Mechem, DB Choi, K AF Kogan, Yefim L. Mechem, David B. Choi, Kityan TI Effects of Sea-Salt Aerosols on Precipitation in Simulations of Shallow Cumulus SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION; CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI; TRADE-WIND CUMULUS; EARLY RADAR ECHOES; EXPLICIT MICROPHYSICS; STRATOCUMULUS CLOUDS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; MODEL; CONVECTION; GIANT AB A suite of large-eddy simulations with size-resolving microphysical processes was performed in order to assess effects of sea-salt aerosols on precipitation process in trade cumulus. Simulations based on observations from the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) field campaign explored the effects of adding sea-salt nuclei in different size ranges by following the evolution of 369 cloud cells over the 24-h simulation period. The addition of large (small) sea-salt nuclei tends to accelerate (suppress) precipitation formation; however, in marine environments the sea-salt spectra always include a combination of both small (film) and large (jet) nuclei. When realistic sea-salt spectra are specified as a function of surface wind, the effect of the larger nuclei to enhance the precipitation predominates, and accumulated precipitation increases with wind speed. This effect, however, is strongly influenced by the choice of background CCN spectrum. Adding the same sea-salt specification to an environment with a higher background aerosol load results in a decrease in accumulated precipitation with increasing surface wind speed. Results also suggest that the slope of the relationship between vertical velocity W and the concentration of embryonic precipitation particles at cloud base N-r may indicate the role of sea-salt nuclei. A negative slope (N-r decreasing with increasing W) points to the predominance of small sea-salt nuclei, in which larger updrafts activate a greater number of smaller cloud drops with smaller coalescence efficiencies, resulting in fewer embryonic rain drops. A positive slope, on the other hand, indicates the presence of large sea-salt nuclei, which are the source of embryonic rain drops. C1 [Kogan, Yefim L.] Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Kogan, Yefim L.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. [Mechem, David B.] Univ Kansas, Dept Geog, Atmospher Sci Program, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. [Choi, Kityan] Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Kogan, YL (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, 120 David L Boren Blvd,Suite 2100, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM ykogan@ou.edu FU NOAA/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research under NOAA-University of Oklahoma [NA17RJ1227, NA08OAR4320904]; U.S. Department of Commerce; ONR [N00014-08-10681, N00014-11-10439, N00014-11-10518]; Office of Science (BER), U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FG02-05ER64062]; U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Program Office (CPO) [NA10OAR4310160]; University of Kansas [230211]; New Faculty Startup funds FX We thank an anonymous reviewer for very constructive comments. This investigation was supported by NOAA/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research under NOAA-University of Oklahoma Cooperative Agreements NA17RJ1227 and NA08OAR4320904, the U.S. Department of Commerce, by the ONR Grants N00014-08-10681 and N00014-11-10439, and by the Office of Science (BER), U.S. Department of Energy, Grant DE-FG02-05ER64062, as part of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program, U.S. Department of Energy. Mechem was supported by U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Program Office (CPO) Grant NA10OAR4310160, ONR Grant N00014-11-10518, the University of Kansas General Research Fund allocation 230211, and New Faculty Startup funds. The computing for this project was performed at the OU Supercomputing Center for Education and Research (OSCER) at the University of Oklahoma. NR 53 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 69 IS 2 BP 463 EP 483 DI 10.1175/JAS-D-11-031.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 885SI UT WOS:000299800700004 ER PT J AU Huang, YH Montgomery, MT Wu, CC AF Huang, Yi-Hsuan Montgomery, Michael T. Wu, Chun-Chieh TI Concentric Eyewall Formation in Typhoon Sinlaku (2008). Part II: Axisymmetric Dynamical Processes SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONE STRUCTURE; HURRICANE BOUNDARY-LAYER; KALMAN FILTER ENKF; ASSIMILATION; INTENSITY; ENSEMBLE; MODEL; DOTSTAR; TRACK AB In Part I of this study, the association between the secondary eyewall formation (SEF) and the broadening of the outer swirling wind in Typhoon Sinlaku (2008) was documented. The findings from Part I help lay the groundwork for the application of a newly proposed intensification paradigm to SEF. Part IT presents a new model for SEF that utilizes this new paradigm and its axisymmetric view of the dynamics. The findings point to a sequence of structure changes that occur in the vortex's outer-core region, culminating in SEF. The sequence begins with a broadening of the tangential winds, followed by an increase of the corresponding boundary layer (BL) inflow and an enhancement of convergence in the BL where the secondary eyewall forms. The narrow region of strong BL convergence is associated with the generation of supergradient winds in and just above the BL that acts to rapidly decelerate inflow there. The progressive strengthening of BL inflow and the generation of an effective adverse radial force therein leads to an eruption of air from the BL to support convection outside the primary eyewall in a favorable thermodynamic/kinematic environment. The results suggest that the unbalanced response in the BL serves as an important mechanism for initiating and sustaining a ring of deep convection in a narrow supergradient wind zone outside the primary eyewall. This progressive BL control on SEF suggests that the BL scheme and its coupling to the interior flow need to be adequately represented in numerical models to improve the prediction of SEF timing and preferred location. C1 [Huang, Yi-Hsuan; Wu, Chun-Chieh] Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Taipei 106, Taiwan. [Montgomery, Michael T.] USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Meteorol, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. [Montgomery, Michael T.] NOAA, AOML, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL USA. RP Wu, CC (reprint author), Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, 1,Sec 4,Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 106, Taiwan. EM cwu@typhoon.as.ntu.edu.tw OI Wu, Chun-Chieh/0000-0002-3612-4537 FU National Science Council of Taiwan [NSC97-2111-M-002-016-MY3, NSC98-2111-M-002-008-MY3, NSC98-2917-I-002-127]; Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan [MOTC-CWB-97-6M-01, MOTC-CWB-98-6M-01]; Office of Naval Research [N00173-08-1-G007]; NOAA's Hurricane Research Division; U.S. Office of Naval Research [N001408WR20129] FX The work of CCW and YHH is supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan through Grants NSC97-2111-M-002-016-MY3, NSC98-2111-M-002-008-MY3, and NSC98-2917-I-002-127, the Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan through Grants MOTC-CWB-97-6M-01 and MOTC-CWB-98-6M-01, and the Office of Naval Research Grant N00173-08-1-G007. The work of MTM was supported by a grant from NOAA's Hurricane Research Division to the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School and the U.S. Office of Naval Research Grant N001408WR20129. The authors thank Roger Smith for his perceptive comments on a near-final draft of the manuscript. Valuable comments from the three reviewers are also appreciated. NR 31 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 69 IS 2 BP 662 EP 674 DI 10.1175/JAS-D-11-0114.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 885SI UT WOS:000299800700015 ER PT J AU Cundiff, ST AF Cundiff, Steven T. TI Optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy of semiconductor nanostructures [Invited] SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GAAS QUANTUM-WELLS; HEAVY HOLE EXCITONS; PHOTON-ECHO; ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY; 4-WAVE-MIXING SIGNALS; QUASI-2-DIMENSIONAL EXCITONS; POLARIZATION DEPENDENCE; INTERACTING EXCITONS; LIGHT-HOLE; BEATS AB Optical two-dimensional Fourier transform (2DFT) spectroscopy has been developed over the last decade as a powerful tool for studying a variety of physical systems, ranging from atoms to molecules to solids. This review covers our use of 2DFT spectroscopy to study exciton dynamics in semiconductor nanostructures. In quantum wells, 2DFT spectroscopy confirms the importance of many-body contributions to the coherent optical response and reveals nonradiative double-quantum and Raman coherences. For natural quantum dots, 2DFT spectroscopy enables ensemble measurements of the homogeneous linewidth, including the temperature and density dependence. Relaxation from quantum well states into the quantum dots can also be studied using 2DFT spectroscopy. C1 [Cundiff, Steven T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Cundiff, Steven T.] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cundiff, ST (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiff@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 FU (U.S.) Department of Energy, and the Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division Office of Basic Energy Sciences; National Institute of Standards and Technology FX I would like to acknowledge the many members of my group who have worked on two-dimensional Fourier transforms spectroscopy of semiconductors, including Camelia Borca, Tianhao Zhang, Xiaoqin Li, Alan Bristow, Xingcan Dai, Denis Karaiskaj, Galan Moody, Mark Siemens and Hebin Li. I would also like to acknowledge the theoretical support from Peter Thomas, Torsten Meier, Irina Kuztnesova, Shaul Mukamel, and Lijun Yang. I acknowledge the samples provided by Richard Mirin, Daniel Gammon, and Allan Bracker. This work was funded by the (U.S.) Department of Energy, and the Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division Office of Basic Energy Sciences and the National Institute of Standards and Technology. NR 101 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 27 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 29 IS 2 BP A69 EP A81 PG 13 WC Optics SC Optics GA 894DN UT WOS:000300407300011 ER PT J AU Muralikrishnan, B Stone, J Shakarji, C Stoup, J AF Muralikrishnan, B. Stone, J. Shakarji, C. Stoup, J. TI Performing three-dimensional measurements on micro-scale features using a flexible coordinate measuring machine fiber probe with ellipsoidal tip SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fiber probe; ellipsoidal tip; micro-feature; micro-probing; low force ID METROLOGY; SYSTEMS AB The tip of a traditional coordinate measuring machine (CMM) probe used for measurements of macro-scale artifacts is generally a sphere of excellent geometry. Its known diameter (from a prior calibration) and form, along with the known approach direction (which is normal to the surface), facilitate probe radius compensation in a straightforward manner. Neither of these conditions is valid for micro-scale measurements made with a flexible fiber probe on a CMM. This presents two challenges. The first involves the calibration of the probe's true size and shape. The second involves developing a method for compensating probe radius and form on measurement data from test artifacts. We describe these issues here in the context of an application involving three-dimensional measurements on micro-scale features (a conical section of 20 degrees half angle and a rounded tip of 38 mu m radius) performed with the NIST fiber probe (Muralikrishnan et al 2006 Precis. Eng. 30 154-64). C1 [Muralikrishnan, B.; Stone, J.; Shakarji, C.; Stoup, J.] NIST, Semicond & Dimens Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Muralikrishnan, B (reprint author), NIST, Semicond & Dimens Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM balam@nist.gov NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 12 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 23 IS 2 AR 025002 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/23/2/025002 PG 9 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 889FB UT WOS:000300057900003 ER PT J AU Loeb, NG Lyman, JM Johnson, GC Allan, RP Doelling, DR Wong, T Soden, BJ Stephens, GL AF Loeb, Norman G. Lyman, John M. Johnson, Gregory C. Allan, Richard P. Doelling, David R. Wong, Takmeng Soden, Brian J. Stephens, Graeme L. TI Observed changes in top-of-the-atmosphere radiation and upper-ocean heating consistent within uncertainty SO NATURE GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EARTHS ENERGY IMBALANCE; GLOBAL UPPER-OCEAN; SYSTEM; BUDGET; ERA AB Global climate change results from a small yet persistent imbalance between the amount of sunlight absorbed by Earth and the thermal radiation emitted back to space(1). An apparent inconsistency has been diagnosed between interannual variations in the net radiation imbalance inferred from satellite measurements and upper-ocean heating rate from in situ measurements, and this inconsistency has been interpreted as 'missing energy' in the system(2). Here we present a revised analysis of net radiation at the top of the atmosphere from satellite data, and we estimate ocean heat content, based on three independent sources. We find that the difference between the heat balance at the top of the atmosphere and upper-ocean heat content change is not statistically significant when accounting for observational uncertainties in ocean measurements(3), given transitions in instrumentation and sampling. Furthermore, variability in Earth's energy imbalance relating to El Nino-Southern Oscillation is found to be consistent within observational uncertainties among the satellite measurements, a reanalysis model simulation and one of the ocean heat content records. We combine satellite data with ocean measurements to depths of 1,800 m, and show that between January 2001 and December 2010, Earth has been steadily accumulating energy at a rate of 0.50 +/- 0.43 Wm(-2) (uncertainties at the 90% confidence level). We conclude that energy storage is continuing to increase in the sub-surface ocean. C1 [Loeb, Norman G.; Doelling, David R.; Wong, Takmeng] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Lyman, John M.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Lyman, John M.; Johnson, Gregory C.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Allan, Richard P.] Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England. [Soden, Brian J.] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Meteorol & Phys Oceanog, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Stephens, Graeme L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Loeb, NG (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 21 Langley Blvd, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM norman.g.loeb@nasa.gov RI Allan, Richard/B-5782-2008; Johnson, Gregory/I-6559-2012 OI Allan, Richard/0000-0003-0264-9447; Johnson, Gregory/0000-0002-8023-4020 FU NASA Science Mission Directorate; US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Program Office; NOAA Research FX We thank the CERES science, algorithm, and data management teams and the NASA Science Mission Directorate for supporting this research. J.M.L. and G.C.J. were funded by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Program Office and NOAA Research. We thank S. Good at the UK Met Office for providing OHCA data from the Hadley Centre. NR 30 TC 123 Z9 128 U1 5 U2 63 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 1752-0894 J9 NAT GEOSCI JI Nat. Geosci. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 5 IS 2 BP 110 EP 113 DI 10.1038/NGEO1375 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 893ZU UT WOS:000300397300013 ER PT J AU Koren, I Altaratz, O Remer, LA Feingold, G Martins, JV Heiblum, RH AF Koren, Ilan Altaratz, Orit Remer, Lorraine A. Feingold, Graham Martins, J. Vanderlei Heiblum, Reuven H. TI Aerosol-induced intensification of rain from the tropics to the mid-latitudes SO NATURE GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PRECIPITATION; CLOUDS; INVIGORATION; POLLUTION; AMAZON; URBAN AB Atmospheric aerosols affect cloud properties, and thereby the radiation balance of the planet and the water cycle. However, the influence of aerosols on clouds, and in particular on precipitation, is far from understood(1), and seems to depend on factors such as location, season(2) and the spatiotemporal scale of the analysis. Here, we examine the relationship between aerosol abundance and rain rate-a key factor in climate and hydrological processes-using rain data from a satellite-based instrument sensitive to stronger rain rates (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(3), TRMM), aerosol and cloud property data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer onboard the Aqua satellite(4,5) and meteorological information from the Global Data Assimilation System(6). We show that for a range of conditions, increases in aerosol abundance are associated with the local intensification of rain rates detected by the TRMM. The relationship is apparent over both the ocean and land, and in the tropics, subtropics and mid-latitudes. Further work is needed to determine how aerosols influence weaker rain rates, not picked up in the analysis. We also find that increases in aerosol levels are associated with a rise in cloud-top height. We suggest that the invigoration of clouds and the intensification of rain rates is a preferred response to an increase in aerosol concentration. C1 [Koren, Ilan; Altaratz, Orit; Heiblum, Reuven H.] Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Environm Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. [Remer, Lorraine A.] NASA, Atmospheres Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Feingold, Graham] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Martins, J. Vanderlei] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Martins, J. Vanderlei] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, NASA, JCET,GSFC, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Koren, I (reprint author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Environm Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. EM ilan.koren@weizmann.ac.il RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Koren, Ilan/K-1417-2012; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Koren, Ilan/0000-0001-6759-6265; FU Israel Science Foundation [1172/10]; Minerva Foundation [780048]; NOAA FX This work was supported in part by the Israel Science Foundation (grant # 1172/10) and the Minerva Foundation (780048). G.F. acknowledges support from NOAA's Climate Goal Program. NR 30 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 4 U2 51 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 1752-0894 J9 NAT GEOSCI JI Nat. Geosci. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 5 IS 2 BP 118 EP 122 DI 10.1038/NGEO1364 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 893ZU UT WOS:000300397300015 ER PT J AU Rakher, MT Srinivasan, K AF Rakher, Matthew T. Srinivasan, Kartik TI LASER PHYSICS All-atom parametric oscillator SO NATURE PHOTONICS LA English DT News Item ID ANDERSON LOCALIZATION; FEEDBACK C1 [Rakher, Matthew T.] Univ Basel, Dept Phys, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. [Srinivasan, Kartik] NIST, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rakher, MT (reprint author), Univ Basel, Dept Phys, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. EM matthew.rakher@unibas.ch; kartik.srinivasan@nist.gov RI Rakher, Matthew/C-2287-2011 OI Rakher, Matthew/0000-0002-4490-4197 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1749-4885 EI 1749-4893 J9 NAT PHOTONICS JI Nat. Photonics PD FEB PY 2012 VL 6 IS 2 BP 73 EP 74 DI 10.1038/nphoton.2012.9 PG 3 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 894CF UT WOS:000300403900003 ER PT J AU Kramida, A Brown, CM Feldman, U Reader, J AF Kramida, A. Brown, C. M. Feldman, U. Reader, J. TI Extension and new level optimization of the Ne IV spectrum SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLY IONIZED NEON; ENERGY-LEVELS; EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET; LINES; SPECTROSCOPY; FORBIDDEN AB Spectra of Ne emitted by a Penning discharge were recorded in the extreme ultraviolet region between 140 and 359 angstrom on a 10.7 m grazing-incidence spectrograph with phosphor storage image plates. These spectra provided 33 newly identified lines of Ne IV and improved measurements of an additional 58 lines in this spectral region. In addition, 42 lines were newly identified in the previously observed spectra of a capillary discharge (Gallardo et al 2007 Spectrosc. Lett. 40 879) in the vacuum ultraviolet region between 586 and 1410 angstrom. Combining these new measurements and identifications with those previously reported in the literature, we derived 45 new energy levels of Ne IV and significantly improved the accuracy of most of the previously known ones. C1 [Kramida, A.; Reader, J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20889 USA. [Brown, C. M.] USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Feldman, U.] Artep Inc, Ellicott City, MD 21042 USA. RP Kramida, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20889 USA. EM alexander.kramida@nist.gov OI Kramida, Alexander/0000-0002-0788-8087 FU Office of Fusion Energy Sciences of the US Department of Energy; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX We are grateful to G Nave and C Sansonetti for their assistance in conducting this research and to Yu Ralchenko for helpful discussions and help in modeling the line intensities. The work at NIST was supported in part by the Office of Fusion Energy Sciences of the US Department of Energy and by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The NRL portion of this work was supported in part by the NASA-funded part of the EIS Solar B program. NR 39 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 8 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0031-8949 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 85 IS 2 AR 025303 DI 10.1088/0031-8949/85/02/025303 PG 8 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 894EW UT WOS:000300410800017 ER PT J AU He, YB Zhang, ZJ Xiang, SC Wu, H Fronczek, FR Zhou, W Krishna, R O'Keeffe, M Chen, BL AF He, Yabing Zhang, Zhangjing Xiang, Shengchang Wu, Hui Fronczek, Frank R. Zhou, Wei Krishna, Rajamani O'Keeffe, Michael Chen, Banglin TI High Separation Capacity and Selectivity of C2 Hydrocarbons over Methane within a Microporous Metal-Organic Framework at Room Temperature SO CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE gas separation; hydrocarbons; metal-organic frameworks; natural gas ID CARBON-DIOXIDE CAPTURE; KINETIC SEPARATION; COORDINATION POLYMERS; ADSORPTION; HYDROGEN; MOLECULES; DIFFUSION; MEMBRANE; MIXTURES; ETHANE C1 [Krishna, Rajamani] Univ Amsterdam, Vant Hoff Inst Mol Sci, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands. [He, Yabing; Zhang, Zhangjing; Xiang, Shengchang; Chen, Banglin] Univ Texas San Antonio, Dept Chem, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA. [Wu, Hui; Zhou, Wei] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Wu, Hui; Zhou, Wei] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Fronczek, Frank R.] Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [O'Keeffe, Michael] Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Krishna, R (reprint author), Univ Amsterdam, Vant Hoff Inst Mol Sci, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands. EM r.krishna@uva.nl; Banglin.Chen@utsa.edu RI Zhang, Zhangjing/A-1038-2011; Wu, Hui/C-6505-2008; Zhou, Wei/C-6504-2008; Chen, Banglin/F-5461-2010; He, Yabing/H-3314-2012; Xiang, Shengchang/F-9210-2010; Krishna, Rajamani/A-1098-2012; Zhang, Zhangjing/P-2680-2014 OI Wu, Hui/0000-0003-0296-5204; Zhou, Wei/0000-0002-5461-3617; Chen, Banglin/0000-0001-8707-8115; Xiang, Shengchang/0000-0001-6016-2587; Krishna, Rajamani/0000-0002-4784-8530; Zhang, Zhangjing/0000-0003-1264-7648 FU Welch Foundation [AX-1730] FX This work was supported by an Award AX-1730 from Welch Foundation (B.C.) NR 56 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 7 U2 72 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0947-6539 J9 CHEM-EUR J JI Chem.-Eur. J. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 18 IS 7 BP 1901 EP 1904 DI 10.1002/chem.201103927 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 886EE UT WOS:000299834200005 PM 22262665 ER PT J AU Huang, BY Xue, Y Kumar, A Behringer, DW AF Huang, Boyin Xue, Yan Kumar, Arun Behringer, David W. TI AMOC variations in 1979-2008 simulated by NCEP operational ocean data assimilation system SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE Atlantic meridional overturning circulation; AMOC; Global ocean data assimilation system; GODAS; North Atlantic oscillation; NAO; National centers for environmental prediction; NCEP ID MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATION; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; MULTIDECADAL VARIABILITY; CLIMATE MODEL; PREDICTION; CENTURIES AB Variations in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) between 1979 and 2008 are documented using the operational ocean analysis, the Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS), at the National Centers for Climate Prediction (NCEP). The maximum AMOC at 40A degrees N is about 16 Sv in average with peak-to-peak variability of 3-4 Sv. The AMOC variations are dominated by an upward trend from 1980 to 1995, and a downward trend from 1995 to 2008. The maximum AMOC at 26.5A degrees N is slightly weaker than hydrographic estimates and observations from mooring array. The dominant variability of the AMOC in 20A degrees-65A degrees N (the first EOF, 51% variance) is highly correlated with that in the subsurface temperature (the first EOF, 33% variance), and therefore, with density (the first EOF, 25% variance) in the North Atlantic, and is consistent with the observational estimates based on the World Ocean Database 2005. The dominant variabilities of AMOC and subsurface temperature are also analyzed in the context of possible links with the net surface heat flux, deep convection, western boundary current, and subpolar gyre. Variation in the net surface heat flux is further linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index which is found to lead AMOC variations by about 5 years. Our results indicate that AMOC variations can be documented based on an ocean analysis system such as GODAS. C1 [Huang, Boyin] Natl Climate Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. [Huang, Boyin; Xue, Yan; Kumar, Arun] NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Behringer, David W.] NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Huang, BY (reprint author), Natl Climate Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM boyin.huang@noaa.gov NR 43 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 EI 1432-0894 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 38 IS 3-4 BP 513 EP 525 DI 10.1007/s00382-011-1035-z PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 887BE UT WOS:000299899300005 ER PT J AU Stavrou, A Voas, J Karygiannis, T Quirolgico, S AF Stavrou, Angelos Voas, Jeffrey Karygiannis, Tom Quirolgico, Steve TI Building Security into Off-the-Shelf Smartphones SO COMPUTER LA English DT Article AB Quantifying mobile application functionality and enforcing a finer-grained permission model would identify and thus thwart a wide range of malware. C1 [Stavrou, Angelos] George Mason Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Volgenau Sch Engn, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. [Voas, Jeffrey; Karygiannis, Tom; Quirolgico, Steve] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Comp Secur Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stavrou, A (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Volgenau Sch Engn, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. EM astavrou@gmu.edu; Jeffrey.m.voas@gmail.com; tom.karygiannis@nist.gov; steveq@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0018-9162 J9 COMPUTER JI Computer PD FEB PY 2012 VL 45 IS 2 BP 82 EP 84 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 889EY UT WOS:000300057600026 ER PT J AU McMillan, JR Dunham, JB Reeves, GH Mills, JS Jordan, CE AF McMillan, John R. Dunham, Jason B. Reeves, Gordon H. Mills, Justin S. Jordan, Chris E. TI Individual condition and stream temperature influence early maturation of rainbow and steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE Rainbow trout; Steelhead trout; Alternative male phenotypes; Resident male maturity; Anadromy; Life history ID SALMO-SALAR L; WILD ATLANTIC SALMON; LIFE-HISTORY TACTICS; BODY-SIZE; BROWN TROUT; BROOK CHARR; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; WATER TEMPERATURE; MATING SYSTEM; PARR AB Alternative male phenotypes in salmonine fishes arise from individuals that mature as larger and older anadromous marine-migrants or as smaller and younger freshwater residents. To better understand the processes influencing the expression of these phenotypes we examined the influences of growth in length (fork length) and whole body lipid content in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were sampled from the John Day River basin in northeast Oregon where both anadromous ("steelhead") and freshwater resident rainbow trout coexist. Larger males with higher lipid levels had a greater probability of maturing as a resident at age-1+. Among males, 38% were maturing overall, and the odds ratios of the logistic model indicated that the probability of a male maturing early as a resident at age-1+ increased 49% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 23-81%) for every 5 mm increase in length and 33% (95% CI = 10-61%) for every 0.5% increase in whole body lipid content. There was an inverse association between individual condition and water temperature as growth was greater in warmer streams while whole body lipid content was higher in cooler streams. Our results support predictions from life history theory and further suggest that relationships between individual condition, maturation, and environmental variables (e.g., water temperature) are shaped by complex developmental and evolutionary influences. C1 [McMillan, John R.; Mills, Justin S.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Dunham, Jason B.] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR USA. [Reeves, Gordon H.] US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Jordan, Chris E.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Corvallis, OR USA. RP McMillan, JR (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM jmcmillan71@gmail.com FU NOAA; USGS; USFS; North Umpqua Foundation FX All sampling was conducted in accordance with the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife permit # OR2007-3680 M1 approved by NOAA and USFWS under the Endangered Species Act. Tim Unterwegner, Jim Ruzycki, Jeff Neal, Shelly Miller, and Chris James at ODFW helped identify survey locations and provided critical information on the John Day River basin. Nick Weber, Ian Tattam, Jeremiah Leslie assisted in data collection. Martin Fitzpatrick at USGS provided suggestions that improved the methods and manuscript. Funding was provided by NOAA, USGS, USFS, and the North Umpqua Foundation. Use of trade or firm names is for reader information only and does not constitute endorsement of any product or service by the U.S. Government. NR 75 TC 23 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 50 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD FEB PY 2012 VL 93 IS 3 BP 343 EP 355 DI 10.1007/s10641-011-9921-0 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 885HC UT WOS:000299768600004 ER PT J AU Hicks, BB Callahan, WJ Pendergrass, WR Dobosy, RJ Novakovskaia, E AF Hicks, Bruce B. Callahan, William J. Pendergrass, William R., III Dobosy, Ronald J. Novakovskaia, Elena TI Urban Turbulence in Space and in Time SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STREET CANYON; DISPERSION; WASHINGTON; PROJECT; TRACER; DC AB The utility of aggregating data from near-surface meteorological networks for initiating dispersion models is examined by using data from the "WeatherBug" network that is operated by Earth Networks, Inc. Weather Bug instruments are typically mounted 2-3 m above the eaves of buildings and thus are more representative of the immediate surroundings than of conditions over the broader area. This study focuses on subnetworks of Weather Bug sites that are within circles of varying radius about selected stations of the DCNet program. DCNet is a Washington, D.C., research program of the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory. The aggregation of data within varying-sized circles of 3-10-km radius yields average velocities and velocity-component standard deviations that are largely independent of the number of stations reporting provided that number exceeds about 10. Given this finding, variances of wind-components are aggregated from arrays of Weather Bug stations within a 5-km radius of selected central DCNet locations, with on average 11 Weather Bug stations per array. The total variance of wind components from the surface (Weather Bug) subnetworks is taken to be the sum of two parts: the temporal variance is the average of the conventional wind-component variances at each site and the spatial variance is based on the velocity-component averages of the individual sites. These two variances (and the standard deviations derived from them) are found to be similar. Moreover, the total wind-component variance is comparable to that observed at the DCNet reference stations. The near-surface rooftop wind velocities are about 35% of the magnitudes of the DCNet measurements. Limited additional data indicate that these results can be extended to New York City. C1 [Hicks, Bruce B.] Metcorps, Norris, TN 37828 USA. [Callahan, William J.; Novakovskaia, Elena] Earth Networks Inc, Germantown, MD USA. [Pendergrass, William R., III; Dobosy, Ronald J.] NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Air Resources Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Hicks, BB (reprint author), Metcorps, POB 1510, Norris, TN 37828 USA. EM hicks.metcorps@gmail.com RI Dobosy, Ronald/C-3303-2016; Pendergrass, William/C-9073-2016 OI Dobosy, Ronald/0000-0001-8399-8774; NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 51 IS 2 BP 205 EP 218 DI 10.1175/JAMC-D-11-015.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 889JQ UT WOS:000300070400003 ER PT J AU Pichugina, YL Banta, RM Brewer, WA Sandberg, SP Hardesty, RM AF Pichugina, Yelena L. Banta, Robert M. Brewer, W. Alan Sandberg, Scott P. Hardesty, R. Michael TI Doppler Lidar-Based Wind-Profile Measurement System for Offshore Wind-Energy and Other Marine Boundary Layer Applications SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LOW-LEVEL JET; ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE-LAYER; CASES-99; EVOLUTION; VELOCITY AB Accurate measurement of wind speed profiles aloft in the marine boundary layer is a difficult challenge. The development of offshore wind energy requires accurate information on wind speeds above the surface at least at the levels occupied by turbine blades. Few measured data are available at these heights, and the temporal and spatial behavior of near-surface winds is often unrepresentative of that at the required heights. As a consequence, numerical model data, another potential source of information, are essentially unverified at these levels of the atmosphere. In this paper, a motion-compensated, high-resolution Doppler lidar-based wind measurement system that is capable of providing needed information on offshore winds at several heights is described. The system has been evaluated and verified in several ways. A sampling of data from the 2004 New England Air Quality Study shows the kind of analyses and information available. Examples include time-height cross sections, time series, profiles, and distributions of quantities such as winds and shear. These analyses show that there is strong spatial and temporal variability associated with the wind field in the marine boundary layer. Winds near the coast show diurnal variations, and frequent occurrences of low-level jets are evident, especially during nocturnal periods. Persistent patterns of spatial variability in the flow field that are due to coastal irregularities should be of particular concern for wind-energy planning, because they affect the representativeness of fixed-location measurements and imply that some areas would be favored for wind-energy production whereas others would not. C1 [Pichugina, Yelena L.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Pichugina, Yelena L.; Banta, Robert M.; Brewer, W. Alan; Sandberg, Scott P.; Hardesty, R. Michael] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Pichugina, YL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 385 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM yelena.pichugina@noaa.gov RI Hardesty, Robert/H-9844-2013; Brewer, Wm Alan/I-3920-2013; pichugina, yelena/I-4141-2013; Sandberg, Scott/I-4875-2013; Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 FU NOAA; NEAQS; Advanced Sensor Application Program (ASAP) FX We thank our colleagues Sara Tucker, Richard Marchbanks, Janet Machol, Dan Law, Rob K. Newsom, and Brandi McCarty for long hours spent collecting HRDL data on ship. Funding for this project was from the NOAA Air Quality Program, NEAQS, and the Advanced Sensor Application Program (ASAP). NR 41 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 22 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 EI 1558-8432 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 51 IS 2 BP 327 EP 349 DI 10.1175/JAMC-D-11-040.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 889JQ UT WOS:000300070400010 ER PT J AU Sun, NH Weng, FZ AF Sun, Ninghai Weng, Fuzhong TI Retrieval of Cloud Ice Water Path from Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-SCATTERING PROPERTIES; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; SOUNDING UNIT; PARTICLE-SIZE; 183 GHZ; PRECIPITATING CLOUDS; IMAGING RADIOMETER; RADAR MEASUREMENTS; RAIN-RATE; FREQUENCIES AB The Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) aboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F-16 spacecraft measures the Earth-emitted radiation at frequencies from 19 to 183 GHz. From its high-frequency channels at 91 and 150 GHz, cloud microphysical parameters can be observed at a spatial resolution of 15 km. In this study, a simplified two-stream radiative transfer model is applied for microwave applications as a three-parameter equation and then used to retrieve the ice cloud water path (IWP) and ice particle effective diameter D-c. Since SSMIS is a conically scanning instrument, the retrieved IWP is less dependent on scan position and is a useful product for imaging atmospheric ice-phase clouds related to precipitation. Thus, IWP is also used to estimate surface rainfall rate through the same relationship derived previously and used in Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-B) and Microwave Humidity Sounder applications. The SSMIS-derived ice cloud products are compared with those from other microwave instruments on the MetOp-A satellite, and both agree well in their spatial distributions. C1 [Sun, Ninghai] Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol, Nanjing, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. [Sun, Ninghai] IM Syst Grp, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Weng, Fuzhong] NOAA NESDIS Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Weng, FZ (reprint author), WWB Room 712,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM fuzhong.weng@noaa.gov RI Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 FU Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology [2010CB951600]; NOAA/NESDIS/Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR) CalVal FX This work was jointly supported by Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology under 973 project "Assessment, Assimilation, Recompilation and Applications of Fundamental and Thematic Climate Data Records" (2010CB951600) and the NOAA/NESDIS/Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR) CalVal Program. The authors sincerely thank Clay Davenport and Bob Kuligowski for preparing both GOES-12 image and synthetic rainfall data for this study. The manuscript contents are solely the opinions of the author(s) and do not constitute a statement of policy, decision, or position on behalf of NOAA or the U.S. government. NR 53 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 51 IS 2 BP 366 EP 379 DI 10.1175/JAMC-D-11-021.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 889JQ UT WOS:000300070400012 ER PT J AU Lawson, JR AF Lawson, J. Randall TI SFPE classic paper review: A review of classic work by Dr William J. Parker on heat release rate measurements by oxygen consumption SO JOURNAL OF FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING LA English DT Review C1 [Lawson, J. Randall] NIST, Fire Res Div, Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jrlfirefly@aol.com NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 1042-3915 J9 J FIRE PROT ENG JI J. Fire Prot. Eng. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 22 IS 1 BP 5 EP 9 DI 10.1177/1042391511432532 PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 889DL UT WOS:000300053600001 ER PT J AU Chen, RY Cao, CY AF Chen, Ruiyue Cao, Changyong TI Physical analysis and recalibration of MetOp HIRS using IASI for cloud studies SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID OPERATIONAL CALIBRATION; LONGWAVE CHANNELS AB The HIRS long-wave CO2 channels (702 cm(-1), 716.5 cm(-1), 731.7 cm(-1), and 748.8 cm(-1)) have been used by scientists for estimating cloud height and amount. However, spectral and radiometric biases in these HIRS channels significantly affect the accuracy and consistency of the level-1b data used. This study utilizes the MetOp IASI measurements to calibrate the long-wave CO2 channels of the HIRS on the same satellite. The radiance bias characteristics are displayed for a sample MetOp orbit. Detailed analysis is performed in an attempt to find the causes of the bias. The analysis consists of three steps. First, a thermal-equilibrium analysis of blackbody using the HIRS window channel reveals the blackbody of MetOp HIRS has a 0.14 K bias. Then, the effective Spectral Response Function (SRF) corrections are estimated for the three long-wave CO2 channels by minimizing the orbital bias variation, which is -0.13 cm(-1) for channel 4, 0.09 cm(-1) for channel 5, and -0.15 cm(-1) for channel 7. Channel brightness temperature dynamic range is found to be important for separating SRF versus nonlinearity effects. Finally, the nonlinearity effect is evaluated and the nonlinearity term is derived to reduce the orbital mean biases toward zero. The improved radiometric and spectral recalibration parameters are validated using 16 months of independent MetOp data, with very positive results, showing consistent performance. It is found that the HIRS biases relative IASI are generally within 0.1 K after the recalibration. C1 [Chen, Ruiyue] NOAA, IM Syst Grp, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Cao, Changyong] NOAA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, NESDIS, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. RP Chen, RY (reprint author), NOAA, IM Syst Grp, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, NESDIS, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM ruiyue.chen@noaa.gov RI chen, ruiyue/F-6708-2010; Cao, Changyong/F-5578-2010 NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 1 PY 2012 VL 117 AR D03103 DI 10.1029/2011JD016427 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 887VQ UT WOS:000299959900004 ER PT J AU Pollack, IB Ryerson, TB Trainer, M Parrish, DD Andrews, AE Atlas, EL Blake, DR Brown, SS Commane, R Daube, BC de Gouw, JA Dube, WP Flynn, J Frost, GJ Gilman, JB Grossberg, N Holloway, JS Kofler, J Kort, EA Kuster, WC Lang, PM Lefer, B Lueb, RA Neuman, JA Nowak, JB Novelli, PC Peischl, J Perring, AE Roberts, JM Santoni, G Schwarz, JP Spackman, JR Wagner, NL Warneke, C Washenfelder, RA Wofsy, SC Xiang, B AF Pollack, I. B. Ryerson, T. B. Trainer, M. Parrish, D. D. Andrews, A. E. Atlas, E. L. Blake, D. R. Brown, S. S. Commane, R. Daube, B. C. de Gouw, J. A. Dube, W. P. Flynn, J. Frost, G. J. Gilman, J. B. Grossberg, N. Holloway, J. S. Kofler, J. Kort, E. A. Kuster, W. C. Lang, P. M. Lefer, B. Lueb, R. A. Neuman, J. A. Nowak, J. B. Novelli, P. C. Peischl, J. Perring, A. E. Roberts, J. M. Santoni, G. Schwarz, J. P. Spackman, J. R. Wagner, N. L. Warneke, C. Washenfelder, R. A. Wofsy, S. C. Xiang, B. TI Airborne and ground-based observations of a weekend effect in ozone, precursors, and oxidation products in the California South Coast Air Basin SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MOTOR-VEHICLE EMISSIONS; GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; LOS-ANGELES-BASIN; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; NITROGEN-OXIDES; CHEMICAL-IONIZATION; CARBON-MONOXIDE; WEEKDAY; GASOLINE; AIRCRAFT AB Airborne and ground-based measurements during the CalNex (California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change) field study in May/June 2010 show a weekend effect in ozone in the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) consistent with previous observations. The well-known and much-studied weekend ozone effect has been attributed to weekend reductions in nitrogen oxide (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions, which affect ozone levels via two processes: (1) reduced ozone loss by titration and (2) enhanced photochemical production of ozone due to an increased ratio of non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to NOx. In accord with previous assessments, the 2010 airborne and ground-based data show an average decrease in NOx of 46 +/- 11% and 34 +/- 4%, respectively, and an average increase in VOC/NOx ratio of 48 +/- 8% and 43 +/- 22%, respectively, on weekends. This work extends current understanding of the weekend ozone effect in the SoCAB by identifying its major causes and quantifying their relative importance from the available CalNex data. Increased weekend production of a VOC-NOx oxidation product, peroxyacetyl nitrate, compared to a radical termination product, nitric acid, indicates a significant contribution from increased photochemical production on weekends. Weekday-to-weekend differences in the products of NOx oxidation show 45 +/- 13% and 42 +/- 12% more extensive photochemical processing and, when compared with odd oxygen (O-x = O-3 + NO2), 51 +/- 14% and 22 +/- 17% greater ozone production efficiency on weekends in the airborne and ground-based data, respectively, indicating that both contribute to higher weekend ozone levels in the SoCAB. C1 [Pollack, I. B.; de Gouw, J. A.; Dube, W. P.; Frost, G. J.; Gilman, J. B.; Holloway, J. S.; Kofler, J.; Kuster, W. C.; Neuman, J. A.; Nowak, J. B.; Peischl, J.; Perring, A. E.; Schwarz, J. P.; Spackman, J. R.; Wagner, N. L.; Warneke, C.; Washenfelder, R. A.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Pollack, I. B.; Ryerson, T. B.; Trainer, M.; Parrish, D. D.; Brown, S. S.; de Gouw, J. A.; Dube, W. P.; Frost, G. J.; Gilman, J. B.; Holloway, J. S.; Neuman, J. A.; Nowak, J. B.; Peischl, J.; Perring, A. E.; Roberts, J. M.; Schwarz, J. P.; Spackman, J. R.; Wagner, N. L.; Warneke, C.; Washenfelder, R. A.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Andrews, A. E.; Kofler, J.; Lang, P. M.; Novelli, P. C.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Atlas, E. L.] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine & Atmospher Chem, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Blake, D. R.] Univ Calif Irvine, Sch Phys Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Commane, R.; Daube, B. C.; Kort, E. A.; Santoni, G.; Wofsy, S. C.; Xiang, B.] Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Flynn, J.; Grossberg, N.; Lefer, B.] Univ Houston, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Houston, TX 77004 USA. [Lueb, R. A.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. RP Pollack, IB (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM ilana.pollack@noaa.gov RI Nowak, John/B-1085-2008; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Xiang, Bin/E-8034-2012; Washenfelder, Rebecca/E-7169-2010; Peischl, Jeff/E-7454-2010; Pollack, Ilana/F-9875-2012; Kort, Eric/F-9942-2012; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Wagner, Nicholas/E-7437-2010; Perring, Anne/G-4597-2013; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Commane, Roisin/E-4835-2016; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Gilman, Jessica/E-7751-2010; Dube, William/I-1658-2013; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013; Xiang, Bin/M-2812-2013; Neuman, Andy/A-1393-2009; Andrews, Arlyn/K-3427-2012; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Lefer, Barry/B-5417-2012 OI Nowak, John/0000-0002-5697-9807; Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Washenfelder, Rebecca/0000-0002-8106-3702; Peischl, Jeff/0000-0002-9320-7101; Kort, Eric/0000-0003-4940-7541; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; Perring, Anne/0000-0003-2231-7503; Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; Commane, Roisin/0000-0003-1373-1550; Gilman, Jessica/0000-0002-7899-9948; Dube, William/0000-0003-1286-4087; Neuman, Andy/0000-0002-3986-1727; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; Lefer, Barry/0000-0001-9520-5495 NR 65 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 90 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 1 PY 2012 VL 117 AR D00V05 DI 10.1029/2011JD016772 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 887VQ UT WOS:000299959900008 ER PT J AU Nagura, M McPhaden, MJ AF Nagura, Motoki McPhaden, Michael J. TI The dynamics of wind-driven intraseasonal variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; PACIFIC-OCEAN; KELVIN WAVES; EL-NINO; CURRENTS; CIRCULATION; REFLECTION; MONSOON; TOPEX/POSEIDON AB Variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean on intraseasonal time scales (defined as periods of 30-110 days) is investigated using satellite and in situ observations and a simple analytical linear long-wave equatorial beta-plane model. Despite the extreme simplicity of the model, which includes just the two gravest baroclinic mode Kelvin waves and first meridional mode Rossby waves, simulated surface zonal velocity and sea surface height compare very well with observations. Both observations and model are characterized by a red shift in the velocity spectrum relative to the wind forcing spectrum, which is attributable to a combination of factors, including (1) the near resonant excitation of Kelvin waves by eastward propagating winds, (2) constructive interference between wind-forced waves and Rossby waves reflected from the eastern boundary, and (3) the favored excitation of low-frequency waves whose zonal wavelengths are long compared to the zonal fetch of the wind. We decomposed variability in two broad period bands, namely, 30-70 days and 70-110 days, for detailed analysis. At periods of 30-70 days, zonal velocity tends to be stationary in the directly forced region along the equator owing to the competing contributions of Kelvin and Rossby waves. In contrast, at 70-110 day periods, zonal velocity propagates westward despite eastward propagation of zonal wind stress because of the combined influence of eastern boundary generated and wind-forced Rossby waves. Kelvin waves reflected from the western boundary are negligibly small, indicating that basin mode resonances are not prominent as has been previously suggested. C1 [Nagura, Motoki] Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Applicat Lab, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. [McPhaden, Michael J.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Nagura, M (reprint author), Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Applicat Lab, Kanazawa Ku, 3173-25 Showa Machi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. EM nagura@jamstec.go.jp RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 FU NOAA's Climate Program Office FX The authors thank Dennis Moore for his valuable insights on the theory of equatorial wave dynamics. The authors would like to acknowledge the insightful comments from two anonymous reviewers as well. We thank the Coriolis Data Center for providing the gridded temperature and salinity data set; Remote Sensing Systems for providing QSCAT data; the Ssalto/ Duacs (Developing Use of Altimetry for Climate Studies) project for the gridded SSH data; and Earth and Space Research for OSCAR velocity analysis. NOAA's Climate Program Office supported production of this manuscript. This is PMEL contribution 3599. NR 46 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD FEB 1 PY 2012 VL 117 AR C02001 DI 10.1029/2011JC007405 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 887TV UT WOS:000299954200003 ER PT J AU Groisman, PY Knight, RW Karl, TR AF Groisman, Pavel Ya Knight, Richard W. Karl, Thomas R. TI Changes in Intense Precipitation over the Central United States SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; HEAVY PRECIPITATION; SECULAR TRENDS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; COVER CHANGE; VARIABILITY; IMPACTS; STREAMFLOW; FREQUENCY; MOISTURE AB In examining intense precipitation over the central United States, the authors consider only days with precipitation when the daily total is above 12.7 mm and focus only on these days and multiday events constructed from such consecutive precipitation days. Analyses show that over the central United States, a statistically significant redistribution in the spectra of intense precipitation days/events during the past decades has occurred. Moderately heavy precipitation events (within a 12.7-25.4 mm day(-1) range) became less frequent compared to days and events with precipitation totals above 25.4 mm. During the past 31 yr (compared to the 1948-78 period), significant increases occurred in the frequency of "very heavy" (the daily rain events above 76.2 mm) and extreme precipitation events (defined as daily and multiday rain events with totals above 154.9 mm or 6 in.), with up to 40% increases in the frequency of days and multiday extreme rain events. Tropical cyclones associated with extreme precipitation do not significantly contribute to the changes reported in this study. With time, the internal precipitation structure (e.g., mean and maximum hourly precipitation rates within each preselected range of daily or multiday event totals) did not noticeably change. Several possible causes of observed changes in intense precipitation over the central United States are discussed and/or tested. C1 [Groisman, Pavel Ya; Knight, Richard W.] NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, STG Inc, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Groisman, PY (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, STG Inc, Fed Bldg,151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM pasha.groisman@noaa.gov FU NOAA FX NOAA Climate Program Office provided support to this study. Thoughtful recommendations of three anonymous reviewers helped us to significantly improve the manuscript. NR 63 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 4 U2 35 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 13 IS 1 BP 47 EP 66 DI 10.1175/JHM-D-11-039.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 890IN UT WOS:000300138400003 ER PT J AU Kidd, C Bauer, P Turk, J Huffman, GJ Joyce, R Hsu, KL Braithwaite, D AF Kidd, C. Bauer, P. Turk, J. Huffman, G. J. Joyce, R. Hsu, K. -L. Braithwaite, D. TI Intercomparison of High-Resolution Precipitation Products over Northwest Europe SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIRECT 4D-VAR ASSIMILATION; MICROWAVE SOUNDING UNIT; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; RAINFALL ESTIMATION; PASSIVE MICROWAVE; TROPICAL RAINFALL; PART I; SATELLITE; ALGORITHMS; RETRIEVAL AB Satellite-derived high-resolution precipitation products (HRPP) have been developed to address the needs of the user community and are now available with 0.25 degrees X 0.25 degrees (or less) subdaily resolutions. This paper evaluates a number of commonly available satellite-derived HRPPs covering northwest Europe over a 6-yr period. Precipitation products include the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA), the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) morphing (CMORPH) technique, the CPC merged microwave technique, the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) blended technique, and the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) technique. In addition, the Geosynchronous Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) precipitation index (GPI) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) operational forecast model products are included for comparison. Surface reference data from the European radar network is used as ground truth, supported by the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) precipitation gauge analysis and gauge data over the United Kingdom. Measures of correlation, bias ratio, probability of detection, and false alarm ratio are used to evaluate the products. Results show that satellite products generally exhibit a seasonal cycle in correlation, bias ratio, probability of detection, and false alarm ratio, with poorer statistics during the winter. The ECMWF model also shows a seasonal cycle in the correlation, although the results are poorer during the summer, while the bias ratio, probability of detection, and false alarm ratio are consistent through all seasons. Importantly, all the satellite HRPPs underestimate precipitation over northwest Europe in all seasons. C1 [Kidd, C.; Huffman, G. J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20706 USA. [Kidd, C.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Bauer, P.] European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. [Turk, J.] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Huffman, G. J.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Joyce, R.] NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Hsu, K. -L.; Braithwaite, D.] Univ Calif Irvine, Henry Samueli Sch Engn, Irvine, CA USA. RP Kidd, C (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 612-0, Greenbelt, MD 20706 USA. EM chris.kidd@nasa.gov RI Huffman, George/F-4494-2014; Kidd, Christopher/H-9910-2014 OI Huffman, George/0000-0003-3858-8308; NR 59 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 3 U2 42 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 13 IS 1 BP 67 EP 83 DI 10.1175/JHM-D-11-042.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 890IN UT WOS:000300138400004 ER PT J AU Matrosov, SY AF Matrosov, Sergey Y. TI Observations of Wintertime U.S. West Coast Precipitating Systems with W-Band Satellite Radar and Other Spaceborne Instruments SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC RIVERS; PACIFIC-OCEAN; RETRIEVALS; RAINFALL; PERFORMANCE; CLOUDSAT AB The potential of Cloud Sat W-band radar for observing wintertime storms affecting the West Coast of North America is evaluated. Storms having high hydrological impact often result from landfalls of "atmospheric rivers" ("ARs"), which are the narrow elongated regions of water vapor transport from the tropics. Cloud Sat measurements are used for retrievals of rain rate R and cloud ice water path (IWP) along the satellite ground track over ocean and land. These retrievals present quasi-instantaneous vertical cross sections of precipitating systems with high-resolution information about hydrometeors. This information is valuable in coastal areas with complex terrain where observations with existing instrumentation, including ground-based radars, are limited. Cloud Sat reflectivity enhancements [i.e., bright band (BB)] present a way to estimate freezing levels, indicating transitions between rainfall and snowfall. Cloud Sat estimates of these levels were validated using data from radiosonde soundings and compared to model and microwave sounder data. Comparisons of Cloud Sat retrievals of rain rates with estimates from ground-based radars in the areas where measurements from these radars were available indicated an agreement within retrieval uncertainties, which were around 50%. The utility of Cloud Sat was illustrated for case studies of pronounced AR events at landfall and over ocean. Initial analysis of Cloud Sat crossings of ARs during the 2006/07 season were used for rainfall regime prevalence assessment. It indicated that stratiform rain, which often had BB features, warm rain, and mixed rain were observed with about 26%, 24%, and 50% frequency. Stratiform regions generally had higher rain rates. Significant correlation (similar to 0.72) between mean values of IWP and rain rate was observed for stratiform rainfall. C1 [Matrosov, Sergey Y.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Matrosov, Sergey Y.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Matrosov, SY (reprint author), R PSD2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sergey.matrosov@noaa.gov FU CalWater project; [NNX10AM35G] FX The author is thankful to Drs. F. M. Ralph, P. J. Neiman, G. A. Wick, and D. Jackson for useful discussions regarding the utility of Cloud Sat data for AR research. D. Jackson provided the MIRS data files. Drs. P. J. Neiman and G. A. Wick maintain a log of the days when ARs were affecting the West Coast. This study was funded in part by the Project NNX10AM35G and the CalWater project. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X EI 1525-7541 J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 13 IS 1 BP 223 EP 238 DI 10.1175/JHM-D-10-05025.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 890IN UT WOS:000300138400013 ER PT J AU Dettinger, MD Ralph, FM Hughes, M Das, T Neiman, P Cox, D Estes, G Reynolds, D Hartman, R Cayan, D Jones, L AF Dettinger, Michael D. Ralph, F. Martin Hughes, Mimi Das, Tapash Neiman, Paul Cox, Dale Estes, Gary Reynolds, David Hartman, Robert Cayan, Daniel Jones, Lucy TI Design and quantification of an extreme winter storm scenario for emergency preparedness and planning exercises in California SO NATURAL HAZARDS LA English DT Article DE Storm hazards; California; Flood; Scenario; Emergency preparedness; Disaster management ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; UNITED-STATES; ATMOSPHERIC RIVERS; PACIFIC-OCEAN; PRECIPITATION; TEMPERATURE; MOISTURE; FLUXES; PARAMETERIZATION; REANALYSIS AB The USGS Multihazards Project is working with numerous agencies to evaluate and plan for hazards and damages that could be caused by extreme winter storms impacting California. Atmospheric and hydrological aspects of a hypothetical storm scenario have been quantified as a basis for estimation of human, infrastructure, economic, and environmental impacts for emergency-preparedness and flood-planning exercises. In order to ensure scientific defensibility and necessary levels of detail in the scenario description, selected historical storm episodes were concatentated to describe a rapid arrival of several major storms over the state, yielding precipitation totals and runoff rates beyond those occurring during the individual historical storms. This concatenation allowed the scenario designers to avoid arbitrary scalings and is based on historical occasions from the 19th and 20th Centuries when storms have stalled over the state and when extreme storms have arrived in rapid succession. Dynamically consistent, hourly precipitation, temperatures, barometric pressures (for consideration of storm surges and coastal erosion), and winds over California were developed for the so-called ARkStorm scenario by downscaling the concatenated global records of the historical storm sequences onto 6- and 2-km grids using a regional weather model of January 1969 and February 1986 storm conditions. The weather model outputs were then used to force a hydrologic model to simulate ARkStorm runoff, to better understand resulting flooding risks. Methods used to build this scenario can be applied to other emergency, nonemergency and non-California applications. C1 [Dettinger, Michael D.; Cayan, Daniel] US Geol Survey, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Ralph, F. Martin; Hughes, Mimi; Neiman, Paul] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Cox, Dale] US Geol Survey, Multihazards Demonstrat Program, Sacramento, CA USA. [Estes, Gary] Calif Extreme Precipitat Symposium, Auburn, CA USA. [Reynolds, David] Natl Weather Serv, Monterey, CA USA. [Hartman, Robert] NOAA, NWS Calif Nevada River Forecast Ctr, Sacramento, CA USA. [Jones, Lucy] US Geol Survey, Multihazards Demonstrat Program, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Dettinger, MD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM mdettinger@ucsd.edu RI Hughes, Mimi/C-3710-2009 OI Hughes, Mimi/0000-0002-4554-9289 FU Delta Science Program; National Research Council at NOAA; USGS FX Thanks to Andrew W. Wood, Alan F. Hamlet, Dennis Lettenmaier, for VIC model, forcings, and parameters. The Delta Science Program's postdoctoral fellowship provided partial salary support for TD, and support for MH was received from a National Research Council postdoctoral award at NOAA and the USGS Multihazards Program. NR 49 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 25 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0921-030X EI 1573-0840 J9 NAT HAZARDS JI Nat. Hazards PD FEB PY 2012 VL 60 IS 3 BP 1085 EP 1111 DI 10.1007/s11069-011-9894-5 PG 27 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 887UT UT WOS:000299957100017 ER PT J AU Lindstrom, RM Fischbach, E Buncher, JB Jenkins, JH Yue, A AF Lindstrom, Richard M. Fischbach, Ephraim Buncher, John B. Jenkins, Jere H. Yue, Andrew TI "Absence of a self-induced decay effect in Au-198" (vol 659, pg 269, 2011) SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Correction C1 [Lindstrom, Richard M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Fischbach, Ephraim] Purdue Univ, Dept Phys, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Buncher, John B.] Wittenberg Univ, Dept Phys, Springfield, OH 45501 USA. [Jenkins, Jere H.] Purdue Univ, Sch Nucl Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Yue, Andrew] Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Lindstrom, RM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM richard.Lindstrom@nist.gov NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD FEB 1 PY 2012 VL 664 IS 1 BP 231 EP 231 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2011.11.014 PG 1 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 882VM UT WOS:000299592000030 ER PT J AU Kline, JS Vissers, MR da Silva, FCS Wisbey, DS Weides, M Weir, TJ Turek, B Braje, DA Oliver, WD Shalibo, Y Katz, N Johnson, BR Ohki, TA Pappas, DP AF Kline, Jeffrey S. Vissers, Michael R. da Silva, Fabio C. S. Wisbey, David S. Weides, Martin Weir, Terence J. Turek, Benjamin Braje, Danielle A. Oliver, William D. Shalibo, Yoni Katz, Nadav Johnson, Blake R. Ohki, Thomas A. Pappas, David P. TI Sub-micrometer epitaxial Josephson junctions for quantum circuits SO SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-MORPHOLOGY; TUNNEL-JUNCTIONS; FABRICATION; BARRIERS AB We present a fabrication scheme and testing results for epitaxial sub-micrometer Josephson junctions. The junctions are made using a high-temperature (1170 K) 'via process' yielding junctions as small as 0.8 mu m in diameter by use of optical lithography. Sapphire (Al2O3) tunnel-barriers are grown on an epitaxial Re/Ti multilayer base-electrode. We have fabricated devices with both Re and Al top-electrodes. While room temperature (295 K) resistance versus area data are favorable for both types of top-electrodes, the low-temperature (50 mK) data show that junctions with the Al top-electrode have a much higher subgap resistance. The microwave loss properties of the junctions have been measured by use of superconducting Josephson junction qubits. The results show that high subgap resistance correlates with improved qubit performance. C1 [Kline, Jeffrey S.; Vissers, Michael R.; da Silva, Fabio C. S.; Wisbey, David S.; Weides, Martin; Pappas, David P.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Weir, Terence J.; Turek, Benjamin; Braje, Danielle A.; Oliver, William D.] MIT Lincoln Lab, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. [Shalibo, Yoni; Katz, Nadav] Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. [Johnson, Blake R.; Ohki, Thomas A.] Raytheon BBN Technol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Kline, JS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jeffrey.kline@NIST.gov; david.pappas@NIST.gov RI Weides, Martin/C-1470-2009 OI Weides, Martin/0000-0002-2718-6795 FU NIST Quantum Information initiative; Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) FX We gratefully acknowledge the fabrication assistance of Farnaz Farhoodi. The devices were fabricated at NIST. Room temperature junction measurements were performed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. The phase qubit measurements were made at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the transmon measurements were made at Raytheon BBN Technologies. This work was funded by the NIST Quantum Information initiative and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) through the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA). All statements of fact, opinion, or conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be construed as representing the official views or policies of ODNI or IARPA. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 16 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-2048 EI 1361-6668 J9 SUPERCOND SCI TECH JI Supercond. Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 25 IS 2 AR 025005 DI 10.1088/0953-2048/25/2/025005 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 887VB UT WOS:000299958000005 ER PT J AU He, T Wu, H Wu, GT Wang, JH Zhou, W Xiong, ZT Chen, JE Zhang, T Chen, P AF He, Teng Wu, Hui Wu, Guotao Wang, Junhu Zhou, Wei Xiong, Zhitao Chen, Juner Zhang, Tao Chen, Ping TI Borohydride hydrazinates: high hydrogen content materials for hydrogen storage SO ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; LITHIUM BOROHYDRIDE; AMMONIA-BORANE; CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION; MAGNESIUM BOROHYDRIDE; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; METAL AMIDOBORANES; COMPLEX HYDRIDES; ALKALI; LIBH4 AB A new class of hydrogen storage materials, borohydride hydrazinates, was successfully synthesized. In particular, the bidentate NH2NH2 coordinates with LiBH4 in molar ratios of 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 giving rise to a monoclinic LiBH4 center dot NH2NH2 and orthorhombic LiBH4 center dot 2NH(2)NH(2), respectively. Around 13.0 wt% H-2 can be released from LiBH4 center dot NH2NH2 at 140 degrees C in the presence of Fe-B catalysts. C1 [He, Teng; Wu, Guotao; Wang, Junhu; Xiong, Zhitao; Chen, Juner; Zhang, Tao; Chen, Ping] Chinese Acad Sci, Dalian Inst Chem Phys, Dalian, Peoples R China. [Wu, Hui; Zhou, Wei] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Wu, Hui; Zhou, Wei] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP He, T (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Dalian Inst Chem Phys, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, Peoples R China. EM pchen@dicp.ac.cn RI Wu, Hui/C-6505-2008; Zhou, Wei/C-6504-2008; Chen, Juner/D-2913-2015; OI Wu, Hui/0000-0003-0296-5204; Zhou, Wei/0000-0002-5461-3617; Yang, Shuman/0000-0002-9638-0890 FU CAS [KGCX2-YW-806, KJCX2-YW-H21]; 973 Project [2010CB631304] FX We would like to acknowledge the financial supports from the Hundred Talents Project and Knowledge Innovation Program of CAS (KGCX2-YW-806 and KJCX2-YW-H21) and 973 (2010CB631304) Project. XAFS and high resolution XRD experiments were performed in Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. NR 53 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 7 U2 61 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1754-5692 J9 ENERG ENVIRON SCI JI Energy Environ. Sci. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 5 IS 2 BP 5686 EP 5689 DI 10.1039/c2ee03205h PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 881QV UT WOS:000299502300017 ER PT J AU Furui, S Fiscus, J Friedland, G Hain, T AF Furui, Sadaoki Fiscus, Jonathan Friedland, Gerald Hain, Thomas TI Introduction to the Special Section on New Frontiers in Rich Transcription SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUDIO SPEECH AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Furui, Sadaoki] Tokyo Inst Technol, Tokyo 1528552, Japan. [Fiscus, Jonathan] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Friedland, Gerald] Int Comp Sci Inst, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. [Hain, Thomas] Univ Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DP, S Yorkshire, England. RP Furui, S (reprint author), Tokyo Inst Technol, Tokyo 1528552, Japan. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1558-7916 J9 IEEE T AUDIO SPEECH JI IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 20 IS 2 BP 353 EP 355 DI 10.1109/TASL.2011.2175039 PG 3 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 881XR UT WOS:000299525800001 ER PT J AU Ainsworth, CH Morzaria-Luna, HN Kaplan, IC Levin, PS Fulton, EA AF Ainsworth, Cameron H. Morzaria-Luna, Hem Nalini Kaplan, Isaac C. Levin, Phillip S. Fulton, Elizabeth A. TI Full compliance with harvest regulations yields ecological benefits: Northern Gulf of California case study SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Atlantis; compliance; ecosystem model; ecosystem-based management; Gulf of California; illegal fishing; IUU; marine protected area ID MARINE PROTECTED AREAS; VAQUITA PHOCOENA-SINUS; FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; ECOSYSTEM MODELS; CONSERVATION; MEXICO; ENFORCEMENT; CHALLENGES; KNOWLEDGE; RESERVES AB 1. The Northern Gulf of California is an ecologically important marine area with a high degree of biodiversity, endemism and productivity. Mounting conservation concerns have prompted researchers to propose new management regulations, restricting fishing and protecting sensitive species. Compliance with existing regulations is poor. Rules that are currently in place, if followed, may go a long way towards achieving the ecological goals of management. 2. We conduct a review of existing fisheries regulations in this area. Then, using a spatially explicit marine ecosystem model (Atlantis), we estimate the benefits of compliance with existing fisheries regulations. 3. Under a full compliance scenario, we find large increases in protected species biomass within 25 years and a slowed rate of ecosystem degradation because of fishing. However, full compliance costs the fishing industry about 30% of its annual revenue. 4. We parse out the benefits offered by management instruments (including spatial management protections, seasonal fishery closures, gear restrictions, cessation of illegal fishing and vessel buy-out programmes) and conclude that a suite of measures is needed to address major conservation objectives. 5. Synthesis and applications. This exercise quantifies the benefits of improved fisheries enforcement and provides a benchmark by which the value of future regulatory amendments can be assessed. Where compliance with existing regulations is poor, conservation goals may be better served by strengthening enforcement than by enacting new rules and legislation. C1 [Ainsworth, Cameron H.] Marine Resources Assessment Grp MRAG Amer Inc, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Morzaria-Luna, Hem Nalini] Frank Orth & Associates, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Kaplan, Isaac C.; Levin, Phillip S.] NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Fulton, Elizabeth A.] CSIRO Wealth Oceans Flagship, Div Marine & Atmospher Res, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. RP Ainsworth, CH (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, 140 7th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM ainsworth@.usf.edu RI Fulton, Elizabeth/A-2871-2008 OI Fulton, Elizabeth/0000-0002-5904-7917 FU David and Lucile Packard Foundation; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation FX This project was funded by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. PAN-GAS members provided useful input on scenario development: J. Torre (COBI A. C.), W. Shaw, M. Moreno Baez and T. Pfister (The University of Arizona), R. Cudney-Bueno (Packard Foundation), P. Turk-Boyer, R. Loaiza-Villanueva and I. Martinez-Tovar (CEDO Intercultural), A. Cinti (The University of Arizona), P. Raimondi (University of California-Santa Cruz), E. Torreblanca and G. Danemann (PRONATURA A. C.). M. Moreno-Baez and C. Moreno provided data on fishers' interviews and logbooks. The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation supported improvements to the Atlantis code base. NR 52 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 37 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 49 IS 1 BP 63 EP 72 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02064.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 877CJ UT WOS:000299153800009 ER PT J AU Lau, NC Nath, MJ AF Lau, Ngar-Cheung Nath, Mary Jo TI A Model Study of the Air-Sea Interaction Associated with the Climatological Aspects and Interannual Variability of the South Asian Summer Monsoon Development SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID EL-NINO EVENTS; INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS; SURFACE TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERIC BRIDGE; INDIAN-OCEAN; ENSO; PACIFIC; ONSET; RAINFALL; PREDICTABILITY AB The climatological characteristics and interannual variations of the development of the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) in early summer are studied using output from a 200-yr simulation of a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (CM2.1). Some of the model results are compared with corresponding observations. Climatological charts of the model and observational data at pentadal intervals indicate that both the precipitation and SST signals exhibit a tendency to migrate northward. Enhanced monsoonal precipitation at a given site is accompanied by a reduction in incoming shortwave radiation and intensification of upward latent heat flux, and by oceanic cooling. An extended empirical orthogonal function analysis is used to identify the dates for initiation of the northward march of SASM in individual summers. It is noted that early monsoon development prevails after the mature phase of La Nina events, whereas delayed development occurs after El Nino. Sensitivity experiments based on the atmospheric component of CM2.1 indicate that the effects of SST forcings in the tropical Pacific (TPAC) and Indian Ocean (IO) on monsoon development are opposite to each other. During El Nino events, the atmospheric response to remote TPAC forcing tends to suppress or postpone monsoon development over South Asia. Conversely, the warm SST anomalies in IO, which are generated by the "atmospheric bridge" mechanism in El Nino episodes, lead to accelerated monsoon development. The net result of these two competing effects is an evolution scenario with a timing that is intermediate between the response to TPAC forcing only and the response to IO forcing only. C1 [Lau, Ngar-Cheung; Nath, Mary Jo] Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Lau, NC (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Forrestal Campus,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM gabriel.lau@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB 1 PY 2012 VL 25 IS 3 BP 839 EP 857 DI 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00035.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 885SG UT WOS:000299800500002 ER PT J AU Landsea, CW Feuer, S Hagen, A Glenn, DA Sms, J Perez, R Chenoweth, M Anderson, N AF Landsea, Christopher W. Feuer, Steve Hagen, Andrew Glenn, David A. Sms, Jamese Perez, Ramon Chenoweth, Michael Anderson, Nicholas TI A Reanalysis of the 1921-30 Atlantic Hurricane Database SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONE ACTIVITY; NORTH-ATLANTIC; INTENSITY; LANDFALL; FLORIDA AB A reanalysis of the Atlantic basin tropical storm and hurricane database ("best track") for the period from 1921 to 1930 has been completed. This reassessment of the main archive for tropical cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico was necessary to correct systematic biases and random errors in the data as well as to search for previously unrecognized systems. The methodology for the reanalysis process for revising the track and intensity of tropical cyclone data has been detailed in a previous paper on the reanalysis. The 1921-30 dataset now includes several new tropical cyclones, excludes one system previously considered a tropical storm, makes generally large alterations in the intensity estimates of most tropical cyclones (both toward stronger and weaker intensities), and typically adjusts existing tracks with minor corrections. Average uncertainty in intensity and track values is estimated for both open-ocean conditions as well as landfalling systems. Highlights are given for changes to the more significant hurricanes to impact the United States, Central America, and the Caribbean for this decade. C1 [Landsea, Christopher W.; Feuer, Steve] NOAA NWS NCEP Natl Hurricane Ctr, Miami, FL USA. [Hagen, Andrew; Anderson, Nicholas] Univ Miami, Miami, FL USA. [Glenn, David A.] NOAA NWS WFO Morehead City, Morehead City, NC USA. [Sms, Jamese] NOAA NWS NCEP Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Perez, Ramon] Inst Meteorol, Havana, Cuba. RP Landsea, CW (reprint author), NOAA MVS, Natl Hurricane Ctr, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. EM chris.landsea@noaa.gov FU NOAA Climate Program Office FX This work has been sponsored by a grant from the NOAA Climate Program Office on "Reanalysis of the Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Database in the Modern Era." The authors thank the current Best Track Change Committee (chair, Jack Beven; Eric Blake; Todd Kimberlain; Richard Pasch; Gladys Rubio; and Eric Uhlhorn) and past members (Lixion Avila, Hugh Cobb, Jim Gross, Brian Jarvinen, Colin McAdie, and Ed Rappaport) for their encouragement and detailed suggestions that have helped to quality control the thousands of alterations and additions to HURDAT. Special thanks for their individual contributions toward this project for this era are also given to Sim Aberson, James Belanger, Auguste Boissonnade and Risk Management Solutions, Emery Boose, Gil Clark, Daniel Gladstein, Mark Jelinek, Cary Mock, Charlie Neumann, Ricardo Preito, David Roth, Jose Sanchez-Sesma, Al Sandrik, Donna Strahan, and Mark Zimmer. Joan David kindly provided the track map figures utilized in this paper. NR 32 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB 1 PY 2012 VL 25 IS 3 BP 865 EP 885 DI 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00026.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 885SG UT WOS:000299800500004 ER PT J AU Wagner, CA McAdoo, DC AF Wagner, Carl A. McAdoo, David C. TI Error calibration of geopotential harmonics in recent and past gravitational fields SO JOURNAL OF GEODESY LA English DT Article DE Geopotential harmonic coefficients; Gravitational field models of the earth; Error calibration; Satellite gradiometry ID RECOVERY; MODELS AB The geopotential coefficients of a number of recent and past models have been examined with the aim of calibrating their formal (or published) errors, principally by direct comparison with the same coefficients of a precise and wholly independent satellite-only reference field determined (in 2010) predominantly from over 7 years of mu/s low-low GRACE inter-satellite range rate observations (ITG-GRACE2010S). In all of these comparisons the reference field used, over specified spectral ranges, has much smaller reported errors than the ones to be calibrated. In particular we find that a recently published field (in 2010) using gravity gradient and position data from ESA's GOCE satellite, GO_CONS_GCF_2_TIM_R1, has formal errors which are significantly optimistic for the lowest degrees (n) but with increasing realism where the gradiometer gains influence over the position information (15 < n < 120). Other GOCE models do not afford an unbiased error calibration. Validating error calibration with the independent reference model, of two past comprehensive fields (containing both satellite and surface data), confirms that one of them (JGM3, published in 1994, complete to n = 70) reported generally realistic formal errors while another (EGM96, published in 1998, complete to n = 360, tested only for n < 150) had significantly optimistic ones for most n < 100 but with better realism when affected only by the surface information. C1 [Wagner, Carl A.; McAdoo, David C.] NOAA, Lab Satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Wagner, CA (reprint author), 2801 Roesh Way, Vienna, VA USA. EM carl.wagner2@verizon.net RI McAdoo, Dave/F-5612-2010 OI McAdoo, Dave/0000-0002-7533-5564 NR 20 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-7714 J9 J GEODESY JI J. Geodesy PD FEB PY 2012 VL 86 IS 2 BP 99 EP 108 DI 10.1007/s00190-011-0494-7 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA 881XH UT WOS:000299524800002 ER PT J AU Chovitz, B AF Chovitz, Bernard TI Soren Werner Henriksen (1916-2011) Obituary SO JOURNAL OF GEODESY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 [Chovitz, Bernard] Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-7714 J9 J GEODESY JI J. Geodesy PD FEB PY 2012 VL 86 IS 2 BP 162 EP 163 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA 881XH UT WOS:000299524800007 ER PT J AU Nave, G AF Nave, Gillian TI Wavelengths of Fe II lines for studies of time variation of the fine-structure constant SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE atomic data; ultraviolet: general ID ACCURATE LABORATORY WAVELENGTHS; FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROMETER; VACUUM-ULTRAVIOLET; PHYSICAL CONSTANTS; CALIBRATION; SPECTRUM; MULTIPLET; RELEVANT AB Ritz wavelengths of 27 spectral lines of Fe ii have been obtained from energy levels derived from Fourier transform spectra. The lines selected are observable in absorption spectra from quasi-stellar objects and are important for astronomical tests of the invariance of the fine-structure constant on a cosmological time-scale. By comparing the wavelength calibration in this paper with that of previously published measurements, wavelengths for 21 lines of Mg i, Mg ii, Cr ii, Ti ii, Mn ii, Ni ii and Zn ii have been placed on a scale consistent with the Fe ii Ritz values. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nave, G (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gnave@nist.gov FU NASA inter-agency [NNH10AN38I] FX This work was partially supported by NASA inter-agency agreement NNH10AN38I. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0035-8711 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 420 IS 2 BP 1570 EP 1574 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20143.x PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 880OU UT WOS:000299417600050 ER PT J AU Guan, B Waliser, DE Molotch, NP Fetzer, EJ Neiman, PJ AF Guan, Bin Waliser, Duane E. Molotch, Noah P. Fetzer, Eric J. Neiman, Paul J. TI Does the Madden-Julian Oscillation Influence Wintertime Atmospheric Rivers and Snowpack in the Sierra Nevada? SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID EXTREME PRECIPITATION; CALIFORNIA; SATELLITE; RETRIEVALS; WASHINGTON; REANALYSIS; MOUNTAINS; FREQUENCY; CALJET; FLOODS AB The relationships between the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), activities of atmospheric rivers (ARs), and the resulting snowpack accumulation in the California Sierra Nevada, are analyzed based on 13 yr of observations for water years 1998-2010 inclusive. The AR activity, as measured by the number of high-impact ARs, mean per event snow water equivalent (SWE) changes, and the cumulative SWE changes, is shown to be significantly augmented when MJO convection is active over the far western tropical Pacific (phase 6 on the Wheeler-Hendon diagram). The timing of high-impact ARs (early- versus late-winter occurrences) also appears to be regulated by the MJO. Total snow accumulation in the Sierra Nevada (i.e., AR and non-AR accumulation combined) is most significantly increased when MJO convection is active over the eastern Indian Ocean (phase 3), and reduced when MJO convection is active over the Western Hemisphere (phase 8), with the magnitude of the daily anomaly being roughly half the cold-season mean daily snow accumulation over many snow sensor sites. The positive (negative) SWE anomaly is accompanied by a cold (warm) surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly and an onshore (offshore) water vapor flux anomaly. The contrasting SAT anomaly patterns associated with MJO phases 3 and 8, revealed by the in situ observations, are more realistically represented in the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder retrievals than in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim reanalysis. C1 [Guan, Bin; Waliser, Duane E.; Molotch, Noah P.; Fetzer, Eric J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Molotch, Noah P.] Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Molotch, Noah P.] Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Neiman, Paul J.] NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Guan, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, M-S 233-300,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bin.guan@jpl.nasa.gov RI Guan, Bin/F-6735-2010; Molotch, Noah/C-8576-2009 FU NASA [NNX08AH18G]; NSF [EAR 1032295]; ARRA; Water Resources Area of the NASA FX This research was supported by NASA Grant NNX08AH18G, NSF Grant EAR 1032295, and by ARRA funds. Additional support was provided by the Water Resources Area of the NASA Applied Sciences Program. Thanks go to K. Weickmann, R. Wood, P. Webster, I.-S. Kang, J. Wallace, and G. Kiladis for helpful discussions and comments; and to F. Ralph for his encouragement. DEW's, EJF's, and BG's contribution, and part of NPM's contribution, to this study were carried out on behalf of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 38 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 26 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 140 IS 2 BP 325 EP 342 DI 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00087.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 886JI UT WOS:000299850300001 ER PT J AU Moore, BJ Neiman, PJ Ralph, FM Barthold, FE AF Moore, Benjamin J. Neiman, Paul J. Ralph, F. Martin Barthold, Faye E. TI Physical Processes Associated with Heavy Flooding Rainfall in Nashville, Tennessee, and Vicinity during 1-2 May 2010: The Role of an Atmospheric River and Mesoscale Convective Systems SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; TROPOSPHERIC JET STREAKS; LOW-LEVEL JETS; EXTREME PRECIPITATION; TROPICAL MOISTURE; NORTH-AMERICA; PACIFIC-OCEAN; GREAT-PLAINS; EVENTS; SATELLITE AB A multiscale analysis is conducted in order to examine the physical processes that resulted in prolonged heavy rainfall and devastating flash flooding across western and central Tennessee and Kentucky on 1-2 May 2010, during which Nashville, Tennessee, received 344.7 mm of rainfall and incurred 11 flood-related fatalities. On the synoptic scale, heavy rainfall was supported by a persistent corridor of strong water vapor transport rooted in the tropics that was manifested as an atmospheric river (AR). This AR developed as water vapor was extracted from the eastern tropical Pacific and the Caribbean Sea and transported into the central Mississippi Valley by a strong southerly low-level jet (LLJ) positioned between a stationary lee trough along the eastern Mexico coast and a broad, stationary subtropical ridge positioned over the southeastern United States and the subtropical Atlantic. The AR, associated with substantial water vapor content and moderate convective available potential energy, supported the successive development of two quasi-stationary mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) on 1 and 2 May, respectively. These MCSs were both linearly organized and exhibited back-building and echo-training, processes that afforded the repeated movement of convective cells over the same area of western and central Tennessee and Kentucky, resulting in a narrow band of rainfall totals of 200-400 mm. Mesoscale analyses reveal that the MCSs developed on the warm side of a slow-moving cold front and that the interaction between the southerly LLJ and convectively generated outflow boundaries was fundamental for generating convection. C1 [Moore, Benjamin J.; Neiman, Paul J.; Ralph, F. Martin] NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Moore, Benjamin J.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Barthold, Faye E.] IM Syst Grp Inc, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Barthold, Faye E.] NOAA, Hydrometeorol Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Moore, BJ (reprint author), NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Mail Code R PSD2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM benjamin.moore@noaa.gov FU NOAA FX The authors thank Bob Zamora (NOAA/ESRL), Dr. John Brown (NOAA/ESRL), Dr. Thomas Galarneau (NCAR), Dr. Kelly Mahoney (NOAA/ESRL), Ellen Sukovich (CIRES/NOAA/ESRL), and Michael Bodner (HPC) for their helpful comments and suggestions regarding this research. The authors also thank Dr. Russ Schumacher (Colorado State University) and two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments, which greatly improved the quality of this manuscript. Dr. Jason Cordeira (NOAA/ESRL) is acknowledged for providing the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis climatological data and the base reflectivity mosaics and for his general technical assistance. Sheldon Kusselson (NOAA/NESDIS) provided the NOAA/NESDIS blended satellite IWV imagery. The MIMIC IWV imagery in the electronic supplement was provided by CIMSS at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. This research was supported by NOAA's Hydrometeorological Testbed. NR 68 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 140 IS 2 BP 358 EP 378 DI 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00126.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 886JI UT WOS:000299850300003 ER PT J AU Reasor, PD Eastin, MD AF Reasor, Paul D. Eastin, Matthew D. TI Rapidly Intensifying Hurricane Guillermo (1997). Part II: Resilience in Shear SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID VERTICAL WIND SHEAR; TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY; HIGH-RESOLUTION SIMULATION; INNER-CORE; DOPPLER RADAR; BONNIE 1998; SCALE CHARACTERISTICS; KINEMATIC STRUCTURE; VORTEX RESILIENCY; ERIN 2001 AB This paper examines the structure and evolution of a mature tropical cyclone in vertical wind shear (VWS) using airborne Doppler radar observations of Hurricane Guillermo (1997). In Part I, the modulation of eyewall convection via the rotation of vorticity asymmetries through the downshear-left quadrant was documented during rapid intensification. Here, the focus is on the relationship between VWS, vortex tilt, and associated asymmetry within the tropical cyclone core region during two separate observation periods. A method for estimating local VWS and vortex tilt from radar datasets is further developed, and the resulting vertical structure and its evolution are subjected to statistical confidence tests. Guillermo was a highly resilient vortex, evidenced by its small tilt magnitude relative to the horizontal scale of the vortex core. The deep-layer tilt was statistically significant, oriented on average similar to 60 degrees left of shear. Large-scale vorticity and thermal asymmetries oriented along the tilt direction support a response of Guillermo to shear forcing that is consistent with balanced dynamics. The time-averaged vertical motion asymmetry within the eyewall exhibited maximum ascent values similar to 40 degrees left of the deep-layer shear, or in this case, right of the deep-layer tilt. The observation-based analysis of Guillermo's interaction with VWS confirms findings of recent theoretical and numerical studies, and serves as the basis for a more comprehensive investigation of VWS and tropical cyclone intensity change using a recently constructed multistorm database of Doppler radar analyses. C1 [Reasor, Paul D.] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Eastin, Matthew D.] Univ N Carolina, Dept Geog & Earth Sci, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. RP Reasor, PD (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM paul.reasor@noaa.gov RI Reasor, Paul/B-2932-2014 OI Reasor, Paul/0000-0001-6407-017X FU NSF [ATM-0514199, ATM-0652264] FX We thank Jessica Fieux who manually edited the Doppler radar data for IOP2 as part of her M.S. thesis project at Florida State University. We would also like to thank John Kaplan and John Gamache for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript, and Rob Rogers and Sylvie Lorsolo for stimulating discussions. This work was originally supported by NSF Grants ATM-0514199 and ATM-0652264. Finally, we thank Michael Riemer and one anonymous reviewer for their insightful comments that helped improve the presentation and discussion of these results. NR 55 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 140 IS 2 BP 425 EP 444 DI 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00080.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 886JI UT WOS:000299850300007 ER PT J AU Yussouf, N Stensrud, DJ AF Yussouf, Nusrat Stensrud, David J. TI Comparison of Single-Parameter and Multiparameter Ensembles for Assimilation of Radar Observations Using the Ensemble Kalman Filter SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; SCALE DATA ASSIMILATION; MULTICASE COMPARATIVE-ASSESSMENT; ADAPTIVE COVARIANCE INFLATION; PART II; MICROPHYSICAL PARAMETERS; ATMOSPHERIC STATE; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; INITIAL CONDITION; MODEL AB Observational studies indicate that the densities and intercept parameters of hydrometeor distributions can vary widely among storms and even within a single storm. Therefore, assuming a fixed set of microphysical parameters within a given microphysics scheme can lead to significant errors in the forecasts of storms. To explore the impact of variations in microphysical parameters, Observing System Simulation Experiments are conducted based on both perfect- and imperfect-model assumptions. Two sets of ensembles are designed using either fixed or variable parameters within the same single-moment microphysics scheme. The synthetic radar observations of a splitting supercell thunderstorm are assimilated into the ensembles over a 30-min period using an ensemble Kalman filter data assimilation technique followed by 1-h ensemble forecasts. Results indicate that in the presence of a model error, a multiparameter ensemble with a combination of different hydrometeor density and intercept parameters leads to improved analyses and forecasts and better captures the truth within the forecast envelope compared to single-parameter ensemble experiments with a single, constant, inaccurate hydrometeor intercept and density parameters. This conclusion holds when examining the general storm structure, the intensity of midlevel rotation, surface cold pool strength, and the extreme values of the model fields that are most helpful in determining and identifying potential hazards. Under a perfect-model assumption, the single- and multiparameter ensembles perform similarly as model error does not play a role in these experiments. This study highlights the potential for using a variety of realistic microphysical parameters across the ensemble members in improving the analyses and very short-range forecasts of severe weather events. C1 [Yussouf, Nusrat] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Natl Weather Ctr, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Yussouf, Nusrat] Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Yussouf, N (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Natl Weather Ctr, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM nusrat.yussouf@noaa.gov OI Yussouf, Nusrat/0000-0003-4998-1770 FU NOAA/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research under NOAA-University of Oklahoma [NA17RJ1227] FX The authors are thankful to two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments that led to substantial improvements in the manuscript. The authors also thank Ted Mansell and Louis Wicker for their valuable suggestions. Local computer assistance provided by Brett Morrow, Steven Fletcher, Brad Swagowitz, and Karen Cooper are greatly appreciated. Partial funding for this research was provided by the NOAA/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research under NOAA-University of Oklahoma Cooperative Agreement NA17RJ1227 (U.S. Department of Commerce). NR 57 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 140 IS 2 BP 562 EP 586 DI 10.1175/MWR-D-10-05074.1 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 886JI UT WOS:000299850300014 ER PT J AU Dawson, DT Wicker, LJ Mansell, ER Tanamachi, RL AF Dawson, Daniel T., II Wicker, Louis J. Mansell, Edward R. Tanamachi, Robin L. TI Impact of the Environmental Low-Level Wind Profile on Ensemble Forecasts of the 4 May 2007 Greensburg, Kansas, Tornadic Storm and Associated Mesocyclones SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MULTICASE COMPARATIVE-ASSESSMENT; RADAR DATA ASSIMILATION; KALMAN FILTER; BULK MICROPHYSICS; SCALE ANALYSES; PART II; SUPERCELL; PARAMETERIZATION; PRECIPITATION; THUNDERSTORM AB The early tornadic phase of the Greensburg, Kansas, supercell on the evening of 4 May 2007 is simulated using a set of storm-scale (1-km horizontal grid spacing) 30-member ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation and forecast experiments. The Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) level-II radar data from the Dodge City, Kansas (KDDC), Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) are assimilated into the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) Collaborative Model for Multiscale Atmospheric Simulation (COMMAS). The initially horizontally homogeneous environments are initialized from one of three reconstructed soundings representative of the early tornadic phase of the storm, when a low-level jet (LLJ) was intensifying. To isolate the impact of the low-level wind profile, 0-3.5-km AGL wind profiles from Vance Air Force Base, Oklahoma (KVNX), WSR-88D velocity-azimuth display (VAD) analyses at 0130, 0200, and 0230 UTC are used. A sophisticated, double-moment bulk ice microphysics scheme is employed. For each of the three soundings, ensemble forecast experiments are initiated from EnKF analyses at various times prior to and shortly after the genesis of the Greensburg tornado (0200 UTC). Probabilistic forecasts of the mesocyclone-scale circulation(s) are generated and compared to the observed Greensburg tornado track. Probabilistic measures of significant rotation and observation-space diagnostic statistics are also calculated. It is shown that, in general, the track of the Greensburg tornado is well predicted, and forecasts improve as forecast lead time decreases. Significant variability is also seen across the experiments using different VAD wind profiles. Implications of these results regarding the choice of initial mesoscale environment, as well as for the "Warn-on-Forecast" paradigm for probabilistic numerical prediction of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes, are discussed. C1 [Dawson, Daniel T., II; Wicker, Louis J.; Mansell, Edward R.] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Tanamachi, Robin L.] Univ Oklahoma, Natl Weather Ctr, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Tanamachi, Robin L.] Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Dawson, DT (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM dan.dawson@noaa.gov RI Dawson II, Daniel/I-4552-2012; Tanamachi, Robin/K-6275-2012 OI Dawson II, Daniel/0000-0002-2079-1247; Tanamachi, Robin/0000-0002-5450-3012 FU National Research Council (NRC) at the National Severe Storms Laboratory; NSF [ATM-0802717, ATM-0637148, ATM-0934307]; NOAA [NA08OAR4320904] FX Daniel Dawson was supported by the National Research Council (NRC) Postdoctoral Fellowship, awarded at the National Severe Storms Laboratory. Louis Wicker and Edward Mansell were partially supported by NSF Grant ATM-0802717. Robin Tanamachi was supported by NSF Grants ATM-0637148 and ATM-0934307, and NOAA Grant NA08OAR4320904. David Dowell provided many helpful comments and code for the preparation of the VAD wind profiles. Some of the code used to plot the observation-space diagnostics was adapted from that provided by Therese Thompson. Conversations with Tom Hamill and David Stensrud were also very helpful. Jeff Hutton of the Dodge City, Kansas, National Weather Service Forecast Office kindly provided the shape files of the tornado tracks. NR 27 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 140 IS 2 BP 696 EP 716 DI 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00008.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 886JI UT WOS:000299850300022 ER PT J AU Khatami, E Helton, JS Rigol, M AF Khatami, Ehsan Helton, Joel S. Rigol, Marcos TI Numerical study of the thermodynamics of clinoatacamite SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SPINEL LI2MN2O4; KAGOME AB We study the thermodynamic properties of the clinoatacamite compound, Cu-2(OH)(3)Cl, by considering several approximate models. They include the Heisenberg model on (i) the uniform pyrochlore lattice, (ii) a very anisotropic pyrochlore lattice, and (iii) a kagome lattice weakly coupled to spins that sit on a triangular lattice. We utilize the exact diagonalization of small clusters with periodic boundary conditions and implement a numerical linked-cluster expansion approach for quantum lattice models with reduced symmetries, which allows us to solve model (iii) in the thermodynamic limit. We find a very good agreement between the experimental uniform susceptibility and the numerical results for models (ii) and (iii), which suggests a weak ferromagnetic coupling between the kagome and triangular layers in clinoatacamite. We also study thermodynamic properties in a geometrical transition between a planar pyrochlore lattice and the kagome lattice. C1 [Khatami, Ehsan; Rigol, Marcos] Georgetown Univ, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20057 USA. [Helton, Joel S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Khatami, E (reprint author), Georgetown Univ, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20057 USA. RI Helton, Joel/B-1798-2010; Rigol, Marcos/B-3505-2008; Khatami, Ehsan/G-9565-2012 OI Rigol, Marcos/0000-0002-5806-5873; FU NSF [OCI-0904597] FX This research was supported by the NSF under Grant No. OCI-0904597. We thank Young Lee for guidance with the susceptibility measurements, and Matthew Shores, Bart Bartlett, Emily Nytko, and Daniel Nocera for providing the clinoatacamite sample. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB 1 PY 2012 VL 85 IS 6 AR 064401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.064401 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 886ZP UT WOS:000299894800001 ER PT J AU Yanagida, GK Anulacion, BF Bolton, JL Boyd, D Lomax, DP Olson, OP Sol, SY Willis, M Ylitalo, GM Johnson, LL AF Yanagida, Gladys K. Anulacion, Bernadita F. Bolton, Jennie L. Boyd, Daryle Lomax, Daniel P. Olson, O. Paul Sol, Sean Y. Willis, Maryjean Ylitalo, Gina M. Johnson, Lyndal L. TI Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Risk to Threatened and Endangered Chinook Salmon in the Lower Columbia River Estuary SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STURGEON ACIPENSER-TRANSMONTANUS; INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY; CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS; RAINBOW-TROUT; STORM WATER; PUGET-SOUND; EXPOSURE; USA; URBAN; SEDIMENTS AB Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), derived from oil and fuel combustion, are ubiquitous nonpoint source pollutants that can have a number of detrimental effects on fish and wildlife. In this study, we monitored PAH exposure in outmigrant juvenile Chinook salmon from the Lower Columbia River to evaluate the risk that these contaminants might pose to the health and recovery of threatened and endangered salmonids. Juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were collected by beach seine from five sites in the Lower Columbia River from Bonneville Dam to the mouth of the estuary (Warrendale, the Willamette-Columbia Confluence, Columbia City, Beaver Army Terminal, and Point Adams) and from a site in the Lower Willamette near downtown Portland (Morrison Street Bridge). Sediment samples were also collected at the same sites. Concentrations of PAHs in sediment samples were relatively low at all sites with average total PAH concentrations < 1000 ng/g dry weight (wt.). However, we found PAHs in stomach contents of salmon from all sites at concentrations ranging from < 100 to > 10,000 ng/g wet wt. Metabolites of low and high molecular-weight PAHs were also detected in bile of salmon from all sites; for metabolites fluorescing at phenanthrene (PHN) wavelengths, concentrations ranged from 1.1 to 6.0 mu g/mg bile protein. Levels of PAHs in stomach contents and PAH metabolites in bile were highest in salmon from the Morrison Street Bridge site in Portland and the Willamette-Columbia Confluence, Columbia City, and Beaver Army Terminal sites. Mean PAH concentrations measured in some stomach content samples from the Columbia City, Beaver Army Terminal, and Morrison Street Bridge sites were near the threshold concentration (approximately 7200-7600 ng/g wet wt.) associated with variability and immune dysfunction in juvenile salmonids (Meador et al., Can J Fish Aquat Sci 63:2364-2376, 2006; Bravo et al., Environ Toxicol Chem 30:704-714, 2011). Mean levels of biliary fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs)-PHN in juvenile Chinook collected at the Morrison Street Bridge site in Portland, at the Confluence and Columbia City sites, and at the Beaver Army Terminal site were at or above a threshold effect concentration of 2 mu g/mg protein for FACs-PHN linked to growth impairment, altered energetics, and reproductive effects (Meador et al., Environ Toxicol Chem 27(4):845-853, 2008). These findings suggest that PAHs in the food chain are a potential source of injury to juvenile salmon in the Lower Columbia and Lower Willamette rivers. C1 [Yanagida, Gladys K.; Anulacion, Bernadita F.; Bolton, Jennie L.; Boyd, Daryle; Lomax, Daniel P.; Olson, O. Paul; Sol, Sean Y.; Willis, Maryjean; Ylitalo, Gina M.; Johnson, Lyndal L.] NOAA, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Yanagida, GK (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM gladys.k.yanagida@noaa.gov NR 65 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 39 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 62 IS 2 BP 282 EP 295 DI 10.1007/s00244-011-9704-9 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 881SR UT WOS:000299509400010 PM 21894559 ER PT J AU Moore, N Alagarswamy, G Pijanowski, B Thornton, P Lofgren, B Olson, J Andresen, J Yanda, P Qi, JG AF Moore, Nathan Alagarswamy, Gopal Pijanowski, Bryan Thornton, Philip Lofgren, Brent Olson, Jennifer Andresen, Jeffrey Yanda, Pius Qi, Jiaguo TI East African food security as influenced by future climate change and land use change at local to regional scales SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID COVER CHANGE; SYSTEM MODEL; RAINFALL; IMPACTS; PARAMETERIZATION; VARIABILITY; DYNAMICS; MIDWEST; SEASON; AREAS AB Climate change impacts food production systems, particularly in locations with large, vulnerable populations. Elevated greenhouse gases (GHG), as well as land cover/land use change (LCLUC), can influence regional climate dynamics. Biophysical factors such as topography, soil type, and seasonal rainfall can strongly affect crop yields. We used a regional climate model derived from the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) to compare the effects of projected future GHG and future LCLUC on spatial variability of crop yields in East Africa. Crop yields were estimated with a process-based simulation model. The results suggest that: (1) GHG-influenced and LCLUC-influenced yield changes are highly heterogeneous across this region; (2) LCLUC effects are significant drivers of yield change; and (3) high spatial variability in yield is indicated for several key agricultural sub-regions of East Africa. Food production risk when considered at the household scale is largely dependent on the occurrence of extremes, so mean yield in some cases may be an incomplete predictor of risk. The broad range of projected crop yields reflects enormous variability in key parameters that underlie regional food security; hence, donor institutions' strategies and investments might benefit from considering the spatial distribution around mean impacts for a given region. Ultimately, global assessments of food security risk would benefit from including regional and local assessments of climate impacts on food production. This may be less of a consideration in other regions. This study supports the concept that LCLUC is a first-order factor in assessing food production risk. C1 [Moore, Nathan] Michigan State Univ, Dept Geog, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. [Moore, Nathan] Zhejiang Univ, Coll Environm & Resource Sci, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. [Moore, Nathan; Alagarswamy, Gopal; Andresen, Jeffrey; Qi, Jiaguo] Michigan State Univ, CGCEO, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. [Pijanowski, Bryan] Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. [Thornton, Philip] Int Livestock Res Inst, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. [Lofgren, Brent] Great Lakes Env Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. [Yanda, Pius] Univ Dar Es Salaam, Inst Resources Assessment, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. RP Moore, N (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Geog, 202 Manly Miles Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. EM moorena@msu.edu OI Lofgren, Brent/0000-0003-2189-0914 FU NSF [BCS 0308420, BCS/CNH 0709671]; Directorate for Geosciences of the National Science Foundation (NSF); Office of Biological and Environmental Research of the U.S. Department of Energy; NASA [NAS5-03117] FX This work was funded by NSF Biocomplexity of Coupled Human and Natural Systems Program award BCS 0308420 and BCS/CNH 0709671. This research uses data provided by the Community Climate System Model project (www.ccsm.ucar.edu), supported by the Directorate for Geosciences of the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Office of Biological and Environmental Research of the U.S. Department of Energy. Population data were provided by CIESIN (NASA Contract NAS5-03117). We also wish to thank David Campbell, Amelie Davis, Deepak Ray, and Joseph Maitima for their contributions to this work. NR 65 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 5 U2 47 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD FEB PY 2012 VL 110 IS 3-4 BP 823 EP 844 DI 10.1007/s10584-011-0116-7 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 879QM UT WOS:000299346900018 ER PT J AU Antonucci, JM Zeiger, DN Tang, K Lin-Gibson, S Fowler, BO Lin, NJ AF Antonucci, Joseph M. Zeiger, Diana N. Tang, Kathy Lin-Gibson, Sheng Fowler, Bruce O. Lin, Nancy J. TI Synthesis and characterization of dimethacrylates containing quaternary ammonium functionalities for dental applications SO DENTAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE Bacterial adhesion; Cytotoxicity; Dental restorative material; Degree of conversion; Dimethacrylate monomer; Menschutkin reaction; MTT assay; Quaternary ammonium salts; Streptococcus mutans; Surface charge density ID ANTIBACTERIAL MONOMER MDPB; CATIONIC SURFACES; RESIN; COMPOSITES; BACTERIA; POLYMERS AB Objectives. The widespread incidence of recurrent caries highlights the need for improved dental restorative materials. The objective of this study was to synthesize low viscosity ionic dimethacrylate monomers (IDMAs) that contain quaternary ammoniums groups (antimicrobial functionalities) and are compatible with existing dental dimethacrylate-based monomers. Such monomers have the potential to copolymerize with other methacrylate monomers and produce antibacterial polymers. Methods. Two monomers (IDMA-1 and IDMA-2) were synthesized using the Menschutkin reaction and incorporated at 0-30% (by mass) into a 1:1 (by mass) bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (BisGMA): triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) resin. Resin viscosity was quantified using rheology, and polymer degree of conversion (DC) and surface charge density were measured using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and fluorescein binding, respectively. Effects of IDMA-1 on initial attachment of Streptococcus mutans and on viability and metabolic activity (via reductase enzymes) of RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells were quantified. Results. IDMA-1 and IDMA-2 were prepared and characterized. IDMA-1 was miscible with BisGMA: TEGDMA and slightly increased the resin viscosity and DC. As expected, polymeric surface charge density increased with increasing IDMA-1. Incorporation of 10% IDMA-1 into BisGMA: TEGDMA reduced bacterial colonization without affecting viability or metabolic activity of mammalian cells. Increasing IDMA-1 up to 30% had no additional effect on bacterial coverage, but >= 20% IDMA-1 significantly reduced macrophage density, viability, and metabolic activity. Leachables from polymers containing IDMA-1 were not cytotoxic. Significance. The Menschutkin reaction provides a facile, convenient means to synthesize new monomers with quaternary ammonium groups for dental and medical applications. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Academy of Dental Materials. C1 [Antonucci, Joseph M.; Zeiger, Diana N.; Tang, Kathy; Lin-Gibson, Sheng; Fowler, Bruce O.; Lin, Nancy J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lin, NJ (reprint author), 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8543, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nancy.lin@nist.gov FU National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) [YI-DE-7005-01]; National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) [YI-DE-7005-01] FX Reported work was supported by Interagency Agreement YI-DE-7005-01 between the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Contribution of BisGMA and TEGDMA from Esstech, Inc. is acknowledged. The authors thank Dr. Stefan Leigh for statistical analysis of bacterial coverage data. Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology is acknowledged; not subject to copyright in the United States. NR 29 TC 84 Z9 87 U1 2 U2 60 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0109-5641 J9 DENT MATER JI Dent. Mater. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 28 IS 2 BP 219 EP 228 DI 10.1016/j.dental.2011.10.004 PG 10 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 879EO UT WOS:000299312700016 PM 22035983 ER PT J AU Nelson, J Wilson, R Coleman, F Koenig, C DeVries, D Gardner, C Chanton, J AF Nelson, James Wilson, Rachel Coleman, Felicia Koenig, Christopher DeVries, Doug Gardner, Chris Chanton, Jeff TI Flux by fin: fish-mediated carbon and nutrient flux in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STABLE-ISOTOPE RATIOS; RIVER-DOMINATED ESTUARY; SEAGRASS MEADOWS; SECONDARY PRODUCTION; APALACHICOLA BAY; ORGANIC-MATTER; EASTERN GULF; MARINE; FLORIDA; ASSUMPTIONS AB Seagrass meadows are among the most productive ecosystems in the marine environment. It has been speculated that much of this production is exported to adjacent ecosystems via the movements of organisms. Our study utilized stable isotopes to track seagrass-derived production into offshore food webs in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. We found that gag grouper (Myctereoperca microlepis) on reefs as far as 90 km from the seagrass beds incorporate a significant portion of seagrass-derived biomass. The muscle tissue of gag grouper, a major fisheries species, was composed on average of 18.5-25% seagrass habitat-derived biomass. The timing of this annual seagrass subsidy appears to be important in fueling gag grouper egg production. The delta(34)S values of gag grouper gonad tissues varied seasonally and were delta(34)S depleted during the spawning season indicating that gag utilize the seagrass-derived biomass to support reproduction. If such large scale trophic subsidies are typical of temperate seagrass systems, then loss of seagrass production or habitat would result in a direct loss of offshore fisheries productivity. C1 [Nelson, James; Wilson, Rachel; Chanton, Jeff] Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Coleman, Felicia; Koenig, Christopher] FSU Coastal & Marine Lab, St Teresa, FL 32358 USA. [DeVries, Doug; Gardner, Chris] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP Nelson, J (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. EM jnelson2@fsu.edu; younge@ocean.fsu.edu; coleman@bio.fsu.edu; koenig@bio.fsu.edu; doug.devries@noaa.gov; chris.gardner@noaa.gov; chanton@ocean.fsu.edu RI Nelson, James/D-2927-2012; Wilson, Rachel /F-2723-2013 FU Northern Gulf Institute, a NOAA Co-operative Institute FX We thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. We are grateful to Captain D. Tankersly and the crew of the Lady J II for assistance in sample collection; to staff of the Florida State University Coastal and Marine Laboratory (FSUCML); to the Florida State High Magnetic Field Laboratory especially Y. Xu for her assistance with the mass spectrometry; Ben Harlow at the Washington State University stable isotope facility. This work was funded through the Northern Gulf Institute, a NOAA Co-operative Institute. NR 38 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 28 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 159 IS 2 BP 365 EP 372 DI 10.1007/s00227-011-1814-4 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 877RG UT WOS:000299199000011 ER PT J AU Krayzman, V Levin, I AF Krayzman, Victor Levin, Igor TI Reverse Monte Carlo refinements of nanoscale atomic correlations using powder and single-crystal diffraction data SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE reverse Monte Carlo; RMCProfile; nanoscale atomic correlations ID SHORT-RANGE ORDER; DIFFUSE-SCATTERING; LONG-RANGE; DISORDER AB Combined refinements of local atomic structure that involve simultaneous fitting of powder-averaged and single-crystal data were implemented as an extension to the publicly available RMCProfile software. The refinements employ the reverse Monte Carlo method to fit neutron total scattering data, the neutron Bragg profile, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and structured diffuse scattering in electron diffraction. The procedure was tested using simulated data generated for a realistic model of perovskite-like KNbO3, which exhibits strongly correlated Nb and O displacements. The results indicated that fitting the powder data (i.e. total scattering or total scattering plus EXAFS) alone fails to reproduce the nanoscale range of displacement correlations. Simultaneous fitting of the powder data and the patterns of diffuse intensity in single-crystal electron diffraction patterns returns significantly more accurate correlation characteristics. The approach and the computer software described in this contribution are not limited to electron diffraction patterns as other types of single-crystal diffraction data (i.e. X-ray or neutron) can be included in the fit. C1 [Krayzman, Victor; Levin, Igor] NIST, Div Ceram, MML, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Krayzman, Victor] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Levin, I (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, MML, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM igor.levin@nist.gov RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 26 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 45 BP 106 EP 112 DI 10.1107/S0021889812000398 PN 1 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 877TU UT WOS:000299206400013 ER PT J AU Mildner, DFR Cubitt, R AF Mildner, D. F. R. Cubitt, R. TI The effect of gravity on the Debye-Scherrer ring in small-angle neutron scattering SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Debye-Scherrer rings; gravity; long wavelengths; scattering vectors; small-angle neutron scattering ID RESOLUTION; DIFFRACTION AB Gravity distorts the circular contours found for small-angle neutron scattering data from azimuthally symmetric scattering systems when taken at long wavelength and with large wavelength spreads. The resolution is calculated for a DebyeScherrer ring and compared with results from measurements taken on a sample of opal. C1 [Mildner, D. F. R.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Cubitt, R.] Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France. RP Mildner, DFR (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.mildner@nist.gov NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 45 BP 124 EP 126 DI 10.1107/S0021889812000945 PN 1 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 877TU UT WOS:000299206400017 ER PT J AU Morris, DE Mather, ML Simon, CG Crowe, JA AF Morris, David E. Mather, Melissa L. Simon, Carl G., Jr. Crowe, John A. TI Time-optimized X-ray micro-CT imaging of polymer based scaffolds SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE scaffold characterization; micro-CT; image analysis; porosity; regenerative medicine ID BONE INGROWTH; TISSUE; TOMOGRAPHY; RESOLUTION; PARAMETERS; NEEDS AB Although X-ray microscopic computed tomography is widely used to assess the structural properties of polymeric tissue scaffolds its validity is dependent on the quality of the images obtained. Here, the role of resolution, integration time, image averaging, and X-ray power on the accurate determination of scaffold porosity, while aiming to minimize imaging time, was investigated. This work identified key parameters for optimization and a methodology to vary them to improve results. Based on this, guidelines were developed to assist in the selection of image acquisition parameters to allow rapid and accurate scaffold imaging as required for mass manufacture. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 100B: 360367, 2012. C1 [Morris, David E.; Mather, Melissa L.; Crowe, John A.] Univ Nottingham, Fac Engn, Elect Syst & Opt Res Div, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. [Simon, Carl G., Jr.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Morris, DE (reprint author), Univ Nottingham, Fac Engn, Elect Syst & Opt Res Div, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. EM david.morris@nottingham.ac.uk OI Mather, Melissa/0000-0002-5551-1321; Crowe, John/0000-0002-5438-2169; Morris, David/0000-0001-9813-0767 FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, UK [EP/C534247/1] FX Contract grant sponsor: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, UK; contract grant number: EP/C534247/1 NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1552-4973 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES B JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B PD FEB PY 2012 VL 100B IS 2 BP 360 EP 367 DI 10.1002/jbm.b.31957 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 872EV UT WOS:000298792500007 PM 22113946 ER PT J AU Zeisler, R Oflaz, R Paul, RL Fagan, JA AF Zeisler, Rolf Oflaz, Rabia Paul, Rick L. Fagan, Jeffrey A. TI Use of neutron activation analysis for the characterization of single-wall carbon nanotube materials SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Carbon nanotube production; Catalysts; Quality assurance; Quantitative analysis; Reference materials; Trace elements ID SPECTROSCOPY; NIST AB Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGAA) were used to characterize a variety of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) materials from different principal production processes, as well as a material containing SWCNTs together with other carbon species, catalyst residues, and trace element contaminants to be issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology for characterization and distribution as Standard Reference Material SRM 2483 Carbon Nanotube Soot. INAA proved to be well suited for the direct determination of catalyst and contaminant trace elements requiring only minimal sample preparation. PGAA complemented the INAA data in particular with determinations of the light elements. Carbon and hydrogen results provided information on the materials purity and storage properties. Strategies for the quality assurance of the measurements in these new materials were developed. INAA and PGAA data were provided for the value assignment of mass fractions of catalyst and trace elements in the candidate SRM and a systematic overview was obtained of the catalyst and trace element contaminants associated with each of the major production routes. C1 [Zeisler, Rolf; Oflaz, Rabia; Paul, Rick L.] NIST, Ctr Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Fagan, Jeffrey A.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zeisler, R (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Analyt Chem, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rolf.zeisler@nist.gov OI Fagan, Jeffrey/0000-0003-1483-5554 NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0236-5731 EI 1588-2780 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 291 IS 2 BP 561 EP 567 DI 10.1007/s10967-011-1290-9 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 873DY UT WOS:000298862400048 ER PT J AU Crandall, ED Sbrocco, EJ DeBoer, TS Barber, PH Carpenter, KE AF Crandall, Eric D. Sbrocco, Elizabeth J. DeBoer, Timery S. Barber, Paul H. Carpenter, Kent E. TI Expansion Dating: Calibrating Molecular Clocks in Marine Species from Expansions onto the Sunda Shelf Following the Last Glacial Maximum SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE time-dependency; population expansion; mutation rate; molecular clock; marine invertebrates ID PLEISTOCENE CORAL-REEFS; HUMAN MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; PURIFYING SELECTION; DIVERGENCE TIMES; POPULATION-SIZE; GENERATION TIME; SEA LEVELS; COMPARATIVE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; DEMOGRAPHIC HISTORY; STATISTICAL TESTS AB The rate of change in DNA is an important parameter for understanding molecular evolution and hence for inferences drawn from studies of phylogeography and phylogenetics. Most rate calibrations for mitochondrial coding regions in marine species have been made from divergence dating for fossils and vicariant events older than 1-2 My and are typically 0.5-2% per lineage per million years. Recently, calibrations made with ancient DNA (aDNA) from younger dates have yielded faster rates, suggesting that estimates of the molecular rate of change depend on the time of calibration, decaying from the instantaneous mutation rate to the phylogenetic substitution rate. aDNA methods for recent calibrations are not available for most marine taxa so instead we use radiometric dates for sea-level rise onto the Sunda Shelf following the Last Glacial Maximum (starting similar to 18,000 years ago), which led to massive population expansions for marine species. Instead of divergence dating, we use a two-epoch coalescent model of logistic population growth preceded by a constant population size to infer a time in mutational units for the beginning of these expansion events. This model compares favorably to simpler coalescent models of constant population size, and exponential or logistic growth, and is far more precise than estimates from the mismatch distribution. Mean rates estimated with this method for mitochondrial coding genes in three invertebrate species are elevated in comparison to older calibration points (2.3-6.6% per lineage per million years), lending additional support to the hypothesis of calibration time dependency for molecular rates. C1 [Crandall, Eric D.; Carpenter, Kent E.] Old Dominion Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. [Sbrocco, Elizabeth J.; DeBoer, Timery S.] Boston Univ, Dept Biol, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Barber, Paul H.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Crandall, ED (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA USA. EM eric.crandall@noaa.gov FU National Science Foundation (NSF) [OISE-0730256, OCE-0349177] FX Impetus for this project came from discussions in a population genetics graduate seminar, led by M. Sorenson, at Boston University in 2007. It was developed while E. D. C. was a postdoctoral associate with Old Dominion University and a visiting scholar at the Marine Sciences Institute of the University of the Philippines, kindly hosted by M. A. Juinio-Menez. This work is part of the Coral Triangle Partnerships for International Research and Education, funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF)-OISE-0730256. Collection of DNA sequence data used in this study was supported by NSF grant OCE-0349177. We would like to acknowledge our Indonesian partners: Udayana University for hosting our project, as well as the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) and the Indonesian Ministry of Science and Technology (RISTEK) for providing the necessary research permits. We thank N. Mahardika, H. Toha, and Ambariyanto for their sponsorship and logistical support. Some BEAST analyses were carried out by using the online resources of the Computational Biology Service Unit of Cornell University. We thank C. Burridge, A. Drummond, M. Hellberg, and three anonymous reviewers for constructive comments that improved the manuscript. E. D. C. thanks E. Anderson for statistical advice and S. Gulamhussein for her patience and support. NR 96 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 3 U2 56 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0737-4038 EI 1537-1719 J9 MOL BIOL EVOL JI Mol. Biol. Evol. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 29 IS 2 BP 707 EP 719 DI 10.1093/molbev/msr227 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 876SW UT WOS:000299129000020 PM 21926069 ER PT J AU Curtis, JE Raghunandan, S Nanda, H Krueger, S AF Curtis, Joseph E. Raghunandan, Sindhu Nanda, Hirsh Krueger, Susan TI SASSIE: A program to study intrinsically disordered biological molecules and macromolecular ensembles using experimental scattering restraints SO COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Small-angle scattering; X-ray scattering; Neutron scattering; Intrinsically disordered proteins; Protein structure; Computer modeling ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; SMALL-ANGLE NEUTRON; RELATE 2 SETS; PROTEIN; CONFORMATION; DYNAMICS; ROTATION; VECTORS; CHARMM AB A program to construct ensembles of biomolecular structures that are consistent with experimental scattering data are described. Specifically, we generate an ensemble of biomolecular structures by varying sets of backbone dihedral angles that are then filtered using experimentally determined restraints to rapidly determine structures that have scattering profiles that are consistent with scattering data. We discuss an application of these tools to predict a set of structures for the HIV-1 Gag protein, an intrinsically disordered protein, that are consistent with small-angle neutron scattering experimental data. We have assembled these algorithms into a program called SASSIE for structure generation, visualization, and analysis of intrinsically disordered proteins and other macromolecular ensembles using neutron and X-ray scattering restraints. Program summary Program title: SASSIE Catalogue identifier: AEKL_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEKL_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: GNU General Public License v3 No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 3 991 624 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 826 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: Python, C/C++, Fortran Computer: PC/Mac Operating system: 32- and 64-bit Linux (Ubuntu 10.04, Centos 5.6) and Mac OS X (10.6.6) RAM: 1 GB Classification: 3 External routines: Python 2.6.5, numpy 1.4.0, swig 1.3.40, scipy 0.8.0, Gnuplot-py-1.8, Tcl 8.5, Tk 8.5, Mac installation requires aquaterm 1.0 (or X window system) and Xcode 3 development tools. Nature of problem: Open source software to generate structures of disordered biological molecules that subsequently allow for the comparison of computational and experimental results is limiting the use of scattering resources. Solution method: Starting with an all atom model of a protein, for example, users can input regions to vary dihedral angles, ensembles of structures can be generated. Additionally, simple two-body rigid-body rotations are supported with and without disordered regions. Generated structures can then be used to calculate small-angle scattering profiles which can then be filtered against experimentally determined data. Filtered structures can be visualized individually or as an ensemble using density plots. In the modular and expandable program framework the user can easily access our subroutines and structural coordinates can be easily obtained for study using other computational physics methods. Additional comments: The distribution file for this program is over 159 Mbytes and therefore is not delivered directly when download or Email is requested. Instead an html file giving details of how the program can be obtained is sent. Running time: Varies depending on application. Typically 10 minutes to 24 hours depending on the number of generated structures. C1 [Curtis, Joseph E.; Raghunandan, Sindhu; Nanda, Hirsh; Krueger, Susan] NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Curtis, JE (reprint author), NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joseph.curtis@nist.gov FU National Institute of Standards and Technology, US Department of Commerce FX We acknowledge the support of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, US Department of Commerce, for providing the neutron facilities used in this work. Brand names are stated for clarity only and their use does not imply an endorsement by NIST. We also thank Alan Rein and Siddhartha A.K. Datta of the National Cancer Institute-Frederick for valuable discussions and for help in obtaining the experimental data reported in this paper. NR 34 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0010-4655 J9 COMPUT PHYS COMMUN JI Comput. Phys. Commun. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 183 IS 2 BP 382 EP 389 DI 10.1016/j.cpc.2011.09.010 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 868OA UT WOS:000298531400019 ER PT J AU Salinas, S Munch, SB AF Salinas, Santiago Munch, Stephan B. TI Thermal legacies: transgenerational effects of temperature on growth in a vertebrate SO ECOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Cyprinodon variegatus; ecological epigenetics; maternal effects; sheepshead minnow ID ESTUARINE SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW; SIZE-SELECTIVE MORTALITY; CYPRINODON-VARIEGATUS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; RAPID EVOLUTION; LIFE-HISTORY AB Transgenerational plasticity (TGP), a generalisation of more widely studied maternal effects, occurs whenever environmental cues experienced by either parent prior to fertilisation results in a modification of offspring reaction norms. Such effects have been observed in many traits across many species. Despite enormous potential importanceparticularly in an era of rapid climate changeTGP in thermal growth physiology has never been demonstrated for vertebrates. We provide the first evidence for thermal TGP in a vertebrate: given sufficient time, sheepshead minnows adaptively program their offspring for maximal growth at the present temperature. The change in growth over a single generation (c. 30%) exceeds the single-generation rate of adaptive evolution by an order of magnitude. If widespread, transgenerational effects on thermal performance may have important implications on physiology, ecology and contemporary evolution, and may significantly alter the extinction risk posed by changing climate. C1 [Salinas, Santiago; Munch, Stephan B.] SUNY Stony Brook, Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Munch, Stephan B.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Salinas, S (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM santiago.salinas@stonybrook.edu OI Salinas, Santiago/0000-0002-8400-4740 FU W. B. Turner Dissertation Fellowship FX We thank Jo Anne Siskidis for experimental assistance, Tom Hurst for inspiring discussions, and Eric Anderson, Doug Futuyma, Marc Mangel, Sarah Newkirk, Kestrel Perez, Stephen Sabatino, Will Satterthwaite, Sue Sogard, Mark Sokolowski, George Somero and Masatoshi Sugeno for comments on a previous version of the manuscript. S. S. was supported by a W. B. Turner Dissertation Fellowship. NR 51 TC 88 Z9 89 U1 16 U2 138 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1461-023X EI 1461-0248 J9 ECOL LETT JI Ecol. Lett. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 15 IS 2 BP 159 EP 163 DI 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01721.x PG 5 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 872YU UT WOS:000298848200010 PM 22188553 ER PT J AU Pool, SS Reese, DC Brodeur, RD AF Pool, Suzan S. Reese, Douglas C. Brodeur, Richard D. TI Defining marine habitat of juvenile Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and coho salmon, O. kisutch, in the northern California Current System SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE Regression trees; GIS; Coho salmon; Chinook salmon; California Current; Habitat ID COLUMBIA RIVER PLUME; PACIFIC SALMON; COASTAL OCEAN; OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; CURRENT ECOSYSTEM; SURVIVAL RATES; WATERS; WASHINGTON; ABUNDANCE AB We investigated habitat use by juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) to identify environmental characteristics that may define their optimal marine habitat. We utilized physical and biological data from four cruises in the northern California Current system from Newport, Oregon, to Crescent City, California, in June and August 2000 and 2002. A non-parametric statistical method was used to analyze and select environmental parameters that best defined ocean habitat for each species. Regression trees were generated for all cruises combined to select the most important habitat variables. Chlorophyll a concentration best defined habitat of yearling Chinook salmon, while decapod larvae, salinity, and neuston biovolume defined habitat of yearling coho salmon. Using criteria from the regression tree analysis, GIS maps were produced to show that the habitat of yearling Chinook salmon was widespread over the continental shelf and the habitat of yearling coho salmon was variable and mainly north of Cape Blanco. C1 [Pool, Suzan S.] Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Reese, Douglas C.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Brodeur, Richard D.] NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Pool, SS (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, 2030 Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM suz_pool@yahoo.com NR 44 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD FEB PY 2012 VL 93 IS 2 BP 233 EP 243 DI 10.1007/s10641-011-9909-9 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 872JZ UT WOS:000298807000008 ER PT J AU Beck, JL Rooker, JR AF Beck, Jessica L. Rooker, Jay R. TI Effect of predator exposure on the performance and survival of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE Anti-predator; Hatchery; Prey-capture; Survival skills ID FISH GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; GUPPY POECILIA-RETICULATA; CAPELIN MALLOTUS-VILLOSUS; JELLYFISH AURELIA AURITA; HATCHERY-REARED FISH; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; FATHEAD MINNOWS; HERRING LARVAE; COHO SALMON AB The influence of predator exposure on the survival of hatchery red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus was investigated under laboratory conditions. Several prey-capture (attack distance, mean attack velocity, capture time, and gape cycle duration) and anti-predator (reaction distance, response distance, mean velocity, and maximum velocity) performance variables were quantified using high-speed video for juvenile red drum (25-30 mm standard length, L (S) ) reared with and without predators (pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides). Univariate contrasts of prey-capture events demonstrated that attack distance (mean +/- s.e.) was significantly greater in red drum reared with (1.20 +/- 0.16 mm) versus without (0.65 +/- 0.09 mm) pinfish predators. During anti-predator events, red drum reared with predators had approximately 300% greater reaction distance and 20%-30% greater response distance, mean velocity and maximum velocity versus fish reared without predators; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Following video assessments, a series of mortality experiments were conducted using free-ranging pinfish predators. Mortality rates (Z) ranged from 0.047 to 0.060 (Z/hr/predator) and did not differ significantly among treatments. C1 [Beck, Jessica L.] SE Reg Off, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Rooker, Jay R.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Marine Biol, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. RP Beck, JL (reprint author), SE Reg Off, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 263 13th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM jess.beck@noaa.gov RI Rooker, Jay/M-3197-2013 OI Rooker, Jay/0000-0002-5934-7688 FU Texas Advanced Technology Program [161979]; Coastal Conservation Association; International Women's Fishing Association FX We would like to thank Robert Vega and David Abrego and the staff of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department SeaCenter hatchery in Lake Jackson, Texas for supplying the red drum used in experimental trials. We also thank Claudia Friess for her assistance in the laboratory and Coral Seafood and Bait in Galveston, Texas for providing the pinfish predators used in this study. Funding was provided by a grant from the Texas Advanced Technology Program to JRR (ATP # 161979). Additional scholarship support to JLB was provided by the Coastal Conservation Association and the International Women's Fishing Association. All trials were conducted in accordance with the University Laboratory Animal Care Committee (ULACC) animal care and use protocol (AUP # 2004-101). NR 67 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD FEB PY 2012 VL 93 IS 2 BP 267 EP 276 DI 10.1007/s10641-011-9912-1 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 872JZ UT WOS:000298807000011 ER PT J AU Friedland, KD Manning, JP Link, JS Gilbert, JR Gilbert, AT O'Connell, AF AF Friedland, K. D. Manning, J. P. Link, J. S. Gilbert, J. R. Gilbert, A. T. O'Connell, A. F., Jr. TI Variation in wind and piscivorous predator fields affecting the survival of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in the Gulf of Maine SO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE climate; migration; post-smolt survival; predation; recruitment; temperature ID POST-SMOLT GROWTH; DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; MARINE SURVIVAL; NORTHWEST ATLANTIC; FISH COMMUNITY; ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA; PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; HARBOR PORPOISES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; UNITED-STATES AB Observations relevant to the North American stock complex of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., suggest that marine mortality is influenced by variation in predation pressure affecting post-smolts during the first months at sea. This hypothesis was tested for Gulf of Maine (GOM) stocks by examining wind pseudostress and the distribution of piscivorous predator fields potentially affecting post-smolts. Marine survival has declined over recent decades with a change in the direction of spring winds, which is likely extending the migration of post-smolts by favouring routes using the western GOM. In addition to changes in spring wind patterns, higher spring sea surface temperatures have been associated with shifting distributions of a range of fish species. The abundance of several pelagic piscivores, which based on their feeding habits may predate on salmon post-smolts, has increased in the areas that serve as migration corridors for post-smolts. In particular, populations of silver hake, Merluccius bilinearis (Mitchell), red hake, Urophycis chuss (Walbaum), and spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias L., increased in size in the portion of the GOM used by post-smolts. Climate variation and shifting predator distributions in the GOM are consistent with the predator hypothesis of recruitment control suggested for the stock complex. C1 [Friedland, K. D.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. [Manning, J. P.; Link, J. S.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Gilbert, J. R.] Univ Maine, Orono, ME USA. [Gilbert, A. T.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Augusta, ME USA. [O'Connell, A. F., Jr.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Friedland, KD (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM kevin.friedland@noaa.gov NR 70 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 4 U2 25 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0969-997X J9 FISHERIES MANAG ECOL JI Fisheries Manag. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 19 IS 1 BP 22 EP 35 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2400.2011.00814.x PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 871JA UT WOS:000298732900003 ER PT J AU Brenkman, SJ Duda, JJ Torgersen, CE Welty, E Pess, GR Peters, R Mchenry, ML AF Brenkman, S. J. Duda, J. J. Torgersen, C. E. Welty, E. Pess, G. R. Peters, R. Mchenry, M. L. TI A riverscape perspective of Pacific salmonids and aquatic habitats prior to large-scale dam removal in the Elwha River, Washington, USA SO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dam removal; recolonisation; riverscape; salmonid; snorkel survey ID JUVENILE COHO SALMON; LARGE WOODY DEBRIS; CHINOOK SALMON; CUTTHROAT TROUT; BULL TROUT; CHANNEL HYDRAULICS; BASE-LINE; FISH; STREAM; STEELHEAD AB Dam removal has been increasingly proposed as a river restoration technique. In 2011, two large hydroelectric dams will be removed from Washington States Elwha River. Ten anadromous fish populations are expected to recolonise historical habitats after dam removal. A key to understanding watershed recolonisation is the collection of spatially continuous information on fish and aquatic habitats. A riverscape approach with an emphasis on biological data has rarely been applied in mid-sized, wilderness rivers, particularly in consecutive years prior to dam removal. Concurrent snorkel and habitat surveys were conducted from the headwaters to the mouth (rkm 650) of the Elwha River in 2007 and 2008. This riverscape approach characterised the spatial extent, assemblage structure and patterns of relative density of Pacific salmonids. The presence of dams influenced the longitudinal patterns of fish assemblages, and species richness was the highest downstream of the dams, where anadromous salmonids still have access. The percent composition of salmonids was similar in both years for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), coastal cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii (Richardson) (89%; 88%), Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) (8%; 9%), and bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus (Suckley) (3% in both years). Spatial patterns of abundance for rainbow and cutthroat trout (r = 0.76) and bull trout (r = 0.70) were also consistent between years. Multivariate and univariate methods detected differences in habitat structure along the river profile caused by natural and anthropogenic factors. The riverscape view highlighted species-specific biological hotspots and revealed that 6069% of federally threatened bull trout occurred near or below the dams. Spatially continuous surveys will be vital in evaluating the effectiveness of upcoming dam removal projects at restoring anadromous salmonids. C1 [Brenkman, S. J.] Natl Pk Serv, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. [Duda, J. J.] US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. [Torgersen, C. E.; Welty, E.] Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosystem Sci Ctr, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Pess, G. R.] NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. [Peters, R.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lacey, WA USA. [Mchenry, M. L.] Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, Port Angeles, WA USA. RP Brenkman, SJ (reprint author), Natl Pk Serv, Olymp Natl Pk,600 E Pk Ave, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. EM sam_brenkman@nps.gov RI Duda, Jeffrey/A-7132-2009 OI Duda, Jeffrey/0000-0001-7431-8634 FU Olympic National Park; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; U.S. Geological Survey FX Special thanks to M. Beirne, S. Corbett, P. Crain, J. Dunham, M. Elofson, J. Ganzhorn, C. Glenney, M. Groce, M. Hanks, B. Hoffman, H. Hugunin, P. Kennedy, D. Lantz, T. Leavy, S. Neil, S. Samson, D. Shreffler, I. Smith, J. Starr and L. Ward for field assistance. B. Baccus, L. Baysinger, C. Hawkins Hoffman, R. Hoffman and R. Reisenbichler provided logistical support. Funding was provided by Olympic National Park, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Geological Survey. We thank T. Bennett, J. Ganzhorn, P. Roni and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. Use of trade names is for convenience of the reader and does not constitute endorsement by the US government. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. NR 76 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 12 U2 114 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0969-997X J9 FISHERIES MANAG ECOL JI Fisheries Manag. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 19 IS 1 BP 36 EP 53 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2400.2011.00815.x PG 18 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 871JA UT WOS:000298732900004 ER PT J AU Hale, PD Jargon, J Wang, CMJ Grossman, B Claudius, M Torres, JL Dienstfrey, A Williams, DF AF Hale, Paul D. Jargon, Jeffrey Wang, C. M. Jack Grossman, Brett Claudius, Mathew Torres, Jose L. Dienstfrey, Andrew Williams, Dylan F. TI A Statistical Study of De-Embedding Applied to Eye Diagram Analysis SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE Deconvolution; de-embedding; eye diagram; eye pattern; inverse problems; regularization ID SAMPLING OSCILLOSCOPES; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS; CALIBRATION; ALGORITHM; PHOTODIODES; SYSTEM AB We describe a stable method for calibrating digital waveforms and eye diagrams by use of the measurement system response function and its regularized inverse. The function describing the system response includes the response of the oscilloscope and any associated cables and test fixtures. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by performing a statistical analysis of the calculated eye height and eye width obtained from a controlled experiment consisting of multiple cable lengths, bit rates, and oscilloscope samplers. We also demonstrate our approach by measuring the transmission through a test device consisting of a short length of cable, a ball-grid array socket, and complicated circuit board. C1 [Hale, Paul D.; Jargon, Jeffrey] NIST, Optoelect Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Wang, C. M. Jack] NIST, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Grossman, Brett] Intel Corp, Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA. [Claudius, Mathew] Intel Corp, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA. [Torres, Jose L.] Intel Corp, Chandler, AZ 85226 USA. [Dienstfrey, Andrew] NIST, Appl & Computat Math Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Williams, Dylan F.] NIST, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hale, PD (reprint author), NIST, Optoelect Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM hale@boulder.nist.gov RI Hale, Paul/B-1737-2013 NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9456 EI 1557-9662 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 61 IS 2 BP 475 EP 488 DI 10.1109/TIM.2011.2164853 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 873MS UT WOS:000298888000020 ER PT J AU Johnson, PM Yoon, J Kelly, JY Howarter, JA Stafford, CM AF Johnson, Peter M. Yoon, Joonsung Kelly, Jennifer Y. Howarter, John A. Stafford, Christopher M. TI Molecular layer-by-layer deposition of highly crosslinked polyamide films SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE layer growth; membranes; polycondensation; polyamides; thin films ID REVERSE-OSMOSIS MEMBRANE; THIN-FILMS; INTERFACIAL POLYMERIZATION; FABRICATION; NANOSCALE; WATER AB A molecular layer-by-layer (mLbL) deposition process is demonstrated to synthesize conformal coatings of crosslinked polyamide. This process controls the rapid reaction of trimesoyl chloride and m-phenylene diamine, unlike interfacial polymerization techniques which produce rough films and poorly defined network structure. Layer-by-layer polyamide films appear structurally similar to interfacially polymerized films with a linear film growth rate of approximate to 0.9 nm per cycle. Films made by mLbL deposition show a 70-fold decrease in surface roughness as compared to a commercial, interfacially polymerized polyamide. Surface chemistry could be controlled based on which reaction step was performed last, leading to amine or carboxylic acid rich surfaces. With the ability to control chemical structure throughout the crosslinked network, this technique provides new routes to build polyamide films and improve analysis techniques for commercial applications such as reverse osmosis membranes. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 50: 168-173, 2012 C1 [Johnson, Peter M.; Yoon, Joonsung; Kelly, Jennifer Y.; Howarter, John A.; Stafford, Christopher M.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Johnson, Peter M.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Stafford, CM (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM chris.stafford@nist.gov NR 23 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 8 U2 61 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD FEB 1 PY 2012 VL 50 IS 3 BP 168 EP 173 DI 10.1002/polb.23002 PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 867UX UT WOS:000298481400002 ER PT J AU Kelly, JF Shipley, JR Chilson, PB Howard, KW Frick, WF Kunz, TH AF Kelly, Jeffrey F. Shipley, J. Ryan Chilson, Phillip B. Howard, Kenneth W. Frick, Winifred F. Kunz, Thomas H. TI Quantifying animal phenology in the aerosphere at a continental scale using NEXRAD weather radars SO ECOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE aeroecology; continental scale; NEXRAD; phenology; remote sensing ID RECENT CLIMATE-CHANGE; BIRD MIGRATION; RESPONSES; ECOLOGY; SHIFTS; NDVI AB One of the primary ecological manifestations of climate change is a shift in the timing of events in a species' annual cycle. Such phenological shifts have been documented in numerous taxa, but data for animals have been derived primarily from human observers rather than networks of instruments used for remote sensing. The potential to use the network of weather radars in the United States (NEXRAD) to remotely sense animal phenologies could advance our understanding of the spatiotemporal scaling of phenologies in relation to shifts in local and regional climate. We tested the utility of NEXRAD radar products for quantifying the phenology of the purple martin (Progne subis) at summer roost sites in the United States. We found that the maximum radar reflectivity value in the hour before local sunrise above purple martin roost sites contained a strong phenological signal of significantly increased radar reflectivity during June, July, and August 2010. The seasonal pattern in this radar signal matched our expectation of the timing of formation and dissipation of these seasonal roosts. Radar reflectivity was greater and less variable when considering roosts close to NEXRAD stations (< 25 km) than when including all 358 documented roosts; there was a negative relationship between maximum reflectivity and the distance between a roost and the nearest NEXRAD. Our results suggest that: (1) mosaicked NEXRAD radar products are a valuable source of information on the phenology of bioscatter in the aerosphere; (2) citizen scientists who document the locations of roosts on the ground are providing critical information for advancing our understanding of animal phenology and aeroecology; and (3) ongoing research that examines spatiotemporal relationships among radar-derived phenologies in airborne organisms, climate, and land cover change are likely to provide further insights. C1 [Kelly, Jeffrey F.; Shipley, J. Ryan] Univ Oklahoma, Oklahoma Biol Survey, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Kelly, Jeffrey F.] Univ Oklahoma, Ecol & Evolutionary Biol Program, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Kelly, Jeffrey F.] Univ Oklahoma, Dept Zool, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Chilson, Phillip B.] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Chilson, Phillip B.] Univ Oklahoma, Atmospher Radar Res Ctr, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Howard, Kenneth W.] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Frick, Winifred F.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Environm Studies, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Frick, Winifred F.; Kunz, Thomas H.] Boston Univ, Dept Biol, Ctr Ecol & Conservat Biol, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Kelly, JF (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Oklahoma Biol Survey, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM jeffrey.f.kelly@gmail.com FU NSF [IOS-0541740, EPS-0919466, DBI-0905881]; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Severe Storms Laboratory [NA08OAR4320904]; Boston University's Center for Ecology and Conservation Biology FX Brian Kaney of NOAA/NSSL facilitated our access and processing of radar data through soar.ou.edu. JFK and JRS were supported by NSF Grants IOS-0541740 and EPS-0919466. WFF was supported on NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship DBI-0905881. PBC was funded in part through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Severe Storms Laboratory grant NA08OAR4320904. THK was funded by Boston University's Center for Ecology and Conservation Biology. NR 39 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 4 U2 22 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 2150-8925 J9 ECOSPHERE JI Ecosphere PD FEB PY 2012 VL 3 IS 2 AR UNSP 16 DI 10.1890/ES11-00257.1 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 256HA UT WOS:000327299100004 ER PT J AU Barnes, JE Sharma, NCP AF Barnes, John E. Sharma, Nimmi C. P. TI An inexpensive active optical remote sensing instrument for assessing aerosol distributions SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID BISTATIC LIDAR; CAMERA LIDAR; NEPHELOMETER; DEPTH; TOOL AB Air quality studies on a broad variety of topics from health impacts to source/sink analyses, require information on the distributions of atmospheric aerosols over both altitude and time. An inexpensive, simple to implement, ground-based optical remote sensing technique has been developed to assess aerosol distributions. The technique, called CLidar (Charge Coupled Device Camera Light Detection and Ranging), provides aerosol altitude profiles over time. In the CLidar technique a relatively low-power laser transmits light vertically into the atmosphere. The transmitted laser light scatters off of air molecules, clouds, and aerosols. The entire beam from ground to zenith is imaged using a CCD camera and wide-angle (100 degree) optics which are a few hundred meters from the laser. The CLidar technique is optimized for low altitude (boundary layer and lower troposphere) measurements where most aerosols are found and where many other profiling techniques face difficulties. Currently the technique is limited to nighttime measurements. Using the CLidar technique aerosols may be mapped over both altitude and time. The instrumentation required is portable and can easily be moved to locations of interest (e.g downwind from factories or power plants, near highways). This paper describes the CLidar technique, implementation and data analysis and offers specifics for users wishing to apply the technique for aerosol profiles. Implications: Air quality studies require information on atmospheric aerosols over both altitude and time. A new inexpensive, simple, ground-based optical remote sensing technique assesses aerosol distributions. In the technique, called CLidar, a laser transmits light vertically into the nighttime atmosphere. The laser light scatters off of air molecules, clouds, and aerosols and the entire beam is imaged using a CCD camera and wide-angle optics. CLidar is optimized for boundary layer measurements where most aerosols are found. The instrumentation is portable and can easily be moved to locations of interest (e.g., downwind from factories or power plants, near highways). C1 [Barnes, John E.] NOAA, Mauna Loa Observ, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. [Sharma, Nimmi C. P.] Cent Connecticut State Univ, Dept Phys & Earth Sci, New Britain, CT 06050 USA. RP Barnes, JE (reprint author), NOAA, Mauna Loa Observ, 1437 Kilauea Ave, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. EM John.E.Barnes@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 14 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 520 CHESTNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1096-2247 EI 2162-2906 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2012 VL 62 IS 2 BP 198 EP 203 DI 10.1080/10473289.2011.639927 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 891DN UT WOS:000300196800006 PM 22442935 ER PT J AU Bonin, CA Goebel, ME O'Corry-Crowe, GM Burton, RS AF Bonin, Carolina A. Goebel, Michael E. O'Corry-Crowe, Gregory M. Burton, Ronald S. TI Twins or not? Genetic analysis of putative twins in Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella, on the South Shetland Islands SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fostering; Heteropaternity; Otariid; Pinniped; Relatedness; Twinning ID MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD-ESTIMATION; ELEPHANT SEALS; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; PAIRWISE RELATEDNESS; GENOTYPING ERRORS; INBREEDING COEFFICIENTS; PATERNITY INFERENCE; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; FOSTERING BEHAVIOR; MOLECULAR MARKERS AB Genetic analyses can reliably determine the relationships among putative cases of twins in pinniped species. These studies demonstrate that field observations of nursing twins may often be cases of adoption or foster nursing of unrelated pups. A recent study of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) on South Georgia Island found that only 3 of 11 putative twin cases were truly twins. Here we report results of genetic testing of eight putative cases of twinning (twin siblings and mother) observed at Cape Shirreff (62 degrees 27'30 '' S, 60 degrees 47'17 '' W), Livingston Island, Antarctica. Parentage and relatedness analyses using 18 microsatellite markers confirmed six out of the eight cases as twins and two cases of adoption/foster nursing of unrelated pups. All twins analyzed were dizygotic and in five out of six cases, the twins were likely full siblings (relatedness coefficient, or r(xy)mu = 0.46, o(2) = 0.004). In one case, the twins were likely half-siblings (r(xy) = 0.17), supporting a previous finding of heteropaternity in Antarctic fur seals. This result suggests that mate infidelity during estrus maybe common in Antarctic fur seals, which has implications for our understanding of this species's mating system. The twinning rate estimated at Cape Shirreff (0.12% or 6 twins per 4,965 births) is consistent with the scarcity of twin births observed in pinnipeds, which is associated with the high cost of nursing multiple pups in these animals. (c) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Bonin, Carolina A.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biodivers & Conservat, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Goebel, Michael E.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Antarctic Ecosyst Res Div, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. [O'Corry-Crowe, Gregory M.] Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. [Burton, Ronald S.] Univ Calif San Diego, Div Marine Biol Res, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Bonin, CA (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biodivers & Conservat, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM cabonin@ucsd.edu; Mike.Goebel@noaa.gov; gocorryc@hboi.fau.edu; rburton@ucsd.edu RI Burton, Ron/F-7694-2010 FU NSF/IGERT [0903551] FX C.A. Bonin is currently supported by NSF/IGERT grant # 0903551. This research was conducted with resources granted by the United States Antarctic Marine Living Resources Program (US-AMLR). We specially thank Dr. George Watters for his support. Laboratory logistics was provided by the Protected Resources Division at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, CA, USA (including the Marine Mammal and Marine Turtle Molecular Research Collection where the samples of this study are currently housed). We thank Amanda Bowman, Victoria Pease and Gabriela Serra-Valente, for kindly handling budget, purchasing and sample archiving. This project was conducted with the invaluable field assistance of Raymond Buchheit, Ryan Burner, Kevin Pietrzak, and Scott Freeman. We thank Rosa Runcie for The study site map. Eric Lewallen, Amy Van Cise, Kathleen Fisch and Sean Schoville largely improved this manuscript with their reviews. We also thank Dr. William Perrin for final edits. We are very grateful to the "Programa Antartico Brasileiro" (PROANTAR) and the "Ministerio da Ciencia e Tecnologia do Brasil", especially Dra. Maria Cordelia Machado and CMD Jose Robson de Oliveira Medeiros for their generous support during the 2009-10 field season. Finally, we thank three anonymous referees for reviewing this manuscript, providing us with helpful comments and suggestions. [RH] NR 61 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD JAN 31 PY 2012 VL 412 BP 13 EP 19 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2011.10.010 PG 7 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 906AG UT WOS:000301316700002 ER PT J AU Drumm, DT Kreiser, B AF Drumm, David T. Kreiser, Brian TI Population genetic structure and phylogeography of Mesokalliapseudes macsweenyi (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) in the northwestern Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Crustacea; Phylogeography; Population genetics; Tanaidacea ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA VARIATION; SPECIES COMPLEX; BRACHIDONTES-EXUSTUS; SCORCHED MUSSEL; CONTROL REGION; HISTORY; SEQUENCES; CRAB; SPECIATION; DISPERSAL AB Various studies of Gulf of Mexico/Atlantic populations have detected a phylogeographic break created by the Florida peninsula despite the fact that many of these species possess planktonic larvae and/or highly vagile adults. In light of these results, one would predict that the genetic structure in a species with limited dispersal ability would be heavily influenced by the geologic history of this region. Mesokalliapseudes macsweenyi is a direct developing benthic crustacean that occurs in coastal regions of the southeastern United States, ranging from South Carolina to Mississippi. Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences were obtained from 159 specimens representing eight collection sites from across a large portion of its known range to assess the population genetic and phylogeographic structure. Significant genetic structure existed among populations and between the Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico regions, consistent with expectations based on its life history of direct larval development and a sedentary adult stage. Demographic analyses inferred a population expansion in the Gulf of Mexico, which might reflect a Pleistocene post-glacial range expansion. The significant population structure exhibited by the northern Gulf of Mexico populations is likely the product of isolation among populations post expansion, but the diversity of haplotypes might also reflect under-sampled variation or the persistence of individuals in northern refugia during the Pleistocene. Crown Copyright (c) 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Drumm, David T.] Univ So Mississippi, Dept Coastal Sci, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. [Kreiser, Brian] Univ So Mississippi, Dept Biol Sci, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. RP Drumm, DT (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM david.drumm@eagles.usm.edu; Brian.Kreiser@usm.edu FU Univ. of Southern Mississippi, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory; NSF [DEB-0529749] FX We wish to thank all the people who collected and/or provided specimens: the senior author's former Master's thesis advisor, Charles Messing (Nova Southeastern Univ. Oceanographic Center) and his graduate student Eric Rosch; Thomas Dix and David Karlen of the Environmental Protection Commission of Hillsborough County; and fellow colleagues John Foster and Kris White for their help in the field. Thanks to the two anonymous reviewers who improved the quality of the manuscript. The senior author would like to acknowledge his doctoral advisor, Richard W. Heard (Univ. of Southern Mississippi, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory) for supporting this study. This study was initially supported by an NSF grant (DEB-0529749). [RH] NR 73 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD JAN 31 PY 2012 VL 412 BP 58 EP 65 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2011.10.023 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 906AG UT WOS:000301316700008 ER PT J AU Woodson, SA Kilburn, D Roh, JH Briber, RM AF Woodson, Sarah A. Kilburn, Duncan Roh, Joon Ho Briber, R. M. TI RNA Folding in Crowded Solutions SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY FEB 25-29, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP Biophys Soc C1 [Woodson, Sarah A.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biophys, Baltimore, MD USA. [Kilburn, Duncan] Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. [Roh, Joon Ho; Briber, R. M.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Roh, Joon Ho] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN 31 PY 2012 VL 102 IS 3 SU 1 BP 3A EP 4A PG 2 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 179ZF UT WOS:000321561200018 ER PT J AU Kent, MS Akgun, B Nanda, H Curtis, JE Satija, S Shi, XM Engen, JR AF Kent, Michael S. Akgun, Bulent Nanda, Hirsh Curtis, Joseph E. Satija, Sushil Shi, Xiaomeng Engen, John R. TI Conformational Change of HIV Nef upon Insertion into Lipid Membranes Resolved by Neutron Reflectivity SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY FEB 25-29, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP Biophys Soc C1 [Kent, Michael S.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Akgun, Bulent; Nanda, Hirsh; Curtis, Joseph E.; Satija, Sushil] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Shi, Xiaomeng; Engen, John R.] Northeastern Univ, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN 31 PY 2012 VL 102 IS 3 SU 1 BP 26A EP 26A PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 179ZF UT WOS:000321561200130 ER PT J AU Shekhar, P Zimmermann, K Losche, M Stern, LJ Heinrich, F AF Shekhar, Prabhanshu Zimmermann, Kerstin Loesche, Mathias Stern, Lawrence J. Heinrich, Frank TI Lipid Membrane Association of the T Cell Antigen Receptor zeta Subunit: Affinities and Structure SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY FEB 25-29, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP Biophys Soc C1 [Shekhar, Prabhanshu; Loesche, Mathias; Heinrich, Frank] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Zimmermann, Kerstin; Stern, Lawrence J.] Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Worcester, MA USA. [Loesche, Mathias; Heinrich, Frank] NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN 31 PY 2012 VL 102 IS 3 SU 1 BP 32A EP 32A PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 179ZF UT WOS:000321561200162 ER PT J AU Holmstrom, ED Nesbitt, DJ AF Holmstrom, Erik D. Nesbitt, David J. TI Localized Heating of Single Oligonucleotides using Infrared Light SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY FEB 25-29, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP Biophys Soc C1 Univ Colorado, NIST, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN 31 PY 2012 VL 102 IS 3 SU 1 BP 180A EP 180A PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 179ZF UT WOS:000321561201198 ER PT J AU Lee, JY Tokumasu, F Sackett, D Nossal, R Hwang, J AF Lee, Ji Youn Tokumasu, Fuyuki Sackett, Dan Nossal, Ralph Hwang, Jeeseong TI Label-Free Hyperspectral Imaging of Intracellular Hemoglobin in Human Erythrocytes SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY FEB 25-29, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP Biophys Soc C1 [Lee, Ji Youn; Hwang, Jeeseong] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Tokumasu, Fuyuki; Sackett, Dan; Nossal, Ralph] NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN 31 PY 2012 VL 102 IS 3 SU 1 BP 195A EP 195A PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 179ZF UT WOS:000321561201280 ER PT J AU Fore, S Koberling, F Koenig, M Kapusta, P Kraemer, B Ewers, B Erdmann, R Ruettinger, S Fiore, JL Nesbitt, D AF Fore, Samantha Koberling, Felix Koenig, Marcelle Kapusta, Peter Kraemer, Bendedikt Ewers, Benjamin Erdmann, Rainer Ruettinger, Steffen Fiore, Julie L. Nesbitt, David TI Time-Resolved Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy: A Generalized Approach Enables New Directions for FLIM, FRET and FCS SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY FEB 25-29, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP Biophys Soc C1 [Fore, Samantha] PicoQuant Photon North Amer Inc, Westfield, MA USA. [Koberling, Felix; Koenig, Marcelle; Kapusta, Peter; Kraemer, Bendedikt; Ewers, Benjamin; Erdmann, Rainer; Ruettinger, Steffen] PicoQuant GmbH, Berlin, Germany. [Fiore, Julie L.; Nesbitt, David] NIST, JILA, Boulder, CO USA. [Fiore, Julie L.; Nesbitt, David] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Kapusta, Peter/E-9688-2010 OI Kapusta, Peter/0000-0002-1975-7260 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN 31 PY 2012 VL 102 IS 3 SU 1 BP 199A EP 199A PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 179ZF UT WOS:000321561201302 ER PT J AU Nanda, H Weinrich, M Majkrzak, CF Maranville, BB Worcester, DL Bezrukov, SM AF Nanda, Hirsh Weinrich, Michael Majkrzak, Charles F. Maranville, Brian B. Worcester, David L. Bezrukov, Sergey M. TI Anesthetic Concentrations of Halothane Change the Domain Structure of Mixed Lipid Membranes SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY FEB 25-29, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP Biophys Soc C1 [Nanda, Hirsh; Majkrzak, Charles F.; Maranville, Brian B.; Worcester, David L.; Bezrukov, Sergey M.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Weinrich, Michael] NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN 31 PY 2012 VL 102 IS 3 SU 1 BP 288A EP 288A PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 179ZF UT WOS:000321561202049 ER PT J AU Krzyzanowski, N Garg, S Porcar, L Butler, PD Perez-Salas, U AF Krzyzanowski, Natalie Garg, Sumit Porcar, Lionel Butler, Paul D. Perez-Salas, Ursula TI Temperature Behavior of Nanometer-Size Lipid Domains in DPPC: DLPC Model Membranes Studied by Small Angle Neutron Scattering SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY FEB 25-29, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP Biophys Soc C1 [Krzyzanowski, Natalie; Garg, Sumit; Perez-Salas, Ursula] Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 20899 USA. [Porcar, Lionel] Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, Large Scale Structures Grp, Grenoble, France. [Butler, Paul D.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RI Butler, Paul/D-7368-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 EI 1542-0086 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN 31 PY 2012 VL 102 IS 3 SU 1 BP 293A EP 293A PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 179ZF UT WOS:000321561202073 ER PT J AU Lesoine, JF AF Lesoine, John F. TI Quantitative Scheme for Full-Field Polarization Rotating Fluorescence Microscopy (PROM) using a Liquid Crystal Variable Retarder SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY FEB 25-29, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP Biophys Soc C1 [Lesoine, John F.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN 31 PY 2012 VL 102 IS 3 SU 1 BP 300A EP 300A PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 179ZF UT WOS:000321561202110 ER PT J AU Shenoy, S Shekhar, P Heinrich, F Nanda, H Curtis, J King, K Gericke, A Ross, A Losche, M AF Shenoy, Siddharth Shekhar, Prabhanshu Heinrich, Frank Nanda, Hirsh Curtis, Joseph King, Katrice Gericke, Arne Ross, Alonzo Loesche, Mathias TI Structure and Kinetics of PTEN Tumor Suppressor Association with Lipid Membranes SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY FEB 25-29, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP Biophys Soc C1 [Shenoy, Siddharth; Shekhar, Prabhanshu; Heinrich, Frank; Nanda, Hirsh; Loesche, Mathias] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Heinrich, Frank; Nanda, Hirsh; Curtis, Joseph; Loesche, Mathias] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [King, Katrice; Gericke, Arne] Worcester Polytech Inst, Worcester, MA 01609 USA. [Ross, Alonzo] Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Worcester, MA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN 31 PY 2012 VL 102 IS 3 SU 1 BP 433A EP 433A PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 179ZF UT WOS:000321561203070 ER PT J AU Khodadadi, S Krueger, S Curtis, JE AF Khodadadi, Sheila Krueger, Susan Curtis, Joseph E. TI Protein Structure in Amorphous Solid Phase SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY FEB 25-29, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP Biophys Soc C1 [Khodadadi, Sheila; Krueger, Susan; Curtis, Joseph E.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN 31 PY 2012 VL 102 IS 3 SU 1 BP 443A EP 443A PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 179ZF UT WOS:000321561203119 ER PT J AU Montange, RK Bull, MS Shanblatt, ER Perkins, TT AF Montange, Rebecca K. Bull, Matthew S. Shanblatt, Elisabth R. Perkins, Thomas T. TI Optimizing Bead Size Improves Force Precision in Optical Traps SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY FEB 25-29, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP Biophys Soc C1 [Montange, Rebecca K.; Bull, Matthew S.; Shanblatt, Elisabth R.; Perkins, Thomas T.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Montange, Rebecca K.; Bull, Matthew S.; Shanblatt, Elisabth R.; Perkins, Thomas T.] NIST, Boulder, CO USA. [Bull, Matthew S.; Shanblatt, Elisabth R.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Perkins, Thomas T.] Univ Colorado, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN 31 PY 2012 VL 102 IS 3 SU 1 BP 577A EP 577A PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 179ZF UT WOS:000321561204094 ER PT J AU Meuse, CW AF Meuse, Curtis W. TI Measuring Moments of Protein Conformation Distributions using Infrared Spectroscopy SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY FEB 25-29, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP Biophys Soc C1 [Meuse, Curtis W.] NIST, Rockville, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN 31 PY 2012 VL 102 IS 3 SU 1 BP 590A EP 590A PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 179ZF UT WOS:000321561204164 ER PT J AU Drown, B Culbertson, MJ Reiner, JE Robertson, JWF Balijepalli, A Kasianowicz, JJ Burden, DL AF Drown, Bryon Culbertson, Michael J. Reiner, Joseph E. Robertson, Joseph W. F. Balijepalli, Arvind Kasianowicz, John J. Burden, Daniel L. TI Kinetic Dynamcs in an alpha Hl-Based Nanopore DNA Sequencer SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY FEB 25-29, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP Biophys Soc C1 [Drown, Bryon; Culbertson, Michael J.; Burden, Daniel L.] Wheaton Coll, Wheaton, IL 60187 USA. [Reiner, Joseph E.] Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA USA. [Robertson, Joseph W. F.; Balijepalli, Arvind; Kasianowicz, John J.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN 31 PY 2012 VL 102 IS 3 SU 1 BP 727A EP 727A PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 179ZF UT WOS:000321561205147 ER PT J AU Burden, DL Drown, B Culbertson, MJ Reiner, JE Robertson, JWF Balijepalli, A Kasianowicz, JJ AF Burden, Daniel L. Drown, Bryon Culbertson, Michael J. Reiner, Joseph E. Robertson, Joseph W. F. Balijepalli, Arvind Kasianowicz, John J. TI Simulating Nanopore Sensor Dynamics Over Long Times Scales SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY FEB 25-29, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP Biophys Soc C1 [Burden, Daniel L.; Drown, Bryon; Culbertson, Michael J.] Wheaton Coll, Wheaton, IL 60187 USA. [Reiner, Joseph E.] Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA USA. [Robertson, Joseph W. F.; Balijepalli, Arvind; Kasianowicz, John J.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN 31 PY 2012 VL 102 IS 3 SU 1 BP 728A EP 728A PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 179ZF UT WOS:000321561205154 ER PT J AU Nickels, JD O'Neill, H Curtis, JE Sokolov, A AF Nickels, Jonathan D. O'Neill, Hugh Curtis, Joseph E. Sokolov, Alexei TI Methyl Dynamics in Biological Macromolecules: Evolution and Implications SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY FEB 25-29, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP Biophys Soc C1 [Nickels, Jonathan D.; O'Neill, Hugh; Sokolov, Alexei] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. [Nickels, Jonathan D.; Sokolov, Alexei] Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA. [Curtis, Joseph E.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RI Nickels, Jonathan/I-1913-2012 OI Nickels, Jonathan/0000-0001-8351-7846 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN 31 PY 2012 VL 102 IS 3 SU 1 BP 731A EP 732A PG 2 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 179ZF UT WOS:000321561205169 ER PT J AU Balijepalli, A Lee, KI Im, W Pastor, RW AF Balijepalli, Arvind Lee, Kyu Il Im, Wonpil Pastor, Richard W. TI Modeling Polymer Interactions with Nanopores for DNA Sequencing and Proteomics Applications SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY FEB 25-29, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP Biophys Soc C1 [Balijepalli, Arvind; Pastor, Richard W.] NHLBI, Lab Computat Biol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. [Balijepalli, Arvind] NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Phys Measurement Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Lee, Kyu Il; Im, Wonpil] Univ Kansas, Dept Mol Biosci, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. [Lee, Kyu Il; Im, Wonpil] Univ Kansas, Ctr Bioinformat, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN 31 PY 2012 VL 102 IS 3 SU 1 BP 732A EP 732A PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 179ZF UT WOS:000321561205170 ER PT J AU Hudson, DD Kutz, JN Schibli, TR Christodoulides, DN Morandotti, R Cundiff, ST AF Hudson, Darren D. Kutz, J. Nathan Schibli, Thomas R. Christodoulides, Demetrios N. Morandotti, Roberto Cundiff, Steven T. TI Spatial distribution clamping of discrete spatial solitons due to three photon absorption in AlGaAs waveguide arrays SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL SOLITONS AB We observe clamping of the output spatial light distribution of a waveguide array. Using a chirped pulse amplifier we reach peak intensities in the waveguides of similar to 24 GW/cm(2). At this level, three photon absorption in the AlGaAs material clamps the discrete spatial soliton to a set distribution. Further increase in intensity does not change the distribution. (C) 2012 Optical Society of America C1 [Hudson, Darren D.; Schibli, Thomas R.; Cundiff, Steven T.] Univ Colorado, NIST, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Hudson, Darren D.; Schibli, Thomas R.; Cundiff, Steven T.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Kutz, J. Nathan] Univ Washington, Dept Appl Math, Seattle, WA USA. [Christodoulides, Demetrios N.] Univ Cent Florida, Coll Opt & Photon, CREOL, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. [Morandotti, Roberto] Univ Quebec, Inst Natl Rech Sci, Varennes, PQ, Canada. RP Hudson, DD (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NIST, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiff@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD JAN 30 PY 2012 VL 20 IS 3 BP 1939 EP 1944 DI 10.1364/OE.20.001939 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 895ME UT WOS:000300499500003 PM 22330434 ER PT J AU Willits, JT Weiner, AM Cundiff, ST AF Willits, John T. Weiner, Andrew M. Cundiff, Steven T. TI Line-by-line pulse shaping with spectral resolution below 890 MHz SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID IMAGED PHASED-ARRAY; WAVE-FORM GENERATION; WAVELENGTH DEMULTIPLEXER; DISPERSION; VIPA; LASER; COMB AB Line-by-line pulse shaping is demonstrated on a 890 MHz repetition rate mode-locked titanium sapphire laser. The high resolution pulse shaper is based on a virtual imaged phased array (VIPA) with a free spectral range of 25 GHz. For our implementation, the mask repeats every VIPA free spectral range, which corresponds to every 28 comb lines. Individual frequency modes from the laser are also resolved using the same VIPA paired with a diffraction grating to achieve a resolution of 357 MHz. Several output waveforms are compared with simulation to understand differences with the ideal case. (C) 2012 Optical Society of America C1 [Willits, John T.; Weiner, Andrew M.; Cundiff, Steven T.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Willits, John T.; Weiner, Andrew M.; Cundiff, Steven T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Willits, John T.; Cundiff, Steven T.] Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Weiner, Andrew M.] Purdue Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Willits, JT (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiff@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 FU NIST; National Science Foundation [ECCS-0601692] FX Funding for this project was provided by NIST. AMW also acknowledges funding from the National Science Foundation under Grant ECCS-0601692. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 22 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD JAN 30 PY 2012 VL 20 IS 3 BP 3110 EP 3117 DI 10.1364/OE.20.003110 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 895ME UT WOS:000300499500117 PM 22330548 ER PT J AU Killgore, JP Hurley, DC AF Killgore, Jason P. Hurley, Donna C. TI Pulsed contact resonance for atomic force microscopy nanomechanical measurements SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY; ADHESIVE AB We demonstrate an improved technique for nanomechanical imaging in atomic force microscopy. By merging the sensitivity to contact stiffness inherent to contact resonance (CR) spectroscopy with the delicate nature and potential for adhesion data of pulsed-force mode, we address major shortcomings of both techniques. Fast CR data are recorded during each pulsed cycle by driving the sample at two frequencies near the CR frequency and modeling the contact as a harmonic oscillator. The technique provides nanomechanical parameters including frequency, quality factor, and adhesion force. Compared to continuous contact, the technique should reduce damage and support more complex analysis models. [doi:10.1063/1.3680212] C1 [Killgore, Jason P.; Hurley, Donna C.] NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Killgore, Jason P.] Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Killgore, JP (reprint author), NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jason.killgore@nist.gov NR 22 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 23 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 30 PY 2012 VL 100 IS 5 AR 053104 DI 10.1063/1.3680212 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 889HW UT WOS:000300065300060 ER PT J AU Xia, YL Ek, M Wei, HL Meng, J AF Xia, Youlong Ek, Mike Wei, Helin Meng, Jesse TI Comparative analysis of relationships between NLDAS-2 forcings and model outputs SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE NLDAS-2; forcings; water and energy fluxes; land surface models ID DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; MESOSCALE ETA-MODEL; SCHEME AB This study reports results from an analysis of the relationship between atmospheric forcing and model-simulated water and energy fluxes for the North American Land Data Assimilation System Project Phase 2 (NLDAS-2). The relationships between mean monthly precipitation and total runoff are stronger in the Sacramento (SAC) and variable infiltration capacity (VIC) models, which grew out of the hydrological community, than in the Noah and Mosaic models, which grew out of the soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) community. The reverse is true for the relationship between mean monthly precipitation and evapotranspiration. In addition, surface energy fluxes in VIC are less sensitive to model forcing (except for air temperature) than those in the Noah and Mosaic model. Notwithstanding these general conclusions, the relationships between forcings and model-simulated water and energy fluxes for all models vary for different seasons, variables, and regions. These findings will ultimately inspire a combination of SVAT-type model energy components with hydrological model water components to develop a SVAT-hydrology model to improve both evapotranspiration and total runoff simulations. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Xia, Youlong; Ek, Mike; Wei, Helin; Meng, Jesse] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ctr Environm Modeling, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20233 USA. [Xia, Youlong; Wei, Helin; Meng, Jesse] NCEP EMC, IMSG, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Xia, YL (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ctr Environm Modeling, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20233 USA. EM youlong.xia@noaa.gov FU NOAA CPPA (Climate Prediction Program of the Americas) EMC FX YX would like to thank Dr Andy Wood from Colorado River Forecast Center whose edits/comments greatly improved the quality and readability of this paper. This project was supported by NOAA CPPA (Climate Prediction Program of the Americas) EMC core project. NR 25 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0885-6087 EI 1099-1085 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JAN 30 PY 2012 VL 26 IS 3 BP 467 EP 474 DI 10.1002/hyp.8240 PG 8 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 879ZJ UT WOS:000299373000014 ER PT J AU Fang, TW Forbes, JM AF Fang, Tzu-Wei Forbes, Jeffrey M. TI Ionosphere response to recurrent geomagnetic activity in 1974 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID QUASI 2-DAY OSCILLATION; WAVE TYPE OSCILLATIONS; SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; PLANETARY-WAVES; SOLAR-CYCLES; SPACED DATA; THERMOSPHERE; F2-LAYER; HEIGHT AB The 9 day variation of Earth's thermosphere neutral density in 2005 and 2006 is known to have been influenced by rotating solar coronal holes and the quasiperiodic solar wind high-speed streams (HSSs) and by the concomitant recurrent geomagnetic activity that they induce. The corresponding responses in ion temperature, ionospheric electron density, and total electron content have also been reported during the same period. In 1974, a significant 13.5 day periodicity in geomagnetic activity was created by the quasiperiodic HSS associated with two major solar coronal hole regions separated by about 180 degrees. In the present paper, ionospheric F-region peak plasma density (NmF2) and height (h(m)F(2)) in the daytime and nighttime from 12 ionosonde stations are analyzed to delineate the responses to this epoch of HSS forcing of the geospace system. Results show that the ionospheric responses to this 13.5 day periodic forcing are similar in some ways to responses to the 9 day periodicity. For instance, in middle and high latitudes, daytime and nighttime NmF2 is mostly out of phase with the fluctuations in the daily mean K-p index ((K-p) over bar), while the daytime h(m)F(2) are in phase with the (K-p) over bar fluctuations. Empirical model results confirm the important role of thermal expansion in connecting thermospheric and ionospheric changes driven by high-speed streams and recurrent geomagnetic activity. At low latitudes, the 13.5 day signatures are not as straightforward as those at middle and high latitudes, and significant spectral energy thought to be connected with planetary waves and perhaps other lower-atmosphere influences exists at periods of less than 13.5 days. C1 [Fang, Tzu-Wei] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Forbes, Jeffrey M.] Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Fang, Tzu-Wei] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Fang, TW (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, UCB 216, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Fang, Tzu-Wei/I-4882-2013; OI FORBES, JEFFREY/0000-0001-6937-0796 FU NASA [NNX09AI11G] FX This work was supported under NASA grant NNX09AI11G to the University of Colorado. The authors thank Bruce Bowman of Space Command for use of the neutral density data for 1974. NR 42 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 26 PY 2012 VL 117 AR A01318 DI 10.1029/2011JA017017 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 884IZ UT WOS:000299699500002 ER PT J AU Sergeev, V Nishimura, Y Kubyshkina, M Angelopoulos, V Nakamura, R Singer, H AF Sergeev, V. Nishimura, Y. Kubyshkina, M. Angelopoulos, V. Nakamura, R. Singer, H. TI Magnetospheric location of the equatorward prebreakup arc SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SUBSTORM GROWTH-PHASE; EARTH PLASMA SHEET; ISOTROPY BOUNDARIES; AURORAL ARCS; PRECIPITATION; CONFIGURATION; MAGNETOTAIL; PARTICLES; MIDNIGHT; TAIL AB We address the long-standing problem of the location and origin of the equatorwardmost Pre-Breakup auroral Arc (PBA) by combining energetic particle observations from NOAA Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) overpasses of prebreakup arcs with auroral imaging and magnetospheric observations from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission. The prebreakup arc was observed within a few minutes of auroral breakup and similar to 1-2 hours in MLT from the breakup meridian. For three ideal conjunctions out of 16 PBA crossings, we also construct a dynamically-adapted magnetospheric model after adding concurrent magnetic observations by the GOES spacecraft. Model-predicted isotropy boundaries of energetic particles are compared with observations, informing us about model uncertainties. Direct mapping with adapted models as well as particle flux comparisons between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere confirm that the PBA source lies within the region of the steep equatorial magnetic field gradient, where the equatorial field is also small (5-20 nT). That equatorial location, at roughly 8-10 Re, is likely the earthwardmost edge of the thin cross-tail current sheet. From observations we find that the prebreakup arc nearly coincides in latitude with the energy-dispersed, 30-300 keV electron isotropy boundary. Here the non-adiabatic electron precipitation from the high flux region of the outer radiation belt near its outer edge produces a narrow, intense energetic electron precipitation region, called the energetic electron arc (EEA). Two fortuitous conjunctions with DMSP also confirm that energetic (>20 keV) EEA electrons and lower energy, inverted-V electrons associated with the PBA are collocated. We suggest that EEA formation is an inherent part of the PBA formation process. By creating an enhanced conductance strip, the EEA (a seed arc) produces ionospheric polarization that leads to field-aligned current generation and associated field-aligned electron precipitation. We also discuss implications of our findings for the substorm onset mechanism. C1 [Sergeev, V.; Kubyshkina, M.] St Petersburg State Univ, Inst Phys, St Petersburg 198504, Russia. [Nishimura, Y.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Nishimura, Y.] Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. [Nakamura, R.] Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8042 Graz, Austria. [Singer, H.] NOAA, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Angelopoulos, V.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Angelopoulos, V.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Sergeev, V (reprint author), St Petersburg State Univ, Inst Phys, St Petersburg 198504, Russia. EM victor@geo.phys.spbu.ru RI Kubyshkina, Marina/G-9436-2013; Nakamura, Rumi/I-7712-2013; Sergeev, Victor/H-1173-2013 OI Kubyshkina, Marina/0000-0001-5897-9547; Nakamura, Rumi/0000-0002-2620-9211; Sergeev, Victor/0000-0002-4569-9631 FU German Ministry for Economy and Technology; German Center for Aviation and Space (DLR) [50 OC 0302]; THEMIS [NAS5-02099]; SPbU [11.38.47.2011]; RFBR [10-05-91163]; FP7 [269198, 263325] FX The DMSP particle detectors were designed by Dave Hardy of AFRL, and data obtained from JHU/APL. CDAWeb database is run by the NGDC at NASA/GSFC. Thanks to K. H. Glassmeier, U. Auster, and W. Baumjohann for the use of FGM data provided under the lead of the Technical University of Braunschweig and with financial support through the German Ministry for Economy and Technology and the German Center for Aviation and Space (DLR) under contract 50 OC 0302. We thank L. Lyons, T. Sotirelis and N. Tsyganenko for the discussions, and M. Kholeva and Judy Hohl for help in preparing the manuscript. The work was supported by THEMIS contract NAS5-02099. The work by V.S. and M.K. was also supported by SPbU grant 11.38.47.2011, by FP7 grants 269198 (Geoplasmas) and 263325 (ECLAT), and by RFBR grant 10-05-91163. NR 40 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 25 PY 2012 VL 117 AR A01212 DI 10.1029/2011JA017154 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 884IV UT WOS:000299699000003 ER PT J AU Kazil, J Zhang, K Stier, P Feichter, J Lohmann, U O'Brien, K AF Kazil, J. Zhang, K. Stier, P. Feichter, J. Lohmann, U. O'Brien, K. TI The present-day decadal solar cycle modulation of Earth's radiative forcing via charged H2SO4/H2O aerosol nucleation SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE MODEL ECHAM5-HAM; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; GALACTIC COSMIC-RAYS; SULFURIC-ACID; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; SATELLITE DATA; ATMOSPHERE AB The decadal solar cycle modulation of Earth's radiative forcing via ionization of the atmosphere by galactic cosmic rays, aerosol formation from the gas phase, and the response of clouds to aerosol is quantified for the first time with a climate model that represents and couples the relevant processes. Simulations are conducted for solar maximum and minimum conditions, with present-day anthropogenic aerosol and aerosol precursor gas emissions, and contemporary large-scale meteorology. The solar cycle signal appears in atmospheric ionization, aerosol formation from the gas phase, aerosol concentrations, aerosol optical depth, and in cloud properties, and is most pronounced at mid-and high latitudes. The resulting solar cycle modulation of Earth's radiative forcing exhibits a distinct hemispheric asymmetry, with peak values of -0.14 W m(-2) in the southern and -0.06 W m(-2) in the northern mid-latitudes. Globally and annually averaged, the solar cycle modulation of Earth's radiative forcing, arising from the increase in atmospheric ionization by galactic cosmic rays from solar maximum to minimum, via charged nu