FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Dunne, F Pao, LY Wright, AD Jonkman, B Kelley, N AF Dunne, Fiona Pao, Lucy Y. Wright, Alan D. Jonkman, Bonnie Kelley, Neil TI Adding feedforward blade pitch control to standard feedback controllers for load mitigation in wind turbines SO MECHATRONICS LA English DT Article DE Wind turbine; Pitch control; Feedforward; Feedback; LIDAR; Model-inverse ID SYSTEMS; ZEROS AB Combined feedback/feedforward blade pitch control is compared to industry standard feedback control when simulated in realistic turbulent winds. The feedforward controllers are designed to reduce fatigue loads, increasing turbine lifetime and therefore reducing the cost of energy. Two feedforward designs are studied: collective-pitch model-inverse feedforward using a non-causal series expansion and individual-pitch gain-scheduled shaped compensator. The input to the feedforward controller is a measurement of incoming wind speed, which could potentially be provided by LIDAR. Three of the designs reduce structural loading compared to standard feedback control, without reducing power production. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Dunne, Fiona; Pao, Lucy Y.] Univ Colorado, Dept Elect Comp & Energy Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Wright, Alan D.; Jonkman, Bonnie; Kelley, Neil] Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Natl Wind Technol Ctr, Golden, CO USA. RP Dunne, F (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Elect Comp & Energy Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM fiona.dunne@colorado.edu; pao@colorado.edu FU US Dept. of Energy; US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL); University of Colorado at Boulder College of Engineering and Applied Science; US National Science Foundation (NSF) [CMMI-0700877]; Midwest Research Institute [DE-AC36-99GO10337] FX Employees of the Midwest Research Institute under Contract No. DE-AC36-99GO10337 with the US Dept. of Energy have authored this work. The United States Government retains, and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for the United States Government purposes.; This work was supported in part by the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), a University of Colorado at Boulder College of Engineering and Applied Science Dean's Graduate Fellowship, and the US National Science Foundation (NSF Grant CMMI-0700877). Additional industrial support is also greatly appreciated. NR 19 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0957-4158 J9 MECHATRONICS JI Mechatronics PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 4 SI SI BP 682 EP 690 DI 10.1016/j.mechatronics.2011.02.011 PG 9 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering GA 780DI UT WOS:000291834300006 ER PT J AU Johnson, KE Fleming, PA AF Johnson, Kathryn E. Fleming, Paul A. TI Development, implementation, and testing of fault detection strategies on the National Wind Technology Center's controls advanced research turbines SO MECHATRONICS LA English DT Article DE Wind turbines; Monitoring; Fault detection; Control ID CAPTURE AB The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's National Wind Technology Center dedicates two 600 kW turbines for advanced control systems research. A fault detection system for both turbines has been developed, analyzed, and improved across years of experiments to protect the turbines as each new controller is tested. Analysis of field data and ongoing fault detection strategy improvements have resulted in a system of sensors, fault definitions, and detection strategies that have thus far been effective at protecting the turbines. In this paper, we document this fault detection system and provide field data illustrating its operation while detecting a range of failures. In some cases, we discuss the refinement process over time as fault detection strategies were improved. The purpose of this article is to share field experience obtained during the development and field testing of the existing fault detection system, and to offer a possible baseline for comparison with more advanced turbine fault detection controllers. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Johnson, Kathryn E.] Colorado Sch Mines, Div Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Fleming, Paul A.] Natl Wind Technol Ctr, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Johnson, KE (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Div Engn, 1610 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM kjohnson@mines.edu; paul.fleming@nrel.gov OI Fleming, Paul/0000-0001-8249-2544 FU National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Colorado School of Mines FX We thank the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the Colorado School of Mines, who funded the research presented in this article. NR 22 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0957-4158 J9 MECHATRONICS JI Mechatronics PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 4 SI SI BP 728 EP 736 DI 10.1016/j.mechatronics.2010.11.010 PG 9 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering GA 780DI UT WOS:000291834300010 ER PT J AU Muller, A Schippers, S Kilcoyne, ALD Esteves, D AF Mueller, A. Schippers, S. Kilcoyne, A. L. D. Esteves, D. TI Photoionization of tungsten ions with synchrotron radiation SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions, HCI2010 CY AUG 29-SEP 03, 2010 CL Fudan Univ, Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA HO Fudan Univ AB Photoionization experiments were performed with tungsten ions using a photon-ion merged-beams setup at the Advanced Light Source. Cross-sections sigma(q,q+1) for photon-induced single ionization of Wq+ ions (q = 1, 2, 3, 5) and sigma(q,q+2) for photon-induced double ionization of W+ ions have been explored in the energy range 20-70 eV. While sigma(q,q+1) for the lower charge states is dominated by broad resonance features in the range of 4f and 5p excitations, the cross-section sigma(5,6) shows much narrower peak features. Significant contributions from initial metastable states are evident. Double ionization is substantially enhanced at energies above the threshold for single ionization of a 4f electron in W+. C1 [Mueller, A.; Schippers, S.] Univ Giessen, Inst Atom & Mol Phys, D-35390 Giessen, Germany. [Kilcoyne, A. L. D.; Esteves, D.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Esteves, D.] Univ Reno, Dept Phys, Reno, NV USA. RP Muller, A (reprint author), Univ Giessen, Inst Atom & Mol Phys, D-35390 Giessen, Germany. EM Alfred.Mueller@iamp.physik.uni-giessen.de RI Muller, Alfred/A-3548-2009; Kilcoyne, David/I-1465-2013; Schippers, Stefan/A-7786-2008 OI Muller, Alfred/0000-0002-0030-6929; Schippers, Stefan/0000-0002-6166-7138 NR 9 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0031-8949 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PD JUN PY 2011 VL T144 AR 014052 DI 10.1088/0031-8949/2011/T144/014052 PG 3 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 779QR UT WOS:000291795900053 ER PT J AU Winters, DFA Kuhl, T Schneider, DH Indelicato, P Reuschl, R Schuch, R Lindroth, E Stohlker, T AF Winters, D. F. A. Kuehl, Th Schneider, D. H. Indelicato, P. Reuschl, R. Schuch, R. Lindroth, E. Stoehlker, Th TI Laser spectroscopy of the (1s(2)2s2p) P-3(0)-P-3(1) level splitting in Be-like krypton SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions, HCI2010 CY AUG 29-SEP 03, 2010 CL Fudan Univ, Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA HO Fudan Univ AB Heavy few-electron ions, such as He-, Li- and Be-like ions, are ideal atomic systems to study the effects of correlation, relativity and quantum electrodynamics. Very recently, theoretical and experimental studies of these species achieved a considerable improvement in accuracy. Be-like ions are interesting because their first excited state, i.e. (1s(2)2s2p) P-3(0), has an almost infinite lifetime (tau(0)) in the absence of nuclear spin (I), as it can only decay by a two-photon E1M1 transition to the (1s(2)2s(2)) S-1(0) ground state. In addition, the energy difference between the 3P0 and the next higher-lying P-3(1) state is expected to remain almost completely unaffected by QED effects, and should thus be dominated by the effects of correlation and relativity. Therefore, we want to determine the (1s(2)2s2p) P-3(0)-P-3(1) level splitting in Be-like krypton (Kr-84(32+)), which has I = 0, by means of laser spectroscopy at the experimental storage ring at GSI. In such an experiment, the energy splitting can be obtained with very good accuracy and can be compared with recent calculations. C1 [Winters, D. F. A.; Kuehl, Th; Stoehlker, Th] GSI Darmstadt, D-6100 Darmstadt, Germany. [Winters, D. F. A.; Stoehlker, Th] Univ Heidelberg, D-6900 Heidelberg, Germany. [Kuehl, Th] Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, D-6500 Mainz, Germany. [Schneider, D. H.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. [Indelicato, P.] Lab Kastler Brossel, Paris, France. [Reuschl, R.] Inst NanoSci Paris, Paris, France. [Schuch, R.; Lindroth, E.] Stockholm Univ, Stockholm, Sweden. [Stoehlker, Th] Helmholtz Inst, Jena, Germany. RP Winters, DFA (reprint author), GSI Darmstadt, D-6100 Darmstadt, Germany. EM d.winters@gsi.de RI Indelicato, Paul/D-7636-2011; Winters, Danyal/A-2933-2013; Kuhl, Thomas/C-2243-2012; Lindroth, Eva/I-2715-2013 OI Indelicato, Paul/0000-0003-4668-8958; Kuhl, Thomas/0000-0001-6306-4579; Lindroth, Eva/0000-0003-3444-1317 NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0031-8949 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PD JUN PY 2011 VL T144 AR 014013 DI 10.1088/0031-8949/2011/T144/014013 PG 3 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 779QR UT WOS:000291795900014 ER PT J AU Crease, RP AF Crease, Robert P. TI Critical Point To change the world SO PHYSICS WORLD LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Crease, Robert P.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Philosophy, Stony Brook, NY 11790 USA. [Crease, Robert P.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Crease, RP (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Philosophy, Stony Brook, NY 11790 USA. EM rcrease@notes.cc.sunysb.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8585 J9 PHYS WORLD JI Phys. World PD JUN PY 2011 VL 24 IS 6 BP 19 EP 19 PG 1 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 777LR UT WOS:000291620500015 ER PT J AU Gomer, NR Gordon, CM Lucey, P Sharma, SK Carter, JC Angel, SM AF Gomer, Nathaniel R. Gordon, Christopher M. Lucey, Paul Sharma, Shiv K. Carter, J. Chance Angel, S. Michael TI Raman Spectroscopy Using a Fixed-Grating Spatial Heterodyne Interferometer SO SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article AB A fixed-grating, spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer is described with a gated intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) detector. The system has high resolution, a large spectral range, high light throughput, and is small and robust with no moving parts. It is also compatible with pulsed laser excitation for high ambient light measurements. C1 [Gomer, Nathaniel R.; Angel, S. Michael] Univ S Carolina, Dept Chem & Biochem, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. [Carter, J. Chance] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. [Lucey, Paul; Sharma, Shiv K.] Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Gomer, NR (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Chem & Biochem, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. FU NSF [CHE 0526821] FX The authors of this study would like to thank NSF for funding this research under CHE 0526821. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 5 U2 29 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS INC PI WOODLAND HILLS PA 6200 CANOGA AVE, 2ND FLR, WOODLAND HILLS, CA 91367 USA SN 0887-6703 J9 SPECTROSCOPY-US JI Spectroscopy PD JUN PY 2011 SU S BP 22 EP 35 PG 14 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 780CP UT WOS:000291832400002 ER PT J AU Wang, CM Kaspar, TC Shutthanandan, V Joly, AG Kurtz, RJ AF Wang, Chong-Min Kaspar, Tiffany C. Shutthanandan, Vaithiyalingam Joly, Alan G. Kurtz, Richard J. TI Structure of Cr film epitaxially grown on MgO(0 0 1) SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE Thin film; Cr; MgO; HRTEM; EELS ID RELEVANT HE/DPA RATIOS; MISFIT DISLOCATIONS; ATOMIC-STRUCTURE; SEMICONDUCTOR HETEROSTRUCTURES; NB-AL2O3 INTERFACES; PHASE BOUNDARIES; GENERAL THEORY; DPA RATES; GRAIN; ALUMINA AB Cr(0 0 1) films of thickness similar to 100 nm were epitaxially grown on MgO(0 0 1) using molecular beam epitaxy at both room temperature and 550 degrees C. The structure of the films was characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Room temperature growth leads to highly oriented columnar structured grains in the film, while growth at 550 degrees C yields high-quality single-crystal Cr film, possessing a 45 degrees rotational epitaxial relationship between the film and the substrate. For the single-crystal film, the interface exhibited coherent regions separated by equally spaced misfit dislocations. When imaged from the MgO[1 0 0]/Cr[1 1 0] direction, the dislocation spacing is 5.38 and 4.64 nm for the films grown at room temperature and 550 degrees C, respectively, which is slightly smaller than the expected value of 6.25 nm calculated from the differences in lattice spacing based on known lattice constants. The results presented here indicate that the lattice mismatch between the film and the substrate is accommodated mainly by interface misfit dislocations above some critical thickness. The electronic structure of the interface between the film and the substrate is also explored using electron energy-loss spectroscopy. (C) 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Wang, Chong-Min; Shutthanandan, Vaithiyalingam] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Kaspar, Tiffany C.; Joly, Alan G.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Fundamental & Computat Sci Directorate, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Kurtz, Richard J.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Wang, CM (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM chongmin.wang@pnl.gov FU US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Basic Energy Sciences; US DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research; US DOE [DE-AC 06-76RLO 1830] FX This work was supported by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Basic Energy Sciences. The experiments were carried out at the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), a National Scientific User Facility located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and supported by the US DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research. PNNL is operated by Battelle Memorial Institute for the US DOE under Contract DE-AC 06-76RLO 1830. NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 59 IS 11 BP 4274 EP 4282 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.03.051 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 776VX UT WOS:000291567900003 ER PT J AU Shute, CJ Myers, BD Xie, S Li, SY Barbee, TW Hodge, AM Weertman, JR AF Shute, C. J. Myers, B. D. Xie, S. Li, S. -Y. Barbee, T. W., Jr. Hodge, A. M. Weertman, J. R. TI Detwinning, damage and crack initiation during cyclic loading of Cu samples containing aligned nanotwins SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE Nanotwins; Fatigue behavior; Deformation structures; Copper; Twin boundary spacing ID DYNAMIC PLASTIC-DEFORMATION; CENTERED-CUBIC METALS; NANO-TWINNED COPPER; NANOCRYSTALLINE METALS; MAXIMUM STRENGTH; NANOSCALE; TEMPERATURE; BOUNDARIES; BEHAVIOR; GROWTH AB High-purity Cu samples containing parallel columns of highly aligned nanotwins separated by coherent Sigma 3 twin boundaries (TBs) with median spacing of about 35 nm were subjected to tension tension fatigue. It was found that the microstructure of highly aligned nanotwinned Cu is much more stable under deformation than that of nanocrystalline Cu. Hardness values underwent only modest drops, the greatest decrease being seen for fatigue under a maximum stress of 450 MPa. While the majority of the twins remained after fatigue at this stress, a significant number of the original nanotwinned structures were destroyed. In parts of some columns new dislocation structures formed with straight extended dislocation walls. The de-nanotwinned regions are expected to be softer than the surrounding twinned material. Intense dislocation build-up is seen at the intersection of two columns in which the microstructures and thus patterns of dislocation activity differ. Such high stress regions are sites for crack nucleation. The S-N curves for the nanotwinned Cu and ultrafine-grained Cu are remarkably similar, perhaps because in both cases the intersections of soft regions with the surface are sites for crack initiation. (C) 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Shute, C. J.; Myers, B. D.; Xie, S.; Li, S. -Y.; Weertman, J. R.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Barbee, T. W., Jr.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Hodge, A. M.] Univ So Calif, Dept Aerosp & Mech Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Weertman, JR (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. EM jrweertman@northwestern.edu RI Weertman, Julia/B-7540-2009; Weertman, Johannes/B-7539-2009 FU MRSEC of the National Science Foundation at the Materials Research Center of Northwestern University [DMR-0520513] FX Some preliminary results were presented at the 2009 RISO International Symposium on Materials Science. We are grateful to Dr. Yifeng Liao for reading the manuscript and making many insightful comments and improvements. This work made use of shared facilities supported by the MRSEC program of the National Science Foundation (DMR-0520513) at the Materials Research Center of Northwestern University. NR 27 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 4 U2 61 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 59 IS 11 BP 4569 EP 4577 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.04.002 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 776VX UT WOS:000291567900031 ER PT J AU Burek, MJ Jin, SM Leung, MC Jahed, Z Wu, J Budiman, AS Tamura, N Kunz, M Tsui, TY AF Burek, Michael J. Jin, Sumin Leung, Michael C. Jahed, Zeinab Wu, Janet Budiman, Arief Suriadi Tamura, Nobumichi Kunz, Martin Tsui, Ting Y. TI Grain boundary effects on the mechanical properties of bismuth nanostructures SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE Nanoindentation; Grain boundaries; Ultrafine grained microstructure; Plastic deformation; Yield phenomena ID UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION; CRYSTAL PLASTICITY; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; SIZE DEPENDENCE; MICRO-PILLARS; FREE SOLDERS; SCALE; NANOPILLARS; NANOSCALE; STRENGTH AB Cylindrical bismuth nanopillars with diameters between 130 and 1100 nm were fabricated by electron beam lithography and electroplating. The microstructure of the electrodeposited bismuth was established to be polycrystalline with a wide distribution of grains from similar to 0.1 to 1 mu m in size. A clear transition in the mechanism governing the plastic deformation of bismuth nanopillars is observed as the nanopillar size becomes comparable with the average grain size of 280 nm. In larger nanopillar specimens, where the average grain size is much smaller than the nanopillar diameter, deformation is dominated by grain boundary-mediated mechanisms. When the bismuth nanopillar diameter approaches the average grain size the deformation behavior transitions to a mechanism dominated by dislocation dynamics. This transition is identified by post-compression scanning electron microscopy, strain rate sensitivity, and average flow stresses. (C) 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Burek, Michael J.; Jin, Sumin; Leung, Michael C.; Jahed, Zeinab; Wu, Janet; Tsui, Ting Y.] Univ Waterloo, Waterloo Inst Nanotechnol, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Budiman, Arief Suriadi] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Integrated Nanotechnol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Tamura, Nobumichi; Kunz, Martin] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Tsui, TY (reprint author), Univ Waterloo, Waterloo Inst Nanotechnol, 200 Univ Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. EM tttsui@uwaterloo.ca RI Kunz, Martin/K-4491-2012; Leung, Michael Christopher/I-9571-2014 OI Kunz, Martin/0000-0001-9769-9900; Leung, Michael Christopher/0000-0002-2440-1154 FU Canadian NERSC; NERSC; Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI); Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) [LDRD/X93 V] FX T.Y.T. thanks Canadian NERSC Discovery, NERSC Research Tools and Instruments, and the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) for the support for this research. The authors thank Aju Jugessur and Edward Xu for assistance with operation of the Leica EBPG5000+ electron beam lithography system and gratefully acknowledge the critical support and infrastructure provided for this work by the Emerging Communications Technology Institute at the University of Toronto. A.S.B. is supported by the Director, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), under the Director's Postdoctoral Research Fellowship program (LDRD/X93 V). The TEM research described in this paper was performed at the Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, which is supported by the NSERC and other government agencies. T.Y.T. would also like to thank Prof. Joost Vlassak for valuable discussions. NR 42 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 27 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 59 IS 11 BP 4709 EP 4718 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.04.017 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 776VX UT WOS:000291567900044 ER PT J AU Sherman, M Walker, I AF Sherman, Max Walker, Iain TI Right-Sizing HVAC It Can Be Just Plain Wrong SO ASHRAE JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 [Walker, Iain] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Energy Performance Bldg Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 0001-2491 J9 ASHRAE J JI ASHRAE J. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 53 IS 6 BP 78 EP 80 PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 775XT UT WOS:000291497500023 ER PT J AU Yao, ZL Huo, H Zhang, Q Streets, DG He, KB AF Yao, Zhiliang Huo, Hong Zhang, Qiang Streets, David G. He, Kebin TI Gaseous and particulate emissions from rural vehicles in China SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Rural vehicles; On-board emission measurement; Emission factors; Emission inventory; China ID DRIVING PATTERNS; INVENTORY; CITIES; MODEL AB Rural vehicles (RVs) could contribute significantly to air pollutant emissions throughout Asia due to their considerable population, extensive usage, and high emission rates, but their emissions have not been measured before and have become a major concern for the accuracy of regional and global emission inventories. In this study, we measured CO, HC, NOx and PM emissions of RVs using a combined on-board emission measurement system on real roads in China. We also compared the emission levels of the twenty RVs to those of nineteen Euro II light-duty diesel trucks (LDDTs) that we measured for previous studies. The results show that one-cylinder RVs have lower distance-based emission factors compared to LDDTs because of their smaller weight and engine power, but they have significantly higher fuel-based PM emission factors than LDDTs. Four-cylinder RVs have equivalent emission levels to LDDTs. Based on the emission factors and the activity data obtained, we estimate that the total emissions of RVs in China in 2006 were 1049 Gg of CO, 332 Gg of HC, 933 Gg of NOx, and 54 Gg of PM, contributing over 40% to national on-road diesel CO, NOx and PM emissions. As RVs are a significant contributor to national emissions, further research work is needed to improve the accuracy of inventories at all levels, and the government should strengthen the management of RVs to facilitate both policy making and research work. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Yao, Zhiliang; He, Kebin] Tsinghua Univ, Sch Environm, State Key Joint Lab Environm Simulat & Pollut Con, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. [Yao, Zhiliang] Beijing Technol & Business Univ, Sch Food Sci, Beijing 100048, Peoples R China. [Huo, Hong] Tsinghua Univ, Inst Energy Environm & Econ, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Qiang] Tsinghua Univ, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. [Streets, David G.] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP He, KB (reprint author), Tsinghua Univ, Sch Environm, State Key Joint Lab Environm Simulat & Pollut Con, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. EM hekb@tsinghua.edu.cn RI Zhang, Qiang/D-9034-2012; OI Streets, David/0000-0002-0223-1350 FU China's National Basic Research Program [2010CB951803]; China's National High Technology Research and Development Program [2006AA06A305]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [20921140409] FX This work was supported by China's National Basic Research Program (2010CB951803), China's National High Technology Research and Development Program (2006AA06A305), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20921140409). The emission tests of diesel trucks were conducted through a collaboration with Dr. Jim Lents at International Sustainable Systems Research Center with the support of the U.S.-based Energy Foundation. The authors are grateful to Dr. Tami Bond at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for her insightful comments on this paper. In addition, the authors thank Yingzhi Zhang at the School of Environment of Tsinghua University, Mingliang Fu, Xianbao Shen, Lei Shi, and Ning Zhang at the School of Food Science of Beijing Technology and Business University for their help with the measurements. NR 38 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 11 U2 48 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 45 IS 18 BP 3055 EP 3061 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.012 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 775JB UT WOS:000291454500006 ER PT J AU Huang, W Zhang, JF Dorn, HC Geohegan, D Zhang, CM AF Huang, Wei Zhang, Jianfei Dorn, Harry C. Geohegan, David Zhang, Chenming TI Assembly of Single-Walled Carbon Nanohorn Supported Liposome Particles SO BIOCONJUGATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CONTRAST AGENT; DELIVERY; FORMULATION; TOXICITY; RELEASE AB Nanoparticle-supported liposomes can be a promising platform for drug delivery, vaccine development, and biomedical imaging. Single walled carbon nanohorns are a relatively new carbon nanomaterial, and they could be used as carriers of drug and imaging reagents. Assembling lipids around carbon nanohorns would confer this nanomaterial much broader applications such as vaccine development and targeted drug delivery by embedding a target protein or immunogenic protein into the lipid bilayer structure. Here, we show the assembly of functionalized single-walled carbon nanohorns (-CH(2)-CH(2)-COOH(x), similar to 100 nm) with positively charged lipids through a freeze and thaw cycle. The assembled complex particles can be readily separated from individual nanohorns or liposomes under specific centrifugation conditions. The results from transmission electronic microscopy, flow cytometry through nitrobenzoxadiazole labeled lipids, and zeta potential analysis clearly show that the nanohorns are encapsulated by liposomes with a median size of ca. 120 nm. C1 [Huang, Wei; Zhang, Chenming] Virginia Tech, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Zhang, Jianfei; Dorn, Harry C.] Virginia Tech, Dept Chem, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Geohegan, David] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Nanophase Mat Sci & SHaRE Facil, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Zhang, CM (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Biol Syst Engn, 210 Seitz Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM Chzhang2@vt.edu RI Zhang, Jianfei/D-7749-2012; Geohegan, David/D-3599-2013 OI Geohegan, David/0000-0003-0273-3139 FU Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS) at Virginia Tech; Jeffress Memorial Trust [J-994] FX This work was supported primarily by the Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS) at Virginia Tech, and partially funded by a grant from Jeffress Memorial Trust, grant no. J-994. Authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Richey M. Davis for his support in particle size experiments, Kathy Lowe for her technical assistance with TEM imaging, and Melissa Makris for the assistance with FCM. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 5 U2 42 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1043-1802 J9 BIOCONJUGATE CHEM JI Bioconjugate Chem. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 22 IS 6 BP 1012 EP 1016 DI 10.1021/bc200098k PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 776VZ UT WOS:000291568200004 PM 21528932 ER PT J AU Connors, JM Miloua, A AF Connors, Jeffrey M. Miloua, Attou TI Partitioned time discretization for parallel solution of coupled ODE systems SO BIT NUMERICAL MATHEMATICS LA English DT Article DE Semi-implicit; Implicit-explicit; Atmosphere-ocean; Nonlinear ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; OCEAN MODELS; CIRCULATION; SENSITIVITY; ENSEMBLES; EQUATIONS AB One decoupling method for multiphysics, multiscale, multidomain applications involves partitioning the problem via explicit time discretizations in the coupling terms. Specialized, problem-specific techniques are needed for the resulting partitioned methods to avoid time step restrictions which make long time calculations costly. This report studies unconditionally stable, uncoupled time stepping methods for a model problem sharing mathematical structure akin to the coupled atmosphere-ocean system. Three decoupled time stepping algorithms are introduced and their stability and consistency are rigorously examined. Numerical experiments are performed that study their stability and convergence properties. C1 [Connors, Jeffrey M.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Appl Sci Comp, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. [Miloua, Attou] Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Math, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. RP Connors, JM (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Appl Sci Comp, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM connors4@llnl.gov; atm33@pitt.edu FU NSF [DMS 0810385] FX Partially supported by NSF Grants DMS 0810385. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-3835 J9 BIT JI Bit PD JUN PY 2011 VL 51 IS 2 BP 253 EP 273 DI 10.1007/s10543-010-0295-z PG 21 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA 775RW UT WOS:000291482000002 ER PT J AU Millett, PC Tonks, M AF Millett, Paul C. Tonks, Michael TI Application of phase-field modeling to irradiation effects in materials SO CURRENT OPINION IN SOLID STATE & MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE Phase field model; Irradiation effects ID KINETIC MONTE-CARLO; RADIATION-INDUCED SEGREGATION; VOID-LATTICE FORMATION; DISPLACEMENT CASCADES; SELF-ORGANIZATION; SINK STRENGTHS; SIMULATION; METALS; GROWTH; DAMAGE AB This paper summarizes the recent advances in phase-field modeling in the field of radiation materials science. Conventional phase-field equations are first presented for the thermodynamic and kinetic description of irradiation-induced defects. Results of homogeneous and heterogeneous void and gas bubble evolution are then discussed, including gas bubble nucleation and growth, internal bubble gas density fluctuations, void lattice formation, and intergranular bubble dynamics. Finally, future directions for phase-field modeling in this field are addressed, with the intention of highlighting areas that require focused consideration that are necessary for the continued improvement and applicability of the method for radiation problems. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Millett, Paul C.; Tonks, Michael] Idaho Natl Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Millett, PC (reprint author), Idaho Natl Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. EM Paul.Millett@inl.gov FU Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (DOE-NE-NEAMS); INL LDRD FX The authors acknowledge collaborations with Dieter Wolf and Anter El-Azab, and insightful conversations with Roger Stoller. Financial support from Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (DOE-NE-NEAMS) and INL LDRD are gratefully acknowledged. NR 54 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 48 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-0286 EI 1879-0348 J9 CURR OPIN SOLID ST M JI Curr. Opin. Solid State Mat. Sci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 15 IS 3 SI SI BP 125 EP 133 DI 10.1016/j.cossms.2010.10.002 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 774VO UT WOS:000291415000007 ER PT J AU Vorobeychik, Y Engel, Y AF Vorobeychik, Yevgeniy Engel, Yagil TI Average-case analysis of VCG with approximate resource allocation algorithms SO DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Algorithmic mechanism design; Game theory; VCG; Average-case analysis ID COMBINATORIAL AUCTIONS; WINNER DETERMINATION AB The Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism offers a general technique for resource allocation with payments, ensuring allocative efficiency while eliciting truthful information about preferences. However, VCG relies on exact computation of an optimal allocation of resources, a problem which is often computationally intractable, and VCG that uses an approximate allocation algorithm no longer guarantees truthful revelation of preferences. We present a series of results for computing or approximating an upper bound on agent incentives to misreport their preferences. Our first key result is an incentive bound that uses information about average (not worst-case) performance of an algorithm, which we illustrate using combinatorial auction data. Our second result offers a simple sampling technique for amplifying the difficulty of computing a utility-improving lie. An important consequence of our analysis is an argument that using state-of-the-art algorithms for solving combinatorial allocation problems essentially eliminates agent incentives to lie. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Vorobeychik, Yevgeniy] Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. [Engel, Yagil] IBM Res, Haifa, Israel. RP Vorobeychik, Y (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 969,Mailstop 9159, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM eug.vorobey@gmail.com; yagile@il.ibm.com OI Vorobeychik, Yevgeniy/0000-0003-2471-5345 NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-9236 J9 DECIS SUPPORT SYST JI Decis. Support Syst. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 51 IS 3 BP 648 EP 656 DI 10.1016/j.dss.2011.03.005 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Operations Research & Management Science SC Computer Science; Operations Research & Management Science GA 775JD UT WOS:000291454700027 ER PT J AU Wenk, HR Cottaar, S Tome, CN McNamara, A Romanowicz, B AF Wenk, Hans-Rudolf Cottaar, Sanne Tome, Carlos N. McNamara, Allen Romanowicz, Barbara TI Deformation in the lowermost mantle: From polycrystal plasticity to seismic anisotropy SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE D '' anisotropy; texture development; post-perovskite; perovskite; magnesiowuestite; lowermost mantle ID POST-PEROVSKITE PHASE; EARTHS LOWER MANTLE; TEXTURE DEVELOPMENT; HIGH-PRESSURE; DEEP MANTLE; ELASTIC PROPERTIES; SHEAR VELOCITY; INNER-CORE; D'' LAYER; BOUNDARY AB In the deep earth, deformation occurs at many scales: large-scale convection produces subduction of slabs and upwelling of plumes in the mantle. At the high temperature/high pressure conditions, strain is accommodated through crystal plasticity, either by diffusion or the movement of dislocations. Slip causes crystal rotations and thus produces a characteristic pattern of crystal preferred orientation and corresponding anisotropy of physical properties at the macroscopic scale. In this study we use polycrystal plasticity, with experimentally derived deformation mechanisms for perovskite, post-perovskite and magnesiowuestite, to predict texture development along streamlines in a 2D geodynamic convection model of the lowermost mantle. Strong preferred orientation develops during subduction and upwelling, while during spreading along the core-mantle boundary the orientation pattern is relatively stable. From preferred crystal orientation and single crystal elastic properties, bulk elastic properties can be calculated and compared with seismic observations. Post-perovskite with predominant (001) slip and magnesiowuestite with {110} and {111} slip produce anisotropy patterns which are consistent with observed anisotropy, i.e. fast S-waves polarized parallel to the core-mantle boundary and anti-correlation between P and S-wave anisotropies. In contrast, perovskite with dominant (001) slip and two post-perovskite models with dominant slip on (010) and (100) produce anisotropy patterns which are inconsistent with seismic observations. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Wenk, Hans-Rudolf; Cottaar, Sanne; Romanowicz, Barbara] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Tome, Carlos N.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, MST 8, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [McNamara, Allen] Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Romanowicz, Barbara] Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Seismol Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Wenk, HR (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM wenk@berkeley.edu RI Tome, Carlos/D-5058-2013; OI Cottaar, Sanne/0000-0003-0493-6570; romanowicz, Barbara/0000-0002-6208-6044 FU NSF [EAR-0757608, EAR-0456356, EAR-0836402]; CDAC FX This work was supported by NSF grants EAR-0757608 and EAR-0456356 from the CSEDI program as well as EAR-0836402 and CDAC. Discussions with Lowell Miyagi, Stephen Stackhouse and Waruntorn Kanitpanyacharoen are gratefully acknowledged. We are appreciative for constructive reviews that helped us to improve the manuscript. NR 93 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 306 IS 1-2 BP 33 EP 45 DI 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.03.021 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 776HT UT WOS:000291525800004 ER PT J AU Li, L Tan, ZF Wang, JH Xu, J Cai, CK Hou, Y AF Li, Li Tan, Zhongfu Wang, Jianhui Xu, Jun Cai, Chengkai Hou, Yong TI Energy conservation and emission reduction policies for the electric power industry in China SO ENERGY POLICY LA English DT Article DE Energy conservation; Emission reduction; Electric power industry AB Because of China's increasingly limited energy supplies and serious environmental pollution, much attention has been paid to conserving energy and reducing emissions to help the country's economy achieve sustainable development. As the electric power industry is the largest consumer of coal resources in China and also emits high levels of air pollutants each year, the Chinese government has enacted many technical and economic policies for energy conservation and emission reduction in the last few years. These policies are summarized in this paper, along with relevant laws and medium- and long-term plans, all of which address ideas such as adjusting the power generation mix, promoting demand-side management, introducing energy-efficient scheduling, and installing desulfurization units. The paper also assesses the results of these policies by analyzing several key indicators of energy consumption and emissions. The analysis shows that although some progress has been made in conserving energy and reducing emissions, substantial work is still required for China to catch up with developed countries. Some suggestions for future work are provided. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Li, Li; Tan, Zhongfu; Xu, Jun; Cai, Chengkai] N China Elect Power Univ, Sch Econ & Business Management, Beijing 102206, Peoples R China. [Wang, Jianhui] Argonne Natl Lab, Decis & Informat Sci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Hou, Yong] China Elect Council, Stat & Informat Dept, Beijing 100761, Peoples R China. RP Li, L (reprint author), N China Elect Power Univ, Sch Econ & Business Management, Beijing 102206, Peoples R China. EM lilinw2001@126.com; zhongfutan@sina.com FU Chinese Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [10QX44, 09QX68]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [71071053] FX This study is supported by Chinese Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (10QX44 and 09QX68) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71071053). NR 51 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 7 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0301-4215 J9 ENERG POLICY JI Energy Policy PD JUN PY 2011 VL 39 IS 6 BP 3669 EP 3679 DI 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.03.073 PG 11 WC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 774UE UT WOS:000291411300065 ER PT J AU Mendell, MJ Mirer, AG Cheung, K Tong, M Douwes, J AF Mendell, Mark J. Mirer, Anna G. Cheung, Kerry Tong, My Douwes, Jeroen TI Respiratory and Allergic Health Effects of Dampness, Mold, and Dampness-Related Agents: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE allergy; asthma; dampness; fungi; indoor air; moisture; mold ID HOUSE-DUST ENDOTOXIN; ENVIRONMENTAL RISK-FACTORS; INCIDENT CASE-CONTROL; ADULT-ONSET ASTHMA; BIRTH-COHORT; CHILDHOOD ASTHMA; INDOOR MOLD; HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS; BRONCHIAL OBSTRUCTION; SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE AB OBJECTIVES: Many studies have shown consistent associations between evident indoor dampness or mold and respiratory or allergic health effects, but causal links remain unclear. Findings on measured microbiologic factors have received little review. We conducted an updated, comprehensive review on these topics. DATA SOURCES: We reviewed eligible peer-reviewed epidemiologic studies or quantitative meta-analyses, up to late 2009, on dampness, mold, or other microbiologic agents and respiratory or allergic effects. DATA EXTRACTION: We evaluated evidence for causation or association between qualitative/subjective assessments of dampness or mold (considered together) and specific health outcomes. We separately considered evidence for associations between specific quantitative measurements of microbiologic factors and each health outcome. DATA SYNTHESIS: Evidence from epidemiologic studies and meta-analyses showed indoor dampness or mold to be associated consistently with increased asthma development and exacerbation, current and ever diagnosis of asthma, dyspnea, wheeze, cough, respiratory infections, bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, eczema, and upper respiratory tract symptoms. Associations were found in allergic and nonallergic individuals. Evidence strongly suggested causation of asthma exacerbation in children. Suggestive evidence was available for only a few specific measured microbiologic factors and was in part equivocal, suggesting both adverse and protective associations with health. CONCLUSIONS: Evident dampness or mold had consistent positive associations with multiple allergic and respiratory effects. Measured microbiologic agents in dust had limited suggestive associations, including both positive and negative associations for some agents. Thus, prevention and remediation of indoor dampness and mold are likely to reduce health risks, but current evidence does not support measuring specific indoor microbiologic factors to guide health-protective actions. C1 [Mendell, Mark J.; Tong, My] Calif Dept Publ Hlth, Indoor Air Qual Sect, Environm Hlth Lab Branch, Richmond, CA 94804 USA. [Mendell, Mark J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Indoor Environm Dept, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Mirer, Anna G.] Univ Wisconsin Sch Med & Publ Hlth, Dept Populat Hlth Sci, Madison, WI USA. [Cheung, Kerry; Douwes, Jeroen] Massey Univ, Ctr Publ Hlth, Wellington, New Zealand. RP Mendell, MJ (reprint author), Calif Dept Publ Hlth, Indoor Air Qual Sect, Environm Hlth Lab Branch, 850 Marina Bay Pkwy,G365, Richmond, CA 94804 USA. EM mark.mendell@cdph.ca.gov OI Douwes, Jeroen/0000-0003-3599-4036 FU WHO Regional Office for Europe FX An earlier version of this review, Chapter 4.1 in World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Dampness and Mould (available: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/43325/E92645.pdf), was supported in part by the WHO Regional Office for Europe. NR 74 TC 200 Z9 202 U1 6 U2 75 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 119 IS 6 BP 748 EP 756 DI 10.1289/ehp.1002410 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 771JC UT WOS:000291152000016 PM 21269928 ER PT J AU Calderon-Moreno, JM Pol, VG Popa, M AF Calderon-Moreno, Jose M. Pol, Vilas G. Popa, Monica TI Single-Step Synthesis of Ruthenium Catalytic Nanocrystallites in a Stable Carbon Support SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Ruthenium; Carbon; Nanoparticles; Electron microscopy; Green chemistry ID RU NANOPARTICLES; PLATINUM NANOPARTICLES; SILVER NANOPARTICLES; ETHYLENE-GLYCOL; SONOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS; AUTOGENIC PRESSURE; PARTIAL OXIDATION; METAL PARTICLES; POLYOL PROCESS; SIZE AB Metallic Ru nanoparticles have been prepared and incorporated in a protective carbon support by the decomposition of a single organometallic precursor, RuIII acetylacetonate, under autogenic conditions in a single-step process in the absence of any solvents or stabilizers. The product structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Measurements demonstrated the exclusive presence of hexagonal metallic ruthenium nanoparticles with a homogeneous size of 2-4 nm in a carbon supporting matrix, forming a high loading Ru catalyst with a muffin cookie like structure. The mechanism of the process is explained by the nucleation of Ru crystalline nuclei before carbon deposits on the Ru nanocrystallites, in an early stage of nanoparticle growth, during the single precursor decomposition. The carbon acts as a protective support, preventing further Ru nanoparticle growth, agglomeration or sintering. The catalytic properties have been tested by the hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane, and show high activity, full conversion of benzene, 100% selectivity for cyclohexane and good recyclability. C1 [Calderon-Moreno, Jose M.] Acad Romana, Inst Phys Chem Ilie Murgulescu, Lab Catalysis & Surface Chem, Bucharest 060021, Romania. [Pol, Vilas G.] Argonne Natl Lab, Chem Sci & Engn Div, Electrochem Energy Storage Dept, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Popa, Monica] Acad Romana, Inst Phys Chem Ilie Murgulescu, Lab Oxide Mat Sci, Bucharest 060021, Romania. RP Calderon-Moreno, JM (reprint author), Acad Romana, Inst Phys Chem Ilie Murgulescu, Lab Catalysis & Surface Chem, 202 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest 060021, Romania. EM josecalderonmoreno@yahoo.com RI Calderon Moreno, Jose/B-2867-2008; Popa, Monica/C-4370-2011 OI Calderon Moreno, Jose/0000-0001-8376-9082; Popa, Monica/0000-0002-5661-5931 FU Romanian Academy FX The paper was realized in the frame of the "Surface Chemistry and Catalysis" and "Oxide Compounds and Materials Science" Programs of the Ilie Murgulescu Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Romanian Academy, financed by the Romanian Academy. NR 50 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 4 U2 26 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1434-1948 J9 EUR J INORG CHEM JI Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. PD JUN PY 2011 IS 18 BP 2856 EP 2862 DI 10.1002/ejic.201001360 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA 776TS UT WOS:000291561700008 ER PT J AU Crites, AT Benson, BA Bleem, L Carlstrom, JE Chang, CL Datesman, A Divan, R George, EM Holzapfel, WL Lee, A Lueker, M McMahon, JJ Mehl, J Meyer, SS Montroy, T Natoli, T Novosad, V Pearson, J Ruhl, J Sayre, J Shirokoff, E Story, K Wang, G Yefremenko, V Young, EY AF Crites, A. T. Benson, B. A. Bleem, L. Carlstrom, J. E. Chang, C. L. Datesman, A. Divan, R. George, E. M. Holzapfel, W. L. Lee, A. Lueker, M. McMahon, J. J. Mehl, J. Meyer, S. S. Montroy, T. Natoli, T. Novosad, V. Pearson, J. Ruhl, J. Sayre, J. Shirokoff, E. Story, K. Wang, G. Yefremenko, V. Young, E. Y. TI Progress on ANL/KICP Bolometers for SPTpol SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Bolometers; cosmology; superconducting transition edge sensors ID POLARIZATION AB We present progress on Argonne/KICP TES bolometers fabricated at Argonne National Labs. These detectors will be used to measure the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation with SPTpol. The sensors are bolometers consisting of a Mo/Au transition edge sensors (TES) suspended on silicon nitride with a gold bar absorber to couple radiation to the device. We present optical measurements and thermal characterizations of prototype devices. C1 [Crites, A. T.; Benson, B. A.; Bleem, L.; Carlstrom, J. E.; Chang, C. L.; Mehl, J.; Meyer, S. S.; Natoli, T.; Story, K.] Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Datesman, A.; Novosad, V.; Pearson, J.; Wang, G.; Yefremenko, V.] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Divan, R.] Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanoscale Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [McMahon, J. J.] Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Montroy, T.; Ruhl, J.; Sayre, J.] Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. [George, E. M.; Holzapfel, W. L.; Lee, A.; Lueker, M.; Shirokoff, E.; Young, E. Y.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Crites, AT (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM divan@aps.anl.gov; jeffmcm@umich.edu; ruhl@case.edu; gwang@anl.gov RI Novosad, Valentyn/C-2018-2014; Holzapfel, William/I-4836-2015; Novosad, V /J-4843-2015 FU National Science Foundation [ANT- 0638937]; NSF Physics Frontier Center [PHY-0114422]; Office of Science and Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-06CH11357]; Nanofabrication Group at the CNM, Argonne National Laboratory, under User Proposal [164, 467] FX Manuscript received August 03, 2010; accepted November 15, 2010. Date of publication December 20, 2010; date of current version May 27, 2011. Work at the University of Chicago was supported by the National Science Foundation through Grant ANT- 0638937 and the NSF Physics Frontier Center Grant PHY-0114422 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago. It also receives generous support from the Kavli Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. The work at Argonne National Laboratory, including the use of facility at the Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM), was supported by Office of Science and Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the US Department of Energy, under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. Technical support from Nanofabrication Group at the CNM, Argonne National Laboratory, under User Proposal 164 and 467, is gratefully acknowledged. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 184 EP 187 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2094990 PN 1 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769XB UT WOS:000291050500020 ER PT J AU Croce, MP Bacrania, MK Bond, EM Dry, DE Klingensmith, AL Moody, WA LaMont, SP Rabin, MW Rim, JH Beall, JA Bennett, DA Kotsubo, V Horansky, RD Hilton, GC Schmidt, D Ullom, JN Cantor, R AF Croce, M. P. Bacrania, M. K. Bond, E. M. Dry, D. E. Klingensmith, A. L. Moody, W. A. LaMont, S. P. Rabin, M. W. Rim, J. H. Beall, J. A. Bennett, D. A. Kotsubo, V. Horansky, R. D. Hilton, G. C. Schmidt, D. Ullom, J. N. Cantor, R. TI Superconducting Transition-Edge Sensor Microcalorimeters for Ultra-High Resolution Alpha-Particle Spectrometry SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Alpha particle spectroscopy; microcalorimeter; nuclear forensics; superconducting transition-edge sensor AB Alpha-particle spectrometry is a powerful analytical tool for nuclear forensics and environmental monitoring. Superconducting transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters have been shown to yield unsurpassed energy resolution for alpha spectrometry. With nearly an order of magnitude better energy resolution (1.06 keV FWHM at 5.3 MeV) than the current state-of-the-art silicon detectors (8-10 keV at 5.3 MeV), it is possible to measure samples containing multiple radioisotopes that would require expensive and time-consuming radiochemical separation prior to measurement with a silicon detector. This paper presents recent results from the Los Alamos four-channel microcalorimeter alpha spectrometer. We have prepared a source from weapons-grade plutonium and demonstrated the ability of microcalorimeter alpha spectrometry to simultaneously resolve alpha energies from (239)Pu, (240)Pu, (238)Pu, and (241)Am. The low-energy performance of the spectrometer system has been improved to allow measurement of energies as low as 5 keV, which gives a dynamic range of 1000. We have demonstrated this capability by simultaneously measuring the alpha particles and low-energy x-rays and internal conversion electrons emitted by an electroplated (240)Pu source. C1 [Croce, M. P.; Bacrania, M. K.; Bond, E. M.; Dry, D. E.; Klingensmith, A. L.; Moody, W. A.; LaMont, S. P.; Rabin, M. W.; Rim, J. H.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Beall, J. A.; Bennett, D. A.; Kotsubo, V.; Horansky, R. D.; Hilton, G. C.; Schmidt, D.; Ullom, J. N.] NIST, Boulder, CO USA. [Cantor, R.] Star Cryoelect, Santa Fe, NM USA. RP Croce, MP (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM mpcroce@lanl.gov RI Bennett, Douglas/B-8001-2012; Rim, Jung/J-5150-2015; OI Bennett, Douglas/0000-0003-3011-3690; Rim, Jung/0000-0002-9081-0917; Bond, Evelyn/0000-0001-7335-4086 FU Department of Energy; Department of Homeland Security; Los Alamos National Laboratory FX This work was supported by the Department of Energy, the Department of Homeland Security, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. NR 3 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 207 EP 210 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2096790 PN 1 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769XB UT WOS:000291050500026 ER PT J AU Wang, G Yefremenko, V Novosad, V Datesman, A Pearson, J Divan, R Chang, CL Bleem, L Crites, AT Mehl, J Natoli, T McMahon, J Sayre, J Ruhl, J Meyer, SS Carlstrom, JE AF Wang, G. Yefremenko, V. Novosad, V. Datesman, A. Pearson, J. Divan, R. Chang, C. L. Bleem, L. Crites, A. T. Mehl, J. Natoli, T. McMahon, J. Sayre, J. Ruhl, J. Meyer, S. S. Carlstrom, J. E. TI Thermal Properties of Silicon Nitride Beams Below One Kelvin SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Heat transport; phonons; superconducting transition edge sensor; thermal conductivity ID HEAT; SCATTERING; CONDUCTIVITY; TEMPERATURES; TRANSPORT; SOLIDS AB We have investigated thermal properties of 1 thick silicon nitride beams of different lateral dimensions. We measured the thermal conductance by simultaneously employing a TES both as a heater and as a sensor. Based upon these measurements, we calculate the thermal conductivity of the beams. We utilize a boundary limited phonon transport model and assume a temperature independent phonon mean free path. We find that the thermal conductivity is determined by the fraction of diffusive reflection at surface. The following results are obtained from 0.30 K to 0.55 K: the volume heat capacity is 0.082T + 0.502T(3) J/m(3) - K. The width dependent phonon mean free path is 6.58 mu m, 9.80 mu m and 11.55 mu m for 10 mu m, 20 mu m and 30 mu m beams respectively at a 29% surface diffusive reflection. C1 [Wang, G.; Yefremenko, V.; Novosad, V.; Datesman, A.; Pearson, J.] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Divan, R.] Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanoscale Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Chang, C. L.; Bleem, L.; Crites, A. T.; Mehl, J.; Natoli, T.; Meyer, S. S.; Carlstrom, J. E.] Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [McMahon, J.] Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Ruhl, J.] Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Wang, G (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM gwang@anl.gov; divan@aps.anl.gov; clchang@kicp.uchicago.edu; jeffmcm@umich.edu; ruhl@case.edu RI Novosad, Valentyn/C-2018-2014; Novosad, V /J-4843-2015 FU Office of Science and Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-06CH11357]; Nanofabrication Group at the CNM [164, 467, 750]; NSF [ANT-0638937]; NSF Physics Frontier Center [PHY-0114422] FX The work at Argonne National Laboratory, including the use of facility at the Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM), was supported by the Office of Science and Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the US Department of Energy, under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. Technical support from Nanofabrication Group at the CNM, under User Proposal # 164, # 467 and # 750, is gratefully acknowledged. The work at the University of Chicago was supported by the NSF through Grant ANT-0638937 and the NSF Physics Frontier Center Grant PHY-0114422 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago. It also receives generous support from the Kavli Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 232 EP 235 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2089407 PN 1 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769XB UT WOS:000291050500032 ER PT J AU Magnelind, PE Gomez, JJ Matlashov, AN Owens, T Sandin, JH Volegov, PL Espy, MA AF Magnelind, Per E. Gomez, John J. Matlashov, Andrei N. Owens, Tuba Sandin, J. Henrik Volegov, Petr L. Espy, Michelle A. TI Co-Registration of Interleaved MEG and ULF MRI Using a 7 Channel Low-T-c SQUID System SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Magnetic resonance imaging; magnetoencephalography; microtesla ID ULTRA-LOW-FIELD; MICROTESLA MRI; MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; HUMAN BRAIN AB In this paper we report the first co-registered, interleaved measurements of ultra-low field (ULF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). Interleaved measurements are interesting for the ultimate aim of combining MEG and functional MRI at ULF. The measurement system consisted of 7 channels with second-order gradiometers coupled to low transition-temperature superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). The ULF MRI was acquired at a measurement field of 94 after a pre-polarization in a 30 mT field. Our results show that the two modalities can be performed with interleaved measurements. However, due to transients from the walls of the magnetically shielded room a waiting time of more than 3 s had to be introduced between the MRI protocol and the auditory stimulus for the MEG. C1 [Magnelind, Per E.; Gomez, John J.; Matlashov, Andrei N.; Owens, Tuba; Sandin, J. Henrik; Volegov, Petr L.; Espy, Michelle A.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Appl Modern Phys Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Magnelind, PE (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Appl Modern Phys Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM per@lanl.gov FU National Institute of Health [5R01 EB006456]; Los Alamos National Laboratory LDRD office [20100097DR] FX This work was supported in part by the National Institute of Health through Grant 5R01 EB006456 and in part by the Los Alamos National Laboratory LDRD office through Grant 20100097DR. NR 16 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 EI 1558-2515 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 456 EP 460 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2088353 PN 1 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769XB UT WOS:000291050500085 ER PT J AU Matlashov, AN Schultz, LJ Espy, MA Kraus, RH Savukov, IM Volegov, PL Wurden, CJ AF Matlashov, Andrei N. Schultz, Larry J. Espy, Michelle A. Kraus, Robert H. Savukov, Igor M. Volegov, Petr L. Wurden, Caroline J. TI SQUIDs vs. Induction Coils for Ultra-Low Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Experimental and Simulation Comparison SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Inductive magnetometers; liquid explosives detection; SQUID; ultra-low field MRI; ultra-low field NMR ID MICROTESLA MRI; MU-T; NMR AB Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is widely used in medicine, chemistry and industry. One application area is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Recently it has become possible to perform NMR and MRI in the ultra-low field (ULF) regime requiring measurement field strengths of the order of only 1 Gauss. This technique exploits the advantages offered by superconducting quantum interference devices or SQUIDs. Our group has built SQUID based MRI systems for brain imaging and for liquid explosives detection at airport security checkpoints. The requirement for liquid helium cooling limits potential applications of ULF MRI for liquid identification and security purposes. Our experimental comparative investigation shows that room temperature inductive magnetometers may provide enough sensitivity in the 3-10 kHz range and can be used for fast liquid explosives detection based on ULF NMR technique. We describe experimental and computer-simulation results comparing multichannel SQUID based and induction coils based instruments that are capable of performing ULF MRI for liquid identification. C1 [Matlashov, Andrei N.; Schultz, Larry J.; Espy, Michelle A.; Kraus, Robert H.; Savukov, Igor M.; Volegov, Petr L.; Wurden, Caroline J.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Appl Modern Phys Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Matlashov, AN (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Appl Modern Phys Grp, MS D454, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM matla-chov@lanl.gov OI Savukov, Igor/0000-0003-4190-5335 FU Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security; US Department of Energy and Office of Science OBER [KP150302, ERWS115]; US National Institutes of Health [R01-EB006456-01, R01-EB006572-01]; Los Alamos National Laboratory LDRD FX This project was funded in part by the Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security; the US Department of Energy and Office of Science OBER Grant KP150302, Project ERWS115; US National Institutes of Health R01-EB006456-01 and R01-EB006572-01; and Los Alamos National Laboratory LDRD. The reported study was conducted in compliance with the regulations of the Los Alamos National Laboratory Institutional Review Board for research on human subjects, and informed consent was obtained. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 18 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 465 EP 468 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2089402 PN 1 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769XB UT WOS:000291050500087 PM 21747638 ER PT J AU Sandin, HJ Volegov, PL Espy, MA Matlashov, AN Savukov, IM Schultz, LJ AF Sandin, Henrik J. Volegov, Petr L. Espy, Michelle A. Matlashov, Andrei N. Savukov, Igor M. Schultz, Larry J. TI Noise Modeling From Conductive Shields Using Kirchhoff Equations SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Kirchhoff equations; noise modeling; rf shields ID THERMAL AGITATION; ELECTRIC CHARGE; MAGNETIC-FIELD; FLUCTUATIONS AB Progress in the development of high-sensitivity magnetic-field measurements has stimulated interest in understanding the magnetic noise of conductive materials, especially of magnetic shields based on high-permeability materials and/or high-conductivity materials. For example, SQUIDs and atomic magnetometers have been used in many experiments with mu-metal shields, and additionally SQUID systems frequently have radio frequency shielding based on thin conductive materials. Typical existing approaches to modeling noise only work with simple shield and sensor geometries while common experimental setups today consist of multiple sensor systems with complex shield geometries. With complex sensor arrays used in, for example, MEG and Ultra Low Field MRI studies, knowledge of the noise correlation between sensors is as important as knowledge of the noise itself. This is crucial for incorporating efficient noise cancelation schemes for the system. We developed an approach that allows us to calculate the Johnson noise for arbitrary shaped shields and multiple sensor systems. The approach is efficient enough to be able to run on a single PC system and return results on a minute scale. With a multiple sensor system our approach calculates not only the noise for each sensor but also the noise correlation matrix between sensors. Here we will show how the algorithm can be implemented. C1 [Sandin, Henrik J.; Volegov, Petr L.; Espy, Michelle A.; Matlashov, Andrei N.; Savukov, Igor M.; Schultz, Larry J.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Sandin, HJ (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM henrik@lanl.gov OI Savukov, Igor/0000-0003-4190-5335 FU Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security; NIH [5 R01 EB006456] FX This work was supported in part by the Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security and NIH under Grant 5 R01 EB006456. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 489 EP 492 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2086992 PN 1 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769XB UT WOS:000291050500093 ER PT J AU Espy, M Baguisa, S Dunkerley, D Magnelind, P Matlashov, A Owens, T Sandin, H Savukov, I Schultz, L Urbaitis, A Volegov, P AF Espy, Michelle Baguisa, Shermiyah Dunkerley, David Magnelind, Per Matlashov, Andrei Owens, Tuba Sandin, Henrik Savukov, Igor Schultz, Larry Urbaitis, Algis Volegov, Petr TI Progress on Detection of Liquid Explosives Using Ultra-Low Field MRI SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Relaxometry; ultra low field MRI; ultra-low field NMR ID MICROTESLA MAGNETIC-FIELDS; NMR AB Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods are widely used in medicine, chemistry and industry. Over the past several years there has been increasing interest in performing NMR and MRI in the ultra-low field (ULF) regime, with measurement field strengths of 10-100 microTesla and pre-polarization fields of 30-50 mTesla. The real-time signal-to-noise ratio for such measurements is about 100. Our group at LANL has built and demonstrated the performance of SQUID-based ULF NMR/MRI instrumentation for classification of materials and detection of liquid explosives via their relaxation properties measured at ULF, using T(1), T(2), and T(1) frequency dispersion. We are also beginning to investigate the performance of induction coils as sensors. Here we present recent progress on the applications of ULF MR to the detection of liquid explosives, in imaging and relaxometry. C1 [Espy, Michelle; Baguisa, Shermiyah; Dunkerley, David; Magnelind, Per; Matlashov, Andrei; Owens, Tuba; Sandin, Henrik; Savukov, Igor; Schultz, Larry; Urbaitis, Algis; Volegov, Petr] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Espy, M (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM espy@lanl.gov OI Savukov, Igor/0000-0003-4190-5335; Urbaitis, Algis/0000-0002-8626-5987 FU Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [06-G-024, R01-OH03692-06] FX This project was funded in part by the Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security. Additional support was provided by the Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security under Cooperative Agreement 06-G-024, and by Grant R01-OH03692-06 from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 13 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 530 EP 533 DI 10.1109/TASC.2011.2105235 PN 1 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769XB UT WOS:000291050500103 ER PT J AU Wellstood, FC Urbina, C Clarke, J AF Wellstood, F. C. Urbina, C. Clarke, John TI Role of Geometry on the Color of Flux Noise in dc SQUIDs SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Flux noise; SQUIDs; two-level systems; 1/f noise AB We examine the behavior of low frequency flux noise measured in ten Nb - NbO(x) - PbIn dc SQUIDs in the temperature range 1 K to 20 mK. As previously reported, the flux noise power spectrum S(Phi)(f) typically scales with frequency as A/f(alpha). Remarkably, the excess noise power A at 1 Hz increases as the temperature is decreased below about 0.7 K, saturating to a value around (10 mu Phi(o))(2)/Hz below about 0.2 K. Here we report on the dependence of both the magnitude A and the slope alpha on the size and linewidth of the SQUID loops. In particular, at the lowest temperatures we find that alpha declines to values as low as 0.5 in the smallest devices, while alpha is in the range 0.9-1 for the largest devices. C1 [Wellstood, F. C.] Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Wellstood, F. C.] Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, CNAM, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Urbina, C.] CEA Saclay, SPEC, Quantron Grp, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Clarke, John] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Clarke, John] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Wellstood, FC (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM well@umd.edu; cristian.urbina@cea.fr; jclarke@berkeley.edu RI Urbina, Cristian/M-6412-2015 OI Urbina, Cristian/0000-0001-9145-8081 FU Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Science and Engineering Division of the US Department of Energy [DE-AC03-76SF00098]; Center for Nanophysics and Advanced Materials (CNAM), the Laboratory for Physical Sciences; Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA), through the Army Research Office FX This work was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Science and Engineering Division of the US Department of Energy under Contract #DE-AC03-76SF00098, by the Center for Nanophysics and Advanced Materials (CNAM), the Laboratory for Physical Sciences (FCW), and by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA), through the Army Research Office. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 856 EP 859 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2093092 PN 1 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769XB UT WOS:000291050500178 ER PT J AU Oks, EM Anders, A AF Oks, Efim M. Anders, Andre TI Measurements of the Ion Species of Cathodic Arc Plasma in an Axial Magnetic Field SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum ISDEIV CY AUG 30-SEP 03, 2010 CL Braunschweig, GERMANY SP IEEE, DEIS, Tech Univ Braunschweig DE Arc discharges; magnetic field; plasma materials processing; plasma measurements; plasma sources; plasma transport processes ID VACUUM-ARC; DISCHARGE; FLUX; DISTRIBUTIONS; DEPOSITION; FILMS; GAS AB Metal and gas ion species and their charge state distributions were measured for pulsed copper cathodic arcs in argon background gas in the presence of an axial magnetic field. It was found that changing the cathode position relative to anode and ion extraction system, as well as increasing the gas pressure, did not affect much the arc burning voltage and the related power dissipation. However, the burning voltage and power dissipation greatly increased as the magnetic field strength was increased. The fraction of metal ions and the mean ion charge state were reduced as the discharge length was increased. The observations can be explained by the combination of charge exchange collisions and electron impact ionization. They confirm that previously published data on characteristic material-dependent charge state distributions (e. g., Anders and Yushkov in 2002) are not universal but valid for high vacuum conditions and the specifics of the applied magnetic fields. C1 [Oks, Efim M.] Russian Acad Sci, Inst High Current Elect, Tomsk 634055, Russia. [Anders, Andre] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Oks, EM (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst High Current Elect, Tomsk 634055, Russia. EM aanders@lbl.gov RI Oks, Efim/A-9409-2014; Anders, Andre/B-8580-2009 OI Oks, Efim/0000-0002-9323-0686; Anders, Andre/0000-0002-5313-6505 NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 4 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0093-3813 J9 IEEE T PLASMA SCI JI IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1272 EP 1276 DI 10.1109/TPS.2011.2106518 PN 1 PG 5 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 776PS UT WOS:000291549900002 ER PT J AU Anders, A Kauffeldt, M Oks, EM Roy, PK AF Anders, Andre Kauffeldt, Marina Oks, Efim M. Roy, Prabir K. TI Dense Metal Plasma in a Solenoid for Ion Beam Neutralization SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum ISDEIV CY AUG 30-SEP 03, 2010 CL Braunschweig, GERMANY SP IEEE, DEIS, Tech Univ Braunschweig DE Arc discharges; ion beams; magnetic field; plasma measurements; plasma sources; plasma transport processes ID ARC CATHODE SPOTS; VACUUM AB Space-charge neutralization is required to compress and focus a pulsed high-current ion beam on a target for warm dense matter physics or heavy ion fusion experiments. We describe an approach to produce dense plasma in and near the final focusing solenoid through which the ion beam travels, thereby providing an opportunity for the beam to acquire the necessary space-charge compensating electrons. We use a high-current (> 4 kA) pulsed vacuum arc plasma from a ring cathode near the edge of the solenoid. The plasma distribution is characterized by photographic means, by an array of movable Langmuir probes, by a small single probe, and by evaluating Stark broadening of the Balmer H-beta spectral line. The plasma is produced at several cathode spots distributed azimuthally on the ring cathode. It is shown that the plasma is essentially hollow, as determined by the structure of the magnetic field, although the plasma density exceeds 10(14) cm(-3) almost everywhere in the volume defined by the solenoid. The plasma is nonuniform and fluctuating. However, since its density exceeds the ion beam density, it is believed that this approach could provide a practical solution to the space-charge neutralization challenge. C1 [Anders, Andre; Roy, Prabir K.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Kauffeldt, Marina] Univ German Fed Armed Forces, D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany. [Oks, Efim M.] Russian Acad Sci, Inst High Current Elect, Tomsk 634055, Russia. RP Anders, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM aanders@lbl.gov; m.kauffeldt@gmx.de; oks@opee.hcei.tsc.ru; pkroy@lbl.gov RI Oks, Efim/A-9409-2014; Anders, Andre/B-8580-2009 OI Oks, Efim/0000-0002-9323-0686; Anders, Andre/0000-0002-5313-6505 NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0093-3813 EI 1939-9375 J9 IEEE T PLASMA SCI JI IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1386 EP 1393 DI 10.1109/TPS.2011.2118236 PN 1 PG 8 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 776PS UT WOS:000291549900021 ER PT J AU Covo, MK Benitez, JY Ratti, A Vujic, JL AF Covo, Michel Kireeff Benitez, Janilee Y. Ratti, Alessandro Vujic, Jasmina L. TI Integrating a Traveling-Wave Tube into an AECR-U Ion Source SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Cyclotron resonance; ion sources; plasma confinement; plasma heating; plasma properties ID PERFORMANCES; FREQUENCY AB A radio frequency system of 500 W output power from 10.75 to 12.75 GHz frequency range was designed and integrated into the Advanced Electron Cyclotron Resonance-Upgrade (AECR-U) ion source of the 88-inch cyclotron at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The AECR-U produces ion beams for the cyclotron, giving large flexibility of ion species and charge states. The broadband frequency of a traveling-wave tube (TWT) allows modifying the volume that couples and heats the plasma. The TWT system design and integration with the AECR-U ion source and results from commissioning are presented. C1 [Covo, Michel Kireeff; Benitez, Janilee Y.; Ratti, Alessandro] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Covo, MK (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM mkireeffcovo@lbl.gov FU Office of Science, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, Division of Nuclear Physics, U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX This work was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, Division of Nuclear Physics, U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0093-3813 J9 IEEE T PLASMA SCI JI IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1455 EP 1459 DI 10.1109/TPS.2011.2130542 PN 2 PG 5 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 776PX UT WOS:000291550400003 ER PT J AU Campisi, J AF Campisi, J. TI SENESCENCE AND INFLAMMATION: NEW LINKS, NEW TARGETS SO INFLAMMATION RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 10th World Congress on Inflammation CY JUN 25-29, 2011 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Int Assoc Inflammation Soc, Grp Res & Study Mediators Inflammat C1 [Campisi, J.] Buck Inst Res Aging, Novato, CA USA. [Campisi, J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1023-3830 J9 INFLAMM RES JI Inflamm. Res. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 60 SU 1 BP 6 EP 6 PG 1 WC Cell Biology; Immunology SC Cell Biology; Immunology GA 774CM UT WOS:000291358900005 ER PT J AU Kleiser, GJ Chhabildas, LC Reinhart, WD AF Kleiser, G. J. Chhabildas, L. C. Reinhart, W. D. TI Comparison of dynamic compression behavior of single crystal sapphire to polycrystalline alumina SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Hypervelocity Impact CY APR 11-15, 2010 CL Freiburg, GERMANY DE Shock loading; Single crystals; Alumina; Sapphire; Dynamic strength ID COORS AD995 ALUMINA; SHOCK COMPRESSION; STRENGTH; WAVE; CORUNDUM AB Due to the considerable interest in the shock loading behavior of aluminum oxide whether it is in the polycrystalline phase or in the single crystal phase well-controlled experiments were conducted to probe differences in shock loading behavior between these two materials. Previous studies concluded that the behavior was similar but careful examination of well-controlled experiments has revealed the two materials are different.Although the experimental results appear to have the same behavior in the shock velocity vs. particle velocity plane, they are considerably different in the stress-volume compression plane and evidence is provided that indicates the single crystal remains crystalline up to the stresses imposed for this analysis. This is an extremely interesting observation since it has many implications including developing dynamic material models capable of transitioning between individual grains and polycrystalline material. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Kleiser, G. J.; Chhabildas, L. C.] USAF, Res Lab, Eglin AFB, FL 32578 USA. [Reinhart, W. D.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Kleiser, GJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 101W Eglin Blvd, Eglin AFB, FL 32578 USA. EM geremy.kleiser@eglin.af.mil NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-743X J9 INT J IMPACT ENG JI Int. J. Impact Eng. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 38 IS 6 SI SI BP 473 EP 479 DI 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2010.10.018 PG 7 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 773VB UT WOS:000291338300011 ER PT J AU Lemke, RW Knudson, MD Davis, JP AF Lemke, R. W. Knudson, M. D. Davis, J-P TI Magnetically driven hyper-velocity launch capability at the Sandia Z accelerator SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Hypervelocity Impact CY APR 11-15, 2010 CL Freiburg, GERMANY DE Stripline; Flyer Plate; Magnetic Launch; Quasi-isentropic; Hugoniot ID FLYER PLATES AB The intense magnetic field generated by the Z accelerator at Sandia National Laboratories is used as a pressure source for material science studies. A current of similar to 20 MA can be delivered to the loads used in experiments on a time scale of similar to 100-600 ns. Magnetic fields (pressures) exceeding 1200 T (600 GPa) have been produced in planar configurations. In one application we have developed, the magnetic pressure launches a flyer plate to ultra-high velocity in a plate impact experiment; equation of state data is obtained on the Hugoniot of a material that is shock compressed to multi-megabar pressure. This capability has been enhanced by the recent development of a planar stripline configuration that increases the magnetic pressure for a given current. Furthermore, the cross sectional area of a stripline flyer plate is larger than in previous coaxial loads; this improves the planarity of the flyer thereby reducing measurement uncertainty. Results of experiments and multi-dimensional magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) simulation are presented for ultra-high velocity aluminum and copper flyer plates. Aluminum flyer plates with dimensions similar to 25 mm by similar to 13 mm by similar to 1 mm have been launched to velocities up to similar to 45 km/s; for copper the peak velocity is similar to 22 km/s. The significance of these results is that part of the flyer material remains solid at impact with the target; an accomplishment that is made possible by shaping the dynamic pressure (current) ramp so that the flyer compresses quasi-isentropically (i.e., shocklessly) during acceleration. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Lemke, R. W.; Knudson, M. D.; Davis, J-P] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Lemke, RW (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM rwlemke@sandia.gov NR 15 TC 39 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-743X J9 INT J IMPACT ENG JI Int. J. Impact Eng. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 38 IS 6 SI SI BP 480 EP 485 DI 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2010.10.019 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 773VB UT WOS:000291338300012 ER PT J AU Egami, T AF Egami, T. TI Mechanical failure and glass transition in metallic glasses SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Metastable, Amorphous and Nanostructured Materials (ISMANAM 2010) CY JUL 04-09, 2010 CL Zurich, SWITZERLAND DE Metallic glasses; Mechanical deformation; Glass transition; Defects ID STRUCTURAL RELAXATION; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; AMORPHOUS SOLIDS; SHEAR BANDS; LIQUIDS; DIFFUSION; TRANSPORT; CRITERION; FRACTURE; VOLUME AB The current majority view on the phenomenon of mechanical failure in metallic glasses appears to be that it is caused by the activity of some structural defects, such as free-volumes or shear transformation zones, and the concentration of such defects is small, only of the order of 1%. However, the recent results compel us to revise this view. Through molecular dynamics simulation it has been shown that mechanical failure is the stress-induced glass transition. According to our theory the concentration of the liquid-like sites (defects) is well over 20% at the glass transition. We suggest that the defect concentration in metallic glasses is actually very high, and percolation of such defects causes atomic avalanche and mechanical failure. In this article we discuss the glass transition, mechanical failure and viscosity from such a point of view. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Egami, T.] Univ Tennessee, Joint Inst Neutron Sci, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Egami, T.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Egami, T.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Egami, T (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Joint Inst Neutron Sci, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM egami@utk.edu NR 35 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 4 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 EI 1873-4669 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 509 SU 1 BP S82 EP S86 DI 10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.11.007 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 775MG UT WOS:000291463000019 ER PT J AU Martinez-Blanco, D Gorria, P Fernandez-Martinez, A Perez, MJ Cuello, GJ Blanco, JA AF Martinez-Blanco, D. Gorria, P. Fernandez-Martinez, Alejandro Perez, M. J. Cuello, Gabriel J. Blanco, J. A. TI Spin-glass-like behaviour in ball milled Fe30Cr70 alloy studied by ac magnetic susceptibility SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Metastable, Amorphous and Nanostructured Materials (ISMANAM 2010) CY JUL 04-09, 2010 CL Zurich, SWITZERLAND DE Dynamics properties; Fe and its alloys; Spin glasses and other random magnets; Ball milling AB Nominal nanostructured Fe30Cr70 obtained from ball milling during 110 h has been investigated from dc magnetization and ac magnetic susceptibility. The as-milled sample is not monophasic and is formed of two phases, Fe20 +/- 2Cr80 +/- 2 (similar to 86 +/- 2%) and iron (similar to 14 +/- 2%). The ac susceptibility measurements show evidence of a re-entrant spin-glass-like transition for the Fe20Cr80 phase below 30 K. The shift of the freezing temperature per frequency decade is moderate when compared to that found in conventional spin-glass alloys. A Vogel-Fulcher activation process can be used to explain the frequency variation. The results are also analyzed in terms of Cole-Cole formalism for extracting information of relaxation time (tau similar to 10(-5) to 10(-4) s). (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Martinez-Blanco, D.; Gorria, P.; Perez, M. J.; Blanco, J. A.] Univ Oviedo, Dept Fis, E-33007 Oviedo, Spain. [Fernandez-Martinez, Alejandro] Univ Calif Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. [Cuello, Gabriel J.] Inst Laue Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. RP Blanco, JA (reprint author), Univ Oviedo, Dept Fis, Calvo Sotelo S-N, E-33007 Oviedo, Spain. EM jabr@uniovi.es RI Fernandez-Martinez, Alejandro/B-4042-2010; Cuello, Gabriel/C-5831-2009; Blanco, Jesus/L-6508-2014; Gorria, Pedro/B-4924-2008 OI Fernandez-Martinez, Alejandro/0000-0001-5073-9629; Cuello, Gabriel/0000-0003-3844-0602; Blanco, Jesus/0000-0002-8054-1442; Gorria, Pedro/0000-0002-1908-2953 NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 509 SU 1 BP S397 EP S399 DI 10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.11.039 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 775MG UT WOS:000291463000089 ER PT J AU Das, P Bennett, P Sutherland, BM AF Das, Prolay Bennett, Paula Sutherland, Betsy M. TI Processing of abasic DNA clusters in hApeI-silenced primary fibroblasts exposed to low doses of X-irradiation (vol 36, pg 1, 2011) SO JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES LA English DT Correction C1 [Das, Prolay] Indian Inst Technol, Dept Chem, Patna 800013, Bihar, India. [Bennett, Paula; Sutherland, Betsy M.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Das, P (reprint author), Indian Inst Technol, Dept Chem, Patna 800013, Bihar, India. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INDIAN ACAD SCIENCES PI BANGALORE PA C V RAMAN AVENUE, SADASHIVANAGAR, P B #8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA SN 0250-5991 J9 J BIOSCIENCES JI J. Biosci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 36 IS 2 PG 1 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 777ZQ UT WOS:000291665200021 ER PT J AU Templeton, JA Jones, RE Lee, JW Zimmerman, JA Wong, BM AF Templeton, Jeremy A. Jones, Reese E. Lee, Jonathan W. Zimmerman, Jonathan A. Wong, Bryan M. TI A Long-Range Electric Field Solver for Molecular Dynamics Based on Atomistic-to-Continuum Modeling SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THEORY AND COMPUTATION LA English DT Article ID COMPUTER-SIMULATION; SLAB GEOMETRY; SYSTEMS; EWALD; WATER; SUMS AB Understanding charge transport processes at a molecular level is currently hindered by a lack of appropriate models for incorporating nonperiodic, anisotropic electric fields in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In this work, we develop a model for including electric fields in MD using an atomistic-to-continuum framework This framework provides the mathematical and the algorithmic infrastructure to couple finite element (FE) representations of continuous data with atomic data. Our model represents the electric potential on a FE mesh satisfying a Poisson equation with source terms determined by the distribution of the atomic charges. Boundary conditions can be imposed naturally using the FE description of the potential, which then propagate to each atom through modified forces. The method is verified using simulations where analytical solutions are known or comparisons can be made to existing techniques. In addition, a calculation of a salt water solution in a silicon nanochannel is performed to demonstrate the method in a target scientific application in which ions are attracted to charged surfaces in the presence of electric fields and interfering media. C1 [Jones, Reese E.; Zimmerman, Jonathan A.] Sandia Natl Labs, Mech & Mat Dept, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. [Wong, Bryan M.] Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Chem Mat, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Templeton, JA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Mech & Mat Dept, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM jatempl@sandia.gov RI Wong, Bryan/B-1663-2009; Zimmerman, Jonathan/A-8019-2012 OI Wong, Bryan/0000-0002-3477-8043; FU U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-AC04-94AL85000]; Laboratory Directed Research and Development at Sandia National Laboratories FX Sandia National Laboratories is a multiprogram laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Funding for this work was provided by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development program at Sandia National Laboratories, and its support is gratefully acknowledged. The authors appreciate P. Crozier, G. Wagner, and S. James for providing helpful comments on a draft of this manuscript. The sparse vector software used in this work was implemented by J. Oswald. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1549-9618 J9 J CHEM THEORY COMPUT JI J. Chem. Theory Comput. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 7 IS 6 BP 1736 EP 1749 DI 10.1021/ct100727g PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 775YU UT WOS:000291500400015 PM 26596437 ER PT J AU Koch, D Bauer, SE Del Genio, A Faluvegi, G McConnell, JR Menon, S Miller, RL Rind, D Ruedy, R Schmidt, GA Shindell, D AF Koch, Dorothy Bauer, Susanne E. Del Genio, Anthony Faluvegi, Greg McConnell, Joseph R. Menon, Surabi Miller, Ronald L. Rind, David Ruedy, Reto Schmidt, Gavin A. Shindell, Drew TI Coupled Aerosol-Chemistry-Climate Twentieth-Century Transient Model Investigation: Trends in Short-Lived Species and Climate Responses SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; BLACK CARBON; GODDARD-INSTITUTE; ICE CORE; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; GLOBAL SIMULATION; GISS MODELE; SULFATE; EMISSIONS AB The authors simulate transient twentieth-century climate in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) GCM, with aerosol and ozone chemistry fully coupled to one another and to climate including a full dynamic ocean. Aerosols include sulfate, black carbon (BC), organic carbon, nitrate, sea salt, and dust. Direct and BC-snow-albedo radiative effects are included. Model BC and sulfur trends agree fairly well with records from Greenland and European ice cores and with sulfur deposition in North America; however, the model underestimates the sulfur decline at the end of the century in Greenland. Global BC effects peak early in the century (1940s); afterward the BC effects decrease at high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere but continue to increase at lower latitudes. The largest increase in aerosol optical depth occurs in the middle of the century (1940s-80s) when sulfate forcing peaks and causes global dimming. After this, aerosols decrease in eastern North America and northern Eurasia leading to regional positive forcing changes and brightening. These surface forcing changes have the correct trend but are too weak. Over the century, the net aerosol direct effect is -0.41 W m(-2), the BC-albedo effect is -0.02 W m(-2), and the net ozone forcing is +0.24 W m(-2). The model polar stratospheric ozone depletion develops, beginning in the 1970s. Concurrently, the sea salt load and negative radiative flux increase over the oceans around Antarctica. Net warming over the century is modeled fairly well; however, the model fails to capture the dynamics of the observed midcentury cooling followed by the late century warming. Over the century, 20% of Arctic warming and snow-ice cover loss is attributed to the BC-albedo effect. However, the decrease in this effect at the end of the century contributes to Arctic cooling. To test the climate responses to sulfate and BC pollution, two experiments were branched from 1970 that removed all pollution sulfate or BC. Averaged over 1970-2000, the respective radiative forcings relative to the full experiment were +0.3 and -0.3 W m(-2); the average surface air temperature changes were +0.2 and -0.03 degrees C. The small impact of BC reduction on surface temperature resulted from reduced stability and loss of low-level clouds. C1 [Koch, Dorothy; Bauer, Susanne E.; Del Genio, Anthony; Miller, Ronald L.; Rind, David; Schmidt, Gavin A.; Shindell, Drew] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Koch, Dorothy; Bauer, Susanne E.] Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. [Faluvegi, Greg; Ruedy, Reto] Sigma Space Partners LLC, New York, NY USA. [McConnell, Joseph R.] Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. [Menon, Surabi] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Koch, D (reprint author), Dept Energy, SC23-1 CESD GTN,19901 Germantown Rd, Germantown, MD 20874 USA. EM dorothy.koch@science.doe.gov RI Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; Del Genio, Anthony/D-4663-2012; Schmidt, Gavin/D-4427-2012; Miller, Ron/E-1902-2012; Bauer, Susanne/P-3082-2014 OI Del Genio, Anthony/0000-0001-7450-1359; Schmidt, Gavin/0000-0002-2258-0486; FU NASA; Clean Air Task Force; U.S. Department of Energy [DE- AC02-05CH11231]; DOE; NSF; NSF Arctic Section [0909541, 0336450, 0856845] FX Support for this research is from the NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction Program and the Clean Air Task Force. The work at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE- AC02-05CH11231. S.M. acknowledges funding from the NASA MAP and the DOE ASR program. Collection and initial analyses of the Greenland ice cores was supported by a number of NASA and NSF grants. Reanalysis of the Humboldt and Summit ice cores for BC and sulfur was supported by NSF Arctic Section Grants 0909541, 0336450, and 0856845. We thank L. Husain for providing his lake core BC data. NR 65 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 29 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 24 IS 11 BP 2693 EP 2714 DI 10.1175/2011JCLI3582.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 776AV UT WOS:000291507800005 ER PT J AU Su, H Jiang, JH Lu, XH Penner, JE Read, WG Massie, S Schoeberl, MR Colarco, P Livesey, NJ Santee, ML AF Su, Hui Jiang, Jonathan H. Lu, Xiaohong Penner, Joyce E. Read, William G. Massie, Steven Schoeberl, Mark R. Colarco, Peter Livesey, Nathaniel J. Santee, Michelle L. TI Observed Increase of TTL Temperature and Water Vapor in Polluted Clouds over Asia SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE LAYER; MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDER; TIBETAN PLATEAU; CIRRUS CLOUDS; TRANSPORT; STRATOSPHERE; CONVECTION; DEEP; MLS; PARAMETERIZATION AB Satellite observations are analyzed to examine the correlations between aerosols and the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) temperature and water vapor. This study focuses on two regions, both of which are important pathways for the mass transport from the troposphere to the stratosphere and over which Asian pollution prevails: South and East Asia during boreal summer and the Maritime Continent during boreal winter. Using the upper-tropospheric carbon monoxide measurements from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder as a proxy of aerosols to classify ice clouds as polluted or clean, the authors find that polluted clouds have a smaller ice effective radius and a higher temperature and specific humidity near the tropopause than clean clouds. The increase in water vapor appears to be related to the increase in temperature, as a result of increased aerosols. Meteorological differences between the clouds cannot explain the differences in temperature and water vapor for the polluted and clean clouds. The authors hypothesize that aerosol semidirect radiative heating and/or changes in cirrus radiative heating, resulting from aerosol microphysical effects on clouds, may contribute to the increased TTL temperature and thus increased water vapor in the polluted clouds. C1 [Su, Hui; Jiang, Jonathan H.; Read, William G.; Livesey, Nathaniel J.; Santee, Michelle L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Jiang, Jonathan H.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Penner, Joyce E.] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Massie, Steven] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Schoeberl, Mark R.; Colarco, Peter] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Su, H (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM hui.su@jpl.nasa.gov RI Colarco, Peter/D-8637-2012; Penner, Joyce/J-1719-2012; Liu, Xiaohong/E-9304-2011 OI Colarco, Peter/0000-0003-3525-1662; Liu, Xiaohong/0000-0002-3994-5955 FU NASA FX We thank the funding support from the NASA ACMAP, AST, and IDS programs. XL and JEP acknowledge the support from the DOE Atmospheric System Research Program. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated for the DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute under Contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830. Discussions with Daniel Rosenfeld are greatly appreciated. This work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under NR 38 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 24 IS 11 BP 2728 EP 2736 DI 10.1175/2010JCLI3749.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 776AV UT WOS:000291507800007 ER PT J AU Lee, S Han, S Gill, GA AF Lee, Seyong Han, Seunghee Gill, Gary A. TI Estuarine mixing behavior of colloidal organic carbon and colloidal mercury in Galveston Bay, Texas SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID CROSS-FLOW ULTRAFILTRATION; SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; TRACE-METALS; DISSOLVED MERCURY; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; NATURAL COLLOIDS; SURFACE WATERS; CHESAPEAKE BAY; MATTER AB Mercury (Hg) in estuarine water is distributed among different physical phases (i.e. particulate, colloidal, and truly dissolved). This phase speciation influences the fate and cycling of Hg in estuarine systems. However, limited information exists on the estuarine distribution of colloidal phase Hg, mainly due to the technical difficulties involved in measuring it. In the present study, we determined Hg and organic carbon levels from unfiltered, filtered (<0.45 mu m), colloidal (10 kDa-0.45 mu m), and truly dissolved (<10 kDa) fractions of Galveston Bay surface water in order to understand the estuarine mixing behavior of Hg species as well as interactions of Hg with colloidal organic matter. For the riverine end-member, the colloidal fraction comprised 43 +/- 11% of the total dissolved Hg pool and decreased to 17 +/- 8% in brackish water. In the estuarine mixing zone, dissolved Hg and colloidal organic carbon showed non-conservative removal behavior, particularly in the low salinity (<15 ppt) region. This removal may be caused by salt-induced coagulation of colloidal matter and consequent removal of dissolved Hg. The particle-water interaction, K(d) ([particulate Hg (mol kg(-1))]/[dissolved Hg (mol L(-1))]) of Hg decreased as particle concentration increased, while the particle-water partition coefficient based on colloidal Hg and the truly dissolved Hg fraction, K(c) ([colloidal Hg (mol kg(-1))]/[truly dissolved Hg (mol L(-1))]) of Hg remained constant as particle concentration increased. This suggests that the particle concentration effect is associated with the amount of colloidal Hg, increasing in proportion to the amount of suspended particulate matter. This work demonstrates that, colloidal organic matter plays an important role in the transport, particle-water partitioning, and removal of dissolved Hg in estuarine waters. C1 [Lee, Seyong; Han, Seunghee] Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Kwangju 500712, South Korea. [Gill, Gary A.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Marine Sci Lab, Sequim, WA 98382 USA. RP Han, S (reprint author), Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Kwangju 500712, South Korea. EM shan@gist.ac.kr FU Calfed Bay-Delta Mercury Project [USBR 99FC200241]; Texas Institute of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, Galveston FX We thank Key-Yong Choe and Ronald D. Lehman for technical and sampling assistance. This research was supported by the Calfed Bay-Delta Mercury Project (USBR 99FC200241) and a graduate fellowship from the Texas Institute of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, Galveston. NR 36 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 23 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 13 IS 6 BP 1703 EP 1708 DI 10.1039/c0em00666a PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 774RH UT WOS:000291403300020 PM 21584306 ER PT J AU Doukov, T Li, HY Sharma, A Marte, JD Soltis, SM Silverman, RB Poulos, TL AF Doukov, Tzanko Li, Huiying Sharma, Ajay Marte, Jeffrey D. Soltis, S. Michael Silverman, Richard B. Poulos, Thomas L. TI Temperature-Dependent Spin Crossover in Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Bound with the Heme-Coordinating Thioether Inhibitors SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ENDOR; REFINEMENT; DESIGN; MODE AB A series of L-arginine analogue nitric oxide synthase inhibitors with a thioether tail have been shown to form an Fe S thioether interaction as evidenced by continuous electron density between the Fe and S atoms. Even so, the Fe S thioether interaction was found to be far less important for inhibitor binding than the hydrophobic interactions between the alkyl group in the thioether tail and surrounding protein (Martell et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 798). However, among the few thioether inhibitors that showed Fe-S thioether interaction in crystal structures, variations in spin state (high-spin or low-spin) were observed dependent upon the heme iron oxidation state and temperature. Since modern synchrotron X-ray data collection is typically carried out at cryogenic temperatures, we reasoned that some of the discrepancies between cryo-crystal structures and room-temperature UV-visible spectroscopy could be the result of temperature-dependent spin-state changes. We, therefore, have characterized some of these neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) thioether inhibitor complexes in both crystal and solution using EPR and UV-visible absorption spectrometry as a function of temperature and the heme iron redox state. We found that some thioether inhibitors switch from high to low spin at lower temperatures similar to the "spin crossover" phenomenon observed in many transition metal complexes. C1 [Li, Huiying; Poulos, Thomas L.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Li, Huiying; Poulos, Thomas L.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Li, Huiying; Poulos, Thomas L.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Doukov, Tzanko; Soltis, S. Michael] Stanford Univ, Macromol Crystallog Grp, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lightsource, SLAC, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. [Silverman, Richard B.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Dept Mol Biosci, Chem Life Proc Inst, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Silverman, Richard B.] Northwestern Univ, Ctr Mol Innovat & Drug Discovery, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Poulos, TL (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM poulos@uci.edu FU DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research; National Institutes of Health, National Center for Research Resources, Biomedical Technology [P41RR001209]; National Institute of General Medical Sciences; National Institutes of Health [GM057353, GM049725] FX Portions of this research were carried out at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, a Directorate of SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and an Office of Science User Facility operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science by Stanford University. The SSRL Structural Molecular Biology Program is supported by the DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research, and by the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Research Resources, Biomedical Technology Program (Grant P41RR001209), and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. The authors are grateful for financial support from the National Institutes of Health (Grant GM057353 to T.L.P. and Grant GM049725 to R.B.S.). H.L. thanks Prof. J. K. Lanyi for his instructions in running the single-crystal spectrophotometer and also acknowledges the excellent technical assistance from Dr. Yergalem Meharenna and Hoda Abou-Ziab. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 133 IS 21 BP 8326 EP 8334 DI 10.1021/ja201466v PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 775KV UT WOS:000291459100046 PM 21534614 ER PT J AU Balakrishnan, K Menon, S AF Balakrishnan, Kaushik Menon, Suresh TI A multiphase buoyancy-drag model for the study of Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities in dusty gases SO LASER AND PARTICLE BEAMS LA English DT Article DE Buoyancy-Drag model; Dusty gas; Hydrodynamic instability; Rayleigh-Taylor; Richtmyer-Meshkov ID NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; BLAST-WAVE; ACCELERATION; DEPENDENCE; INTERFACES; STABILITY; DRIVEN; FLUIDS; LAWS; FLOW AB A new multiphase buoyancy-drag model is developed for the study of Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities in dusty gases, extending on a counterpart single-phase model developed in the past by Srebro et al. (2003). This model is applied to single-and multi-mode perturbations in dusty gases and both Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities are investigated. The amplitude for Rayleigh-Taylor growth is observed to be contained within a band, which lies within limits identified by a multiphase Atwood number that is a function of the fluid densities, particle size, and a Stokes number. The amplitude growth is subdued with (1) an increase in particle size for a fixed particle number density and with (2) an increase in particle number density for a fixed particle size. The power law index for Richtmyer-Meshkov growth under multi-mode conditions also shows dependence to the multiphase Atwood number, with the index for the bubble front linearly decreasing and then remaining constant, and increasing non-linearly for the spike front. Four new classes of problems are identified and are investigated for Rayleigh-Taylor growth under multi-mode conditions for a hybrid version of the model: (1) bubbles in a pure gas rising into a region of particles; (2) spikes in a pure gas falling into a region of particles; (3) bubbles in a region of particles rising into a pure gas; and (4) spikes in a region of particles falling into a pure gas. Whereas the bubbles accelerate for class (1) and the spikes for class (4), for classes (2) and (3), the spikes and bubbles, respectively, oscillate in a gravity wave-like phenomenon due to the buoyancy term changing sign alternatively. The spike or bubble front, as the case may be, penetrates different amounts into the dusty or pure gas for every subsequent penetration, due to drag effects. Finally, some extensions to the presently developed multiphase buoyancy-drag model are proposed for future research. C1 [Balakrishnan, Kaushik] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Dept Comp Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Menon, Suresh] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Aerosp Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Balakrishnan, K (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Dept Comp Sci, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM kaushikb@lbl.gov NR 45 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 10 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0263-0346 EI 1469-803X J9 LASER PART BEAMS JI Laser Part. Beams PD JUN PY 2011 VL 29 IS 2 BP 201 EP 217 DI 10.1017/S0263034611000176 PG 17 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 777FR UT WOS:000291601800007 ER PT J AU Khudik, VN Startsev, EA Davidson, RC AF Khudik, V. N. Startsev, E. A. Davidson, R. C. TI Stability properties of the electron return current for intense ion beam propagation through background plasma SO LASER AND PARTICLE BEAMS LA English DT Article DE Charged-particle beams; Two-Stream instability ID MAGNETIC-FIELD; PULSE NEUTRALIZATION AB When an intense ion beam propagates through a dense background plasma, its current is partially neutralized by the electron plasma return current. Due to the non-uniformity of the background plasma electrons longitudinal velocity profile (v) over bar (r), the flow can be unstable. The instability is similar to the Kelvin-Helmholz instability for the non-uniform flow of an incompressible neutral fluid, with the electrostatic potential playing the role of pressure. For the case of electron return current flow, the significant new feature is the presence of the partially self-neutralized magnetic field of the ion beam, which significantly affects the evolution of small-amplitude excitations. In this paper the stability properties of the flow of electrons making up the plasma return current is investigated using the macroscopic cold-fluid-Maxwell equations. It is shown that this flow may become unstable, but the instability growth rates are exponentially small. This unstable body mode is qualitatively different from previously studied surface-mode excitations of the electron plasma return current for an intense ion beam with a sharp radial boundary, which is found to be stable due to the stabilizing influence of the partially neutralized magnetic field of the ion beam. C1 [Startsev, E. A.; Davidson, R. C.] Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. [Khudik, V. N.] Univ Texas Austin, Dept Phys, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Startsev, EA (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. EM estarts@pppl.gov FU U.S. Department of Energy FX This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0263-0346 EI 1469-803X J9 LASER PART BEAMS JI Laser Part. Beams PD JUN PY 2011 VL 29 IS 2 BP 269 EP 273 DI 10.1017/S0263034611000279 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 777FR UT WOS:000291601800016 ER PT J AU Cooley, NA Kulakova, AN Villarreal-Chiu, JF Gilbert, JA McGrath, JW Quinn, JP AF Cooley, N. A. Kulakova, A. N. Villarreal-Chiu, J. F. Gilbert, J. A. McGrath, J. W. Quinn, J. P. TI Phosphonoacetate biosynthesis: In vitro detection of a novel NADP(+)-dependent phosphonoacetaldehyde-oxidizing activity in cell-extracts of a marine Roseobacter SO MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE phosphonoacetaldehyde dehydrogenase; phosphonoacetate biosynthesis; 2-aminoethylphosphonate ID PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS 23F; CARBON-PHOSPHORUS BOND; ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASES; CLEAVING ENZYME; HYDROLASE; PURIFICATION; GENE; BIODEGRADATION; DEGRADATION; BACTERIA AB A novel phosphonoacetaldehyde-oxidizing activity was detected in cell-extracts of the marine bacterium Roseovarius nubinhibens ISM grown on 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid (2-AEP; ciliatine). Extracts also contained 2-AEP transaminase and phosphonoacetate hydrolase activities. These findings indicate the existence of a biological route from 2-AEP via phosphonoacetaldehyde for the production of phosphonoacetate, which has not previously been shown to be a natural product. The three enzymes appear to constitute a previously-unreported pathway for the mineralization of 2-AEP which is a potentially important source of phosphorus in the nutrient-stressed marine environment. C1 [Cooley, N. A.; Kulakova, A. N.; Villarreal-Chiu, J. F.; McGrath, J. W.; Quinn, J. P.] Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Med Biol, Belfast BT9 7BL, Antrim, North Ireland. [Gilbert, J. A.] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Gilbert, J. A.] Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP McGrath, JW (reprint author), Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Med Biol, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, Antrim, North Ireland. EM j.mcgrath@qub.ac.uk FU Invest Northern Ireland; European Social Fund; CONACYT: Mexican National Council on Science and Technology FX The work was supported by a grant from the Invest Northern Ireland RTD Centers of Excellence Programme and by postgraduate studentships to Natalie A Cooley (European Social Fund) and Juan F. Villarreal-Chiu (CONACYT: Mexican National Council on Science and Technology). NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 5 U2 18 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 0026-2617 J9 MICROBIOLOGY+ JI Microbiology PD JUN PY 2011 VL 80 IS 3 BP 335 EP 340 DI 10.1134/S0026261711030076 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 775WX UT WOS:000291495300005 ER PT J AU Mee, JK Devine, RAB Trombetta, L Kaplar, RJ Gouker, P AF Mee, J. K. Devine, R. A. B. Trombetta, L. Kaplar, R. J. Gouker, P. TI Anomalous drain voltage dependence in bias temperature instability measurements on high-kappa field effect transistors SO MICROELECTRONICS RELIABILITY LA English DT Article ID DEGRADATION AB We find that changes in threshold voltage induced by negative bias temperature stressing of p-channel field effect transistors with HfSiON gate dielectrics are modulated by the drain voltage, in measurements wherein the drain current is measured during stressing. This effect is not observed in SiO(2) gate devices. Short channel effects are excluded as explanations, leading us to conclude that positive charge in the dielectric stack is laterally mobile and is conducted out of the insulator via the drain. Further, a simple qualitative model of charging kinetics allows us to extract the density of interface states as a function of time, and shows that these defects build in time, reaching numbers on the order of 10(11) cm(-2) after hundreds of seconds. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Mee, J. K.; Devine, R. A. B.] AFRL RSVE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. [Devine, R. A. B.] EMRT CNMT, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Trombetta, L.] Univ Houston, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. [Kaplar, R. J.] Sandia Natl Labs, Microelect Dev Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Gouker, P.] MIT, Lincoln Labs, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. RP Mee, JK (reprint author), AFRL RSVE, 3550 Aberdeen Ave, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. EM jmee@unm.edu FU Sandia National Laboratories; United States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-AC04-94AL85000] FX This work has been partially supported by Sandia National Laboratories. Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin company, for the United States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract number DE-AC04-94AL85000. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0026-2714 J9 MICROELECTRON RELIAB JI Microelectron. Reliab. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 51 IS 6 SI SI BP 1113 EP 1117 DI 10.1016/j.microrel.2011.02.003 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 775JW UT WOS:000291456600012 ER PT J AU Michael, JR AF Michael, Joseph R. TI Focused Ion Beam Induced Microstructural Alterations: Texture Development, Grain Growth, and Intermetallic Formation SO MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE focused ion beam; radiation damage; SEM; EBSD; texture; TEM ID THIN-FILM ORIENTATION; METAL-FILMS; ASSISTED DEPOSITION; BOMBARDMENT; IMPLANTATION; CRYSTALLINE; NICKEL AB Copper, gold, and tungsten thin films have been exposed to 30 kV Ga+ ion irradiation, and the resulting microstructural modifications are studied as a function of ion dose. The observed microstructural changes include texture development with respect to the easy channeling direction in the target, and in the case of Cu, an additional intermetallic phase is produced. Texture development in these target materials is a function of the starting materials grain size, and these changes are not observed in large grained materials. The accepted models of differential damage driven grain growth are not supported by the results of this study. The implications of this study to the use of focused ion beam tools for sample preparation are discussed. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Mat Characterizat Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Michael, JR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Mat Characterizat Dept, POB 5800,MS 0886, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM jrmicha@sandia.gov FU Lockheed Martin Company, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-AC04-94AL85000] FX The author would like to thank David P. Adams of Sandia National Laboratories and Lucille Giannuzzi of L. A. Giannuzzi & Associates LLC for their critical review of this article. Special thanks to Michael Rye and Bonnie McKenzie for their assistance with FIB and EBSD and to Paul Kotula for the STEM observations. Sandia National Laboratories is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. NR 42 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 29 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 1431-9276 J9 MICROSC MICROANAL JI Microsc. microanal. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 17 IS 3 BP 386 EP 397 DI 10.1017/S1431927611000171 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Microscopy SC Materials Science; Microscopy GA 775FN UT WOS:000291444200009 PM 21466753 ER PT J AU Balco, G Purvance, MD Rood, DH AF Balco, Greg Purvance, Matthew D. Rood, Dylan H. TI Exposure dating of precariously balanced rocks SO QUATERNARY GEOCHRONOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Precariously balanced rocks; Paleoseismology; Cosmogenic-nuclides; Exposure dating; Beryllium-10 ID COSMOGENIC RADIONUCLIDES; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; EROSION RATES; GROUND-MOTION; BE-10; FAULT; HISTORY; UPLIFT; MUONS; CL-36 AB Precariously balanced rocks (PBRs) are freestanding boulders that are precarious or fragile in the sense that they could be toppled by relatively low-amplitude earthquake ground motion. They are important in paleoseismology because their continued existence limits the amplitude of ground motion experienced at their location during their lifetime. In order to make quantitative use of PBRs for seismic hazard studies, one must determine when they attained their present state of fragility, that is, the point in time when the contact between the rocks and the pedestals on which they rest was exhumed from surrounding soil and the rock became vulnerable to earthquake ground motions. Cosmogenic-nuclide exposure dating can be used for this purpose, but is complicated because nuclide production occurs throughout exhumation of the PBR, so the apparent exposure age of any part of the rock surface exceeds the time that the rock has actually been precariously balanced. Here we describe a method for determining the length of time that a PBR has been fragile by measuring cosmogenic-nuclide concentrations at several locations on the PBR surface, and linking them together with a forward model that accounts for nuclide production before, during, and after exhumation of the PBR. Fitting model to data yields the rate and timing of rock exhumation and thus the length of time the rock has been fragile. We use this method to show that an example PBR in southern California has been fragile for 18.7 +/- 2.8 ka. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Balco, Greg] Berkeley Geochronol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA. [Purvance, Matthew D.] Univ Nevada, Seismol Lab, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Purvance, Matthew D.] Itasca Consulting Grp, Minneapolis, MN 55401 USA. [Rood, Dylan H.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Rood, Dylan H.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Earth Res Inst, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Balco, G (reprint author), Berkeley Geochronol Ctr, 2455 Ridge Rd, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA. EM balcs@bgc.org FU Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) [10118]; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; NSF [EAR-0948350, EAR-0106924]; Ann and Gordon Getty Foundation; US Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [DE-AC52-07NA27344]; USGS [02HQAG0008] FX This study could not have been carried out without the collaboration of many researchers who are part of a broader study of southern California PBRs, in particular Rasool Anooshehpoor, Jim Brune, Lisa Grant Ludwig, and Katherine Kendrick. In addition, MP thanks Lesley Perg for ideas and suggestions early in the project. Funding for this work was provided by Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) Award no. 10118 (to Lisa Grant Ludwig), a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Scholar Program Fellowship (to DR), NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship Award no. EAR-0948350 (to DR), and by the Ann and Gordon Getty Foundation. Portions of this work were performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. SCEC is funded by NSF Cooperative Agreement EAR-0106924 and USGS Cooperative Agreement 02HQAG0008. This paper is SCEC Contribution 1480. We thank Drs. Regis Braucher and Angel Rodes for comprehensive and helpful reviews. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1871-1014 J9 QUAT GEOCHRONOL JI Quat. Geochronol. PD JUN-AUG PY 2011 VL 6 IS 3-4 BP 295 EP 303 DI 10.1016/j.quageo.2011.03.007 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 776YB UT WOS:000291576000002 ER PT J AU Guo, JH Xie, C Lee, KT Guo, N Miller, JT Janik, MJ Song, CS AF Guo, Jiahua Xie, Chao Lee, Kyungtae Guo, Neng Miller, Jeffrey T. Janik, Michael J. Song, Chunshan TI Improving the Carbon Resistance of Ni-Based Steam Reforming Catalyst by Alloying with Rh: A Computational Study Coupled with Reforming Experiments and EXAFS Characterization SO ACS CATALYSIS LA English DT Article DE steam reforming; deactivation; coking; nickel; rhodium; Ni-Rh; catalyst; DFT; stepped surfaces; reforming; EXAFS ID TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; GEL NI/AL2O3 CATALYSTS; ELASTIC BAND METHOD; WAVE BASIS-SET; LOW-TEMPERATURE; FUEL-CELLS; DISSOCIATIVE ADSORPTION; COKING RESISTANCE; HYDROCARBON FUELS; PARTIAL OXIDATION AB Supported nickel catalysts are widely used in hydrocarbon steam reforming for producing hydrogen. Carbon deposition is a major cause of Ni catalyst deactivation. In this work, supported Ni and Ni/Rh catalysts were synthesized and tested for liquid hydrocarbon steam reforming. Carbon analysis on the spent catalysts illustrates that the carbon deposition is significantly reduced with inclusion of Rh. Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) analysis indicates close interactions between Ni and Rh atoms. Density functional theory (DFT) results show that a Ni/Rh alloy is thermodynamically more stable than Ni and Rh alone at the synthesis and reaction temperatures. Adsorption, diffusion, and oxidation of carbon atoms over Ni and Ni/Rh alloy surfaces were examined by DFT calculations. Alloying with Rh reduces the stability of deposited carbon atoms an clusters over both terraces and steps: of the catalyst Moreover, Rh addition enhances the competition of oxidation reactions against carbon deposition by altering the relative diffusion rates and bond formation rates of the two processes. C1 [Lee, Kyungtae; Janik, Michael J.; Song, Chunshan] Penn State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Guo, Jiahua; Song, Chunshan] Penn State Univ, Dept Energy & Mineral Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Xie, Chao] Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Guo, Jiahua; Xie, Chao; Song, Chunshan] Penn State Univ, EMS Energy Inst, Clean Fuels & Catalysis Program, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Guo, Neng; Miller, Jeffrey T.] Argonne Natl Lab, Chem Sci & Engn Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Janik, MJ (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM mjanik@psu.edu; csong@psu.edu RI Song, Chunshan/B-3524-2008; BM, MRCAT/G-7576-2011; Guo, Neng/A-3223-2013; Xie, Chao/J-3681-2014 OI Song, Chunshan/0000-0003-2344-9911; FU U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory [DE-NT0004396]; U.S. Office of Naval Research [N00014-06-1-0320]; ConocoPhillips Corp.; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science (DOE-BES-SC) [W-31-109-Eng-38]; Department of Energy; MRCAT member institutions FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of this work in part by the U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory under Grant DE-NT0004396, by the U.S. Office of Naval Research through an ONRNAVSEA Grant N00014-06-1-0320, and by a fellowship from ConocoPhillips Corp. Use of the Advanced Photon Source was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science (DOE-BES-SC), under Contract No. W-31-109-Eng-38. Materials Research Collaborative Access Team (MRCAT) operations are supported by the Department of Energy and the MRCAT member institutions. NR 66 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 6 U2 52 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 2155-5435 J9 ACS CATAL JI ACS Catal. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 1 IS 6 BP 574 EP 582 DI 10.1021/cs2000472 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 773VE UT WOS:000291338600001 ER PT J AU Enterkin, JA Setthapun, W Elam, JW Christensen, ST Rabuffetti, FA Marks, LD Stair, PC Poeppelmeier, KR Marshall, CL AF Enterkin, James A. Setthapun, Worajit Elam, Jeffrey W. Christensen, Steven T. Rabuffetti, Federico A. Marks, Laurence D. Stair, Peter C. Poeppelmeier, Kenneth R. Marshall, Christopher L. TI Propane Oxidation over Pt/SrTiO3 Nanocuboids SO ACS CATALYSIS LA English DT Article DE platinum; propane oxidation; SrTiO3; atomic layer deposition; nanocrystal support; nanoparticle catalysis ID ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION; NOBLE-METAL CATALYSTS; PLATINUM CATALYST; OXYGEN MOBILITY; CERAMIC POWDERS; SRTIO3; COMBUSTION; PEROVSKITES; METHANE; SURFACE AB Pt/SrTiO3 shows promise as a low temperature using sol-precipitation coupled with hydrothermal synthesis, hydrocarbon combustion catalyst for automotive applications. In this study, SrTiO3 nanocuboid supports were synthesized and platinum was deposited on the nanocuboids with 1, 3, and 5 cycles of atomic layer deposition (ALD). The platinum particles have a highly uniform distribution both before and after reaction testing, and range from 1 to 5 rim in size, depending upon the number of ALD cycles. These materials have a >50 degrees C lower light-off temperature for propane oxidation than a conventional Pt/Al2O3 catalyst, turn over frequencies up to 3 orders of magnitude higher, and show improved resistance to deactivation. The increased activity is attributed to the stabilization of a Pt/PtO core/shell structure during operating conditions by the strong epitaxy between the Pt and the SrTiO3 support. C1 [Enterkin, James A.; Setthapun, Worajit; Stair, Peter C.; Poeppelmeier, Kenneth R.; Marshall, Christopher L.] Argonne Natl Lab, Chem Sci & Engn Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Elam, Jeffrey W.; Christensen, Steven T.] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Syst, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Enterkin, James A.; Rabuffetti, Federico A.; Stair, Peter C.; Poeppelmeier, Kenneth R.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Marks, Laurence D.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Marshall, CL (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Chem Sci & Engn Div, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Marks, Laurence/B-7527-2009; Marshall, Christopher/D-1493-2015 OI Marshall, Christopher/0000-0002-1285-7648 FU U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Science through the Institute for Catalysis in Energy Processes [W-31-109-ENG-38, DE-FG02-03-ER15457]; NSF-NSEC; NSF-MRSEC; Keck Foundation; State of Illinois; Northwestern University; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science Laboratory under UChicago Argonne, LLC. [DE-AC02-06CH11357] FX This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Science, under Contracts W-31-109-ENG-38 and DE-FG02-03-ER15457 through the Institute for Catalysis in Energy Processes. The transmission electron imaging work was performed in the EPIC facility of NUANCE Center at Northwestern University. The NUANCE Center is supported by NSF-NSEC, NSF-MRSEC, Keck Foundation, the State of Illinois, and Northwestern University. SEM was performed at the Electron Microscopy Center for Materials Research at Argonne National Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science Laboratory operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357 by UChicago Argonne, LLC. NR 50 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 5 U2 83 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 2155-5435 J9 ACS CATAL JI ACS Catal. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 1 IS 6 BP 629 EP 635 DI 10.1021/cs200092c PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 773VE UT WOS:000291338600008 ER PT J AU Feng, H Libera, JA Stair, PC Miller, JT Elam, JW AF Feng, Hao Libera, Joseph A. Stair, Peter C. Miller, Jeffrey T. Elam, Jeffrey W. TI Subnanometer Palladium Particles Synthesized by Atomic Layer Deposition SO ACS CATALYSIS LA English DT Article DE palladium (Pd) particles; atomic layer deposition (ALD); nanoparticle catalyst ID SUPPORTED PD-CATALYSTS; METHANOL DECOMPOSITION; HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS; GAMMA-ALUMINA; NANOPARTICLES; SIZE; ADSORPTION; COMPLEXES; REACTIVITY; DISPERSION AB Monodispersed palladium nanoparticle catalysts were synthesized by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using alternating exposures of Pd hexafluoroacetylacetonate (Pd(hfac)(2)) and formalin on an alumina support. The size of the ALD Pd particles could be tuned by adjusting the preparation conditions. Conventional ALD conditions produced Pd particles with an average size of 1.4 rim. Removal of surface hydroxyls from the alumina support by a chemical treatment using trimethyl aluminum (TMA) before performing Pd ALD led to nanopartides larger than 2 rim. Ultrasmall (subnanometer) Pd partides were synthesized using low-temperature metal precursor exposures, followed by applying protective ALD alumina overcoats. The ALD Pd particles were characterized by transmission electron micro scopy, extended X-ray absorption fine structure, and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy techniques. The Pd loadings were measured by X-ray fluorescence. The catalytic. performance of ALD Pd particles of different sizes was compared in the methanol decomposition reaction. The specific activity (normalized by Pd loading) of the ultrasmall Pd particles was higher than those of the larger particles. Considering the metal dispersion factor, the turnover frequency (TOF) of the ultrasmall Pd particles is comparable to that of the medium-sized (1.4 nm, on average) Pd particles synthesized under standard ALD conditions. The large Pd particles (>2 nm) are a factor of 2 less active than the smaller Pd particles. C1 [Libera, Joseph A.; Elam, Jeffrey W.] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Syst, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Feng, Hao; Stair, Peter C.; Miller, Jeffrey T.] Argonne Natl Lab, Chem Sci & Engn Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Stair, Peter C.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Elam, JW (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Syst, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM jelam@anl.gov RI BM, MRCAT/G-7576-2011 FU U.S. Department of Energy, BES-HFI, Chemical Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357]; Dow Chemical Company; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357]; Department of Energy; MRCAT FX This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, BES-HFI, Chemical Sciences under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357 and by The Dow Chemical Company under the Dow Methane Challenge Award. The TEM work was supported as part of the Institute for Atom-efficient Chemical Transformations (IACT), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. The use of the Advanced Photon Source was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. Materials Research Collaborative Access Team (MRCAT, Sector 10 ID) operations are supported by the Department of Energy and the MRCAT member institutions. NR 57 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 7 U2 88 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 2155-5435 J9 ACS CATAL JI ACS Catal. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 1 IS 6 BP 665 EP 673 DI 10.1021/cs2000957 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 773VE UT WOS:000291338600012 ER PT J AU Rahaman, MN Day, DE Bal, BS Fu, Q Jung, SB Bonewald, LF Tomsia, AP AF Rahaman, Mohamed N. Day, Delbert E. Bal, B. Sonny Fu, Qiang Jung, Steven B. Bonewald, Lynda F. Tomsia, Antoni P. TI Bioactive glass in tissue engineering SO ACTA BIOMATERIALIA LA English DT Review DE Bioactive glass; Tissue engineering; Bone repair; Angiogenesis; Soft tissue repair ID HOLLOW HYDROXYAPATITE MICROSPHERES; CALCIUM-PHOSPHATE BIOCERAMICS; ANGIOGENIC GROWTH-FACTORS; MESENCHYMAL STEM-CELLS; IN-VITRO EVALUATION; OF-THE-ART; BORATE GLASS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; CONTROLLABLE DEGRADATION; BONE REGENERATION AB This review focuses on recent advances in the development and use of bioactive glass for tissue engineering applications. Despite its inherent brittleness, bioactive glass has several appealing characteristics as a scaffold material for bone tissue engineering. New bioactive glasses based on borate and borosilicate compositions have shown the ability to enhance new bone formation when compared to silicate bioactive glass. Borate-based bioactive glasses also have controllable degradation rates, so the degradation of the bioactive glass implant can be more closely matched to the rate of new bone formation. Bioactive glasses can be doped with trace quantities of elements such as Cu, Zn and Sr, which are known to be beneficial for healthy bone growth. In addition to the new bioactive glasses, recent advances in biomaterials processing have resulted in the creation of scaffold architectures with a range of mechanical properties suitable for the substitution of loaded as well as non-loaded bone. While bioactive glass has been extensively investigated for bone repair, there has been relatively little research on the application of bioactive glass to the repair of soft tissues. However, recent work has shown the ability of bioactive glass to promote angiogenesis, which is critical to numerous applications in tissue regeneration, such as neovascularization for bone regeneration and the healing of soft tissue wounds. Bioactive glass has also been shown to enhance neocartilage formation during in vitro culture of chondrocyte-seeded hydrogels, and to serve as a subchondral substrate for tissue-engineered osteochondral constructs. Methods used to manipulate the structure and performance of bioactive glass in these tissue engineering applications are analyzed. (C) 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Rahaman, Mohamed N.; Day, Delbert E.; Jung, Steven B.] Missouri Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. [Rahaman, Mohamed N.; Day, Delbert E.; Jung, Steven B.] Missouri Univ Sci & Technol, Ctr Bone & Tissue Repair & Regenerat, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. [Bal, B. Sonny] Univ Missouri, Sch Med, Dept Orthopaed Surg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. [Fu, Qiang; Tomsia, Antoni P.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Jung, Steven B.] Mosci Corp, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. [Bonewald, Lynda F.] Univ Missouri, Sch Dent, Dept Oral Biol, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA. RP Rahaman, MN (reprint author), Missouri Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. EM rahaman@mst.edu RI Fu, Qiang/B-1972-2013; OI Bal, B. Sonny/0000-0002-9615-8632 FU National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIH/NIAMS) [1R15AR056119]; National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIH/NIDCR) [1R15DE018251]; US Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity [W81XWH-08-1-0765]; National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIH/NIDCR) [1R01DE015633] FX This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIH/NIAMS) Grant No. 1R15AR056119 (M.N.R., B.S.B.), the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIH/NIDCR) Grant No. 1R15DE018251 (M.N.R., D.E.D.) and the US Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity Contract No. W81XWH-08-1-0765 (M.N.R., D.E.D., L.F.B.). Q.F. and A.P.T. are grateful for the support from the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIH/NIDCR) Grant No. 1R01DE015633. The authors thank Dr. R.F. Brown (Missouri S&T), Dr. J.L. Cook and Dr. P.K. Jayabalan (University of Missouri-Columbia), and Dr. C.T. Hung (Columbia University), for their collaboration. NR 164 TC 413 Z9 420 U1 49 U2 320 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1742-7061 J9 ACTA BIOMATER JI Acta Biomater. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 7 IS 6 BP 2355 EP 2373 DI 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.03.016 PG 19 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 771SU UT WOS:000291181800001 PM 21421084 ER PT J AU Conlan, AR Paddock, ML Homer, C Axelrod, HL Cohen, AE Abresch, EC Zuris, JA Nechushtai, R Jennings, PA AF Conlan, Andrea R. Paddock, Mark L. Homer, Christina Axelrod, Herbert L. Cohen, Aina E. Abresch, Edward C. Zuris, John A. Nechushtai, Rachel Jennings, Patricia A. TI Mutation of the His ligand in mitoNEET stabilizes the 2Fe-2S cluster despite conformational heterogeneity in the ligand environment SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE mitochondrial outer membrane; 2Fe-2S clusters; CISD1; diabetes; pioglitazone ID MITOCHONDRIAL-MEMBRANE PROTEIN; IRON-SULFUR PROTEINS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; FERREDOXIN; HISTIDINE; SYSTEM AB MitoNEET is the only identified Fe-S protein localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane and a 1.5 A resolution X-ray analysis has revealed a unique structure [Paddock et al. (2007), Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 14342-14347]. The 2Fe-2S cluster is bound with a 3Cys-1His coordination which defines a new class of 2Fe-2S proteins. The hallmark feature of this class is the single noncysteine ligand His87, which when replaced by Cys decreases the redox potential (E (m)) by similar to 300 mV and increases the stability of the cluster by around sixfold. Unexpectedly, the pH dependence of the lifetime of the 2Fe-2S cluster remains the same as in the wild-type protein. Here, the crystal structure of H87C mitoNEET was determined to 1.7 A resolution (R factor = 18%) to investigate the structural basis of the changes in the properties of the 2Fe-2S cluster. In comparison to the wild type, structural changes are localized to the immediate vicinity of the cluster-binding region. Despite the increased stability, Cys87 displays two distinct conformations, with distances of 2.3 and 3.2 A between the S gamma and the outer Fe of the 2Fe-2S cluster. In addition, Lys55 exhibits multiple conformations in the H87C mutant protein. The structure and distinct characteristics of the H87C mutant provide a framework for further studies investigating the effects of mutation on the properties of the 2Fe-2S cluster in this new class of proteins. C1 [Conlan, Andrea R.; Zuris, John A.; Jennings, Patricia A.] Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Conlan, Andrea R.; Zuris, John A.; Jennings, Patricia A.] Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biochem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Paddock, Mark L.; Homer, Christina; Abresch, Edward C.] Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Axelrod, Herbert L.; Cohen, Aina E.] Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Nechushtai, Rachel] Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Wolfson Ctr Appl Struct Biol, Dept Plant & Environm Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. RP Jennings, PA (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM pajennin@ucsd.edu FU NIH [GM41637, GM54038, DK54441]; HEME [5T32DK007233-34]; CMG [2T32GM007240-29]; Department of Energy, Office of Biological and Environmental Research; National Institutes of Health, National Center for Research Resources; National Institute of General Medical Sciences FX This work was supported by NIH grants GM41637 (to M. Okamura and MLP), GM54038 and DK54441 (to PAJ). Students were supported by HEME 5T32DK007233-34 (JAZ) and CMG training grant 2T32GM007240-29 (ARC). RN thanks the Zevi Hermann Shapira Foundation for supporting the collaborative USA-Israeli efforts. We thank Christopher L. Rife at the Joint Center for Structural Genomics (JCSG) for providing an automated programming script for coordinate validation. Parts of this research were carried out at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, a national user facility operated by Stanford University on behalf of the US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. The SSRL Structural Molecular Biology Program is supported by the Department of Energy, Office of Biological and Environmental Research and by the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Research Resources, Biomedical Technology Program and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. NR 31 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0907-4449 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR D JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D-Biol. Crystallogr. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 67 BP 516 EP 523 DI 10.1107/S0907444911011577 PN 6 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA 772DR UT WOS:000291212900003 PM 21636891 ER PT J AU Kisselman, G Qiu, W Romanov, V Thompson, CM Lam, R Battaile, KP Pai, EF Chirgadze, NY AF Kisselman, Gera Qiu, Wei Romanov, Vladimir Thompson, Christine M. Lam, Robert Battaile, Kevin P. Pai, Emil F. Chirgadze, Nickolay Y. TI X-CHIP: an integrated platform for high-throughput protein crystallization and on-the-chip X-ray diffraction data collection SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE protein crystallization devices; in situ X-ray analysis; crystallization; crystal visual inspection; diffraction data collection ID MICROBATCH METHOD; VAPOR-DIFFUSION; DROPLETS AB The X-CHIP (X-ray Crystallization High-throughput Integrated Platform) is a novel microchip that has been developed to combine multiple steps of the crystallographic pipeline from crystallization to diffraction data collection on a single device to streamline the entire process. The system has been designed for crystallization condition screening, visual crystal inspection, initial X-ray screening and data collection in a high-throughput fashion. X-ray diffraction data acquisition can be performed directly on-the-chip at room temperature using an in situ approach. The capabilities of the chip eliminate the necessity for manual crystal handling and cryoprotection of crystal samples, while allowing data collection from multiple crystals in the same drop. This technology would be especially beneficial for projects with large volumes of data, such as protein-complex studies and fragment-based screening. The platform employs hydrophilic and hydrophobic concentric ring surfaces on a miniature plate transparent to visible light and X-rays to create a well defined and stable microbatch crystallization environment. The results of crystallization and data-collection experiments demonstrate that high-quality well diffracting crystals can be grown and high-resolution diffraction data sets can be collected using this technology. Furthermore, the quality of a single-wavelength anomalous dispersion data set collected with the X-CHIP at room temperature was sufficient to generate interpretable electron-density maps. This technology is highly resource-efficient owing to the use of nanolitre-scale drop volumes. It does not require any modification for most in-house and synchrotron beamline systems and offers a promising opportunity for full automation of the X-ray structure-determination process. C1 [Kisselman, Gera; Qiu, Wei; Romanov, Vladimir; Thompson, Christine M.; Lam, Robert; Pai, Emil F.; Chirgadze, Nickolay Y.] Univ Hlth Network, Princess Margaret Hosp, Ontario Canc Inst, Campbell Family Canc Res Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada. [Battaile, Kevin P.] Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, IMCA CAT, Hauptman Woodward Med Res Inst, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Pai, Emil F.] Univ Toronto, Dept Biochem, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada. [Pai, Emil F.] Univ Toronto, Dept Mol Genet & Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada. [Chirgadze, Nickolay Y.] Univ Toronto, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada. RP Chirgadze, NY (reprint author), Univ Hlth Network, Princess Margaret Hosp, Ontario Canc Inst, Campbell Family Canc Res Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada. EM nchirgad@uhnresearch.ca RI Pai, Emil/D-2526-2013; OI Battaile, Kevin/0000-0003-0833-3259; Pai, Emil/0000-0002-1162-7242 FU Industrial Macromolecular Crystallography Association through Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute; US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC2006CH11357]; Ontario Research and Development Challenge Fund [99-SEP-0512] FX For providing technical support and access to the in-house and synchrotron X-ray sources, we are thankful to Aiping Dong of the Toronto Structural Genomics Consortium and the IMCA-CAT staff at the APS, respectively. We also extend our gratitude to Dr Tara Davis for providing bacterial cell cultures for purification of EphA3, Kathy Jones for her help with initial crystallization experiments, Joe Miller for help with business development and Jason C. Ellis for machining accessory items. Use of the IMCA-CAT beamline 17-ID at the Advanced Photon Source was supported by the companies of the Industrial Macromolecular Crystallography Association through a contract with the Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute. Use of the Advanced Photon Source was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, contract No. DE-AC2006CH11357. The authors acknowledge the grant sponsor: Ontario Research and Development Challenge Fund (99-SEP-0512). NR 18 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0907-4449 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR D JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D-Biol. Crystallogr. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 67 BP 533 EP 539 DI 10.1107/S0907444911011589 PN 6 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA 772DR UT WOS:000291212900005 PM 21636893 ER PT J AU Jogl, G Wang, XP Mason, SA Kovalevsky, A Mustyakimov, M Fisher, Z Hoffman, C Kratky, C Langan, P AF Jogl, Gerwald Wang, Xiaoping Mason, Sax A. Kovalevsky, Andrey Mustyakimov, Marat Fisher, Zoee Hoffman, Christina Kratky, Christoph Langan, Paul TI High-resolution neutron crystallographic studies of the hydration of the coenzyme cob(II)alamin SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE cob(II)alamin; neutron crystallography; hydration; hydrogen bonding; high resolution; D19; TOPAZ ID X-RAY; VITAMIN-B12 COENZYME; HYDROGEN-BONDS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; DIFFRACTION; REFINEMENT; CHEMISTRY; TRAFFICKING; COBALAMINS AB The hydration of the coenzyme cob(II)alamin has been studied using high-resolution monochromatic neutron crystallographic data collected at room temperature to a resolution of 0.92 A on the original D19 diffractometer with a prototype 4 degrees x 64 degrees detector at the high-flux reactor neutron source run by the Institute Laue-Langevin. The resulting structure provides hydrogen-bonding parameters for the hydration of biomacromolecules to unprecedented accuracy. These experimental parameters will be used to define more accurate force fields for biomacromolecular structure refinement. The presence of a hydrophobic bowl motif surrounded by flexible side chains with terminal functional groups may be significant for the efficient scavenging of ligands. The feasibility of extending the resolution of this structure to ultrahigh resolution was investigated by collecting time-of-flight neutron crystallographic data during commissioning of the TOPAZ diffractometer with a prototype array of 14 modular 2 degrees x 21 degrees detectors at the Spallation Neutron Source run by Oak Ridge National Laboratory. C1 [Wang, Xiaoping; Hoffman, Christina; Langan, Paul] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Spallat Neutron Source, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Jogl, Gerwald] Brown Univ, Dept Mol Biol Cell Biol & Biochem, Providence, RI 02912 USA. [Mason, Sax A.] Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. [Kovalevsky, Andrey; Mustyakimov, Marat; Fisher, Zoee; Langan, Paul] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Kratky, Christoph] Graz Univ, Inst Mol Biosci, A-8010 Graz, Austria. RP Langan, P (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Spallat Neutron Source, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM langanpa@ornl.gov RI Wang, Xiaoping/E-8050-2012; mason, sax /E-6738-2011; Langan, Paul/N-5237-2015; hoffmann, christina/D-2292-2016; OI Wang, Xiaoping/0000-0001-7143-8112; Langan, Paul/0000-0002-0247-3122; hoffmann, christina/0000-0002-7222-5845; Kovalevsky, Andrey/0000-0003-4459-9142 FU Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the Department of Energy; Office of Biological and Environmental Research of the Department of Energy; NIH-NIGMS [R01GM071939-01] FX We acknowledge the ILL and SNS for provision of facilities. TOPAZ is funded by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the Department of Energy. PL, MM, AK and ZF were partly funded by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research of the Department of Energy. PL and MM were partly supported by an NIH-NIGMS grant (R01GM071939-01) to develop computational tools for neutron protein crystallography. NR 36 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0907-4449 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR D JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D-Biol. Crystallogr. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 67 BP 584 EP 591 DI 10.1107/S090744491101496X PN 6 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA 772DR UT WOS:000291212900011 PM 21636899 ER PT J AU Bhattacharyya, D Mara, NA Dickerson, P Hoagland, RG Misra, A AF Bhattacharyya, D. Mara, N. A. Dickerson, P. Hoagland, R. G. Misra, A. TI Compressive flow behavior of Al-TiN multilayers at nanometer scale layer thickness SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE Nanocomposite; Compression test; Nanoindentation; Plastic deformation ID TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; METAL-CERAMIC COMPOSITES; THIN-FILMS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; NANOINDENTATION HARDNESS; DEFORMATION MECHANISMS; NANOSCALE MULTILAYERS; DISLOCATIONS; SLIP; INTERFACES AB The mechanical behavior of nanoscale Al-TiN multilayered composites was studied using micropillar compression experiments, which were compared with previously performed nanoindentation experiments, and the microstructure was investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that at extremely small layer thicknesses (<5 nm) the nanoscale multilayers acquire remarkable hardness (similar to 6 GPa), high flow strengths (similar to 4.5 GPa maximum) and high compressive deformability (5-7% plastic strain). These high strengths were accompanied by extraordinarily high strain-hardening rates in the Al layers, which were of the order of 16-35 GPa (similar to E/4-E/2) in "regime II" of the stress-strain curve of the compression tests in the 2-4 nm layered films and 5-9 GPa in the Al-18 nm-TiN-2 nm layered films, where Al layers deform plastically and TiN layers are deformed elastically. The high strengths and high work-hardening rates are discussed and analyzed using the concepts of dislocation motion and interactions within the confined nanoscale Al layers. (C) 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Bhattacharyya, D.; Mara, N. A.; Misra, A.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, MPA CINT, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. [Dickerson, P.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, MST 6, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. [Hoagland, R. G.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, MST Met 8, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Bhattacharyya, D (reprint author), Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Inst Mat Engn, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia. EM dhriti1@gmail.com RI Misra, Amit/H-1087-2012; Hoagland, Richard/G-9821-2012; Mara, Nathan/J-4509-2014; OI Mara, Nathan/0000-0002-9135-4693 FU Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES) of the Office of Science, Department of Energy of the United States Government FX The authors wish to thank J. K. Baldwin at LANL for assistance with magnetron sputtering of Al/TiN multilayers. The very fruitful discussions with Prof. J. P. Hirth and Prof. W. D. Nix are gratefully acknowledged. This work was funded by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES) of the Office of Science, Department of Energy of the United States Government. The Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, a BES user facility, is acknowledged for nanoindentation access through an approved user proposal with N. A. Mara. NR 46 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 3 U2 46 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 EI 1873-2453 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 59 IS 10 BP 3804 EP 3816 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.02.036 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 770WR UT WOS:000291119700005 ER PT J AU Kiener, D Guruprasad, PJ Keralavarma, SM Dehm, G Benzerga, AA AF Kiener, D. Guruprasad, P. J. Keralavarma, S. M. Dehm, G. Benzerga, A. A. TI Work hardening in micropillar compression: In situ experiments and modeling SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE Discrete dislocation dynamics; Geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs); Flow stress; Hardening; In situ pillar compression ID DISCRETE DISLOCATION PLASTICITY; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; MICRON-SCALE; THIN-FILMS; NICKEL MICROCRYSTALS; DEFORMATION; COPPER; STRENGTH; CU AB Experimental measurements and simulation results for the evolution of plastic deformation and hardening in micropillars are compared. The stress strain response of high-symmetry Cu single crystals is experimentally determined using in situ micropillar compression. Discrete dislocation simulations are conducted within a two-dimensional plane-strain framework with the dislocations modeled as line singularities in an isotropic elastic medium. Physics-based constitutive rules are employed for an adequate representation of hardening. The numerical parameters entering the simulations are directly identified from a subset of experimental data. The experimental measurements and simulation results for the flow stress at various strain levels and the hardening rates are in good quantitative agreement. Both flow strength and hardening rate are size-dependent and increase with decreasing pillar size. The size effect in hardening is mainly caused by the build-up of geometrically necessary dislocations. Their evolution is observed to be size-dependent and more localized for smaller sample volumes, which is also reflected in local crystal misorientations. (C) 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Guruprasad, P. J.; Keralavarma, S. M.; Benzerga, A. A.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Kiener, D.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Dehm, G.] Austrian Acad Sci, Erich Schmid Inst Mat Sci, Leoben, Austria. [Kiener, D.; Dehm, G.] Univ Leoben, Dept Mat Phys, Leoben, Austria. [Benzerga, A. A.] Texas A&M Univ, Mat Sci & Engn Grad Program, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Guruprasad, PJ (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM guruprasad.padubidri@mines-paristech.fr RI Guruprasad, PJ/B-5030-2008; Benzerga, Amine/K-2045-2014; Kiener, Daniel/B-2202-2008; Dehm, Gerhard/A-3066-2017 OI Benzerga, Amine/0000-0002-6644-470X; Kiener, Daniel/0000-0003-3715-3986; FU National Science Foundation [CMMI-0748187]; Texas A&M University Supercomputing Facility FX Support from the National Science Foundation through the Faculty Early Career Development Program (CMMI-0748187) and from the Texas A&M University Supercomputing Facility are greatly acknowledged. NR 60 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 5 U2 76 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 59 IS 10 BP 3825 EP 3840 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.03.003 PG 16 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 770WR UT WOS:000291119700007 ER PT J AU Wang, SY Holm, EA Suni, J Alvi, MH Kalu, PN Rollett, AD AF Wang, Shengyu Holm, Elizabeth A. Suni, Jaakko Alvi, Mohammed H. Kalu, Peter N. Rollett, Anthony D. TI Modeling the recrystallized grain size in single phase materials SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE Electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD); Aluminum alloys; Monte Carlo techniques; Abnormal grain growth; Recrystallization ID COMMERCIAL PURITY ALUMINUM; ABNORMAL SUBGRAIN GROWTH; BOUNDARY MOBILITY; DEFORMATION; ALLOYS; MICROSTRUCTURES; MISORIENTATION; DIFFRACTION; DISTRIBUTIONS; SIMULATION AB A model is proposed for post-recrystallization grain size. The model is based on the coarsening of subgrain networks as present after deformation and recovery. It is shown that the orientation spread in the subgrain network is the key variable in predicting the density of abnormal subgrains and, hence, the recrystallized grain size. The model explains the strong dependence of the post-recrystallization grain size on prior strain and the lack of a dependence on the annealing temperature. (C) 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Wang, Shengyu; Rollett, Anthony D.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Holm, Elizabeth A.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87102 USA. [Suni, Jaakko] ALCOA Tech Ctr, Alcoa Ctr, PA 15069 USA. [Alvi, Mohammed H.] Intel Corp, Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA. [Kalu, Peter N.] Florida State Univ, Florida Agr & Mech Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. RP Wang, SY (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM subgrain@gmail.com RI Rollett, Anthony/A-4096-2012; Holm, Elizabeth/S-2612-2016 OI Rollett, Anthony/0000-0003-4445-2191; Holm, Elizabeth/0000-0003-3064-5769 FU National Science Foundation (NSF) [DMR-0503049]; Pennsylvania DCED; European Union; MRSEC at CMU under NSF [DMR-0520425] FX The support of the National Science Foundation (NSF) under contract DMR-0503049 and of the Pennsylvania DCED is gratefully acknowledged. Dr. H. Weiland of the Alcoa Technical Center, Prof. G. Gottstein of the RWTH and Prof. A. El-Azab of FSU are gratefully acknowledged for useful discussions. Collaboration with Drs. R. Loge, M. Bernacki, and H. Resk of the CEMEF in France, as part of the Digimat project supported by the NSF and the European Union, is highly appreciated. The use of facilities supported by the MRSEC at CMU under NSF award number DMR-0520425 is gratefully acknowledged. NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 59 IS 10 BP 3872 EP 3882 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.03.011 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 770WR UT WOS:000291119700011 ER PT J AU Funfschilling, S Fett, T Hoffmann, MJ Oberacker, R Schwind, T Wippler, J Bohlke, T Ozcoban, H Schneider, GA Becher, PF Kruzic, JJ AF Fuenfschilling, S. Fett, T. Hoffmann, M. J. Oberacker, R. Schwind, T. Wippler, J. Boehlke, T. Oezcoban, H. Schneider, G. A. Becher, P. F. Kruzic, J. J. TI Mechanisms of toughening in silicon nitrides: The roles of crack bridging and microstructure SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE Fracture; Toughness; Microstructure; Grain boundaries; R-curve ID R-CURVES; BRITTLE MATERIALS; CERAMICS; TOUGHNESS; RESISTANCE; STRESSES; GROWTH AB Crack-bridging mechanisms can provide substantial increases in toughness coupled with strength in ceramics. Herein, we describe the various bridging mechanisms, their toughening contributions and how they are affected by microstructure in silicon nitride ceramics, which are a classic example where both high strength and toughness are achieved. Crack growth resistance curves (R-curves) for seven different silicon nitrides doped with various metal oxides and with different microstructures were measured, and bridging stress distributions were calculated for each. Based on an analysis of those results combined with results of the relative interfacial toughness of two of the ceramics, a new mechanistic theory for the evolution of the R-curve is proposed. The initial steep rise in toughness is attributed to the formation of elastic bridges that experience no debonding. This mechanism has not previously been recognized in the literature and the high strength of these materials (up to 1 GPa) is here attributed primarily to that mechanism. As those bridges begin to fracture and the mechanism becomes saturated, a change in the R-curve slope is observed and the more traditional mechanisms of partially debonded elastic and fully debonded frictional bridges dominate the continuing rise in toughness. Furthermore, the saturation of each mechanism is associated with a change in slope of the R-curve. The results of this study provide a fundamental insight into how to optimize silicon nitride microstructures for high strength and toughness. (C) 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Kruzic, J. J.] Oregon State Univ, Sch Mech Ind & Mfg Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Fuenfschilling, S.; Fett, T.; Hoffmann, M. J.; Oberacker, R.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Keram Maschinenbau, Karlsruhe, Germany. [Schwind, T.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Werkstoffkunde 1, Karlsruhe, Germany. [Wippler, J.; Boehlke, T.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Tech Mech, Karlsruhe, Germany. [Oezcoban, H.; Schneider, G. A.] Tech Univ Hamburg, Inst Keram Hochleistungswerkstoffe, Hamburg, Germany. [Becher, P. F.] ORNL, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Kruzic, JJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Sch Mech Ind & Mfg Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM jamie.kruzic@oregonstate.edu RI Kruzic, Jamie/M-3558-2014 OI Kruzic, Jamie/0000-0002-9695-1921 FU Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG [SFB 483]; National Science Foundation [0547394] FX The authors would like to thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG for financing parts of this work within the SFB 483. J.J.K. would like to acknowledge financial support from the National Science Foundation CAREER award #0547394. NR 23 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 45 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 59 IS 10 BP 3978 EP 3989 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.03.023 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 770WR UT WOS:000291119700021 ER PT J AU Wang, J Beyerlein, IJ Hirth, JP Tome, CN AF Wang, J. Beyerlein, I. J. Hirth, J. P. Tome, C. N. TI Twinning dislocations on {(1)over-bar011} and {(1)over-bar013} planes in hexagonal close-packed crystals SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE Twinning dislocation; Hexagonal close-packed structures; Molecular dynamics; Mg ID HCP METALS; INTERFACIAL STRUCTURE; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; STRAIN COMPRESSION; DEFORMATION TWINS; MAGNESIUM; MECHANISMS; GROWTH; SLIP; TRANSFORMATIONS AB The objective of this investigation was to identify the elementary twinning dislocations (TDs) for {(1) over bar 011} and {(1) over bar 013} twins by fully characterizing their structure for an Mg crystal. For both {(1) over bar($) over bar 011} and {(1) over bar 013} twins, we conclude that the 2-layer TD, not the 4-layer TD, is the active TD in twinning. The 4-layer TD can be considered as the combination of two 2-layer TDs with opposite-sign screw components. Molecular statics simulations of the Peierls energy show why the TDs of both twinning modes (for c/a ratios > 1.5) are only activated when the c-axis experiences a compressive strain. The simulations predict that 2-layer TDs are more mobile than 4-layer TDs and that the mobility of these twinning dislocations depends strongly on dislocation character. Correspondingly, the influence of TDs involved in deformation twinning processes on deformation twins is discussed. Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc. C1 [Wang, J.; Tome, C. N.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Beyerlein, I. J.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Hirth, J. P.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, MPA CINT, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Wang, J (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, MST-8, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM wangj6@lanl.gov RI Tome, Carlos/D-5058-2013; Beyerlein, Irene/A-4676-2011; Wang, Jian/F-2669-2012 OI Wang, Jian/0000-0001-5130-300X FU US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [FWP-06SCPE401] FX This work was supported in full by the US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (Project No: FWP-06SCPE401). Comments by Prof. D.J. Bacon on an earlier form of the manuscript were helpful. NR 48 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 4 U2 71 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 59 IS 10 BP 3990 EP 4001 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.03.024 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 770WR UT WOS:000291119700022 ER PT J AU Gao, YF Wang, L Bei, H Nieh, TG AF Gao, Y. F. Wang, L. Bei, H. Nieh, T. G. TI On the shear-band direction in metallic glasses SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE Metallic glasses; Shear-band direction; Rudnicki-Rice model; Cylindrical and spherical indentation ID AMORPHOUS-ALLOYS; DEFORMATION-BEHAVIOR; PLASTIC-DEFORMATION; HIGH-STRENGTH; ZR-TI; INHOMOGENEOUS DEFORMATION; CYLINDRICAL INDENTATION; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; HYDROSTATIC-PRESSURE; VICKERS INDENTATION AB This paper shows that it is inappropriate to relate the angle between the loading axis and the shear-band (or fracture) plane in metallic glasses under uniaxial loading conditions to the coefficient of internal friction in the Mohr-Coulomb model. Shear bands in metallic glasses are a result of material instability (which can be predicted from constitutive parameters and loading conditions), which does not correspond to the material yield condition. Specifically, the shear-band directions depend on the Poisson's ratio, the ratios of three deviatoric principal stresses to the von Mises stress, the coefficient of internal friction, and the dilatancy factor. The last parameter describes whether the plastic flow is associative or non-associative. Theoretical predictions based on the classic Rudnicki-Rice model agree well with a compilation of observations in uniaxial mechanical tests. Furthermore, using the elastic contact solutions and the Rudnicki-Rice model, we identify three (two) regimes under the two-dimensional cylindrical (three-dimensional spherical) contact where different shear-band directions may occur. When using a bonded-interface technique to visualize shear bands under three-dimensional contacts, it should be noted that the stress component normal to the bonded interface is released, resulting in the commonly observed semicircular shear bands whose directions are predicted to follow the larger in-plane principal stress. (C) 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Gao, Y. F.; Wang, L.; Nieh, T. G.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Gao, Y. F.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Comp Sci & Math Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Bei, H.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Gao, YF (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM ygao7@utk.edu RI Gao, Yanfei/F-9034-2010; Nieh, Tai-Gang/G-5912-2011; OI Gao, Yanfei/0000-0003-2082-857X; Nieh, Tai-Gang/0000-0002-2814-3746; Bei, Hongbin/0000-0003-0283-7990 FU National Science Foundation [DMR 0909037, DMR 0905979]; Materials Sciences and Engineering Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy FX The authors acknowledge financial support provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant DMR 0909037 (Y.F.G.) and DMR 0905979 (LW. and T.G.N.), and by the Materials Sciences and Engineering Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy (Y.F.G. and H.B.). NR 76 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 47 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 59 IS 10 BP 4159 EP 4167 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.03.039 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 770WR UT WOS:000291119700036 ER PT J AU Lee, SY Choo, H Liaw, PK An, K Hubbard, CR AF Lee, S. Y. Choo, H. Liaw, P. K. An, K. Hubbard, C. R. TI A study on fatigue crack growth behavior subjected to a single tensile overload: Part II. Transfer of stress concentration and its role in overload-induced transient crack growth (vol 59, pg 495, 2011) SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Correction C1 [Lee, S. Y.; Choo, H.; Liaw, P. K.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [An, K.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [An, K.; Hubbard, C. R.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Liaw, PK (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM pliaw@utk.edu RI Choo, Hahn/A-5494-2009; An, Ke/G-5226-2011 OI Choo, Hahn/0000-0002-8006-8907; An, Ke/0000-0002-6093-429X NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 59 IS 10 BP 4254 EP 4254 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.02.042 PG 1 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 770WR UT WOS:000291119700047 ER PT J AU Ellington, SR Hartman, LK Acosta, M Martinez-Romo, M Rubinson, L Jamieson, DJ Louie, J AF Ellington, Sascha R. Hartman, Laura K. Acosta, Meileen Martinez-Romo, Miguel Rubinson, Lewis Jamieson, Denise J. Louie, Janice TI Pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) in 71 critically ill pregnant women in California SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE critical illness; H1N1; influenza; intensive care; pregnant women ID RESPIRATORY-FAILURE; A(H1N1) INFECTION; UNITED-STATES; CARE AB We sought to describe the characteristics and clinical management of 71 critically ill pregnant women with pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1 [2009 H1N1]). This was a retrospective case series from April 23, 2009, through March 18, 2010, of pregnant women with 2009 H1N1 in intensive care units in California. Among 71 critically ill pregnant women with 2009 H1N1, rapid decline in clinical status was noted with a median duration of 1 day from hospital admission to intensive care unit admission. Adverse events were common, and included sepsis (n = 26), hematologic disorder (n = 17), and pneumothorax (n = 15). Of 42 women requiring invasive ventilation, 15 (36%) died. In total, 23 women required rescue therapies for severe gas exchange abnormalities. Adverse events were significantly associated with survival (P = .0003). Women who received early antiviral treatment were significantly more likely to survive (relative risk, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-1.75). Critically ill pregnant women with 2009 H1N1 declined rapidly and developed frequent adverse events including death. C1 [Ellington, Sascha R.; Jamieson, Denise J.] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. [Hartman, Laura K.] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. [Hartman, Laura K.] Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Oak Ridge, TN USA. [Acosta, Meileen; Martinez-Romo, Miguel; Louie, Janice] Calif Dept Publ Hlth, Communicable Dis Emergency Response Branch, Div Communicable Dis Control, Richmond, CA USA. [Rubinson, Lewis] US Dept HHS, Off Preparedness & Emergency, Washington, DC 20201 USA. RP Ellington, SR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mail Stop K-34, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM SEllington@cdc.gov FU Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs FX This research was supported in part by an appointment to the Research Participation Program at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the US Department of Energy and CDC.; Publication of this article was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs. NR 24 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 204 IS 6 SU 1 BP S21 EP S30 DI 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.02.038 PG 10 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 772AF UT WOS:000291201100005 PM 21514554 ER PT J AU Cho, GY Moore, JE AF Cho, Gil Young Moore, Joel E. TI Topological BF field theory description of topological insulators SO ANNALS OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Topological phase; Quantum Hall effect; Chern-Simons theory; Topological insulator; Bosonization ID GAUGE-THEORIES; EDGE STATES; DIMENSIONS; SUPERCONDUCTORS; FERMIONS; PHASE AB Topological phases of matter are described universally by topological field theories in the same way that symmetry-breaking phases of matter are described by Landau-Ginzburg field theories. We propose that topological insulators in two and three dimensions are described by a version of abelian BF theory. For the two-dimensional topological insulator or quantum spin Hall state, this description is essentially equivalent to a pair of Chern-Simons theories, consistent with the realization of this phase as paired integer quantum Hall effect states. The BE description can be motivated from the local excitations produced when a pi flux is threaded through this state. For the three-dimensional topological insulator, the BF description is less obvious but quite versatile: it contains a gapless surface Dirac fermion when time-reversal-symmetry is preserved and yields "axion electrodynamics", i.e., an electromagnetic E . B term, when time-reversal symmetry is broken and the surfaces are gapped. Just as changing the coefficients and charges of 2D Chern-Simons theory allows one to obtain fractional quantum Hall states starting from integer states, BF theory could also describe (at a macroscopic level) fractional 3D topological insulators with fractional statistics of point-like and line-like objects. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Cho, Gil Young; Moore, Joel E.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Moore, Joel E.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Moore, JE (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM jemoore@berkeley.edu RI Moore, Joel/O-4959-2016 OI Moore, Joel/0000-0002-4294-5761 FU FENA; NSF [DMR-0804413] FX The authors thank O. Ganor and T.H. Hansson for helpful comments. They acknowledge support from FENA (G.Y.C.) and NSF DMR-0804413 (J.E.M.). NR 50 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-4916 J9 ANN PHYS-NEW YORK JI Ann. Phys. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 326 IS 6 BP 1515 EP 1535 DI 10.1016/j.aop.2010.12.011 PG 21 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 773GM UT WOS:000291295000009 ER PT J AU Gilmour, CC Elias, DA Kucken, AM Brown, SD Palumbo, AV Schadt, CW Wall, JD AF Gilmour, Cynthia C. Elias, Dwayne A. Kucken, Amy M. Brown, Steven D. Palumbo, Anthony V. Schadt, Christopher W. Wall, Judy D. TI Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ND132 as a Model for Understanding Bacterial Mercury Methylation SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DESULFOBULBUS-PROPIONICUS 1PR3; ESTUARINE SEDIMENT SLURRIES; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; METHYLMERCURY PRODUCTION; CHESAPEAKE BAY; VULGARIS HILDENBOROUGH; ANAEROBIC-BACTERIA; STABLE-ISOTOPES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; PURE CULTURES AB We propose the use of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ND132 as a model species for understanding the mechanism of microbial Hg methylation. Strain ND132 is an anaerobic dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacterium (DSRB), isolated from estuarine mid-Chesapeake Bay sediments. It was chosen for study because of its exceptionally high rates of Hg methylation in culture and its metabolic similarity to the lost strain D. desulfuricans LS, the only organism for which methylation pathways have been partially defined. Strain ND132 is an incomplete oxidizer of short-chain fatty acids. It is capable of respiratory growth using fumarate as an electron acceptor, supporting growth without sulfide production. We used enriched stable Hg isotopes to show that ND132 simultaneously produces and degrades methylmercury (MeHg) during growth but does not produce elemental Hg. MeHg produced by cells is mainly excreted, and no MeHg is produced in spent medium. Mass balances for Hg and MeHg during the growth of cultures, including the distribution between filterable and particulate phases, illustrate how medium chemistry and growth phase dramatically affect Hg solubility and availability for methylation. The available information on Hg methylation among strains in the genus Desulfovibrio is summarized, and we present methylation rates for several previously untested species. About 50% of Desulfovibrio strains tested to date have the ability to produce MeHg. Importantly, the ability to produce MeHg is constitutive and does not confer Hg resistance. A 16S rRNA-based alignment of the genus Desulfovibrio allows the very preliminary assessment that there may be some evolutionary basis for the ability to produce MeHg within this genus. C1 [Gilmour, Cynthia C.] Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. [Elias, Dwayne A.; Brown, Steven D.; Palumbo, Anthony V.; Schadt, Christopher W.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, BioSci Div, Oak Ridge, TN USA. [Kucken, Amy M.; Wall, Judy D.] Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem & Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Columbia, MO USA. RP Gilmour, CC (reprint author), Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. EM gilmourc@si.edu RI Palumbo, Anthony/A-4764-2011; Elias, Dwayne/B-5190-2011; Schadt, Christopher/B-7143-2008; Brown, Steven/A-6792-2011; Gilmour, Cynthia/G-1784-2010 OI Palumbo, Anthony/0000-0002-1102-3975; Elias, Dwayne/0000-0002-4469-6391; Schadt, Christopher/0000-0001-8759-2448; Brown, Steven/0000-0002-9281-3898; Gilmour, Cynthia/0000-0002-1720-9498 FU U.S. Department of Energy; Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Office of Science at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) [DE-FG02-07ER64396]; National Science Foundation [DEB0351050]; SERC; Department of Energy [DE-AC05-00OR22725] FX This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under the Subsurface Biogeochemical Research Program (SBR), Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Office of Science, in part through the Mercury Science Focus Area Program at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), through DE-FG02-07ER64396 (J.D.W.), by National Science Foundation grant DEB0351050 (C.C.G.), and by the SERC Research Experience for Undergraduates program. ORNL is managed by University of Tennessee UT-Battelle, LLC, for the Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC05-00OR22725. NR 71 TC 74 Z9 79 U1 7 U2 71 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 77 IS 12 BP 3938 EP 3951 DI 10.1128/AEM.02993-10 PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 773WI UT WOS:000291341800005 PM 21515733 ER PT J AU Jarvis, KG Grim, CJ Franco, AA Gopinath, G Sathyamoorthy, V Hu, L Sadowski, JA Lee, CS Tall, BD AF Jarvis, K. G. Grim, C. J. Franco, A. A. Gopinath, G. Sathyamoorthy, V. Hu, L. Sadowski, J. A. Lee, C. S. Tall, B. D. TI Molecular Characterization of Cronobacter Lipopolysaccharide O-Antigen Gene Clusters and Development of Serotype-Specific PCR Assays SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEIGHBOR-JOINING METHOD; ENTEROBACTER-SAKAZAKII; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SALMONELLA-ENTERICA; POLYSACCHARIDE; FOOD; IDENTIFICATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; SEQUENCE; TOPOLOGY AB Cronobacter (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) is a recently defined genus consisting of six species, C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. dublinensis, C. muytjensii, C. turicensis, and Cronobacter genomospecies 1. In this study, MboII restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of O-antigen gene clusters, located between galF and gnd, were used to identify serotypes in Cronobacter spp. Seven O-antigen RFLP clusters were generated, including three C. sakazakii clusters, previously identified as serotypes O1, O2, and O3. The O-antigen regions of six strains with unique RFLP patterns, including two C. sakazakii strains, two C. malonaticus strains, one C. turicensis strain, and one C. muytjensii strain, revealed three O-antigen gene clusters shared among Cronobacter species. PCR assays were developed, targeting the wzx O-antigen polymerase gene, and used to screen 231 Cronobacter strains to determine the frequency of these newly identified serotypes. C1 [Jarvis, K. G.] US FDA, Lab 3412, MOD Facil 1,OARSA,Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Virulence Mech Branch HFS 025,Div Virulence Asses, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Jarvis, K. G.; Grim, C. J.] Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Jarvis, KG (reprint author), US FDA, Lab 3412, MOD Facil 1,OARSA,Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Virulence Mech Branch HFS 025,Div Virulence Asses, 8301 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM karen.jarvis@fda.hhs.gov OI Tall, Ben/0000-0003-0399-3629 FU Department of Energy FX K. G. Jarvis, L. Hu, and C. J. Grim are Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education fellows, and we thank the Department of Energy for their support. NR 49 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 77 IS 12 BP 4017 EP 4026 DI 10.1128/AEM.00162-11 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 773WI UT WOS:000291341800014 PM 21531829 ER PT J AU Belchik, SM Kennedy, DW Dohnalkova, AC Wang, YM Sevinc, PC Wu, H Lin, YH Lu, HP Fredrickson, JK Shi, L AF Belchik, Sara M. Kennedy, David W. Dohnalkova, Alice C. Wang, Yuanmin Sevinc, Papatya C. Wu, Hong Lin, Yuehe Lu, H. Peter Fredrickson, James K. Shi, Liang TI Extracellular Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium by Cytochromes MtrC and OmcA of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OUTER-MEMBRANE CYTOCHROMES; C-TYPE CYTOCHROMES; CHROMATE REDUCTION; ELECTRON-TRANSFER; CR(VI); GROWTH; RESPIRATION; ENVIRONMENT; GEOBACTER; TOXICITY AB To characterize the roles of cytochromes MtrC and OmcA of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in Cr(VI) reduction, the effects of deleting the mtrC and/or omcA gene on Cr(VI) reduction and the cellular locations of reduced Cr(III) precipitates were investigated. Compared to the rate of reduction of Cr(VI) by the wild type (wt), the deletion of mtrC decreased the initial rate of Cr(VI) reduction by 43.5%, while the deletion of omcA or both mtrC and omcA lowered the rate by 53.4% and 68.9%, respectively. In wt cells, Cr(III) precipitates were detected by transmission electron microscopy in the extracellular matrix between the cells, in association with the outer membrane, and inside the cytoplasm. No extracellular matrix-associated Cr(III) precipitates, however, were found in the cytochrome mutant cell suspension. In mutant cells without either MtrC or OmcA, most Cr(III) precipitates were found in association with the outer membrane, while in mutant cells lacking both MtrC and OmcA, most Cr(III) precipitates were found inside the cytoplasm. Cr(III) precipitates were also detected by scanning election microscopy on the surfaces of the wt and mutants without MtrC or OmcA but not on the mutant cells lacking both MtrC and OmcA, demonstrating that the deletion of mtrC and omcA diminishes the extracellular formation of Cr(III) precipitates. Furthermore, purified MtrC and OmcA reduced Cr(VI) with apparent k(cat) values of 1.2 +/- 0.2 (mean +/- standard deviation) and 10.2 +/- 1 s(-1) and K(m) values of 34.1 +/- 4.5 and 41.3 +/- 7.9 mu M, respectively. Together, these results consistently demonstrate that MtrC and OmcA are the terminal reductases used by S. oneidensis MR-1 for extracellular Cr(VI) reduction where OmcA is a predominant Cr(VI) reductase. C1 [Shi, Liang] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Microbiol Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Wang, Yuanmin; Sevinc, Papatya C.; Lu, H. Peter] Bowling Green State Univ, Dept Chem, Ctr Photochem Sci, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA. RP Shi, L (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Microbiol Grp, 902 Battelle Blvd,MSIN J4-18, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM liang.shi@pnl.gov RI Lin, Yuehe/D-9762-2011; OI Lin, Yuehe/0000-0003-3791-7587; Kennedy, David/0000-0003-0763-501X FU NIEHS/NIH [21R01ES017070-01]; Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE); DOE-BER at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL); DOE by Battelle [DE-AC05-76RLO 1830] FX This research was supported by NIEHS/NIH (grant 21R01ES017070-01) and the Subsurface Biogeochemical Research program (SBR)/Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).; A portion of the research was performed using EMSL, a national scientific user facility sponsored by DOE-BER and located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). PNNL is operated for DOE by Battelle under contract DE-AC05-76RLO 1830. NR 32 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 10 U2 48 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 77 IS 12 BP 4035 EP 4041 DI 10.1128/AEM.02463-10 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 773WI UT WOS:000291341800016 PM 21498755 ER PT J AU Lochner, A Giannone, RJ Rodriguez, M Shah, MB Mielenz, JR Keller, M Antranikian, G Graham, DE Hettich, RL AF Lochner, Adriane Giannone, Richard J. Rodriguez, Miguel, Jr. Shah, Manesh B. Mielenz, Jonathan R. Keller, Martin Antranikian, Garabed Graham, David E. Hettich, Robert L. TI Use of Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics To Distinguish the Secreted Cellulolytic Systems of Caldicellulosiruptor bescii and Caldicellulosiruptor obsidiansis SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMMERCIAL CELLULASE PREPARATIONS; SPECTROMETRY-BASED PROTEOMICS; MAJOR CELLULOSOME COMPONENT; THERMOPHILUM DSM 6725; CLOSTRIDIUM-THERMOCELLUM; CALDOCELLUM-SACCHAROLYTICUM; ANAEROCELLUM-THERMOPHILUM; BIOMASS CONVERSION; BETA-MANNANASE; GLYCOSYL HYDROLASES AB The extremely thermophilic, Gram-positive bacteria Caldicellulosiruptor bescii and Caldicellulosiruptor obsidiansis efficiently degrade both cellulose and hemicellulose, which makes them relevant models for lignocellulosic biomass deconstruction to produce sustainable biofuels. To identify the shared and unique features of secreted cellulolytic apparatuses from C. bescii and C. obsidiansis, label-free quantitative proteomics was used to analyze protein abundance over the course of fermentative growth on crystalline cellulose. Both organisms' secretomes consisted of more than 400 proteins, of which the most abundant were multidomain glycosidases, extracellular solute-binding proteins, flagellin, putative pectate lyases, and uncharacterized proteins with predicted secretion signals. Among the identified proteins, 53 to 57 significantly changed in abundance during cellulose fermentation in favor of glycosidases and extracellular binding proteins. Mass spectrometric characterizations, together with cellulase activity measurements, revealed a substantial abundance increase of a few bifunctional multidomain glycosidases composed of glycosidase (GH) domain family 5, 9, 10, 44, or 48 and family 3 carbohydrate binding (CBM3) modules. In addition to their orthologous cellulases, the organisms expressed unique glycosidases with different domain organizations: C. obsidiansis expressed the COB47_1671 protein with GH10/5 domains, while C. bescii expressed the Athe_1857 (GH10/48) and Athe_1859 (GH5/44) proteins. Glycosidases containing CBM3 domains were selectively enriched via binding to amorphous cellulose. Preparations from both bacteria contained highly thermostable enzymes with optimal cellulase activities at 85 degrees C and pH 5. The C. obsidiansis preparation, however, had higher cellulase specific activity and greater thermo-stability. The C. bescii culture produced more extracellular protein and additional SDS-PAGE bands that demonstrated glycosidase activity. C1 [Lochner, Adriane; Rodriguez, Miguel, Jr.; Mielenz, Jonathan R.; Keller, Martin; Graham, David E.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Giannone, Richard J.; Shah, Manesh B.; Hettich, Robert L.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Lochner, Adriane; Giannone, Richard J.; Rodriguez, Miguel, Jr.; Mielenz, Jonathan R.; Keller, Martin; Hettich, Robert L.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, BioEnergy Sci Ctr, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Lochner, Adriane; Antranikian, Garabed] Hamburg Univ Technol, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany. [Graham, David E.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Microbiol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Graham, DE (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM grahamde@ornl.gov; hettichrl@ornl.gov RI Graham, David/F-8578-2010; Keller, Martin/C-4416-2012; Hettich, Robert/N-1458-2016 OI Graham, David/0000-0001-8968-7344; Hettich, Robert/0000-0001-7708-786X FU BioEnergy Science Center; University of Tennessee-Battelle, LLC [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; U.S. Department of Energy FX This study was funded by the BioEnergy Science Center, a U.S. Department of Energy Bioenergy Research Center supported by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the DOE Office of Science. Oak Ridge National Laboratory is managed by and this report has been authored by University of Tennessee-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy. NR 59 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 77 IS 12 BP 4042 EP 4054 DI 10.1128/AEM.02811-10 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 773WI UT WOS:000291341800017 PM 21498747 ER PT J AU Wang, J Van Nostrand, JD Wu, LY He, ZL Li, GH Zhou, JZ AF Wang, Jian Van Nostrand, Joy D. Wu, Liyou He, Zhili Li, Guanghe Zhou, Jizhong TI Microarray-Based Evaluation of Whole-Community Genome DNA Amplification Methods SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLE DISPLACEMENT AMPLIFICATION; SHEWANELLA-ONEIDENSIS MR-1; MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE MICROARRAYS; TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS; POLYMERASE; SAMPLES; POPULATIONS; EXPOSURE AB Three whole-community genome amplification methods, Bst, REPLI-g, and Templiphi, were evaluated using a microarray-based approach. The amplification biases of all methods were <3-fold. For pure-culture DNA, REPLI-g and Templiphi showed less bias than Bst. For community DNA, REPLI-g showed the least bias and highest number of genes, while Bst had the highest success rate and was suitable for low-quality DNA. C1 [Zhou, Jizhong] Univ Oklahoma, Dept Bot & Microbiol, IEG, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Wang, Jian; Li, Guanghe; Zhou, Jizhong] Tsinghua Univ, Sch Environm, State Key Joint Lab Environm Stimulat & Pollut Co, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. [Van Nostrand, Joy D.; Wu, Liyou; He, Zhili; Zhou, Jizhong] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Zhou, JZ (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Dept Bot & Microbiol, IEG, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM jzhou@ou.edu RI He, Zhili/C-2879-2012; Van Nostrand, Joy/F-1740-2016 OI Van Nostrand, Joy/0000-0001-9548-6450 FU ENIGMA, a Scientific Focus Area [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research [DE-SC0004601]; Genomics: GTL Foundational Science; United States Department of Agriculture [2007-35319-18305]; Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program [2009THZ02238]; China Scholarship Council; Natural Scientific Foundation of China [40672162, 40730738] FX This study was supported through contract DE-AC02-05CH11231 (as part of ENIGMA, a Scientific Focus Area) and contract DE-SC0004601, from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Genomics: GTL Foundational Science; by the United States Department of Agriculture (project 2007-35319-18305) through the NSF-USDA Microbial Observatories Program; and by the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program (no. 2009THZ02238). J.W. was supported by the China Scholarship Council and the Natural Scientific Foundation of China (no. 40672162 and no. 40730738). NR 30 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 77 IS 12 BP 4241 EP 4245 DI 10.1128/AEM.01834-10 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 773WI UT WOS:000291341800042 PM 21498751 ER PT J AU Mendez-Perez, D Begemann, MB Pfleger, BF AF Mendez-Perez, Daniel Begemann, Matthew B. Pfleger, Brian F. TI Modular Synthase-Encoding Gene Involved in alpha-Olefin Biosynthesis in Synechococcus sp Strain PCC 7002 SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BLUE-GREEN-ALGAE; FATTY-ACIDS; GEOCHEMICAL SIGNIFICANCE; POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE; ENZYMATIC DOMAINS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; HYDROCARBONS; CYANOBACTERIA; ORGANIZATION; SPECIFICITY AB gene involved in the production of medium-chain alpha-olefins was identified in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002. The gene encodes a large multidomain protein with homology to type I polyketide synthases, suggesting a route for hydrocarbon biosynthesis from fatty acids via an elongation decarboxylation mechanism. C1 [Mendez-Perez, Daniel; Begemann, Matthew B.; Pfleger, Brian F.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Begemann, Matthew B.; Pfleger, Brian F.] Univ Wisconsin, Microbiol Doctoral Training Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Pfleger, Brian F.] Univ Wisconsin, Great Lakes Bioenergy Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Pfleger, BF (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, 1415 Engn Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM pfleger@engr.wisc.edu FU University of Wisconsin-Madison Graduate School; DOE Office of Science BER [DE-FC02-07ER64494] FX This work was supported with funding provided by the University of Wisconsin-Madison Graduate School and instrument time provided by the DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC; DOE Office of Science BER DE-FC02-07ER64494). NR 21 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 44 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 77 IS 12 BP 4264 EP 4267 DI 10.1128/AEM.00467-11 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 773WI UT WOS:000291341800048 PM 21531827 ER PT J AU Hopkins, PE Phinney, LM Rakich, PT Olsson, RH El-Kady, I AF Hopkins, P. E. Phinney, L. M. Rakich, P. T. Olsson, R. H., III El-Kady, I. TI Phonon considerations in the reduction of thermal conductivity in phononic crystals SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article ID THERMOELECTRIC-MATERIALS; SILICON FILMS; GERMANIUM AB Periodic porous structures offer unique material solutions to thermoelectric applications. With recent interest in phonon band gap engineering, these periodic structures can result in reduction of the phonon thermal conductivity due to coherent destruction of phonon modes characteristic in phononic crystals. In this paper, we numerically study phonon transport in periodic porous silicon phononic crystal structures. We develop a model for the thermal conductivity of phononic crystal that accounts for both coherent and incoherent phonon effects, and show that the phonon thermal conductivity is reduced to less than 4% of the bulk value for Si at room temperature. This has substantial impact on thermoelectric applications, where the efficiency of thermoelectric materials is inversely proportional to the thermal conductivity. C1 [Hopkins, P. E.; Phinney, L. M.; Rakich, P. T.; Olsson, R. H., III; El-Kady, I.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [El-Kady, I.] Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Hopkins, PE (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM pehopki@sandia.gov RI El-Kady, Ihab/D-2886-2013 OI El-Kady, Ihab/0000-0001-7417-9814 FU Sandia National Laboratories; United States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-AC04-94A185000] FX P.E.H. is greatly appreciative for funding by the Harry S. Truman Fellowship through the LDRD Program at Sandia National Laboratories. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed-Martin Co. for the United States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract No. DE-AC04-94A185000. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 103 IS 3 BP 575 EP 579 DI 10.1007/s00339-010-6189-8 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 771MF UT WOS:000291161700013 ER PT J AU Nancharaiah, YV Francis, AJ AF Nancharaiah, Y. Venkata Francis, A. J. TI Alkyl-methylimidazolium ionic liquids affect the growth and fermentative metabolism of Clostridium sp. SO BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Clostridium; Fermentation; Hormesis; Ionic liquids; Toxicity ID SELENASTRUM-CAPRICORNUTUM; LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIALS; CELLULOSE; TOXICITY; CYTOTOXICITY; PRETREATMENT; DISSOLUTION; FEEDSTOCKS; CHLORIDE; WOOD AB In this study, the effect of ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [EMIM][Ac], 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate [EMIM][DEP], and 1-methyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate [MMIM][DMP] on the growth and glucose fermentation of Clostridium sp. was investigated. Among the three ionic liquids tested, [MMIM][DMP] was found to be least toxic. Growth of Clostridium sp. was not inhibited up to 2.5, 4 and 4 g L-1 of [EMIM][Ac], [EMIM][DEP] and [MMIM][DMP], respectively. [EMIM][Ac] at <2.5 g L-1, showed hormetic effect and stimulated the growth and fermentation by modulating medium pH. Total organic acid production increased in the presence of 2.5 and 2 g L-1 of [EMIM][Ac] and [MMIM][DMP]. Ionic liquids had no significant influence on alcohol production at <2.5 g L-1. Total gas production was affected by ILs at >= 2.5 g L-1 and varied with type of methylimidazolium IL Overall, the results show that the growth and fermentative metabolism of Clostridium sp. is not impacted by ILs at concentrations below 2.5 g L-1. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Nancharaiah, Y. Venkata] Bhabha Atom Res Ctr, Water & Steam Chem Div, Biofouling & Biofilm Proc Sect, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India. [Nancharaiah, Y. Venkata; Francis, A. J.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Environm Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Nancharaiah, YV (reprint author), Bhabha Atom Res Ctr, Water & Steam Chem Div, Biofouling & Biofilm Proc Sect, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India. EM yvn@igcar.gov.in FU Brookhaven National Laboratory through a Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) [DE-AC02-98CH10886]; US Department of Energy; American Society for Microbiology (ASM) FX Authors thank M. Thomas and J.W. Wishart for providing the IL samples. This research was funded by Brookhaven National Laboratory through a Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Project under contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the US Department of Energy. YVN acknowledges the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) for Indo-US Visiting Research Professorship Award. NR 39 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-8524 EI 1873-2976 J9 BIORESOURCE TECHNOL JI Bioresour. Technol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 102 IS 11 BP 6573 EP 6578 DI 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.03.042 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA 771XU UT WOS:000291194800030 PM 21474305 ER PT J AU Moon, JH Oh, JE Balonis, M Glasser, FP Clark, SM Monteiro, PJM AF Moon, Ju-hyuk Oh, Jae Eun Balonis, Magdalena Glasser, Fredrik P. Clark, Simon M. Monteiro, Paulo J. M. TI Pressure induced reactions amongst calcium aluminate hydrate phases SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE X-ray diffraction; High pressure; Elastic moduli; Hydrogarnet; Calcium aluminate hydrates ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; KATOITE HYDROGARNET; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; STRATLINGITE; CA3AL2(O4H4)3; COMPOUND; NEUTRON; CEMENT; GPA AB The compressibilities of two AFm phases (stratlingite and calcium hernicarboaluminate hydrate) and hydrogarnet were obtained up to 5 GPa by using synchrotron high-pressure X-ray powder diffraction with a diamond anvil cell. The AFm phases show abrupt volume contraction regardless of the molecular size of the pressure-transmitting media. This volume discontinuity could be associated to a structural transition or to the movement of the weakly bound interlayer water molecules in the AFm structure. The experimental results seem to indicate that the pressure-induced dehydration is the dominant mechanism especially with hygroscopic pressure medium. The Birch-Murnaghan equation of state was used to compute the bulk modulus of the minerals. Due to the discontinuity in the pressure-volume diagram, a two stage bulk modulus of each AFm phase was calculated. The abnormal volume compressibility for the AFm phases caused a significant change to their bulk modulus. The reliability of this experiment is verified by comparing the bulk modulus of hydrogarnet with previous studies. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Moon, Ju-hyuk; Monteiro, Paulo J. M.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Oh, Jae Eun] Ulsan Natl Inst Sci & Technol, Sch Urban & Environm Engn, Ulsan Metropolitan City 689798, South Korea. [Balonis, Magdalena; Glasser, Fredrik P.] Univ Aberdeen, Dept Chem, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland. [Clark, Simon M.] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA USA. [Clark, Simon M.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Monteiro, PJM (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM monteiro@berkeley.edu RI Oh, Jae-Eun/F-8632-2011; Moon, Juhyuk/G-9388-2011; Moon, Juhyuk/B-7009-2016; Clark, Simon/B-2041-2013; OI Moon, Juhyuk/0000-0002-7049-892X; Clark, Simon/0000-0002-7488-3438; Oh, Jae Eun/0000-0002-2318-3001 FU King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) [KUS-l1-004021]; Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX This publication was based on work supported in part by Award No. KUS-l1-004021, made by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). The Advanced Light Source is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 41 IS 6 BP 571 EP 578 DI 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.02.004 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 773HQ UT WOS:000291298000001 ER PT J AU Zhou, XW Doty, FP Yang, P AF Zhou, X. W. Doty, F. P. Yang, P. TI Atomistic simulation study of atomic size effects on B1 (NaCl), B2 (CsCl), and B3 (zinc-blende) crystal stability of binary ionic compounds SO COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; ALKALI-HALIDE CRYSTALS; DEFECT STRUCTURE; ELECTRONEGATIVITY; PEROVSKITES; POTENTIALS; SYSTEMS; ENERGY; SPECTROSCOPY; PREDICTION AB Ionic compounds compounds exhibit a variety of crystal structures that can critically affect their applications. Traditionally, relative sizes of cations and anions have been used to explain coordination of ions within the crystals. Such approaches assume atoms to be hard spheres and they cannot explain the observed structures of some crystals. Here we develop an atomistic method and use it to explore the structure-determining factors beyond the limitations of the hard sphere approach. Our approach is based upon a calibrated interatomic potential database that uses independent intrinsic bond lengths to measure atomic sizes. By carrying out extensive atomistic simulations, striking relationships among intrinsic bond lengths are discovered to determine the B1 (NaCl), B2 (CsCl), and B3 (zinc-blende) structure of binary ionic compounds. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Zhou, X. W.] Sandia Natl Labs, Mech Mat Dept, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Doty, F. P.] Sandia Natl Labs, Engineered Mat Dept, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Yang, P.] Sandia Natl Labs, Adv Prototyping Sci & Technol Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Zhou, XW (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Mech Mat Dept, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM xzhou@sandia.gov FU NNSA/DOE Office of Nonproliferation Research and Development; U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-AC04-94AL85000] FX This work is supported by the NNSA/DOE Office of Nonproliferation Research and Development, Proliferation Detection Program, Advanced Materials Portfolio. We are grateful for helpful discussions with Jonathan A. Zimmerman. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. NR 56 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-0256 J9 COMP MATER SCI JI Comput. Mater. Sci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 50 IS 8 BP 2470 EP 2481 DI 10.1016/j.commatsci.2011.03.028 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 773CD UT WOS:000291283700020 ER PT J AU Li, DS Zbib, H Garmestani, H Sun, X Khaleel, M AF Li, Dongsheng Zbib, Hussein Garmestani, Hamid Sun, Xin Khaleel, Mohammad TI Modeling of irradiation hardening of polycrystalline materials SO COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Multiscale modeling; Irradiation hardening; Defect density; Texture; Polycrystalline materials ID DISCRETE DISLOCATION DYNAMICS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; METALS; DEFORMATION; FCC; PLASTICITY; DAMAGE; SIMULATIONS; ENVIRONMENT AB High energy particle irradiation of structural polycrystalline materials usually produces irradiation hardening and embrittlement. The development of predictive capability for the influence of irradiation on mechanical behavior is very important in materials design for next-generation reactors. A multiscale approach was implemented in this work to predict irradiation hardening of iron based structural materials. In the microscale, dislocation dynamics models were used to predict the critical resolved shear stress from the evolution of local dislocation and defects. In the macroscale, a viscoplastic self-consistent model was applied to predict the irradiation hardening in samples with changes in texture. The effects of defect density and texture were investigated. Simulated evolution of yield strength with irradiation agrees well with the experimental data of irradiation strengthening of stainless steel 304L, 316L and T91. This multiscale modeling can provide a guidance tool in performance evaluation of structural materials for next-generation nuclear reactors. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Li, Dongsheng; Sun, Xin; Khaleel, Mohammad] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Fundamental & Computat Sci Directorate, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Zbib, Hussein] Washington State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. [Garmestani, Hamid] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Li, DS (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Fundamental & Computat Sci Directorate, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM dongsheng.li@pnl.gov OI khaleel, mohammad/0000-0001-7048-0749 FU US Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; US Department of Energy [DE-AC05-76RL01830] FX This work was funded by the US Department of Energy's Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) program at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. PNNL is operated by Battelle Memorial Institute for the US Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC05-76RL01830. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 7 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-0256 J9 COMP MATER SCI JI Comput. Mater. Sci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 50 IS 8 BP 2496 EP 2501 DI 10.1016/j.commatsci.2011.03.033 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 773CD UT WOS:000291283700024 ER PT J AU Yan, GH Ha, DT Eidenbenz, S AF Yan, Guanhua Ha, Duc T. Eidenbenz, Stephan TI AntBot: Anti-pollution peer-to-peer botnets SO COMPUTER NETWORKS LA English DT Article DE Botnet; aMule; Peer-to-peer; Pollution attack; Storm botnet AB Botnets have emerged as one of the most severe cyber-threats in recent years. To evade detection and improve resistance against countermeasures, botnets have evolved from the first generation that relies on IRC chat channels to deliver commands to the current generation that uses highly resilient P2P (peer-to-peer) protocols to spread their C&C (Command and Control) information. On an encouraging note, the seminal work done by Holz et al. [14] showed that P2P botnets, although relieved from the single point of failure that IRC botnets suffer, can be easily disrupted using pollution-based mitigation schemes. For white-hat cyber-security practitioners to be better prepared for potentially destructive P2P botnets, it is necessary for them to understand the strategy space from the attacker's perspective. Against this backdrop, we analyze a new type of P2P botnets, which we call AntBot, that aims to spread their C&C information to individual bots even though an adversary persistently pollutes keys used by seized bots to search the C&C information. The tree-like structure of AntBot, together with the randomness and redundancy in its design, renders it possible that individual bots, when captured, reveal only limited information. We mathematically analyze the performance of AntBot from the perspectives of reachability, resilience to pollution, and scalability. To evaluate the effectiveness of AntBot against pollution-based mitigation in a practical setting, we develop a distributed high-fidelity P2P botnet simulator that uses the actual implementation code of aMule, a popular Kademlia-based P2P client. The simulator offers us a tool to evaluate the attacker's strategy in the cyber space without causing ethical or legal issues, which may result from real-world deployment. Using extensive simulation, we demonstrate that AntBot operates resiliently against pollution-based mitigation. We further suggest a few potential defense schemes that could effectively disrupt AntBot operations and also present challenges that researchers need to address when developing these techniques in practice. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Yan, Guanhua; Ha, Duc T.; Eidenbenz, Stephan] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Ha, Duc T.] Hewlett Packard Corp, Cupertino, CA 95014 USA. RP Yan, GH (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM ghyan@lanl.gov OI Eidenbenz, Stephan/0000-0002-2628-1854 NR 36 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1389-1286 J9 COMPUT NETW JI Comput. Netw. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 55 IS 8 BP 1941 EP 1956 DI 10.1016/j.comnet.2011.02.006 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA 771QJ UT WOS:000291175500023 ER PT J AU Georgieva, V Voter, AF Bogaerts, A AF Georgieva, Violeta Voter, Arthur F. Bogaerts, Annemie TI Understanding the Surface Diffusion Processes during Magnetron Sputter-Deposition of Complex Oxide Mg-Al-O Thin Films SO CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN LA English DT Article ID SIMULATION; DYNAMICS AB It is known that film structure may change dramatically with the extent of surface diffusion during the film growth process. In the present work, surface diffusion, induced thermally or activated by energetic impacts, is investigated theoretically under conditions appropriate for magnetron sputter-deposition of Mg-Al-O thin films with varying stoichiometry. The distribution of surface diffusion energy barriers available to the system was determined for each stoichiometry, which allowed assessing in a qualitative way how much surface diffusion will take place on the time scale available between deposition events. The activation energy barriers increase with the Al concentration in the film, and therefore, the surface diffusion rates in the time frame of typical deposition rates drop, which can explain the decrease in crystallinity in the film structure and the transition to amorphous structure. The deposition process and the immediate surface diffusion enhanced by the energetic adatoms are simulated by means of a molecular dynamics model. The longer-time thermal surface diffusion and the energy landscape are studied by the temperature accelerated dynamics method, applied in an approximate way. The surface diffusion enhanced by the energetic impacts appears to be very important for the film structure in the low-temperature deposition regime. C1 [Georgieva, Violeta; Bogaerts, Annemie] Univ Antwerp, Dept Chem, Res Grp PLASMANT, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium. [Voter, Arthur F.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Georgieva, V (reprint author), Univ Antwerp, Dept Chem, Res Grp PLASMANT, Univ Pl 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium. EM violeta.georgieva@ua.ac.be RI Bogaerts, Annemie/L-8338-2016; OI Bogaerts, Annemie/0000-0001-9875-6460; Georgieva, Violeta/0000-0001-5770-1770 FU IWT-Flanders; Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy of Sciences, Division of Materials Science FX This work is supported by the IWT-Flanders (SBO project). Calculations have been performed on the CALCUA super-computer of the University of Antwerp and on the FISTUA computer facilities of the PLASMANT research group. Work at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) was funded by the Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy of Sciences, Division of Materials Science. LANL is operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S. DOE under Contract No. DE-AC52-06NA25396. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1528-7483 J9 CRYST GROWTH DES JI Cryst. Growth Des. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2553 EP 2558 DI 10.1021/cg200318h PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Crystallography; Materials Science GA 770GI UT WOS:000291074600068 ER PT J AU Banerjee, D Finkelstein, J Smirnov, A Forster, PM Borkowski, LA Teat, SJ Parise, JB AF Banerjee, Debasis Finkelstein, Jeffrey Smirnov, A. Forster, Paul M. Borkowski, Lauren A. Teat, Simon J. Parise, John B. TI Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Magnesium Based Coordination Networks in Different Solvents SO CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN LA English DT Article ID METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS; SUPRAMOLECULAR ISOMERISM; HYDROGEN STORAGE; GAS-ADSORPTION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; HIGH-CAPACITY; POLYMERS; LIGAND; SORPTION; SYSTEM AB Three magnesium based metal-organic frameworks, Mg-3(3,5-PDC)(3)(DMF)3 center dot DMF [1], Mg(3,5-PDC)(H2O) center dot(H2O) [3], and Mg-4(3,5-PDC)(4)(DMF)(2)(H2O)(2)center dot 2DMF center dot 4.5H(2)O [4], and a 2-D coordination polymer, [Mg(3,5-PDC)(H2O)(2)] [2] [PDC = pyridinedicarboxylate], were synthesized using a combination of DMF, methanol, ethanol, and water. Compound 1 [space group P2(1)/n, a = 12.3475(5) angstrom, b = 11.1929(5) angstrom, c = 28.6734(12) angstrom, beta = 98.8160(10)degrees, V = 3916.0(3) angstrom(3)] consists of a combination of isolated and corner-sharing magnesium octahedra connected by the organic linkers to form a 3-D network with a 12.2 angstrom x 4.6 angstrom 1-D channel. The channel contains coordinated and free DMF molecules. In compound 2 [space group C2/c, a = 9.964(5) angstrom, b = 12.0694(6) angstrom, c = 7.2763(4) angstrom, beta = 106.4970(6)degrees, V = 836.70(6) angstrom(3)], PDC connects isolated seven coordinated magnesium polyhedra into a layered structure. Compound 3 [space group P6(1)22, a = 11.479(1) angstrom, c = 14.735(3) angstrom, V = 1681.7(4) angstrom(3)] (previously reported) contains isolated magnesium octahedra connected by the organic linker with each other forming a 3D network. Compound 4 [space group P2(1)/c, a = 13.7442(14) angstrom, b = 14.2887(15) angstrom, c = 14.1178(14) angstrom, beta = 104.912(2)degrees, V = 2679.2(5) angstrom(3)] also exhibits a 3D network based on isolated magnesium octahedra with square cavities containing both disordered DMF and water molecules. The structural topologies originate due to the variable coordination ability of solvent molecules with the metal center. Water molecules coordinate with the magnesium metal centers preferably over other polar solvents (DMF, methanol, ethanol) used to synthesize the coordination networks. Despite testing multiple desolvation routes, we were unable to measure BET surgace areas greater than 51.9 m(2)/g for compound 1. C1 [Forster, Paul M.] Univ Nevada, Dept Chem, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. [Parise, John B.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, ESS, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Finkelstein, Jeffrey; Smirnov, A.; Parise, John B.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Borkowski, Lauren A.; Parise, John B.] SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Mineral Phys, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Teat, Simon J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Parise, John B.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Photon Source Div, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Forster, PM (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Chem, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. EM paul.forster@unlv.edu; john.parise@stonybrook.edu RI Banerjee, Debasis/B-2439-2008; Smirnov, Alexander/D-4672-2009; OI Smirnov, Alexander/0000-0001-8665-5187; Forster, Paul/0000-0003-3319-4238 FU National Science Foundation [DMR-0800415]; National Science Foundation/Department of Energy [CHE-0535644]; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357]; Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy [DEAC02-05CH11231]; UK Fulbright Program FX The National Science Foundation supports this work through Grant No. DMR-0800415. ChemMatCars (Sector 15) is principally supported by the National Science Foundation/Department of Energy under Grant No. CHE-0535644. The U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No DE-AC02-06CH11357, supported use of the Advanced Photon Source. The Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DEAC02-05CH11231, supports the Advanced Light Source. J.B.P. is grateful to the UK Fulbright Program for support during a sabbatical stay at CSEC and Department of Chemistry, at the University of Edinburgh. NR 54 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 30 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1528-7483 J9 CRYST GROWTH DES JI Cryst. Growth Des. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2572 EP 2579 DI 10.1021/cg200327y PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Crystallography; Materials Science GA 770GI UT WOS:000291074600071 ER PT J AU El Ghachtouli, S Lassalle-Kaiser, B Dorlet, P Guillot, R Anxolabehere-Mallart, E Costentin, C Aukauloo, A AF El Ghachtouli, Sanae Lassalle-Kaiser, Benedikt Dorlet, Pierre Guillot, Regis Anxolabehere-Mallart, Elodie Costentin, Cyrille Aukauloo, Ally TI Implications of remote water molecules on the electron transfer coupled processes at a nonporphyrinic Mn(III)-hydroxido complex SO ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PHOTOSYSTEM-II; MONONUCLEAR; ACTIVATION; OXIDATION; DESIGN; MANGANESE(III); CHEMISTRY; DINUCLEAR; DIOXYGEN; OXYGEN AB Electrochemical studies of a new Mn(III)(OH) complex clearly evidence that the presence of outer spheres water molecules is essential for the reversibility of Mn(III/II) and Mn(IV/III) redox processes. In the Mn(III/II) case we found an isotope effect for D(2)O and (18)OH(2) allowing us to propose a mechanism for H(2)O/HO(-) ligand exchange coupled electron transfer activation of Mn-OH(2) C1 [El Ghachtouli, Sanae; Anxolabehere-Mallart, Elodie; Costentin, Cyrille] Univ Paris Diderot, Electrochim Mol Lab, UMR CNRS P7 7591, F-75205 Paris 13, France. [El Ghachtouli, Sanae; Lassalle-Kaiser, Benedikt; Guillot, Regis; Aukauloo, Ally] Univ Paris 11, ICMMO, UMR 8182, F-91405 Orsay, France. [Lassalle-Kaiser, Benedikt] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Dorlet, Pierre] CNRS, URA 2096, Lab Stress Oxydant & Detoxicat, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Aukauloo, Ally] CEA, IBiTec S, SM SB2, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. RP El Ghachtouli, S (reprint author), Univ Paris Diderot, Electrochim Mol Lab, UMR CNRS P7 7591, 15 Rue Jean Antoine de Baif, F-75205 Paris 13, France. EM elodie.anxolabehere@univ-paris-diderot.fr; cyrille.costentin@univ-paris-diderot.fr; ally.aukauloo@u-psud.fr OI Guillot, Regis/0000-0002-9003-0670 FU ANR-PROTOCOLE [ANR-07-BLAN-0280]; EU/Energy SOLAR [212508] FX This work was financially supported by ANR-PROTOCOLE (ANR-07-BLAN-0280) and the EU/Energy SOLAR-H2 project (FP7 contract 212508). NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 11 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1754-5692 J9 ENERG ENVIRON SCI JI Energy Environ. Sci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 4 IS 6 BP 2041 EP 2044 DI 10.1039/c1ee01078f PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 772FG UT WOS:000291219100009 ER PT J AU Xu, B Fell, CR Chi, MF Meng, YS AF Xu, Bo Fell, Christopher R. Chi, Miaofang Meng, Ying Shirley TI Identifying surface structural changes in layered Li-excess nickel manganese oxides in high voltage lithium ion batteries: A joint experimental and theoretical study SO ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; WAVE BASIS-SET; ELECTRODE MATERIAL; LOCAL-STRUCTURE; CO ELECTRODES; TRANSITION; CATHODE; INTERCALATION; CAPACITY; BEHAVIOR AB High voltage cathode materials Li-excess layered oxide compounds Li[Ni(x)Li(1/3-2x/3)Mn(2/3-x/3)]O(2) (0 < x < 1/2)are investigated in a joint study combining both computational and experimental methods. The bulk and surface structures of pristine and cycled samples of Li[Ni(1/5)Li(1/5)Mn(3/5)]O(2) are characterized by synchrotron X-Ray diffraction together with aberration corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (a-S/TEM). Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) is carried out to investigate the surface changes of the samples before/after electrochemical cycling. Combining first principles computational investigation with our experimental observations, a detailed lithium de-intercalation mechanism is proposed for this family of Li-excess layered oxides. The most striking characteristics in these high voltage high energy density cathode materials are 1) formation of tetrahedral lithium ions at voltage less than 4.45 V and 2) the transition metal (TM) ions migration leading to phase transformation on the surface of the materials. We show clear evidence of a new spinel-like solid phase formed on the surface of the electrode materials after high-voltage cycling. It is proposed that such surface phase transformation is one of the factors contributing to the first cycle irreversible capacity and the main reason for the intrinsic poor rate capability of these materials. C1 [Xu, Bo; Meng, Ying Shirley] Univ Calif San Diego, Dept NanoEngn, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. [Fell, Christopher R.; Meng, Ying Shirley] Univ Florida, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Chi, Miaofang] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Xu, B (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept NanoEngn, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM shirleymeng@ucsd.edu RI Meng, Shirley /I-1276-2013; Chi, Miaofang/Q-2489-2015 OI Chi, Miaofang/0000-0003-0764-1567 FU U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-SC 0001294, UCSD 51055]; Florida Energy System Consortium through University of Florida [80859]; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy FX Y.S. Meng and Bo Xu acknowledges the financial support from the Northeastern Center for Chemical Energy Storage (NEC-CES), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Award Number DE-SC 0001294 (subcontract to UCSD 51055). C. R. Fell acknowledges the financial support from Florida Energy System Consortium through University of Florida under Award Number 80859. a-S/TEM and EELS analysis is carried out at the ORNL Shared Research Equipment (SHaRE) User Facility, which is sponsored by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy. The synchrotron X-ray diffraction patterns were collected at Argonne National Laboratory on beamline 11-BM through the general user proposal mail-in program (GUP-13210). Bo Xu acknowledges Dr S. Curtarolo and coworkers for providing the aconvasp code. The authors would like to thank Dr M. Jiang, Mr M. Yang for their valuable discussions regarding experimental results and Dr Y. Hinuma for his assistance with computational modeling. NR 31 TC 321 Z9 324 U1 28 U2 312 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1754-5692 J9 ENERG ENVIRON SCI JI Energy Environ. Sci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 4 IS 6 BP 2223 EP 2233 DI 10.1039/c1ee01131f PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 772FG UT WOS:000291219100036 ER PT J AU Du, X Boonchayaanant, B Wu, WM Fendorf, S Bargar, J Criddle, CS AF Du, Xin Boonchayaanant, Benjaporn Wu, Wei-Min Fendorf, Scott Bargar, John Criddle, Craig S. TI Reduction of Uranium(VI) by Soluble Iron(II) Conforms with Thermodynamic Predictions SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HIGHLY CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; METAL-REDUCING BACTERIUM; SIDERITE FECO3; U(VI); KINETICS; OXIDES; UO2; BIOREDUCTION; SOLUBILITY; SPECIATION AB Soluble Fe(II) can reduce soluble U(VI) at rapid rates and in accordance with thermodynamic predictions. This was established by initially creating acidic aqueous solutions in which the sole oxidants were soluble U(VI) species and the sole reductants were soluble Fe(II) species. The pH of the solution was then increased by stepwise addition of OH(-), thereby increasing the potential for electron transfer from Fe (II) to U(VI). For each new pH value resulting from addition of base, values of Delta G for the Fe(II)-mediated reduction of U(VI) were calculated using the computed distribution of U and Fe species and possible half reaction combinations. For initial conditions of pH 2.4 and a molar ratio of Fe(II) to U(VI) of 5:1 (1 mM Fe(II) and 0.2 mM U(VI)), Delta G for U(VI) reduction was greater than zero, and U(VI) reduction was not observed. When sufficient OH(-) was added to exceed the computed equilibrium pH of 5.4, Delta G for U(VI) reduction was negative and soluble Fe(II) species reacted with U(VI) in a molar ratio of similar to 2:1 X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy confirmed production of U(IV). A decrease in pH confirmed production of acidity as the reaction advanced. As solution pH decreased to the equilibrium value, the rate of reaction declined, stopping completely at the predicted equilibrium pH. Initiation of the reaction at a higher pH resulted in a higher final ratio of U(IV) to U(VI) at equilibrium. C1 [Du, Xin; Boonchayaanant, Benjaporn; Wu, Wei-Min; Criddle, Craig S.] Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Fendorf, Scott] Stanford Univ, Dept Environm Earth Syst Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Bargar, John] Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Natl Accelerator Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Criddle, CS (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM criddle@stanford.edu OI Boonchayaanant Suwannasilp, Benjaporn/0000-0003-4321-5370 FU U.S. Department of Energy [DOEAC05-00OR22725] FX This work was supported the U.S. Department of Energy Environmental Remediation Sciences Program under grant DOEAC05-00OR22725. NR 39 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 8 U2 51 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 11 BP 4718 EP 4725 DI 10.1021/es2006012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 771AD UT WOS:000291128700011 PM 21553877 ER PT J AU Chen, Q Liu, YJ Donahue, NM Shilling, JE Martin, ST AF Chen, Qi Liu, Yingjun Donahue, Neil M. Shilling, John E. Martin, Scot T. TI Particle-Phase Chemistry of Secondary Organic Material: Modeled Compared to Measured O:C and H:C Elemental Ratios Provide Constraints SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ALPHA-PINENE OZONOLYSIS; AEROSOL SOA FORMATION; 2ND-GENERATION PRODUCTS; MCM V3; ISOPRENE; OXIDATION; PHOTOOXIDATION; MONOTERPENES; IDENTIFICATION AB Chemical mechanisms for the production of secondary organic material (SOM) are developed in focused laboratory studies but widely used in the complex modeling context of the atmosphere. Given this extrapolation, a stringent testing of the mechanisms is important. In addition to particle mass yield as a typical standard for model-measurement comparison, particle composition expressed as O:C and H:C elemental ratios can serve as a higher dimensional constraint. A paradigm for doing so is developed herein for SOM production from a C-5-C-10-C-15 terpene sequence, namely isoprene, a-pinene, and beta-caryopyhllene. The model MCM-SIMPOL is introduced based on the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM v3.2) and a group contribution method for vapor pressures (SIMPOL). The O:C and H:C ratios of the SOM are measured using an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS). Detailed SOM-specific AMS calibrations for the organic contribution to the H2O+ and CO+ ions indicate that published O:C and H:C ratios for SOM are systematically too low. Overall, the measurement-model gap was small for particle mass yield but significant for particle-average elemental composition. The implication is that a key chemical pathway is missing from the chemical mechanism. The data can be explained by the particle-phase homolytic decomposition of organic hydroperoxides and subsequent alkyl-radical-promoted oligomerization. C1 [Chen, Qi; Liu, Yingjun; Martin, Scot T.] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Donahue, Neil M.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Ctr Atmospher Particle Studies, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Shilling, John E.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Atmospher Sci & Global Change Div, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Martin, Scot T.] Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Martin, ST (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM scot_martin@harvard.edu RI Donahue, Neil/A-2329-2008; Martin, Scot/G-1094-2015; Shilling, John/L-6998-2015; OI Donahue, Neil/0000-0003-3054-2364; Martin, Scot/0000-0002-8996-7554; Shilling, John/0000-0002-3728-0195; Liu, Yingjun/0000-0001-6659-3660 FU Office of Science (BES), U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FG02-08ER64529]; U.S. EPA STAR [R833746]; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Aerosol Climate Initiative; DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute [DE-AC06-76RLO 1830]; NASA FX This material is based upon work supported by the Office of Science (BES), U.S. Department of Energy, Grant No. DE-FG02-08ER64529 (STM). N.M.D. acknowledges support from U.S. EPA STAR Grant R833746. J.E.S. acknowledges support from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Aerosol Climate Initiative. PNNL is operated for the DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute under contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830. QC. acknowledges support from the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship. We thank Yongjie Li, Mackenzie Smith, Amanda Mifflin, Mikinori Kuwata, and Soeren Zorn for their assistance with the experiments. We also thank Jose Jimenez, Douglas Worsnop, and Paul Ziemann for helpful discussions. NR 50 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 5 U2 81 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 11 BP 4763 EP 4770 DI 10.1021/es104398s PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 771AD UT WOS:000291128700017 PM 21561129 ER PT J AU Gu, BH Dong, WM Liang, LY Wall, NA AF Gu, Baohua Dong, Wenming Liang, Liyuan Wall, Nathalie A. TI Dissolution of Technetium(IV) Oxide by Natural and Synthetic Organic Ligands under both Reducing and Oxidizing Conditions SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAY-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER; MICROBIAL REDUCTION; SHEWANELLA-PUTREFACIENS; PERTECHNETATE SORPTION; ELECTRON-TRANSFER; MATTER FRACTIONS; BOOM-CLAY; IRON AB Technetium-99 (Tc) in nuclear waste is a significant environmental concern due to its long half-life and high mobility in the subsurface. Reductive precipitation of technetium(IV) oxides [TcO(2)(s)] is an effective means of immobilizing Tc, thereby impeding its migration in ground-water. However, technetium(IV) oxides are subject to dissolution by oxidants and/or complexing agents. In this study we ascertain the effects of a synthetic organic ligand, ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), and two natural humic isolates on the dissolution and solubility of technetium(IV) oxides. Pure synthetic technetium(IV) oxide (0.23 mM) was used in batch experiments to determine dissolution kinetics at pH similar to 6 under both reducing and oxidizing conditions. All organic ligands were found to enhance the dissolution of technetium(IV) oxides, increasing their solubility from similar to 10(-8)M (without ligands) to 4 x 10(-7)M under strictly anoxic conditions. Reduced Tc(IV) was also found to reoxidize rapidly under oxic conditions, with an observed oxidative dissolution rate approximately an order of magnitude higher than that of ligand-promoted dissolution under reducing conditions. Significantly, oxidative dissolution was inhibited by EDTA but enhanced by humic acid compared to experiments without any complexing agents. The redox functional properties of humics, capable of facilitating intramolecular electron transfer, may account for this increased oxidation rate under oxic conditions. Our results highlight the importance of complex interactions for the stability and mobility of Tc and thus for the long-term fate of Tc in contaminated environments. C1 [Gu, Baohua; Dong, Wenming; Liang, Liyuan] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Wall, Nathalie A.] Washington State Univ, Dept Chem, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Gu, BH (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM gub1@ornl.gov RI Gu, Baohua/B-9511-2012; Liang, Liyuan/O-7213-2014; Dong, Wenming/G-3221-2015 OI Gu, Baohua/0000-0002-7299-2956; Liang, Liyuan/0000-0003-1338-0324; Dong, Wenming/0000-0003-2074-8887 FU Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Office of Science, US Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-FG02-08ER64696]; Washington State University [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; Oak Ridge National Laboratory FX This work was supported by the Subsurface Biogeochemical Research (SBR) program of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Office of Science, US Department of Energy (DOE) under grant DE-FG02-08ER64696 with Washington State University and under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is managed by UT-Battelle LLC for DOE. NR 56 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 44 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 11 BP 4771 EP 4777 DI 10.1021/es200110y PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 771AD UT WOS:000291128700018 PM 21539349 ER PT J AU Humbert, S Marshall, JD Shaked, S Spadaro, JV Nishioka, Y Preiss, P McKone, TE Horvath, A Jolliet, O AF Humbert, Sebastien Marshall, Julian D. Shaked, Shanna Spadaro, Joseph V. Nishioka, Yurika Preiss, Philipp McKone, Thomas E. Horvath, Arpad Jolliet, Olivier TI Intake Fraction for Particulate Matter: Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POPULATION INTAKE FRACTIONS; AIR-POLLUTANT EXPOSURE; UNITED-STATES; VEHICLE EMISSIONS; BUS EMISSIONS; MORTALITY; US; ASSOCIATION; CITIES; MODEL AB Particulate matter (PM) is a significant contributor to death and disease globally. This paper summarizes the work of an international expert group on the integration of human exposure to PM into life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), within the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative. We review literature-derived intake fraction values (the fraction of emissions that are inhaled), based on emission release height and "archetypal" environment (indoor versus outdoor; urban, rural, or remote locations). Recommended intake fraction values are provided for primary PM10-2.5 (coarse particles), primary PM2.5 (fine particles), and secondary PM2.5 from SO2, NOx, and NH3. Intake fraction values vary by orders of magnitude among conditions considered. For outdoor primary PM2.5, representative intake fraction value: (units: milligrams inhaled per kilogram emitted) for urban, rural, and remote areas, respectively, are 44, 3.8, and 0.1 for ground-level emissions, versus 26, 2.6, and 0.1 for an emission-weighted stack height. For outdoor secondary PM, source location and source characteristics typically have only a minor influence on the magnitude of the intake fraction (exception: intake fraction values can be an order of magnitude lower for remote-location emission than for other locations). Outdoor secondary PM2.5 intake fractions averaged over respective locations and stack heights are 0.89 (from SO2), 0.18 (NOx), and 1.7 (NH3). Estimated average intake fractions are greater for primary PM10.2.5 than for primary PM2.5 (21 versus IS), owing in part to differences in average emission height (lower, and therefore closer to people, for PM10.2.5 than PM2.5). For indoor emissions, typical intake fraction values are similar to 1000-7000. This paper aims to provide as complete and consistent an archetype framework as possible, given current understanding of each pollutant. Values presented here facilitate incorporating regional impacts into LCIA for human health damage from PM. C1 [Humbert, Sebastien; McKone, Thomas E.; Horvath, Arpad] Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Humbert, Sebastien; Jolliet, Olivier] Quantis, Lausanne, Switzerland. [Marshall, Julian D.] Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA. [Shaked, Shanna; Jolliet, Olivier] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Spadaro, Joseph V.] Ecole Mines Paris, Paris, France. [Nishioka, Yurika] Harvard Univ, Boston, MA 02115 USA. [Preiss, Philipp] Univ Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany. [McKone, Thomas E.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Marshall, JD (reprint author), 500 Pillsbury Dr SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM julian@umn.edu RI Marshall, Julian/B-2998-2012; Spadaro, Joseph/F-2938-2012; OI Jolliet, Olivier/0000-0001-6955-4210 FU European Commission; University of Michigan Graham Environmental Sustainability Institute FX The work reported here was done in coordination with and is compatible with the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative task force responsible for PM and with the review and recommendations on LCIA made for the European Union by a consortium of experts (European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, available at http://lct.jrc.ec.europa.eu). We thank Carina Gronlund, Manuele Margni, Ralph Rosenbaum, Urs Schenker, Mark Huijbregts, Rosalie van Zelm, An De Schryver, An Rabl, Gretchen Stevens, Sue Greco, William Nazaroff, Joshua Apte, Stefanie Hellweg, Evangelia Demou, Holly Fox, and Naomi Lubick for their valuable feedback and contributions. The anonymous reviewers provided excellent feedback. P.P. received partial funding from the European Commission's NEEDS project. S.S. received partial funding from the University of Michigan Graham Environmental Sustainability Institute. NR 66 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 42 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 11 BP 4808 EP 4816 DI 10.1021/es103563z PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 771AD UT WOS:000291128700023 PM 21563817 ER PT J AU Gopalakrishnan, G Minsker, BS Valocchi, AJ AF Gopalakrishnan, Gayathri Minsker, Barbara S. Valocchi, Albert J. TI Monitoring Network Design for Phytoremediation Systems Using Primary and Secondary Data Sources SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAMPLING FREQUENCY; GROUNDWATER; INTERPOLATION; SITE; SOIL AB Phytoremediation, or contaminant removal using plants, has been deployed at many sites to remediate contaminated soil and groundwater. Research has shown that trees are low-cost, rapid, and relatively simple-to-use monitoring systems as well as inexpensive alternatives to traditional pump-and-treat systems. However, tree monitoring is also an indirect measure of subsurface contamination and inherently more uncertain than conventional techniques such as wells or soil borings that measure contaminant concentrations directly. This study explores the implications for monitoring network design at real-world sites where scarce primary data such as monitoring wells or soil borings are supplemented by extensive secondary data such as trees. In this study, we combined secondary and primary data into a composite data set using models to transform secondary data to primary, as primary data were too sparse to attempt cokriging. Optimal monitoring networks using both trees and conventional techniques were determined using genetic algorithms, and trade-off curves between cost and uncertainty are presented for a phytoremediation system at Argonne National Laboratory. Optimal solutions found at this site indicate that increasing the number of secondary data sampled resulted in a significant decrease in global uncertainty with a minimal increase in cost. The choice of the data transformation model had an impact on the optimal designs and uncertainty estimated at the site. Using a data transformation model with a higher error resulted in monitoring network designs where primary data were favored over colocated secondary data. The spatial configuration of the monitoring network design was similar with regard to the areas sampled, irrespective of the data transformation model used. Overall, this study shows that using a composite data set, with primary and secondary data, results in effective monitoring designs, even at sites where the only data transformation model available is one with significant error. C1 [Gopalakrishnan, Gayathri; Minsker, Barbara S.; Valocchi, Albert J.] Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Gopalakrishnan, G (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Syst, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM ggopalakrishnan@anl.gov FU Argonne EQO; U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FG07-02ER 635302] FX We thank Dr. M. Cristina Negri at Argonne National Laboratory for her assistance in obtaining the cost and contaminant data at the field site and in providing the field manager's perspective in setting the objectives at the site. Funding from Argonne EQO for site monitoring and from the U.S. Department of Energy (Grant No. DE-FG07-02ER 635302) is gratefully acknowledged. NR 35 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 11 BP 4846 EP 4853 DI 10.1021/es1042657 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 771AD UT WOS:000291128700028 PM 21557573 ER PT J AU Um, W Chang, HS Icenhower, JP Lukens, WW Serne, RJ Qafoku, NP Westsik, JH Buck, EC Smith, SC AF Um, Wooyong Chang, Hyun-Shik Icenhower, Jonathan P. Lukens, Wayne W. Serne, R. Jeffrey Qafoku, Nikolla P. Westsik, Joseph H., Jr. Buck, Edgar C. Smith, Steven C. TI Immobilization of 99-Technetium (VII) by Fe(II)-Goethite and Limited Reoxidation SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAY-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; ALPHA-FEOOH; IRON-OXIDES; REDUCTION; TECHNETIUM; FE(II); PERTECHNETATE; TC(VII); DISSOLUTION; MAGNETITE AB During the nuclear waste vitrification process volatilized Tc-99 will be trapped by melter off-gas scrubbers and then washed out into caustic solutions, and plans are currently being contemplated for the disposal of such secondary waste. Solutions containing pertechnetate [Tc-99(VII)O-4(-)] were mixed with precipitating goethite and dissolved Fe (II) to determine if an iron (oxy)hydroxide-based waste form can reduce Tc(VII) and isolate Tc(IV) from oxygen. The results of these experiments demonstrate that Fe(II) with goethite efficiently catalyzes the reduction of technetium in deionized water and complex solutions that mimic the chemical composition of caustic waste scrubber media. Identification of the phases, goethite + magnetite was performed using XRD, SEM and TEM methods. Analyses of the Tc-bearing solid products by XAFS indicate that all of the Tc(VII) was reduced to Tc(IV) and that the latter is incorporated into goethite or magnetate as octahedral Tc(IV). Batch dissolution experiments, conducted under ambient oxidizing conditions for more than 180 days, demonstrated a very limited release of Tc to solution (2-7 mu g Tc/g solid). Incorporation of Tc(IV) into the goethite lattice thus provides significant advantages for limiting reoxidation and curtailing release of Tc disposed in nuclear waste repositories. C1 [Um, Wooyong; Chang, Hyun-Shik; Icenhower, Jonathan P.; Serne, R. Jeffrey; Qafoku, Nikolla P.; Westsik, Joseph H., Jr.; Buck, Edgar C.; Smith, Steven C.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Icenhower, Jonathan P.; Lukens, Wayne W.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Um, Wooyong] Pohang Univ Sci & Technol POSTECH, Div Adv Nucl Engn, Pohang, South Korea. RP Um, W (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999,P7-54,902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM wooyong.um@pnl.gov RI Icenhower, Jonathan/E-8523-2011; Buck, Edgar/N-7820-2013; Smith, Sean/H-5003-2015; OI Buck, Edgar/0000-0001-5101-9084; Smith, Sean/0000-0002-5679-8205; Qafoku, Nikolla P./0000-0002-3258-5379 FU DOE [EM-31, DE-AC05-76RL0 1830]; Ministry of Education, Science and Technology [R31-30005]; Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division, of the U.S. Department of Energy; Office of Science, of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX Funding was provided by the DOE Environmental Management (EM-31) program. Part of this work (TEM analysis) was performed at the W.R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory in PNNL. The authors appreciate Dodge Cleveland for Tc XAFS sample collection in BNL. The PNNL is operated for the DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute under Contract DE-AC05-76RL0 1830. Portions of this research were carried out at the SSRL, a national user facility operated by Stanford University on behalf of the U.S. DOE and at the POSTECH supported by WCU (World Class University) program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (R31-30005). Part of this research was performed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division, of the U.S. Department of Energy and by the Director, Office of Science, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 32 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 5 U2 55 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 11 BP 4904 EP 4913 DI 10.1021/es104343p PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 771AD UT WOS:000291128700036 PM 21557602 ER PT J AU Andersen, MR Salazar, MP Schaap, PJ van de Vondervoort, PJI Culley, D Thykaer, J Frisvad, JC Nielsen, KF Albang, R Albermann, K Berka, RM Braus, GH Braus-Stromeyer, SA Corrochano, LM Dai, ZY van Dijck, PWM Hofmann, G Lasure, LL Magnuson, JK Menke, H Meijer, M Meijer, SL Nielsen, JB Samson, RA Stam, H Tsang, A van den Brink, JM Atkins, A Aerts, A Shapiro, H Pangilinan, J Salamov, A Lou, YG Lindquist, E Lucas, S Grimwood, J Grigoriev, IV Kubicek, CP Martinez, D van Peij, NNME Roubos, JA Nielsen, J Baker, SE AF Andersen, Mikael R. Salazar, Margarita P. Schaap, Peter J. van de Vondervoort, Peter J. I. Culley, David Thykaer, Jette Frisvad, Jens C. Nielsen, Kristian F. Albang, Richard Albermann, Kaj Berka, Randy M. Braus, Gerhard H. Braus-Stromeyer, Susanna A. Corrochano, Luis M. Dai, Ziyu van Dijck, Piet W. M. Hofmann, Gerald Lasure, Linda L. Magnuson, Jon K. Menke, Hildegard Meijer, Martin Meijer, Susan L. Nielsen, Jakob B. Samson, Rob A. Stam, Hein Tsang, Adrian van den Brink, Johannes M. Atkins, Alex Aerts, Andrea Shapiro, Harris Pangilinan, Jasmyn Salamov, Asaf Lou, Yigong Lindquist, Erika Lucas, Susan Grimwood, Jane Grigoriev, Igor V. Kubicek, Christian P. Martinez, Diego van Peij, Noel N. M. E. Roubos, Johannes A. Nielsen, Jens Baker, Scott E. TI Comparative genomics of citric-acid-producing Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015 versus enzyme-producing CBS 513.88 SO GENOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FUNGAL METABOLITE; LINKAGE GROUP; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GENE ONTOLOGY; MYCOTOXINS; EXPRESSION; IDENTIFICATION; RECOGNITION; KARYOTYPE AB The filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger exhibits great diversity in its phenotype. It is found globally, both as marine and terrestrial strains, produces both organic acids and hydrolytic enzymes in high amounts, and some isolates exhibit pathogenicity. Although the genome of an industrial enzyme-producing A. niger strain (CBS 513.88) has already been sequenced, the versatility and diversity of this species compel additional exploration. We therefore undertook whole-genome sequencing of the acidogenic A. niger wild-type strain (ATCC 1015) and produced a genome sequence of very high quality. Only 15 gaps are present in the sequence, and half the telomeric regions have been elucidated. Moreover, sequence information from ATCC 1015 was used to improve the genome sequence of CBS 513.88. Chromosome-level comparisons uncovered several genome rearrangements, deletions, a clear case of strain-specific horizontal gene transfer, and identification of 0.8 Mb of novel sequence. Single nucleotide polymorphisms per kilobase (SNPs/kb) between the two strains were found to be exceptionally high (average: 7.8, maximum: 160 SNPs/kb). High variation within the species was confirmed with exo-metabolite profiling and phylogenetics. Detailed lists of alleles were generated, and genotypic differences were observed to accumulate in metabolic pathways essential to acid production and protein synthesis. A transcriptome analysis supported up-regulation of genes associated with biosynthesis of amino acids that are abundant in glucoamylase A, tRNA-synthases, and protein transporters in the protein producing CBS 513.88 strain. Our results and data sets from this integrative systems biology analysis resulted in a snapshot of fungal evolution and will support further optimization of cell factories based on filamentous fungi. C1 [Culley, David; Dai, Ziyu; Lasure, Linda L.; Magnuson, Jon K.; Baker, Scott E.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Fungal Biotechnol Team, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Andersen, Mikael R.; Salazar, Margarita P.; Thykaer, Jette; Frisvad, Jens C.; Nielsen, Kristian F.; Meijer, Susan L.; Nielsen, Jakob B.; Nielsen, Jens] Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Syst Biol, Ctr Microbial Biotechnol, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. [Schaap, Peter J.] Wageningen Univ, Microbiol Lab, Sect Fungal Genom, NL-6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands. [van de Vondervoort, Peter J. I.; Menke, Hildegard; Stam, Hein; van Peij, Noel N. M. E.; Roubos, Johannes A.] DSM Biotechnol Ctr, NL-2600 MA Delft, Netherlands. [Albang, Richard; Albermann, Kaj] Biomax Informat AG, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany. [Berka, Randy M.] Novozymes Inc, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Braus, Gerhard H.; Braus-Stromeyer, Susanna A.] Univ Gottingen, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. [Corrochano, Luis M.] Univ Seville, Dept Genet, E-41080 Seville, Spain. [van Dijck, Piet W. M.] DSM Nutr Prod, NL-2600 MA Delft, Netherlands. [Hofmann, Gerald] Novozymes AS, DK-4400 Kalundborg, Denmark. [Meijer, Martin; Samson, Rob A.] CBS Fungal Biodivers Ctr, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands. [Tsang, Adrian] Concordia Univ, Ctr Struct & Funct Genom, Montreal, PQ H4B 1R6, Canada. [van den Brink, Johannes M.] Chr Hansen AS, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark. [Atkins, Alex; Aerts, Andrea; Shapiro, Harris; Pangilinan, Jasmyn; Salamov, Asaf; Lou, Yigong; Lindquist, Erika; Lucas, Susan; Grigoriev, Igor V.] US DOE, Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA. [Grimwood, Jane] Stanford Human Genome Ctr, Joint Genome Inst, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. [Kubicek, Christian P.] Vienna Univ Technol, Res Area Gene Technol & Appl Biochem, Inst Chem Engn, A-1060 Vienna, Austria. [Martinez, Diego] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Martinez, Diego] Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Baker, SE (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Fungal Biotechnol Team, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM scott.baker@pnl.gov RI Nielsen, Kristian/C-7233-2011; Braus, Gerhard/G-3999-2012; Corrochano, Luis/F-5720-2010; Andersen, Mikael/F-9377-2013; OI Nielsen, Kristian/0000-0002-5848-0911; Braus, Gerhard/0000-0002-3117-5626; Corrochano, Luis/0000-0002-6282-6567; Andersen, Mikael/0000-0003-4794-6808; Braus-Stromeyer, Susanna A./0000-0003-0830-3949; Nielsen, Jens/0000-0002-9955-6003 FU Danish Research Agency for Technology and Production; National Council of Research Conacyt-Mexico; U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science; University of California, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [DE-AC52-07NA27344]; Los Alamos National Laboratory [DE-AC02-06NA25396] FX This study was partially funded by the Danish Research Agency for Technology and Production (to M. R. A., S. L. M., J.B.N., and M.L.N.) and the National Council of Research Conacyt-Mexico (to M. P. S.). Genome sequencing was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research Program, and by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC52-07NA27344, and Los Alamos National Laboratory under contract No. DE-AC02-06NA25396. Preparation of genomic DNA and some analysis of the genome were supported by the DOE Office of the Biomass Program. NR 67 TC 125 Z9 145 U1 9 U2 71 PU COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB PRESS, PUBLICATIONS DEPT PI COLD SPRING HARBOR PA 1 BUNGTOWN RD, COLD SPRING HARBOR, NY 11724 USA SN 1088-9051 J9 GENOME RES JI Genome Res. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 6 BP 885 EP 897 DI 10.1101/gr.112169.110 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 771JQ UT WOS:000291153400008 PM 21543515 ER PT J AU Guedj, J Perelson, AS AF Guedj, Jeremie Perelson, Alan S. TI Second-Phase Hepatitis C Virus RNA Decline During Telaprevir-Based Therapy Increases With Drug Effectiveness: Implications for Treatment Duration SO HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENOTYPE 1 INFECTION; VIRAL DYNAMICS; COMBINATION THERAPY; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; WILD-TYPE; HCV-RNA; INTERFERON; RIBAVIRIN; KINETICS; VX-950 AB Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA decay during antiviral therapy is characterized by a rapid first phase, followed by a slower second phase. The current understanding of viral kinetics attributes the magnitude of the first phase of decay to treatment effectiveness, whereas the second phase of decay is attributed to the progressive loss of infected cells. Here, we analyzed data from 44 patients treated with telaprevir, a potent HCV protease inhibitor. Using a viral kinetic model that accounts for the pharmacokinetics of telaprevir, we found the second-phase slope of viral decline to be strongly correlated with treatment effectiveness and to be roughly four-fold more rapid than has been reported with interferon-based therapies. Because telaprevir is not known to increase the death rate of infected cells, our results suggest that the second-phase slope of viral decline is driven not only by the death of infected cells, but may also involve other mechanisms, such as a treatment-effectiveness-dependent degradation of intracellular viral RNA. As a result of the enhanced viral decay caused by the high antiviral effectiveness of telaprevir, we predict that if drug resistance could be avoided by using an appropriate combination of antiviral agents, treatment duration needed to clear HCV might be dramatically shortened. Indeed, we predict that in 95% of fully compliant patients, the last virus particle should be eliminated by week 7 of therapy. If the remaining infected hepatocytes act as a potential reservoir for the renewal of infection, no more than 10 weeks of treatment should be sufficient to clear the infection in 95% of fully compliant patients. However, if patients miss doses, treatment duration would need to be extended. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;53:1801-1808) C1 [Guedj, Jeremie; Perelson, Alan S.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Perelson, AS (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS K710, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM asp@lanl.gov RI Guedj, Jeremie/A-6842-2017 OI Guedj, Jeremie/0000-0002-5534-5482 FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC52-06NA25396]; National Institutes of Health [RR06555-19, P20-RR1875-6, AI065256-4, AI28433-20]; National Science Foundation [PHY05-51164] FX This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396, and supported by National Institutes of Health grants RR06555-19, P20-RR1875-6, AI065256-4, and AI28433-20, as well as National Science Foundation grant PHY05-51164. NR 30 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0270-9139 J9 HEPATOLOGY JI Hepatology PD JUN PY 2011 VL 53 IS 6 BP 1801 EP 1808 DI 10.1002/hep.24272 PG 8 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 773KX UT WOS:000291307300005 PM 21384401 ER PT J AU Paulter, NG Larson, DR AF Paulter, Nicholas G., Jr. Larson, Donald R. TI Pulse Metrology: Part 1 Part 32 in a series of tutorials on instrumentation and measurement SO IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT MAGAZINE LA English DT Article ID SAMPLING OSCILLOSCOPES; CALIBRATION; TRANSITION C1 [Paulter, Nicholas G., Jr.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Paulter, Nicholas G., Jr.; Larson, Donald R.] NIST, Law Enforcement Stand Off, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Larson, Donald R.] NIST, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Larson, Donald R.] NIST, Optoelect Div, Boulder, CO USA. EM paulter@nist.gov RI Sanders, Susan/G-1957-2011 NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1094-6969 EI 1941-0123 J9 IEEE INSTRU MEAS MAG JI IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 14 IS 3 BP 39 EP 44 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 769VC UT WOS:000291045400009 ER PT J AU Strauss, BP Lorant, SJS AF Strauss, Bruce P. Lorant, Steve J. St. TI Superconductivity and High Energy Physics-A Study in "Symbiosis" SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Superconducting accelerator cavities; superconducting filaments and wires; superconducting magnets; superconducting materials ID COILS AB Following the development of Nb3Sn and niobium based solution alloys in 1961 the field of High Energy Physics has witnessed a continual development of magnets and devices for the generation, beam handling and analysis of particle beams and their interactions. This paper will examine the technology development of these devices from the earliest bubble chambers through the development of theories of stability and on to the construction of superconductivity based particle accelerators and their associated detectors. The latest advances in superconducting radio frequency accelerating cavities will be considered within this R&D model. This development of technology was accomplished by universities, national laboratories and industry working in a most cooperative way. C1 [Strauss, Bruce P.] US DOE, Off High Energy Phys, Washington, DC 20585 USA. [Lorant, Steve J. St.] Stanford Univ, SLAC NAL, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Strauss, BP (reprint author), US DOE, Off High Energy Phys, Washington, DC 20585 USA. EM Bruce.Strauss@science.doe.gov; stlorant@bigvalley.net FU US Department of Energy FX This work was supported in part by the US Department of Energy. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 EI 1558-2515 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 936 EP 942 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2089965 PN 2 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200002 ER PT J AU Demko, JA Hassenzahl, WV AF Demko, Jonathan A. Hassenzahl, William V. TI Thermal Management of Long-Length HTS Cable Systems SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE High-temperature superconductors; power cables; power cable thermal factors; superconducting cables ID TRANSMISSION; POWER AB Projections of electric power production suggest a major shift to renewables, such as wind and solar, which will be in remote locations where massive quantities of power are available. One solution for transmitting this power over long distances to load centers is direct current (dc), high temperature superconducting (HTS) cables. Electric transmission via dc cables promises to be effective because of the low-loss, high-current-carrying capability of HTS wire at cryogenic temperatures. However, the thermal management system for the cable must be carefully designed to achieve reliable and energy-efficient operation. Here we extend the analysis of a super-conducting dc cable concept proposed by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), which has one stream of liquid nitrogen flowing in a cryogenic enclosure that includes the power cable, and a separate return tube for the nitrogen. Refrigeration stations positioned every 10 to 20 km cool both nitrogen streams. Both go and return lines are contained in a single vacuum/cryogenic envelope. Other coolants, including gaseous helium and gaseous hydrogen, could provide potential advantages, though they bring some technical challenges to the operation of long-length HTS dc cable systems. A discussion of the heat produced in superconducting cables and a system to remove the heat are discussed. Also, an analysis of the use of various cryogenic fluids in long-distance HTS power cables is presented. C1 [Demko, Jonathan A.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Hassenzahl, William V.] Adv Energy Anal, Las Vegas, NV 89183 USA. RP Demko, JA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM demkoja@ornl.gov; AdvEnergy1@aol.com FU U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; UT-Battelle, LLC; EPRI [EP-P35856-C16271] FX This research was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Advanced Cables and Conductors Program, under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC, and by EPRI under Contract EP-P35856-C16271. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 957 EP 960 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2093497 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200006 ER PT J AU Nguyen, DA Ashworth, SP Duckworth, R Carter, W Fleshler, S AF Nguyen, Doan A. Ashworth, Stephen P. Duckworth, Robert Carter, William Fleshler, Steven TI Measurements of AC Losses and Current Distribution in Superconducting Cables SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE AC loss measurement; axial magnetic field; current distribution; superconducting cable ID HTS POWER CABLE; TRANSMISSION CABLES AB This paper presents our new experimental facility and techniques to measure ac loss and current distribution between the layers for High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) cables. The facility is powered with a 45 kVA three-phase power supply which can provide three-phase currents up to 5 kA per phase via high current transformers. The system is suitable for measurements at any frequency between 20 and 500 Hz to better understand the ac loss mechanisms in HTS cables. In this paper, we will report techniques and results for ac loss measurements carried out on several HTS cables with and without an HTS shielding layer. For cables without a shielding layer, care must be taken to control the effect of the magnetic fields from return currents on loss measurements. The waveform of the axial magnetic field was also measured by a small pick-up coil placed inside a two-layer cable. The temporal current distribution between the layers can be calculated from the waveform of the axial field. C1 [Nguyen, Doan A.; Ashworth, Stephen P.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Superconduct Technol Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Duckworth, Robert] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Carter, William; Fleshler, Steven] Amer Superconductor Corp, Devens, MA 01434 USA. RP Nguyen, DA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Superconduct Technol Ctr, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM doan@lanl.gov; duckworthrc@ornl.gov; BCarter@amsc.com; sfleshler@amsc.comm RI Nguyen, Doan/F-3148-2010 FU US Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability FX This work was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 6 U2 22 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 996 EP 1000 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2089415 PN 2 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200015 ER PT J AU Brandt, JS Cheban, S Feher, S Kaducak, M Nobrega, F Peterson, T AF Brandt, Jeffrey S. Cheban, Sergey Feher, Sandor Kaducak, Marc Nobrega, Fred Peterson, Tom TI Current Lead Design for the Accelerator Project for Upgrade of LHC SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Accelerator magnets; APUL; current leads; LHC; remote soldering; superconducting transmission lines AB The Accelerator Project for Upgrade of LHC (APUL) is a U. S. project participating in and contributing to CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) upgrade program. In collaboration with Brookhaven National Laboratory, Fermilab's part of the upgrade includes several current lead design efforts. A concept of main and auxiliary helium flow was developed that allows the superconductor to remain cold while the lead body warms up to prevent upper section frosting. The auxiliary flow will subsequently cool the thermal shields of the feed box and the transmission line cryostats. A thermal analysis of the current lead central heat exchange section was performed using analytic and FEA techniques. A method of remote soldering was developed that allows the current leads to be field replaceable. The remote solder joint was designed to be made without flux or additional solder, and able to be remade up to ten full cycles. A method of upper section attachment was developed that allows high pressure sealing of the helium volume. Test fixtures for both remote soldering and upper section attachment for the 13 kA lead were produced. The cooling concept, thermal analyses, and test results from both remote soldering and upper section attachment fixtures are presented. C1 [Brandt, Jeffrey S.; Cheban, Sergey; Feher, Sandor; Kaducak, Marc; Nobrega, Fred; Peterson, Tom] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Brandt, JS (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. EM brandt@fnal.gov FU United States Department of Energy [DE-AC02-07CH11359] FX Manuscript received August 01, 2010; accepted December 17, 2010. Date of publication February 04, 2011; date of current version May 27, 2011. Fermilab is operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Department of Energy. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1066 EP 1069 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2102329 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200032 ER PT J AU Tuncer, E Polizos, G Sauers, I James, DR AF Tuncer, Enis Polizos, Georgios Sauers, Isidor James, D. Randy TI Electrical Insulation Paper and Its Physical Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Dielectric breakdown; dielectric properties; impregnation with polypropylene; Kraft paper ID DIELECTRIC MIXTURES; HTS TRANSFORMER; SUPERCONDUCTORS; CABLE AB Paper is widely used in various engineering applications due to its physical properties and ease of manufacture. As a result paper has been selected or designed as an electrical insulation material for parts and components in high voltage technology. In the current study we select a paper employed in conventional transformers as the electrical insulation material. The potential of this paper is investigated at cryogenic temperatures to determine its physical properties for high temperature superconducting power applications. Dielectric measurements were performed using impedance spectroscopy at a constant frequency. Dielectric breakdown tests were performed on samples at 77 K using a liquid nitrogen bath. C1 [Tuncer, Enis; Polizos, Georgios; Sauers, Isidor; James, D. Randy] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Fus Energy, Appl Superconduct Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Tuncer, E (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Fus Energy, Appl Superconduct Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM tuncere@ornl.gov OI Tuncer, Enis/0000-0002-9324-4324 FU U.S. Department of Energy-Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability; Oak Ridge National Laboratory FX Research sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy-Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Advanced Cables and Conductors Program under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed and operated by UT-Battelle, LLC. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1438 EP 1440 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2092747 PN 2 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200119 ER PT J AU Pace, MO Sauers, I James, DR Tuncer, E Polizos, G AF Pace, M. O. Sauers, I. James, D. R. Tuncer, E. Polizos, G. TI Design Tool for Liquid-Nitrogen Gaps in Superconducting Apparatus SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Area effect; breakdown; liquid nitrogen; volume effect ID DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN; INSULATING MATERIALS; STRENGTH; PRESSURE; AREA AB For designers of high temperature superconducting equipment with liquid nitrogen as a dielectric, an expedient universal curve is sought that provides breakdown strength for a specified class of electrode shapes, with any practical sizes of electrodes and gap; thus the universal curve fills in missing experimental data. Universal breakdown strength curves at pressures of or slightly above 100 kPa, are being developed for AC, DC or impulse stress for the class with sphere-sphere, plane-plane and sphere-plane gaps, with three independent parameters: the size of each electrode and gap. A user can normalize his parameters and find the corresponding breakdown strength, even though no data were available for his exact dimensions. For AC and DC stresses the geometrical effects of stressed area/volume are incorporated from most published AC and DC experimental data of the last 50 years, by plotting breakdown field versus new geometrical quantities, such that all data fall approximately on or near one normalized universal curve. This avoids the usual difficult task of calculating stressed area and volume effects on the breakdown values for the graph ordinate. For impulse stress a more traditional plot suffices to produce a universal curve. This suggests that area/volume effects might not be so important with impulse stress. If the method proves reliable, it may be possible to determine design parameters for a broad range of geometries, help unify seemingly disparate breakdown data in the literature, and provide easily used, practical guidance for designers. C1 [Pace, M. O.; Sauers, I.; James, D. R.; Tuncer, E.; Polizos, G.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Pace, MO (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM sauersi@ornl.gov OI Tuncer, Enis/0000-0002-9324-4324 FU U.S. Department of Energy-Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; Oak Ridge National Laboratory FX This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy-Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Advanced Cables and Conductors Program under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed and operated by UT-Battelle, LLC. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 EI 1558-2515 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1441 EP 1444 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2100355 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200120 ER PT J AU Shiroyanagi, Y Ghosh, AK Gupta, R Sampson, WB AF Shiroyanagi, Y. Ghosh, A. K. Gupta, R. Sampson, W. B. TI The Construction and Testing of YBCO Pancake Coils for a High Field Solenoid SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Critical current; pancake coil; thermal degradation; 2G HTS solenoid AB Pancake coils are being fabricated using second generation (2G) High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) for a prototype 10 T solenoid. The length of conductor in each coil is 100 m and the inner diameter of the coil is 101 mm. The critical current of each coil was measured at 77 K in liquid nitrogen and down to similar to 20 K in helium gas. It has been observed that the effect of thermal shock during cool-down may cause coil performance to degrade irreversibly. The detailed results and the improvements to achieve 10 T will be discussed. C1 [Shiroyanagi, Y.; Ghosh, A. K.; Gupta, R.; Sampson, W. B.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Superconducting Magnet Div, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Shiroyanagi, Y (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Superconducting Magnet Div, Bldg 902A, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM yshiroyanagi@bnl.gov FU US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-98CH10886]; SBIR [DE-FG02-07ER84855, DE-FG02-08ER85037] FX This work was supported by the US Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-98CH10886 and SBIR Contract DOE Grants DE-FG02-07ER84855 and DE-FG02-08ER85037. NR 4 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1649 EP 1652 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2097570 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200169 ER PT J AU Muratore, J Escallier, J Ganetis, G Ghosh, AK Gupta, RC He, P Jain, A Joshi, P Wanderer, P Fee, M Christian, M AF Muratore, J. Escallier, J. Ganetis, G. Ghosh, A. K. Gupta, R. C. He, P. Jain, A. Joshi, P. Wanderer, P. Fee, M. Christian, M. TI Magnetic Field Measurements of an HTS Retrofit Synchrotron Dipole SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Accelerator magnets; Bi-2223 tape conductor; high temperature superconductor; HTS; magnetic field measurements; superconducting magnets AB A copper coil dipole magnet from the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) has been retrofitted by HTS-110 Ltd with coils made from Bi-2223 wire and a self-contained cryogenic cooling system, while keeping the magnet's original iron yoke. This modified bending dipole, which is the first such known retrofit HTS-based accelerator magnet, provides the benefits of a compact coil design to accommodate space-limited experimental issues and a significant reduction in power costs as compared to the original copper magnet. In order to validate this modified design for use in the synchrotron, a detailed magnetic field map has been measured using a multiple-Hall probe assembly and transporter system. The results are discussed in this paper, along with the performance of the closed circuit cryogenics system in keeping the coils below 45 K. C1 [Muratore, J.; Escallier, J.; Ganetis, G.; Ghosh, A. K.; Gupta, R. C.; He, P.; Jain, A.; Joshi, P.; Wanderer, P.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Fee, M.; Christian, M.] HTS 110 Ltd, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. RP Muratore, J (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM muratore@bnl.gov FU US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-98CH10886] FX This work was supported by the US Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-98CH10886. NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1653 EP 1656 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2091935 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200170 ER PT J AU Arbelaez, D Black, A Prestemon, SO Wang, S Chen, J Arenholz, E AF Arbelaez, D. Black, A. Prestemon, S. O. Wang, S. Chen, J. Arenholz, E. TI Mechanical Design and Analysis of an Eight-Pole Superconducting Vector Magnet for Soft X-Ray Magnetic Dichroism Measurements SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Magnetic dichroism; soft x-rays; superconducting magnet ID SOLENOIDS AB An eight-pole superconducting magnet is being developed for soft x-ray magnetic dichroism (XMD) experiments at the Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory (LBNL). Eight conical Nb(3) Sn coils with Holmium poles are arranged in octahedral symmetry to form four dipole pairs that provide magnetic fields of up to 5 T in any direction relative to the incoming x-ray beam. The dimensions of the magnet yoke as well as pole taper, diameter, and length were optimized for maximum peak field in the magnet center using the software package TOSCA. The structural analysis of the magnet is performed using ANSYS with the coil properties derived using a numerical homogenization scheme. It is found that the use of orthotropic material properties for the coil has an important influence in the design of the magnet. C1 [Arbelaez, D.; Black, A.; Prestemon, S. O.; Arenholz, E.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Wang, S.; Chen, J.] Wang NMR Inc, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Arbelaez, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM darbelaez@lbl.gov FU Office of Science, and the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX This work was supported by the Director, the Office of Science, and the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1679 EP 1682 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2100796 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200176 ER PT J AU Ferracin, P Ambrosio, G Anerella, M Bingham, B Bossert, R Caspi, S Cheng, DW Chlachidze, G Felice, H Hafalia, AR Mumper, W Nobrega, F Prestemon, S Sabbi, GL Schmalzle, J Sylvester, C Tartaglia, M Wanderer, P Zlobin, AV AF Ferracin, P. Ambrosio, G. Anerella, M. Bingham, B. Bossert, R. Caspi, S. Cheng, D. W. Chlachidze, G. Felice, H. Hafalia, A. R. Mumper, W. Nobrega, F. Prestemon, S. Sabbi, G. L. Schmalzle, J. Sylvester, C. Tartaglia, M. Wanderer, P. Zlobin, A. V. TI Mechanical Performance of the LARP Nb3Sn Quadrupole Magnet LQS01 SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE LARP; Nb3Sn; quadrupole magnet AB As part of the effort towards the development of Nb3Sn magnets for future LHC luminosity upgrades, the LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) has fabricated and tested the quadrupole magnet LQS01. The magnet implements 3.4 m long Nb3Sn coils contained in a support structure characterized by an external aluminum shell segmented in four sections. The room temperature pre-load of the structure is obtained by shimming load keys through bladders, pressurized during the loading operations and removed before cool-down. Temperature compensated strain gauges, mounted on structure components and coil poles, monitor the magnet's mechanical behavior during assembly, cool-down and, excitation. During the first test, LQS01 reached the target gradient of 200 T/m; the gauge data indicated that the aluminum shell was pre-tensioned to the target value estimated by numerical models, but a lack of pre-load was measured in the coil inner layer during ramping. As a result, the test was interrupted and the magnet disassembled, and inspected. A second test (LQS01b) was then carried out following a re-loading of the magnet. The paper reports on the strain gauge results of the first test and the analysis performed to identify corrective actions to improve the coil pre-stress distribution. The mechanical performance of the magnet during the second cool-down and test is then presented and discussed. C1 [Ferracin, P.; Bingham, B.; Caspi, S.; Cheng, D. W.; Felice, H.; Hafalia, A. R.; Prestemon, S.; Sabbi, G. L.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Ambrosio, G.; Bossert, R.; Chlachidze, G.; Mumper, W.; Nobrega, F.; Sylvester, C.; Tartaglia, M.; Zlobin, A. V.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. [Anerella, M.; Schmalzle, J.; Wanderer, P.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Ferracin, P (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM pferracin@lbl.gov FU Office of Energy Research, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, High Energy Physics Division, U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX This work was supported by the Director, Office of Energy Research, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, High Energy Physics Division, U.S. Department of Energy, under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 10 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1683 EP 1687 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2097571 PN 2 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200177 ER PT J AU Velev, GV Ambrosio, G Andreev, N Anerella, M Bossert, R Caspi, S Chlachidze, G DiMarco, J Escallier, J Felice, H Ferracin, P Kashikhin, VV Lamm, MJ Nobrega, F Prebys, E Sabbi, GL Schmalzle, J Tartaglia, M Wanderer, P Zlobin, AV AF Velev, G. V. Ambrosio, G. Andreev, N. Anerella, M. Bossert, R. Caspi, S. Chlachidze, G. DiMarco, J. Escallier, J. Felice, H. Ferracin, P. Kashikhin, V. V. Lamm, M. J. Nobrega, F. Prebys, E. Sabbi, G. L. Schmalzle, J. Tartaglia, M. Wanderer, P. Zlobin, A. V. TI Field Quality of the First LARP Nb3Sn 3.7 m-Long Quadrupole Model of LQ Series SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Magnetic field measurement; super-conducting accelerator magnets ID RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT; MAGNET; FERMILAB AB The US-LHC accelerator research program (LARP) built and tested the first 3.7-m long Nb3Sn quadrupole model of LQ series with a 90 mm bore diameter and a target field gradient of 200 T/m. The LQ series, developed in collaboration among FNAL, LBNL and BNL, is a scale up of the previously tested 1-m long technology quadrupoles of TQ series based on similar coils and two different mechanical structures (shell-based TQS and collar-based TQC), with a primary goal of demonstrating the Nb3Sn accelerator magnet technology for the luminosity upgrade of LHC interaction regions. In this paper, we present the field quality measurements in the first 3.7-m long LQS01 model based on the modified TQS mechanical structure. The results are compared to the expectations from the magnet geometry and magnetic properties of coils and iron yoke. Moreover, we present a comparison between this magnet and the short models previously measured. C1 [Velev, G. V.; Ambrosio, G.; Andreev, N.; Bossert, R.; Chlachidze, G.; DiMarco, J.; Kashikhin, V. V.; Lamm, M. J.; Nobrega, F.; Prebys, E.; Tartaglia, M.; Zlobin, A. V.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. [Anerella, M.; Escallier, J.; Schmalzle, J.; Wanderer, P.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Caspi, S.; Felice, H.; Ferracin, P.; Sabbi, G. L.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Velev, GV (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. EM velev@fnal.gov FU U.S. Department of Energy FX This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 EI 1558-2515 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1688 EP 1691 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2100797 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200178 ER PT J AU Chlachidze, G Andreev, N Barzi, E Bossert, R Kashikhin, VS Kashikhin, VV Lamm, MJ Nobrega, F Novitski, I Orris, D Tartaglia, M Tompkins, JC Turrioni, D Yamada, R Zlobin, AV AF Chlachidze, Guram Andreev, Nikolai Barzi, Emanuela Bossert, Rodger Kashikhin, Vladimir S. Kashikhin, Vadim V. Lamm, Michael J. Nobrega, Fred Novitski, Igor Orris, Darryl Tartaglia, Michael Tompkins, John C. Turrioni, Daniele Yamada, Ryuji Zlobin, Alexander V. TI The Study of Single Nb3Sn Quadrupole Coils Using a Magnetic Mirror Structure SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Critical current degradation; magnetic mirror; Nb3Sn quadrupole coil; quench performance ID CABLES AB Several 90-mm quadrupole coils made of 0.7-mm Nb3Sn strand based on the "Restack Rod Process" (RRP) of 108/127 design, with cored and non-cored cables and different cable insulation, were fabricated and individually tested at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) using a test structure designed to provide a quadrupole magnetic field environment. The coils were instrumented with voltage taps and strain gauges to study quench performance and mechanical properties. The Nb3Sn strand and cable parameters, the coil fabrication details, the mirror model assembly procedure and test results at temperatures from 4.5 K to 1.9 K are reported and discussed. C1 [Chlachidze, Guram; Andreev, Nikolai; Barzi, Emanuela; Bossert, Rodger; Kashikhin, Vladimir S.; Kashikhin, Vadim V.; Lamm, Michael J.; Nobrega, Fred; Novitski, Igor; Orris, Darryl; Tartaglia, Michael; Tompkins, John C.; Turrioni, Daniele; Yamada, Ryuji; Zlobin, Alexander V.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Chlachidze, G (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. EM guram@fnal.gov FU Fermi Research Alliance, LLC [DE-AC02-07CH11359]; US Department of Energy FX This work was supported by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under Contract DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the US Department of Energy. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1692 EP 1695 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2095450 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200179 ER PT J AU Nakamoto, T Sasaki, K Araoka, O Fujii, Y Higashi, N Iida, M Ishii, T Kimura, N Kobayashi, T Makida, Y Nakadaira, T Ogitsu, T Ohhata, H Okamura, T Sakashita, K Shibata, M Suzuki, S Yamamoto, A Ichikawa, A Kakuno, H Anerella, M Escallier, J Ganetis, G Ghosh, A Muratore, J Parker, B Wanderer, P AF Nakamoto, T. Sasaki, K. Araoka, O. Fujii, Y. Higashi, N. Iida, M. Ishii, T. Kimura, N. Kobayashi, T. Makida, Y. Nakadaira, T. Ogitsu, T. Ohhata, H. Okamura, T. Sakashita, K. Shibata, M. Suzuki, S. Yamamoto, A. Ichikawa, A. Kakuno, H. Anerella, M. Escallier, J. Ganetis, G. Ghosh, A. Muratore, J. Parker, B. Wanderer, P. TI Status of Superconducting Magnet System for the J-PARC Neutrino Beam Line SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Beam line; neutrino; proton; superconducting magnet AB The superconducting magnet system for the J-PARC neutrino beam line for the T2K experiment has been served for the beam operation without serious disturbance since April 2009. Present most concern of the system is the operational current limit of superconducting corrector magnets for beam steering due to systematic quenches at lower currents. Operational experience of the magnet system and examples of troubleshoot including countermeasures against the corrector magnet quenches are presented. C1 [Nakamoto, T.; Sasaki, K.; Araoka, O.; Fujii, Y.; Higashi, N.; Iida, M.; Ishii, T.; Kimura, N.; Kobayashi, T.; Makida, Y.; Nakadaira, T.; Ogitsu, T.; Ohhata, H.; Okamura, T.; Sakashita, K.; Shibata, M.; Suzuki, S.; Yamamoto, A.] High Energy Accelerator Res Org, KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050801, Japan. [Ichikawa, A.] Kyoto Univ, Div Phys & Astron, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. [Kakuno, H.] Univ Tokyo, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. [Anerella, M.; Escallier, J.; Ganetis, G.; Ghosh, A.; Muratore, J.; Parker, B.; Wanderer, P.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Nakamoto, T (reprint author), High Energy Accelerator Res Org, KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050801, Japan. EM tatsushi.nakamoto@kek.jp; ichikawa@scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp; kakuno@phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp; wanderer@bnl.gov FU Koh-ichiro Nishikawa at KEK FX The authors thank Koh-ichiro Nishikawa at KEK for his strong support for the project. They also wish to thank CERN for great help in procurement of a variety of equipment for the superconducting magnet system. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1700 EP 1704 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2094174 PN 2 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200181 ER PT J AU Kim, SH Doose, CL Jaski, MS Kasa, MT AF Kim, Suk Hong Doose, Charles L. Jaski, Mark S. Kasa, Matthew T. TI Feasibility of a Short-Period Superconducting Undulator Using 2G HTS Tapes SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Insertion device; superconducting magnet; superconducting undulator; YBCO 2G HTS tape ID FIELD; DESIGN AB This paper presents a design concept of a planar-type superconducting undulator (SCU) using YBCO high-temperature superconductor (HTS) tapes. The SCU has a period length of 15 mm, and the tape conductor has dimensions of 4-mm width and 0.1-mm thickness. It has been shown that the conductor transition from one coil groove to the one in the next period is possible by making a semi-circular concave loop of the tape for continuous winding in the same direction. Non-uniform current distribution in the tape may cause field quality degradation. Assuming a uniform current density in the tape, the engineering critical-current density of the HTS in the coil for the design and the corresponding achievable on-axis peak field at 4.2 K were calculated. C1 [Kim, Suk Hong; Doose, Charles L.; Jaski, Mark S.; Kasa, Matthew T.] Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Kim, SH (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM shkim@aps.anl.gov; doose@aps.anl.gov; jaski@aps.anl.gov; kasa@aps.anl.gov FU US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357] FX This work was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1709 EP 1712 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2089030 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200183 ER PT J AU Ivanyushenkov, Y Abliz, M Boerste, K Buffington, T Capatina, D Dejus, RJ Doose, C Fuerst, J Hasse, Q Jaski, M Kasa, M Kim, SH Kustom, RL Mezentsev, NA Moog, ER Skiadopoulos, D Syrovatin, VM Trakhtenberg, EM Vasserman, IB Xu, J AF Ivanyushenkov, Y. Abliz, M. Boerste, K. Buffington, T. Capatina, D. Dejus, R. J. Doose, C. Fuerst, J. Hasse, Q. Jaski, M. Kasa, M. Kim, S. H. Kustom, R. L. Mezentsev, N. A. Moog, E. R. Skiadopoulos, D. Syrovatin, V. M. Trakhtenberg, E. M. Vasserman, I. B. Xu, J. TI A Design Concept for a Planar Superconducting Undulator for the APS SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Cryogenics; superconducting coils; superconducting magnets; undulators AB A superconducting planar undulator is under development at the Advanced Photon Source. The R&D phase culminated in the successful testing of several short magnetic structure prototypes. Work is now focused on a complete design for the first undulator. The conceptual designs for its superconducting magnet, the cooling system, and the cryostat are described in this paper. C1 [Ivanyushenkov, Y.; Abliz, M.; Boerste, K.; Buffington, T.; Capatina, D.; Doose, C.; Fuerst, J.; Hasse, Q.; Jaski, M.; Kasa, M.; Kim, S. H.; Kustom, R. L.; Moog, E. R.; Skiadopoulos, D.; Trakhtenberg, E. M.; Vasserman, I. B.; Xu, J.] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Mezentsev, N. A.; Syrovatin, V. M.] Budker Inst Nucl Phys, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. RP Ivanyushenkov, Y (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM yury@aps.anl.gov FU Argonne, US Department of Energy Office of Science Laboratory [DE-AC02-06CH11357] FX The submitted manuscript has been created by UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory ("Argonne"). Argonne, a US Department of Energy Office of Science Laboratory, is operated under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. The U. S. Government retains for itself, and others acting on its behalf, a paid-up nonexclusive, irrevocable worldwide license in said article to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the Government. NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1717 EP 1720 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2086412 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200185 ER PT J AU Wu, H Pan, H Green, MA Dietderich, D Gartner, TE Higley, HC Mentink, M Tam, DG Xu, FY Trillaud, F Liu, XK Wang, L Zheng, SX AF Wu, H. Pan, H. Green, M. A. Dietderich, D. Gartner, T. E. Higley, H. C. Mentink, M. Tam, D. G. Xu, F. Y. Trillaud, F. Liu, X. K. Wang, L. Zheng, S. X. TI The Resistance and Strength of Soft Solder Splices Between Conductors in MICE Coils SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Splice resistance; splice strength AB Two of the three types of MICE magnets will have splices within their coils. The MICE coupling coils may have as many as fifteen one-meter long splices within them. Each of the MICE focusing coils may have a couple of 0.25-meter long conductor splices. Equations for the calculation of resistance of soldered lap splices of various types are presented. This paper presents resistance measurements of soldered lap splices of various lengths. Measured splice resistance is shown for one-meter long splices as a function of the fabrication method. Another important consideration is the strength of the splices. The measured breaking stress of splices of various lengths is presented in this paper. Tin-lead solders and tin-silver solders were used for the splices that were tested. From the data given in this report, the authors recommend that the use of lead free solders be avoided for low temperature coils. C1 [Wu, H.; Pan, H.; Xu, F. Y.; Liu, X. K.; Zheng, S. X.] HIT, Inst Cryogen & Superconduct Technol, Harbin 150001, Peoples R China. [Wang, L.] Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201204, Peoples R China. [Green, M. A.; Dietderich, D.; Gartner, T. E.; Higley, H. C.; Mentink, M.; Tam, D. G.; Trillaud, F.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Wu, H (reprint author), HIT, Inst Cryogen & Superconduct Technol, Harbin 150001, Peoples R China. EM magreen@lbl.gov FU Harbin Institute of Technology [985-2]; Office of Science, US Department of Energy [DE-AC-02-05CH11231] FX This work was supported by funds of the cryogenic and superconductivity technology innovation project under the "985-2" plan of Harbin Institute of Technology. This work was also supported by the Office of Science, US Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC-02-05CH11231. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1738 EP 1741 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2087371 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200190 ER PT J AU Green, MA Virostek, SP Zisman, MS AF Green, M. A. Virostek, S. P. Zisman, M. S. TI The Results of Recent MICE Superconducting Spectrometer Solenoid Tests SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Pulse tube cooler; solenoid magnet tests AB The MICE spectrometer solenoid magnets will be the first magnets to be installed within the MICE cooling channel. The MICE spectrometer solenoids may be the largest magnets that have been cooled using small two stage coolers. During the previous test of this magnet, the cooler first stage temperatures were too high. The causes of some of the extra first stage heat load has been identified and corrected. The rebuilt magnet had a single stage GM cooler in addition to the three pulse tube coolers. The added cooler reduces the temperature of the top of the HTS leads, the shield and of the first stage of the pulse tube coolers. C1 [Green, M. A.; Virostek, S. P.; Zisman, M. S.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Green, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM magreen@lbl.gov FU Office of Science of the US Department of Energy [DE-AC-02-05CH11231] FX This work was also supported by the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy under DOE Contract DE-AC-02-05CH11231. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1764 EP 1767 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2086994 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200196 ER PT J AU Wang, B Wahrer, B Taylor, C Zbasnik, J Dell'Orco, D Ross, J Chen, J Xu, L Chen, H Wagner, B McMullin, J Pong, R Juang, T Wang, M Carter, C Quettier, L Burkert, V Elouadrhiri, L Kashy, D Leung, E Schneider, W AF Wang, B. Wahrer, B. Taylor, C. Zbasnik, J. Dell'Orco, D. Ross, J. Chen, J. Xu, L. Chen, H. Wagner, B. McMullin, J. Pong, R. Juang, T. Wang, M. Carter, C. Quettier, L. Burkert, V. Elouadrhiri, L. Kashy, D. Leung, E. Schneider, W. TI Design of a Large 5 T Superconducting Magnet for Polarized Target for JLAB Hall B 12 GeV Upgrade Clas12 Detector SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Double pancake coils; high magnetic field; solenoid magnet; superconducting magnet AB Hall B at Jefferson Laboratory (JLAB) will need a 5 T, 78 cm bore polarized target magnet with a field uniformity of Delta B/B(0) < 10(-4) in a useful cylinder of the dimensions 0.04 m long x 0.02 m in diameter. The large magnet is designed with a superconducting coil that provides the solenoid with nearly perfect self shielding in order to reduce the fringe field at nearby photo multiplier tubes (PMTs) to less than 3.5 mT. Because the solenoid is also very close to the Clas12 Torus, the nearly perfect shielding provided by the self shielded solenoid greatly reduces force, field, and torque interactions with the six-coil Torus magnet. The solenoid coil consists of 18 coil modules which are made of coils mounted in aluminum plate discs. Each coil module consists of dual double pancake coils with main coils and shield coil partitioned into separate winding cavities in the aluminum plate discs to distribute and reduce radial hoop load and radial coil forces. Each coil module is effectively an enclosed aluminum box and this serves to partition the axial load and thus reduces coil axial forces. Since overall coil forces within each coil module are reduced, this will greatly reduce the number coil training quenches. This is a very important consideration for this solenoid coil because the coil cooling is adiabatic, using in-direct conduction cooling by 4.5 K supercritical helium, which will provide only a relatively small temperature stability margin. Super critical helium is used as per JLAB specification. Detail design of the coil structure, coil assembly, cold mass, and cryogenic control will be presented. The magnet protection system shall be capable of the following features: (1) quench and fault detection, (2) fast discharge of the magnet, (3) limit fault voltages to safe values, (4) monitor interlock signals to prevent unsafe operation, and (5) provide control logic necessary for safe operation of the solenoid. The instrument systems shall be capable of the following features: (1) monitors and display temperatures within the solenoid magnet, (2) measure loads or stress on the magnet suspension, (3) monitor voltages within the solenoid magnet and charging bus, (4) monitor pressures and (5) use data logging system to save all sensor data. These systems will be described and a quench analysis presented. C1 [Wang, B.; Wahrer, B.; Taylor, C.; Zbasnik, J.; Dell'Orco, D.; Ross, J.; Chen, J.; Xu, L.; Chen, H.; Wagner, B.; McMullin, J.; Pong, R.; Juang, T.; Wang, M.; Carter, C.] Wang NMR Inc, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. [Quettier, L.; Burkert, V.; Elouadrhiri, L.; Kashy, D.; Schneider, W.] Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. [Leung, E.] Magtec Engn Inc, San Diego, CA 92172 USA. RP Wang, B (reprint author), Wang NMR Inc, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM bert@wangnmr.com; quettier@jlab.org; emleung1628@aol.com NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1768 EP 1772 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2093101 PN 2 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200197 ER PT J AU Anerella, M Cozzolino, J Ambrosio, G Caspi, S Felice, H Kovach, P Lamm, M Sabbi, G Schmalzle, J Wanderer, P AF Anerella, M. Cozzolino, J. Ambrosio, G. Caspi, S. Felice, H. Kovach, P. Lamm, M. Sabbi, G. Schmalzle, J. Wanderer, P. TI Alternative Mechanical Structure for LARP Nb3Sn Quadrupoles SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Collar; Lorentz forces; magnet; niobium tin; quadrupole; structure; superconducting accelerator magnet AB An alternative structure for the 120 mm Nb3Sn quadrupole magnet presently under development for use in the upgrade for LHC at CERN is presented. The goals of this structure are to build on the existing technology developed in LARP with the LQ and HQ series magnets and to further optimize the features required for operation in the accelerator. These features include mechanical alignment needed for field quality and provisions for cold mass cooling with 1.9 K helium in a helium pressure vessel. The structure will also optimize coil azimuthal and axial pre-load for high gradient operation, and will incorporate features intended to improve manufacturability, thereby improving reliability and reducing cost. C1 [Anerella, M.; Cozzolino, J.; Kovach, P.; Schmalzle, J.; Wanderer, P.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Superconducting Magnet Div, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Ambrosio, G.; Lamm, M.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. [Caspi, S.; Felice, H.; Sabbi, G.] Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Anerella, M (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Superconducting Magnet Div, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM mda@bnl.gov FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-98CH10886] FX This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-98CH10886. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1773 EP 1776 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2096377 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200198 ER PT J AU Bossert, R Andreev, N Chlachidze, G Kashikhin, VS Kashikhin, VV Lamm, MJ Nobrega, F Novitski, I Tartaglia, M Velev, G Zlobin, AV AF Bossert, R. Andreev, N. Chlachidze, G. Kashikhin, V. S. Kashikhin, V. V. Lamm, M. J. Nobrega, F. Novitski, I. Tartaglia, M. Velev, G. Zlobin, A. V. TI Fabrication and Test of 90-mm Nb3Sn Quadrupole Model Based on Dipole-Type Collar SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Dipole-type collar; Nb3Sn quadrupole; magnet test ID LARP; MAGNET AB A series of 90-mm TQC quadrupole models with a collar-based mechanical structure has been fabricated and tested within the framework of the US-LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) using quadrupole-symmetric stainless steel collar laminations. This paper describes the design features, construction and test of TQC02Eb, the first TQC made with dipole-type collar and collaring techniques. Magnet test includes quench performance and field quality measurements at 4.5 and 1.9 K. Results of model performance for TQC quadrupoles based on dipole-type and quadrupole-type collars are compared and discussed. C1 [Bossert, R.; Andreev, N.; Chlachidze, G.; Kashikhin, V. S.; Kashikhin, V. V.; Lamm, M. J.; Nobrega, F.; Novitski, I.; Tartaglia, M.; Velev, G.; Zlobin, A. V.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Bossert, R (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. EM bossert@fnal.gov FU Fermi Research Alliance, LLC [DE-AC02-07CH11359]; US Department of Energy FX This work was supported by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under Contract DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the US Department of Energy. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1777 EP 1780 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2089418 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200199 ER PT J AU Bertinelli, F Bottura, L Dalin, JM Fessia, P Flora, RH Heck, S Pfeffer, H Prin, H Scheuerlein, C Thonet, P Tock, JP Williams, L AF Bertinelli, F. Bottura, L. Dalin, J. -M. Fessia, P. Flora, R. H. Heck, S. Pfeffer, H. Prin, H. Scheuerlein, C. Thonet, P. Tock, J. -P. Williams, L. TI Production and Quality Assurance of Main Busbar Interconnection Splices During the LHC 2008-2009 Shutdown SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Busbars; interconnections; resistance measurement; superconducting cables AB The main busbar interconnection splices of the Large Hadron Collider are assembled by inductive soldering of the Rutherford type cables and the copper profiles of the stabilizer. Following the September 2008 incident, the assembly process and the quality assurance have been improved, with new measurement and diagnostics methods introduced. In the 2008-2009 shutdown the resistance both in the superconducting and in the normal conducting states have been the focus for improvements. The introduction of gamma radiography has allowed the visualization of voids between cable and stabilizer. It is now known that during the standard soldering heating cycle solder is lost from the busbar extremities adjacent to the splice profiles, leaving parts of the cable in poor contact with the stabilizer. A room temperature resistance measurement has been introduced as a simple, non-destructive test to measure the electrical continuity of the splice in its normal conducting state. An ultrasonic test has been performed systematically in order to verify if the vertical gaps between the splice profiles are filled with Sn96Ag4 solder. Visual inspections of the different splice components before and after interconnection have been reinforced. The additional information gained has allowed targeted improvements in the splice production process. Ad-hoc machining of splice components avoids macroscopic gaps, additional soldering foil and copper shims are used in critical areas in order to improve the cable to stabilizer contact. C1 [Bertinelli, F.; Bottura, L.; Dalin, J. -M.; Fessia, P.; Heck, S.; Prin, H.; Scheuerlein, C.; Thonet, P.; Tock, J. -P.; Williams, L.] CERN, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. [Flora, R. H.; Pfeffer, H.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Bertinelli, F (reprint author), CERN, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. EM Christian.Scheuerlein@cern.ch NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1786 EP 1790 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2085072 PN 2 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200201 ER PT J AU DiMarco, EJ Hemmati, AM Orris, DF Page, TM Rabehl, RH Tartaglia, MA Terechkine, I Tompkins, JC AF DiMarco, E. Joseph Hemmati, Ali M. Orris, Darryl F. Page, Thomas M. Rabehl, Roger H. Tartaglia, Michael A. Terechkine, Iouri Tompkins, John C. TI Certification of Superconducting Solenoid-Based Focusing Lenses SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Accelerator magnet; cryostat; solenoid; superconducting AB The first production focusing lens for the HINS beam line at Fermilab has been assembled into a cryostat and tested. A total of 5 devices will be tested before they are installed in the low energy section of the HINS beam line, which uses copper Crossbar-H (CH) style RF cavities. One of the tested CH-section lens assemblies includes a pair of weak orthogonal steering dipoles nested within a strong focusing solenoid, and has six vapor cooled power leads. The other device has only the strong focusing solenoid, and utilizes a single pair of HTS power leads. The production test program is designed to measure the thermal performance of the cryostat, minimum cooling requirements for the HTS leads, quench performance of all superconducting components, and precise determination of the magnetic axis and field angles. Results and future plans for the first production device tests are presented. C1 [DiMarco, E. Joseph; Hemmati, Ali M.; Orris, Darryl F.; Page, Thomas M.; Rabehl, Roger H.; Tartaglia, Michael A.; Terechkine, Iouri; Tompkins, John C.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP DiMarco, EJ (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. EM tartaglia@fnal.gov FU US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-07CH11359] FX This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the US Department of Energy. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1817 EP 1820 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2089489 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200208 ER PT J AU Nicol, TH Sergatskov, DA Tartaglia, MA Terechkine, I Tompkins, JC AF Nicol, Thomas H. Sergatskov, Dmitri A. Tartaglia, Michael A. Terechkine, Iouri Tompkins, John C. TI Design and Performance of Focusing Lenses for Installation Into Superconducting Cryomodules of a Proton Linac SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Accelerator magnet; cryomodule; magnetic shielding; solenoid; superconducting AB The high energy sections of the Fermilab HINS R&D proton linac will utilize superconducting spoke resonator (SSR) RF cavities. These will be assembled into cryomodules with strong solenoid focusing lenses closely interleaved with the cavities. A design for lenses has been made for the lower (SSR1) and higher (SSR2) energy ranges of the SSR-section. Prototype lenses for both SSR1 and SSR2 sections have been built and the SSR1 has been tested. Shielding is needed to reduce the solenoid fringe field on the cavity wall below the 10 mu T level, and a preliminary design was built and tested with the SSR1 prototype lens. We discuss the design requirements and challenges, and the results from quench testing and magnetic measurements of the SSR1 prototype lens. C1 [Nicol, Thomas H.; Sergatskov, Dmitri A.; Tartaglia, Michael A.; Terechkine, Iouri; Tompkins, John C.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Nicol, TH (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. EM terechki@fnal.gov FU US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-07CH11359] FX This work was supported by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the US Department of Energy. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1821 EP 1824 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2090331 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200209 ER PT J AU Novitski, I Kashikhin, VV Mokhov, N Zlobin, AV AF Novitski, I. Kashikhin, V. V. Mokhov, N. Zlobin, A. V. TI Conceptual Designs of Dipole Magnet for Muon Collider Storage Ring SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Accelerator magnets; mechanical structure; muon collider; superconducting dipole AB Conceptual designs of a superconducting dipole magnet for a storage ring of a muon collider with a 1.5 TeV center of mass (c.o.m.) energy and an average luminosity of 10(34) cm(-2)s(-1) are presented. In contrast to proton machines, the dipoles for the muon collider should be able to handle similar to 0.5 kW/m of dynamic heat load from the muon beam decays. The magnets are based on Nb3Sn superconductor and designed to provide an operating field of 10 T in the 20-mm aperture with the critical current margin required for reliable machine operation. The magnet cross-sections were optimized to achieve the best possible field quality in the aperture occupied by beams. The developed mechanical structures provide adequate coil prestress and support at the maximum level of Lorentz forces in the coil. Magnet parameters are reported and compared with the requirements. C1 [Novitski, I.; Kashikhin, V. V.; Mokhov, N.; Zlobin, A. V.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Novitski, I (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. EM zlobin@fnal.gov FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-07CH11359] FX This work was supported by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under Contract DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 14 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 EI 1558-2515 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1825 EP 1828 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2083627 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200210 ER PT J AU Felice, H Bajko, M Bingham, B Bordini, B Bottura, L Caspi, S De Rijk, G Dietderich, D Ferracin, P Giloux, C Godeke, A Hafalia, R Milanese, A Rossi, L Sabbi, GL AF Felice, H. Bajko, M. Bingham, B. Bordini, B. Bottura, L. Caspi, S. De Rijk, G. Dietderich, D. Ferracin, P. Giloux, C. Godeke, A. Hafalia, R. Milanese, A. Rossi, L. Sabbi, G. L. TI Performance of a Nb3Sn Quadrupole Under High Stress SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Current cycling; high mechanical stress; Nb3Sn quadrupole ID MAGNET; LARP AB Future upgrades of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will require large aperture and high gradient quadrupoles. Nb3Sn is the most viable option for this application but is also known for its strain sensitivity. In high field magnets, with magnetic fields above 12 T, the Lorentz forces will generate mechanical stresses that may exceed 200 MPa in the windings. The existing measurements of critical current versus strain of Nb3Sn strands or cables are not easily applicable to magnets. In order to investigate the impact of high mechanical stress on the quench performance, a series of tests was carried out within a LBNL/CERN collaboration using the magnet TQS03 (a LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) 1-meter long, 90-mm aperture Nb3Sn quadrupole). The magnet was tested four times at CERN under various pre-stress conditions. The average mechanical compressive azimuthal pre-stress on the coil at 4.2 K ranged from 120 MPa to 200 MPa. This paper reports on the magnet performance during the four tests focusing on the relation between pre-stress conditions and the training plateau. C1 [Felice, H.; Bingham, B.; Caspi, S.; Dietderich, D.; Ferracin, P.; Godeke, A.; Hafalia, R.; Sabbi, G. L.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Bajko, M.; Bordini, B.; Bottura, L.; De Rijk, G.; Giloux, C.; Milanese, A.; Rossi, L.] CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland. RP Felice, H (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hfelice@lbl.gov FU Office of Energy Research, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, High Energy Physics Division, US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX This work was partially supported by the Director, Office of Energy Research, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, High Energy Physics Division, US Department of Energy, under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 7 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1849 EP 1853 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2090116 PN 2 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200215 ER PT J AU Caspi, S Ambrosio, G Anerella, M Barzi, E Bingham, B Bossert, R Cheng, DW Chlachidze, G Dietderich, DR Felice, H Ferracin, P Ghosh, A Hafalia, AR Hannaford, CR Joseph, J Kashikhin, VV Sabbi, GL Schmalzle, J Wanderer, P Xiaorong, W Zlobin, AV AF Caspi, S. Ambrosio, G. Anerella, M. Barzi, E. Bingham, B. Bossert, R. Cheng, D. W. Chlachidze, G. Dietderich, D. R. Felice, H. Ferracin, P. Ghosh, A. Hafalia, A. R. Hannaford, C. R. Joseph, J. Kashikhin, V. V. Sabbi, G. L. Schmalzle, J. Wanderer, P. Xiaorong, W. Zlobin, A. V. TI Test Results of 15 T Nb3Sn Quadrupole Magnet HQ01 with a 120 mm Bore for the LHC Luminosity Upgrade SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE HQ; LARP; Nb3Sn; phase-II; superconducting; quadrupole magnet ID LARP AB In support of the luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) has been developing a 1-meter long, 120 mm bore Nb3Sn IR quadrupole magnet (HQ). With a short sample gradient of 219 T/m at 1.9 K and a conductor peak field of 15 T, the magnet will operate under higher forces and stored-energy levels than that of any previous LARP magnet models. In addition, HQ has been designed to incorporate accelerator quality features such as precise coil alignment and adequate cooling. The first 6 coils (out of the 8 fabricated so far) have been assembled and used in two separate tests-HQ01a and HQ01b. This paper presents design parameters, summary of the assemblies, the mechanical behavior as well as the performance of HQ01a and HQ01b. C1 [Caspi, S.; Bingham, B.; Cheng, D. W.; Dietderich, D. R.; Felice, H.; Ferracin, P.; Hafalia, A. R.; Hannaford, C. R.; Joseph, J.; Sabbi, G. L.; Xiaorong, W.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Ambrosio, G.; Barzi, E.; Bossert, R.; Chlachidze, G.; Kashikhin, V. V.; Zlobin, A. V.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. [Anerella, M.; Ghosh, A.; Schmalzle, J.; Wanderer, P.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Caspi, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM s_caspi@lbl.gov FU Office of Science, High Energy Physics, U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; DOE through the US LHC FX This work was supported in part by the Director, Office of Science, High Energy Physics, U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231 and in part by the DOE through the US LHC Accelerator Research Program. NR 16 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 12 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1854 EP 1857 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2087370 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200216 ER PT J AU Ambrosio, G Andreev, N Anerella, M Barzi, E Bingham, B Bocian, D Bossert, R Caspi, S Chlachidize, G Dietderich, D Escallier, J Felice, H Ferracin, P Ghosh, A Godeke, A Hafalia, R Hannaford, R Jochen, G Kashikhin, VV Kim, MJ Kovach, P Lamm, M McInturff, A Muratore, J Nobrega, F Novitsky, I Orris, D Prebys, E Prestemon, S Sabbi, GL Schmalzle, J Sylvester, C Tartaglia, M Turrioni, D Velev, G Wanderer, P Whitson, G Zlobin, AV AF Ambrosio, G. Andreev, N. Anerella, M. Barzi, E. Bingham, B. Bocian, D. Bossert, R. Caspi, S. Chlachidize, G. Dietderich, D. Escallier, J. Felice, H. Ferracin, P. Ghosh, A. Godeke, A. Hafalia, R. Hannaford, R. Jochen, G. Kashikhin, V. V. Kim, M. J. Kovach, P. Lamm, M. McInturff, A. Muratore, J. Nobrega, F. Novitsky, I. Orris, D. Prebys, E. Prestemon, S. Sabbi, G. L. Schmalzle, J. Sylvester, C. Tartaglia, M. Turrioni, D. Velev, G. Wanderer, P. Whitson, G. Zlobin, A. V. TI Test Results of the First 3.7 m Long Nb3Sn Quadrupole by LARP and Future Plans SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE LARP; long magnet; Nb3Sn; superconducting magnet AB In December 2009 during its first cold test, LQS01, the first Long Nb(3)Sn Quadrupole made by LARP (LHC Accelerator Research Program, a collaboration of BNL, FNAL, LBNL and SLAC), reached its target field gradient of 200 T/m. This target was set in 2005 by the US Department of Energy, CERN and LARP, as a significant milestone toward the development of Nb(3)Sn quadrupoles for possible use in LHC luminosity upgrades. LQS01 is a 90 mm aperture, 3.7 m long quadrupole using Nb(3)Sn coils. The coil layout is equal to the layout used in the LARP Technological Quadrupoles (TQC and TQS models). Pre-stress and support are provided by a segmented aluminum shell pre-loaded using bladders and keys, similarly to the TQS models. After the first test the magnet was disassembled, reassembled with an optimized pre-stress, and reached 222 T/m at 4.5 K. In this paper we present the results of both tests and the next steps of the Long Quadrupole R&D. C1 [Ambrosio, G.; Andreev, N.; Barzi, E.; Bocian, D.; Bossert, R.; Chlachidize, G.; Kashikhin, V. V.; Kim, M. J.; Lamm, M.; Nobrega, F.; Novitsky, I.; Orris, D.; Prebys, E.; Sylvester, C.; Tartaglia, M.; Turrioni, D.; Velev, G.; Whitson, G.; Zlobin, A. V.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. [Anerella, M.; Escallier, J.; Ghosh, A.; Jochen, G.; Kovach, P.; Muratore, J.; Schmalzle, J.; Wanderer, P.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Bingham, B.; Caspi, S.; Dietderich, D.; Felice, H.; Ferracin, P.; Godeke, A.; Hafalia, R.; Hannaford, R.; McInturff, A.; Prestemon, S.; Sabbi, G. L.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ambrosio, G (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. EM giorgioa@fnal.gov FU US Department of Energy FX This work was supported by the US Department of Energy. NR 16 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 10 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1858 EP 1862 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2089586 PN 2 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200217 ER PT J AU Quettier, L Burkert, V Elouadrhiri, L Kashy, D Leung, E Schneider, W Carter, C Chen, J Juang, T Taylor, C Xu, L Wagner, B Wahrer, B Wang, B Wang, M AF Quettier, L. Burkert, V. Elouadrhiri, L. Kashy, D. Leung, E. Schneider, W. Carter, C. Chen, J. Juang, T. Taylor, C. Xu, L. Wagner, B. Wahrer, B. Wang, B. Wang, M. TI Hall B Superconducting Magnets for the CLAS12 Detector at JLAB SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Detector magnet; double pancake; high magnetic field; solenoid coil; superconducting magnet; torus coil AB Hadron physics has been an essential part of the physics program with the CLAS detector in experimental hall B at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab). With the 12 GeV upgrade of the CEBAF machine, hadron physics in Hall B will be extended to a new domain of higher mass resonances and the range of higher transferred momentum using up to 11 GeV electron beams and the upgraded CLAS12 detector. In this paper, status of the hall B superconducting magnets for the 12 GeV upgrade is presented. C1 [Quettier, L.; Burkert, V.; Elouadrhiri, L.; Kashy, D.; Schneider, W.] Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. [Leung, E.] Magtec Engn Inc, San Diego, CA 92172 USA. [Carter, C.; Chen, J.; Juang, T.; Taylor, C.; Xu, L.; Wagner, B.; Wahrer, B.; Wang, B.; Wang, M.] WANG NMR Inc, Parkway, CA 94550 USA. RP Quettier, L (reprint author), Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. EM quettier@jab.org; emleung1628@aol.com; bert@wangnmr.com FU U.S. DOE [DE-AC05-06OR23177] FX This work was authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC, under U.S. DOE Contract DE-AC05-06OR23177. The U.S. Government retains a non -exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce this manuscript for US Government purposes. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1872 EP 1875 DI 10.1109/TASC.2011.2106471 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200220 ER PT J AU Wang, B Wahrer, B Taylor, C Zbasnik, J Dell'Orco, D Ross, J Chen, J Xu, L Chen, H Wagner, B McMullin, J Pong, R Juang, T Wang, M Carter, C Quettier, L Burkert, V Elouadrhiri, L Kashy, D Leung, E Schneider, W AF Wang, B. Wahrer, B. Taylor, C. Zbasnik, J. Dell'Orco, D. Ross, J. Chen, J. Xu, L. Chen, H. Wagner, B. McMullin, J. Pong, R. Juang, T. Wang, M. Carter, C. Quettier, L. Burkert, V. Elouadrhiri, L. Kashy, D. Leung, E. Schneider, W. TI Preliminary Design of JLAB Clas12 Large Superconducting Torus Magnet SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE CLAS12; high magnetic field; superconducting; torus coil AB Hall B at Jefferson Laboratory (JLAB) will need a 6-coil Torus producing a required integral of B-dl for an upgrade 12 GeV beam. In Sept. 2009, Wang NMR was awarded a contract to design, fabricate, assemble, deliver, and test at JLAB this exciting magnet. The preliminary design review was completed by Dec. 2009 and intermediate design review will be completed by July 2010. Prototype coil construction, production of soldered conductor with SSC cable and final design review will be completed in 2010. We shall describe preliminary design and intermediate design for coil/cryostat, Torus central cylinder (hub), 48 cold mass suspensions, two intercoil support rings, cryocontrol tower, and adapter to Torus coil, magnet quench protection, and charge/discharge control, and the two parallel path cooling design using supercritical helium. Because of coil in-plane and out-of-plane EM forces over these huge thin coils in addition to vacuum load, gravity load, and cool down thermal stress, we shall present the finite element analyses (FEA) on coil structure, 48 cold mass supports, intercoil cold rings, coil/cryostat vacuum vessel, cryotower cryostat, and Torus hub. Finally, we shall shows that all pressure/vacuum vessels and its weldment has satisfied ASME code. C1 [Wang, B.; Wahrer, B.; Taylor, C.; Zbasnik, J.; Dell'Orco, D.; Ross, J.; Chen, J.; Xu, L.; Chen, H.; Wagner, B.; McMullin, J.; Pong, R.; Juang, T.; Wang, M.; Carter, C.] Wang NMR Inc, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. [Quettier, L.; Burkert, V.; Elouadrhiri, L.; Kashy, D.; Schneider, W.] Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. [Leung, E.] Magtec Engn Inc, San Diego, CA 92172 USA. RP Wang, B (reprint author), Wang NMR Inc, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM bert@wangnmr.com; quettier@jlab.org; emleung1628@aol.com NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 EI 1558-2515 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1876 EP 1879 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2096372 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200221 ER PT J AU Prestemon, S Arbelaez, D Davies, S Dietderich, DR Lee, D Minervini, F Schlueter, RD AF Prestemon, S. Arbelaez, D. Davies, S. Dietderich, D. R. Lee, D. Minervini, F. Schlueter, R. D. TI Development and Analysis of HTS-Undulator Components for FEL Applications SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Free electron laser; high temperature superconductor; undulators ID PROJECT AB A high-performance superconducting undulator concept, incorporating stacked YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-delta) (YBCO) tapes operating at 4.2 K, is currently under investigation at LBNL as one of many technology options for future FEL applications. The concept is particularly promising for narrow-gap, short period (<10 mm) regimes, where traditional superconducting and permanent magnet technologies are less-suited. The current path is dictated by etching the YBCO layer using lithography techniques, resulting in a high degree of uniformity from tape to tape as well as a straightforward and highly cost-effective means of production. We describe the approaches being pursued for the tape preparation and the conceptual design of a device. We also provide an initial analysis of the impact of fabrication tolerances in terms of field errors for FEL application. C1 [Prestemon, S.; Arbelaez, D.; Davies, S.; Dietderich, D. R.; Lee, D.; Schlueter, R. D.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Minervini, F.] Univ Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Prestemon, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM SOPrestemon@lbl.gov FU Office of Science, Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX This work was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 5 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1880 EP 1883 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2098014 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200222 ER PT J AU Gupta, R Anerella, M Ganetis, G Ghosh, A Kirk, H Palmer, R Plate, S Sampson, W Shiroyanagi, Y Wanderer, P Brandt, B Cline, D Garren, A Kolonko, J Scanlan, R Weggel, R AF Gupta, Ramesh Anerella, Mike Ganetis, George Ghosh, Arup Kirk, Harold Palmer, Robert Plate, Steve Sampson, William Shiroyanagi, Yuko Wanderer, Peter Brandt, Bruce Cline, David Garren, Alper Kolonko, Jim Scanlan, Ronald Weggel, Robert TI High Field HTS R&D Solenoid for Muon Collider SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE High temperature superconductors; HTS; muon collider; solenoid AB This paper presents the goal and status of the high field High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) solenoid program funded through a series of SBIRs. The target of this R& D program is to build HTS coils that are capable of producing fields greater than 20 T when tested alone and approaching 40 T when tested in a background field magnet. The solenoid will be made with second generation (2G) high engineering current density HTS tape. To date, 17 HTS pancake coils have been built and tested in the temperature range from 20 K to 80 K. Quench protection, high stresses and minimization of degradation of conductor are some of the major challenges associated with this program. C1 [Gupta, Ramesh; Anerella, Mike; Ganetis, George; Ghosh, Arup; Kirk, Harold; Palmer, Robert; Plate, Steve; Sampson, William; Shiroyanagi, Yuko; Wanderer, Peter] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Superconducting Magnet Div, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Cline, David; Garren, Alper; Kolonko, Jim; Scanlan, Ronald; Weggel, Robert] Particle Beam Lasers Inc, Northridge, CA 91324 USA. RP Gupta, R (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Superconducting Magnet Div, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM gupta@bnl.gov FU US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-98CH10886]; DOE [DE-FG02-07ER84855, DE-FG02-08ER85037] FX This work was supported by the US Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-98CH10886 and SBIR contract DOE Grants DE-FG02-07ER84855 and DE-FG02-08ER85037. NR 7 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 10 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1884 EP 1887 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2090123 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200223 ER PT J AU Gupta, R Anerella, M Cozzolino, J Ganetis, G Ghosh, A Greene, G Sampson, W Shiroyanagi, Y Wanderer, P Zeller, A AF Gupta, Ramesh Anerella, Mike Cozzolino, John Ganetis, George Ghosh, Arup Greene, George Sampson, William Shiroyanagi, Yuko Wanderer, Peter Zeller, Al TI Second Generation HTS Quadrupole for FRIB SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE FRIB; high temperature superconductors; HTS; radiation tolerant; 2G YBCO AB Quadrupoles in the fragment separator region of the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) will be subjected to very large heat loads (over 200 Watts) and an intense level of radiation (similar to 10 MGy per year) into the coils of just the first magnet. Magnets made with High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) are advantageous over conventional superconducting magnets since they can remove these heat loads more efficiently at higher temperatures. The proposed design is based on second generation (2G) HTS which allows operation at similar to 50 K. 2G has been found to be highly radiation tolerant. The latest test results are summarized. The goal of this R&D program is to evaluate the viability of HTS in a real machine with magnets in a challenging environment where HTS offers a unique solution. C1 [Gupta, Ramesh; Anerella, Mike; Cozzolino, John; Ganetis, George; Ghosh, Arup; Greene, George; Sampson, William; Shiroyanagi, Yuko; Wanderer, Peter] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Superconducting Magnet Div, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Zeller, Al] Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Gupta, R (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Superconducting Magnet Div, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM gupta@bnl.gov; zeller@frib.msu.edu FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-98CH10886]; DOE-SC [DE-SC0000661] FX This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-98CH10886 and in part under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661 from DOE-SC that provides financial assistance to MSU to design and establish FRIB. NR 5 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1888 EP 1891 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2091247 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200224 ER PT J AU Sauers, I James, R Ellis, A Tuncer, E Polizos, G Pace, M AF Sauers, Isidor James, Randy Ellis, Alvin Tuncer, Enis Polizos, Georgios Pace, Marshall TI Effect of Bubbles on Liquid Nitrogen Breakdown in Plane-Plane Electrode Geometry From 100-250 kPa SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Breakdown; Bubbles; FCL; LN(2); quench ID THERMALLY-INDUCED BUBBLES AB Liquid nitrogen (LN(2)) is used as the cryogen and dielectric for many high temperature superconducting, high voltage applications. When a quench in the superconductor occurs, bubbles are generated which can affect the dielectric breakdown properties of the LN(2). Experiments were performed using plane-plane electrode geometry where bubbles were introduced into the gap through a pinhole in the ground electrode. Bubbles were generated using one or more kapton heaters producing heater powers up to 30 W. Pressure was varied from 100-250 kPa. Breakdown strength was found to be relatively constant up to a given heater power and pressure at which the breakdown strength drops to a low value depending on the pressure. After the drop the breakdown strength continues to drop gradually at higher heater power. This is particularly illustrated at 100 kPa. After the drop in breakdown strength the breakdown is believed to be due to the formation of a vapor bridge. Also the heater power at which the breakdown strength changes from that of LN(2) to that of gaseous nitrogen increases with increasing pressure. The data can provide design constraints for high temperature superconducting fault current limiters (FCLs) so that the formation of a vapor bridge can be suppressed or avoided. C1 [Sauers, Isidor; James, Randy; Ellis, Alvin; Tuncer, Enis; Polizos, Georgios; Pace, Marshall] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Sauers, I (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM sauersi@ornl.gov OI Tuncer, Enis/0000-0002-9324-4324 FU U.S. Department of Energy-Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; Oak Ridge National Laboratory FX This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy-Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Advanced Cables and Conductors Program under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed and operated by UT-Battelle, LLC. NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1892 EP 1895 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2088351 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200225 ER PT J AU Wu, G Cooley, L Sergatskov, D Ozelis, J Brinkmann, A Singer, W Singer, X Pekeler, M AF Wu, G. Cooley, L. Sergatskov, D. Ozelis, J. Brinkmann, A. Singer, W. Singer, X. Pekeler, M. TI The RF Performance of Cavity Made From Defective Niobium Material Determined by Eddy Current Scanning SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Accelerators; eddy current scanning; superconducting accelerator cavities; superconducting RF; surface treatment AB Eddy current scanning (ECS) has been used to screen niobium sheets to avoid defective material being used in costly cavity fabrication. The evaluation criterion of this quality control tool is not well understood. Past surface studies showed some features were shallow enough to be removed by chemical etching. The remaining features were identified to be small number of deeper inclusions, but mostly unidentifiable features (by chemical analysis). A real cavity made of defective niobium material has been tested. The cavity achieved high performance with comparable results to the cavities made from defect free cavities. Temperature mapping could help to define the control standard clearly. C1 [Wu, G.; Cooley, L.; Sergatskov, D.; Ozelis, J.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. [Brinkmann, A.; Singer, W.; Singer, X.] DESY, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany. [Pekeler, M.] RI Res Instruments GmbH, D-51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany. RP Wu, G (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. EM genfa@fnal.gov RI Cooley, Lance/E-7377-2015 OI Cooley, Lance/0000-0003-3488-2980 FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-07CH11359] FX This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-07CH11359. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1900 EP 1902 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2083618 PN 2 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200227 ER PT J AU Pogue, NJ McIntyre, PM Sattarov, AI Reece, C AF Pogue, Nathaniel J. McIntyre, Peter M. Sattarov, Akhdiyor I. Reece, Charles TI Ultra-Gradient Test Cavity for Testing SRF Wafer Samples SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Cavity; dielectric; heterostructure; linac; microwave; sapphire; TE(01) ID CRYSTALS; GHZ AB A 1.3 GHz test cavity has been designed to test wafer samples of superconducting materials. This mushroom shaped cavity, operating in TE(01) mode, creates a unique distribution of surface fields. The surface magnetic field on the sample wafer is 3.75 times greater than elsewhere on the Niobium cavity surface. This field design is made possible through dielectrically loading the cavity by locating a hemisphere of ultra-pure sapphire just above the sample wafer. The sapphire pulls the fields away from the walls so the maximum field the Nb surface sees is 25% of the surface field on the sample. In this manner, it should be possible to drive the sample wafer well beyond the BCS limit for Niobium while still maintaining a respectable Q. The sapphire's purity must be tested for its loss tangent and dielectric constant to finalize the design of the mushroom test cavity. A sapphire loaded CEBAF cavity has been constructed and tested. The results on the dielectric constant and loss tangent will be presented. C1 [Pogue, Nathaniel J.; McIntyre, Peter M.; Sattarov, Akhdiyor I.] Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Reece, Charles] Thomas Jefferson Natl Lab, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Pogue, NJ (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM mcintyre@physics.tamu.edu; reece@jlab.org OI Reece, Charles/0000-0003-1939-8699 FU US Department of Energy [DEFG0210ER41650] FX This work was supported in part by the US Department of Energy under Grant DEFG0210ER41650. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1903 EP 1907 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2088091 PN 2 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200228 ER PT J AU Ciovati, G Geng, RL Mammosser, J Saunders, JW AF Ciovati, Gianluigi Geng, Rongli Mammosser, John Saunders, Jeffrey W. TI Residual Resistance Data From Cavity Production Projects at Jefferson Lab SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Niobium; superconducting accelerator cavities; superconducting devices ID SUPERCONDUCTING CAVITIES; ACCELERATORS; NIOBIUM AB A fundamental limitation towards achieving high quality factors in superconducting radio-frequency cavities is the so-called residual resistance. Understanding and controlling the residual resistance has important implications towards improving the efficiency and reduce the operating cost of continuous wave superconducting linear accelerators. In this contribution we will report on the residual resistance values obtained from measurements of the quality factor of a large set of cavities, with resonant frequency between 805 MHz and 1.5 GHz, all of them processed and tested at Jefferson Lab. Surface treatments included both buffered chemical polishing and electropolishing. The results indicate an approximate value of the residual resistance of about 7-10 n Omega. C1 [Ciovati, Gianluigi; Geng, Rongli; Mammosser, John; Saunders, Jeffrey W.] Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Ciovati, G (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. EM gcio-vati@jlab.org; saundersjw@ornl.gov FU Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under US DOE [DE-AC05-06OR23177] FX This manuscript has been authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under US DOE Contract DE-AC05-06OR23177. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1914 EP 1917 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2087305 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200230 ER PT J AU Martovetsky, NN Kenney, SJ Miller, JR AF Martovetsky, Nicolai N. Kenney, Steven J. Miller, John R. TI Development of the Joints for ITER Central Solenoid SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Superconducting cables; superconducting magnets; superconducting transformers AB The ITER Central Solenoid has 36 interpancake joints and 12 bus joints in the magnet. The joints are required to have resistance below 4 nOhm at 45 kA at 4.5 K. The interpancake joints will have to withstand a significant cyclic tensile strain during ITER operation. The joints are located at the OD of the magnet embedded in the winding pack and therefore need to be compliant with the rest of the winding pack to avoid excessive stress. The US ITER Project Office is carrying out a program for joints development in order to establish fabrication process and also characterize electrical and mechanical performance of the joints in a special Joint Test Apparatus. Status of the joint development and test results are presented and discussed in the paper. C1 [Martovetsky, Nicolai N.] USIPO, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Martovetsky, Nicolai N.; Kenney, Steven J.; Miller, John R.] USIPO, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Martovetsky, NN (reprint author), USIPO, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Commerce Pk, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM martovetskyn@ornl.gov; kenneys@usiter.org; johnrichardmiller@me.com FU US Department of Energy by Oak Ridge National Laboratory [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [DE-AC52-07NA27344] FX This work was performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy by Oak Ridge National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 and by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 1922 EP 1925 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2100344 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200232 ER PT J AU Wang, L Wu, H Li, SY Guo, XL Pan, H Zheng, SX Green, MA AF Wang, L. Wu, H. Li, S. Y. Guo, X. L. Pan, H. Zheng, S. X. Green, M. A. TI Design and Analysis of a Self-Centered Cold Mass Support for the MICE Coupling Magnet SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Cold mass support; coupling coil; self-centered; superconducting magnet AB The Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) consists of eighteen superconducting solenoid coils in seven modules, which are magnetically hooked together since there is no iron to shield the coils and the return flux. The RF coupling coil (RFCC) module consists of a superconducting coupling solenoid mounted around four conventional conducting 201.25 MHz closed RF cavities. The coupling coil will produce up to a 2.2 T magnetic field on the centerline to keep the beam within the RF cavities. The peak magnetic force on the coupling magnet from other magnets in MICE is up to 500 kN in longitudinal direction, which will be transferred to the base of the RF coupling coil (RFCC) module through a cold mass support system. A self-centered double-band cold mass support system with intermediate thermal interruption is applied to the coupling magnet, and the design is introduced in detail in this paper. The thermal and structural analysis on the cold mass support assembly has been carried out using ANSYS. The present design of the cold mass support can satisfy with the stringent requirements for the magnet center and axis azimuthal angle at 4.2 K and fully charged. C1 [Wang, L.] Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201204, Peoples R China. [Wu, H.; Guo, X. L.; Pan, H.; Zheng, S. X.] Harbin Inst Technol, Inst Cryogen & Superconduct Technol, Harbin 150001, Peoples R China. [Li, S. Y.] Heilong Univ Sci & Technol, Harbin 150027, Peoples R China. [Green, M. A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Wang, L (reprint author), Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201204, Peoples R China. EM wangli@sinap.ac.cn; hitwuhong@163.com; Lisuyan010@sina.com; magreen@lbl.gov FU Harbin Institute of Technology, China; Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy under DOE [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX This work was supported by Funds of cryogenics and superconductivity technology innovation project under "985-2 Plan" of Harbin Institute of Technology, China and by the Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy under DOE Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2259 EP 2262 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2101040 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200310 ER PT J AU Collins, B Krishnan, J Arbelaez, D Ferracin, P Prestemon, SO Godeke, A Dietderich, DR Zohdi, TI AF Collins, B. Krishnan, J. Arbelaez, D. Ferracin, P. Prestemon, S. O. Godeke, A. Dietderich, D. R. Zohdi, T. I. TI Introduction of Nonlinear Properties Into Hierarchical Models of Nb3Sn Strands SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Elasto-plastic; multiscale modeling; Nb3Sn; superconducting magnets AB The development of computational models representing Rutherford cable formation and deformation is necessary to investigate the strain state in the superconducting filaments in Nb3Sn magnets. The wide variety of length scales within accelerator magnets suggests usage of a hierarchical structure within the model. As part of an ongoing investigation at LBNL, a three-dimensional simplified nonlinear multiscale model is developed as a way to extend previous linear elastic versions. The inclusion of plasticity models into the problem formulation allows an improved representation of strand behavior compared to the linear elastic model. This formulation is applied to a single Nb3Sn strand to find its effective properties as well as the strain state in the conductor under loading. C1 [Collins, B.; Krishnan, J.; Arbelaez, D.; Ferracin, P.; Prestemon, S. O.; Godeke, A.; Dietderich, D. R.; Zohdi, T. I.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Collins, B (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM BCollins@lbl.gov FU Office of Science, High Energy Physics, U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX This work was supported in part by the Director, Office of Science, High Energy Physics, U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2320 EP 2323 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2091481 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200325 ER PT J AU Makarov, A Andreev, N Kashikhin, VS Lamm, M Velev, GV Yamamoto, A Ogitsu, T AF Makarov, A. Andreev, N. Kashikhin, V. S. Lamm, M. Velev, G. V. Yamamoto, A. Ogitsu, T. TI Design and Fabrication of the Mu2e Cable Test Solenoid SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Accelerator magnets; cables; solenoids AB Superconducting solenoids developed for the Fermilab Mu2e require an extended R&D on superconductor cables performance, working in strong field in the critical currents range. To test these cables, the Mu2e Cable Test Solenoid was designed and fabricated at Fermilab. The solenoid contains three coils (two Main coils, and one Test coil), connected in series. The Main coils are wound with the well known SSC NbTi cable. They are permanently attached to the solenoid top and bottom carbon steel flanges. The Test coil is replaceable, and meant to be installed between two Main coils. This coil can be wound with any superconductor cable which needs to be tested (the first Test coil was wound with RIKEN heavy aluminum stabilized NbTi cable). The cables cross section ratio in the Main Coils and the Test coil ensures operating of Main coils in the current ranges well below the critical value for their cable, while the Test coil always works near its critical current range. The solenoid design and some cable splicing issues are presented. C1 [Makarov, A.; Andreev, N.; Kashikhin, V. S.; Lamm, M.; Velev, G. V.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. [Yamamoto, A.; Ogitsu, T.] Natl Lab High Energy Phys, KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. RP Makarov, A (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. EM amakarov@fnal.gov FU US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-07CH11359] FX Manuscript received August 02, 2010; accepted November 15, 2010. Date of publication January 24, 2011; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported in part by the US Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-07CH11359. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2324 EP 2326 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2100353 PN 2 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200326 ER PT J AU Ghosh, AK AF Ghosh, Arup K. TI Effect of Barrel Material on Critical Current Measurements of High-J(c) RRP Nb3Sn Wires SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Critical current; niobium compounds; strain; superconducting filaments and wires ID CRITICAL-CURRENT DENSITY; STRAIN AB Nb3Sn strands extracted from a 20-strand rectangular Rutherford cable were reacted on either stainless steel or Ti-alloy barrels and the critical current, I-c, in the field range of 8-11.5 T was measured on ITER-type barrels made from Ti-6Al-4V alloy, 304 stainless steel and G-10. Measurements on the "standard" Ti-alloy barrel using the test procedure employed at BNL are shown to reproduce I-c for extracted strands to +/- 2%. The I-c data for the sample mounted on the "standard" Ti-alloy are fit to the deviatoric strain scaling model developed for Nb3Sn by the University of Twente group using an arbitrary pre-strain. Using the parameters for this fit, the I-c data for the other barrels are fitted by only adjusting the strain. Using this procedure, the strain difference due to the barrel material is determined. Assuming a thermal pre-strain of -0.2% for the sample measured on the Ti-alloy barrel, the use of stainless steel barrel increases the compressive strain by -0.07%, that of G-10 by -0.10%. With the wire soldered to the stainless steel barrel, the strain increases to -0.15%. Details of this study are presented. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Ghosh, AK (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM aghosh@bnl.gov FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-98CH10886] FX Manuscript received August 02, 2010; accepted November 15, 2010. Date of publication December 30, 2010; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-98CH10886. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2327 EP 2330 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2094596 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200327 ER PT J AU Barzi, E Lombardo, V Turrioni, D Baca, FJ Holesinger, TG AF Barzi, E. Lombardo, V. Turrioni, D. Baca, F. J. Holesinger, T. G. TI BSCCO-2212 Wire and Cable Studies SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE BSCCO; critical current; high temperature superconductor; Rutherford cable ID RUTHERFORD-TYPE CABLES; FIELD ACCELERATOR MAGNETS; FERMILAB AB BSCCO-2212 round wires and cables are being studied for possible use in very high field magnets (>25 T) within the multi-Lab Very High Field Superconducting Magnet Collaboration (VHFSMC). Billets produced by Oxford Superconducting Technology were used to make Rutherford-type cables of various geometries. The effect of the cable parameters was measured on the extracted strand performance and deformation. Transport properties were measured at 4.2 K in fields up to 14 T for the extracted strands across the edges, and compared with as-received round wire. The same wire used in the cables was also deformed by flat rolling to reproduce the deformation seen by the round strand when formed into a Rutherford cable. After heat treatment, rolled samples were characterized for transport properties and results compared to those obtained for strands extracted from the cables. Finally cables were tested at 4.2 K and self-field using a superconducting transformer and results compared to those of the extracted strands. C1 [Barzi, E.; Lombardo, V.; Turrioni, D.] Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab Fermilab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. [Baca, F. J.; Holesinger, T. G.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Barzi, E (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab Fermilab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. EM barzi@fnal.gov FU US Department of Energy FX Manuscript received August 01, 2010; accepted December 10, 2010. Date of publication February 17, 2011; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported by the US Department of Energy. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2335 EP 2339 DI 10.1109/TASC.2011.2106106 PN 2 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200329 ER PT J AU Bottura, L Bonasia, A Borgnolutti, F Gaertner, W Le Naour, S Oberli, L Peiro, G Richter, D Salmi, T Sikler, G Willering, G AF Bottura, L. Bonasia, A. Borgnolutti, F. Gaertner, W. Le Naour, S. Oberli, L. Peiro, G. Richter, D. Salmi, T. Sikler, G. Willering, G. TI Strand and Cable R&D for Fast Cycled Magnets at CERN SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE AC loss; superconducting accelerator magnets; superconducting cables; superconducting filaments and wires ID MAGNETIZATION; NBTI; LHC AB Fast cycled superconducting magnets (FCM's) are an option of interest for the long-term consolidation and upgrade plan of the LHC accelerator complex. In the past two years we have conducted an R&D targeted at investigating the feasibility, operational issues and economical advantage of FCM's in the range of 2 T bore field, continuously cycled at 1 Hz. In this paper we report the main results on the development of strands and cables suitable for this application, providing details on the strands tested and the cable manufacturing and performance. C1 [Bottura, L.; Bonasia, A.; Borgnolutti, F.; Le Naour, S.; Oberli, L.; Peiro, G.; Richter, D.; Willering, G.] CERN, Geneva, Switzerland. [Salmi, T.] LBNL, Berkeley, CA USA. [Gaertner, W.; Sikler, G.] BNG, Wurzburg, Germany. RP Bottura, L (reprint author), CERN, Geneva, Switzerland. EM Luca.Bottura@cern.ch NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2354 EP 2358 DI 10.1109/TASC.2011.2105236 PN 2 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200333 ER PT J AU Wang, L Pan, H Guo, XL Wu, H Zheng, SX Green, MA AF Wang, L. Pan, H. Guo, X. L. Wu, H. Zheng, S. X. Green, M. A. TI Study on the Mechanical Instability of MICE Coupling Magnets SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Friction; minimum quench energy; strain energy; superconducting magnets AB The superconducting coupling solenoid magnet is one of the key equipment in the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE). The coil has an inner radius of 750 mm, length of 281 mm and thickness of 104 mm at room temperature. The peak induction in the coil is about 7.3 T with a full current of 210 A. The mechanical disturbances which might cause the instability of the impregnated superconducting magnet involve the frictional motion between conductors and the cracking of impregnated materials. In this paper, the mechanical instability of the superconducting coupling magnet was studied. This paper presents the numerical calculation results of the minimum quench energy (MQE) of the coupling magnet, as well as the dissipated strain energy in the stress concentration region when the epoxy cracks and the frictional energy caused by "stick-slip" of the conductor based on the bending theory of beam happens. Slip planes are used in the coupling coil and the frictional energy due to "slow slip" at the interface of the slip planes was also investigated. The dissipated energy was compared with MQE, and the results show that the cracking of epoxy resin in the region of shear stress concentration is the main factor for premature quench of the coil. C1 [Wang, L.] Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201204, Peoples R China. [Pan, H.; Guo, X. L.; Wu, H.; Zheng, S. X.] Harbin Inst Technol, Inst Cryogen & Superconduct Technol, Harbin 150001, Peoples R China. [Green, M. A.] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Wang, L (reprint author), Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201204, Peoples R China. EM wangli@sinap.ac.cn; panheng@hit.edu.cn; magreen@lbl.gov FU Harbin Institute of Technology, China [985-2]; Office of Science, US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX Manuscript received August 03, 2010; accepted September 28, 2010. Date of publication November 09, 2010; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported by Funds of cryogenics and superconductivity technology innovation project under "985-2 Plan" of Harbin Institute of Technology, China, and by the Office of Science, US Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2363 EP 2366 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2084058 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200335 ER PT J AU Collings, EW Sumption, MD Susner, MA Dietderich, DR Nijhuis, A AF Collings, E. W. Sumption, M. D. Susner, M. A. Dietderich, D. R. Nijhuis, A. TI Coupling Loss, Interstrand Contact Resistance, and Magnetization of Nb3Sn Rutherford Cables With Cores of MgO Tape and S-Glass Ribbon SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE AC loss; calorimetry magnetization; cored cables; interstrand contact resistance; MgO-paper tape; Nb3Sn Rutherford cable; s-glass ribbon ID CONDUCTORS; STABILITY; MAGNETS; FIELDS AB Multistrand cables may exhibit two classes of parasitic magnetization both of which can distort the bore-field of an accelerator magnet: (1) a static magnetization ("hysteretic") resulting from intrastrand persistent currents, and (2) a dynamic magnetization produced by interstrand coupling currents generated during field ramping. The latter, which are moderated by the interstrand contact resistances (ICR), can be controlled by the presence of an insulating core inserted between the layers of the cable. Stainless steel ribbon (with its associated native oxide coating) is a frequently used core. Recently, however, MgO-paper tapes and woven s-glass ribbons have been suggested by LBNL (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) as alternative core materials in the interests of improved flexibility and compatibility with the cabling process. This paper reports on the results of calorimetric AC loss (hence ICR) measurements on a set of four such cables and presents the results within the context of previously measured cored and uncored Nb3Sn cables. Also considered is a typical ramp-rate-induced coupling magnetization and its relationship to persistent-current magnetizations over the operating range of an accelerator magnet. C1 [Collings, E. W.; Sumption, M. D.; Susner, M. A.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, LASM, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Dietderich, D. R.] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab LBNL, Superconducting Magnet Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Nijhuis, A.] Univ Twente, Fac Sci Appl, Low Temp Div, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands. RP Collings, EW (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, LASM, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM collings.2@osu.edu; mdsumption@osu.edu; drdietderich@lbl.gov; a.ni-jhuis@tnw.utwente.nl RI Susner, Michael/B-1666-2013; Susner, Michael/G-3275-2015; Sumption, Mike/N-5913-2016 OI Susner, Michael/0000-0002-1211-8749; Susner, Michael/0000-0002-1211-8749; Sumption, Mike/0000-0002-4243-8380 FU U.S. Department of Energy, Division of High Energy Physics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; The Ohio State University [DE-FG02-95ER40900] FX Manuscript received August 13, 2010; accepted September 27, 2010. Date of publication November 09, 2010; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Division of High Energy Physics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under Grant DE-AC02-05CH11231 and The Ohio State University under Grant DE-FG02-95ER40900. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2367 EP 2371 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2083620 PN 2 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200336 ER PT J AU Ghosh, AK Gregory, E Peng, X AF Ghosh, Arup K. Gregory, Eric Peng, Xuan TI Stability of High-J(c) Nb3Sn Wires in the Adiabatic Limit SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Magnetization; Nb3Sn superconducting wires; quench current; self-field instability ID STRANDS; INSTABILITIES; MAGNETIZATION; FIELD AB High-J(c) Nb3Sn strands often exhibit instabilities in 4.2 K liquid helium at low fields similar to 0.5 to 3 T which are associated with magnetization flux-jumps. However at 1.9 K in superfluid helium, a minimum in premature quench currents at intermediate fields of 5 to 7 T has been observed in voltage-current measurements. These measurements are typically used for critical current determinations, and the premature quenching is driven by current redistribution within the strand as the current is increased and is termed "self-field" instability. In this paper, the magnetization and self-field stability of Nb3Sn strands with J(c) similar to 2000 A/mm(2) at 12 T are described for a series of wires made using the Sn-tube approach with filament diameters ranging from 13 to 65 mu m. The copper stabilizer of these wires after reaction has residual resistivity ratio, RRR, of similar to 5, which in effect means that any dynamic stabilization from thermal conduction effects is negligible. In this regime of RRR, we find that the magnetization stability with transport current increases with decreasing filament diameter as predicted by simple adiabatic theory. We also observed that at 4.2 K the self-field stability improved with decreasing filament size, but became worse with decreasing temperature as seen in measurements at 2.0 K. C1 [Ghosh, Arup K.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Gregory, Eric] Supergen I LLC, Jefferson, MA 01522 USA. [Peng, Xuan] Hyper Tech Res, Columbus, OH 43212 USA. RP Ghosh, AK (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM aghosh@bnl.gov; ericgregory@charter.net; xpeng@hypertechresearch.com FU US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-98CH10886] FX Manuscript received August 03, 2010; accepted October 12, 2010. Date of publication November 11, 2010; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported by the US Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-98CH10886. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2380 EP 2383 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2088368 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200339 ER PT J AU Sun, E Brindza, P Lassiter, S Fowler, M Xu, E AF Sun, Eric Brindza, Paul Lassiter, Steven Fowler, Michael Xu, Edward TI Convergence Studies of Thermal and Electromagnetic Transient Quench Analysis of 11 GeV Super High Momentum Spectrometer Superconducting Magnets in Jefferson Lab SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Convergence; quench analysis; spectrometer; superconducting magnet AB This paper presents results of convergence studies of transient thermal and electromagnetic quench analysis of five Super High Momentum Spectrometer (SHMS) superconducting magnets: HB, Q1, Q2, Q3, and Dipole, using Vector Fields Quench analysis codes. The convergence of the hot spot temperature and solution solve times were used to investigate the effects of element types, mesh densities, and tolerance criteria. The comparisons between tetrahedral elements and hexahedral elements was studied, and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. Based on the results of convergence studies, a meshing guideline for coils is presented. The impact of iteration tolerance to the hot spot temperature was also explored, and it is found that tight tolerances result in extremely long solve times with only marginal improvements in the results. C1 [Sun, Eric; Brindza, Paul; Lassiter, Steven; Fowler, Michael] Jefferson Lab, Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. [Xu, Edward] Cobham Tech Serv, Vector Fields Software, Oxford OX5 1JE, England. RP Sun, E (reprint author), Jefferson Lab, Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. EM qsun@jlab.org; edward.xu@cobham.com FU Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under US DOE [DE-AC05-06OR23177] FX Manuscript received August 01, 2010; accepted October 18, 2010. Date of publication November 29, 2010; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under US DOE Contract DE-AC05-06OR23177. The US Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce this manuscript for US Government purposes. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2384 EP 2387 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2089487 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200340 ER PT J AU Guo, XL Green, MA Wang, L Wu, H Pan, H AF Guo, X. L. Green, M. A. Wang, L. Wu, H. Pan, H. TI The Role of Quench-Back in the Passive Quench Protection of Uncoupled Solenoids in Series With and Without Coil Sub-Division SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Quench-back; sub-division quench protection ID MAGNETS AB This paper is the final paper in a series of papers that discusses passive quench protection for high inductance solenoid magnets. This report describes how passive quench protection system may be applied to superconducting magnets that are connected in series but not inductively coupled. Previous papers have discussed the role of magnet sub-division and quench back from a conductive mandrel in reducing the hot-spot temperature and the peak coil voltages to ground. When magnets are connected in series, quench-back from a conductive mandrel can cause other magnets in a string to quench even without inductive coupling between magnets. The magnet mandrels must be well coupled to the magnet circuit that is being quenched. When magnet circuit sub-division is employed to reduce the voltages-to-ground within magnets, the resistance across the subdivision becomes the most important factor in the successful quenching of the magnet string. C1 [Guo, X. L.] Jiangsu Univ, Zhenjiang 212013, Peoples R China. [Green, M. A.] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Wang, L.] Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201204, Peoples R China. [Wu, H.] HIT, Inst Cryogen & Superconduct Technol, Harbin 150001, Peoples R China. [Pan, H.] Inst High Energy Phys, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China. RP Guo, XL (reprint author), Jiangsu Univ, Zhenjiang 212013, Peoples R China. EM magreen@lbl.gov FU Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under DOE [DE-AC-02-05CH11231] FX Manuscript received August 18, 2010; accepted October 25, 2010. Date of publication November 29, 2010; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under DOE Contract DE-AC-02-05CH11231. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2388 EP 2393 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2090858 PN 2 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200341 ER PT J AU Rey, CM Duckworth, RC Schwenterly, SW Pleva, E AF Rey, C. M. Duckworth, R. C. Schwenterly, S. W. Pleva, E. TI Electrical AC Loss Measurements on a 2G YBCO Coil SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE AC loss; coated conductor; critical current; YBCO AB Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is collaborating with Waukesha Electric Systems (WES) to continue development of HTS power transformers. Second-generation (2G) YBCO coated conductors will be required for an economically-competitive design. In order to adequately size the refrigeration system for these transformers, the ac loss of these HTS coils must be characterized. Electrical ac loss measurements were conducted on a prototype high voltage (HV) coil with co-wound stainless steel at 60 Hz in a liquid nitrogen bath using a lock-in amplifier technique. The prototype HV coil consisted of 26 continuous (without splice) single pancake coils concentrically centered on a stainless steel former. For ac loss measurement purposes, voltage tap pairs were soldered across each set of two single pancake coils so that a total of 13 separate voltage measurements could be made across the entire length of the coil. AC loss measurements were taken as a function of ac excitation current. Results show that the loss is primarily concentrated at the ends of the coil where the operating fraction of critical current is the highest and show a distinct difference in current scaling of the losses between low current and high current regimes. C1 [Rey, C. M.; Duckworth, R. C.; Schwenterly, S. W.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Pleva, E.] Waukesha Elect Syst, Waukesha, WI 53186 USA. RP Rey, CM (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM reycm@ornl.gov FU US Department of Energy-Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; Oak Ridge National Laboratory, UT-Battelle, LLC FX Manuscript received August 04, 2010; accepted January 09, 2011. Date of publication March 14, 2011; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported by the US Department of Energy-Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Advanced Cables and Conductors Program under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed and operated by UT-Battelle, LLC. NR 3 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 14 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2424 EP 2427 DI 10.1109/TASC.2011.2112324 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769YM UT WOS:000291054200349 ER PT J AU Tsuchiya, K Kikuchi, A Takeuchi, T Banno, N Iijima, Y Nimori, S Takigawa, H Terashima, A Nakamoto, T Kuroda, Y Maruyama, M Takao, T Tanaka, K Nakagawa, K Barzi, E Yamada, R Zlobin, A Ghosh, A AF Tsuchiya, K. Kikuchi, A. Takeuchi, T. Banno, N. Iijima, Y. Nimori, S. Takigawa, H. Terashima, A. Nakamoto, T. Kuroda, Y. Maruyama, M. Takao, T. Tanaka, K. Nakagawa, K. Barzi, E. Yamada, R. Zlobin, A. Ghosh, A. TI Development of Ta-matrix Nb3Al Strand and Cable for High-Field Accelerator Magnet SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Critical current; magnetization; Nb3Al wire; Rutherford cable; tensile strength; Vickers hardness AB Research and development of Nb3Al strands and cables for a high field accelerator magnet is ongoing under the framework of the CERN-KEK collaboration. In this program, new Ta-matrix Nb3Al strands were developed and their mechanical properties and superconducting properties were studied. The non-Cu J(c) values of these strands were 750 similar to 800 A/mm(2) at 15 T and 4.2 K. Using these strands, test fabrication of 27-strand Rutherford cable was carried out in collaboration with NIMS and Fermilab. The properties of the strands extracted from the cable were examined and it was found that there was no degradation of the superconducting properties of the strands. In this paper, we report the fabrication of the strands and the cable in brief and present some of the results obtained by studying their properties. C1 [Tsuchiya, K.; Terashima, A.; Nakamoto, T.] High Energy Accelerator Org KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050801, Japan. [Kikuchi, A.; Takeuchi, T.; Banno, N.; Iijima, Y.; Nimori, S.; Takigawa, H.] Natl Inst Mat Sci NIMS, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050003, Japan. [Tanaka, K.; Nakagawa, K.] Hitachi Cable Ltd, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki 3000026, Japan. [Barzi, E.; Yamada, R.; Zlobin, A.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. [Ghosh, A.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Kuroda, Y.; Maruyama, M.; Takao, T.] Sophia Univ, Tokyo 1028554, Japan. RP Tsuchiya, K (reprint author), High Energy Accelerator Org KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050801, Japan. EM kiyosumi.tsuchiya@kek.jp FU Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan [20025008] FX Manuscript received August 01, 2010; accepted December 03, 2010. Date of publication January 13, 2011; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas (20025008) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan. NR 5 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2521 EP 2524 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2098834 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200007 ER PT J AU Distin, JS Motowidlo, LR Lee, PJ Larbalestier, DC Ghosh, AK Lu, XF Cheggour, N Stauffer, TC Goodrich, LF AF Distin, J. S. Motowidlo, L. R. Lee, P. J. Larbalestier, D. C. Ghosh, A. K. Lu, X. F. Cheggour, N. Stauffer, T. C. Goodrich, L. F. TI Development of a Multifilament PIT V3Ga Conductor for Fusion Applications SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Fusion; ITER; PIT; V3Ga ID CRITICAL CURRENTS; WIRES; REACTOR AB Previous studies on V3Ga assert its suitability for use in proposed fusion reactors. V3Ga may outperform Nb3Sn in a fusion reactor environment based on its relatively flat critical-current profile in the 15 T-20 T range, resilience to applied strain, and reduced risk of induced radioactivity. A multifilament powder-intube V3Ga conductor was designed, fabricated and tested with a focus on evaluating critical current versus applied field and applied strain performance, wire drawing difficulties, heat-treatment optimization, and overall feasibility of the concept. C1 [Distin, J. S.; Motowidlo, L. R.] SupraMagnetics Inc, Plantsville, CT 06479 USA. [Lee, P. J.; Larbalestier, D. C.] NHFML, Ctr Appl Superconduct, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. [Ghosh, A. K.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Lu, X. F.; Cheggour, N.; Stauffer, T. C.; Goodrich, L. F.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Distin, JS (reprint author), SupraMagnetics Inc, Plantsville, CT 06479 USA. EM distin@ccsu.edu; lmoto@cox.net RI Lu, Xifeng/D-9582-2011; Larbalestier, David/B-2277-2008; Cheggour, Najib/K-2769-2012 OI Larbalestier, David/0000-0001-7098-7208; Cheggour, Najib/0000-0002-0741-3065 FU US Department of Energy [SC0000962] FX Manuscript received August 03, 2010; accepted December 22, 2010. Date of publication February 07, 2011; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported in part by the US Department of Energy under Grant SC0000962. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2529 EP 2532 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2103351 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200009 ER PT J AU Motowidlo, LR Distin, J Lee, PJ Larbalestier, DC Ghosh, AK AF Motowidlo, L. R. Distin, J. Lee, P. J. Larbalestier, D. C. Ghosh, A. K. TI New Developments in Nb3Sn PIT Strand: The Effects of Titanium and Second Phase Additions on the Superconducting Properties SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Nb3Sn mono-wire; powder-in-tube; titanium; yttrium second phase AB We report the effect of titanium on the transport properties of multifilament PIT strand. In addition, the effect of second phase yttrium additions on the microstructure and the bulk pinning force are reported for PIT Nb3Sn mono-core wires. High resolution SEM, EDS, magnetization, and transport measurements were utilized to evaluate the superconducting properties. C1 [Motowidlo, L. R.] SupraMagnetics Inc, Plantsville, CT 06479 USA. [Lee, P. J.; Larbalestier, D. C.] HMFL FSU, Ctr Appl Superconduct, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Ghosh, A. K.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Motowidlo, LR (reprint author), SupraMagnetics Inc, Plantsville, CT 06479 USA. EM LMOTO@cox.net; lee@asc.magnet.fsu.edu; aghosh@bnl.gov RI Larbalestier, David/B-2277-2008 OI Larbalestier, David/0000-0001-7098-7208 FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FG02-06ER84920, DE-AC02-98CH10886]; NSF [DMR-0084173]; State of Florida FX Manuscript received August 27, 2010; accepted September 27, 2010. Date of publication November 29, 2010; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under Grant DE-FG02-06ER84920 (High Energy Physics). Work at BNL is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-98CH10886. Additional support for work at NHMFL was provided by NSF Cooperative Agreement DMR-0084173 and by the State of Florida. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2546 EP 2549 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2089488 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200013 ER PT J AU Mentink, MGT Anders, A Dhalle, MMJ Dietderich, DR Godeke, A Goldacker, W Hellman, F ten Kate, HHJ Putnam, D Slack, JL Sumption, MD Susner, MA AF Mentink, M. G. T. Anders, A. Dhalle, M. M. J. Dietderich, D. R. Godeke, A. Goldacker, W. Hellman, F. ten Kate, H. H. J. Putnam, D. Slack, J. L. Sumption, M. D. Susner, M. A. TI Analysis of Bulk and Thin Film Model Samples Intended for Investigating the Strain Sensitivity of Niobium-Tin SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Bulk; composition; heat capacity; Nb(3)Sn; strain sensitivity; superconductor; thin film ID NB3SN CONDUCTORS; WIRES; HEAT AB Bulk samples and thin films were fabricated and characterized to determine their suitability for studying the effect of composition and morphology on strain sensitivity. Heat capacity and resistivity data are used to determine the critical temperature distribution. It is found that all bulk samples contain stoichiometric Nb(3)Sn regardless of their nominal Nb to Sn ratio. Furthermore, in bulk samples with Cu additions, a bi-modal distribution of stoichiometric and off-stoichiometric Nb-Sn is found. Thus the nominally off-stoichiometric bulk samples require additional homogenization steps to yield homogeneous off-stoichiometric samples. A binary magnetron-sputtered thin film has the intended off-stoichiometric Nb-Sn phase with a mid-point critical temperature of 16.3 K. This type of sample is a suitable candidate for investigating the strain sensitivity of A15 Nb(1-beta)Sn(beta), with 0.18 < beta < 0.25. The strain sensitivity of Nb-Sn as a function of composition and morphology is important for an in-depth understanding of the strain sensitivity of composite Nb(3)Sn wires. C1 [Mentink, M. G. T.; Dhalle, M. M. J.; ten Kate, H. H. J.] Univ Twente, NL-7522 NB Enschede, Netherlands. [Mentink, M. G. T.; Anders, A.; Dietderich, D. R.; Godeke, A.; Slack, J. L.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Goldacker, W.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany. [Putnam, D.; Sumption, M. D.; Susner, M. A.] Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Mentink, MGT (reprint author), Univ Twente, NL-7522 NB Enschede, Netherlands. EM mgtmentink@lbl.gov; wilfried.goldacker@kit.edu; fhellman@berkeley.edu; sumption@matsceng.ohio-state.edu RI MSD, Nanomag/F-6438-2012; Susner, Michael/B-1666-2013; Susner, Michael/G-3275-2015; Anders, Andre/B-8580-2009; Sumption, Mike/N-5913-2016 OI Susner, Michael/0000-0002-1211-8749; Susner, Michael/0000-0002-1211-8749; Anders, Andre/0000-0002-5313-6505; Sumption, Mike/0000-0002-4243-8380 FU Office of Science, High Energy Physics, U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231, DE-FG02-95ER40900] FX Manuscript received August 03, 2010; accepted September 27, 2010. Date of publication November 09, 2010; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported in part by the Director, Office of Science, High Energy Physics, U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231 and Contract DE-FG02-95ER40900 (DOE-HEP). NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2550 EP 2553 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2087373 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200014 ER PT J AU Peng, X Gregory, E Tomsic, M Sumption, MD Ghosh, A Lu, XF Cheggour, N Stauffer, TC Goodrich, LF Splett, JD AF Peng, X. Gregory, E. Tomsic, M. Sumption, M. D. Ghosh, A. Lu, X. F. Cheggour, N. Stauffer, T. C. Goodrich, L. F. Splett, J. D. TI Strain and Magnetization Properties of High Subelement Count Tube-Type Nb3Sn Strands SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Axial strain; irreversible strain limit; low loss; Nb3Sn superconductor; tube approach ID FIELD AB A tubular technique for economical production of Nb3Sn material with large numbers of subelements is being explored by Supergenics I LLC and Hyper Tech Research Inc. The number of subelements was increased to 919 (744 subelements plus 175 Cu filaments) by increasing the size at which restacking is carried out. The product exhibited no fabrication problems and was drawn down and tested at a wire diameter of 0.42 mm, where the subelements are 10 mu m diameter. Recently we increased the subelement number to 1387 (1248 subelements plus 139 Cu filaments), which gives a subelement size of 12 mu m 0.7 mm diameter wires. Heat treatment (HT) of different subelement restacks has been investigated, and the best results of critical current and stability are presented. The strain tolerance of the strands with 192 and 744 subelements was also tested, and the strand with fine subelement size showed a high intrinsic irreversible strain limit. C1 [Peng, X.; Tomsic, M.] Hyper Tech Res, Columbus, OH 43228 USA. [Gregory, E.] Supergen I LLC, Jefferson, MA 01522 USA. [Sumption, M. D.] Ohio State Univ, Lab Appl Superconduct & Magnetism, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Ghosh, A.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Lu, X. F.; Cheggour, N.; Stauffer, T. C.; Goodrich, L. F.; Splett, J. D.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Peng, X (reprint author), Hyper Tech Res, Columbus, OH 43228 USA. EM xpeng@hypertechresearch.com RI Lu, Xifeng/D-9582-2011; Cheggour, Najib/K-2769-2012; Sumption, Mike/N-5913-2016 OI Cheggour, Najib/0000-0002-0741-3065; Sumption, Mike/0000-0002-4243-8380 FU US Department of Energy [DE-FG02-03ER83789, DE-FG02-05ER84380] FX Manuscript received August 03, 2010; accepted November 29, 2010. Date of publication January 20, 2011; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported by the US Department of Energy under Supergenics I LLC's SBIR Grants DE-FG02-03ER83789 and DE-FG02-05ER84380. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2559 EP 2562 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2100013 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200016 ER PT J AU Cooley, LD Burk, D Cooper, C Dhanaraj, N Foley, M Ford, D Gould, K Hicks, D Novitski, R Romanenko, A Schuessler, R Thompson, C Wu, G AF Cooley, L. D. Burk, D. Cooper, C. Dhanaraj, N. Foley, M. Ford, D. Gould, K. Hicks, D. Novitski, R. Romanenko, A. Schuessler, R. Thompson, C. Wu, G. TI Impact of Forming, Welding, and Electropolishing on Pitting and the Surface Finish of SRF Cavity Niobium SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Electropolishing; linear accelerator; linear collider; niobium; superconducting radio-frequency cavities AB A broad range of coupon electropolishing experiments are described to ascertain the mechanism(s) by which large defects are formed near superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavity welds. Cold-worked vs. annealed metal, the presence of a weld, and several variations of electropolishing (EP) parameters were considered. Pitting is strongly promoted by cold work and agitation of the EP solution. Welding also promotes pitting, but less so compared with the other factors above. Temperature increase during EP did not strongly affect glossiness or pitting, but the reduced viscosity made the electrolyte more susceptible to agitation. The experiments suggest that several factors that are rather benign alone are combined by the cavity forming, welding, and processing sequence to promote the formation of defects such as pits. Process changes to mitigate these risks are discussed. C1 [Cooley, L. D.; Burk, D.; Cooper, C.; Dhanaraj, N.; Foley, M.; Ford, D.; Gould, K.; Hicks, D.; Novitski, R.; Romanenko, A.; Schuessler, R.; Thompson, C.; Wu, G.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Tech Div, SRF Mat Grp, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Cooley, LD (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Tech Div, SRF Mat Grp, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. EM ldcooley@fnal.gov RI Cooley, Lance/E-7377-2015 OI Cooley, Lance/0000-0003-3488-2980 FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-07CH11359] FX This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-07CH11359. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2609 EP 2614 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2083629 PN 3 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200028 ER PT J AU Proslier, T Kharitonov, M Pellin, M Zasadzinski, J Ciovati, G AF Proslier, Thomas Kharitonov, M. Pellin, M. Zasadzinski, J. Ciovati, G. TI Evidence of Surface Paramagnetism in Niobium and Consequences for the Superconducting Cavity Surface Impedance SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Dissipation; magnetism; niobium RF technology; superconductivity ID LOCALIZED STATES; ANOMALIES; MODEL AB The presence of magnetic impurities in native niobium oxides have been confirmed by Point contact spectroscopy (PCT), SQUID magnetometry and Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). All niobium (Nb) samples displayed a small impurity contribution to the magnetic susceptibility at low temperatures which exhibited Curie-Weiss behavior, indicative of weakly coupled localized paramagnetic moments. By examining Nb samples with widely varying surface-to-volume ratios (rods, foils, wires, powders) it was found that the impurity contribution is correlated with surface area. Tunneling measurements which use the native oxide layers as barriers exhibit a zero-bias conductance peak which splits in a magnetic field >4T, consistent with the Appelbaum-Anderson model [1] for spin flip tunneling. Viewed together the experiments strongly suggest that the native oxides of Nb are intrinsically defective, and consistently exhibit localized paramagnetic moments caused by oxygen vacancies in Nb(2)O(5). The computation of the surface impedance (R(s)) in presence of magnetic impurities in the Shiba approximation reveals the saturation at low temperature of R(s), suggesting that magnetic impurities are responsible for the so-called residual resistance. These properties may have an impact on Nb based superconducting devices and shine a new light on the origin of the paramagnetic Meissner effect (PME). C1 [Proslier, Thomas; Kharitonov, M.; Pellin, M.] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Zasadzinski, J.] IIT, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. [Ciovati, G.] Thomas Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Proslier, T (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Pellin, Michael/B-5897-2008 OI Pellin, Michael/0000-0002-8149-9768 FU UChicago Argonne, LLC, US Department of Energy Office of Science Laboratory [DE-AC02-06CH11357] FX This work was supported by UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory ("Argonne"), Argonne, a US Department of Energy Office of Science Laboratory, under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 10 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2619 EP 2622 DI 10.1109/TASC.2011.2107491 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200030 ER PT J AU Arbelaez, D Prestemon, SO Dietderich, DR Godeke, A Ye, L Hunte, F Schwartz, J AF Arbelaez, D. Prestemon, S. O. Dietderich, D. R. Godeke, A. Ye, L. Hunte, F. Schwartz, J. TI Numerical Investigation of the Quench Behavior of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox Wire SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE High temperature superconductor; quench; simulation AB The quench behavior of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (Bi2212) wire is investigated through numerical simulations. This work is part of the U.S. Very High Field Superconducting Magnet Collaboration (VHFSMC). Numerical simulations are carried out using a one-dimensional computational model of thermal transport in Bi2212 composite wires. A quench is simulated by introducing heat in a section of the wire, and the voltage and temperature are monitored as function of time and position. The quench energy, normal zone propagation velocity, and spatial distribution of temperature are calculated for varying transport current and applied magnetic field. The relevance of these simulations in defining criteria for experimental measurements is discussed. C1 [Arbelaez, D.; Prestemon, S. O.; Dietderich, D. R.; Godeke, A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Ye, L.; Hunte, F.; Schwartz, J.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Arbelaez, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM darbelaez@lbl.gov RI Schwartz, Justin/D-4124-2009 OI Schwartz, Justin/0000-0002-7590-240X FU Office of Science, High Energy Physics, US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX This work was partly supported by the Director, Office of Science, High Energy Physics, US Department of Energy, under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231, and also benefited from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Funding. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 13 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2787 EP 2790 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2094173 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200069 ER PT J AU Holesinger, TG Miao, HP Meinesz, M Huang, YB Parrell, J Kennison, JA Marken, KR Campbell, S AF Holesinger, Terry G. Miao, Hanping Meinesz, Maarten Huang, Yibing Parrell, Jeff Kennison, John A. Marken, Kenneth R. Campbell, Scott TI Analysis of High I-c and J(c) Bi-2212 Conductors With Dilute Second Phase Additions SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Bismuth compounds; chemical analysis; high temperature superconductor; microscopy ID CRITICAL-CURRENT DENSITIES; TAPES; WIRES; SUPERCONDUCTOR; BI2SR2CACU2OY; IMPROVEMENT AB Compositional analysis of the Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)Oy (Bi-2212) and secondary phases in high-current Bi-2212 conductors with dilute (<1 wt.%) second phase additions was performed. Aluminum or zirconium based oxide secondary phases were added to the powders in work designed to gauge their usefulness as processing aids in the development of long length, high critical current density Bi-2212 wires and tapes. Dilute amounts of the additions did not appreciably change the composition of the Bi-2212 phase in the conductors. In all cases, there was an excess of bismuth and a deficiency of the alkaline earths with respect to the ideal 2212 stoichiometry. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the key microstructural features of these conductors with the dilute additions and relate them to their superconducting properties. C1 [Holesinger, Terry G.; Kennison, John A.; Marken, Kenneth R.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Superconduct Technol Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Miao, Hanping; Meinesz, Maarten; Huang, Yibing; Parrell, Jeff] Oxford Superconducting Technol, Carteret, NJ 07009 USA. [Campbell, Scott] SCI Engineered Mat, Columbus, OH 43228 USA. RP Holesinger, TG (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Superconduct Technol Ctr, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM holesinger@lanl.gov; hanping.miao@ost.ox-inst.com; scott@sciengineeredmaterials.com FU US Department of Energy, Office of Science through High Energy Physics; Very High Field Superconducting Magnet Collaboration (VHFSMC) FX This work was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science through High Energy Physics and the Very High Field Superconducting Magnet Collaboration (VHFSMC). NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2791 EP 2794 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2093856 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200070 ER PT J AU Barzi, E Lombardo, V Tollestrup, A Turrioni, D AF Barzi, E. Lombardo, V. Tollestrup, A. Turrioni, D. TI Study of Effects of Transverse Deformation in BSCCO-2212 Wires SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE BSCCO; critical current; flat-rolling; high temperature superconductor AB Viability of BSCCO-2212 round wires for high field magnet applications is being investigated within the Very High Field Superconducting Magnet Collaboration (VHFSMC). Three BSCCO-2212 wires of different designs were homogeneously flat-rolled to decreasing sizes to study the effect of deformation as a function of the precursor used and of the architecture parameters of the wires. After heat treatment at Oxford Superconducting Technology (OST), size variations of round and deformed samples were measured, and their transport properties characterized at 4.2 K and at magnetic fields up to 14 T. The wire made with granulate precursor was the most homogenous. The wires made with powder precursor showed instead non-monotonic behavior in and even more so in the n-value. C1 [Barzi, E.; Lombardo, V.; Tollestrup, A.; Turrioni, D.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Barzi, E (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. EM barzi@fnal.gov FU US Department of Energy FX This work was supported by the US Department of Energy. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2808 EP 2811 DI 10.1109/TASC.2011.2106105 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200074 ER PT J AU Lee, S Jiang, J Weiss, JD Bark, CW Tarantini, C Biegalski, MD Polyanskii, A Zhang, Y Nelson, CT Pan, XQ Hellstrom, EE Larbalestier, DC Eom, CB AF Lee, S. Jiang, J. Weiss, J. D. Bark, C. W. Tarantini, C. Biegalski, M. D. Polyanskii, A. Zhang, Y. Nelson, C. T. Pan, X. Q. Hellstrom, E. E. Larbalestier, D. C. Eom, C. B. TI Dependence of Epitaxial Ba(Fe1-xCox)(2)As-2 Thin Films Properties on SrTiO3 Template Thickness SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Iron pnictides; pulsed laser deposition; templates; thin films ID SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AB In our previous report, we demonstrated the growth of high-quality epitaxial Co-doped Ba(Fe1-xCox)(2)As-2 (Ba-122) thin films using single crystalline SrTiO3 (STO) templates on (La, Sr) (Al, Ta)O-3 (LSAT) substrates with pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Here, we report the dependence of the structural and superconducting properties of Ba-122 thin films on STO templates that were 2-150 unit cell (u.c.) thick. We obtained genuine epitaxial thin films with high crystalline quality and excellent superconducting properties for templates above a critical thickness, which was 50 u.c. for our growth condition. Although the quality of Ba-122 is excellent above the critical thickness, the best crystalline quality and superconducting properties were obtained on 100 u.c.-thick STO templates. The best-quality Ba-122 thin films show an on-set transition temperature (T-c,T- on-set) as high as 22.8 K, a transition width (Delta T-c) as narrow as 1.3 K, and critical current density (J(c)) as high as 3 3 MA/cm(2). C1 [Lee, S.; Bark, C. W.; Eom, C. B.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Jiang, J.; Weiss, J. D.; Tarantini, C.; Polyanskii, A.; Hellstrom, E. E.; Larbalestier, D. C.] Florida State Univ, Ctr Appl Superconduct, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. [Biegalski, M. D.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Nanophase Mat Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. [Zhang, Y.; Nelson, C. T.; Pan, X. Q.] Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Lee, S (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 1509 Univ Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM slee83@wisc.edu; jjiang@asc.magnet.fsu.edu; weiss@asc.magnet.fsu.edu; bark@wisc.edu; tarantini@asc.magnet.fsu.edu; biegal-skim@ornl.gov; polyanskii@asc.magnet.fsu.edu; yizh@umich.edu; ctnelson@umich.edu; panx@umich.edu; hellstrom@asc.magnet.fsu.edu; larbalestier@asc.magnet.fsu.edu; eom@engr.wisc.edu RI Lee, Sanghan/C-8876-2012; Bark, Chung Wung/B-9534-2014; Eom, Chang-Beom/I-5567-2014; Larbalestier, David/B-2277-2008; Jiang, Jianyi/F-2549-2017; OI Bark, Chung Wung/0000-0002-9394-4240; Larbalestier, David/0000-0001-7098-7208; Jiang, Jianyi/0000-0002-1094-2013; Lee, Sanghan/0000-0002-5807-864X FU US Department of Energy [DE-FG02-06ER46327, DE-FG02-07ER46416]; State of Florida under NSF [DMR-0084173]; AFOSR [FA9550-06-1-0474] FX Manuscript received September 01, 2010; accepted October 19, 2010. Date of publication February 28, 2011; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported in part by the US Department of Energy under Grant DE-FG02-06ER46327 (C.B.E.), by the State of Florida under NSF Cooperative Agreement DMR-0084173, and by AFOSR under Grant FA9550-06-1-0474 (E.E.H. and D.C.L.), and the US Department of Energy under Grant DE-FG02-07ER46416 (X.Q.P.). NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 12 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2882 EP 2886 DI 10.1109/TASC.2011.2107722 PN 3 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200092 ER PT J AU Hanisch, J Iida, K Haindl, S Kurth, F Kauffmann, A Kidszun, M Thersleff, T Freudenberger, J Schultz, L Holzapfel, B AF Haenisch, Jens Iida, Kazumasa Haindl, Silvia Kurth, Fritz Kauffmann, Alexander Kidszun, Martin Thersleff, Thomas Freudenberger, Jens Schultz, Ludwig Holzapfel, Bernhard TI J(c) Scaling and Anisotropies in Co-Doped Ba-122 Thin Films SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Current density; materials science and technology; superconducting films; superconducting materials measurements; thin films ID SUPERCONDUCTORS; COMPOUND; FIELD AB We have successfully grown epitaxial, superconducting films of Ba(Fe1-xCox)(2)As-2 ( Ba-122) with x similar to 0.1. The films grow without observable correlated defects parallel to the c-axis, as confirmed by TEM. This is also reflected in the absence of a c-axis peak in J(c)(theta). In contrast to cuprate high-T-c superconductors such as YBa2Cu3O1-delta or even Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10-delta, the pnictides show a rather low anisotropic behavior in their J(c)(theta) behavior as well as in their upper critical fields, H-c2. As a multiband superconductor, Ba-122 exhibits a temperature dependent electronic mass anisotropy. C1 [Haenisch, Jens; Iida, Kazumasa; Haindl, Silvia; Kurth, Fritz; Kauffmann, Alexander; Kidszun, Martin; Thersleff, Thomas; Freudenberger, Jens; Schultz, Ludwig; Holzapfel, Bernhard] IFW Dresden, Inst Metall Mat, D-01069 Dresden, Germany. [Haenisch, Jens] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Superconduct Technol Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Hanisch, J (reprint author), IFW Dresden, Inst Metall Mat, Helmholtzstr 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany. EM j.haenisch@ifw-dresden.de RI Hanisch, Jens/D-8503-2011; Kauffmann, Alexander/A-8513-2011; Schultz, Ludwig/B-3383-2010; Iida, Kazumasa/C-5702-2013 OI Kauffmann, Alexander/0000-0001-9865-5571; Iida, Kazumasa/0000-0003-1038-9630 FU German Research Foundation (DFG) [SPP 1458] FX Manuscript received August 03, 2010; accepted December 10, 2010. Date of publication January 17, 2011; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported in part by the German Research Foundation (DFG) under Project SPP 1458. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 22 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2887 EP 2890 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2100348 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200093 ER PT J AU Groves, JR Matias, V DePaula, RF Stan, L Hammond, RH Clemens, BM AF Groves, James R. Matias, Vladimir DePaula, Raymond F. Stan, Liliana Hammond, Robert H. Clemens, Bruce M. TI The Role of Nucleation Surfaces in the Texture Development of Magnesium Oxide During Ion Beam Assisted Deposition SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Biaxial texture; ion beam assisted deposition; nucleation and growth; RHEED; thin films ID YBCO-COATED CONDUCTORS; FILMS AB Both the structure and the type of the nucleation surface play a key role in texture development of IBAD MgO films. We have examined these features in Al(2)O(3) and Y(2)O(3) thin films using two different types of deposition methods, atomic layer deposition (ALD) and electron beam evaporation (EBE). Examination of EBE Al(2)O(3) with in situ reflected high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) films reveals the presence of a nanocrystalline structure that remains unchanged after and is insensitive to ion irradiation with 750 eV argon ions. In contrast, ALD Al(2)O(3) examined with the same method reveals a featureless image that appears amorphous. Use of the ALD Al(2)O(3) film can result in well-textured films with reasonable in-plane mosaic spread values (similar to 14 degrees) without process optimization. Similar results were obtained on ALD and EBE Y(2)O(3) films, although, the EBE Y(2)O(3) appeared amorphous in the RHEED even before exposure to the ion beam. The ALD Y(2)O(3) film resulted in an in-plane texture of similar to 10 degrees. Finally, bare silicon substrates were examined. It was found that even with the native oxide remaining on its surface, the silicon underneath was amorphized by the ion beam and provided a suitable surface for the deposition of biaxial textured MgO with an in-plane texture of similar to 7 degrees FWHM. C1 [Groves, James R.; Clemens, Bruce M.] Stanford Univ, Dept Mat Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Matias, Vladimir; DePaula, Raymond F.; Stan, Liliana] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Superconduct Technol Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Hammond, Robert H.] Stanford Univ, Geballe Lab Adv Mat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Groves, JR (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Mat Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM jgroves@stanford.edu; vlado@lanl.gov; rdepaula@lanl.gov; lilianas@lanl.gov; rhammond@stanford.edu FU Department of Energy's Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability FX Manuscript received August 01, 2010; accepted October 14, 2010. Date of publication November 29, 2010; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 8 U2 31 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2904 EP 2907 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2089401 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200097 ER PT J AU Jung, Y Sheehan, CJ Coulter, JY Matias, V Youm, D AF Jung, Yehyun Sheehan, Chris J. Coulter, J. Yates Matias, Vladimir Youm, Dojun TI Pushing Coated Conductor Critical Currents Beyond 1 kA per cm Width: Stacks of YBCO Layers SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Multilayers; solution deposition planarization; superconducting tapes; YBCO AB For a number of superconducting power applications, a high value of the engineering critical current density (J(e)) for the wire is crucial. The superconducting layer in the coated conductor is typically a small portion of the overall cross-section, so increasing the superconductor fraction will directly result in an increase of J(e). However, as the thickness of the superconductor is increased, J(c) eventually drops. We describe a way to increase J(e) by making a stack of superconducting layers using sequential Ion-Beam Assisted Deposition (IBAD)/Superconductor deposition. Reactive Co-Evaporation by Cyclic Deposition and Reaction (RCE-CDR) is used for superconductor. An IBAD-textured layer resets the crystalline structure after each superconducting layer and we use IBAD-MgO for this purpose. However, IBAD-MgO texturing requires an extremely smooth starting surface (about 1 nm root mean square roughness), whereas the YBCO layer is typically 10-100 times rougher. We employ the Solution Deposition Planarization (SDP) process to planarize the rough surface of YBCO. The SDP layer is insulating and it provides for an easy way to separate the superconducting layers electrically. We discuss unique features of the stacking structure that allow for high I(c), low ac-losses in applied fields, as well as high J(e). C1 [Jung, Yehyun; Youm, Dojun] Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Taejon 305701, South Korea. [Jung, Yehyun; Sheehan, Chris J.; Coulter, J. Yates; Matias, Vladimir] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Superconduct Technol Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Jung, Y (reprint author), Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Taejon 305701, South Korea. EM jungyehyun@kaist.ac.kr RI Youm, Dojun/C-1942-2011 FU Department of Energy Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability FX Manuscript received August 03, 2010; accepted November 08, 2010. Date of publication December 23, 2010; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported by the Department of Energy Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 15 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2953 EP 2956 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2093095 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200109 ER PT J AU Reagor, D Coulter, JY Matias, V Sheehan, CJ Moeckly, B AF Reagor, D. Coulter, J. Y. Matias, Vladimir Sheehan, Chris J. Moeckly, Brian TI Full Vector Magnetic Field Critical Current Characterization of Coated Conductors Deposited on Solution Deposition Planarized IBAD Templates SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Critical current; high temperature superconductivity; IBAD; second generation wire; solution deposition planarization AB Second generation high temperature super-conductor (HTS) wire consists of metal substrate tapes textured with intermediate buffer layers that are coated with a superconducting layer. The applications of these coated conductors require a high current in magnetic fields that are not restricted to a narrow range of angles. Ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) template tilt, in combination with REBCO vapor deposition, results in asymmetric sample growth. This requires Vector Magnetic Field (VMF) measurement over 180 degrees to be fully described. We have developed a piece wise characterization and analysis method of the VMF using a number of I(c) scaling models. Solution Deposition Planarization (SDP) permits REBCO film deposition on 100 nm rms roughness substrates. To test buffer layer effects on film growth, with and without SDP, superconducting films were deposited at Superconductor Technologies, Inc. by co-evaporation of REBCO on IBAD buffer layer templates from Los Alamos. Critical current measurements in VMF up to a magnitude of similar to 0.9 Tesla show behaviors traceable to the effects of buffer layer template on pinning. The ability to discriminate between buffer layers based on in-field I(c) behavior is a useful technique for the optimization of buffer layers for future REBCO film deposition. C1 [Reagor, D.; Coulter, J. Y.; Matias, Vladimir; Sheehan, Chris J.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Moeckly, Brian] Superconductor Technol Inc, Santa Barbara, CA 93111 USA. RP Reagor, D (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM reagor@lanl.gov FU DOE Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability FX Manuscript received August 03, 2010; accepted October 24, 2010. Date of publication December 23, 2010; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported in part by DOE Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 13 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2961 EP 2964 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2092730 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200111 ER PT J AU Willis, JO Coulter, JY Rupich, MW AF Willis, Jeffrey O. Coulter, J. Yates Rupich, Martin W. TI n-Value Analysis of Position-Dependent Property Variability in Long-Length Coated Conductors SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Anisotropy; critical currents; current-voltage characteristic; high temperature superconductors AB We measure the current voltage (I - V) characteristics of high temperature superconductor coated conductors (HTS CCs) as a function of magnetic field, magnetic field angle, temperature, and position along multi-meter length practical wires. The critical current (I(c)) data are analyzed to determine conductor uniformity, for quality assurance, and for feedback to the manufacturing process when an off-normal process event has occurred. We report on an expansion of this analysis to include the behavior of the power law exponent (n) of the voltage-current relationship, V similar to I(n), as a function of magnetic field amplitude and angle, temperature, and position for long CCs. American Superconductor recently identified as of interest H parallel to ab plane I(c) variations observed in wires fabricated by the MOD/RABiTS process. These variations were confirmed by LANL to exist in a 13 m length of wire. We also found correlations between I(c) and n that are indicative of these position-dependent microstructural/pinning property variations. We describe the applicability of this new n-value analysis to improved understanding of practical conductor performance and performance variability. C1 [Willis, Jeffrey O.; Coulter, J. Yates] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Rupich, Martin W.] Amer Superconductor Corp, Devens, MA 01434 USA. RP Willis, JO (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM jwillis@lanl.gov; mrupich@amsc.com FU U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability FX Manuscript received August 03, 2010; accepted September 27, 2010. Date of publication November 09, 2010; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 10 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 2988 EP 2991 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2087372 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200118 ER PT J AU Selvamanickam, V Chen, Y Kesgin, I Guevara, A Shi, T Yao, Y Qiao, Y Zhang, Y Zhang, Y Majkic, G Carota, G Rar, A Xie, Y Dackow, J Maiorov, B Civale, L Braccini, V Jaroszynski, J Xu, A Larbalestier, D Bhattacharya, R AF Selvamanickam, V. Chen, Y. Kesgin, I. Guevara, A. Shi, T. Yao, Y. Qiao, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Majkic, G. Carota, G. Rar, A. Xie, Y. Dackow, J. Maiorov, B. Civale, L. Braccini, V. Jaroszynski, J. Xu, A. Larbalestier, D. Bhattacharya, R. TI Progress in Performance Improvement and New Research Areas for Cost Reduction of 2G HTS Wires SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE BZO; critical current; electrodeposition; magnetic field; MOCVD; second-generation HTS; silver; Zr ID COATED CONDUCTORS; DEPOSITION; FILMS; MGO AB Second-generation (2G) HTS wires are now being produced routinely in kilometer lengths using Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) process with critical currents of 300 A/cm. While this achievement is enabling several prototype devices, in order to reach a substantial commercial market, the cost-performance metrics of 2G HTS wires need to be significantly improved in device operating conditions. Zr-doping has been found to be an effective approach to improve in-field critical current performance of MOCVD-based HTS wires. In this work, we have explored modifications to the Zr-doped precursor compositions to achieve three and two-fold increase in deposition rate in research and production MOCVD systems respectively. Production wires made with modified Zr-doped compositions exhibit a self-field critical current density of 50 MA/cm(2) at 4.2 K and a 55 to 65% higher performance than our previous wires with Zr-doping, over magnetic field range of 0 to 30 T. We have also developed an alternate, low-cost technique, namely electrodeposition, to deposit silver overlayer on superconducting film. Wires made with electrodeposited silver are able to sustain the same level of overcurrent as sputtered silver layers. This process has been successfully scaled up to 100 m lengths. C1 [Selvamanickam, V.; Kesgin, I.; Guevara, A.; Shi, T.; Yao, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Majkic, G.] Univ Houston, Dept Mech Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. [Selvamanickam, V.; Kesgin, I.; Guevara, A.; Shi, T.; Yao, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Majkic, G.] Univ Houston, Texas Ctr Superconduct, Houston, TX 77204 USA. [Chen, Y.; Qiao, Y.; Carota, G.; Rar, A.; Xie, Y.; Dackow, J.] SuperPower, Schenectady, NY 12304 USA. [Maiorov, B.; Civale, L.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Braccini, V.; Jaroszynski, J.; Xu, A.; Larbalestier, D.] Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Bhattacharya, R.] Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Selvamanickam, V (reprint author), Univ Houston, Dept Mech Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. EM selva@uh.edu RI Kesgin, Ibrahim/A-4178-2012; Xu, Aixia/M-3514-2014; Larbalestier, David/B-2277-2008; OI Larbalestier, David/0000-0001-7098-7208; Maiorov, Boris/0000-0003-1885-0436; Civale, Leonardo/0000-0003-0806-3113 FU US Department of Energy; National Science Foundation FX This work was supported by a Contract with the US Department of Energy. Part of the work at NHMFL was also supported by the National Science Foundation. NR 14 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 33 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 3049 EP 3054 DI 10.1109/TASC.2011.2107310 PN 3 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200133 ER PT J AU Qiao, YF Chen, YM Xiong, XM Kim, SJ Matias, V Sheehan, C Zhang, Y Selvamanickam, V AF Qiao, Yunfei Chen, Yimin Xiong, Xuming Kim, Sungjin Matias, Vladimir Sheehan, Chris Zhang, Yue Selvamanickam, Venkat TI Scale Up of Coated Conductor Substrate Process by Reel-to-Reel Planarization of Amorphous Oxide Layers SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Epitaxial growth; planarization; polishing; superconducting epitaxial layers; surface treatment ID POWER APPLICATIONS; FIELD; TAPES AB Substrate surface smoothness comparable to electropolished substrate has been demonstrated by planarization of multilayers of amorphous oxide films on as received flexible metal tapes. An in-plane texture of 6.4 degrees was achieved on short samples after the final buffer process. A critical current density (J(c)) over 3 MA/cm(2) has been achieved on short samples. The planarization process has been scaled up from a few meters previously done by loop coating to be capable of producing 100 meters. 20 m of planarized substrate were processed with standard buffer deposition process and metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) manufacturing run. An average in-plane texture of eight to nine degrees was obtained on the entire 20 m piece after the final buffer LMO process. A uniform critical current (I(c)) of 160 A was achieved on 15 m. The planarization process has the potential to lead to a reduction in buffer layers and alleviate the burden of hazardous waste generated from the electropolishing process. It is capable of planarization of any substrate alloy, while electropolishing is limited to only a few alloys. C1 [Qiao, Yunfei; Chen, Yimin; Xiong, Xuming; Kim, Sungjin] Superpower Inc, Schenectady, NY 12304 USA. [Matias, Vladimir; Sheehan, Chris] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Superconduct Technol Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Zhang, Yue; Selvamanickam, Venkat] Univ Houston, Houston, TX 77204 USA. RP Qiao, YF (reprint author), Superpower Inc, Schenectady, NY 12304 USA. EM yqiao@superpower-inc.com FU U.S. Department of Energy FX This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 5 U2 23 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 3055 EP 3058 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2082472 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200134 ER PT J AU Paranthaman, MP Qiu, X List, FA Kim, K Zhang, Y Li, X Sathyamurthy, S Thieme, C Rupich, MW AF Paranthaman, M. P. Qiu, X. List, F. A. Kim, K. Zhang, Y. Li, X. Sathyamurthy, S. Thieme, C. Rupich, M. W. TI Development of Solution Buffer Layers for RABiTS Based YBCO Coated Conductors SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Buffer layers; sol-gel processing; thin films; YBCO coated conductors ID SUPERCONDUCTOR WIRES; THIN-FILMS; DEPOSITION; OXIDE AB The main objective of this research is to find a suitable alternate solution based seed layer for the standard RABiTS three-layer architecture of physical vapor deposited CeO(2) cap/YSZ barrier/Y(2)O(3) seed on Ni-5% W metal tape. In the present work, we have identified CeO(2) buffer layer as a potential replacement for Y(2)O(3) seeds. Using a metal-organic deposition (MOD) process, we have grown smooth, crack-free, epitaxial thin films of CeO(2) (pure and Zr, Cu and Gd-doped) directly on biaxially textured Ni-5W substrates in short lengths. Detailed XRD studies indicate that a single epitaxial CeO(2) phase with slightly improved out-of-plane texture compared to the texture of the underlying Ni-W substrates can be achieved in pure, undoped CeO(2) samples. We have also demonstrated the growth of YSZ barrier layers on pure CeO(2) seeds using sputtering. Both sputtered CeO(2) cap layers and MOD-YBCO films were grown epitaxially on these YSZ-buffered MOD-CeO(2)/Ni-5W substrates. High critical currents per unit width, I(c) of 264 A/cm (critical current density, of 3.3 MA/cm(2)) at 77 K and 0.01 T was achieved for 0.8 mu m thick MOD-YBCO films grown on MOD-CeO(2) seeds. These results indicate that CeO(2) films can be grown directly on Ni-5W substrates and still support high performance YBCO coated conductors. This work holds promise for a route for producing low-cost buffer architecture for RABiTS based YBCO coated conductors. C1 [Paranthaman, M. P.; Qiu, X.; List, F. A.; Kim, K.; Zhang, Y.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Li, X.; Sathyamurthy, S.; Thieme, C.; Rupich, M. W.] Amer Superconductor Corp, Devens, MA 01434 USA. RP Paranthaman, MP (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM paran-thamanm@ornl.gov RI Paranthaman, Mariappan/N-3866-2015 OI Paranthaman, Mariappan/0000-0003-3009-8531 FU Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Advanced Cables and Conductors Program and Materials Sciences and Engineering Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy FX This work was supported by the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Advanced Cables and Conductors Program and Materials Sciences and Engineering Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 15 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 3059 EP 3061 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2092731 PN 3 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200135 ER PT J AU Lu, XF Cheggour, N Stauffer, TC Clickner, CC Goodrich, LF Trociewitz, U Myers, D Holesinger, TG AF Lu, X. F. Cheggour, N. Stauffer, T. C. Clickner, C. C. Goodrich, L. F. Trociewitz, U. Myers, D. Holesinger, T. G. TI Electromechanical Characterization of Bi-2212 Strands SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Axial strain; Bi-2212 wires; critical current density; stress-strain; yield strength; Young's modulus ID CRITICAL-CURRENT DENSITY; AXIAL STRAIN; SUPERCONDUCTING WIRES; CRITICAL CURRENTS; MAGNETIC-FIELD; DEPENDENCE; NB3SN; SHEATH; TAPES AB The uniaxial strain dependence of critical current was measured both in tension and compression in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x (Bi-2212) high-temperature superconducting round wires. Permanent damage to the critical current easily occurred due to strain. To improve the electromechanical properties of Bi-2212 wires, development of stronger sheathing materials is needed. Ideal materials would be not only mechanically strong, but also chemically compatible with Bi-2212 during the final heat treatment. To identify such materials, we measured stress-strain properties of some new Ag alloys and extracted their respective Young's modulus values and yield strength. The database may be useful for development of new Bi-2212 strands for fabricating high-field superconducting magnets above 20 T. C1 [Lu, X. F.; Cheggour, N.; Stauffer, T. C.; Clickner, C. C.; Goodrich, L. F.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Lu, X. F.; Cheggour, N.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Trociewitz, U.; Myers, D.] Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. [Holesinger, T. G.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Lu, XF (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM xifeng.lu@nist.gov RI Lu, Xifeng/D-9582-2011; Cheggour, Najib/K-2769-2012 OI Cheggour, Najib/0000-0002-0741-3065 FU U.S. DOE/HEP FX This work was supported by the U.S. DOE/HEP through the Very High Field Superconducting Magnet Collaboration (VHFSMC). Contribution of National Institute of Standards and Technology, not subject to copyright in the United States. NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 12 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 3086 EP 3089 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2084061 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200142 ER PT J AU Walsh, JK Fabian, PE Hooker, MW Lizotte, MJ Tuncer, E Sauers, I AF Walsh, Jennifer K. Fabian, Paul E. Hooker, Matthew W. Lizotte, Mark J. Tuncer, Enis Sauers, Isidor TI Electrical and Mechanical Characterizations of Nanocomposite Insulation for HTS Systems SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Cryogenics; dielectric breakdown; dielectric materials; high-temperature superconductors; nanotechnology AB As HTS wire technology continues to advance, a critical need has emerged for dielectric materials that can be used in superconducting components such as terminations, fault current limiters, transformers, and motors. To address this need, CTD is developing nanocomposite insulations based on epoxy and benzoxazine chemistries. Depending on part geometry, some processing methods are more efficient than others. For this reason, CTD is investigating both fiber-reinforced and filled resin systems for use in these applications. A thorough set of electrical testing including AC breakdown, breakdown as a function of thickness, and flashover shows promising performance characteristics. In addition, mechanical testing (short beam shear and compression) indicate that these new materials to have as good or better performance than G10. C1 [Walsh, Jennifer K.; Fabian, Paul E.; Hooker, Matthew W.; Lizotte, Mark J.] Composite Technol Dev Inc, Lafayette, CO 80026 USA. [Tuncer, Enis; Sauers, Isidor] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Walsh, JK (reprint author), Composite Technol Dev Inc, Lafayette, CO 80026 USA. EM Jennifer.Walsh@ctd-materials.com OI Tuncer, Enis/0000-0002-9324-4324 FU US Department of Energy [DE-FG02-07ER84711] FX Manuscript received August 16, 2010; accepted December 08, 2010. Date of publication January 20, 2011; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported in part by the US Department of Energy under Grant DE-FG02-07ER84711. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 3123 EP 3126 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2100015 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200151 ER PT J AU Polat, O Aytug, T Paranthaman, M Kim, K Lupini, AR Meyer, HM Qiu, X Thompson, JR Christen, DK Selvamanickam, V AF Polat, Oe Aytug, T. Paranthaman, M. Kim, K. Lupini, A. R. Meyer, H. M. Qiu, X. Thompson, J. R. Christen, D. K. Selvamanickam, V. TI Pinning Enhancements in YBCO Films via Nanoengineered LaMnO3:MgO Composite Cap Layer SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Critical current density; IBAD-MgO; LMO:MgO buffer layers; phase separation; PLD-YBCO ID YBA2CU3O7-DELTA FILMS; COATED CONDUCTORS; BUFFER LAYERS; THIN-FILMS; IBAD-MGO; CENTERS; NANODOTS; ER; RE; SM AB In the present work, composite LaMnO3 : MgO (LMO:MgO) cap buffer layers with varying MgO contents 5 vol% up to 75 vol% have been grown on homo-epi MgO/IBAD(MgO) substrates to enhance the performance of YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) films. Results showed formation of phase separated MgO nanocolumns within the LMO matrix. The impact of these nanocolumns on the superconducting properties of YBCO films deposited using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on the nanostructured layer was investigated by electrical transport measurements. Such YBCO films showed better in-field performance compared to that of YBCO films on standard LMO cap films. In particular, measurements of the field-angle dependence revealed c-axis correlated pinning for YBCO films on these composite cap layers. The present results demonstrate a practical approach to obtain high performance superconducting wires. C1 [Polat, Oe; Aytug, T.; Paranthaman, M.; Kim, K.; Lupini, A. R.; Meyer, H. M.; Qiu, X.; Christen, D. K.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Thompson, J. R.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Selvamanickam, V.] SuperPower Inc, Schenectady, NY 12304 USA. [Selvamanickam, V.] Univ Houston, Houston, TX 77204 USA. RP Polat, O (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM opolat@utk.edu; jrt@utk.edu; selva@superpower-inc.com RI Paranthaman, Mariappan/N-3866-2015 OI Paranthaman, Mariappan/0000-0003-3009-8531 FU Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability; Materials Sciences and Engineering Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy FX Manuscript received August 01, 2010; accepted September 21, 2010. Date of publication November 18, 2010; date of current version May 27, 2011. This work was supported by the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Advanced Cables and Conductors Program, (TA, MP, KK, DKC, JRT, SC), and Materials Sciences and Engineering Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, (OP, MP, ARL). NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 17 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 3171 EP 3174 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2081333 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200162 ER PT J AU Lu, RT Christianson, C Dizon, J Wu, J Haugan, T Barnes, P Baca, FJ AF Lu, Rongtao Christianson, Caleb Dizon, Jonathan Wu, Judy Haugan, Timothy Barnes, Paul Baca, F. Javier TI Investigation of Dynamic Behaviors of Low-Level Dissipation at YBa2Cu3O7 Grain Boundaries Using Low-Temperature Near-Field Scanning Microwave Microscopy SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Current density; grain boundary; high-temperature superconductors; microwave imaging ID CRITICAL CURRENTS; CURRENT DENSITY; DEPENDENCE; FILMS AB Near-field scanning microwave microscopy (NSMM) provides a unique nondestructive approach for detection of local dissipation with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution. With recently improved NSMM probes of spatial resolution of up to 400 nm (similar to 10(-6) wavelength), detection of dissipation was achieved on YBCO microbridges at currents more than three orders of magnitude below the J(c()T). In this work, we report characterization of the dynamic behavior of low-level dissipation at the grain boundary of YBa2Cu3O7-delta microbridges as function of time and applied electrical current. On higher-angle grain boundary, the dissipation develops rapidly with increasing current and shows approximately linear dependence on current. On lower-angle grain boundary, nonlinear features were observed and attributed to bi-modal pattern of dissipation evolution of nucleation of isolated hot spots and their evolution. Comparison with the similar NSMM + IV measurement made on the "bulk" part of the same YBa2Cu3O7-delta microbridges on a reduced temperature scale shows higher dissipation on the grain boundary can be mostly attributed to the lower T-c values on grain boundaries. C1 [Lu, Rongtao; Christianson, Caleb; Dizon, Jonathan; Wu, Judy] Univ Kansas, Dept Phys & Astron, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. [Haugan, Timothy; Barnes, Paul] USAF, Res Lab, Dayton, OH 45433 USA. [Baca, F. Javier] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Lu, RT (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Dept Phys & Astron, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. EM rtlu@ku.edu; Timothy.Haugan@wpafb.af.mil; jbaba@LANL.gov RI Christianson, Caleb/E-6296-2014 OI Christianson, Caleb/0000-0002-9560-3909 FU National Science Foundation [DMR-0803149, EPS-0903806]; State of Kansas through Kansas Technology Enterprise Corporation FX This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Award DMR-0803149 and EPS-0903806 and matching support from the State of Kansas through Kansas Technology Enterprise Corporation. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 3238 EP 3242 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2090030 PN 3 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200179 ER PT J AU Lombardo, V Barzi, E Turrioni, D Zlobin, AV AF Lombardo, V. Barzi, E. Turrioni, D. Zlobin, A. V. TI Critical Currents of YBa2Cu3O7-delta Tapes and Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox Wires at Different Temperatures and Magnetic Fields SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Bi-2212; high temperature superconductor; muon collider; temperature and field dependence; YBCO AB Design studies for the cooling channel of a Muon Collider show the need for straight and helical solenoids generating fields well in excess of the critical fields of state-of-the-art Low Temperature Superconductors (LTS), such as Nb3Sn or NbTi. Therefore, High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) may be used for the manufacturing of all or certain sections of these magnets to generate and support the field levels required at the operating temperature of the new machine. In this work, two High Temperature Superconductors-Bi-2212 round wires and YBCO coated conductor (CC) tapes-are investigated to understand how their critical current density scales as a function of magnetic field and operating temperature. C1 [Lombardo, V.; Barzi, E.; Turrioni, D.; Zlobin, A. V.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Fermilab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Lombardo, V (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Fermilab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. EM lombardo@fnal.gov FU OST FX The authors thank OST for its support with Bi-2212 samples heat treatment and the VHFSMC (Very High Field Superconducting Magnet Collaboration) for the allocation of the conductor for these studies. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 3247 EP 3250 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2093865 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200181 ER PT J AU Duckworth, RC Zhang, YF Ha, T Gouge, MJ AF Duckworth, Robert C. Zhang, Yifei F. Ha, Tam Gouge, Michael J. TI Dynamic Resistance of YBCO-Coated Conductors in Applied AC Fields With DC Transport Currents and DC Background Fields SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Dynamic Resistance; fault current limiters; loss measurement ID FAULT CURRENT LIMITER; MAGNETIC-FIELD; TAPES; DEPENDENCE AB In order to predict heat loads in future saturable-core fault-current-limiting devices due to ac fringing fields, dynamic resistance in YBCO-coated conductors was measured at 77 K in peak ac fields up to 25 mT at 60 Hz and in dc fields up to 1 T. With the sample orientation set such that the conductor face was either parallel or perpendicular to the ac and dc applied fields, the dynamic resistance was measured at different fractions of the critical current to determine the relationship between the dc transport current and the applied fields. With respect to field orientation, the dynamic resistance for ac fields that were perpendicular to the conductor face was significantly higher than when the ac fields were parallel to the conductor face. It was also observed that the dynamic resistance: 1) increased with increasing fraction of the dc transport current to the critical current, 2) was proportional to the inverse of the critical current, and 3) demonstrated a linear dependence with the applied ac field once a threshold field was exceeded. This functional behavior was consistent with a critical state model for the dynamic resistance, but discrepancies in absolute value of the dynamic resistance suggested that further theoretical development is needed. C1 [Duckworth, Robert C.; Zhang, Yifei F.; Ha, Tam; Gouge, Michael J.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Appl Superconduct Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Duckworth, RC (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Appl Superconduct Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM duckworthrc@ornl.gov FU U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Advanced Cables and Conductors [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; Oak Ridge National Laboratory FX This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Advanced Cables and Conductors, under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725, with Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed and operated by UT-Battelle, LLC. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 3251 EP 3256 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2083621 PN 3 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200182 ER PT J AU Zhang, YF Duckworth, RC Ha, TT List, FA Gouge, MJ Chen, YM Xiong, XM Selvamanickam, V Polyanskii, A AF Zhang, Yifei Duckworth, Robert C. Ha, Tam T. List, Frederick A., III Gouge, Michael J. Chen, Yimin Xiong, Xuming Selvamanickam, Venkat Polyanskii, Anatolii TI AC Loss Reduction in Filamentized YBCO Coated Conductors With Virtual Transverse Cross-Cuts SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE AC loss; coated conductor; filamentization; YBCO AB While the performance of YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-x) (YBCO)-based coated conductors under dc currents has improved significantly in recent years, filamentization is being investigated as a technique to reduce ac loss so that the 2nd generation (2G) high temperature superconducting (HTS) wires can also be utilized in various ac power applications such as cables, transformers and fault current limiters. Experimental studies have shown that simply filamentizing the superconducting layer is not effective enough to reduce ac loss because of incomplete flux penetration in between the filaments as the length of the tape increases. To introduce flux penetration in between the filaments more uniformly and further reduce the ac loss, virtual transverse cross-cuts were made in superconducting filaments of the coated conductors fabricated using the metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method. The virtual transverse cross-cuts were formed by making cross-cuts (17 similar to 120 mu m wide) on the IBAD (ion beam assisted deposition)-MgO templates using laser scribing followed by depositing the superconducting layer (similar to 0.6 mu m thick). AC losses were measured and compared for filamentized conductors with and without the cross-cuts under applied peak ac fields up to 100 mT. The results were analyzed to evaluate the efficacy of filament decoupling and the feasibility of using this method to achieve ac loss reduction. C1 [Zhang, Yifei; Duckworth, Robert C.; Ha, Tam T.; List, Frederick A., III; Gouge, Michael J.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Chen, Yimin; Xiong, Xuming] SuperPower Inc, Schenectady, NY 12304 USA. [Selvamanickam, Venkat] SuperPower Inc, Houston, TX 77004 USA. [Selvamanickam, Venkat] Univ Houston, Houston, TX 77004 USA. [Polyanskii, Anatolii] Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab NHMFL, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. RP Zhang, YF (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM zhangyf@ornl.gov; selva@superpower-inc.com; polyanskii@asc.magnet.fsu.edu FU US DOE Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; Oak Ridge National Laboratory FX This work was supported by the US DOE Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability-Advanced Cables and Conductors Program under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed and operated by UT-Battelle, LLC. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 12 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 21 IS 3 BP 3301 EP 3306 DI 10.1109/TASC.2010.2087739 PN 3 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 770DW UT WOS:000291068200194 ER PT J AU Ji, ZP Luciw, M Weng, JY Zeng, SQ AF Ji, Zhengping Luciw, Matthew Weng, Juyang (John) Zeng, Shuqing TI Incremental Online Object Learning in a Vehicular Radar-Vision Fusion Framework SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Biologically inspired neural network; intelligent vehicle system; object learning; sensor fusion; sparse coding ID DRIVER ASSISTANCE; NATURAL IMAGES; VEHICLE; SYSTEMS AB In this paper, we propose an object learning system that incorporates sensory information from an automotive radar system and a video camera. The radar system provides coarse attention for the focus of visual analysis on relatively small areas within the image plane. The attended visual areas are coded and learned by a three-layer neural network utilizing what is called in-place learning: Each neuron is responsible for the learning of its own processing characteristics within the connected network environment, through inhibitory and excitatory connections with other neurons. The modeled bottom-up, lateral, and top-down connections in the network enable sensory sparse coding, unsupervised learning, and supervised learning to occur concurrently. This paper is applied to learn two types of encountered objects in multiple outdoor driving settings. Cross-validation results show that the overall recognition accuracy is above 95% for the radar-attended window images. In comparison with the uncoded representation and purely unsupervised learning (without top-down connection), the proposed network improves the overall recognition rate by 15.93% and 6.35%, respectively. The proposed system is also compared favorably with other learning algorithms. The result indicates that our learning system is the only one that is fit for incremental and online object learning in a real-time driving environment. C1 [Weng, Juyang (John)] Michigan State Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Zeng, Shuqing] Gen Motors Inc, Ctr Res & Dev, Warren, MI 48090 USA. RP Ji, ZP (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM jizhengp@cse.msu.edu; luciwmat@gmail.com; weng@cse.msu.edu; shuqing.zeng@gm.com NR 31 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 11 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1524-9050 J9 IEEE T INTELL TRANSP JI IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 12 IS 2 SI SI BP 402 EP 411 DI 10.1109/TITS.2010.2094188 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA 773NX UT WOS:000291315100011 ER PT J AU Fuller, RJ Liddiard, VM Hess, JR Carman, JG AF Fuller, Rodney J. Liddiard, Vincent M. Hess, J. Richard Carman, John G. TI Improving cotton embryo culture by simulating in ovulo nutrient and hormone levels SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT LA English DT Article DE Chemically defined media; Embryo culture; Embryo rescue; Globular embryos ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; IN-VITRO CULTURE; HELIANTHUS-ANNUUS L.; PLANT-REGENERATION; SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; ZYGOTIC EMBRYOGENESIS; MAIZE ZYGOTES; WHEAT KERNELS; GROWTH; SACS AB Plant ovules provide zygotes with a physicochemical environment that supports embryo differentiation, growth, and maturation. The exact nature of this embryogenesis-enabling environment is not well characterized, as evidenced by failed attempts to induce normal embryony from zygotes or proembryos (precotyledonary) on defined media. To identify factors required for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) zygotic embryony in vitro, we previously performed chemical and dissolved oxygen tension analyses of cotton ovule fluids and tissues at multiple stages of embryony in situ. Based on these analyses, we report herein the development of procedures that normalize embryo differentiation, growth, maturation, and germination in vitro, starting with proembryos. Our medium differed from Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium as follows (percentage of MS): N (30%, mostly from ten amino acids), P (815%), K (237%), Mg (85%), Ca (267%), S (506%), Fe (88%), and myoinositol (883%). Levels of other MS nutrients and vitamins, except sucrose, were kept at MS levels. Additionally, we included 100 mg L(-1) casein hydrolysate plus the following (mmol L(-1)): d-glucose (1.8), fructose (4.7), sucrose (62.0), arabinose (7.1), melibiose (3.5), malic acid (11.6), and citric acid (3.8). Mannitol was added to achieve a medium osmotic potential of -1.10 MPa, and an atmospheric O(2) tension of 3.3 mol m(-3) at the surface of embryos was maintained during culture. When cultured on medium containing 8.0 mu mol L(-1) indole-3-acetic acid, 80-90% of proembryos (as small as 100 cells) of cultivars HS-26 and B-27 increased four- to eightfold in surface area during the first 18 d in culture and germinated thereafter to produce viable plants. Increases in surface area of proembryos cultured on a modified MS medium previously used for somatic embryogenesis were from 0.2- to 0.6-fold. The described embryo culture medium should be useful for studying nutritional and molecular aspects of early embryony and possibly for plant zygote transformation protocols. C1 [Fuller, Rodney J.; Liddiard, Vincent M.; Carman, John G.] Utah State Univ, Plants Soils & Climate Dept, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Hess, J. Richard] Idaho Natl Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Carman, JG (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Plants Soils & Climate Dept, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM john.carman@usu.edu FU U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Research Initiative [91-37300-6457]; State of Utah; Department of Energy, Idaho Field Office [DE-AC07-94ID13223]; Associated Western Universities, Inc.; Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan [UT 84322-4810] FX We thank Landon Farmer, Becky Kowallis, Laurie Gilbert, Chester Ogborn, and Gordon Reese for technical assistance; and Norma Trolinder and Linda Koonce for technical assistance and for important discussions concerning cotton embryo culture. This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Research Initiative, Competitive Grants Program award, no. 91-37300-6457; a Centers of Excellence grant (CVAST) from the State of Utah; a Department of Energy, Idaho Field Office Contract (DE-AC07-94ID13223); Associated Western Universities, Inc., graduate student fellowships to RJF and VML; and the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4810, USA. This paper is approved as Utah Agricultural Experiment Station journal paper number 8081. NR 46 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 23 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1054-5476 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-PL JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant PD JUN PY 2011 VL 47 IS 3 BP 410 EP 419 DI 10.1007/s11627-011-9350-y PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 772GV UT WOS:000291223200011 ER PT J AU de Monte, F Beck, JV Amos, DE AF de Monte, Filippo Beck, James V. Amos, Donald E. TI A heat-flux based "building block" approach for solving heat conduction problems SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE Heat conduction; Building block; Inverse problems; Green's functions; Function specification method; Partial heating; Improved convergence ID VERIFICATION AB A numerical approximation of the Green's function equation based on a heat-flux formulation is given. It is derived by assuming as a functional form of the surface heat flux a stepwise variation with space and time. The obtained approximation is very important in investigation of the inverse heat conduction problems (IHCPs) because it gives a convenient expression for the temperature in terms of the heat flux components. Additionally, it is very important for the unsteady surface element (USE) method which is a modern boundary discretization method. Green's function approximate solution equation (GFASE) also creates 'naturally' fixed groups or modules of work elements called "building blocks" that may be added together to obtain space and time values of temperature. In the current case, they are subject to a partial heating by an applied surface heat flux. The "building block" solution can be derived by using the various analytical and numerical approaches available in heat conduction literature though the exact analysis is preferable, as discussed in the text. Poorly-convergent series deriving from Green's functions approach are replaced by closed-form algebraic solutions. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [de Monte, Filippo] Univ Aquila, Dept Mech Engn Energy & Management, I-67040 Laquila, Italy. [Beck, James V.] Michigan State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Amos, Donald E.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87110 USA. RP de Monte, F (reprint author), Univ Aquila, Dept Mech Engn Energy & Management, I-67040 Laquila, Italy. EM filippo.demonte@univaq.it; beck@egr.msu.edu; deamos@swcp.com OI de Monte, Filippo/0000-0003-0174-6990 NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0017-9310 J9 INT J HEAT MASS TRAN JI Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 54 IS 13-14 BP 2789 EP 2800 DI 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.02.060 PG 12 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 772MJ UT WOS:000291237700009 ER PT J AU Bhouri, M Goyette, J Hardy, BJ Anton, DL AF Bhouri, Maha Goyette, Jacques Hardy, Bruce J. Anton, Donald L. TI Honeycomb metallic structure for improving heat exchange in hydrogen storage system SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY LA English DT Article DE Hydrogen storage modeling; Sodium alanate hydride; Metallic honeycomb structure; Heat transfer ID MASS-TRANSFER; NUMERICAL-ANALYSIS; HYDRIDE BEDS; HIERARCHICAL METHODOLOGY; ABSORPTION; SIMULATION; REACTOR; DESIGN; TANKS; OPTIMIZATION AB A two-dimensional model for predicting heat and mass transfer in an alanate hydride reactor with metallic honeycomb structure (MHCS) heat exchanger has been developed. Using this model, a numerical study was performed to examine the influence of the MHCS's cell size on the profiles of temperature, concentrations of the formed species, and hydrogen charging rate. The obtained results showed that the reduction of the MHCS's cell size combined with an external cooling design configuration permits better use of the storage system. Based on this model, a comparison of the operating performance of various reactor designs was carried out. It was found that equipping the reactor with hexagonal cooling tubes clearly improved the performance of the charging process without further loss in the gravimetric and volumetric capacities of the hydrogen storage system. Copyright (C) 2011, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Bhouri, Maha; Goyette, Jacques] Univ Quebec, Hydrogen Res Inst, Trois Rivieres, PQ G9A 5H7, Canada. [Hardy, Bruce J.; Anton, Donald L.] Computat Sci Directorate, Savannah River Natl Lab, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. RP Bhouri, M (reprint author), Univ Quebec, Hydrogen Res Inst, 3351 Blvd DesForges,POB 500, Trois Rivieres, PQ G9A 5H7, Canada. EM maha.bhouri@uqtr.ca FU Canadian International Development Agency; NSERC Hydrogen Canada (H2CAN) Strategic Research Network; Natural Resources Canada; United States Department of Energy through the Hydrogen Storage Engineering Center of Excellence FX M.B. would like to thank the Canadian International Development Agency for a graduate student fellowship. This work was funded in part by the NSERC Hydrogen Canada (H2CAN) Strategic Research Network and by Natural Resources Canada.; B.J.H. and D.L.A. wish to acknowledge the support and funding of the United States Department of Energy through the Hydrogen Storage Engineering Center of Excellence. NR 40 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0360-3199 J9 INT J HYDROGEN ENERG JI Int. J. Hydrog. Energy PD JUN PY 2011 VL 36 IS 11 BP 6723 EP 6738 DI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.02.092 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels GA 771DU UT WOS:000291138200038 ER PT J AU Kertesz, V Van Berkel, GJ AF Kertesz, Vilmos Van Berkel, Gary J. TI Control of analyte electrolysis in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using repetitively pulsed high voltage SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE ESI-MS; Pulsed ESI; Analyte electrolysis control; Mass transport; Double layer relaxation ID ION-SOURCE; ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION; EMITTER ELECTRODE; MOLECULAR-IONS; BUFFER; HYDROQUINONE; DERIVATIVES; CELL AB Analyte electrolysis using a repetitively pulsed high voltage ion source was investigated and compared to that using a regular, continuously operating direct current high voltage ion source in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The extent of analyte electrolysis was explored as a function of the length and frequency of the high voltage pulse using the model compound reserpine in positive ion mode. Using +5 kV as the maximum high voltage amplitude, reserpine was oxidized to its 2, 4, 6 and 8-electron oxidation products when direct current high voltage was employed. In contrast, when using a pulsed high voltage, oxidation of reserpine was eliminated by employing the appropriate high voltage pulse length and frequency. This effect was caused by inefficient mass transport of the analyte to the electrode surface during the duration of the high voltage pulse and the subsequent relaxation of the emitter electrode/electrolyte interface during the time period when the high voltage was turned off. This mode of ESI source operation allows for analyte electrolysis to be quickly and simply switched on or off electronically via a change in voltage pulse variables. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Kertesz, Vilmos; Van Berkel, Gary J.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Organ & Biol Mass Spectrometry Group, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Van Berkel, GJ (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Organ & Biol Mass Spectrometry Group, 1 Bethel Valley Rd,Bldg 4500S,Room S-140, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM vanberkelgj@ornl.gov RI Kertesz, Vilmos/M-8357-2016 OI Kertesz, Vilmos/0000-0003-0186-5797 FU U.S. Government [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, United States Department of Energy [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; ORNL FX This manuscript has been authored by a contractor of the U.S. Government under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725. Accordingly, the U.S. Government retains a paid-up, nonexclusive, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.; ESI-MS instrumentation and the PFT cell were provided through a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with MDS SCIEX and ESA Biosciences, Inc. (CRADA No. ORNL02-0662), respectively. This work was supported by the Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, United States Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with ORNL, managed and operated by UT-Battelle, LLC. NR 34 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 303 IS 2-3 BP 206 EP 211 DI 10.1016/j.ijms.2011.02.005 PG 6 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 771WL UT WOS:000291191300018 ER PT J AU Das, B Bennett, PV Cutter, NC Sutherland, JC Sutherland, BM AF Das, Birajalaxmi Bennett, Paula V. Cutter, Noelle C. Sutherland, John C. Sutherland, Betsy M. TI Melatonin protects human cells from clustered DNA damages, killing and acquisition of soft agar growth induced by X-rays or 970 MeV/n Fe ions SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE human cells; clustered DNA damage; double-strand breaks; abasic clusters; melatonin; cell transformation; cell survival ID NATURAL RADIATION AREAS; TISSUE-CULTURE MEDIUM; IONIZING-RADIATION; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; FLUORESCENT LIGHT; OXIDATIVE DAMAGE; HUMAN-POPULATION; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; SOUTHWEST COAST; SPACE RADIATION AB Purpose: We tested the ability of melatonin (N-acetyl-5 methoxytryptamine), a highly effective radical scavenger and human hormone, to protect DNA in solution and in human cells against induction of complex DNA clusters and biological damage induced by low or high linear energy transfer radiation (100 kVp X-rays, 970 MeV/nucleon Fe ions). Materials and methods: Plasmid DNA in solution was treated with increasing concentrations of melatonin (0.0-3.5 mM) and were irradiated with X-rays. Human cells (28SC monocytes) were also irradiated with X-rays and Fe ions with and without 2 mM melatonin. Agarose plugs containing genomic DNA were subjected to Contour Clamped Homogeneous Electrophoretic Field (CHEF) followed by imaging and clustered DNA damages were measured by using Number Average length analysis. Transformation experiments on human primary fibroblast cells using soft agar colony assay were carried out which were irradiated with Fe ions with or without 2 mM melatonin. Results: In plasmid DNA in solution, melatonin reduced the induction of single- and double-strand breaks. Pretreatment of human 28SC cells for 24 h before irradiation with 2 mM melatonin reduced the level of X-ray induced double-strand breaks by similar to 50%, of abasic clustered damages about 40%, and of Fe ion-induced double-strand breaks (41% reduction) and abasic clusters (34% reduction). It decreased transformation to soft agar growth of human primary cells by a factor of 10, but reduced killing by Fe ions only by 20-40%. Conclusion: Melatonin's effective reduction of radiation-induced critical DNA damages, cell killing, and striking decrease of transformation suggest that it is an excellent candidate as a countermeasure against radiation exposure, including radiation exposure to astronaut crews in space travel. C1 [Das, Birajalaxmi; Bennett, Paula V.; Cutter, Noelle C.; Sutherland, John C.; Sutherland, Betsy M.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Das, B (reprint author), Bhabha Atom Res Ctr, Mod labs, Biomed Grp, Low Level Radiat Studies Sect,Radiat Biol & Hlth, Bombay 400085, Maharashtra, India. EM birajalaxmi@yahoo.co.in FU National Space Biomedical Institute; Exploration Systems Mission Directorate of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Office of Biological and Environmental Research of the US Department of Energy; National Institutes of Health [R01 CA86897] FX This paper is dedicated to our beloved Dr Betsy Sutherland, the guide, supervisor and mentor of this work. We thank Drs Adam Rusek, Michael Sivertz and I Hung Chiang of the NSRL Physics Dosimetry group for providing the ion beams and for dosimetry. We also thank Medical Division for providing X-ray irradiation facility. Supported by grants from the National Space Biomedical Institute to A. Gewirtz and BMS, the Human Research Program of the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Low Radiation Dose Program of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research of the US Department of Energy, and the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA86897) to BMS. NR 50 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 0955-3002 J9 INT J RADIAT BIOL JI Int. J. Radiat. Biol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 87 IS 6 BP 545 EP 555 DI 10.3109/09553002.2011.560993 PG 11 WC Biology; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 771LY UT WOS:000291160700001 PM 21401316 ER PT J AU Chen, WW Zhang, XL Siu, RK Chen, F Shen, J Zara, JN Culiat, CT Tetradis, S Ting, K Soo, C AF Chen, Weiwei Zhang, Xinli Siu, Ronald K. Chen, Feng Shen, Jia Zara, Janette N. Culiat, Cymbeline T. Tetradis, Sotirios Ting, Kang Soo, Chia TI Nfatc2 Is a Primary Response Gene of Nell-1 Regulating Chondrogenesis in ATDC5 Cells SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE NELL-1; NFATC2; RUNX2; OSTEOCHONDRAL DEVELOPMENT; PERICHONDRIUM ID ACTIVATED T-CELLS; PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION; NUCLEAR FACTOR; BONE-FORMATION; OSTEOBLASTIC DIFFERENTIATION; OSTEOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION; TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION; EMBRYONIC-DEVELOPMENT; CALVARIAL DEFECTS; KINASE-C AB Nell-1 is a growth factor required for normal skeletal development and expression of extracellular matrix proteins required for bone and cartilage cell differentiation. We identified the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (Nfatc2) as a primary response gene of Nell-1 through a microarray screen, with validation using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We investigated the effects of recombinant Nell-1 protein on the chondrogenic cell line ATDC5 and primary mouse chondrocytes. The osteochondral transcription factor Runx2 was investigated as a possible intermediary between Nell-1 and Nfatc2 using adenoviral overexpression of wild-type and dominant-negative Runx2. Nell-1 transiently induced both transcription and translation of Nfatc2, an effect inhibited by transduction of dominant-negative Runx2, suggesting that Runx2 was necessary for Nfatc2 induction. Differentiation assays revealed inhibitory effects of Nell-1 on ATDC5 cells. Although proliferation was unaffected, expression of chondrocyte-specific genes was decreased, and cartilage nodule formation and proteoglycan accumulation were suppressed. siRNA knockdown of Nfatc2 significantly reversed these inhibitory effects. To elucidate the relationship between Nell-1, Runx2, and Nfatc2 in vivo, their presence and distribution were visualized in femurs of wild-type and Nell1-deficient mice at both neonatal and various developmental stages using immunohistochemistry. All three proteins colocalized in the perichondrium of wild-type femurs but stained weakly or were completely absent in Nell1-deficient femurs at neonatal stages. Thus Nfatc2 likely plays an important role in Nell-1-mediated osteochondral differentiation in vitro and in vivo. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that Nfatc2 is a primary response gene of Nell-1. (C) 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. C1 [Ting, Kang] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Dent, Sect Orthodont, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Chen, Weiwei] Zhejiang Univ, Zhejiang California Int NanoSyst Inst, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. [Chen, Weiwei; Zhang, Xinli; Chen, Feng; Shen, Jia; Ting, Kang] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dent & Craniofacial Res Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Siu, Ronald K.; Zara, Janette N.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Biomed Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Tetradis, Sotirios] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sect Oral Radiol, Div Surg & Diagnost Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Soo, Chia] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Orthopaed Surg, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Culiat, Cymbeline T.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Ting, K (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Dent, Sect Orthodont, 10833 Le Conte Ave,CHS 30-117, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM kting@dentistry.ucla.edu FU NIH/NIDCR [R21-DE0177711, R01-DE01607, T32-DE007296]; UC [07-10677]; US Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity [07128099]; Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation [20082668]; Thomas R. Bales Endowed Chair FX We would like to thank Dr Renny Franceschi at the University of Michigan for providing Runx2 adenovirus, Dr Riko Nishimura at Osaka University for providing DN-Runx2 adenovirus, and Kristine Estrada (Karen Lyons lab) at UCLA for technical assistance with primary mouse chondrocytes. This work was supported by the NIH/NIDCR Grants R21-DE0177711, R01-DE01607, T32-DE007296, UC Discovery Grant 07-10677, US Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity (Log No. 07128099), Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation Grant 20082668, and the Thomas R. Bales Endowed Chair. NR 62 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1230 EP 1241 DI 10.1002/jbmr.314 PG 12 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 770SP UT WOS:000291109100009 PM 21611965 ER PT J AU Nyman, JS Lynch, CC Perrien, DS Thiolloy, S O'Quinn, EC Patil, CA Bi, XH Pharr, GM Mahadevan-Jansen, A Mundy, GR AF Nyman, Jeffry S. Lynch, Conor C. Perrien, Daniel S. Thiolloy, Sophie O'Quinn, Elizabeth C. Patil, Chetan A. Bi, Xiaohong Pharr, George M. Mahadevan-Jansen, Anita Mundy, Gregory R. TI Differential Effects Between the Loss of MMP-2 and MMP-9 on Structural and Tissue-Level Properties of Bone SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE NANOINDENTATION; RAMAN; MCT; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; COLLAGEN; MINERAL ID GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES; TRABECULAR BONE; CORTICAL BONE; TGF-BETA; EXTRACELLULAR-MATRIX; PARATHYROID-HORMONE; MINERAL DENSITY; CANCELLOUS BONE AB Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are capable of processing certain components of bone tissue, including type 1 collagen, a determinant of the biomechanical properties of bone tissue, and they are expressed by osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Therefore, we posit that MMP activity can affect the ability of bone to resist fracture. To explore this possibility, we determined the architectural, compositional, and biomechanical properties of bones from wild-type (WT), Mmp2(-/-), and Mmp9(-/-) female mice at 16 weeks of age. MMP-2 and MMP-9 have similar substrates but are expressed primarily by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively. Analysis of the trabecular compartment of the tibia metaphysis by micro-computed tomography (mu CT) revealed that these MMPs influence trabecular architecture, not volume. Interestingly, the loss of MMP-9 improved the connectivity density of the trabeculae, whereas the loss of MMP-2 reduced this parameter. Similar differential effects in architecture were observed in the L(5) vertebra, but bone volume fraction was lower for both Mmp2(-/-) and Mmp9(-/-) mice than for WT mice. The mineralization density and mineral-to-collagen ratio, as determined by mu CT and Raman microspectroscopy, were lower in the Mmp2(-/-) bones than in WT control bones. Whole-bone strength, as determined by three-point bending or compression testing, and tissue-level modulus and hardness, as determined by nanoindentation, were less for Mmp2(-/-) than for WT bones. In contrast, the Mmp9(-/-) femurs were less tough with lower postyield deflection (more brittle) than the WT femurs. Taken together, this information reveals that MMPs play a complex role in maintaining bone integrity, with the cell type that expresses the MMP likely being a contributing factor to how the enzyme affects bone quality. (C) 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. C1 [Nyman, Jeffry S.] Vanderbilt Univ, Vanderbilt Orthopaed Inst, Med Ctr E, Dept Biomed Engn, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. [Nyman, Jeffry S.; Mundy, Gregory R.] Tennessee Valley Healthcare Syst, Dept Vet Affairs, Nashville, TN USA. [Nyman, Jeffry S.; Perrien, Daniel S.; O'Quinn, Elizabeth C.; Bi, Xiaohong; Mundy, Gregory R.] Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Vanderbilt Ctr Bone Biol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. [Nyman, Jeffry S.; Perrien, Daniel S.; Mundy, Gregory R.] Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Orthopaed & Rehabil, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. [Lynch, Conor C.] Univ S Florida, H Lee Moffitt Canc Ctr, Dept Tumor Biol, Tampa, FL 33682 USA. [Thiolloy, Sophie; Mundy, Gregory R.] Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Canc Biol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. [O'Quinn, Elizabeth C.; Mundy, Gregory R.] Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. [Pharr, George M.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Pharr, George M.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Nyman, JS (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Vanderbilt Orthopaed Inst, Med Ctr E, Dept Biomed Engn, South Tower,Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. EM jeffry.s.nyman@vanderbilt.edu RI Nyman, Jeffry/L-5736-2013 FU Veterans Administration; NIH [NCI U54 CA-126505, NIAMS R21 AG-029413]; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy FX This study was supported by a Career Development Award and a Merit Award from the Veterans Administration and NIH Grants NCI U54 CA-126505 and NIAMS R21 AG-029413. We would like to thank Professor Lynn Matrisian for helpful discussions and access to the mice, which were kindly provided by Dr Lisa Coussens (University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA). The nanoindentation testing, performed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Temperature Materials Laboratory, was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Program. NR 45 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1252 EP 1260 DI 10.1002/jbmr.326 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 770SP UT WOS:000291109100011 PM 21611966 ER PT J AU Makaryus, R Lee, H Yu, M Zhang, SA Smith, SD Rebecchi, M Glass, PS Benveniste, H AF Makaryus, Rany Lee, Hedok Yu, Mei Zhang, Shaonan Smith, S. David Rebecchi, Mario Glass, Peter S. Benveniste, Helene TI The metabolomic profile during isoflurane anesthesia differs from propofol anesthesia in the live rodent brain SO JOURNAL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE anesthesia; brain; in vivo; magnetic resonance spectroscopy; metabolomics; rat ID POSITRON-EMISSION-TOMOGRAPHY; CEREBRAL BLOOD-FLOW; VIVO H-1-NMR SPECTROSCOPY; DEVELOPING RAT-BRAIN; IN-VIVO; NEUROCHEMICAL PROFILE; GLUCOSE-UTILIZATION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; METABOLITES; PERSISTENT AB Development of noninvasive techniques to discover new biomarkers in the live brain is important to further understand the underlying metabolic pathways of significance for processes such as anesthesia-induced apoptosis and cognitive dysfunction observed in the undeveloped brain. We used in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and two different signal processing approaches to test the hypothesis that volatile (isoflurane) and intravenous (propofol) anesthetics at equipotent doses produce distinct metabolomic profiles in the hippocampus and parietal cortex of the live rodent. For both brain regions, prolonged isoflurane anesthesia was characterized by higher levels of lactate (Lac) and glutamate compared with long-lasting propofol. In contrast, propofol anesthesia was characterized by very low concentrations of Lac ([lac]) as well as glucose. Quantitative analysis revealed that the [lac] was fivefold higher with isoflurane compared with propofol anesthesia and independent of [lac] in blood. The metabolomic profiling further demonstrated that for both brain regions, Lac was the most important metabolite for the observed differences, suggesting activation of distinct metabolic pathways that may impact mechanisms of action, background cellular functions, and possible agent-specific neurotoxicity. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism (2011) 31, 1432-1442; doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2011.1;published online 26 January 2011 C1 [Makaryus, Rany; Lee, Hedok; Yu, Mei; Rebecchi, Mario; Glass, Peter S.; Benveniste, Helene] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Anesthesiol, Hlth Sci Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Zhang, Shaonan] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Smith, S. David; Benveniste, Helene] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Med, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Benveniste, H (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Anesthesiol, Hlth Sci Ctr, Level 4, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM Benveniste@bnl.gov FU New York State Foundation for Science, Technology and Innovation (NYSTAR), NIH [K30]; NCRR [1S10RR025515-01]; Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University FX This work was supported in part by New York State Foundation for Science, Technology and Innovation (NYSTAR), NIH (K30 fellowship to RM), NCRR (1S10RR025515-01), and internal research funds from the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University. We thank our colleague Dr Ira J Rampil for providing expertise with the experimental design for the 1MAC equivalent of propofol determination. We also want to thank Dr Douglas L Rothman (Yale University) for spending time reading our manuscript, providing expertise including helpful and critical comments. NR 40 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 11 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 0271-678X J9 J CEREBR BLOOD F MET JI J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 31 IS 6 BP 1432 EP 1442 DI 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.1 PG 11 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Hematology; Neurosciences SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Hematology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 771HY UT WOS:000291149000013 PM 21266982 ER PT J AU Sharma, P Hammett, GW AF Sharma, Prateek Hammett, Gregory W. TI A fast semi-implicit method for anisotropic diffusion SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Implicit methods; Finite differencing; Monotonicity; Anisotropic diffusion ID THERMAL CONDUCTION; COSMIC-RAYS; GALAXY CLUSTERS; INSTABILITY; EQUATIONS; SCHEMES; MESHES; GMRES; FLOW AB Simple finite differencing of the anisotropic diffusion equation, where diffusion is only along a given direction, does not ensure that the numerically calculated heat fluxes are in the correct direction. This can lead to negative temperatures for the anisotropic thermal diffusion equation. In a previous paper we proposed a monotonicity-preserving explicit method which uses limiters (analogous to those used in the solution of hyperbolic equations) to interpolate the temperature gradients at cell faces. However, being explicit, this method was limited by a restrictive Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) stability timestep. Here we propose a fast, conservative, directionally-split, semi-implicit method which is second order accurate in space, is stable for large timesteps, and is easy to implement in parallel. Although not strictly monotonicity-preserving. our method gives only small amplitude temperature oscillations at large temperature gradients, and the oscillations are damped in time. With numerical experiments we show that our semi-implicit method can achieve large speed-ups compared to the explicit method, without seriously violating the monotonicity constraint. This method can also be applied to isotropic diffusion, both on regular and distorted meshes. (C)2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Sharma, Prateek] Univ Calif Berkeley, Theoret Astrophys Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Sharma, Prateek] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Hammett, Gregory W.] Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Sharma, P (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Theoret Astrophys Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM psharma@astro.berkeley.edu RI Hammett, Gregory/D-1365-2011 OI Hammett, Gregory/0000-0003-1495-6647 FU NASA, Chandra X-ray Center [PF8-90054]; NASA [NAS8-03060]; Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, DOE [DE-AC02-09CH11466]; National Science Foundation; Purdue University FX PS was supported by NASA through Chandra Postdoctoral Fellowship Grant No. PF8-90054 awarded by the Chandra X-ray Center, which is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for NASA under contract NAS8-03060, and GWH was supported at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory by DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-09CH11466. This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation through TeraGrid resources provided by NCSA and Purdue University. Some of the runs were carried out on Henyey, the theoretical astrophysics computing cluster at the University of California, Berkeley. PS thanks Eliot Quataert for encouragement, and Jim Stone and Ben Chandran for useful discussions. We are grateful to Ian Parrish for discussions and for his comments on the paper. We thank the anonymous referees for very thorough referee reports that helped improve the quality of the paper substantially. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9991 J9 J COMPUT PHYS JI J. Comput. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 230 IS 12 BP 4899 EP 4909 DI 10.1016/j.jcp.2011.03.009 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 770YW UT WOS:000291125400028 ER PT J AU Gentile, NA AF Gentile, N. A. TI Including the effects of temperature-dependent opacities in the implicit Monte Carlo algorithm SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Monte Carlo methods; Radiative transfer ID NONLINEAR RADIATION TRANSPORT; TIME AB The Implicit Monte Carlo technique of Fleck and Cummings [1] is often employed to numerically simulate radiative transfer. This method achieves greater stability than one with a fully explicit time discretization by estimating the t(n+1) value of T(4) from the thermal emission term, which is proportional to T(4). In the Fleck and Cummings algorithm, this results in decreasing the absorption by the so-called "Fleck factor", and adding a corresponding amount of effective scattering. We show how to include the effects of the temperature-dependent opacity to the estimated t(n+1) value of the thermal emission term. This results in the addition to the "Fleck factor" of a term that depends on d sigma/dT. We demonstrate that this modification allows for more accurate solutions with much larger time steps for problems with opacities that have a strong temperature dependence. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Gentile, NA (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, L-38,POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM gentile1@llnl.gov FU U.S. Department of Energy, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [DE-AC52-07NA27344] FX this work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. The author thanks Ryan McClarren and George Zimmerman for interesting and useful discussions. The implementation of the Fleck and Canfield random walk algorithm in the Kull code was performed by Mike Lambert. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9991 J9 J COMPUT PHYS JI J. Comput. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 230 IS 12 BP 5100 EP 5114 DI 10.1016/j.jcp.2011.03.029 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 770YW UT WOS:000291125400039 ER PT J AU Colburn, HA Wunschel, DS Antolick, KC Melville, AM Valentine, NB AF Colburn, Heather A. Wunschel, David S. Antolick, Kathryn C. Melville, Angela M. Valentine, Nancy B. TI The effect of growth medium on B. anthracis Sterne spore carbohydrate content SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE Bacillus anthracis; Spore; Exosporium; Carbohydrate profiling; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; Culture medium ID STABLE-ISOTOPE RATIOS; CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; BACILLUS-ANTHRACIS; MICROBIAL FORENSICS; SPORULATION; DIFFERENTIATION; IDENTIFICATION; PROFILES; CULTURE; STRAIN AB The expressed characteristics of biothreat agents may be impacted by variations in the culture environment, including growth medium formulation. The carbohydrate composition of B. anthracis spores has been well studied, particularly for the exosporium, which is the outermost spore structure. The carbohydrate composition of the exosporium has been demonstrated to be distinct from the vegetative form containing unique monosaccharides. We have investigated the carbohydrate composition of B. anthracis Sterne spores produced using four different medium types formulated with different sources of medium components. The amount of rhamnose, 3-O-methyl rhamnose and galactosamine was found to vary significantly between spores cultured using different medium formulations. The relative abundance of these monosaccharides compared to other monosaccharides such as mannosamine was also found to vary with medium type. Specific medium components were also found to impact the carbohydrate profile. Xylose has not been previously described in B. anthracis spores but was detected at low levels in two media. This may represent residual material from the brewery yeast extract used to formulate these two media. These results illustrate the utility of this method to capture the impact of growth medium on carbohydrate variation in spores. Detecting carbohydrate profiles in B. anthracis evidentiary material may provide useful forensic information on the growth medium used for sporulation. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Colburn, Heather A.; Wunschel, David S.; Antolick, Kathryn C.; Melville, Angela M.; Valentine, Nancy B.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Natl Secur Directorate, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Wunschel, DS (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Natl Secur Directorate, POB 999,MSIN P7-50, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM David.Wunschel@pnl.gov FU U.S. DOE [DE-AC06-76RLO] FX Battelle Memorial Institute operates Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the U.S. DOE under Contract DE-AC06-76RLO. NR 34 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD JUN PY 2011 VL 85 IS 3 BP 183 EP 189 DI 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.02.015 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 771BM UT WOS:000291132200002 PM 21396405 ER PT J AU Kurzman, JA Moffitt, SL Llobet, A Seshadri, R AF Kurzman, Joshua A. Moffitt, Stephanie L. Llobet, Anna Seshadri, Ram TI Neutron diffraction study of La4LiAuO8: Understanding Au3+ in an oxide environment SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE La4LiAuO8; Gold; Neutron diffraction; Maximum entropy method; Bond valence ID GAS SHIFT CATALYSTS; CO-OXIDATION; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; CARBON-MONOXIDE; AU/ZRO2 CATALYSTS; SUPPORTED GOLD; STATE; LN; EU; SM AB Owing to gold's oxophobicity, its oxide chemistry is rather limited, and elevated oxygen pressures are usually required to prepare ternary and quaternary oxide compounds with gold ions. The Au3+ oxide, La4LiAuO8, is remarkable both because it can be prepared at ambient pressure in air, and because of its unusual stability toward thermal decomposition and reduction. The structure of La4LiAuO8 was established by Pietzuch et al. using single crystal X-ray diffraction [1]. The compound adopts an ordered modification of the Nd2CuO4 structure, containing two-dimensional sheets in which AuO4 square planes are separated from one another by LiO4 square planes. In light of the meager X-ray scattering factors of Li and O, relative to La and Au, we report here a neutron powder diffraction study of La4LiAuO8, definitively confirming the structure. To our knowledge, this is the first reported neutron diffraction study of any stoichiometric oxide compound of gold. X-N maps, which make use of nuclear positions obtained from Rietveld refinement of time-of-flight neutron diffraction data and electron densities obtained from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, point to the highly covalent nature of the Au-O bonding in La4LiAuO8. This is in good agreement with charge densities and Bader charges obtained from full density functional relaxation of the structure. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Kurzman, Joshua A.; Moffitt, Stephanie L.; Seshadri, Ram] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Seshadri, Ram] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Seshadri, Ram] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Mat Res Lab, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Llobet, Anna] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Manuel Lujan Jr Neutron Scattering Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Kurzman, JA (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM jkurzman@chem.ucsb.edu RI Llobet, Anna/B-1672-2010; Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Seshadri, Ram/C-4205-2013 OI Seshadri, Ram/0000-0001-5858-4027 FU Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-FG02-10ER16081]; DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences; DOE [DE-AC52-06NA25396]; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357]; NSF [CHE-0321368, DMR05-20415]; ConvEne-IGERT Program [NSF-DGE 0801627]; UCSB MRL FX We thank the Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences for supporting this work through Grant DE-FG02-10ER16081. This work has benefited from the use of the HIPD instrument at the Lujan Center at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, funded by the DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Los Alamos National Laboratory is operated by Los Alamos National Security LLC under DOE Contract no. DE-AC52-06NA25396. Use of the Advanced Photon Source was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. This work made use of the computing facilities of the California Nanosystems Institute with facilities provided by NSF Grant no. CHE-0321368 and Hewlett-Packard. The MRL Central Facilities are supported by the MRSEC Program of the NSF under Award no. DMR05-20415; a member of the NSF-funded Materials Research Facilities Network (www.mrfn.org). J.A.K. thanks the ConvEne-IGERT Program (NSF-DGE 0801627) for an Associateship, and Dr. Maosheng Miao, Dr. Kris Delaney, and Dr. Gregg Mills for helpful discussions on density functional methods and Bader analysis. S.L.M. thanks the RISE Program, sponsored by the UCSB MRL, for supporting an internship. NR 68 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 184 IS 6 BP 1439 EP 1444 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2011.04.021 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 773TB UT WOS:000291332300014 ER PT J AU Funfschilling, S Fett, T Oberacker, R Hoffmann, MJ Schneider, GA Becher, PF Kruzic, JJ AF Fuenfschilling, Stefan Fett, Theo Oberacker, Rainer Hoffmann, Michael J. Schneider, Gerold A. Becher, Paul F. Kruzic, Jamie J. TI Crack-Tip Toughness from Vickers Crack-Tip Opening Displacements for Materials with Strongly Rising R-Curves SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID STRESS-INTENSITY FACTOR; INDENTATION CRACKS; SILICON-NITRIDE; BRIDGING STRESSES; CERAMICS; ALUMINA; PROFILES; BEHAVIOR; GLASSES; SI3N4 AB Accurate measurements of the intrinsic crack-tip toughness, K(I0), are essential to understanding the strength and toughness of bridging ceramics. Furthermore, even the most carefully made R-curve measurements cannot accurately assess this initial toughness point. In this manuscript, both rigorous and approximate methods are proposed for determining K(I0) from crack-tip opening displacement (COD) measurements on Vickers indent cracks for materials with steeply rising R-curves. Such approaches are attractive because of the relative ease of producing indentation cracks and analyzing the CODs; further, the latter method is of particular interest because it saves considerable computational effort. Both the advantages and limitations of the proposed methods are discussed. Finally, based on applying the above methods to three Si(3)N(4) ceramics, it was concluded that there is a common crack-tip toughness of K(I0)approximate to 2.2 +/- 0.3 MPa center dot root m. C1 [Fuenfschilling, Stefan; Fett, Theo; Oberacker, Rainer; Hoffmann, Michael J.] Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Keramik Maschinenbau, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. [Schneider, Gerold A.] Tech Univ Hamburg, Inst Keram Hochleistungswerkstoffe, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany. [Becher, Paul F.] ORNL, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Kruzic, Jamie J.] Oregon State Univ, Sch Mech Ind & Mfg Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Funfschilling, S (reprint author), Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Keramik Maschinenbau, Kaiserstr 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. EM stefan.fuenfschilling@kit.edu RI Kruzic, Jamie/M-3558-2014 OI Kruzic, Jamie/0000-0002-9695-1921 FU National Science Foundation [0547394]; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG [SFB 483] FX This work was financially supported by the National Science Foundation CAREER award #0547394 and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG for financing parts of this work within the SFB 483. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 20 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1884 EP 1892 DI 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04329.x PG 9 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 774NN UT WOS:000291393400044 ER PT J AU Nerikar, PV Rudman, K Desai, TG Byler, D Unal, C McClellan, KJ Phillpot, SR Sinnott, SB Peralta, P Uberuaga, BP Stanek, CR AF Nerikar, Pankaj V. Rudman, Karin Desai, Tapan G. Byler, Darrin Unal, Cetin McClellan, Kenneth J. Phillpot, Simon R. Sinnott, Susan B. Peralta, Pedro Uberuaga, Blas P. Stanek, Christopher R. TI Grain Boundaries in Uranium Dioxide: Scanning Electron Microscopy Experiments and Atomistic Simulations SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; DIFFUSION; UO2; STATISTICS; ALUMINA; ENERGY AB The distribution and atomic structure of grain boundaries has been investigated in UO(2). Our scanning electron microscopic/electron backscatter diffraction experiments on a depleted UO(2) sample showed real nuclear fuels contain a combination of special coincident site lattice (CSL) and general boundaries. The experimental data indicated that similar to 16% of the boundaries were CSL boundaries and the CSL distribution was dominated by low Sigma boundaries; namely Sigma 9, Sigma 3, and Sigma 5 Based on our experimental observations, the structures of select low Sigma (Sigma 5 tilt, Sigma 5 twist, Sigma 3 tilt) and a random boundary were analyzed in greater detail using empirical potential atomic-scale calculations. Our calculations indicate that the boundaries have very different structures and each CSL boundary had multiple minima on the gamma-surface. The presence of a significant fraction of CSL boundaries and the differences in their structures are expected to have important consequences on fuel properties. C1 [Nerikar, Pankaj V.; Byler, Darrin; Unal, Cetin; McClellan, Kenneth J.; Uberuaga, Blas P.; Stanek, Christopher R.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Rudman, Karin; Peralta, Pedro] Arizona State Univ, Sch Mech Aerosp Chem & Mat Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Desai, Tapan G.] Adv Cooling Technol Inc, Lancaster, PA 17601 USA. [Phillpot, Simon R.; Sinnott, Susan B.] Univ Florida, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Stanek, CR (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM stanek@lanl.gov RI Phillpot, Simon/J-9117-2012; Sinnott, Susan/P-8523-2014; OI Sinnott, Susan/0000-0002-3598-0403; Phillpot, Simon/0000-0002-7774-6535 FU Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) program; Seaborg Institute at Los Alamos National Laboratory; National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC52-06NA25396]; Department of Energy [DE-AC52-06NA25396]; Los Alamos National Laboratory [DE-NE0000134 001]; Office of Nuclear Energy; [DMR-0426870] FX Computational work at LANL was sponsored by the Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) program. P. V. N. also acknowledges support from the Seaborg Institute at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Los Alamos National Laboratory, an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer, is operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396. SBS and SRP gratefully acknowledge support from DMR-0426870. Work at ASU was supported by Department of Energy under agreement # DE-AC52-06NA25396 with Los Alamos National Laboratory and agreement # DE-NE0000134 001 with the Office of Nuclear Energy. NR 35 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 26 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1893 EP 1900 DI 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04295.x PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 774NN UT WOS:000291393400045 ER PT J AU Zhao, Y Mace, GG Comstock, JM AF Zhao, Yang Mace, Gerald G. Comstock, Jennifer M. TI The Occurrence of Particle Size Distribution Bimodality in Midlatitude Cirrus as Inferred from Ground-Based Remote Sensing Data SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID STOCHASTIC KINETIC-EQUATION; SMALL ICE CRYSTALS; MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; EXPLICIT MICROPHYSICS; ALGORITHM DESCRIPTION; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; TERMINAL VELOCITIES; MODEL DESCRIPTION; WATER-CONTENT; CLOUD RADAR AB Data collected in midlatitude cirrus clouds by instruments on jet aircraft typically show particle size distributions that have distinct distribution modes in both the 10-30-mu m maximum dimension (D) size range and the 200-300-mu m D size range or larger. A literal interpretation of the small D mode in these datasets suggests that total concentrations N(t) in midlatitude cirrus are, on average, well in excess of 1 cm(-3) whereas more conventional analyses of in situ data and cloud process model results suggest N(t) values a factor of 10 less. Given this wide discrepancy, questions have been raised regarding the influence of data artifacts caused by the shattering of large crystals on aircraft and probe surfaces. This inconsistency and the general nature of the cirrus particle size distribution are examined using a ground-based remote sensing dataset. An algorithm using millimeter-wavelength radar Doppler moments and Raman lidar-derived extinction is developed to retrieve a bimodal particle size distribution and its uncertainty. This algorithmis applied to case studies as well as to 313 h of cirrus measurements collected at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement site near Lamont, Oklahoma, in 2000. It is shown that particle size distributions in cirrus can often be described as bimodal, and that this bimodality is a function of temperature and location within cirrus layers. However, the existence of N(t) > 1 cm(-3) in cirrus is rare (< 1% of the time) and the N(t) implied by the remote sensing data tends to be on the order of 100 cm(-3). C1 [Mace, Gerald G.] Univ Utah, Dept Atmospher Sci, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Zhao, Yang] Univ Utah, Dept Elect Engn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Comstock, Jennifer M.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Mace, GG (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Atmospher Sci, 135 S 1460 E,Rm 819, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM jay.mace@utah.edu FU Environmental Science Division of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FG0398ER62571]; U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Environmental Science Division FX Primary funding for this work was supplied by the Environmental Science Division of the U.S. Department of Energy (Grant DE-FG0398ER62571). Data were obtained from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurements Program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Environmental Science Division. We thank Stephanie Avey for assistance in creating the final set of figures. NR 47 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 68 IS 6 BP 1162 EP 1177 DI 10.1175/2010JAS3354.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 773WW UT WOS:000291343200003 ER PT J AU Li, TL Gao, YF Bei, H George, EP AF Li, T. L. Gao, Y. F. Bei, H. George, E. P. TI Indentation Schmid factor and orientation dependence of nanoindentation pop-in behavior of NiAl single crystals SO JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS LA English DT Article DE Nanoindentation pop-in; Dislocation nucleation; Crystal anisotropy; Thermally activated process ID HOMOGENEOUS DISLOCATION NUCLEATION; ON-SUBSTRATE SYSTEMS; INCIPIENT PLASTICITY; ELASTIC-MODULUS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; DEFORMATION-BEHAVIOR; STOCHASTIC NATURE; YIELD STRENGTH; MICRO-PILLARS; CONTACT AB Instrumented nanoindentation techniques have been widely used to characterize the small-scale mechanical behavior of materials. The elastic-plastic transition during nanoindentation is often indicated by a sudden displacement burst (pop-in) in the measured load-displacement curve. In defect-free single crystals, the pop-in is believed to be the result of homogeneous dislocation nucleation because the maximum shear stress corresponding to the pop-in load approaches the theoretical strength of the materials and because the statistical distribution of pop-in stresses is consistent with what is expected for a thermally activated process of homogeneous dislocation nucleation. This paper investigates whether this process is affected by crystallography and stress components other than the resolved shear stress. A Stroh formalism coupled with the two-dimensional Fourier transformation is used to derive the analytical stress fields in elastically anisotropic solids under Hertzian contact, which allows the determination of an indentation Schmid factor, namely, the ratio of maximum resolved shear stress to the maximum contact pressure. Nanoindentation tests were conducted on B2-structured NiAl single crystals with different surface normal directions. This material was chosen because it deforms at room temperature by {1 1 0}< 0 0 1 > slip and thus avoids the complexity of partial dislocation nucleation. Good agreement is obtained between the experimental data and the theoretically predicted orientation dependence of pop-in loads based on the indentation Schmid factor. Pop-in load is lowest for indentation directions close to < 1 1 1 > and highest for those close to < 0 0 1 >. In nanoindentation, since the stress component normal to the slip plane is typically comparable in magnitude to the resolved shear stress, we find that the pressure sensitivity of homogeneous dislocation nucleation cannot be determined from pop-in tests. Our statistical measurements generally confirm the thermal activation model of homogeneous dislocation nucleation. That is, the extracted dependence of activation energy on resolved shear stress is almost the same for all the indentation directions considered in this study, except for those close to < 0 0 1 >. Because very high pop-in loads are measured for orientations close to < 0 0 1 >, which implies a large contact area at pop-in, there is a higher probability of activating pre-existing dislocations in these orientations, which may explain the discrepancy near < 0 0 1 >. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Li, T. L.; Gao, Y. F.; George, E. P.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Gao, Y. F.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Comp Sci & Math Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Bei, H.; George, E. P.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Gao, YF (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM ygao7@utk.edu RI Gao, Yanfei/F-9034-2010; Li, Tianlei/F-8865-2010; George, Easo/L-5434-2014; OI Gao, Yanfei/0000-0003-2082-857X; Li, Tianlei/0000-0003-1962-9290; Bei, Hongbin/0000-0003-0283-7990 FU U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division FX This work was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division. NR 49 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 9 U2 64 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-5096 J9 J MECH PHYS SOLIDS JI J. Mech. Phys. Solids PD JUN PY 2011 VL 59 IS 6 BP 1147 EP 1162 DI 10.1016/j.jmps.2011.04.003 PG 16 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Mechanics; Physics GA 771BI UT WOS:000291131800001 ER PT J AU Luk, TS Xiong, SS Chow, WW Miao, XY Subramania, G Resnick, PJ Fischer, AJ Brinker, JC AF Luk, Ting Shan Xiong, Shisheng Chow, Weng W. Miao, Xiaoyu Subramania, Ganapathi Resnick, Paul J. Fischer, Arthur J. Brinker, Jeffrey C. TI Anomalous enhanced emission from PbS quantum dots on a photonic-crystal microcavity SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTION; FORSTER ENERGY-TRANSFER; OPTICAL MICROCAVITIES; PURCELL ENHANCEMENT; SPECTRAL DIFFUSION; DIELECTRIC MEDIA; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; CAVITY; SILICON; NANOCAVITY AB We report up to 75 times enhancement in emission from lithographically produced photonic crystals with post-processing close-packed colloidal quantum-dot incorporation. In our analysis, we use the emission from a close-packed free-standing film as a reference. After discounting the angular redistribution effect, our analysis shows that the observed enhancement is larger than the combined effects of Purcell enhancement and dielectric enhancement with the microscopic local field. The additional enhancement mechanisms, which are consistent with all our observations, are thought to be spectral diffusion mediated by phonons and local polarization fluctuations that allow off-resonant excitons to emit at the cavity wavelengths. (C) 2011 Optical Society of America C1 [Luk, Ting Shan] Sandia Natl Labs, Ctr Integrated NanoTechnol, Albuquerque, NM 87123 USA. [Luk, Ting Shan; Chow, Weng W.; Subramania, Ganapathi; Resnick, Paul J.; Fischer, Arthur J.; Brinker, Jeffrey C.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Xiong, Shisheng; Brinker, Jeffrey C.] Univ New Mexico, Dept Chem & Nucl Engn, Ctr MicroEngn Mat, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. [Chow, Weng W.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Chow, Weng W.] Texas A&M Univ, Inst Quantum Studies, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Miao, Xiaoyu] Google Inc, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. RP Luk, TS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Ctr Integrated NanoTechnol, Albuquerque, NM 87123 USA. EM tsluk@sandia.gov FU SNL; U.S. DOE [DE-AC04-94AL85000] FX The authors acknowledge fruitful discussions with Alon Gabbay, R. Kekatpure, and Mike Sinclair, numerical simulations from I. El-Kady, M. M. Su, B. G. Farfan, and M. R. Taha, and fabrication support from the staff at the Microelectronics Development Laboratory (MDL) at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). Support for this work is from SNL's Laboratory Directed Research Development (LDRD) program and by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) through the Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES) for manuscript preparation and Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC) for Solid-State Lighting Science for data analysis and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT, national user facility) for experimental activities. SNL is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a part of Lockheed-Martin Corporation, for the U.S. DOE under Contract No. DE-AC04-94AL85000. NR 64 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 24 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 EI 1520-8540 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1365 EP 1373 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 773NS UT WOS:000291314600002 ER PT J AU Liu, XH Zhang, LQ Zhong, L Liu, Y Zheng, H Wang, JW Cho, JH Dayeh, SA Picraux, ST Sullivan, JP Mao, SX Ye, ZZ Huang, JY AF Liu, Xiao Hua Zhang, Li Qiang Zhong, Li Liu, Yang Zheng, He Wang, Jiang Wei Cho, Jeong-Hyun Dayeh, Shadi A. Picraux, S. Tom Sullivan, John P. Mao, Scott X. Ye, Zhi Zhen Huang, Jian Yu TI Ultrafast Electrochemical Lithiation of Individual Si Nanowire Anodes SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Silicon nanowire; lithium ion battery; fast lithiation; carbon coating; doping ID LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERIES; SOLID-STATE AMORPHIZATION; HIGH-CAPACITY ANODE; SILICON NANOWIRES; ION BATTERIES; LI; PERFORMANCE; STORAGE; ELECTRODES; FILM AB Using advanced in situ transmission electron microscopy, we show that the addition of a carbon coating combined with heavy doping leads to record-high charging rates in silicon nanowires. The carbon coating and phosphorus doping each resulted in a 2 to 3 orders of magnitude increase in electrical conductivity of the nanowires that, in turn, resulted in a 1 order of magnitude increase in charging rate. In addition, electrochemical solid-state amorphization (ESA) and inverse ESA were directly observed and characterized during a two-step phase transformation process during lithiation: crystalline silicon (Si) transforming to amorphous lithium-silicon (Li(x)Si) which transforms to crystalline Li(15)Si(4) (capacity 3579 mAh.g(-1)). The ultrafast charging rate is attributed to the nanoscale diffusion length and the improved electron and ion transport. These results provide important insight in how to use Si as a high energy density and high power density anode in lithium ion batteries for electrical vehicle and other electronic power source applications. C1 [Liu, Xiao Hua; Liu, Yang; Sullivan, John P.; Huang, Jian Yu] Sandia Natl Labs, Ctr Integrated Nanotechnol, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Zhang, Li Qiang; Zhong, Li; Zheng, He; Wang, Jiang Wei; Mao, Scott X.] Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Mech Engn & Mat Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. [Cho, Jeong-Hyun; Dayeh, Shadi A.; Picraux, S. Tom] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Integrated Nanotechnol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Zhang, Li Qiang; Ye, Zhi Zhen] Zhejiang Univ, State Key Lab Silicon Mat, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. [Zheng, He] Wuhan Univ, Sch Phys & Technol, Ctr Elect Microscopy, Wuhan 430072, Peoples R China. [Zheng, He] Wuhan Univ, MOE Key Lab Artificial Micro & Nanostruct, Wuhan 430072, Peoples R China. RP Huang, JY (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Ctr Integrated Nanotechnol, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM jhuang@sandia.gov RI Wang, Jiangwei/F-8249-2011; Liu, Xiaohua/A-8752-2011; Liu, Yang/C-9576-2012; Huang, Jianyu/C-5183-2008; Zheng, He/E-2964-2012; Dayeh, Shadi/H-5621-2012; Zhong, Li/I-3714-2014; Zhang, Liqiang/E-6539-2015 OI Wang, Jiangwei/0000-0003-1191-0782; Liu, Xiaohua/0000-0002-7300-7145; Zheng, He/0000-0002-6476-8524; Zhang, Liqiang/0000-0001-7482-0739 FU Sandia National Laboratories (SNL); U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DESC0001160]; U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-AC04-94AL85000] FX Portions of this work were supported by a Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and partly by the Science of Precision Multifunctional Nanostructures for Electrical Energy Storage (NEES), an Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC) funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Award Number DESC0001160. The LDRD supported the development and fabrication of platforms. The NEES center supported the development of TEM techniques, and some of the additional platform development, and fabrication and materials characterization. CINT supported the TEM capability and the fabrication capabilities that were used for the TEM characterization, in addition, this work represents the efforts of several CINT users, primarily those with affiliation external to Sandia National Laboratories. In addition, this work was performed, in part, at the Sandia-Los Alamos Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences user facility. Sandia National Laboratories is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. NR 23 TC 203 Z9 209 U1 16 U2 268 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2251 EP 2258 DI 10.1021/nl200412p PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 773QJ UT WOS:000291322600011 PM 21563798 ER PT J AU Decker, R Wang, Y Brar, VW Regan, W Tsai, HZ Wu, Q Gannett, W Zettl, A Crommie, MF AF Decker, Regis Wang, Yang Brar, Victor W. Regan, William Tsai, Hsin-Zon Wu, Qiong Gannett, William Zettl, Alex Crommie, Michael F. TI Local Electronic Properties of Graphene on a BN Substrate via Scanning Tunneling Microscopy SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Graphene; boron nitride; STM; Moire ID HEXAGONAL BORON-NITRIDE; EPITAXIAL GRAPHENE; HIGH-QUALITY; SPECTROSCOPY; FILMS AB The use of boron nitride (BN) as a substrate for graphene nanodevices has attracted much interest since the recent report that BN greatly improves the mobility of charge carriers in graphene compared to standard SiO2 substrates. We have explored the local microscopic properties of graphene on a BN substrate using scanning tunneling microscopy. We find that BN substrates result in extraordinarily flat graphene layers that display microscopic Moire patterns arising from the relative orientation of the graphene and BN lattices. Gate-dependent dI/dV spectra of graphene on BN exhibit spectroscopic features that are sharper than those obtained for graphene on SiO2. We observe a significant reduction in local microscopic charge inhomogeneity for graphene on BN compared to graphene on SiO2. C1 [Decker, Regis; Wang, Yang; Brar, Victor W.; Regan, William; Tsai, Hsin-Zon; Wu, Qiong; Gannett, William; Zettl, Alex; Crommie, Michael F.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Decker, Regis; Brar, Victor W.; Gannett, William; Zettl, Alex; Crommie, Michael F.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Decker, R (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM regis.decker@gmail.com RI Tsai, Hsin-Zon/J-1682-2016; Zettl, Alex/O-4925-2016; OI Tsai, Hsin-Zon/0000-0003-2097-0170; Zettl, Alex/0000-0001-6330-136X; Regan, William/0000-0003-0143-9827 FU Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering Division, U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC03-76SF0098]; Office of Naval Research, MURI [N00014-09-1-1066]; National Science Foundation [DMR-0906539]; Swiss National Science Foundation [PBELP2-122886] FX STM instrumentation development and measurements supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering Division, U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF0098; BN substrate fabrication and graphene growth supported by Office of Naval Research MURI Program Award No. N00014-09-1-1066; STM data analysis supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant DMR-0906539; R.D. acknowledges a fellowship from the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant PBELP2-122886). NR 28 TC 267 Z9 267 U1 25 U2 212 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2291 EP 2295 DI 10.1021/nl2005115 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 773QJ UT WOS:000291322600017 PM 21553853 ER PT J AU Vedala, H Sorescu, DC Kotchey, GP Star, A AF Vedala, Harindra Sorescu, Dan C. Kotchey, Gregg P. Star, Alexander TI Chemical Sensitivity of Graphene Edges Decorated with Metal Nanoparticles SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Reduced graphene oxide; hydrogen sensing; nanopartides; nanoribbons ID CARBON NANOTUBES; PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES; HYDROGEN SENSORS; GRAPHITE OXIDE; FILMS; GAS; NANORIBBONS; DEFECTS; ARRAYS; SIZE AB Graphene is a novel two-dimensional nanomaterial that holds great potential in electronic and sensor applications. By etching the edges to form nanoribbons or introducing defects on the basal plane, it has been demonstrated that the physical and chemical properties of graphene can be drastically altered. However, the lithographic or chemical techniques required to reliably produce such nanoribbons remain challenging. Here, we report the fabrication of nanosensors based on holey reduced graphene oxide (hRGO), which can be visualized as interconnected graphene nanoribbons. In our method, enzymatic oxidation generated holes within the basal plane of graphene oxide, and after reduction with hydrazine, hRGO was formed. When decorated with Pt nanoparticles, hRGO exhibited a large and selective electronic response toward hydrogen gas. By combining experimental results and theoretical modeling, we propose that the increased edge-to-plane ratio, oxygen moieties, and Pt nanoparticle decoration were responsible for the observed gas sensing with hRGO nanostructures. C1 [Vedala, Harindra; Kotchey, Gregg P.; Star, Alexander] Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Chem, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. [Sorescu, Dan C.; Star, Alexander] US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Pittsburgh, PA 15263 USA. RP Star, A (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Chem, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. EM astar@pitt.edu RI Star, Alexander/C-3399-2013 FU National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) [DE-FE0004000]; EPA STAR [FP-91713801] FX This work was performed in support of ongoing research in sensor systems and diagnostics at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) under the RES contract DE-FE0004000. The authors thank the Nanoscale Fabrication and Characterization Facility of the Peterson Institute of Nanoscience and Engineering for access to characterization instrumentation and Susheng Tan for assistance with the execution of this part of our research. We gratefully acknowledge the computational resources provided by Pittsburgh Supercomputer Center. G.P.K. acknowledges an EPA STAR Graduate Fellowship FP-91713801. NR 41 TC 88 Z9 88 U1 16 U2 152 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2342 EP 2347 DI 10.1021/nl2006438 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 773QJ UT WOS:000291322600025 PM 21591652 ER PT J AU Dag, S Wang, SZ Wang, LW AF Dag, S. Wang, Shuzhi Wang, Lin-Wang TI Large Surface Dipole Moments in ZnO Nanorods SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Dipole moment; nanorod; ab initio; LS3DF; dielectric screening; electric field ID ZINC-OXIDE NANOSTRUCTURES; SEMICONDUCTORS; GROWTH; STATES AB A self-consistent linear scaling three-dimensional fragment (LS3DF) method is used to study the dipole moments and internal electric fields of large ZnO nanorods. Our ab initio calculations reveal that the ZnO nanorod with unpassivated (10 $(1) over bar $0) side surface has a side surface contribution per Zn-O dimer 10 times larger than the bulk contribution per Zn-O bond. Detailed analysis is used to decompose the total dipole moment into different contributions. It is found that the total dipole moment of a nanorod can be calculated from the different parts with their dielectric screening described by a continuous model. We also show the effect of the dipole moment on the interior electronic structure of the nanorod. C1 [Dag, S.; Wang, Shuzhi; Wang, Lin-Wang] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Dag, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM sdag@lbl.gov FU Department of Energy SC/BES [DE-AC02-05-CH11231] FX This work is supported by Department of Energy SC/BES under Contract No. DE-AC02-05-CH11231. It uses the resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) and the National Center for Computational Sciences (NCCS), with the computational time allocated by the Innovative and Novel Computational Impact on Theory and Experimental (INCITE) project of DOE. NR 43 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 32 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2348 EP 2352 DI 10.1021/nl200647e PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 773QJ UT WOS:000291322600026 PM 21598956 ER PT J AU Wang, DF Pierre, A Kibria, MG Cui, K Han, XG Bevan, KH Guo, H Paradis, S Hakima, AR Mi, ZT AF Wang, Defa Pierre, Adrien Kibria, Md Golam Cui, Kai Han, Xueguang Bevan, Kirk H. Guo, Hong Paradis, Suzanne Hakima, Abou-Rachid Mi, Zetian TI Wafer-Level Photocatalytic Water Splitting on GaN Nanowire Arrays Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article DE GaN; nanowire; water splitting; hydrogen; photocatalytic; molecular beam epitaxy ID RHODIUM HYDROXIDE NANOPARTICLES; VISIBLE-LIGHT; HYDROGEN GENERATION; EVOLUTION; COCATALYSTS; NIOBATE; OXYGEN; METAL AB We report on the achievement of wafer-level photocatalytic overall water splitting on GaN nanowires grown by molecular beam epitaxy with the incorporation of Rh/Cr(2)O(3) core-shell nanostructures acting as cocatalysts, through which H(2) evolution is promoted by the noble metal core (Rh) while the water forming back reaction over Rh is effectively prevented by the Cr(2)O(3) shell O(2) diffusion barrier. The decomposition of pure water into H(2) and O(2) by GaN nanowires is confirmed to be a highly stable photocatalytic process, with the turnover number per unit time well exceeding the value of any previously reported GaN powder samples. C1 [Wang, Defa; Pierre, Adrien; Kibria, Md Golam; Cui, Kai; Han, Xueguang; Mi, Zetian] McGill Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Montreal, PQ H3A 2A7, Canada. [Bevan, Kirk H.] McGill Univ, Dept Min & Mat Engn, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T8, Canada. [Bevan, Kirk H.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Guo, Hong] McGill Univ, Dept Phys, Ctr Phys Mat, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T8, Canada. [Paradis, Suzanne; Hakima, Abou-Rachid] Def Res & Dev Canada Valcartier, Quebec City, PQ G3J 1X5, Canada. RP Mi, ZT (reprint author), McGill Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 3480 Univ St, Montreal, PQ H3A 2A7, Canada. EM zetian.mi@mcgill.ca RI Dom, Rekha/B-7113-2012; Guo, Hong/A-8084-2010 FU Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); Defence Research & Development Canada; McMaster University; U.S. DOE (Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Office of Basic Energy Sciences) [DE-FG02-05ER46209] FX This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and Defence Research & Development Canada. Part of the work was performed in the Microfabrication Facility at McGill University. Electron microscopy images and analysis with the Titan 80-300 Cubed was carried out at the Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, a National facility supported by NSERC and McMaster University. K.H.B. acknowledges partial support by the U.S. DOE (Grant No. DE-FG02-05ER46209, the Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Office of Basic Energy Sciences). NR 32 TC 151 Z9 152 U1 24 U2 165 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2353 EP 2357 DI 10.1021/nl2006802 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 773QJ UT WOS:000291322600027 PM 21568321 ER PT J AU Choi, CL Li, H Olson, ACK Jain, PK Sivasankar, S Alivisatos, AP AF Choi, Charina L. Li, Hui Olson, Andrew C. K. Jain, Prashant K. Sivasankar, Sanjeevi Alivisatos, A. Paul TI Spatially Indirect Emission in a Luminescent Nanocrystal Molecule SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Nanocrystal molecule; luminescence; indirect emission; CdSe/CdS core/shell ID CDSE QUANTUM DOTS; SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALS; INDIRECT EXCITONS; NANOSTRUCTURES; GROWTH; SUPERLATTICES; CONFINEMENT; TETRAPODS; NANORODS AB Recent advances in the synthesis of multicomponent nanocrystals have enabled the design of nanocrystal molecules with unique photophysical behavior and functionality. Here we demonstrate a highly luminescent nanocrystal molecule, the CdSe/CdS core/shell tetrapod, which is designed to have weak vibronic coupling between excited states and thereby violates Kasha's rule via emission from multiple excited levels. Using single particle photoluminescence spectroscopy, we show that in addition to the expected LUMO to HOMO radiative transition, a higher energy transition is allowed via spatially indirect recombination. The oscillator strength of this transition can be experimentally controlled, enabling control over carrier behavior and localization at the nanoscale. C1 [Li, Hui; Sivasankar, Sanjeevi] Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Choi, Charina L.; Olson, Andrew C. K.; Jain, Prashant K.; Alivisatos, A. Paul] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Choi, Charina L.; Olson, Andrew C. K.; Jain, Prashant K.; Alivisatos, A. Paul] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Li, Hui; Sivasankar, Sanjeevi] US DOE, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Sivasankar, S (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM sivasank@iastate.edu; APAlivisatos@lbl.gov RI Jain, Prashant/A-4779-2009; Alivisatos , Paul /N-8863-2015 OI Jain, Prashant/0000-0002-7306-3972; Alivisatos , Paul /0000-0001-6895-9048 FU Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the United States Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; NIH [NOT-OD-09-056]; Grow Iowa Values Fund Award; Miller Institute FX H.L. and S.S. thank Dr. Sabyasachi Rakshit and Chi-Fu Yen for help in building the single molecule confocal microscope. Work on nanocrystal synthesis was supported by the Physical Chemistry of Semiconductor Nanocrystals Program, KC3105, Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the United States Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-05CH11231. Analysis of single nanocrystal data was supported by the NIH Plasmon Rulers Project NOT-OD-09-056. H.L. and S. S. built the single molecule confocal microscope and were funded by the Grow Iowa Values Fund Award. P.K.J. helped with the single particle analysis and was supported by the Miller Institute through a Miller Fellowship. NR 30 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 38 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 EI 1530-6992 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2358 EP 2362 DI 10.1021/nl2007032 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 773QJ UT WOS:000291322600028 PM 21595450 ER PT J AU Vasko, SE Kapetanovic, A Talla, V Brasino, MD Zhu, ZH Scholl, A Torrey, JD Rolandi, M AF Vasko, Stephanie E. Kapetanovic, Adnan Talla, Vamsi Brasino, Michael D. Zhu, Zihua Scholl, Andreas Torrey, Jessica D. Rolandi, Marco TI Serial and Parallel Si, Ge, and SiGe Direct-Write with Scanning Probes and Conducting Stamps SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Silicon nanostructure; germanium nanostructure; SiGe; heterostructures; nanopatterning ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; LITHOGRAPHY; SILICON; GROWTH; RESIST; NANOLITHOGRAPHY; SEMICONDUCTOR; TRANSISTORS; MICROSCOPE; OXIDATION AB Precise materials integration in nanostructures is fundamental for future electronic and photonic devices. We demonstrate Si, Ge, and SiGe nanostructure direct-write with deterministic size, geometry, and placement control. The biased probe of an atomic force microscope (AFM) reacts diphenylsilane or diphenylgermane to direct-write carbon-free Si, Ge, and SiGe nano and heterostructures. Parallel direct-write is available on large areas by substituting the AFM probe with conducting microstructured stamps. This facile strategy can be easily expanded to a broad variety of semiconductor materials through precursor selection. C1 [Vasko, Stephanie E.; Kapetanovic, Adnan; Talla, Vamsi; Brasino, Michael D.; Torrey, Jessica D.; Rolandi, Marco] Univ Washington, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Vasko, Stephanie E.] Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Talla, Vamsi] Univ Washington, Dept Elect Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Zhu, Zihua] Pacific NW Natl Lab Sci, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Scholl, Andreas] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Rolandi, M (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM rolandi@u.washington.edu RI Zhu, Zihua/K-7652-2012; Scholl, Andreas/K-4876-2012 FU National Science Foundation [CHE-1012419]; 3M Untenured Faculty; University of Washington; INTEL; Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research FX The AFM direct-write and the parallel stamping work were supported from the National Science Foundation under CHE-1012419, a 3M Untenured Faculty Grant, and the University of Washington. The AFM direct-write work was also supported from an INTEL gift. Additionally, the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 (Advanced Light Source) is gratefully acknowledged. A portion of the research was performed using EMSL, a national scientific user facility sponsored by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. NR 33 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 EI 1530-6992 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2386 EP 2389 DI 10.1021/nl200742x PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 773QJ UT WOS:000291322600033 PM 21574626 ER PT J AU He, JB Lin, XM Chan, H Vukovic, L Kral, P Jaeger, HM AF He, Jinbo Lin, Xiao-Min Chan, Henry Vukovic, Lela Kral, Petr Jaeger, Heinrich M. TI Diffusion and Filtration Properties of Self-Assembled Gold Nanocrystal Membranes SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Nanoparticle; self-assembly; membranes; diffusion; filtration ID DIELECTRIC EXCLUSION MODEL; LIQUID-LIQUID INTERFACES; NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES; TRANSPORT; FABRICATION; ARRAYS; WATER; PORE AB Close-packed nanoparticle monolayers have recently been shown to form mechanically robust, free-standing membranes. We report the first measurements of molecular transport through such ultrathin sheets, self-assembled from dodecanethiol-ligated gold nanocrystals. For aqueous solutions we find filtration coefficients 2 orders of magnitude larger than those observed in polymer-based filters, sieving of large solutes, and for smaller solutes a pronounced dependence of rejection on being charged. These results open up new possibilities for controlled delivery and separation of nano-objects. C1 [Chan, Henry; Vukovic, Lela; Kral, Petr] Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. [He, Jinbo; Jaeger, Heinrich M.] Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Lin, Xiao-Min] Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanoscale Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Jaeger, HM (reprint author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM h-jaeger@uchicago.edu FU NSF [DMR-0907075, CBET-0932812, DMR-0820054]; U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), BES-Materials Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357]; DOE Center for Nanoscale Materials FX We thank Scott Waitukaitis for help with the image analysis and Benjamin Duval for building the holder for the filtration devices. We thank Yitzhak Rabin, Tom Witten, Cynthia Jameson, and Dmitri Talapin for many fruitful discussions. This work was supported by the NSF through DMR-0907075 and CBET-0932812. The Chicago MRSEC, supported by NSF under DMR-0820054, is gratefully acknowledged for access to its shared experimental facilities. The work at Argonne was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), BES-Materials Sciences, under Contract #DE-AC02-06CH11357, and by the DOE Center for Nanoscale Materials. The simulations were performed in part on NCSA, CNM, and NERSC computer networks. NR 26 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 10 U2 88 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2430 EP 2435 DI 10.1021/nl200841a PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 773QJ UT WOS:000291322600041 PM 21548617 ER PT J AU Fowlkes, JD Kondic, L Diez, J Wu, YY Rack, PD AF Fowlkes, Jason D. Kondic, Lou Diez, Javier Wu, Yueying Rack, Philip D. TI Self-Assembly versus Directed Assembly of Nanoparticles via Pulsed Laser Induced Dewetting of Patterned Metal Films SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Directed assembly; Rayleigh-Plateau; pulsed laser melting; nanoscale lithography; thin film dewetting ID NANOSTRUCTURES; INSTABILITIES; DYNAMICS; WAVES AB A nanoscale, synthetic perturbation was all that was required to nudge a natural, self-assembly process toward significantly higher order. Metallic thin film strips were transformed into nanoparticle arrays by nanosecond, liquid-phase dewetting. Arrays formed according to an evolving Rayleigh-Plateau instability, yet nanoparticle diameter and pitch were poorly controlled. However, by patterning a nanoscale sinusoid onto the original strip edge, a precise nanoparticle diameter and pitch emerged superseding the naturally evolving Rayleigh-Plateau instability. C1 [Fowlkes, Jason D.; Rack, Philip D.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Nanophase Mat Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Kondic, Lou] New Jersey Inst Technol, Ctr Appl Math & Stat, Dept Math Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. [Diez, Javier] Univ Nacl Ctr Prov Buenos Aires Pinto 399, Inst Fis Arroyo Seco, Fac Ciencias Exactas, RA-7000 Tandil, Argentina. [Wu, Yueying; Rack, Philip D.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Fowlkes, JD (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Nanophase Mat Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM fowlkesjd@ornl.gov OI Rack, Philip/0000-0002-9964-3254 FU U.S. Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division; Oak Ridge National Laboratory by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy; NSF [DMS-0908158]; CONICET-Argentina; ANPCyT-Argentina [PICT 2498/06] FX P. Rack and J. Fowlkes acknowledge support from the U.S. Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division for sponsoring the aspects of this work related to understanding the fundamental mechanisms operative during liquid phase, thin film dewetting. L. Kondic, P. Rack and J. Fowlkes also acknowledge that the lithography and electron imaging results reported in this Article were conducted at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, which is sponsored at Oak Ridge National Laboratory by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy. L. Kondic acknowledges support by the NSF grant No. DMS-0908158. J. Diez acknowledges CONICET-Argentina for travel support within the International Cooperation Program, and ANPCyT-Argentina for support within the project PICT 2498/06. NR 32 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 4 U2 59 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2478 EP 2485 DI 10.1021/nl200921c PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 773QJ UT WOS:000291322600049 PM 21553854 ER PT J AU Mariani, G Wong, PS Katzenmeyer, AM Leonard, F Shapiro, J Huffaker, DL AF Mariani, Giacomo Wong, Ping-Show Katzenmeyer, Aaron M. Leonard, Francois Shapiro, Joshua Huffaker, Diana L. TI Patterned Radial GaAs Nanopillar Solar Cells SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Nanowire; catalyst-free growth; solar cell; transparent contact; ITO; AZO ID OPTICAL-ABSORPTION ENHANCEMENT; PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS; SILICON NANOWIRE; ARRAYS; FABRICATION; OXIDE AB Photovoltaic devices using GaAs nanopillar radial p-n junctions are demonstrated by means of catalyst-free selective-area metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Dense, large-area, lithographically defined vertical arrays of nanowires with uniform spacing and dimensions allow for power conversion efficiencies for this material system of 2.54% (AM 1.5 G) and high rectification ratio of 213 (at +/-1 V). The absence of metal catalyst contamination results in leakage currents of similar to 236 nA at -1 V. High-resolution scanning photocurrent microscopy measurements reveal the independent functioning of each nanowire in the array with an individual peak photocurrent of similar to 1 nA at 544 nm. External quantum efficiency shows that the photocarrier extraction highly depends on the degenerately doped transparent contact oxide. Two different top electrode schemes are adopted and characterized in terms of Hall, sheet resistance, and optical transmittance measurements. C1 [Mariani, Giacomo; Wong, Ping-Show; Shapiro, Joshua; Huffaker, Diana L.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Huffaker, Diana L.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Calif NanoSyst Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Katzenmeyer, Aaron M.; Leonard, Francois] Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Mariani, G (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM giacomomariani@ucla.edu RI Shapiro, Joshua/E-2454-2011; Katzenmeyer, Aaron/F-7961-2014 OI Katzenmeyer, Aaron/0000-0002-5755-8537 FU National Science Foundation IGERT [0903720]; United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research STTR [AFINASSB01]; Department of Defense [NSSEFF N00244-09-1-0091]; United States Department of Energy [DEAC01-94-AL85000] FX This work is financially supported by National Science Foundation IGERT (Contract No. 0903720), United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research STTR (Contract No. AFINASSB01), and Department of Defense (Grant No. NSSEFF N00244-09-1-0091). This work was performed, in part, at the Laboratory Directed Research and Development program at Sandia National Laboratories, a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Co., for the United States Department of Energy (Contract No. DEAC01-94-AL85000). Special thanks to Alex Williams for his help in the optical characterization of the devices. NR 21 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 8 U2 86 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 EI 1530-6992 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2490 EP 2494 DI 10.1021/nl200965j PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 773QJ UT WOS:000291322600051 PM 21604750 ER PT J AU Hessel, CM Pattani, VP Rasch, M Panthani, MG Koo, B Tunnell, JW Korgel, BA AF Hessel, Colin M. Pattani, Varun P. Rasch, Michael Panthani, Matthew G. Koo, Bonil Tunnell, James W. Korgel, Brian A. TI Copper Selenide Nanocrystals for Photothermal Therapy SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Copper selenide; photothermal therapy (PPT); plasmon resonance; colloidal nanocrystals; amphiphilic polymer; cancer therapy; hyperthermia; gold nanoshells; gold nanorods; photothermal transduction efficiency ID QUANTUM DOTS; GOLD NANORODS; GLUCOSE-OXIDASE; CELLULAR UPTAKE; CANCER-CELLS; SURFACE; NANOPARTICLES; SIZE; NANOSHELLS; SHAPE AB Ligand-stabilized copper selenide (Cu(2-x)Se) nanocrystals, approximately 16 nm in diameter, were synthesized by a colloidal hot injection method and coated with amphiphilic polymer. The nanocrystals readily disperse in water and exhibit strong near-infrared (NIR) optical absorption with a high molar extinction coefficient of 7.7 x 10(7) cm(-1) M(-1) at 980 nm. When excited with 800 nm light, the Cu(2-x)Se nanocrystals produce significant photothermal heating with a photothermal transduction efficiency of 22%, comparable to nanorods and nanoshells of gold (Au). In vitro photothermal heating of Cu(2-x)Se nanocrystals in the presence of human colorectal cancer cell (HCT-116) led to cell destruction after 5 mm of laser irradiation at 33 W/cm(2), demonstrating the viabilitiy of Cu(2-x)Se nanocrystals for photothermal therapy applications. C1 [Hessel, Colin M.; Rasch, Michael; Panthani, Matthew G.; Korgel, Brian A.] Univ Texas Austin, Ctr Nano & Mol Sci & Technol, Texas Mat Inst, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Pattani, Varun P.; Tunnell, James W.] Univ Texas Austin, Dept Biomed Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Koo, Bonil] Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanoscale Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Korgel, BA (reprint author), Univ Texas Austin, Ctr Nano & Mol Sci & Technol, Texas Mat Inst, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM korgel@che.utexas.edu RI Korgel, Brian/I-5771-2013; Panthani, Matthew/C-8829-2014 OI Panthani, Matthew/0000-0002-3795-2051 FU National Science Foundation [0618242]; Robert A. Welch Foundation [F-1464]; National Institutes of Health [R01 CA132032]; Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada FX We acknowledge the National Science Foundation (Grant 0618242), The Robert A. Welch Foundation (Grant F-1464), the National Institutes of Health (Grant R01 CA132032), and the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada for financial support of this work. We also thank Jose L. Hueso for synthesizing gold nanorods and Nanospectra Biosciences for providing the commercial Au nanoshells and Au nanorods. NR 56 TC 343 Z9 345 U1 41 U2 305 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2560 EP 2566 DI 10.1021/nl201400z PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 773QJ UT WOS:000291322600064 PM 21553924 ER PT J AU Kanjanaboos, P Joshi-Imre, A Lin, XM Jaeger, HM AF Kanjanaboos, Pongsakorn Joshi-Imre, Alexandra Lin, Xiao-Min Jaeger, Heinrich M. TI Strain Patterning and Direct Measurement of Poisson's Ratio in Nanoparticle Mono layer Sheets SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Gold nanoparticles; freestanding membrane; electron beam irradiation; focused ion beam; mechanical properties; strain; self-assembly ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; ELECTRON; MEMBRANES; FABRICATION; SIMULATIONS; INTERFACE; ARRAYS; FILMS AB Close-packed monolayers self-assembled from ligated nanopartides can form 10 nm thin sheets that stretch over micrometer-wide holes. Employing electron and focused ion beams, we show that one can locally tailor the strain in such sheets while they remain clamped around their perimeter, making it possible to imprint strain fields by design. Furthermore, using the nanopartides themselves to track imposed strain gradients allows for the first direct measurement of Poisson's ratio in these two-dimensional materials. C1 [Kanjanaboos, Pongsakorn; Jaeger, Heinrich M.] Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Kanjanaboos, Pongsakorn; Jaeger, Heinrich M.] Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Joshi-Imre, Alexandra; Lin, Xiao-Min] Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanoscale Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Jaeger, HM (reprint author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM h-jaeger@uchicago.edu RI Joshi-Imre, Alexandra/A-2912-2010; Kanjanaboos, Pongsakorn/Q-1050-2015 OI Joshi-Imre, Alexandra/0000-0002-4271-1623; Kanjanaboos, Pongsakorn/0000-0002-4854-1733 FU NSF [DMR-0907075, DMR-0820054]; U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), BES-Materials Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357]; DOE Center for Nanoscale Materials FX We thank E. Brown, E. Efrati, J. Freed-Brown, J. He, M. Miskin, and W. Zhang for helpful discussions, A. Athanassiadis for assistance with the simulations, and R. Divan, Y. Chen, and Q Guo for technical assistance. This work was supported by the NSF through DMR-0907075. The Chicago MRSEC, supported by NSF under DMR-0820054, is gratefully acknowledged for access to its shared experimental facilities. The work at Argonne was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), BES-Materials Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357, and by the DOE Center for Nanoscale Materials. NR 23 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 30 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2567 EP 2571 DI 10.1021/nl2014873 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 773QJ UT WOS:000291322600065 PM 21598981 ER PT J AU Lee, JS Kovalenko, MV Huang, J Chung, DS Talapin, DV AF Lee, Jong-Soo Kovalenko, Maksym V. Huang, Jing Chung, Dae Sung Talapin, Dmitri V. TI Band-like transport, high electron mobility and high photoconductivity in all-inorganic nanocrystal arrays SO NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COLLOIDAL QUANTUM DOTS; SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALS; ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS; SOLIDS; TRANSISTORS; CONVERSION AB Flexible, thin-film electronic and optoelectronic devices typically involve a trade-off between performance and fabrication cost(1-3). For example, solution-based deposition allows semiconductors to be patterned onto large-area substrates to make solar cells and displays, but the electron mobility in solution-deposited semiconductor layers is much lower than in semiconductors grown at high temperatures from the gas phase(4). Here, we report band-like electron transport in arrays of colloidal cadmium selenide nanocrystals capped with the molecular metal chalcogenide complex(5,6) In(2)Se(4)(2-), and measure electron mobilities as high as 16 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), which is about an order of magnitude higher than in the best solution-processed organic(7) and nanocrystal(8) devices so far. We also use CdSe/CdS core-shell nanoparticles with In(2)Se(4)(2-) ligands to build photodetectors with normalized detectivity D* > 1 x 10(13) Jones (I Jones = 1 cm Hz(1/2) W(-1)), which is a record for II-VI nanocrystals. Our approach does not require high processing temperatures, and can be extended to different nanocrystals and inorganic surface ligands. C1 [Lee, Jong-Soo; Kovalenko, Maksym V.; Huang, Jing; Chung, Dae Sung; Talapin, Dmitri V.] Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Lee, Jong-Soo; Kovalenko, Maksym V.; Huang, Jing; Chung, Dae Sung; Talapin, Dmitri V.] Univ Chicago, James Frank Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Talapin, Dmitri V.] Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanoscale Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Talapin, DV (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, 5735 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM dvtalapin@uchicago.edu RI Lee, Jong-Soo /F-7461-2010; Chung, Dae/E-6334-2011; Kovalenko, Maksym/B-6844-2008; Chung, Dae /B-2142-2014 OI Lee, Jong-Soo /0000-0002-3045-2206; Kovalenko, Maksym/0000-0002-6396-8938; FU Office of Naval Research [N00014-10-1-0190]; National Science Foundation [DMR-0847535]; Department of Energy [DE-AC02-06CH11357]; DOE, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357] FX The authors thank P. Guyot-Sionnest, E. Shevchenko and D. Mitzi for stimulating discussions, E. Wong and R. Citron for help with the photoconductivity measurements, B. Lee for small angle X-ray scattering measurements at the beamline 12-ID-C at the Advanced Photon Source, S. Rupich for assistance with SEM, M. Bodnarchuk for dynamic light scattering and electrophoretic mobility measurements and S. Ithurria for help with synthesis of CdSe nanocrystals. The work was supported by the Office of Naval Research (award no. N00014-10-1-0190) and a National Science Foundation CAREER award (no. DMR-0847535). D.V.T. thanks the David and Lucile Packard Foundation for their generous support. The work at the Center for Nanoscale Materials (ANL) was supported by the Department of Energy (contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357). Use of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory was supported by the DOE, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357). NR 28 TC 332 Z9 332 U1 26 U2 319 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1748-3387 J9 NAT NANOTECHNOL JI Nat. Nanotechnol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 6 IS 6 BP 348 EP 352 DI 10.1038/nnano.2011.46 PG 5 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 773JD UT WOS:000291301900008 PM 21516091 ER PT J AU Cheng, ZL Skouta, R Vazquez, H Widawsky, JR Schneebeli, S Chen, W Hybertsen, MS Breslow, R Venkataraman, L AF Cheng, Z. -L. Skouta, R. Vazquez, H. Widawsky, J. R. Schneebeli, S. Chen, W. Hybertsen, M. S. Breslow, R. Venkataraman, L. TI In situ formation of highly conducting covalent Au-C contacts for single-molecule junctions SO NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT; CIRCUITS; WIRE AB Charge transport across metal-molecule interfaces has an important role in organic electronics(1). Typically, chemical link groups such as thiols(2) or amines(3) are used to bind organic molecules to metal electrodes in single-molecule circuits, with these groups controlling both the physical structure and the electronic coupling at the interface. Direct metal-carbon coupling has been shown through C60, benzene and p-stacked benzene(4-7), but ideally the carbon backbone of the molecule should be covalently bonded to the electrode without intervening link groups. Here, we demonstrate a method to create junctions with such contacts. Trimethyl tin (SnMe(3))-terminated polymethylene chains are used to form single-molecule junctions with a break-junction technique(2,3). Gold atoms at the electrode displace the SnMe(3) linkers, leading to the formation of direct Au-C bonded single-molecule junctions with a conductance that is similar to 100 times larger than analogous alkanes with most other terminations. The conductance of these Au-C bonded alkanes decreases exponentially with molecular length, with a decay constant of 0.97 per methylene, consistent with a non-resonant transport mechanism. Control experiments and ab initio calculations show that high conductances are achieved because a covalent Au-C sigma (sigma) bond is formed. This offers a new method for making reproducible and highly conducting metal-organic contacts. C1 [Hybertsen, M. S.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Ctr Funct Nanomat, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Cheng, Z. -L.; Skouta, R.; Schneebeli, S.; Chen, W.; Breslow, R.] Columbia Univ, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Vazquez, H.; Breslow, R.; Venkataraman, L.] Ctr Electron Transport Mol Nanostruct, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Widawsky, J. R.; Venkataraman, L.] Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Hybertsen, MS (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Ctr Funct Nanomat, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM mhyberts@bnl.gov; rb33@columbia.edu; lv2117@columbia.edu RI Schneebeli, Severin/D-7898-2013; Vazquez, Hector/G-5788-2014; chen, wenbo/I-7263-2013; Skouta, Rachid/Q-7132-2016; OI Venkataraman, Latha/0000-0002-6957-6089; Vazquez, Hector/0000-0002-3865-9922; Hybertsen, Mark S/0000-0003-3596-9754 FU Nanoscale Science and Engineering Initiative of the National Science Foundation (NSF) [CHE-0641523]; New York State Office of Science, Technology, and Academic Research (NYSTAR); NSF [CHE-07-44185]; Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the US Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-AC02-98CH10886]; DOE Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC) [DE-SC0001085] FX This work was supported primarily by the Nanoscale Science and Engineering Initiative of the National Science Foundation (NSF; CHE-0641523), the New York State Office of Science, Technology, and Academic Research (NYSTAR) and an NSF Career Award to L. V. (CHE-07-44185). This work was carried out in part at the Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, which is supported by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the US Department of Energy (DOE; DE-AC02-98CH10886). This work was also supported in part by the DOE Energy Frontier Research Centers programme (EFRC; DE-SC0001085). NR 31 TC 127 Z9 127 U1 10 U2 108 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1748-3387 J9 NAT NANOTECHNOL JI Nat. Nanotechnol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 6 IS 6 BP 353 EP 357 DI 10.1038/nnano.2011.66 PG 5 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 773JD UT WOS:000291301900009 PM 21552252 ER PT J AU Greene, GL AF Greene, Geoffrey L. TI ULTRACOLD NEUTRONS Quantum bouncing ball resonates SO NATURE PHYSICS LA English DT News Item C1 [Greene, Geoffrey L.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Greene, Geoffrey L.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Greene, GL (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM greenegl@ornl.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1745-2473 EI 1745-2481 J9 NAT PHYS JI Nat. Phys. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 7 IS 6 BP 447 EP 448 PG 2 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 771GZ UT WOS:000291146500003 ER PT J AU Wysocki, AL Belashchenko, KD Antropov, VP AF Wysocki, Aleksander L. Belashchenko, Kirill D. Antropov, Vladimir P. TI Consistent model of magnetism in ferropnictides SO NATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID IRON; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; STATE AB The discovery of superconductivity in LaFeAsO introduced ferropnictides as a new class of superconducting compounds with critical temperatures second only to those of the cuprates. Although the presence of iron makes the ferropnictides radically different from the cuprates, antiferromagnetism in the parent compounds suggests that superconductivity and magnetism are interrelated in both of them. However, the character of magnetic interactions and spin fluctuations in ferropnictides is not reasonably described by conventional models of magnetism. Here we show that the most puzzling features can be naturally reconciled within a rather simple effective spin model with a biquadratic interaction, which is consistent with electronic structure calculations. By going beyond the Heisenberg model, our description explains numerous experimental observations, including the peculiarities of the spin-wave spectrum, thin domain walls and crossover from a first- to second-order phase transition under doping. The model also offers insight into the occurrence of the nematic phase above the antiferromagnetic phase transition. C1 [Wysocki, Aleksander L.; Belashchenko, Kirill D.] Univ Nebraska, Dept Phys & Astron, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. [Wysocki, Aleksander L.; Belashchenko, Kirill D.] Univ Nebraska, Nebraska Ctr Mat & Nanosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. [Antropov, Vladimir P.] Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Belashchenko, KD (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Phys & Astron, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. EM kdbel@unlserve.unl.edu RI Wysocki, Aleksander/D-6928-2013; Belashchenko, Kirill/A-9744-2008 OI Belashchenko, Kirill/0000-0002-8518-1490 FU NSF [DMR-1005642, EPS-1010674]; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Science and Engineering [DE-AC02-07CH11358] FX We are grateful to S. L. Bud'ko and D. S. Inosov for fruitful discussions, and to I. I. Mazin for critical reading of the manuscript and useful comments. Work at UNL was supported by NSF DMR-1005642 and EPS-1010674. Work at Ames Laboratory was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11358. K.D.B. is a Cottrell Scholar of Research Corporation. NR 37 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 23 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1745-2473 J9 NAT PHYS JI Nat. Phys. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 7 IS 6 BP 485 EP 489 DI 10.1038/NPHYS1933 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 771GZ UT WOS:000291146500017 ER PT J AU Sashital, DG Jinek, M Doudna, JA AF Sashital, Dipali G. Jinek, Martin Doudna, Jennifer A. TI An RNA-induced conformational change required for CRISPR RNA cleavage by the endoribonuclease Cse3 SO NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROKARYOTES; REPEATS; DNA; IDENTIFICATION; ELEMENTS; DEFENSE; SYSTEM; BACTERIOPHAGE; TRANSCRIPTION; EVOLUTIONARY AB Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) chromosomal loci found in prokaryotes provide an adaptive immune system against bacteriophages and plasmids. CRISPR-specific endoRNases produce short RNA molecules (crRNAs) from CRISPR transcripts, which harbor sequences complementary to invasive nucleic acid elements and ensure their selective targeting by CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins. The extreme sequence divergence of CRISPR-specific endoRNases and their RNA substrates has obscured homology-based comparison of RNA recognition and cleavage mechanisms. Here, we show that Cse3 type CRISPR-specific endoRNases bind a hairpin structure and residues downstream of the cleavage site within the repetitive segment of cognate CRISPR RNA. Cocrystal structures of Cse3-RNA complexes reveal an RNA-induced conformational change in the enzyme active site that aligns the RNA strand for site-specific cleavage. These studies provide insight into a catalytically essential RNA recognition mechanism by a large class of CRISPR-related endoRNases. C1 [Sashital, Dipali G.; Jinek, Martin; Doudna, Jennifer A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Doudna, Jennifer A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Doudna, Jennifer A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Doudna, Jennifer A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Doudna, JA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 229 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM doudna@berkeley.edu OI Sashital, Dipali/0000-0001-7681-6987; Jinek, Martin/0000-0002-7601-210X FU Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation; Human Frontier Science Program; National Science Foundation; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation FX We thank E. Underbakke (UC Berkeley) for protein mass spectrometry; B. Wiedenheft, R. Haurwitz, S. Sternberg, K. Berry (UC Berkeley) and S. Coyle (UCSF) for helpful discussions; members of the Doudna laboratory for critical reading of the manuscript; and C. Ralston and J. Holton (Beamlines 8.2.1 and 8.3.1, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) for assistance with X-ray data collection. D.G.S. is supported by a Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation fellowship. M.J. is supported by a Human Frontier Science Program Long-Term Fellowship. This work was supported in part by grants from the National Science Foundation and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to J.A.D. J.A.D. is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. NR 31 TC 90 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 21 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 1545-9993 EI 1545-9985 J9 NAT STRUCT MOL BIOL JI Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 18 IS 6 BP 680 EP U77 DI 10.1038/nsmb.2043 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 773LE UT WOS:000291308000008 PM 21572442 ER PT J AU Favorite, JA Thomas, AD Booth, TE AF Favorite, Jeffrey A. Thomas, Ashley D. Booth, Thomas E. TI On the Accuracy of a Common Monte Carlo Surface Flux Grazing Approximation SO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID VARIANCE AB Particlefluxes on surfaces are difficult to calculate with Monte Carlo codes because the score requires a division by the surface-crossing angle cosine, and grazing angles lead to inaccuracies. We revisit the standard practice of dividing by half of a cosine "cutoff" for particles whose surface-crossing cosines are below the cutoff We concentrate on the flux crossing an external boundary, deriving the standard approach in a manner that explicitly points out three assumptions: (a) that the external boundary surface flux is isotropic or mostly isotropic, (b) that the cosine cutoff is small, and (c) that the minimum possible surface-crossing cosine is 0. We find that the requirement for accuracy of the standard surface flux estimate is more restrictive for external boundaries (a very isotropic surface flux) than for internal surfaces (an isotropic or linearly anisotropic surface flux). Numerical demonstrations involve analytic and semianalytic solutions for monoenergetic point sources irradiating surfaces with no scattering. We conclude with a discussion of potentially more robust approaches. C1 [Favorite, Jeffrey A.; Booth, Thomas E.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Computat Phys X CP Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Thomas, Ashley D.] S Carolina State Univ, Dept Civil & Mech Engn Technol & Nucl Engn, Orangeburg, SC 29117 USA. RP Favorite, JA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Computat Phys X CP Div, MS F663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM fave@lanl.gov NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER NUCLEAR SOC PI LA GRANGE PK PA 555 N KENSINGTON AVE, LA GRANGE PK, IL 60526 USA SN 0029-5639 J9 NUCL SCI ENG JI Nucl. Sci. Eng. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 168 IS 2 BP 115 EP 127 PG 13 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 770WI UT WOS:000291118800003 ER PT J AU Kelly, J Corradini, M Budnitz, R Pilch, M AF Kelly, J. Corradini, M. Budnitz, R. Pilch, M. TI Perspectives on Advanced Simulation for Nuclear Reactor Safety Applications SO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB High-performance computing (HPC) has been applied in many fields of science and engineering and has demonstrated major advantages in terms of improved understanding, reliability, and safety and reduced cost of deployed engineering systems. The U.S. Department of Energy is now embarking on major efforts to develop HPC simulation capabilities for broad application to nuclear energy systems. It is fully expected that these capabilities can be developed, but a question remains about how effectively these can be used in a regulated industry. This paper explores the role of modeling and simulation in the nuclear power industry from a historical perspective and posits insights from that experience to delineate essential attributes of future advanced modeling and simulation necessary to promote its widespread use (value proposition) and its acceptability to the nuclear industry and its regulator, such as the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (credibility), as well as to better inform the general public. C1 [Kelly, J.; Pilch, M.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Corradini, M.] Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Budnitz, R.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Corradini, M (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM Corradini@engr.wisc.edu NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER NUCLEAR SOC PI LA GRANGE PK PA 555 N KENSINGTON AVE, LA GRANGE PK, IL 60526 USA SN 0029-5639 J9 NUCL SCI ENG JI Nucl. Sci. Eng. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 168 IS 2 BP 128 EP 137 PG 10 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 770WI UT WOS:000291118800004 ER PT J AU Katz, JI AF Katz, J. I. TI Measuring (n, f) Cross Sections of Short-Lived States SO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID AMERICIUM; FISSION; VAPOR AB This paper reviews measurements of fission cross sections of short-lived nuclear states, summarizes the formidable experimental difficulties involved, and suggests novel methods of overcoming some of those difficulties. It is specifically concerned with the two such states that have been well characterized, the J(pi) = 1/2(+) (26-min) isomeric (235m)U and the J(pi) = 1(-) (16-h) ground state (shorter lived than the isomer) (242gs)Am, and with measuring their fission cross sections at mega-electron-volt energies. These measurements are formidably difficult, partly because of the need to produce, separate, and collect the short-lived states before they decay and partly because of their comparatively small fission cross sections at these energies. This paper presents quantitative calculations of the efficiency of advection of recoiling (235m)U isomers by flowing gas in competition with diffusive loss to the surface containing the mother (239)Pu, and it reports the initial development and evaluation of some of the methods that must be developed to make the experiments feasible. C1 [Katz, J. I.] Washington Univ, Dept Phys, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Katz, J. I.] Washington Univ, McDonnell Ctr Space Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Katz, J. I.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Katz, JI (reprint author), Washington Univ, Dept Phys, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. EM katz@wuphys.wustl.edu NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER NUCLEAR SOC PI LA GRANGE PK PA 555 N KENSINGTON AVE, LA GRANGE PK, IL 60526 USA SN 0029-5639 J9 NUCL SCI ENG JI Nucl. Sci. Eng. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 168 IS 2 BP 164 EP 171 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 770WI UT WOS:000291118800007 ER PT J AU Clark, JN Putkunz, CT Curwood, EK Vine, DJ Scholten, R McNulty, I Nugent, KA Peele, AG AF Clark, Jesse N. Putkunz, Corey T. Curwood, Evan K. Vine, David J. Scholten, Robert McNulty, Ian Nugent, Keith A. Peele, Andrew G. TI Dynamic sample imaging in coherent diffractive imaging SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MICROSCOPY; PHASE AB As the resolution in coherent diffractive imaging improves, interexposure and intraexposure sample dynamics, such as motion, degrade the quality of the reconstructed image. Selecting data sets that include only exposures where tolerably little motion has occurred is an inefficient use of time and flux, especially when detector readout time is significant. We provide an experimental demonstration of an approach in which all images of a data set exhibiting sample motion are combined to improve the quality of a reconstruction. This approach is applicable to more general sample dynamics (including sample damage) that occur during measurement. (C) 2011 Optical Society of America C1 [Clark, Jesse N.; Putkunz, Corey T.; Peele, Andrew G.] La Trobe Univ, Dept Phys, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia. [Curwood, Evan K.; Vine, David J.; Scholten, Robert; Nugent, Keith A.] Univ Melbourne, Sch Phys, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. [Clark, Jesse N.; Putkunz, Corey T.; Curwood, Evan K.; Vine, David J.; Scholten, Robert; Nugent, Keith A.; Peele, Andrew G.] Australian Res Council, Ctr Excellence Coherent Xray Sci, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. [McNulty, Ian] Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Clark, JN (reprint author), UCL, London Ctr Nanotechnol, Mortimer St, London WC1E 6BT, England. EM jesse.clark@ucl.ac.uk RI Nugent, Keith/J-2699-2012; Scholten, Robert/A-8586-2013; Nugent, Keith/I-4154-2016 OI Nugent, Keith/0000-0003-1522-8991; Scholten, Robert/0000-0002-2337-8036; Nugent, Keith/0000-0002-4281-3478 FU Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science; Australian Synchrotron Research Program; U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science and Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357] FX We acknowledge the support of the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science and the Australian Synchrotron Research Program. Use of the Advanced Photon Source is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science and Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 10 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 36 IS 11 BP 1954 EP 1956 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 771HZ UT WOS:000291149100002 PM 21633413 ER PT J AU Oh, S Mounce, AM Mukhopadhyay, S Halperin, WP Vorontsov, AB Bud'ko, SL Canfield, PC Furukawa, Y Reyes, P Kuhns, PL AF Oh, Sangwon Mounce, A. M. Mukhopadhyay, S. Halperin, W. P. Vorontsov, A. B. Bud'ko, S. L. Canfield, P. C. Furukawa, Y. Reyes, P. Kuhns, P. L. TI As-75 NMR of Ba(Fe0.93Co0.07)(2)As-2 in high magnetic field SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MIXED-STATE; SPIN-DIFFUSION; SUPERCONDUCTORS; YBA2CU3O7; RELAXATION; DEPENDENCE; RESONANCE; PLATINUM AB The superconducting state of an optimally doped single crystal of Ba(Fe0.93Co0.07)(2)As-2 was investigated by As-75 NMR in high magnetic fields from 6.4 to 28 T. It was found that the Knight shift is least affected by vortex supercurrents in high magnetic fields H > 11 T, revealing slow, possibly higher order than linear, increase with temperature at T less than or similar to 0.5 T-c, with T-c approximate to 23 K. This is consistent with the extended s-wave state with A(1g) symmetry, but the precise details of the gap structure are harder to resolve. Measurements of the NMR spin-spin relaxation time T-2 indicate a strong indirect exchange interaction at all temperatures. Below the superconducting transition temperature, abrupt changes in vortex dynamics lead to an anomalous dip in T-2, consistent with vortex freezing from which we obtain the vortex phase diagram up to H = 28 T. C1 [Oh, Sangwon; Mounce, A. M.; Mukhopadhyay, S.; Halperin, W. P.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Vorontsov, A. B.] Montana State Univ, Dept Phys, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Bud'ko, S. L.; Canfield, P. C.; Furukawa, Y.] Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab US DOE, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Bud'ko, S. L.; Canfield, P. C.; Furukawa, Y.] Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Reyes, P.; Kuhns, P. L.] Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. RP Oh, S (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RI Canfield, Paul/H-2698-2014 FU Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences (Northwestern University) [DE-FG02-05ER46248, DE-AC02-07CH11358]; National Science Foundation [DMR-0954342]; State of Florida FX We thank C.A. Collett, W.J. Gannon, J. Li, and J. Pollanen for critical reading of the manuscript and acknowledge support from the Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences under Contracts No. DE-FG02-05ER46248 (Northwestern University) and No. DE-AC02-07CH11358 (Ames Laboratory). Work at high magnetic field was performed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory with support from the National Science Foundation and the State of Florida. A B.V. acknowledges support from NSF Grant No. DMR-0954342. NR 73 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 83 IS 21 AR 214501 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.83.214501 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 771IH UT WOS:000291149900003 ER PT J AU Wu, YB Chan, MKY Ceder, G AF Wu, Yabi Chan, M. K. Y. Ceder, G. TI Prediction of semiconductor band edge positions in aqueous environments from first principles SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID AUGMENTED-WAVE METHOD; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; EXACT EXCHANGE; LIQUID WATER; DENSITY; STABILITY; GAS AB The ability to predict a semiconductor's band edge positions in solution is important for the design of water-splitting photocatalyst materials. In this paper, we introduce a first-principles method to compute the conduction-band minima of semiconductors relative to the water H2O/H-2 level using density functional theory with semilocal functionals and classical molecular dynamics. We test the method on six well known photocatalyst materials: TiO2, WO3, CdS, ZnSe, GaAs, and GaP. The predicted band edge positions are within 0.34 eV of the experimental data, with a mean absolute error of 0.19 eV. C1 [Wu, Yabi; Chan, M. K. Y.; Ceder, G.] MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Chan, M. K. Y.] Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanoscale Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Ceder, G (reprint author), MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM gceder@mit.edu RI Chan, Maria /B-7940-2011 OI Chan, Maria /0000-0003-0922-1363 FU Eni S.p.A. under the Eni-MIT Alliance; Chesonis Family Foundation; National Science Foundation through TeraGrid; Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center; Texas Advanced Computing Center [TG-DMR970008S] FX This work was supported by Eni S.p.A. under the Eni-MIT Alliance Solar Frontiers Program, the Chesonis Family Foundation under the Solar Revolution Project, and the National Science Foundation through TeraGrid resources provided by the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center and Texas Advanced Computing Center under Grant No. TG-DMR970008S. We are grateful to Oliviero Andreussi for his help in our classical MD computation. Helpful discussions with Jeff Grossman, ShinYoung Kang, Ruoshi Sun, Rickard Armiento, and Predrag Lazic are kindly acknowledged. NR 41 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 5 U2 34 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 83 IS 23 AR 235301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.83.235301 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 771IM UT WOS:000291150400005 ER PT J AU Zhou, T Huang, HX Gao, Y Zhu, JX Ting, CS AF Zhou, Tao Huang, Huaixiang Gao, Yi Zhu, Jian-Xin Ting, C. S. TI Quasiparticle states around a nonmagnetic impurity in electron-doped iron-based superconductors with spin-density-wave order SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC ORDER; COEXISTENCE AB The quasiparticle states around a nonmagnetic impurity in electron-doped iron-based superconductors with spin-density-wave (SDW) order are investigated as a function of doping and impurity scattering strength. In the undoped sample, where a pure SDW state exists, two impurity-induced resonance peaks are observed around the impurity site and they are shifted to higher (lower) energies as the strength of the positive (negative) scattering potential (SP) is increased. For the doped samples, where the SDW order and the superconducting order coexist, the main feature is the existence of sharp in-gap resonance peaks, the positions and intensity of which depend on the strength of the SP and the doping concentration. In all cases, the local density of states exhibits clear C(2) symmetry. We also note that, in the doped cases, the impurity will divide the system into two sublattices with distinct values of magnetic order. Here, we use the band structure of a two-orbital model, which considers the asymmetry of the As atoms above and below the Fe-Fe plane. This model is suitable to study the properties of the surface layers in the iron pnictides and should be more appropriate to describe the scanning tunneling microscopy experiments. C1 [Zhou, Tao; Huang, Huaixiang; Gao, Yi; Ting, C. S.] Univ Houston, Texas Ctr Superconduct, Houston, TX 77204 USA. [Zhou, Tao; Huang, Huaixiang; Gao, Yi; Ting, C. S.] Univ Houston, Dept Phys, Houston, TX 77204 USA. [Zhou, Tao] Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut, Dept Phys, Nanjing 210016, Peoples R China. [Huang, Huaixiang] Shanghai Univ, Dept Phys, Shanghai 200444, Peoples R China. [Zhu, Jian-Xin] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Zhou, T (reprint author), Univ Houston, Texas Ctr Superconduct, Houston, TX 77204 USA. OI Zhu, Jianxin/0000-0001-7991-3918 FU Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston; Robert A. Welch Foundation [E-1146, E-1070]; NSFC [11004105]; US DOE at LANL [DE-AC52-06NA25396]; US DOE Office of Basic Energy Science; LANL LDRD Program FX This work was supported by the Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston and by the Robert A. Welch Foundation under Grants No. E-1146 (T.Z., H.H., and C.S.T.) and No. E-1070 (Y.G.), the NSFC under Grant No. 11004105 (T.Z.), the US DOE at LANL under Contract No. DE-AC52-06NA25396, the US DOE Office of Basic Energy Science, and the LANL LDRD Program (J.-X.Z.). NR 43 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 83 IS 21 AR 214502 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.83.214502 PG 11 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 771IH UT WOS:000291149900004 ER PT J AU Ahmed, Z Akerib, DS Arrenberg, S Bailey, CN Balakishiyeva, D Baudis, L Bauer, DA Brink, PL Bruch, T Bunker, R Cabrera, B Caldwell, DO Cooley, J Silva, EDE Cushman, P Daal, M DeJongh, F Di Stefano, P Dragowsky, MR Duong, L Fallows, S Figueroa-Feliciano, E Filippini, J Fox, J Fritts, M Golwala, SR Hall, J Hennings-Yeomans, R Hertel, SA Holmgren, D Hsu, L Huber, ME Kamaev, O Kiveni, M Kos, M Leman, SW Liu, S Mahapatra, R Mandic, V McCarthy, KA Mirabolfathi, N Moore, D Nelson, H Ogburn, RW Phipps, A Pyle, M Qiu, X Ramberg, E Rau, W Razeti, M Reisetter, A Resch, R Saab, T Sadoulet, B Sander, J Schnee, RW Seitz, DN Serfass, B Sundqvist, KM Tarka, M Wikus, P Yellin, S Yoo, J Young, BA Zhang, J AF Ahmed, Z. Akerib, D. S. Arrenberg, S. Bailey, C. N. Balakishiyeva, D. Baudis, L. Bauer, D. A. Brink, P. L. Bruch, T. Bunker, R. Cabrera, B. Caldwell, D. O. Cooley, J. do Couto e Silva, E. Cushman, P. Daal, M. DeJongh, F. Di Stefano, P. Dragowsky, M. R. Duong, L. Fallows, S. Figueroa-Feliciano, E. Filippini, J. Fox, J. Fritts, M. Golwala, S. R. Hall, J. Hennings-Yeomans, R. Hertel, S. A. Holmgren, D. Hsu, L. Huber, M. E. Kamaev, O. Kiveni, M. Kos, M. Leman, S. W. Liu, S. Mahapatra, R. Mandic, V. McCarthy, K. A. Mirabolfathi, N. Moore, D. Nelson, H. Ogburn, R. W. Phipps, A. Pyle, M. Qiu, X. Ramberg, E. Rau, W. Razeti, M. Reisetter, A. Resch, R. Saab, T. Sadoulet, B. Sander, J. Schnee, R. W. Seitz, D. N. Serfass, B. Sundqvist, K. M. Tarka, M. Wikus, P. Yellin, S. Yoo, J. Young, B. A. Zhang, J. CA CDMS Collaboration TI Search for inelastic dark matter with the CDMS II experiment SO PHYSICAL REVIEW D LA English DT Article ID CANDIDATES; DAMA/LIBRA; LIMITS AB Results are presented from a reanalysis of the entire five-tower data set acquired with the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS II) experiment at the Soudan Underground Laboratory, with an exposure of 969 kg-days. The analysis window was extended to a recoil energy of 150 keV, and an improved surface-event background-rejection cut was defined to increase the sensitivity of the experiment to the inelastic dark matter (iDM) model. Three dark matter candidates were found between 25 keV and 150 keV. The probability to observe three or more background events in this energy range is 11%. Because of the occurrence of these events, the constraints on the iDM parameter space are slightly less stringent than those from our previous analysis, which used an energy window of 10-100 keV. C1 [Arrenberg, S.; Baudis, L.; Bruch, T.; Tarka, M.] Univ Zurich, Inst Phys, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. [Ahmed, Z.; Filippini, J.; Golwala, S. R.; Moore, D.] CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Akerib, D. S.; Bailey, C. N.; Dragowsky, M. R.; Hennings-Yeomans, R.] Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. [Bauer, D. A.; DeJongh, F.; Hall, J.; Holmgren, D.; Hsu, L.; Ramberg, E.; Yoo, J.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. [Sadoulet, B.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Figueroa-Feliciano, E.; Hertel, S. A.; Leman, S. W.; McCarthy, K. A.; Wikus, P.] MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Di Stefano, P.; Fox, J.; Liu, S.; Rau, W.] Queens Univ, Dept Phys, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. [Brink, P. L.; do Couto e Silva, E.; Resch, R.] KIPAC, SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Reisetter, A.] St Olaf Coll, Dept Phys, Northfield, MN 55057 USA. [Young, B. A.] Santa Clara Univ, Dept Phys, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. [Cooley, J.] So Methodist Univ, Dept Phys, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. [Cabrera, B.; Ogburn, R. W.; Pyle, M.; Razeti, M.; Yellin, S.] Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Kiveni, M.; Kos, M.; Schnee, R. W.] Syracuse Univ, Dept Phys, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. [Mahapatra, R.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Daal, M.; Mirabolfathi, N.; Phipps, A.; Sadoulet, B.; Seitz, D. N.; Serfass, B.; Sundqvist, K. M.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Huber, M. E.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Denver, CO 80217 USA. [Huber, M. E.] Univ Colorado, Dept Elec Engr, Denver, CO 80217 USA. [Balakishiyeva, D.; Saab, T.] Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Cushman, P.; Duong, L.; Fallows, S.; Fritts, M.; Kamaev, O.; Mandic, V.; Qiu, X.; Reisetter, A.; Zhang, J.] Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. [Bunker, R.; Caldwell, D. O.; Nelson, H.; Sander, J.; Yellin, S.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Arrenberg, S (reprint author), Univ Zurich, Inst Phys, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. EM arrenberg@physik.uzh.ch RI Huber, Martin/B-3354-2011; Pyle, Matt/E-7348-2015; Qiu, Xinjie/C-6164-2012; Hall, Jeter/F-6108-2013; Liu, Sheng/K-2815-2013; Hall, Jeter/E-9294-2015; Bailey, Catherine/C-6107-2009; Yoo, Jonghee/K-8394-2016 OI Pyle, Matt/0000-0002-3490-6754; Holmgren, Donald/0000-0001-6701-7737; Baudis, Laura/0000-0003-4710-1768; FU National Science Foundation [AST-9978911, PHY-0542066, PHY-0503729, PHY-0503629, PHY-0503641, PHY-0504224, PHY-0705052, PHY-0801708, PHY-0801712, PHY-0802575, PHY-0855525]; Department of Energy [DE-AC03-76SF00098, DE-FG02-91ER40688, DE-FG02-92ER40701, DE-FG03-90ER40569, DE-FG03-91ER40618]; Swiss National Foundation (SNF) [20-118119]; NSERC Canada [SAPIN 341314-07] FX The CDMS collaboration gratefully acknowledges the contributions of numerous engineers and technicians; we would like to especially thank Jim Beaty, Bruce Hines, Larry Novak, Richard Schmitt and Astrid Tomada. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge assistance from the staff of the Soudan Underground Laboratory and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. This work is supported in part by the National Science Foundation (Grant Nos. AST-9978911, PHY-0542066, PHY-0503729, PHY-0503629, PHY-0503641, PHY-0504224, PHY-0705052, PHY-0801708, PHY-0801712, PHY-0802575 and PHY-0855525), by the Department of Energy (Contract Nos. DE-AC03-76SF00098, DE-FG02-91ER40688, DE-FG02-92ER40701, DE-FG03-90ER40569, and DE-FG03-91ER40618), by the Swiss National Foundation (SNF Grant No. 20-118119) and by NSERC Canada (Grant SAPIN 341314-07). NR 44 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1550-7998 J9 PHYS REV D JI Phys. Rev. D PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 83 IS 11 AR 112002 DI 10.1103/PhysRevD.83.112002 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 771IS UT WOS:000291151000002 ER PT J AU Kilgore, WB AF Kilgore, William B. TI Regularization schemes and higher order corrections SO PHYSICAL REVIEW D LA English DT Article ID SUPERSYMMETRIC DIMENSIONAL REGULARIZATION; MASS ANOMALOUS DIMENSION; GAUGE-THEORIES; QUARK MASS; REDUCTION; QCD; ANNIHILATION; AMPLITUDES; INTEGRALS AB I apply commonly used regularization schemes to a multiloop calculation to examine the properties of the schemes at higher orders. I find complete consistency between the conventional dimensional regularization scheme and dimensional reduction, but I find that the four-dimensional helicity scheme produces incorrect results at next-to-next-to-leading order and singular results at next-to-next-to-next-toleading order. It is not, therefore, a unitary regularization scheme. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Kilgore, WB (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM kilgore@bnl.gov FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-98CH10886] FX This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. NR 33 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1550-7998 J9 PHYS REV D JI Phys. Rev. D PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 83 IS 11 AR 114005 DI 10.1103/PhysRevD.83.114005 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 771IS UT WOS:000291151000008 ER PT J AU Kim, J Jung, C Kim, HJ Lee, W Sharpe, SR AF Kim, Jangho Jung, Chulwoo Kim, Hyung-Jin Lee, Weonjong Sharpe, Stephen R. CA SWME Collaboration TI Finite volume effects in B-K with improved staggered fermions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW D LA English DT Article AB We extend our recent unquenched (N-f = 2 + 1 flavor) calculation of B-K using improved staggered fermions by including in the fits the finite volume shift predicted by one-loop staggered chiral perturbation theory. The net result is to lower the result in the continuum limit by 0.6%. This shift is slightly smaller than our previous estimate of finite volume effects based on a direct comparison between different volumes. C1 [Kim, Jangho; Kim, Hyung-Jin; Lee, Weonjong] Seoul Natl Univ, FPRD, Lattice Gauge Theory Res Ctr, Seoul 151747, South Korea. [Kim, Jangho; Kim, Hyung-Jin; Lee, Weonjong] Seoul Natl Univ, CTP, Dept Phys & Astron, Seoul 151747, South Korea. [Jung, Chulwoo] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Sharpe, Stephen R.] Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Kim, J (reprint author), Seoul Natl Univ, FPRD, Lattice Gauge Theory Res Ctr, Seoul 151747, South Korea. FU US DOE [DE-AC02-98CH10886, DE-FG02-96ER40956]; Korean government (MEST) [3348-20090015]; Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy FX C. Jung is supported by the US DOE under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. The research of W. Lee is supported by the Creative Research Initiatives program (3348-20090015) of the NRF grant funded by the Korean government (MEST). The work of S. Sharpe is supported in part by the US DOE Grant No. DE-FG02-96ER40956. Computations for this work were carried out in part on QCDOC computers of the USQCD Collaboration at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The USQCD Collaboration is funded by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy. NR 5 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1550-7998 J9 PHYS REV D JI Phys. Rev. D PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 83 IS 11 AR 117501 DI 10.1103/PhysRevD.83.117501 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 771IS UT WOS:000291151000016 ER PT J AU Cole, AJ Callen, JD Solomon, WM Garofalo, AM Hegna, CC Lanctot, MJ Reimerdes, H AF Cole, A. J. Callen, J. D. Solomon, W. M. Garofalo, A. M. Hegna, C. C. Lanctot, M. J. Reimerdes, H. CA DIII-D Team TI Observation of Peak Neoclassical Toroidal Viscous Force in the DIII-D Tokamak SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MOMENTUM DISSIPATION; TRANSPORT; MODES; PLASMAS AB Observation of a theoretically predicted peak in the neoclassical toroidal viscosity (NTV) force as a function of toroidal plasma rotation rate Omega is reported. The NTV was generated by applying n = 3 magnetic fields from internal coils to low Omega plasmas produced with nearly balanced neutral beam injection. Locally, the peak corresponds to a toroidal rotation rate Omega(0) where the radial electric field E(r) is near zero as determined by radial ion force balance. C1 [Cole, A. J.; Callen, J. D.; Hegna, C. C.] Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Solomon, W. M.] Princeton Univ, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. [Garofalo, A. M.; DIII-D Team] Gen Atom Co, San Diego, CA 92186 USA. [Lanctot, M. J.; Reimerdes, H.] Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Cole, AJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Lanctot, Matthew J/O-4979-2016; OI Lanctot, Matthew J/0000-0002-7396-3372; Solomon, Wayne/0000-0002-0902-9876 FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FG02-86ER53218, DE-FG02-92ER54139, DE-FG02-99ER54546, DE-FC02-04ER54968, DE-FG02-89ER53297, DE-AC02-09CH11466] FX This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Grant Nos. DE-FG02-86ER53218, DE-FG02-92ER54139, DE-FG02-99ER54546, DE-FC02-04ER54968, DE-FG02-89ER53297 and DE-AC02-09CH11466. Figures were generated using Scilab. NR 20 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 106 IS 22 AR 225002 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.225002 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 771IZ UT WOS:000291151700007 PM 21702606 ER PT J AU Ramanathan, M Darling, SB AF Ramanathan, Muruganathan Darling, Seth B. TI Mesoscale morphologies in polymer thin films SO PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE Polymer; Copolymer; Thin film; Mesoscale; Mesostructure; Dewetting; Instability; Morphology; Annealing; Fractals; Holes; Spherulite; Amorphous; Crystalline ID DIRECTED SPINODAL DECOMPOSITION; BLOCK-COPOLYMER LITHOGRAPHY; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) BLENDS; LIQUID-FILMS; PATTERN-FORMATION; POLYSTYRENE FILMS; DEWETTING DYNAMICS; PHASE-SEPARATION; SPHERULITIC STRUCTURE; CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS AB In the midst of an exciting era of polymer nanoscience, where the development of materials and understanding of properties at the nanoscale remain a major R&D endeavor, there are several exciting phenomena that have been reported at the mesoscale (approximately an order of magnitude larger than the nanoscale). In this review article, we focus on mesoscale morphologies in polymer thin films from the viewpoint of origination of structure formation, structure development and the interaction forces that govern these morphologies. Mesoscale morphologies, including dendrites, holes, spherulites, fractals and honeycomb structures have been observed in thin films of homopolymer, copolymer, blends and composites. Following a largely phenomenological level of description, we review the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of mesostructure formation outlining some of the key mechanisms at play. We also discuss various strategies to direct, limit, or inhibit the appearance of mesostructures in polymer thin films as well as an outlook toward potential areas of growth in this field of research. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Ramanathan, Muruganathan; Darling, Seth B.] Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanoscale Mat, Argonne, IL 60939 USA. RP Ramanathan, M (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Nanophase Mat Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM Nathan@anl.gov RI Ramanathan, Muruganathan/A-3641-2013 OI Ramanathan, Muruganathan/0000-0001-7008-1131 FU U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357] FX We thank J. Lal for a critical reading of this manuscript. Use of the Center for Nanoscale Materials was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. NR 304 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 11 U2 137 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6700 J9 PROG POLYM SCI JI Prog. Polym. Sci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 36 IS 6 BP 793 EP 812 DI 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.12.006 PG 20 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 771CF UT WOS:000291134100004 ER PT J AU Rau, BM Melvin, AM Johnson, DW Goodale, CL Blank, RR Fredriksen, G Miller, WW Murphy, JD Todd, DE Walker, RF AF Rau, Benjamin M. Melvin, April M. Johnson, Dale W. Goodale, Christine L. Blank, Robert R. Fredriksen, Guinevere Miller, Watkins W. Murphy, James D. Todd, Donald E., Jr. Walker, Roger F. TI Revisiting Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Sampling: Quantitative Pits Versus Rotary Cores SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Soil sampling; soil pit; soil core; coarse fragment; carbon; nitrogen ID FOREST; TOOL AB Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and its feedbacks with global climate have sparked renewed interest in quantifying ecosystem carbon (C) budgets, including quantifying belowground pools. Belowground nutrient budgets require accurate estimates of soil mass, coarse fragment content, and nutrient concentrations. It has long been thought that the most accurate measurement of soil mass and coarse fragment content has come from excavating quantitative soil pits. However, this methodology is labor intensive and time consuming. We propose that diamond-tipped rotary cores are an acceptable if not superior alternative to quantitative soil pits for the measurement of soil mass, coarse fragment content, C and total nitrogen (N) concentrations. We tested the rotary core methodology against traditional quantitative pits at research sites in California, Nevada, and New York. We found that soil cores had 16% higher estimates of less than 2-mm soil mass than estimates obtained from quantitative pits. Conversely, soil cores had 8% lower estimates of coarse fragment mass compared with quantitative pits. There were no statistical differences in measured C or N concentrations between the two methods. At the individual site level, differences in estimates for the two methods were more pronounced, but there was no consistent tendency for cores to overestimate or underestimate a soil parameter when compared with quantitative pits. C1 [Rau, Benjamin M.] USDA Forest Serv, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. [Melvin, April M.; Goodale, Christine L.; Fredriksen, Guinevere] Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Johnson, Dale W.; Miller, Watkins W.; Murphy, James D.; Walker, Roger F.] Univ Nevada, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. [Blank, Robert R.] USDA ARS, Reno, NV 89512 USA. [Todd, Donald E., Jr.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Rau, BM (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. EM brau02@fs.fed.us FU U.S. Joint Fire Science Program; U.S. Forest Service; Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station; University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada; McIntire-Stennis; Hatch programs FX This work is Contribution No. 47 of the Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation Project (SageSTEP) and was partially funded by the U.S. Joint Fire Science Program. This research was also supported by the U.S. Forest Service and the Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada. The New York sampling was supported by funds from the McIntire-Stennis and Hatch programs to Christine L. Goodale. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 13 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 176 IS 6 BP 273 EP 279 DI 10.1097/SS.0b013e31821d6d4a PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 772AR UT WOS:000291202300002 ER PT J AU Sheu, YM Trigo, M Chien, YJ Uher, C Arms, DA Peterson, ER Walko, DA Landahl, EC Chen, J Ghimire, S Reis, DA AF Sheu, Y. M. Trigo, M. Chien, Y. J. Uher, C. Arms, D. A. Peterson, E. R. Walko, D. A. Landahl, E. C. Chen, J. Ghimire, S. Reis, D. A. TI Kapitza conductance of Bi/sapphire interface studied by depth- and time-resolved X-ray diffraction SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Bismuth; Kapitza conductance; Ultrafast; X-rays AB We present Kapitza conductance measurements of the bismuth/sapphire interface using depth- and time-resolved X-ray diffraction, for Bi film thicknesses ranging from 65 to 284 nm. Our measurements provide complementary information about heat transport in the films; we directly observe the thinnest film to be uniformly heated within 1 ns, whereas the thickest film sustains a large near-surface temperature gradient for several ns. The deduced Kapitza conductance is 1950 W/cm(2)/K. This value is close to the theoretical prediction using the radiation limit. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Sheu, Y. M.] Univ Michigan, FOCUS Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Sheu, Y. M.; Chien, Y. J.; Uher, C.] Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Trigo, M.; Chen, J.; Ghimire, S.; Reis, D. A.] SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, PULSE Inst, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Trigo, M.; Chen, J.; Ghimire, S.; Reis, D. A.] Stanford Univ, Dept Photon Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Trigo, M.; Chen, J.; Ghimire, S.; Reis, D. A.] Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Arms, D. A.; Peterson, E. R.; Walko, D. A.] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Landahl, E. C.] De Paul Univ, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60614 USA. RP Sheu, YM (reprint author), Univ Michigan, FOCUS Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM ymsheu@lanl.gov FU US DOE [DE-AC02-06CH11357, DE-FG0-200ER1503]; NSF FOCUS physics frontier center; Air Force Office of Scientific Research [FA9550-08-1-0340]; [NSF-DMR-0604549] FX Use of the Advanced Photon Source, an Office of Science User Facility operated for the US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory, was supported by the US DOE under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. This work was supported in part by the US DOE, Grants No. DE-FG0-200ER1503, and from the NSF FOCUS physics frontier center. YJC and CU acknowledge the support from NSF-DMR-0604549. DAR was supported in part by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Contract FA9550-08-1-0340 through the Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative Program. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 151 IS 11 BP 826 EP 829 DI 10.1016/j.ssc.2011.03.022 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 771YA UT WOS:000291195400005 ER PT J AU Zhou, YG Zu, XT Gao, F AF Zhou, Y. G. Zu, X. T. Gao, F. TI Substrate-induced magnetism in BN layer: A first-principles study SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE BN layer; Co(111); Magnetism; First-principles ID HEXAGONAL BORON-NITRIDE; H-BN; NI(111); MONOLAYER; CHEMISORPTION; DISPERSION; NANOMESH; SURFACES; FILMS AB We predict an accepted configuration of hexagonal boron nitride (BN) layer on Co(111) surface by first-principles calculations. The calculated adsorption energy of this configuration is around -0.51 eV with a corrugation close to 0.1 angstrom. Polarized spin states are induced in BN layer due to the hybridization of the BN layer with the substrate Co, which gives rise to a magnetic moment of 0.2 mu B on each pair of BN. The finding of high spin polarization on the absorbed BN layer ensures a high degree of passage of the preferred spin and is important in the development of nanoscale devices for spintronics applications. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Zhou, Y. G.; Zu, X. T.] Univ Elect Sci & Technol China, Dept Appl Phys, Chengdu 610054, Peoples R China. [Zhou, Y. G.; Gao, F.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Zhou, YG (reprint author), Univ Elect Sci & Technol China, Dept Appl Phys, Chengdu 610054, Peoples R China. EM Yungang.Zhou@pnl.gov RI Gao, Fei/H-3045-2012 FU Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy [DE-AC05-76RL01830]; Royal Academy of Engineering-Research Exchanges with China and India FX This study was financially supported from the Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830. X.T. Zu was supported by the Royal Academy of Engineering-Research Exchanges with China and India Awards. NR 30 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 36 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 151 IS 12 BP 883 EP 886 DI 10.1016/j.ssc.2011.04.001 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 774HD UT WOS:000291375400005 ER PT J AU Schroll, CA Chatterjee, S Heineman, WR Bryan, SA AF Schroll, Cynthia A. Chatterjee, Sayandev Heineman, William R. Bryan, Samuel A. TI Semi-Infinite Linear Diffusion Spectroelectrochemistry on an Aqueous Micro-Drop SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID OPTICALLY TRANSPARENT ELECTRODES; THIN-LAYER SPECTROELECTROCHEMISTRY; CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY; SOLUTION INTERFACE; REFLECTION; COMPLEXES; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; SPECTROSCOPY; FERRICYANIDE; DEPOSITION AB We report a technique for conducting semi-infinite diffusion spectroelectrochemistry on an aqueous micro-drop as an easy and economic way of investigating spectroelectrochemical behavior of redox active compounds and correlating spectroscopic properties with thermodynamic potentials on a small scale. The chemical systems used to demonstrate the aqueous micro-drop technique were an absorbance based ionic probe [Fe(CN(6)).](3-/4-) and an emission based ionic probe [Re(dmpe)(3)](2+/+). These chemical systems in a micro-drop were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and UV-visible absorbance and luminescence spectroscopies. C1 [Chatterjee, Sayandev; Bryan, Samuel A.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Schroll, Cynthia A.; Heineman, William R.] Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Bryan, SA (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM heinemwr@ucmail.uc.edu; sam.bryan@pnl.gov RI Bryan, Samuel/D-5457-2015; OI Bryan, Samuel/0000-0001-5664-3249; Chatterjee, Sayandev/0000-0003-2218-5635 FU U.S. Department of Energy's Fuel Cycle Research and Development (FCR&D), Separation Campaign (NE); U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC05-76RL01830, DE-FG0799ER62331]; Office of Science, BER [FG02-07ER64353] FX This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Fuel Cycle Research and Development (FCR&D), Separation Campaign (NE) and performed at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830. Support from the Office of Science, BER (Grant No. DE-FG02-07ER64353), and the Office of Environmental Management Sciences Program (Grant No. DE-FG0799ER62331) of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is also gratefully acknowledged. We thank Dr. Necati Kaval for designing the InSpectrum 150 spectrometer-CCD, Eme Amba Abu for helpful discussions, and Amos Doepke for preparing the hydrophobic glass slides. NR 43 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 83 IS 11 BP 4214 EP 4219 DI 10.1021/ac200551n PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 768ZJ UT WOS:000290978500036 PM 21495728 ER PT J AU De Andrade, V Susini, J Salome, M Beraldin, O Rigault, C Heymes, T Lewin, E Vidal, O AF De Andrade, Vincent Susini, Jean Salome, Murielle Beraldin, Olivier Rigault, Cecile Heymes, Thomas Lewin, Eric Vidal, Olivier TI Submicrometer Hyperspectral X-ray Imaging of Heterogeneous Rocks and Geomaterials: Applications at the Fe K-Edge SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID OXIDATION-STATE; MICRO-XANES; TOMOGRAPHY; RESOLUTION; SPECTROSCOPY; QUANTIFICATION; CONSTRAINTS; EXAMPLES; CALABRIA; SPECTRA AB Because of their complex genesis, rocks and geomaterials are commonly polycrystalline heterogeneous systems, with various scale-level chemical and structural heterogeneities. Like most other mu-analytical techniques relying on scanning instruments with pencil-beam, the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) technique allows elemental oxidation states to be probed with high spatial resolution but suffers from long acquisition times, imposing practical limits on the field of view. Now, regions of interest of sample are generally several orders of magnitude larger than the beam size. Here, we show the potential of coupling XANES and full-field absorption radiographies with a large hard X-ray beam. Thanks to a new setup, which allows both the acquisition of a XANES image stack and the execution of polarization contrast imaging, 1 to 4 mega-pixel crystallographic orientations and Fe oxidation state mapping corrected from polarization effects are obtained in a couple of hours on polycrystalline materials with submicrometric resolution. The demonstration is first carried out on complex metamorphic rocks, where Fe(3+)/Fe(total) images reveal subtle redox variations within single mineralogical phases. A second application concerns a bentonite analogue considered for nuclear waste and CO(2) storage. Proportion mappings of finely mixed phases are extracted from hyperspectral data, imaging the spatial progress of reaction processes essential for the safety of such storage systems. C1 [De Andrade, Vincent; Susini, Jean; Salome, Murielle; Beraldin, Olivier] European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, Beamline ID21, F-38043 Grenoble, France. [De Andrade, Vincent] Brookhaven Natl Lab, NSLS 2, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Rigault, Cecile] Univ Poitiers, CNRS, HYDRASA, F-86022 Poitiers, France. [Heymes, Thomas; Lewin, Eric; Vidal, Olivier] Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, ISTerre, F-38041 Grenoble, France. RP De Andrade, V (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source 2, SRX Beamline, Bldg 817,Renaissance Rd, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM vdeandrade@bnl.gov RI vidal, olivier/E-7285-2012; LEWIN, Eric/F-1451-2017 FU European Synchrotron Radiation Facility FX This work was financially supported by the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The expertness of T. Martin, P. A. Douissard, and J. C. Labiche from the Detector Group of the ESRF, G. Berruyer from the BLISS, and F. Di Chiaro have been capital to the development of the experimental setup. We are also grateful to P. Cloetens who provided us a fast and efficient algorithm for images alignment. At last, we thank M. Jullien from the CEA who provided the experimental sample of bentonite. NR 36 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 28 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 83 IS 11 BP 4220 EP 4227 DI 10.1021/ac200559r PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 768ZJ UT WOS:000290978500037 PM 21500858 ER PT J AU Van Nostrand, JD Wu, LY Wu, WM Huang, ZJ Gentry, TJ Deng, Y Carley, J Carroll, S He, ZL Gu, BH Luo, J Criddle, CS Watson, DB Jardine, PM Marsh, TL Tiedje, JM Hazen, TC Zhou, JZ AF Van Nostrand, Joy D. Wu, Liyou Wu, Wei-Min Huang, Zhijian Gentry, Terry J. Deng, Ye Carley, Jack Carroll, Sue He, Zhili Gu, Baohua Luo, Jian Criddle, Craig S. Watson, David B. Jardine, Philip M. Marsh, Terence L. Tiedje, James M. Hazen, Terry C. Zhou, Jizhong TI Dynamics of Microbial Community Composition and Function during In Situ Bioremediation of a Uranium-Contaminated Aquifer SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISSIMILATORY METAL REDUCTION; SUBMICROMOLAR LEVELS; U(VI) REDUCTION; MICROARRAY; SEDIMENTS; NITRATE; BIOSTIMULATION; GROUNDWATER; REOXIDATION; HETEROGENEITY AB A pilot-scale system was established to examine the feasibility of in situ U(VI) immobilization at a highly contaminated aquifer (U. S. DOE Integrated Field Research Challenge site, Oak Ridge, TN). Ethanol was injected intermittently as an electron donor to stimulate microbial U(VI) reduction, and U(VI) concentrations fell to below the Environmental Protection Agency drinking water standard (0.03 mg liter(-1)). Microbial communities from three monitoring wells were examined during active U(VI) reduction and maintenance phases with GeoChip, a high-density, comprehensive functional gene array. The overall microbial community structure exhibited a considerable shift over the remediation phases examined. GeoChip-based analysis revealed that Fe(III)-reducing bacterial (FeRB), nitrate-reducing bacterial (NRB), and sulfate-reducing bacterial (SRB) functional populations reached their highest levels during the active U(VI) reduction phase (days 137 to 370), in which denitrification and Fe(III) and sulfate reduction occurred sequentially. A gradual decrease in these functional populations occurred when reduction reactions stabilized, suggesting that these functional populations could play an important role in both active U(VI) reduction and maintenance of the stability of reduced U(IV). These results suggest that addition of electron donors stimulated the microbial community to create biogeochemical conditions favorable to U(VI) reduction and prevent the reduced U(IV) from reoxidation and that functional FeRB, SRB, and NRB populations within this system played key roles in this process. C1 [Van Nostrand, Joy D.; Wu, Liyou; Deng, Ye; He, Zhili; Zhou, Jizhong] Univ Oklahoma, Inst Environm Genom, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Van Nostrand, Joy D.; Wu, Liyou; Deng, Ye; He, Zhili; Zhou, Jizhong] Univ Oklahoma, Dept Bot & Microbiol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Van Nostrand, Joy D.; He, Zhili; Hazen, Terry C.; Zhou, Jizhong] Virtual Inst Microbial Stress & Survival, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Wu, Wei-Min; Criddle, Craig S.] Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Gentry, Terry J.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Huang, Zhijian] Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sch Life Sci, State Key Lab Biocontrol, Sch Marine Sci, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, Peoples R China. [Carley, Jack; Carroll, Sue; Gu, Baohua; Watson, David B.; Jardine, Philip M.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Luo, Jian] Georgia Inst Technol, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Michigan State Univ, Ctr Microbial Ecol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Hazen, Terry C.; Zhou, Jizhong] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Zhou, JZ (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Inst Environm Genom, 101 David L Boren Blvd,SRTC 2022, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM lwu@ou.edu; jzhou@ou.edu RI Gu, Baohua/B-9511-2012; Deng, Ye/A-2571-2013; He, Zhili/C-2879-2012; Watson, David/C-3256-2016; Van Nostrand, Joy/F-1740-2016; Hazen, Terry/C-1076-2012; OI Gu, Baohua/0000-0002-7299-2956; Watson, David/0000-0002-4972-4136; Van Nostrand, Joy/0000-0001-9548-6450; Hazen, Terry/0000-0002-2536-9993; ?, ?/0000-0002-7584-0632 FU U.S. DOE; U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX This research was supported by The U.S. DOE under the Environmental Remediation Science Program and in part by the U.S. Department of Energy through ENIGMA under contract DE-AC02-05CH11231 with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and by the Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology under the Oklahoma Applied Research Support Program. NR 39 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 51 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 77 IS 11 BP 3860 EP 3869 DI 10.1128/AEM.01981-10 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 767HY UT WOS:000290847800038 PM 21498771 ER PT J AU Palanque-Delabrouille, N Yeche, C Myers, AD Petitjean, P Ross, NP Sheldon, E Aubourg, E Delubac, T Le Goff, JM Paris, I Rich, J Dawson, KS Schneider, DP Weaver, BA AF Palanque-Delabrouille, N. Yeche, Ch. Myers, A. D. Petitjean, P. Ross, N. P. Sheldon, E. Aubourg, E. Delubac, T. Le Goff, J. -M. Paris, I. Rich, J. Dawson, K. S. Schneider, D. P. Weaver, B. A. TI Variability selected high-redshift quasars on SDSS Stripe 82 SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE quasars: general ID DIGITAL-SKY-SURVEY; EFFICIENT PHOTOMETRIC SELECTION; 7TH DATA RELEASE; LUMINOSITY FUNCTION; TIME VARIABILITY; MAGELLANIC-CLOUD; CATALOG AB The SDSS-III BOSS Quasar survey will attempt to observe z > 2.15 quasars at a density of at least 15 per square degree to yield the first measurement of the baryon acoustic oscillations in the Ly-alpha forest. To help reaching this goal, we have developed a method to identify quasars based on their variability in the ugriz optical bands. The method has been applied to the selection of quasar targets in the SDSS region known as Stripe 82 ( the southern equatorial stripe), where numerous photometric observations are available over a 10-year baseline. This area was observed by BOSS during September and October 2010. Only 8% of the objects selected via variability are not quasars, while 90% of the previously identified high-redshift quasar population is recovered. The method allows for a significant increase in the z > 2.15 quasar density over previous strategies based on optical (ugriz) colors, achieving a density of 24.0 deg(-2) on average down to g similar to 22 over the 220 deg(2) area of Stripe 82. We applied this method to simulated data from the Palomar Transient Factory and from Pan-STARRS, and showed that even with data that have sparser time sampling than what is available in Stripe 82, including variability in future quasar selection strategies would lead to increased target selection efficiency in the z > 2.15 redshift range. We also found that broad absorption line quasars are preferentially present in a variability than in a color selection. C1 [Palanque-Delabrouille, N.; Yeche, Ch.; Aubourg, E.; Delubac, T.; Le Goff, J. -M.] CEA, Ctr Saclay, Irfu SPP, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Myers, A. D.] Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Petitjean, P.; Paris, I.] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Inst Astrophys Paris, UMR7095, F-75014 Paris, France. [Ross, N. P.] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Sheldon, E.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Myers, A. D.] Max Planck Inst Astron, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. [Aubourg, E.] APC, F-75205 Paris 13, France. [Weaver, B. A.] NYU, Ctr Cosmol & Particle Phys, New York, NY 10003 USA. [Dawson, K. S.] Univ Utah, Dept Phys & Astron, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Schneider, D. P.] Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Palanque-Delabrouille, N (reprint author), CEA, Ctr Saclay, Irfu SPP, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM nathalie.palanque-delabrouille@cea.fr RI Le Goff, Jean-Marc/E-7629-2013 FU Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; Participating Institutions; National Science Foundation; US Department of Energy; Agence Nationale de la Recherche [ANR-08-BLAN-0222]; [DE-AC02-98CH10886] FX Funding for SDSS-III has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, and the US Department of Energy. The SDSS-III web site is http://www.sdss3.org/.; E.S. is supported by grant DE-AC02-98CH10886. The BOSS French Participation Group is supported by Agence Nationale de la Recherche under grant ANR-08-BLAN-0222. NR 47 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 530 AR A122 DI 10.1051/0004-6361/201016254 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 769OW UT WOS:000291027400122 ER PT J AU Mu, FP Unkefer, CJ Unkefer, PJ Hlavacek, WS AF Mu, Fangping Unkefer, Clifford J. Unkefer, Pat J. Hlavacek, William S. TI Prediction of metabolic reactions based on atomic and molecular properties of small-molecule compounds SO BIOINFORMATICS LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; PATHWAY PREDICTION; DIVERSITY; DATABASE; SYSTEMS; BIOTRANSFORMATIONS; OPTIMIZATION; TECHNOLOGIES; SELECTION; NETWORKS AB Results: We classified 4843 reactions documented in the KEGG database, from all six Enzyme Commission classes (EC 1-6), into 80 reaction classes, each of which is marked by a characteristic functional group transformation. Reaction centers and surrounding local structures in substrates and products of these reactions were represented using SMARTS. We found that each of the SMARTS-defined chemical substructures is widely distributed among metabolites, but only a fraction of the functional groups in these substructures are reactive. Using atomic properties of atoms in a putative reaction center and molecular properties as features, we trained support vector machine (SVM) classifiers to discriminate between functional groups that are reactive and non-reactive. Classifier accuracy was assessed by cross-validation analysis. A typical sensitivity [TP/(TP+FN)] or specificity [TN/(TN+FP)] is approximate to 0.8. Our results suggest that metabolic reactivity of small-molecule compounds can be predicted with reasonable accuracy based on the presence of a potentially reactive functional group and the chemical features of its local environment. C1 [Mu, Fangping; Hlavacek, William S.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Theoret Biol & Biophys Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Unkefer, Clifford J.; Unkefer, Pat J.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Mu, FP (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Theoret Biol & Biophys Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM fmu@lanl.gov OI Hlavacek, William/0000-0003-4383-8711 FU National Institutes of Health [GM080216, ES016920, CA132629]; DOE [DE-AC52-06NA25396] FX National Institutes of Health (grants GM080216, ES016920 and CA132629); DOE contract (DE-AC52-06NA25396). NR 54 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 15 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1367-4803 J9 BIOINFORMATICS JI Bioinformatics PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 27 IS 11 BP 1537 EP 1545 DI 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr177 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 770BQ UT WOS:000291062400013 PM 21478194 ER PT J AU Waters, KM Jacobs, JM Gritsenko, MA Karin, NJ AF Waters, Katrina M. Jacobs, Jon M. Gritsenko, Marina A. Karin, Norman J. TI Regulation of gene expression and subcellular protein distribution in MLO-Y4 osteocytic cells by lysophosphatidic acid: Relevance to dendrite outgrowth SO BONE LA English DT Article DE MLO-Y4 osteocyte-like cells; Lysophosphatidic acid; Gene expression; Proteomics; Dendrites ID MC3T3-E1 OSTEOBLASTIC CELLS; PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; BETA-THYMOSINS; G(I) PROTEINS; RECEPTORS; ACTIN; ACTIVATION; KINASE; MIGRATION AB Osteoblastic and osteocytic cells are highly responsive to the lipid growth factor lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) but the mechanisms by which LPA alters bone cell functions are largely unknown. A major effect of LPA on osteocytic cells is the stimulation of dendrite membrane outgrowth, a process that we predicted to require changes in gene expression and protein distribution. We employed DNA microarrays for global transcriptional profiling of MLO-Y4 osteocytic cells grown for 6 and 24 h in the presence or absence of LPA. We identified 932 transcripts that displayed statistically significant changes in abundance of at least 1.25-fold in response to LPA treatment. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the regulated gene products were linked to diverse cellular processes, including DNA repair, response to unfolded protein, ossification, protein-RNA complex assembly, and amine biosynthesis. Gene products associated with the regulation of actin microfilament dynamics displayed the most robust expression changes, and LPA-induced dendritogenesis in vitro was blocked by the stress fiber inhibitor cytochalasin D. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of MLO-Y4 cells revealed significant LPA-induced changes in the abundance of 284 proteins at 6 h and 844 proteins at 24 h. GO analysis of the proteomic data linked the effects of LPA to cell processes that control of protein distribution and membrane outgrowth, including protein localization, protein complex assembly, Golgi vesicle transport, cytoskeleton-dependent transport, and membrane invagination/endocytosis. Dendrites were isolated from LPA-treated MLO-Y4 cells and subjected to proteomic analysis to quantitatively assess the subcellular distribution of proteins. Sets of 129 and 36 proteins were enriched in the dendrite fraction as compared to whole cells after 6 h and 24 h of LPA exposure, respectively. Protein markers indicated that membranous organelles were largely excluded from the dendrites. Highly represented among the proteins with elevated abundances in dendrites were molecules that regulate cytoskeletal function, cell motility and membrane adhesion. Our combined transcriptomic/proteomic analysis of the response of MLO-Y4 osteocytic cells to LPA indicates that dendritogenesis is a membrane- and cytoskeleton-driven process with actin dynamics playing a particularly critical role. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Jacobs, Jon M.; Gritsenko, Marina A.; Karin, Norman J.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Karin, NJ (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, POB 999,J4-02, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM norman.karin@pnl.gov FU National Institutes of Health [AR055192]; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory [DE-AC06-76RLO1830]; Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory FX This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant AR055192 (N.J.K.) and the Laboratory-Directed Research and Development Program at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC06-76RLO1830. A portion of this research was performed using the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), a national scientific user facility sponsored by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. NR 56 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 8756-3282 J9 BONE JI Bone PD JUN PY 2011 VL 48 IS 6 BP 1328 EP 1335 DI 10.1016/j.bone.2011.02.020 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 768XX UT WOS:000290974200015 PM 21356339 ER PT J AU Godinez, HC Daescu, DN AF Godinez, Humberto C. Daescu, Dacian N. TI Observation targeting with a second-order adjoint method for increased predictability SO COMPUTATIONAL GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Second-order adjoint; Targeting strategies; Data assimilation; 4D-Var ID 4D-VAR DATA ASSIMILATION; ADAPTIVE OBSERVATIONS; SINGULAR VECTORS; SENSITIVITY-ANALYSIS; THEORETICAL ASPECTS; KALMAN FILTER; SHALLOW; MODEL; OPTIMIZATION; EQUATIONS AB The efficiency of current adjoint-based observations targeting strategies in variational data assimilation is closely determined by the underlying assumption of a linear propagation of initial condition errors into the model forecasts. A novel targeting strategy is proposed in the context of four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) to account for nonlinear error growth as the forecast lead time increases. A quadratic error growth model is shown to maintain the accuracy in tracking the nonlinear evolution of initial condition perturbations, as compared to the first-order approximation. A second-order adjoint model is used to provide the derivative information that is necessary in the higher-order Taylor series approximation. The observation targeting approach relies on the dominant eigenvectors of the Hessian matrix associated with a specific forecast error aspect as an indicator of the directions of largest quadratic error growth. A comparative qualitative analysis between observation targeting based on first- and second-order adjoint information is presented in idealized 4D-Var experiments with a two-dimensional global shallow-water model. The results indicate that accounting for the quadratic error growth in the targeting strategy is of particular benefit as the forecast lead time increases. C1 [Godinez, Humberto C.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Daescu, Dacian N.] Portland State Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Portland, OR 97207 USA. RP Godinez, HC (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM hgodinez@lanl.gov; daescu@pdx.edu FU Department of Energy at Los Alamos National Laboratory [DE-AC52-06NA25396]; DOE Office of Science Advanced Computing Research (ASCR); National Science Foundation [DMS-0914937] FX This research was supported by the Department of Energy at Los Alamos National Laboratory under contracts DE-AC52-06NA25396 and the DOE Office of Science Advanced Computing Research (ASCR) program in Applied Mathematical Sciences, and by the National Science Foundation under grant DMS-0914937. NR 38 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1420-0597 EI 1573-1499 J9 COMPUTAT GEOSCI JI Comput. Geosci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 15 IS 3 BP 477 EP 488 DI 10.1007/s10596-010-9217-z PG 12 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 769ZY UT WOS:000291058000008 ER PT J AU Kumpiene, J Mench, M Bes, CM Fitts, JP AF Kumpiene, Jurate Mench, Michel Bes, Clemence M. Fitts, Jeffrey P. TI Assessment of aided phytostabilization of copper-contaminated soil by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and chemical extractions SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Compost; Copper(II); EXAFS; In situ stabilization; Sequential extraction; Zerovalent iron ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; EXAFS SPECTROSCOPY; METAL MOBILITY; ZN SPECIATION; MINE-WASTE; REMEDIATION; CU; STABILIZATION; IRON; PB AB Field plots were established at a timber treatment site to evaluate remediation of Cu contaminated topsoils with aided phytostabilization. Soil containing 2600 mg kg(-1) Cu was amended with a combination of 5 wt% compost and 2 wt% iron grit, and vegetated. Sequential extraction was combined with extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy to correlate changes in Cu distribution across five fractions with changes in the predominant Cu compounds two years after treatment in parallel treated and untreated field plots. Exchangeable Cu dominated untreated soil, most likely as Cu(II) species non-specifically bound to natural organic matter. The EXAFS spectroscopic results are consistent with the sequential extraction results, which show a major shift in Cu distribution as a result of soil treatment to the fraction bound to poorly crystalline Fe oxyhydroxides forming binuclear inner-sphere complexes. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Kumpiene, Jurate] Lulea Univ Technol, Dept Civil Environm & Nat Resources Engn, SE-97187 Lulea, Sweden. [Mench, Michel; Bes, Clemence M.] Univ Bordeaux 1, UMR BIOGECO INRA 1202, F-33405 Talence, France. [Fitts, Jeffrey P.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Environm Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Kumpiene, J (reprint author), Lulea Univ Technol, Dept Civil Environm & Nat Resources Engn, SE-97187 Lulea, Sweden. EM jurate.kumpiene@ltu.se; mench@bordeaux.inra.fr; fitts@bnl.gov RI Fitts, Jeffrey/J-3633-2012; BES, Clemence/C-2694-2013; OI Mench, michel/0000-0002-0273-4142 FU Swedish Research Council FORMAS; ADEME (French National Agency for Environment) [05 72C0018]; Department Polluted Sites and Soils, Angers, France; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science [DE-ACO2-98CH10886] FX The study design, preparation and submission of the paper were financially supported by the Swedish Research Council FORMAS. The establishment of field plots, maintenance and sample collection were financed by ADEME (French National Agency for Environment) through the convention n degrees 05 72C0018 with the Department Polluted Sites and Soils, Angers, France. The collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and the use of beamlines X11A and X27A at the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory (Upton, USA) were supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science under Contract No. DE-ACO2-98CH10886. NR 44 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 4 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 159 IS 6 BP 1536 EP 1542 DI 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.005 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 767FE UT WOS:000290839900010 PM 21454002 ER PT J AU Bisht, G Bras, RL AF Bisht, Gautam Bras, Rafael L. TI Estimation of Net Radiation From the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Over the Continental United States SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS); net radiation; net shortwave radiation; remote sensing; surface energy budget ID SIMPLE PHYSICAL MODEL; LONG-WAVE-RADIATION; CLEAR-SKY DAYS; SURFACE RADIATION; SOLAR-RADIATION; POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; BUDGET NETWORK; MODIS; PRODUCTS; INSOLATION AB Net radiation, at the Earth's surface, is a key variable of interest in fields such as hydrology, climate research, and agriculture. Retrieval algorithms for estimation of the surface radiation budget (SRB) from remote sensing data generally suffer from two major shortcomings: difficulty in dealing with cloudy-sky conditions and reliance on study-site specific ancillary ground data. In this paper, we use the methodology of Bisht and Bras (BB10) to estimate SRB and its components, using only remote sensing data under all sky conditions. The BB10 framework is applied over seven sites of the Surface Radiation Budget network in the CONtinental United States (CONUS), along with 21 sites of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program in the Southern Great Plains. The data from both the Aqua and Terra satellites are used for entire 2006. The study examines instantaneous upwelling and downwelling shortwave, longwave, net shortwave, and net radiations, as well as daily average net shortwave and net radiations. The root-mean-square errors of estimated daily average net radiation and daily average net shortwave radiation when compared to ground observations are 52.42 and 52.21 W.m(-2), respectively. An example of the retrieved instantaneous and daily average net radiation is also presented, which highlights the limitation of using only polar-orbiting satellite data in estimating the diurnal cycle of net radiation. Two adaptations to the algorithm are presented that make the production of SRB estimates over the CONUS feasible. Finally, the methodology is applied to produce daily SRB maps for the CONUS, and monthly SRB maps are presented. C1 [Bisht, Gautam] MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Bras, Rafael L.] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Bisht, G (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Natl Ctr Computat Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM bishtg@ornl.gov; rlbras@gatech.edu RI Bisht, Gautam/J-4822-2014 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NNG05GA17G]; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NA06OAR4310059]; Martin Family Society of Fellows for Sustainability at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology FX This work was supported in part by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contract NNG05GA17G, by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Contract NA06OAR4310059, and by the Martin Family Society of Fellows for Sustainability at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. NR 45 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 30 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JUN PY 2011 VL 49 IS 6 BP 2448 EP 2462 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2010.2096227 PN 2 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 769FU UT WOS:000290997800024 ER PT J AU Li, J Chen, G Wu, YZ Rotenberg, E Przybylski, M AF Li, J. Chen, G. Wu, Y. Z. Rotenberg, E. Przybylski, M. TI Quantum Well States and Oscillatory Magnetic Anisotropy in Ultrathin Fe Films SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Metallic Multilayers (MML) CY SEP 19-24, 2010 CL Berkeley, CA DE Magnetic anisotropy; quantum well states; ultrathin magnetic film ID THIN-FILMS; CO; MAGNETORESISTANCE; SUPERLATTICES; TRANSITION; METALS; ENERGY; PERIOD AB The magnetic anisotropy of Fe film grown on vicinal Ag(1,1,10) surfaces studied with the in situ magneto-optic Kerr effect shows oscillatory behavior. We found that both the in-plane step-induced uniaxial anisotropy and the perpendicular anisotropy measured at low temperature show strong oscillations as a function of Fe thickness with a period of similar to 5.7 monolayers. Such novel oscillation of the anisotropy is attributed to the quantum well states (QWS) of d-band electrons at the Fermi level in the Fe film. These QWS have been observed by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy from a Fe wedge films grown on Ag(001) surface. C1 [Li, J.; Chen, G.; Wu, Y. Z.] Fudan Univ, Dept Phys, Appl Surface Phys State Key Lab, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China. [Li, J.; Chen, G.; Wu, Y. Z.] Fudan Univ, Adv Mat Lab, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China. [Rotenberg, E.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Przybylski, M.] Max Planck Inst Mikrostrukturphys, D-06120 Halle, Germany. [Przybylski, M.] AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Phys & Appl Comp Sci, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland. RP Wu, YZ (reprint author), Fudan Univ, Dept Phys, Appl Surface Phys State Key Lab, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China. EM wuy-izheng@fudan.edu.cn RI wu, YiZheng/O-1547-2013; Rotenberg, Eli/B-3700-2009; Wu, yizheng/P-2395-2014; Chen, Gong/H-3074-2015 OI Rotenberg, Eli/0000-0002-3979-8844; Wu, yizheng/0000-0002-9289-1271; FU NSFC of China; MOST of China [2011CB921801, 2009CB931203, 2010DFA52220]; Shanghai Education Development Foundation; Shanghai Science and Technology Committee; Fok Ying Tong education foundation FX J. Li and Y. Wu thank Prof. J. Kirschner for offering the possibility to work in Max-Planck-Institut fur Mikrostrukturphysik in Halle. Technical support from H. Menge (MPI Halle), G. Kroder (MPI Halle), Y. S. Kim (ALS Berkeley), and A. Bostwick (ALS Berkeley) is acknowledged. Y. Z. Wu also acknowledges the support of NSFC and MOST (Grants Nos. 2011CB921801, 2009CB931203 and 2010DFA52220) of China, by the Shanghai Education Development Foundation, by the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee, and by the Fok Ying Tong education foundation. NR 46 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 14 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9464 EI 1941-0069 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 47 IS 6 BP 1603 EP 1609 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2011.2108273 PN 1 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769HZ UT WOS:000291004800015 ER PT J AU Vogel, A Drews, A Im, MY Fischer, P Meier, G AF Vogel, Andreas Drews, Andre Im, Mi-Young Fischer, Peter Meier, Guido TI Finite Size Effect on Spread of Resonance Frequencies in Arrays of Coupled Vortices SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Metallic Multilayers (MML) CY SEP 19-24, 2010 CL Berkeley, CA DE Broadband ferromagnetic resonance measurements; magnetic properties of nanostructures; magnetization dynamics; magnetostatic coupling AB Dynamical properties of magnetic vortices in arrays of magnetostatically coupled ferromagnetic disks are studied by means of a broadband ferromagnetic-resonance (FMR) setup. Magnetic force microscopy and magnetic transmission soft X-ray microscopy are used to image the core polarizations and the chiralities which are both found to be randomly distributed. The resonance frequency of vortex-core motion strongly depends on the magnetostatic coupling between the disks. The parameter describing the relative broadening of the absorption peak observed in the FMR transmission spectra for a given normalized center-to-center distance between the elements is shown to depend on the size of the array. C1 [Vogel, Andreas; Drews, Andre; Meier, Guido] Univ Hamburg, Inst Angew Phys, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany. [Vogel, Andreas; Drews, Andre; Meier, Guido] Univ Hamburg, Zentrum Mikrostrukturforsch, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany. [Drews, Andre] Univ Hamburg, Arbeitsbereich Tech Informat Syst, D-22527 Hamburg, Germany. [Im, Mi-Young; Fischer, Peter] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Xray Opt, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Vogel, A (reprint author), Univ Hamburg, Inst Angew Phys, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany. EM andreas.vogel@physnet.uni-hamburg.de RI MSD, Nanomag/F-6438-2012; Fischer, Peter/A-3020-2010 OI Fischer, Peter/0000-0002-9824-9343 FU Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [Sonderforschungsbereich 668]; DOE, Office of Science [DE-AC02-05-CH11231] FX The authors thank U. Merkt for continuous support and M. Volkmann for superb technical assistance. Financial support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft via the Sonderforschungsbereich 668 is gratefully acknowledged. Operation of the X-ray microscope is supported by the DOE, Office of Science, under contract DE-AC02-05-CH11231. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9464 EI 1941-0069 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 47 IS 6 BP 1610 EP 1613 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2011.2107505 PN 1 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769HZ UT WOS:000291004800016 ER PT J AU Gerhard, L Yamada, TK Balashov, T Takacs, AF Wesselink, RJH Dane, M Fechner, M Ostanin, S Ernst, A Mertig, I Wulfhekel, W AF Gerhard, Lukas Yamada, Toyo Kazu Balashov, Timofey Takacs, Albert F. Wesselink, Rien J. H. Daene, Markus Fechner, Michael Ostanin, Sergey Ernst, Arthur Mertig, Ingrid Wulfhekel, Wulf TI Electrical Control of the Magnetic State of Fe SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Metallic Multilayers (MML) CY SEP 19-24, 2010 CL Berkeley, CA DE Hard disks; magnetoelectric effects; magnetic memory; scanning probe microscopy ID METAL; FIELD AB Magneto-electric coupling offers a new pathway to information storage in magnetic memory devices. This phenomenon has been observed in various materials ranging from insulators to semiconductors. In bulk metallic systems, magneto-electric coupling has been disregarded as the electric field cannot enter bulk metals. In this work, we show that a substantial magneto-electric coupling exists in metallic Fe nano-islands grown on Cu(111). Using the electric field in the tunnel junction of a scanning tunneling microscope, the magnetic order parameter and the crystal structure of Fe was changed on the nanometer scale. This allows high density nonvolatile information storage by means of magneto-electric coupling in a simple metallic system. C1 [Gerhard, Lukas; Yamada, Toyo Kazu; Balashov, Timofey; Wesselink, Rien J. H.; Wulfhekel, Wulf] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Physikal Inst, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. [Yamada, Toyo Kazu] Chiba Univ, Grad Sch Adv Integrat Sci, Chiba 2638522, Japan. [Takacs, Albert F.] Univ Babes Bolyai, Fac Phys, Cluj Napoca 400084, Romania. [Wesselink, Rien J. H.] Univ Twente, Fac Sci & Technol, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands. [Wesselink, Rien J. H.] Univ Twente, MESA Inst Nanotechnol, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands. [Daene, Markus; Fechner, Michael; Ostanin, Sergey; Ernst, Arthur; Mertig, Ingrid] Max Planck Inst Mikrostrukturphys, D-06120 Halle, Germany. [Daene, Markus] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Mertig, Ingrid] Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Phys, D-06099 Halle, Germany. RP Wulfhekel, W (reprint author), Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Physikal Inst, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. EM wulf.wulfhekel@kit.edu RI Wulfhekel, Wulf/E-2533-2011; Ernst, Arthur/K-1836-2012; Dane, Markus/H-6731-2013; OI Wulfhekel, Wulf/0000-0001-6890-643X; Dane, Markus/0000-0001-9301-8469; Balashov, Timofey/0000-0003-0966-7920 FU Alexander-von-Humbold foundation; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [ER 340/4-1, WU 349/8-1]; European Social Fund [POSDRU 89/1.5/S/60189] FX T. K. Yamada acknowledges funding by the Alexander-von-Humbold foundation, A. Ernst and W. Wulfhekel by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (projects ER 340/4-1, WU 349/8-1), A. F. Takacs for the Sectoral Operational Program for Human Resources Development 2007-2013 and the European Social Fund (POSDRU 89/1.5/S/60189). NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9464 EI 1941-0069 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 47 IS 6 BP 1619 EP 1622 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2011.2107506 PN 1 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769HZ UT WOS:000291004800018 ER PT J AU Wu, J Scholl, A Arenholz, E Hwang, C Qiu, ZQ AF Wu, J. Scholl, A. Arenholz, E. Hwang, Chanyong Qiu, Z. Q. TI Construction of the Magnetic Phase Diagram of FeMn/Ni/Cu(001) Using Photoemission Electron Microscopy SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Metallic Multilayers (MML) CY SEP 19-24, 2010 CL Berkeley, CA DE Magnetic domains; magnetic layered films ID EXCHANGE BIAS; FILMS; NI/CU(001); TRANSITION AB Single crystalline FeMn/Ni bilayer was epitaxially grown on Cu(001) substrate and investigated by photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM). The FeMn and Ni films were grown into two cross wedges to facilitate an independent control of the FeMn (0-20 ML) and Ni (0-20 ML) film thicknesses. The Ni magnetic phases were determined by Ni domain images as a function of the Ni thickness (d(Ni)) and the FeMn thickness (d(FeMn)). The result shows that as the Ni thickness increases, the Ni film undergoes a paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic state transition at a critical thickness of d(FM) and an in-plane to out-of-plane spin reorientation transition at a thicker thickness d(SRT). The phase diagram shows that both d(FM) and d(SRT) increase as the FeMn film establishes its antiferromagnetic order. C1 [Wu, J.; Qiu, Z. Q.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Wu, J.] Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. [Wu, J.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Scholl, A.; Arenholz, E.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Hwang, Chanyong] Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Adv Technol Div, Taejon 305340, South Korea. RP Qiu, ZQ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM qiu@socrates.berkeley.edu RI Scholl, Andreas/K-4876-2012; Qiu, Zi Qiang/O-4421-2016 OI Qiu, Zi Qiang/0000-0003-0680-0714 FU National Science Foundation [DMR-0803305]; U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; ICQS of Chinese Academy of Science; KICOS through Global Research Laboratory FX This work was supported by National Science Foundation DMR-0803305, U.S. Department of Energy DE-AC02-05CH11231, ICQS of Chinese Academy of Science, and KICOS through Global Research Laboratory project. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 10 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9464 EI 1941-0069 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 47 IS 6 BP 1631 EP 1634 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2011.2106768 PN 1 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 769HZ UT WOS:000291004800021 ER PT J AU Massoudi, M Vaidya, A AF Massoudi, Mehrdad Vaidya, Ashwin TI Unsteady flows of inhomogeneous incompressible fluids SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NON-LINEAR MECHANICS LA English DT Article DE Non-homogenous fluids; Variable viscosity; Stokes' second problem; Oscillating wall; Stratified flows ID UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOWS; DOMAINS AB In this paper, we study the unsteady motion of inhomogeneous incompressible viscous fluids. We present the results corresponding to Stokes' second problem and for the flow between two parallel plates where one is oscillating. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Massoudi, Mehrdad] NETL, US Dept Energy, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. [Vaidya, Ashwin] Montclair State Coll, Dept Math Sci, Montclair, NJ 07043 USA. RP Massoudi, M (reprint author), NETL, US Dept Energy, POB 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. EM MASSOUDI@NETL.DOE.GOV; vaidyaa@mail.montclair.edu NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7462 J9 INT J NONLIN MECH JI Int. J. Non-Linear Mech. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 46 IS 5 BP 738 EP 741 DI 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2011.02.006 PG 4 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 770HY UT WOS:000291078800008 ER PT J AU Varma, S Rogers, DM Pratt, LR Rempe, SB AF Varma, Sameer Rogers, David M. Pratt, Lawrence R. Rempe, Susan B. TI Perspectives on: Ion selectivity Design principles for K+ selectivity in membrane transport SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID POTASSIUM-CHANNEL SELECTIVITY; BINDING-SITE MODELS; FREE-ENERGIES; KCSA CHANNEL; TOPOLOGICAL CONTROL; K+/NA+ SELECTIVITY; NAK CHANNEL; SINGLE IONS; COORDINATION; PERMEATION C1 [Rogers, David M.; Rempe, Susan B.] Sandia Natl Labs, Biol & Mat Sci Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Varma, Sameer] IIT, Dept Biol Chem & Phys Sci, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. [Pratt, Lawrence R.] Tulane Univ, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. RP Rempe, SB (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Biol & Mat Sci Ctr, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM slrempe@sandia.gov RI Rempe, Susan/H-1979-2011; Pratt, Lawrence/H-7955-2012 OI Pratt, Lawrence/0000-0003-2351-7451 NR 61 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 17 PU ROCKEFELLER UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 1114 FIRST AVE, 4TH FL, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0022-1295 J9 J GEN PHYSIOL JI J. Gen. Physiol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 137 IS 6 BP 479 EP 488 DI 10.1085/jgp.201010579 PG 10 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA 769VT UT WOS:000291047100001 PM 21624944 ER PT J AU Koch, R Lipton, AS Filipek, S Renugopalakrishnan, V AF Koch, Rainer Lipton, Andrew S. Filipek, Slawomir Renugopalakrishnan, Venkatesan TI Arginine interactions with anatase TiO2 (100) surface and the perturbation of Ti-49 NMR chemical shifts - a DFT investigation: relevance to Renu-Seeram bio solar cell SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MODELING LA English DT Article DE Amino acid binding; DFT; NMR simulation; TiO2 ID DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; DYE-SENSITIZED TIO2; AB-INITIO; NANORODS/NANOPARTICLES TIO2; ELECTRON INJECTION; RUTILE TIO2; PROTEIN; OXYGEN; BACTERIORHODOPSIN; NANOPARTICLES AB Density functional theoretical calculations have been utilized to investigate the interaction of the amino acid arginine with the (100) surface of anatase and the reproduction of experimentally measured Ti-49 NMR chemical shifts of anatase. Significant binding of arginine through electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonds of the arginine guanidinium protons to the TiO2 surface oxygen atoms is observed, allowing attachment of proteins to titania surfaces in the construction of bio-sensitized solar cells. GIAO-B3LYP/6-31G(d) NMR calculation of a three-layer model based on the experimental structure of this TiO2 modification gives an excellent reproduction of the experimental value (-927 ppm) within +/- 7 ppm, however, the change in relative chemical shifts, EFGs and CSA suggest that the effect of the electrostatic arginine binding might be too small for experimental detection. C1 [Koch, Rainer] Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg, Inst Pure & Appl Chem, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany. [Koch, Rainer] Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg, Ctr Interface Sci, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany. [Lipton, Andrew S.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Filipek, Slawomir] Univ Warsaw, Fac Chem, PL-02093 Warsaw, Poland. [Filipek, Slawomir] Int Inst Mol & Cell Biol, Warsaw, Poland. [Renugopalakrishnan, Venkatesan] Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA. [Renugopalakrishnan, Venkatesan] Northeastern Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Koch, R (reprint author), Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg, Inst Pure & Appl Chem, POB 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany. EM rainer.koch@uni-oldenburg.de RI Koch, Rainer/A-7339-2009; OI Koch, Rainer/0000-0003-4419-4671; Filipek, Slawomir/0000-0003-3147-3858 FU Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG FX RK gratefully acknowledges generous allocation of computer time at the Center for Scientific Computing, Uni Oldenburg and financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG. NR 54 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 33 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1610-2940 EI 0948-5023 J9 J MOL MODEL JI J. Mol. Model. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1467 EP 1472 DI 10.1007/s00894-010-0853-y PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Chemistry; Computer Science GA 769TS UT WOS:000291041800024 PM 20853182 ER PT J AU Romero, LA Torczynski, JR Kraynik, AM AF Romero, L. A. Torczynski, J. R. Kraynik, A. M. TI A scaling law near the primary resonance of the quasiperiodic Mathieu equation SO NONLINEAR DYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE Quasiperiodic; Mathieu equation; Stability AB We analyze the quasiperiodic damped Mathieu equation EquationSource x + gamma x + x(1+ delta + is an element of is an element of q(t)) =0 with q(t)=1/2((1+K)COS(w(1)t)+(1-k)cos(w(2)t)), where omega (1)=2+alpha/2 and omega (2)=2-alpha/2. In this equation, kappa determines the relative weight of the two frequencies, and alpha determines how close the two frequencies are to each other. After applying the method of averaging to remove the fastest time scale in the problem, we analyze the averaged equations assuming that the parameter kappa is small. That is, the two frequencies have nearly the same amplitude. We find a simple scaling law for epsilon (a 19%). The land use changes discussed in this study are commonly observed in many regions of the world, and the physical processes identified here can be used to better understand temperature variations over other areas with similar land cover changes. C1 [Jin, Jiming] Utah State Univ, Dept Watershed Sci & Plants, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Jin, Jiming] Utah State Univ, Dept Soils & Climate, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Miller, Norman L.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Jin, JM (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Watershed Sci & Plants, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM jimingjin99@gmail.com RI Jin, Jiming/A-9678-2011 FU Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, USDA [2008-34610-19175, 2009-34610-19925]; EPA [RD83418601] FX We are very grateful to John Christy from the University of Alabama in Huntsville for useful discussions and for providing us with San Joaquin Valley near-surface air temperature observations. Jiming Jin was supported by the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, USDA Special Grants No. 2008-34610-19175, No. 2009-34610-19925, and EPA RD83418601. NR 34 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 5 U2 21 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0177-798X J9 THEOR APPL CLIMATOL JI Theor. Appl. Climatol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 104 IS 3-4 BP 429 EP 442 DI 10.1007/s00704-010-0352-1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 768LF UT WOS:000290935400013 ER PT J AU Foggetta, L Giuliani, A Nones, C Pedretti, M Salvioni, C Sangiorgio, S AF Foggetta, Luca Giuliani, Andrea Nones, Claudia Pedretti, Marisa Salvioni, Chiara Sangiorgio, Samuele TI Composite macro-bolometers for the rejection of surface radioactive background in rare-event experiments SO ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Double beta decay; Dark matter; Neutrino mass; Low background; Rare event physics ID DOUBLE-BETA DECAY; DETECTORS; SEARCH; OPTIMIZATION; RESOLUTION; NEUTRINOS; SILICON; PHYSICS; MASS AB Experiments searching for rare events, such as neutrinoless double beta decay and interactions of dark matter candidates, require extremely low levels of background. When these experiments are performed using macro-bolometers, radioactive contamination near the surfaces is of particular concern. For a bolometric neutrinoless double beta decay experiment, it can cause counts in the spectral region where the signal is expected, while for a dark matter experiment which exploits ionization signals for particle identification, it originates an incomplete charge collection simulating a nuclear recoil. In order to control the effects of surface contamination, we developed a novel technique that uses composite macro-bolometers to identify energy depositions that occur close to the surfaces of materials immediately surrounding the detector. The composite macro-bolometer proposed and studied here consists of a main energy absorber that is thermally coupled to and entirely surrounded by thin absorbers that act as active shields. Surface energy depositions can be rejected by the analysis of simultaneous signals in the main absorber and the shields. In this paper, we describe a full thermal model and experimental results for three prototype detectors. The detectors consist of Ge, Si, or TeO2 thin absorbers as active shields, all with TeO2 crystals as main absorbers. In all cases, the surface event rejection capability is clearly demonstrated. In addition, simulations and preliminary results show that it is possible to detect energy depositions that occurred on the shields without separate readout channels for them. The energy depositions in the shields are distinguished from those in the main absorber through pulse shape discrimination. This simplification makes this technique a viable method for the rejection of surface energy depositions in next-generation bolometric double beta decay searches, such as possible extensions or upgrades of the CUORE experiment. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Foggetta, Luca; Giuliani, Andrea; Nones, Claudia; Pedretti, Marisa; Salvioni, Chiara; Sangiorgio, Samuele] Univ Insubria, Dipartimento Matemat & Fis, I-22100 Como, Italy. [Foggetta, Luca] CNRS Orsay, Lab Accelerateur Lineaire, F-91898 Orsay, France. [Nones, Claudia] CEA Saclay, Inst Rech Lois Fondamentales Univers, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Pedretti, Marisa; Sangiorgio, Samuele] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Giuliani, A (reprint author), Univ Insubria, Dipartimento Matemat & Fis, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy. EM andrea.giuliani@mib.infn.it RI Foggetta, Luca/A-4810-2010; Sangiorgio, Samuele/F-4389-2014 OI Foggetta, Luca/0000-0002-6389-1280; Sangiorgio, Samuele/0000-0002-4792-7802 FU ILIAS integrating activity [RII3-CT-2004-506222]; European Union; Italian Ministry of Research and University FX We are pleased to acknowledge that this work has been partially supported by the ILIAS integrating activity (Contract No. RII3-CT-2004-506222) as part of the European Union FP6 programme in Astroparticle Physics, and by the PRIN-2006 project "Optimization of Bolometric Detectors for Neutrino Physics" (Italian Ministry of Research and University). NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-6505 J9 ASTROPART PHYS JI Astropart Phys. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 34 IS 11 BP 809 EP 821 DI 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2011.02.004 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 766YI UT WOS:000290822100003 ER PT J AU Andreotti, E Arnaboldi, C Avignone, FT Balata, M Bandac, I Barucci, M Beeman, JW Bellini, F Brofferio, C Bryant, A Bucci, C Canonica, L Capelli, S Carbone, L Carrettoni, M Clemenza, M Cremonesi, O Creswick, RJ Di Domizio, S Dolinski, MJ Ejzak, L Faccini, R Farach, HA Ferri, E Fiorini, E Foggetta, L Giachero, A Gironi, L Giuliani, A Gorla, P Guardincerri, E Gutierrez, TD Haller, EE Kazkaz, K Kraft, S Kogler, L Maiano, C Maruyama, RH Martinez, C Martinez, M Newman, S Nisi, S Nones, C Norman, EB Nucciotti, A Orio, F Pallavicini, M Palmieri, V Pattavina, L Pavan, M Pedretti, M Pessina, G Pirro, S Previtali, E Risegari, L Rosenfeld, C Rusconi, C Salvioni, C Sangiorgio, S Schaeffer, D Scielzo, ND Sisti, M Smith, AR Tomei, C Ventura, G Vignati, M AF Andreotti, E. Arnaboldi, C. Avignone, F. T., III Balata, M. Bandac, I. Barucci, M. Beeman, J. W. Bellini, F. Brofferio, C. Bryant, A. Bucci, C. Canonica, L. Capelli, S. Carbone, L. Carrettoni, M. Clemenza, M. Cremonesi, O. Creswick, R. J. Di Domizio, S. Dolinski, M. J. Ejzak, L. Faccini, R. Farach, H. A. Ferri, E. Fiorini, E. Foggetta, L. Giachero, A. Gironi, L. Giuliani, A. Gorla, P. Guardincerri, E. Gutierrez, T. D. Haller, E. E. Kazkaz, K. Kraft, S. Kogler, L. Maiano, C. Maruyama, R. H. Martinez, C. Martinez, M. Newman, S. Nisi, S. Nones, C. Norman, E. B. Nucciotti, A. Orio, F. Pallavicini, M. Palmieri, V. Pattavina, L. Pavan, M. Pedretti, M. Pessina, G. Pirro, S. Previtali, E. Risegari, L. Rosenfeld, C. Rusconi, C. Salvioni, C. Sangiorgio, S. Schaeffer, D. Scielzo, N. D. Sisti, M. Smith, A. R. Tomei, C. Ventura, G. Vignati, M. TI Te-130 neutrinoless double-beta decay with CUORICINO SO ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Double beta decay; Neutrino mass; Majorana; Bolometers ID THERMAL DETECTOR; RARE EVENTS; LARGE-MASS; ARRAY; SEARCH; PHYSICS; SIGNALS; CUORE AB We report the final result of the CUORICINO experiment. Operated between 2003 and 2008, with a total exposure of 19.75 kg . y of Te-130, CUORICINO was able to set a lower bound on the Te-130 0 nu beta beta half-life of 2.8 x 10(24) years at 90% C.L. The limit here reported includes the effects of systematic uncertainties that are examined in detail in the paper. The corresponding upper bound on the neutrino Majorana mass is in the range 300-710 meV, depending on the adopted nuclear matrix element evaluation. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Andreotti, E.; Arnaboldi, C.; Brofferio, C.; Capelli, S.; Carbone, L.; Carrettoni, M.; Clemenza, M.; Cremonesi, O.; Ferri, E.; Fiorini, E.; Foggetta, L.; Giachero, A.; Gironi, L.; Giuliani, A.; Kraft, S.; Maiano, C.; Martinez, M.; Nones, C.; Nucciotti, A.; Pattavina, L.; Pavan, M.; Pessina, G.; Pirro, S.; Previtali, E.; Rusconi, C.; Salvioni, C.; Schaeffer, D.; Sisti, M.] Sez INFN Mi Bicocca, I-20126 Milan, Italy. [Andreotti, E.; Foggetta, L.; Giuliani, A.; Nones, C.; Rusconi, C.; Salvioni, C.] Univ Insubria, Dip Fis & Matemat, I-22100 Como, Italy. [Andreotti, E.; Foggetta, L.; Giuliani, A.; Nones, C.; Rusconi, C.; Salvioni, C.] Sez INFN Milano, I-22100 Como, Italy. [Arnaboldi, C.; Brofferio, C.; Capelli, S.; Carrettoni, M.; Clemenza, M.; Ferri, E.; Fiorini, E.; Gironi, L.; Kraft, S.; Maiano, C.; Nucciotti, A.; Pattavina, L.; Pavan, M.; Schaeffer, D.; Sisti, M.] Univ Milano Bicocca, Dip Fis, I-20126 Milan, Italy. [Avignone, F. T., III; Bandac, I.; Creswick, R. J.; Farach, H. A.; Martinez, C.; Newman, S.; Rosenfeld, C.] Univ S Carolina, Dept Phys & Astron, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. [Balata, M.; Bucci, C.; Gorla, P.; Guardincerri, E.; Nisi, S.] Lab Nazl Gran Sasso, I-67010 Laquila, Italy. [Barucci, M.; Risegari, L.; Ventura, G.] Univ Florence, Dip Fis, I-50125 Florence, Italy. [Barucci, M.; Risegari, L.; Ventura, G.] Sez INFN Firenze, I-50125 Florence, Italy. [Beeman, J. W.; Bryant, A.; Haller, E. E.; Kogler, L.; Smith, A. R.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Bellini, F.; Faccini, R.; Orio, F.; Tomei, C.; Vignati, M.] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dip Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. [Bellini, F.; Faccini, R.; Orio, F.; Tomei, C.; Vignati, M.] Sez INFN Roma, I-00185 Rome, Italy. [Bryant, A.; Dolinski, M. J.; Kogler, L.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Canonica, L.; Di Domizio, S.; Pallavicini, M.] Univ Genoa, Dip Fis, Genoa, Italy. [Canonica, L.; Di Domizio, S.; Guardincerri, E.; Pallavicini, M.] Sez INFN Genova, I-16146 Genoa, Italy. [Dolinski, M. J.; Kazkaz, K.; Norman, E. B.; Pedretti, M.; Sangiorgio, S.; Scielzo, N. D.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Ejzak, L.; Maruyama, R. H.] Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. [Gutierrez, T. D.] Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA. [Haller, E. E.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sc & Engin, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Norman, E. B.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Nucl Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Palmieri, V.] Lab Nazl Legnaro, I-35020 Padua, Italy. RP Fiorini, E (reprint author), Sez INFN Mi Bicocca, I-20126 Milan, Italy. EM ettore.fiorini@mib.infn.it RI Pattavina, Luca/I-7498-2015; Maruyama, Reina/A-1064-2013; Barucci, Marco/D-4209-2012; Sisti, Monica/B-7550-2013; Vignati, Marco/H-1684-2013; Gironi, Luca/P-2860-2016; capelli, silvia/G-5168-2012; Sangiorgio, Samuele/F-4389-2014; Martinez, Maria/K-4827-2012; Di Domizio, Sergio/L-6378-2014; Ferri, Elena/L-8531-2014; Foggetta, Luca/A-4810-2010; Kraft-Bermuth, Saskia/G-4007-2012; Pallavicini, Marco/G-5500-2012; Bellini, Fabio/D-1055-2009; Nucciotti, Angelo/I-8888-2012; Bucci, Carlo/A-5438-2010; Giachero, Andrea/I-1081-2013; Gorla, Paolo/B-5243-2014 OI Faccini, Riccardo/0000-0003-2613-5141; Martinez Rodriguez, Manel/0000-0002-9763-9155; Clemenza, Massimiliano/0000-0002-8064-8936; Pessina, Gianluigi Ezio/0000-0003-3700-9757; Pattavina, Luca/0000-0003-4192-849X; Maruyama, Reina/0000-0003-2794-512X; Barucci, Marco/0000-0003-0381-3376; Sisti, Monica/0000-0003-2517-1909; Vignati, Marco/0000-0002-8945-1128; Gironi, Luca/0000-0003-2019-0967; capelli, silvia/0000-0002-0300-2752; Canonica, Lucia/0000-0001-8734-206X; Gutierrez, Thomas/0000-0002-0330-6414; Sangiorgio, Samuele/0000-0002-4792-7802; Martinez, Maria/0000-0002-9043-4691; Di Domizio, Sergio/0000-0003-2863-5895; Ferri, Elena/0000-0003-1425-3669; Foggetta, Luca/0000-0002-6389-1280; Kraft-Bermuth, Saskia/0000-0002-0864-7912; Pallavicini, Marco/0000-0001-7309-3023; Bellini, Fabio/0000-0002-2936-660X; Nucciotti, Angelo/0000-0002-8458-1556; Giachero, Andrea/0000-0003-0493-695X; FU Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the Commission of the European Community [HPRN-CT-2002-00322]; U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC03-76-SF00098]; DOE [W-7405-Eng-48]; National Science Foundation [PHY-0139294, PHY-0500337] FX The CUORICINO Collaboration owes many thanks to the Directors and Staff of the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso over the years of the development, construction and operation of CUORICINO, and to the technical staffs of our Laboratories. In particular we would like to thank R. Gaigher, R. Mazza, P. Nuvolone, M. Perego, B. Romualdi, L. Tatananni and A. Rotilio for continuous and constructive help in various stages of this experiment. We are grateful to our colleagues of the CUORE collaboration for valuable suggestions. Among them we would like especially to name Yury Kolomenski for help and fruitful discussions. The experiment was supported by the Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the Commission of the European Community under Contract No. HPRN-CT-2002-00322, by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76-SF00098, and DOE W-7405-Eng-48, and by the National Science Foundation Grant Nos. PHY-0139294 and PHY-0500337. NR 42 TC 140 Z9 140 U1 3 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-6505 J9 ASTROPART PHYS JI Astropart Phys. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 34 IS 11 BP 822 EP 831 DI 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2011.02.002 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 766YI UT WOS:000290822100004 ER PT J AU Acciari, VA Aliu, E Araya, M Arlen, T Aune, T Beilicke, M Benbow, W Bradbury, SM Buckley, JH Bugaev, V Byrum, K Cannon, A Cesarini, A Ciupik, L Collins-Hughes, E Cui, W Dickherber, R Duke, C Falcone, A Finley, JP Fortson, L Furniss, A Galante, N Gall, D Godambe, S Griffin, S Guenette, R Gyuk, G Hanna, D Holder, J Hughes, G Hui, CM Humensky, TB Imran, A Kaaret, P Kertzman, M Krawczynski, H Krennrich, F Madhavan, AS Maier, G Majumdar, P McArthur, S Moriarty, P Ong, RA Otte, AN Pandel, D Park, N Perkins, JS Pohl, M Prokoph, H Quinn, J Ragan, K Reyes, LC Reynolds, PT Roache, E Rose, HJ Saxon, DB Sembroski, GH Senturk, GD Smith, AW Tesic, G Theiling, M Thibadeau, S Varlotta, A Vincent, S Vivier, M Wakely, SP Ward, JE Weekes, TC Weinstein, A Weisgarber, T Weng, S Williams, DA Wood, M Zitzer, B AF Acciari, V. A. Aliu, E. Araya, M. Arlen, T. Aune, T. Beilicke, M. Benbow, W. Bradbury, S. M. Buckley, J. H. Bugaev, V. Byrum, K. Cannon, A. Cesarini, A. Ciupik, L. Collins-Hughes, E. Cui, W. Dickherber, R. Duke, C. Falcone, A. Finley, J. P. Fortson, L. Furniss, A. Galante, N. Gall, D. Godambe, S. Griffin, S. Guenette, R. Gyuk, G. Hanna, D. Holder, J. Hughes, G. Hui, C. M. Humensky, T. B. Imran, A. Kaaret, P. Kertzman, M. Krawczynski, H. Krennrich, F. Madhavan, A. S. Maier, G. Majumdar, P. McArthur, S. Moriarty, P. Ong, R. A. Otte, A. N. Pandel, D. Park, N. Perkins, J. S. Pohl, M. Prokoph, H. Quinn, J. Ragan, K. Reyes, L. C. Reynolds, P. T. Roache, E. Rose, H. J. Saxon, D. B. Sembroski, G. H. Sentuerk, G. D. Smith, A. W. Tesic, G. Theiling, M. Thibadeau, S. Varlotta, A. Vincent, S. Vivier, M. Wakely, S. P. Ward, J. E. Weekes, T. C. Weinstein, A. Weisgarber, T. Weng, S. Williams, D. A. Wood, M. Zitzer, B. TI GAMMA-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF THE Be/PULSAR BINARY 1A 0535+262 DURING A GIANT X-RAY OUTBURST SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE acceleration of particles; binaries: general; gamma rays: general; stars: individual (1A 0535+262) ID LARGE-AREA TELESCOPE; PROPORTIONAL COUNTER ARRAY; HESS J0632+057; EMISSION; A0535+262; CATALOG; PULSAR; PERIOD; CALIBRATION; A-0535+26 AB Giant X-ray outbursts, with luminosities of about 10(37) erg s(-1), are observed roughly every five years from the nearby Be/pulsar binary 1A 0535+262. In this article, we present observations of the source with VERITAS at very high energies (VHEs; E > 100 GeV) triggered by the X-ray outburst in 2009 December. The observations started shortly after the onset of the outburst and provided comprehensive coverage of the episode, as well as the 111 day binary orbit. No VHE emission is evident at any time. We also examined data from the contemporaneous observations of 1A 0535+262 with the Fermi/Large Area Telescope at high-energy photons (E > 0.1 GeV) and failed to detect the source at GeV energies. The X-ray continua measured with the Swift/X-Ray Telescope and the RXTE/PCA can be well described by the combination of blackbody and Comptonized emission from thermal electrons. Therefore, the gamma-ray and X-ray observations suggest the absence of a significant population of non-thermal particles in the system. This distinguishes 1A 0535+262 from those Be X-ray binaries (such as PSR B1259-63 and LS I +61 degrees 303) that have been detected at GeV-TeV energies. We discuss the implications of the results on theoretical models. C1 [Araya, M.; Cui, W.; Finley, J. P.; Gall, D.; Sembroski, G. H.; Varlotta, A.; Weng, S.; Zitzer, B.] Purdue Univ, Dept Phys, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Acciari, V. A.; Benbow, W.; Galante, N.; Perkins, J. S.; Roache, E.; Theiling, M.; Weekes, T. C.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Fred Lawrence Whipple Observ, Amado, AZ 85645 USA. [Aliu, E.] Columbia Univ, Barnard Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Arlen, T.; Majumdar, P.; Ong, R. A.; Weinstein, A.; Wood, M.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Aune, T.; Furniss, A.; Otte, A. N.; Williams, D. A.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz Inst Particle Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Aune, T.; Furniss, A.; Otte, A. N.; Williams, D. A.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Beilicke, M.; Buckley, J. H.; Bugaev, V.; Dickherber, R.; Krawczynski, H.; McArthur, S.; Thibadeau, S.] Washington Univ, Dept Phys, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Bradbury, S. M.; Rose, H. J.] Univ Leeds, Sch Phys & Astron, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Byrum, K.; Smith, A. W.] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Cannon, A.; Collins-Hughes, E.; Quinn, J.; Ward, J. E.] Univ Coll Dublin, Sch Phys, Dublin 4, Ireland. [Cesarini, A.] Natl Univ Ireland Galway, Sch Phys, Galway, Ireland. [Ciupik, L.; Fortson, L.; Gyuk, G.] Adler Planetarium & Astron Museum, Dept Astron, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. [Duke, C.] Grinnell Coll, Dept Phys, Grinnell, IA 50112 USA. [Falcone, A.] Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Davey Lab 525, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Godambe, S.; Hui, C. M.; Vincent, S.] Univ Utah, Dept Phys & Astron, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Griffin, S.; Guenette, R.; Hanna, D.; Ragan, K.; Tesic, G.] McGill Univ, Dept Phys, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T8, Canada. [Holder, J.; Saxon, D. B.; Vivier, M.] Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Holder, J.; Saxon, D. B.; Vivier, M.] Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Hughes, G.; Maier, G.; Prokoph, H.] DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany. [Humensky, T. B.; Park, N.; Reyes, L. C.; Wakely, S. P.; Weisgarber, T.] Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Imran, A.; Krennrich, F.; Madhavan, A. S.] Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Kaaret, P.; Pandel, D.] Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. [Kertzman, M.] Depauw Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Greencastle, IN 46135 USA. [Moriarty, P.] Galway Mayo Inst Technol, Dept Life & Phys Sci, Galway, Ireland. [Pohl, M.] Univ Potsdam, Inst Phys & Astron, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany. [Reynolds, P. T.] Cork Inst Technol, Dept Appl Phys & Instrumentat, Cork, Ireland. [Sentuerk, G. D.] Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys Lab, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Cui, W (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Phys, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM avarlott@purdue.edu; cui@purdue.edu; gernot.maier@desy.de; avarlott@purdue.edu OI Cui, Wei/0000-0002-6324-5772; Cesarini, Andrea/0000-0002-8611-8610; Ward, John E/0000-0003-1973-0794; Pandel, Dirk/0000-0003-2085-5586 FU US Department of Energy; US National Science Foundation; Smithsonian Institution; NSERC in Canada; Science Foundation Ireland; STFC in the UK; Helmholtz Association; NASA; Purdue University FX This research is supported by grants from the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in Canada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC in the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the technical support staff at the FLWO and the collaborating institutions in the construction and operation of the instrument. G.M. acknowledges support through the Young Investigators Program of the Helmholtz Association. A.V. and W.C. acknowledge financial support from NASA and Purdue University. NR 50 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 733 IS 2 AR 96 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/733/2/96 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 765AP UT WOS:000290676100023 ER PT J AU Arnett, WD Meakin, C AF Arnett, W. David Meakin, Casey TI TOWARD REALISTIC PROGENITORS OF CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE convection; hydrodynamics; nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances; stars: massive; supernovae: general; turbulence ID FULLY CONVECTIVE STARS; MASSIVE STARS; HELIUM FLASH; HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATIONS; COMPRESSIBLE CONVECTION; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; TURBULENT CONVECTION; ROTATING STARS; NEUTRON-STARS; EVOLUTION AB Two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamical simulations of progenitor evolution of a 23 M-circle dot star, close to core collapse (in similar to 1 hr in one dimension (1D)), with simultaneously active C, Ne, O, and Si burning shells, are presented and contrasted to existing 1D models (which are forced to be quasi-static). Pronounced asymmetries and strong dynamical interactions between shells are seen in 2D. Although instigated by turbulence, the dynamic behavior proceeds to sufficiently large amplitudes that it couples to the nuclear burning. Dramatic growth of low-order modes is seen as well as large deviations from spherical symmetry in the burning shells. The vigorous dynamics is more violent than that seen in earlier burning stages in the three-dimensional (3D) simulations of a single cell in the oxygen burning shell, or in 2D simulations not including an active Si shell. Linear perturbative analysis does not capture the chaotic behavior of turbulence (e. g., strange attractors such as that discovered by Lorenz), and therefore badly underestimates the vigor of the instability. The limitations of 1D and 2D models are discussed in detail. The 2D models, although flawed geometrically, represent a more realistic treatment of the relevant dynamics than existing 1D models, and present a dramatically different view of the stages of evolution prior to collapse. Implications for interpretation of SN1987A, abundances in young supernova remnants, pre-collapse outbursts, progenitor structure, neutron star kicks, and fallback are outlined. While 2D simulations provide new qualitative insight, fully 3D simulations are needed for a quantitative understanding of this stage of stellar evolution. The necessary properties of such simulations are delineated. C1 [Arnett, W. David; Meakin, Casey] Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Arnett, W. David] ICRAnet, Nice, Italy. [Meakin, Casey] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Arnett, WD (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM wdarnett@gmail.com; casey.meakin@gmail.com FU NSF [0708871]; NASA at the University of Arizona [NNX08AH19G]; ARC at Monash University, Melbourne, Australia [DP1095368]; Monash University; Peter Wood of Australian National University/Mount Stromlo Observatory; Aspen Center for Physics FX This work was supported in part by NSF grant 0708871, NASA grant NNX08AH19G at the University of Arizona, and by ARC DP1095368 (PI: J. Lattanzio) at Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. Dr. T. Janka, Dr. E. Muller, Professor F. Timmes, and Professor P.A. Young provided detailed comments and questions which helped us tighten the presentation. One of us (W.D.A.) thanks Professor Remo Ruffini of ICRAnet and Professor John Lattanzio of CSPA, Monash University, Peter Wood of Australian National University/Mount Stromlo Observatory, and the Aspen Center for Physics for their hospitality and support. NR 85 TC 86 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 6 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 733 IS 2 AR 78 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/733/2/78 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 765AP UT WOS:000290676100005 ER PT J AU Bissaldi, E von Kienlin, A Kouveliotou, C Briggs, MS Connaughton, V Greiner, J Gruber, D Lichti, G Bhat, PN Burgess, M Chaplin, V Diehl, R Fishman, GJ Fitzpatrick, G Foley, S Gibby, MH Giles, MM Goldstein, A Guiriec, S van der Horst, AJ Kippen, RM Lin, L McBreen, S Meegan, CA Paciesas, WS Preece, RD Rau, A Tierney, D Wilson-Hodge, C AF Bissaldi, Elisabetta von Kienlin, Andreas Kouveliotou, Chryssa Briggs, Michael S. Connaughton, Valerie Greiner, Jochen Gruber, David Lichti, Giselher Bhat, P. N. Burgess, Michael Chaplin, Vandiver Diehl, Roland Fishman, Gerald J. Fitzpatrick, Gerard Foley, Suzanne Gibby, Melissa H. Giles, Misty M. Goldstein, Adam Guiriec, Sylvain van der Horst, Alexander J. Kippen, R. Marc Lin, Lin McBreen, Sheila Meegan, Charles A. Paciesas, William S. Preece, Robert D. Rau, Arne Tierney, Dave Wilson-Hodge, Colleen TI FIRST-YEAR RESULTS OF BROADBAND SPECTROSCOPY OF THE BRIGHTEST FERMI-GBM GAMMA-RAY BURSTS SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE gamma-ray burst: general; methods: data analysis ID GRB 080916C; BATSE; CATALOG; MONITOR; TELESCOPE; EMISSION; SPECTRA; MISSION AB We present our results of the temporal and spectral analysis of a sample of 52 bright and hard gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) observed with the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) during its first year of operation (2008 July-2009 July). Our sample was selected from a total of 253 GBM GRBs based on the event peak count rate measured between 0.2 and 40 MeV. The final sample comprised of 34 long and 18 short GRBs. These numbers show that the GBM sample contains a much larger fraction of short GRBs than the CGRO/BATSE data set, which we explain as the result of our (different) selection criteria, which favor collection of short, bright GRBs over BATSE. A first by-product of our selection methodology is the determination of a detection threshold from the GBM data alone, above which GRBs most likely will be detected in the MeV/GeV range with the Large Area Telescope on board Fermi. This predictor will be very useful for future multi-wavelength GRB follow-ups with ground-and space-based observatories. Further, we have estimated the burst durations up to 10 MeV and for the first time expanded the duration-energy relationship in the GRB light curves to high energies. We confirm that GRB durations decline with energy as a power law with index approximately -0.4, as was found earlier with the BATSE data and we also notice evidence of a possible cutoff or break at higher energies. Finally, we performed time-integrated spectral analysis of all 52 bursts and compared their spectral parameters with those obtained with the larger data sample of the BATSE data. We find that the two parameter data sets are similar and confirm that short GRBs are in general harder than longer ones. C1 [Bissaldi, Elisabetta; von Kienlin, Andreas; Greiner, Jochen; Gruber, David; Lichti, Giselher; Diehl, Roland; Foley, Suzanne; Rau, Arne] Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany. [Kouveliotou, Chryssa; Fishman, Gerald J.; Wilson-Hodge, Colleen] NASA, Space Sci Off, VP62, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Briggs, Michael S.; Connaughton, Valerie; Bhat, P. N.; Burgess, Michael; Chaplin, Vandiver; Goldstein, Adam; Guiriec, Sylvain; Lin, Lin; Paciesas, William S.; Preece, Robert D.] Univ Alabama, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. [Fitzpatrick, Gerard; McBreen, Sheila; Tierney, Dave] Univ Coll Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland. [Gibby, Melissa H.; Giles, Misty M.] Jacobs Technol Inc, Huntsville, AL USA. [van der Horst, Alexander J.; Meegan, Charles A.; Wilson-Hodge, Colleen] Univ Space Res Assoc, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. [Kippen, R. Marc] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Bissaldi, E (reprint author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Astro & Particle Phys, Technikerstr 25, A-6176 Innsbruck, Austria. RI Bissaldi, Elisabetta/K-7911-2016; OI Bissaldi, Elisabetta/0000-0001-9935-8106; Preece, Robert/0000-0003-1626-7335; McBreen, Sheila/0000-0002-1477-618X FU Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) via the Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt (DLR) [50 QV 0301]; Bundesministeriums fur Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi) through DLR [50 OG 1101]; NASA [NNH07ZDA001-GLAST]; European Union [PERG04-GA-2008-239176]; Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology; Marie Curie Actions [FP7] FX We are grateful to Yuki Kaneko and Ersin Gogus for very useful discussions. Support for the German contribution to GBM was provided by the Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) via the Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt (DLR) under contract number 50 QV 0301. A.v.K. was supported by the Bundesministeriums fur Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi) through DLR grant 50 OG 1101. A.J.v.d.H. was supported by NASA grant NNH07ZDA001-GLAST. S.M.B. acknowledges support of the European Union Marie Curie European Reintegration Grant within the 7th Program under contract number PERG04-GA-2008-239176. S.F. acknowledges the support of the Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology, cofunded by Marie Curie Actions under FP7. NR 49 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 733 IS 2 AR 97 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/733/2/97 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 765AP UT WOS:000290676100024 ER PT J AU Ryutova, MP Frank, Z Hagenaar, H Berger, T AF Ryutova, M. P. Frank, Z. Hagenaar, H. Berger, T. TI FLARES PRODUCING WELL-ORGANIZED POST-FLARE ARCADES (SLINKIES) HAVE EARLY PRECURSORS SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Sun: chromosphere; Sun: corona; Sun: flares; Sun: magnetic topology; Sun: photosphere ID TRANSITION REGION; SOLAR-FLARES; HELICITY INJECTION; EXPLOSIVE EVENTS; ATMOSPHERE; CIRCUIT; FLOWS AB Exploding loop systems producing X-ray flares often, but not always, bifurcate into a long-living, well-organized system of multi-threaded loop arcades resembling solenoidal slinkies. The physical conditions that cause or prevent this process are not known. To address this problem, we examined most of the major (X-class) flares that occurred during the last decade and found that the flares that bifurcate into long-living slinky arcades have different signatures than those that do not "produce" such structures. The most striking difference is that, in all cases of slinky formation, GOES high energy proton flux becomes significantly enhanced 10-24 hr before the flare occurs. No such effect was found prior to the "non-slinky" flares. This fact may be associated with the difference between energy production by a given active region and the amount of energy required to bring the entire system into the form of well-organized, self-similar loop arcades. As an example illustrating the process of post-flare slinky formation, we present observations taken with the Hinode satellite, in several wavelengths, showing a time sequence of pre-flare and flare activity, followed by the formation of dynamically stable, well-organized structures. One of the important features revealed is that post-flare coronal slinky formation is preceded by scale invariant structure formation in the underlying chromosphere/transition region. We suggest that the observed regularities can be understood within the framework of self-organized critical dynamics characterized by scale invariant structure formation with critical parameters largely determined by energy saturation level. The observed regularities per se may serve as a long-term precursor of strong flares and may help to study predictability of system behavior. C1 [Ryutova, M. P.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, IGPP, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Frank, Z.; Hagenaar, H.; Berger, T.] Lockheed Martin Solar & Astrophys Lab, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. RP Ryutova, MP (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, IGPP, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM ryutova1@llnl.gov; zoe@lmsal.com; hagenaar@lmsal.com; berger@lmsal.com FU U.S. DOE by UC, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [W-7405-Eng-48]; NASA [NNM07AA01C] FX We thank Dick Shine and the SOT team for their help. We are grateful to Robert Becker, Liza Ryutov, and Ted Tarbell for reviewing the manuscript. We also thank the anonymous referee for helpful comments. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. DOE by UC, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48 and supported by NASA contract number NNM07AA01C with Lockheed Martin (Solar-B). NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 733 IS 2 AR 125 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/733/2/125 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 765AP UT WOS:000290676100052 ER PT J AU Hainfeld, JF O'Connor, MJ Dilmanian, FA Slatkin, DN Adams, DJ Smilowitz, HM AF Hainfeld, J. F. O'Connor, M. J. Dilmanian, F. A. Slatkin, D. N. Adams, D. J. Smilowitz, H. M. TI Micro-CT enables microlocalisation and quantification of Her2-targeted gold nanoparticles within tumour regions SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAY COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY; EPIDERMAL-GROWTH-FACTOR; COLLOIDAL GOLD; COLORECTAL-CARCINOMA; PARTICLE-SIZE; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; CONTRAST AGENTS; DRUG-DELIVERY; BREAST-CANCER; BIODISTRIBUTION AB Objectives: Gold nanoparticles are of interest as potential in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic agents, as X-ray contrast agents, drug delivery vehicles and radiation enhancers. The aim of this study was to quantitatively determine their targeting and microlocalisation in mouse tumour models after intravenous injection by using micro-CT. Methods: Gold nanoparticles (15 nm) were coated with polyethylene glycol and covalently coupled to anti-Her2 antibodies (Herceptin). In vitro, conjugates incubated with Her2+ (BT-474) and Her2- (MCF7) human breast cancer cells showed specific targeted binding with a Her2+ to Her2- gold ratio of 39.4 +/- 2.7:1. Nude mice, simultaneously bearing subcutaneous Her2+ and Her2- human breast tumours in opposite thighs were prepared. Gold nanoparticles alone, conjugated to Herceptin or to a non-specific antibody were compared. After intravenous injection of the gold nanoparticles, gold concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Microlocalisation of gold was carried out by calibrated micro-CT, giving both the radiodensities and gold concentrations in tumour and non-tumour tissue. Results: All gold nanoparticle constructs showed accumulation, predominantly at tumour peripheries. However, the Herceptin-gold nanoparticles showed the best specific uptake in their periphery (15.8 +/- 1.7% injected dose per gram), 1.6-fold higher than Her2- tumours and 22-fold higher than surrounding muscle. Imaging readily enabled detection of small, 1.5 mm-thick tumours. Conclusion: In this pre-clinical study, antibody-targeted 15 nm gold nanoparticles showed preferential uptake in cognate tumours, but even untargeted gold nanoparticles enhanced the visibility of tumour peripheries and enabled detection of millimetre-sized tumours. Micro-CT enabled quantification within various regions of a tumour. C1 [Hainfeld, J. F.; O'Connor, M. J.; Slatkin, D. N.] Nanoprobes Inc, Yaphank, NY 11980 USA. [Dilmanian, F. A.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Radiat Oncol, Hlth Sci Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Dilmanian, F. A.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Med, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Adams, D. J.] Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Orthopaed Surg, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. [Smilowitz, H. M.] Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Cell Biol, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. RP Hainfeld, JF (reprint author), Nanoprobes Inc, 95 Horseblock Rd, Yaphank, NY 11980 USA. EM hainfeld@nanoprobes.com FU National Institutes of Health [R44CA108013, R44CA124190]; Dr. med. h.c. Erwin Braun Stiftung, Basel FX This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants (R44CA108013, R44CA124190) and the Dr. med. h.c. Erwin Braun Stiftung, Basel. NR 47 TC 95 Z9 97 U1 5 U2 46 PU BRITISH INST RADIOLOGY PI LONDON PA 36 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON W1N 4AT, ENGLAND SN 0007-1285 J9 BRIT J RADIOL JI Br. J. Radiol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 84 IS 1002 BP 526 EP 533 DI 10.1259/bjr/42612922 PG 8 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 767HU UT WOS:000290847100011 PM 21081567 ER PT J AU Misono, KS Philo, JS Arakawa, T Ogata, CM Qiu, Y Ogawa, H Young, HS AF Misono, Kunio S. Philo, John S. Arakawa, Tsutomu Ogata, Craig M. Qiu, Yue Ogawa, Haruo Young, Howard S. TI Structure, signaling mechanism and regulation of the natriuretic peptide receptor guanylate cyclase SO FEBS JOURNAL LA English DT Review DE allosteric regulation; atrial natriuretic peptide receptor; guanylyl cyclase; hormone binding; natriuretic peptides; single transmembrane segment receptor; single-particle electron microscopy; structural motif; transmembrane signal transduction; X-ray crystallography ID DEPENDENT PROTEIN-KINASE; RENAL URODILATIN SYSTEM; HORMONE-BINDING DOMAIN; ANF-TRANSGENIC MICE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; ADENYLYL-CYCLASE; LIGAND-BINDING; HEART-FAILURE; EXTRACELLULAR DOMAIN; VASORELAXANT ACTIVITY AB Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and the homologous B-type natriuretic peptide are cardiac hormones that dilate blood vessels and stimulate natriuresis and diuresis, thereby lowering blood pressure and blood volume. ANP and B-type natriuretic peptide counterbalance the actions of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and neurohormonal systems, and play a central role in cardiovascular regulation. These activities are mediated by natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPRA), a single transmembrane segment, guanylyl cyclase (GC)-linked receptor that occurs as a homodimer. Here, we present an overview of the structure, possible chloride-mediated regulation and signaling mechanism of NPRA and other receptor GCs. Earlier, we determined the crystal structures of the NPRA extracellular domain with and without bound ANP. Their structural comparison has revealed a novel ANP-induced rotation mechanism occurring in the juxtamembrane region that apparently triggers transmembrane signal transduction. More recently, the crystal structures of the dimerized catalytic domain of green algae GC Cyg12 and that of cyanobacterium GC Cya2 have been reported. These structures closely resemble that of the adenylyl cyclase catalytic domain, consisting of a C1 and C2 subdomain heterodimer. Adenylyl cyclase is activated by binding of G(s)alpha to C2 and the ensuing 7 degrees rotation of C1 around an axis parallel to the central cleft, thereby inducing the heterodimer to adopt a catalytically active conformation. We speculate that, in NPRA, the ANP-induced rotation of the juxtamembrane domains, transmitted across the transmembrane helices, may induce a similar rotation in each of the dimerized GC catalytic domains, leading to the stimulation of the GC catalytic activity. C1 [Misono, Kunio S.] Univ Nevada, Dept Biochem, Sch Med, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Philo, John S.; Arakawa, Tsutomu] Alliance Prot Labs, Thousand Oaks, CA USA. [Ogata, Craig M.] Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Young, Howard S.] Univ Alberta, Dept Biochem, Edmonton, AB, Canada. RP Misono, KS (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Biochem, Sch Med, Reno, NV 89557 USA. EM kmisono@unr.edu RI Philo, John/A-8804-2009 OI Philo, John/0000-0003-3418-0356 FU National Institutes of Health [HL54329]; American Heart Association [09GRNT2250064]; Canadian Institutes for Health Research; Canada Foundation for Innovation; Alberta Science and Research Investments Program FX This work was supported by grants HL54329 from the National Institutes of Health and 09GRNT2250064 from the American Heart Association to K. S. Misono, and grants from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, the Canada Foundation for Innovation and the Alberta Science and Research Investments Program to H. S. Young. H. S. Young is a Senior Scholar of the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research. We thank X. Zhang for able technical assistance. NR 91 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1742-464X J9 FEBS J JI FEBS J. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 278 IS 11 BP 1818 EP 1829 DI 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08083.x PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 765EW UT WOS:000290687200004 PM 21375693 ER PT J AU Matthews, KA Murrell, MT Goldstein, SJ Nunn, AJ Norman, DE AF Matthews, Kathryn A. Murrell, Michael T. Goldstein, Steven J. Nunn, Andrew J. Norman, Deborah E. TI Uranium and Thorium Concentration and Isotopic Composition in Five Glass (BHVO-2G, BCR-2G, NKT-1G, T1-G, ATHO-G) and Two Powder (BHVO-2, BCR-2) Reference Materials SO GEOSTANDARDS AND GEOANALYTICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE glass reference materials; uranium; thorium; MPI-DING; LA-ICP-MS; SIMS; U-series ID PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; COLLECTOR ICPMS; HALF-LIVES; GEOCHRONOLOGY; VOLCANISM; ICELAND; BASALTS; SR; MS AB Here we report uranium and thorium isotopic ratios and elemental concentrations measured in solid reference materials from the USGS (BHVO-2G, BCR-2G, NKT-1G), as well as those from the MPI-DING series (T1-G, ATHO-G). Specifically created for microanalysis, these naturally-sourced glasses were fused from rock powders. They cover a range of compositions, elemental concentrations and expected isotopic ratios. The U-Th isotopic ratios of two powdered source materials (BCR-2, BHVO-2) were also characterised. These new measurements via multi-collector thermal ionisation mass spectrometry and multi-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry can now be used to assess the relative performance of techniques and facilitate comparison of U-Th data amongst laboratories in the geoscience community for in situ and bulk analyses. C1 [Matthews, Kathryn A.; Murrell, Michael T.; Goldstein, Steven J.; Nunn, Andrew J.; Norman, Deborah E.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Nucl & Radiochem Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Matthews, KA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Nucl & Radiochem Grp, MS J514, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM katiematthews@gmail.com FU Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences Division of the U.S. Department of Energy [2009LANLE391] FX The authors would like to thank Ron Amato for assistance in the laboratory. This manuscript benefited from the comments of Thomas Meisel and two anonymous reviewers. This research was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences Division of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. 2009LANLE391 to LANL. NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 4 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1639-4488 J9 GEOSTAND GEOANAL RES JI Geostand. Geoanal. Res. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 35 IS 2 BP 227 EP 234 DI 10.1111/j.1751-908X.2010.00080.x PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 765UL UT WOS:000290734000005 ER PT J AU Walker, DM Tordesillas, A Thornton, C Behringer, RP Zhang, J Peters, JF AF Walker, David M. Tordesillas, Antoinette Thornton, Colin Behringer, Robert P. Zhang, Jie Peters, John F. TI Percolating contact subnetworks on the edge of isostaticity SO GRANULAR MATTER LA English DT Article DE Complex networks; Spanning trees; Force chains; Force cycles; Isostatic ID GRANULAR-MATERIALS; SHEAR; MEDIA; DEFORMATION; SIMULATIONS; TRANSITION; SYSTEMS; STRESS AB We search for a percolating, strong subnetwork of contacts in a quasi-statically deforming, frictional granular material. Of specific interest in this study is that subnetwork which contributes to the majority of the total deviator stress and is, or is on the edge of being, isostatic. We argue that a subnetwork derived from the minimal spanning trees of a graph-optimized to include as many elastic contacts as possible and which bear normal contact forces above a given threshold delivers such a network. Moreover adding the strong 3-force-cycles to the spanning tree introduces a level of redundancy required to achieve a network that is almost if not isostatic. Results are shown for assemblies of non-uniformly sized circular particles under biaxial compression, in two-dimensions: a discrete element (DEM) simulation of monotonic loading under constant confining pressure, and cyclic loading of photoelastic disks under constant volume. C1 [Walker, David M.; Tordesillas, Antoinette] Univ Melbourne, Dept Math & Stat, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia. [Thornton, Colin] Univ Birmingham, Sch Chem Engn, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. [Behringer, Robert P.] Duke Univ, Dept Phys, Durham, NC 27708 USA. [Zhang, Jie] Los Alamos Natl Lab, CNLS MPA CMMS, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Peters, John F.] USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. RP Tordesillas, A (reprint author), Univ Melbourne, Dept Math & Stat, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia. EM atordesi@ms.unimelb.edu.au RI Zhang, Jie/O-2127-2015; Walker, David/Q-1995-2016 OI Walker, David/0000-0001-9322-6743 FU US Army Research Office [W911NF-07-1-0131, W911NF-07-1-0370]; Australian Research Council [DP0986876, DP0772409]; US NSF [DMR0906908] FX We thank Fernando Alonso-Marroquin and our reviewers for their insightful comments and assistance which have significantly improved the paper. This study was supported by the US Army Research Office (W911NF-07-1-0131 for RPB, W911NF-07-1-0370 for AT) and the Australian Research Council (DP0986876 and DP0772409 for AT) and the US NSF (DMR0906908 for RPB). NR 31 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 23 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1434-5021 J9 GRANUL MATTER JI Granul. Matter PD JUN PY 2011 VL 13 IS 3 SI SI BP 233 EP 240 DI 10.1007/s10035-011-0250-y PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Mechanics; Physics GA 765AX UT WOS:000290676900010 ER PT J AU Sonnad, V Iglesias, CA AF Sonnad, Vijay Iglesias, Carlos A. TI Efficient algorithm for generating spectra using line-by-line methods SO HIGH ENERGY DENSITY PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Plasma spectroscopy; Opacity; Emission spectra; Spectral lines ID SHAPES AB A method for efficient generation of spectra using line-by-line approaches is presented. The only approximation is replacing the line shape function with an interpolation procedure, which makes the method independent of the line profile functional form. The computational savings for a large number of lines is proportional to the number of frequency points in the spectral range. Therefore, for large-scale problems the method can reduce the operation count by several orders of magnitude. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Sonnad, Vijay; Iglesias, Carlos A.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Iglesias, CA (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM iglesias1@llnl.gov FU U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [DE-AC52-07NA27344] FX This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1574-1818 J9 HIGH ENERG DENS PHYS JI High Energy Density Phys. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 7 IS 2 BP 43 EP 46 DI 10.1016/j.hedp.2010.12.002 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 764TZ UT WOS:000290657900001 ER PT J AU Wilson, BG Johnson, DD Alam, A AF Wilson, B. G. Johnson, D. D. Alam, A. TI Multi-center electronic structure calculations for plasma equation of state SO HIGH ENERGY DENSITY PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Equation of state; Plasmas; Multi-center electronic structure ID MULTIPLE-SCATTERING THEORY; KOHN-ROSTOKER METHOD; COHERENT-POTENTIAL APPROXIMATION; BAND-STRUCTURE CALCULATIONS; SHAPE-TRUNCATION FUNCTIONS; ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; X-RAY-ABSORPTION; GREEN-FUNCTION; KKR METHOD; VORONOI POLYHEDRA AB We report on an approach for computing electronic structure utilizing solid-state multi-center scattering techniques, but generalized to finite temperatures to model plasmas. This approach has the advantage of handling mixtures at a fundamental level without the imposition of ad-hoc continuum lowering models, and incorporates bonding and charge exchange, as well as multi-center effects in the calculation of the continuum density of states. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Wilson, B. G.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Johnson, D. D.; Alam, A.] Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, US DOE, TASF 311, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Wilson, BG (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM wilson9@llnl.gov OI Johnson, Duane/0000-0003-0794-7283 FU U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [DE-AC52-07NA27344]; U.S. Department of Energy BES/Materials Science and Engineering Division [DEFG02-03ER46026]; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [B573247] FX This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. Funding for D. Johnson and A. Alam was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy BES/Materials Science and Engineering Division (DEFG02-03ER46026) as well as Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (subcontract B573247). NR 157 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1574-1818 J9 HIGH ENERG DENS PHYS JI High Energy Density Phys. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 7 IS 2 BP 61 EP 70 DI 10.1016/j.hedp.2011.01.002 PG 10 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 764TZ UT WOS:000290657900004 ER PT J AU Colgan, J Abdallah, J Faenov, AY Pikuz, TA Skobelev, IY Fukuda, Y Hayashi, Y Pirozhkov, A Kawase, K Shimomura, T Kiriyama, H Kato, Y Bulanov, SV Kando, M AF Colgan, J. Abdallah, J., Jr. Faenov, A. Ya. Pikuz, T. A. Skobelev, I. Yu. Fukuda, Y. Hayashi, Y. Pirozhkov, A. Kawase, K. Shimomura, T. Kiriyama, H. Kato, Y. Bulanov, S. V. Kando, M. TI Observation and modeling of high resolution spectral features of the inner-shell X-ray emission produced by 10(-10) contrast femtosecond-pulse laser irradiation of argon clusters SO HIGH ENERGY DENSITY PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Laser; Cluster; Atomic model ID AR CLUSTERS; GENERATION; IONIZATION AB A study is made of the ultra-short laser pulse irradiation of Ar cluster targets. Experiments have been performed with large cluster sizes and using very high laser contrasts, which have allowed clear and unambiguous observation of exotic inner-shell transitions in near-neutral Ar ions. The interaction of the main laser pulse with the unperturbed target is a necessary requirement for observing these lines. Our measurements are supported by kinetics calculations in which a very detailed atomic model is used. The calculations predict all of the spectral features found experimentally, and support the notion that the X-ray emission arises from many ion stages of the Ar plasma, from near-neutral through He-like ions, and from a range of plasma temperatures and densities. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Colgan, J.; Abdallah, J., Jr.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Faenov, A. Ya.; Pikuz, T. A.; Skobelev, I. Yu.] Russian Acad Sci, Joint Inst High Temp, Moscow 125412, Russia. [Fukuda, Y.; Hayashi, Y.; Pirozhkov, A.; Kawase, K.; Shimomura, T.; Kiriyama, H.; Bulanov, S. V.; Kando, M.] Japan Atom Energy Agcy, Quantum Beam Sci Directorate, Kizu, Kyoto 6190215, Japan. [Kato, Y.] Grad Sch Creat New Photon Ind, Shizuoka 4311202, Japan. RP Colgan, J (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM jcolgan@lanl.gov RI Bulanov, Sergei/A-1721-2013; OI Colgan, James/0000-0003-1045-3858 FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC52-06NA25396]; Japan Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture [20244065, 21360364]; RFBR [09-02-92482-MNKS-a, 10-07-00227-a, 10-02-00345-a, 10-02-91174-a]; RAS [21] FX The Los Alamos National Laboratory is operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC52-06NA25396. This research has been partially supported by the Japan Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Grant-in-Aid for Kiban A No 20244065, Kiban B No. 21360364, by the RFBR grant No. 09-02-92482-MNKS-a, 10-07-00227-a, 10-02-00345-a, 10-02-91174-a and by the RAS Presidium Programs of basic researches No. 21. NR 34 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1574-1818 J9 HIGH ENERG DENS PHYS JI High Energy Density Phys. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 7 IS 2 BP 77 EP 83 DI 10.1016/j.hedp.2011.01.004 PG 7 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 764TZ UT WOS:000290657900006 ER PT J AU Woolsey, NC Clarke, RJ Doria, D Gizzi, LA Gregori, G Hakel, P Hansen, SB Koester, P Labate, L Levato, T Li, B Makita, M Mancini, RC Pasley, J Rajeev, PP Robinson, APL Wagenaars, E Waugh, JN Booth, N AF Woolsey, N. C. Clarke, R. J. Doria, D. Gizzi, L. A. Gregori, G. Hakel, P. Hansen, S. B. Koester, P. Labate, L. Levato, T. Li, B. Makita, M. Mancini, R. C. Pasley, J. Rajeev, P. P. Robinson, A. P. L. Wagenaars, E. Waugh, J. N. Booth, N. TI Precision X-ray spectroscopy of intense laser-plasma interactions SO HIGH ENERGY DENSITY PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE X-ray polarisation spectroscopy; Fast ignition; Petawatt laser - matter interactions ID POLARIZATION SPECTROSCOPY; ELECTRON AB Polarisation sensitive emission spectroscopy measurements are reported for a petawatt laser-solid target interaction at intensities up to 5 x 10(20) Wcm(-2). These measurements were single-shot and used pairs of highly-orientated graphite spectrometers to resolve the sulphur Ly-alpha doublet. The sulphur Ly-alpha(1) component shows a large positive polarisation indicative of a low energy electron beam in the plasma, the Ly-alpha(2) component acts as a cross-spectrometer calibration. The measurements show a significant anisotropic or beam-like component to a cold return current. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Woolsey, N. C.; Pasley, J.; Wagenaars, E.; Waugh, J. N.; Booth, N.] Univ York, Dept Phys, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Clarke, R. J.; Li, B.; Pasley, J.; Rajeev, P. P.; Robinson, A. P. L.; Booth, N.] STFC Rutherford Appleton Lab, Cent Laser Facil, Didcot OX11 0QN, Oxon, England. [Doria, D.; Makita, M.] Queens Univ Belfast, Dept Math & Phys, Belfast BT1 4NN, Antrim, North Ireland. [Gizzi, L. A.; Koester, P.; Labate, L.; Levato, T.] CNR, UOS Adriano Gozzini, Ist Nazl Ott, ILIL, I-56100 Pisa, Italy. [Gregori, G.] Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX4 1PJ, England. [Hakel, P.; Mancini, R. C.] Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Reno, NV 89577 USA. [Hansen, S. B.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Woolsey, NC (reprint author), Univ York, Dept Phys, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. EM nigel.woolsey@york.ac.uk RI Gizzi, Leonida/F-4782-2011; Wagenaars, Erik/A-9248-2013; Doria, Domenico/C-9556-2016; Brennan, Patricia/N-3922-2015; OI Wagenaars, Erik/0000-0002-5493-3434; Doria, Domenico/0000-0001-8776-5791; Gizzi, Leonida A./0000-0001-6572-6492 FU Extreme Light Infrastructure Project; HiPER project; United Kingdom Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; Science and Technology Facilities Council FX We thank the staff at the Central Laser Facility for their help and expertise in providing the laser, target area and target. We acknowledge funding from the Extreme Light Infrastructure Project, the HiPER project, the United Kingdom Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the Science and Technology Facilities Council. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1574-1818 J9 HIGH ENERG DENS PHYS JI High Energy Density Phys. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 7 IS 2 BP 105 EP 109 DI 10.1016/j.hedp.2011.03.001 PG 5 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 764TZ UT WOS:000290657900010 ER PT J AU Theiler, J Cao, GZ Bachega, LR Bouman, CA AF Theiler, James Cao, Guangzhi Bachega, Leonardo R. Bouman, Charles A. TI Sparse Matrix Transform for Hyperspectral Image Processing SO IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN SIGNAL PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE Anomalous change detection; anomaly detection; change detection; covariance matrix; hyperspectral imagery; matched filter; signal detection; sparse matrix transform (SMT) ID COVARIANCE MATRICES AB A variety of problems in remote sensing require that a covariance matrix be accurately estimated, often from a limited number of data samples. We investigate the utility of several variants of a recently introduced covariance estimator-the sparse matrix transform (SMT), a shrinkage-enhanced SMT, and a graph-constrained SMT-in the context of several of these problems. In addition to two more generic measures of quality based on likelihood and the Frobenius norm, we specifically consider weak signal detection, dimension reduction, anomaly detection, and anomalous change detection. The estimators are applied to several hyperspectral data sets, including some randomly rotated data, to elucidate the kinds of problems and the kinds of data for which SMT is well or poorly suited. The SMT is based on the product of K pairwise coordinate (Givens) rotations, and we also introduce and compare two novel approaches for estimating the most effective choice for K. C1 [Theiler, James] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Space & Remote Sensing Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Cao, Guangzhi] GE Healthcare Technol, Waukesha, WI 53188 USA. [Bachega, Leonardo R.; Bouman, Charles A.] Purdue Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Theiler, J (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Space & Remote Sensing Grp, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM jt@lanl.gov FU Los Alamos National Laboratory; U.S. Army Research Laboratory; U.S. Army Research Office [56541-CI]; National Science Foundation [CCR-0431024]; Xerox Foundation FX The work of J. Theiler and G. Cao was supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The work of L. R. Bachega and C. A. Bouman was supported by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory and the U.S. Army Research Office under Contract/Grant 56541-CI. G. Cao, L. R. Bachega, and C. A. Bouman were supported by the National Science Foundation under Contract CCR-0431024. C. A. Bouman was supported by a Xerox Foundation grant. The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Dr. Gustavo Camps-Valls. NR 25 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 13 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1932-4553 EI 1941-0484 J9 IEEE J-STSP JI IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 5 IS 3 BP 424 EP 437 DI 10.1109/JSTSP.2010.2103924 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 766AN UT WOS:000290750700006 ER PT J AU Mallick, SB Jung, IW Meisner, AM Provine, J Howe, RT Solgaard, O AF Mallick, Shrestha Basu Jung, Il Woong Meisner, Aaron M. Provine, J. Howe, Roger T. Solgaard, Olav TI Multilayered Monolithic Silicon Photonic Crystals SO IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Broadband mirror; monolithic photonic crystals (PCs); photonic crystal (PC) devices; photonic crystal (PC) fabrication; silicon photonic crystal (PC) technology AB In this letter, we describe the fabrication of double-layered self-aligned silicon photonic crystals (PCs) using directional and isotropic etches. The double-layer PCs represent a step towards practical 3-D PCs based on standard Si processing, and they have several advantageous characteristics compared to single-layer PCs, including higher reflectivity and sharper resonances, as demonstrated both experimentally and by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. C1 [Mallick, Shrestha Basu] Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Jung, Il Woong] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Meisner, Aaron M.] Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Provine, J.; Howe, Roger T.; Solgaard, Olav] Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Mallick, SB (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM sbasumal@stanford.edu; ijung@anl.gov; ameisner@fas.harvard.edu; jprovine@stanford.edu; rthowe@stanford.edu; solgaard@stanford.edu OI Meisner, Aaron/0000-0002-1125-7384 FU Boeing [SPO 33130]; Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) [HR0011-06-1-0049] FX This work was supported by Boeing under Contract SPO 33130 and by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) under Grant HR0011-06-1-0049. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1041-1135 J9 IEEE PHOTONIC TECH L JI IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 23 IS 11 BP 730 EP 732 DI 10.1109/LPT.2011.2132698 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 764LA UT WOS:000290629800008 ER PT J AU Mikhelson, IV Bakhtiari, S Elmer, TW Sahakian, AV AF Mikhelson, Ilya V. Bakhtiari, Sasan Elmer, Thomas W., II Sahakian, Alan V. TI Remote Sensing of Heart Rate and Patterns of Respiration on a Stationary Subject Using 94-GHz Millimeter-Wave Interferometry SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Cardiography; heart rate; millimeter wave; noncontact; respiration ID VITAL SIGNS AB Using continuous wave, 94-GHz millimeter-wave interferometry, a signal representing chest wall motion can be obtained that contains both the heart rate and respiration patterns of a human subject. These components have to be separated from each other in the received signal. Our method was to use the quadrature and in-phase components of the signal, after removing the mean of each, to find the phase, unwrap it, and convert it to a displacement measurement. Using this, the power spectrum was examined for peaks, which corresponded to the heart rate and respiration rate. The displacement waveform of the chest was also analyzed for discrete heartbeats using a novel wavelet decomposition technique. C1 [Mikhelson, Ilya V.; Sahakian, Alan V.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Sahakian, Alan V.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Bakhtiari, Sasan; Elmer, Thomas W., II] Argonne Natl Lab, Nucl Engn Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Sahakian, AV (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. EM i-mikhelson@u.northwestern.edu; bakhtiari@anl.gov; elmer@anl.gov; sahakian@eecs.northwestern.edu RI Sahakian, Alan/B-7268-2009; OI Elmer, Thomas/0000-0003-0363-5928 FU U.S. Department of Energy FX Manuscript received September 3, 2010; revised December 14, 2010; accepted January 18, 2011. Date of publication February 4, 2011; date of current version May 18, 2011. This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy. Asterisk indicates corresponding author. NR 20 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9294 J9 IEEE T BIO-MED ENG JI IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 58 IS 6 BP 1671 EP 1677 DI 10.1109/TBME.2011.2111371 PG 7 WC Engineering, Biomedical SC Engineering GA 765UA UT WOS:000290732900020 PM 21296700 ER PT J AU Bakhtiari, S Liao, SL Elmer, T Gopalsami, N Raptis, AC AF Bakhtiari, Sasan Liao, Shaolin Elmer, Thomas, II Gopalsami, Nachappa 'Sami' Raptis, A. C. TI A Real-time Heart Rate Analysis for a Remote Millimeter Wave I-Q Sensor SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Algorithm; heart rate (HR); millimeter wave (mmW) radar ID ALGORITHM; CANCELLATION; MODEL AB This paper analyzes heart rate (HR) information from physiological tracings collected with a remote millimeter wave (mmW) I-Q sensor for biometric monitoring applications. A parameter optimization method based on the nonlinear Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is used. The mmW sensor works at 94 GHz and can detect the vital signs of a human subject from a few to tens of meters away. The reflected mmW signal is typically affected by respiration, body movement, background noise, and electronic system noise. Processing of the mmW radar signal is, thus, necessary to obtain the true HR. The down-converted received signal in this case consists of both the real part (I-branch) and the imaginary part (Q-branch), which can be considered as the cosine and sine of the received phase of the HR signal. Instead of fitting the converted phase angle signal, the method directly fits the real and imaginary parts of the HR signal, which circumvents the need for phase unwrapping. This is particularly useful when the SNR is low. Also, the method identifies both beat-to-beat HR and individual heartbeat magnitude, which is valuable for some medical diagnosis applications. The mean HR here is compared to that obtained using the discrete Fourier transform. C1 [Bakhtiari, Sasan; Liao, Shaolin; Elmer, Thomas, II; Gopalsami, Nachappa 'Sami'; Raptis, A. C.] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Liao, SL (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM sliao@anl.gov OI Elmer, Thomas/0000-0003-0363-5928 FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-06CH11357]; National Consortium for Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT) Office of the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency FX This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under Grant DE-AC02-06CH11357 and in part by the National Consortium for Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT) Office of the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency. NR 31 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 14 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9294 EI 1558-2531 J9 IEEE T BIO-MED ENG JI IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 58 IS 6 BP 1839 EP 1845 DI 10.1109/TBME.2011.2122335 PG 7 WC Engineering, Biomedical SC Engineering GA 765UA UT WOS:000290732900039 PM 21382761 ER PT J AU Thacker, T Boroyevich, D Burgos, R Wang, F AF Thacker, Timothy Boroyevich, Dushan Burgos, Rolando Wang, Fei TI Phase-Locked Loop Noise Reduction via Phase Detector Implementation for Single-Phase Systems SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE Grid interconnection; phase-locked loops (PLLs); single-phase control; state-variable feedback ID POWER CONVERTERS; PLL; LINE AB A crucial component of grid-connected converters is the phase-locked loop (PLL) control subsystem that tracks the grid voltage's frequency and phase angle. Therefore, accurate fast-responding PLLs for control and protection purposes are required to provide these measurements. This paper proposes a novel feedback mechanism for single-phase PLL phase detectors using the estimated phase angle. Ripple noise appearing in the estimated frequency, most commonly the second harmonic under phase-lock conditions, is reduced or eliminated without the use of low-pass filters, which can cause delays to occur and limits the overall performance of the PLL response to dynamic changes in the system. The proposed method has the capability to eliminate the noise ripple entirely and, under extreme line distortion conditions, can reduce the ripple by at least half. Other modifications implemented through frequency feedback are shown to decrease the settling time of the PLL up to 50%. Mathematical analyses with the simulated and experimental results are provided to confirm the validity of the proposed methods. C1 [Thacker, Timothy] PowerHub Syst, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. [Boroyevich, Dushan] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Ctr Power Elect Syst, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Burgos, Rolando] ABB Corp Res, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. [Wang, Fei] Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Wang, Fei] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Thacker, T (reprint author), PowerHub Syst, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. EM tthacker@ieee.org; tthacker@ieee.org FU National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center [EEC-9731677] FX Manuscript received August 24, 2009; revised December 23, 2009 and April 22, 2010; accepted July 6, 2010. Date of publication August 23, 2010; date of current version May 13, 2011. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center under Award EEC-9731677. NR 32 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0278-0046 J9 IEEE T IND ELECTRON JI IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 58 IS 6 BP 2482 EP 2490 DI 10.1109/TIE.2010.2069070 PG 9 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 764KN UT WOS:000290628500045 ER PT J AU Griffin, C Testa, K Racunas, S AF Griffin, Christopher Testa, Kelly Racunas, Stephen TI An Algorithm for Constructing and Searching Spaces of Alternative Hypotheses SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN AND CYBERNETICS PART B-CYBERNETICS LA English DT Article DE Automated hypothesis generation; implicit enumeration; logic; MAX-SAT; mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem ID COST-BASED ABDUCTION; PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES; LOGIC; UNCERTAINTY; INFORMATION AB In this paper, we develop techniques for automated hypothesis-space exploration over data sets that may contain contradictions. To do so, we make use of the equivalence between two formulations: those of first-order predicate logic with prefix modal quantifiers under the finite-model hypothesis and those of mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problems. Unlike other approaches, we do not assume that all logical assertions are true without doubt. Instead, we look for alternative hypotheses about the validity of the claims by identifying alternative optimal solutions to a corresponding MILP. We use a collection of slack variables in the derived linear constraints to indicate the presence of contradictory data or assumptions. The objective is to minimize contradictions between data and assertions represented by the presence of nonzero slack in the set of linear constraints. In this paper, we present the following: 1) a correspondence between first-order predicate logic with modal quantifier prefixes under the finite-model hypothesis and MILP problems and 2) an implicit enumeration algorithm for exploring the contradiction hypothesis space. C1 [Griffin, Christopher] Penn State Univ, Appl Res Lab, Commun Informat & Nav Off, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Testa, Kelly] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Computat Sci & Engn Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Racunas, Stephen] Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA. [Racunas, Stephen] Stanford Univ, Stanford Ctr Biomed Informat Res, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Griffin, C (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Appl Res Lab, Commun Informat & Nav Off, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM griffinch@ieee.org; ktesta@cs.utk.edu; sracunas@gmail.com FU Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Agency under Department of Energy [0000-T435-08]; Office of Naval Research [N00014-08-1-0485]; National Science Foundation under Stanford University [22468020]; National Institutes of Health under University of Colorado [0818393]; U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC05-00OR22725] FX Manuscript received February 12, 2009; revised November 22, 2009 and July 10, 2010; accepted October 31, 2010. Date of publication December 10, 2010; date of current version May 18, 2011. This work supported in part by the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Agency under Department of Energy Project 0000-T435-08, in part by the Office of Naval Research under Award N00014-08-1-0485, in part by the National Science Foundation under Stanford University Contract 22468020, and in part by the National Institutes of Health under University of Colorado Contract 0818393. This paper was recommended by Associate Editor S. Shimony.; Portions of Dr. Griffin's work were performed as a Eugene P. Wigner Fellow and staff member at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers who helped make this paper substantially better. NR 44 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1083-4419 EI 1941-0492 J9 IEEE T SYST MAN CY B JI IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B-Cybern. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 41 IS 3 BP 772 EP 782 DI 10.1109/TSMCB.2010.2092762 PG 11 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA 765UP UT WOS:000290734400014 PM 21147596 ER PT J AU Alattas, AM Grossmann, IE Palou-Rivera, I AF Alattas, Abdulrahman M. Grossmann, Ignacio E. Palou-Rivera, Ignasi TI Integration of Nonlinear Crude Distillation Unit Models in Refinery Planning Optimization SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FRACTIONATION; SYSTEMS; NUMBER; INDEX AB Production planning modeling is an essential tool in the operation and management of modern refineries. It has traditionally relied on linear programming (LP) principles and methods for simple and robust planning models, such as the fixed-yield planning models and swing cuts planning models. However, these models fail to reflect the true nonlinear nature of the processing units. In this work, the fractionation index model (FI) is developed to add nonlinearity to the linear refinery planning models. The FI model is developed as a more accurate nonlinear model for the complex crude distillation unit (CDU) than the fixed yield or the swing cuts models. The resulting simple model optimizes the crude cuts quantities and temperature. It has the benefits of being crude independent, characteristics of the CDU, and readily calculated. An example of the FI CDU model is presented. The FI-based refinery planning model is then developed and tested with a refinery planning example. The results are compared to the common fixed yield and swing cuts models. The FT refinery planning model predicted higher profit based on different crude purchase decision. Despite an order of magnitude increase in the problem size, the FI planning model did not require significantly longer solution times. C1 [Alattas, Abdulrahman M.; Grossmann, Ignacio E.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Palou-Rivera, Ignasi] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Grossmann, IE (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM grossmann@cmu.edu FU Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. (ADNOC); BP Refining Technology FX A. Alattas acknowledges the generous support of the Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. (ADNOC) for funding his Ph.D. research and the financial support by BP Refining Technology for funding this research. NR 32 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 50 IS 11 BP 6860 EP 6870 DI 10.1021/ie200151e PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 767GS UT WOS:000290843900036 ER PT J AU Yoon, H Ansong, C Adkins, JN Heffron, F AF Yoon, Hyunjin Ansong, Charles Adkins, Joshua N. Heffron, Fred TI Discovery of Salmonella Virulence Factors Translocated via Outer Membrane Vesicles to Murine Macrophages SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID ENTERICA SEROVAR TYPHIMURIUM; III SECRETION SYSTEMS; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; HOST-CELL INVASION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; CONTAINING VACUOLES; TRYPANOSOMA-CRUZI AB Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, an intracellular pathogen and leading cause of food-borne illness, encodes a plethora of virulence effectors. Salmonella virulence factors are translocated into host cells and manipulate host cellular activities, providing a more hospitable environment for bacterial proliferation. In this study, we report a new set of virulence factors that is translocated into the host cytoplasm via bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMV). PagK (or PagK1), PagJ, and STM2585A (or PagK2) are small proteins composed of similar to 70 amino acids and have high sequence homology to each other (>85% identity). Salmonella lacking all three homologues was attenuated for virulence in a mouse infection model, suggesting at least partial functional redundancy among the homologues. While each homologue was translocated into the macrophage cytoplasm, their translocation was independent of all three Salmonella gene-encoded type III secretion systems (T3SSs)-Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) T3SS, SPI-2 T3SS, and the flagellar system. Selected methods, including direct microscopy, demonstrated that the PagK-homologous proteins were secreted through OMV, which were enriched with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and outer membrane proteins. Vesicles produced by intracellular bacteria also contained lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), suggesting the possibility of OMV convergence with host cellular components during intracellular trafficking. This study identified novel Salmonella virulence factors secreted via OMV and demonstrated that OMV can function as a vehicle to transfer virulence determinants to the cytoplasm of the infected host cell. C1 [Yoon, Hyunjin; Heffron, Fred] Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Portland, OR 97239 USA. [Ansong, Charles; Adkins, Joshua N.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Heffron, F (reprint author), Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, L220,3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk Rd, Portland, OR 97239 USA. EM heffronf@ohsu.edu RI Adkins, Joshua/B-9881-2013 OI Adkins, Joshua/0000-0003-0399-0700 FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases NIH/DHHS [Y1-AI-8401] FX This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases NIH/DHHS through interagency agreement Y1-AI-8401 (project website www.SysBEP.org). NR 81 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 79 IS 6 BP 2182 EP 2192 DI 10.1128/IAI.01277-10 PG 11 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 765LJ UT WOS:000290707200005 PM 21464085 ER PT J AU Mortensen, DK Walker, IS Sherman, MH AF Mortensen, Dorthe K. Walker, Iain S. Sherman, Max H. TI Optimization of Occupancy Based Demand Controlled Ventilation in Residences SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF VENTILATION LA English DT Article DE demand controlled ventilation; airflow rates; equivalent dose; acute to chronic exposure; effectiveness ID TIME AB Although it has been used for many years in commercial buildings, the application of demand controlled ventilation in residences is limited. In this study we used occupant exposure to pollutants integrated over time (referred to as "dose") as the metric to evaluate the effectiveness and air quality implications of demand controlled ventilation in residences. We looked at air quality for two situations. The first is that typically used in ventilation standards: the exposure over a long term. The second is to look at peak exposures that are associated with time variations in ventilation rates and pollutant generation. The pollutant generation had two components: a background rate associated with the building materials and furnishings and a second component related to occupants. The demand controlled ventilation system operated at a low airflow rate when the residence was unoccupied and at a high airflow rate when occupied. We used analytical solutions to the continuity equation to determine the ventilation effectiveness and the long-term chronic dose and peak acute exposure for a representative range of occupancy periods, pollutant generation rates and airflow rates. The results of the study showed that we can optimize the demand controlled airflow rates to reduce the quantity of air used for ventilation without introducing problematic acute conditions. C1 [Mortensen, Dorthe K.] Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Civil Engn, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. [Walker, Iain S.; Sherman, Max H.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Mortensen, DK (reprint author), Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Civil Engn, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX This work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program, of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 7 PU VEETECH LTD PI CONVENTRY PA 7A BARCLAYS VENTURE CENTRE, UNIV WARWICK SCI PARK, SIR WILLIAM LYONS RD, CONVENTRY, CV4 7EZ, ENGLAND SN 1473-3315 J9 INT J VENT JI Int. J. Vent. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 10 IS 1 BP 49 EP 60 PG 12 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels GA 767TU UT WOS:000290880700004 ER PT J AU Page, K White, CE Estell, EG Neder, RB Llobet, A Proffen, T AF Page, Katharine White, Claire E. Estell, Eben G. Neder, Reinhard B. Llobet, Anna Proffen, Thomas TI Treatment of hydrogen background in bulk and nanocrystalline neutron total scattering experiments SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID PAIR DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION; POWDER DIFFRACTION; NANOPARTICLES; MECHANISM; BATIO3 AB Nuclear incoherent neutron scattering contributions present a challenge in the structural characterization of many classes of materials. This article introduces methods for the correction of nanoparticle, bulk crystalline and amorphous powder neutron scattering data with significant incoherent contributions from hydrogen, and describes the effects the corrections have on the resulting atomic pair distribution function data sets. The approach is presented in the context of the PDFgetN data-reduction program [Peterson, Gutmann, Proffen & Billinge (2000). J. Appl. Cryst. 33, 1192]. C1 [Page, Katharine; White, Claire E.; Estell, Eben G.; Llobet, Anna; Proffen, Thomas] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Manuel Lujan Jr Neutron Scattering Ctr, LANSCE LC, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [White, Claire E.] Univ Melbourne, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. [Neder, Reinhard B.] Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Inst Phys & Condensed Matter, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany. RP Page, K (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Manuel Lujan Jr Neutron Scattering Ctr, LANSCE LC, MS H805, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM kpage@lanl.gov RI Page, Katharine/C-9726-2009; Llobet, Anna/B-1672-2010; White, Claire/A-1722-2011; Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Neder, Reinhard/D-9877-2013; Proffen, Thomas/B-3585-2009 OI Page, Katharine/0000-0002-9071-3383; White, Claire/0000-0002-4800-7960; Neder, Reinhard/0000-0003-2592-2207; Proffen, Thomas/0000-0002-1408-6031 FU US DOE, Office of Basic Energy Sciences; DOE [DE-AC52-06NA25396]; Australian Research Council (ARC); Particulate Fluids Processing Centre for Sustainable Resource Processing through the Geopolymer Alliance FX This work has benefited from the use of the NPDF beamline at the Lujan Center at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, funded by the US DOE, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Los Alamos National Laboratory is operated by Los Alamos National Security LLC under DOE contract No. DE-AC52-06NA25396. The participation of CEW was funded in part by the Australian Research Council (ARC), including some funding via the Particulate Fluids Processing Centre for Sustainable Resource Processing through the Geopolymer Alliance. NR 30 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 44 BP 532 EP 539 DI 10.1107/S0021889811001609 PN 3 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 766GB UT WOS:000290767900013 ER PT J AU Li, X Shew, CY He, LL Meilleur, F Myles, DAA Liu, E Zhang, Y Smith, GS Herwig, KW Pynn, R Chen, WR AF Li, Xin Shew, Chwen-Yang He, Lilin Meilleur, Flora Myles, Dean A. A. Liu, Emily Zhang, Yang Smith, Gregory S. Herwig, Kenneth W. Pynn, Roger Chen, Wei-Ren TI Scattering functions of Platonic solids SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SMALL-ANGLE SCATTERING; INTERSECT DISTRIBUTION; REGULAR TETRAHEDRON; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; VIRUS; MATURATION; PARTICLES; SYSTEMS; POLYMER AB The single-particle small-angle scattering properties of five Platonic solids, including the tetrahedron, hexahedron, octahedron, dodecahedron and icosahedron, are systematically investigated. For each given geometry, the Debye spatial autocorrelation function, pair distance distribution function and intraparticle structure factor (form factor) are calculated and compared with the corresponding scattering function of a spherical reference system. From the theoretical models, the empirical relationship between the dodecahedral and icosahedral structural characteristics and those of the equivalent spheres is found. Moreover, the single-particle scattering properties of icosahedral and spherical shells with identical volume are investigated, and the prospect of using different data analysis approaches to explore their structural differences is presented and discussed. C1 [Li, Xin; Myles, Dean A. A.; Zhang, Yang; Smith, Gregory S.; Herwig, Kenneth W.; Pynn, Roger; Chen, Wei-Ren] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Li, Xin; Liu, Emily] Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Mech Aerosp & Nucl Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA. [Shew, Chwen-Yang] CUNY, Dept Chem, Coll Staten Isl, Staten Isl, NY 10314 USA. [He, Lilin; Meilleur, Flora; Myles, Dean A. A.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Struct Mol Biol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Meilleur, Flora] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mol & Struct Biochem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Pynn, Roger] Indiana Univ, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. [Chen, Wei-Ren] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Joint Inst Neutron Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Chen, Wei-Ren] Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Chen, WR (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM chenw@ornl.gov RI Herwig, Kenneth/F-4787-2011; Zhang, Yang/A-7975-2012; Li, Xin/K-9646-2013; Smith, Gregory/D-1659-2016; myles, dean/D-5860-2016; OI Zhang, Yang/0000-0002-7339-8342; Li, Xin/0000-0003-0606-434X; Smith, Gregory/0000-0001-5659-1805; myles, dean/0000-0002-7693-4964; He, Lilin/0000-0002-9560-8101 FU Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy; US Department of Energy through Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Material Science and Engineering [DE-FG02-09ER46279] FX This research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory's SNS was sponsored by the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy. RP thanks the US Department of Energy for support through its Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Material Science and Engineering (grant No. DE-FG02-09ER46279). We thank an anonymous referee for bringing out the issue of averaging the scattering intensity of the Platonic particle with respect to orientation. WRC, XL and CYS thank Professor Salvino Ciccariello for the helpful suggestions and discussions. NR 44 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 44 BP 545 EP 557 DI 10.1107/S0021889811011691 PN 3 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 766GB UT WOS:000290767900015 ER PT J AU Chakoumakos, BC Cao, HB Ye, F Stoica, AD Popovici, M Sundaram, M Zhou, WD Hicks, JS Lynn, GW Riedel, RA AF Chakoumakos, Bryan C. Cao, Huibo Ye, Feng Stoica, Alexandru D. Popovici, Mihai Sundaram, Madhan Zhou, Wenduo Hicks, J. Steve Lynn, Gary W. Riedel, Richard A. TI Four-circle single-crystal neutron diffractometer at the High Flux Isotope Reactor SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article AB A four-circle neutron diffractometer with a new multi-wafer 331 Si monochromator has been installed and commissioned on a thermal beamline at the High Flux Isotope Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The instrument is well suited to studies of nuclear and magnetic structures as a function of composition and temperature, resolving symmetry changes ( lattice distortions and local structural changes), mapping the evolution of complex magnetic phases, determining hydrogen bonding, analyzing nuclear and spin densities, mapping diffuse scattering, and exploring fiber diffraction. Three incident wavelengths are available, 1.000, 1.536 and 2.540 angstrom, with intensities of 2.5 x 10(6), 2.2 x 10(7) and 8.0 x 10(6) neutrons cm(-2) s(-1), respectively. Either high-resolution or high-intensity modes are possible by horizontal bending of the monochromator. With increased bending of the monochromator, the incident flux on the sample passes through a maximum, increasing by x2.0 for 1.000 angstrom, by x3.5 for 1.536 angstrom and by x3.5 for 2.540 angstrom, as compared to the flat condition. The flux increases because the lattice strain in the silicon crystals increases. The omega-scan peak width increases with monochromator curvature and this width versus scattering angle flattens. Given these effects, the monochromator bending can be adjusted to deliver high intensity primarily for crystal structure refinements or high resolution for resolving symmetry changes. In addition to the traditional step-scanning mode, a more efficient continuous-scanning mode was developed, and both these are implemented through a LabView-based control program, i.e. a modified version of the SPICE software package. A 4 K closed-cycle helium refrigerator is permanently mounted on the chi-circle of the goniometer to provide temperature control between 4 and 450 K. C1 [Chakoumakos, Bryan C.; Cao, Huibo; Ye, Feng; Stoica, Alexandru D.; Popovici, Mihai; Sundaram, Madhan; Zhou, Wenduo; Hicks, J. Steve; Lynn, Gary W.; Riedel, Richard A.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Chakoumakos, BC (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, POB 2008,Bldg 7962, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM kou@ornl.gov RI Ye, Feng/B-3210-2010; Stoica, Alexandru/K-3614-2013; Chakoumakos, Bryan/A-5601-2016; Cao, Huibo/A-6835-2016 OI Ye, Feng/0000-0001-7477-4648; Stoica, Alexandru/0000-0001-5118-0134; Chakoumakos, Bryan/0000-0002-7870-6543; Cao, Huibo/0000-0002-5970-4980 FU UT Battelle, LLC [DE-AC05-00OR22725] FX We thank Ron Maples, Brent Taylor, Doug Jones, Brian Larkins, Mano Sanchez, Dave Reass, Jonathon Smith, Matt Collins and Chris Redmon for technical support during instrument installation and commissioning. We also thank Lee Robertson and Lowell Crow for help with the flux measurements. This research was supported by UT Battelle, LLC, under contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 for the US Department of Energy, Office of Science. NR 7 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 16 PU INT UNION CRYSTALLOGRAPHY PI CHESTER PA 2 ABBEY SQ, CHESTER, CH1 2HU, ENGLAND SN 1600-5767 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 44 BP 655 EP 658 DI 10.1107/S0021889811012301 PN 3 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 766GB UT WOS:000290767900030 ER PT J AU Vishnivetskaya, TA Lucas, S Copeland, A Lapidus, A del Rio, TG Dalin, E Tice, H Bruce, DC Goodwin, LA Pitluck, S Saunders, E Brettin, T Detter, C Han, C Larimer, F Land, ML Hauser, LJ Kyrpides, NC Ovchinnikova, G Kathariou, S Ramaley, RF Rodrigues, DF Hendrix, C Richardson, P Tiedje, JM AF Vishnivetskaya, Tatiana A. Lucas, Susan Copeland, Alex Lapidus, Alla del Rio, Tijana Glavina Dalin, E. Tice, Hope Bruce, David C. Goodwin, Lynne A. Pitluck, Sam Saunders, E. Brettin, Tom Detter, Chris Han, Cliff Larimer, Frank Land, Miriam L. Hauser, Loren J. Kyrpides, Nikos C. Ovchinnikova, Galina Kathariou, Sophia Ramaley, Robert F. Rodrigues, Debora F. Hendrix, Christie Richardson, Paul Tiedje, James M. TI Complete Genome Sequence of the Thermophilic Bacterium Exiguobacterium sp AT1b SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERMAFROST AB Here we present the genome of strain Exiguobacterium sp. AT1b, a thermophilic member of the genus Exiguobacterium whose representatives were isolated from various environments along a thermal and physicochemical gradient. This genome was sequenced to be a comparative resource for the study of thermal adaptation with a psychroactive representative of the genus, Exiguobacterium sibiricum strain 255-15, that was previously sequenced by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Joint Genome Institute (JGI) (http://genome.ornl.gov/microbial/exig/). C1 [Vishnivetskaya, Tatiana A.] Univ Tennessee, Ctr Environm Biotechnol, Knoxville, TN 37932 USA. [Vishnivetskaya, Tatiana A.; Larimer, Frank; Land, Miriam L.; Hauser, Loren J.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Hauser, Loren J.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, BioEnergy Sci Ctr, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Lucas, Susan; Copeland, Alex; Lapidus, Alla; del Rio, Tijana Glavina; Dalin, E.; Tice, Hope; Pitluck, Sam; Saunders, E.; Brettin, Tom; Detter, Chris; Kyrpides, Nikos C.; Ovchinnikova, Galina; Richardson, Paul] DOE Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA. [Bruce, David C.; Goodwin, Lynne A.; Han, Cliff] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Kathariou, Sophia] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Ramaley, Robert F.] Nebraska Med Ctr, Omaha, NE 68198 USA. [Rodrigues, Debora F.] Univ Houston, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. [Hendrix, Christie] Yellowstone Natl Pk, Yellowstone Np, WY 82190 USA. [Tiedje, James M.] Michigan State Univ, Ctr Microbial Ecol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Vishnivetskaya, TA (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Ctr Environm Biotechnol, 676 Dabney Buehler Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM vishnivetsta@ornl.gov RI Hauser, Loren/H-3881-2012; Rodrigues, Debora/H-4375-2012; Lapidus, Alla/I-4348-2013; Land, Miriam/A-6200-2011; Kyrpides, Nikos/A-6305-2014 OI Vishnivetskaya, Tatiana/0000-0002-0660-023X; Lapidus, Alla/0000-0003-0427-8731; Land, Miriam/0000-0001-7102-0031; Kyrpides, Nikos/0000-0002-6131-0462 FU U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science; University of California Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [DE-AC52-07NA27344]; Los Alamos National Laboratory [DE-AC02-85 06NA25396]; UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC05-00OR22725] FX We thank the National Park Service for coordinating and allowing sampling under permit YELL-1502. Work at the Joint Genome Institute is performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research Program and by the University of California Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under contract DE-AC02-05CH11231, by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344, and by Los Alamos National Laboratory under contract DE-AC02-85 06NA25396. Oak Ridge National Laboratory is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 193 IS 11 BP 2880 EP 2881 DI 10.1128/JB.00303-11 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 763BL UT WOS:000290527900023 PM 21460088 ER PT J AU Grubbs, KJ Biedermann, PHW Suen, G Adams, SM Moeller, JA Klassen, JL Goodwin, LA Woyke, T Munk, AC Bruce, D Detter, C Tapia, R Han, CS Currie, CR AF Grubbs, Kirk J. Biedermann, Peter H. W. Suen, Garret Adams, Sandra M. Moeller, Joseph A. Klassen, Jonathan L. Goodwin, Lynne A. Woyke, Tanja Munk, A. Christine Bruce, David Detter, Chris Tapia, Roxanne Han, Cliff S. Currie, Cameron R. TI Genome Sequence of Streptomyces griseus Strain XylebKG-1, an Ambrosia Beetle-Associated Actinomycete SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RNA GENES; TOOL; ANNOTATION; DNA AB Streptomyces griseus strain XylebKG-1 is an insect-associated strain of the well-studied actinobacterial species S. griseus. Here, we present the genome of XylebKG-1 and discuss its similarity to the genome of S. griseus subsp. griseus NBRC13350. XylebKG-1 was isolated from the fungus-cultivating Xyleborinus saxesenii system. Given its similarity to free-living S. griseus subsp. griseus NBRC13350, comparative genomics will elucidate critical components of bacterial interactions with insects. C1 [Suen, Garret; Adams, Sandra M.; Currie, Cameron R.] Univ Wisconsin, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Grubbs, Kirk J.; Biedermann, Peter H. W.; Suen, Garret; Adams, Sandra M.; Moeller, Joseph A.; Klassen, Jonathan L.; Currie, Cameron R.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Grubbs, Kirk J.] Univ Wisconsin, Cellular & Mol Pathol Grad Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Biedermann, Peter H. W.] Univ Bern, Inst Ecol & Evolut, Div Behav Ecol, Bern, Switzerland. [Goodwin, Lynne A.; Woyke, Tanja; Munk, A. Christine; Bruce, David; Detter, Chris; Tapia, Roxanne; Han, Cliff S.] DOE Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA USA. [Goodwin, Lynne A.; Munk, A. Christine; Bruce, David; Detter, Chris; Tapia, Roxanne; Han, Cliff S.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Currie, CR (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Res Ctr, 6155 MSB,1550 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM currie@bact.wisc.edu RI Klassen, Jonathan/B-5060-2010; Biedermann, Peter/E-3641-2013; OI Klassen, Jonathan/0000-0003-1745-8838; Biedermann, Peter/0000-0003-4234-5659; Suen, Garret/0000-0002-6170-711X FU DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center [DE-FC02-07ER64494]; National Institute of Food and Agriculture; U.S. Department of Agriculture [WISO1321]; Austrian Academy of Sciences at the Department of Behavioral Ecology, University of Bern; Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; National Science Foundation [MCB-0702025]; NSERC FX This work was funded by the DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (DOE BER Office of Science DE-FC02-07ER64494), supporting G. S., S. M. A., J. A. M., and C. R. C. This work was also funded by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under identification number WISO1321, supporting K. J. G. P. H. W. B. was partly supported by a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at the Department of Behavioral Ecology, University of Bern. The work conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231. Additional support was provided by the National Science Foundation (MCB-0702025). Support for J. L. K. comes from an NSERC postdoctoral fellowship. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 193 IS 11 BP 2890 EP 2891 DI 10.1128/JB.00330-11 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 763BL UT WOS:000290527900028 PM 21460079 ER PT J AU Kant, R van Passel, MWJ Sangwan, P Palva, A Lucas, S Copeland, A Lapidus, A del Rio, TG Dalin, E Tice, H Bruce, D Goodwin, L Pitluck, S Chertkov, O Larimer, FW Land, ML Hauser, L Brettin, TS Detter, JC Han, SS de Vos, WM Janssen, PH Smidt, H AF Kant, Ravi van Passel, Mark W. J. Sangwan, Parveen Palva, Airi Lucas, Susan Copeland, Alex Lapidus, Alla del Rio, Tijana Glavina Dalin, Eileen Tice, Hope Bruce, David Goodwin, Lynne Pitluck, Sam Chertkov, Olga Larimer, Frank W. Land, Miriam L. Hauser, Loren Brettin, Thomas S. Detter, John C. Han, Shunsheng de Vos, Willem M. Janssen, Peter H. Smidt, Hauke TI Genome Sequence of "Pedosphaera parvula" Ellin514, an Aerobic Verrucomicrobial Isolate from Pasture Soil SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL AB "Pedosphaera parvula" Ellin514 is an aerobically grown verrucomicrobial isolate from pasture soil. It is one of the few cultured representatives of subdivision 3 of the phylum Verrucomicrobia. Members of this group are widespread in terrestrial environments. C1 [van Passel, Mark W. J.; de Vos, Willem M.; Smidt, Hauke] Univ Wageningen, Microbiol Lab, NL-6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands. [Kant, Ravi; Palva, Airi; de Vos, Willem M.] Univ Helsinki, Fac Vet Med, Dept Vet Biosci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. [Sangwan, Parveen] CSIRO Mat Sci & Engn, Clayton, Vic 3169, Australia. [Lucas, Susan; Copeland, Alex; Lapidus, Alla; del Rio, Tijana Glavina; Dalin, Eileen; Tice, Hope; Pitluck, Sam] DOE Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA. [Lucas, Susan] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Copeland, Alex; Lapidus, Alla; del Rio, Tijana Glavina; Dalin, Eileen; Tice, Hope; Pitluck, Sam] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Bruce, David; Goodwin, Lynne; Chertkov, Olga; Detter, John C.; Han, Shunsheng] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Larimer, Frank W.; Land, Miriam L.; Hauser, Loren; Brettin, Thomas S.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Janssen, Peter H.] AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Res Ctr, Palmerston North, New Zealand. RP Smidt, H (reprint author), Univ Wageningen, Microbiol Lab, Dreijenplein 10, NL-6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands. EM Hauke.Smidt@wur.nl RI Hauser, Loren/H-3881-2012; Kant, Ravi/F-7025-2013; Sangwan, Parveen/C-1054-2009; Lapidus, Alla/I-4348-2013; Land, Miriam/A-6200-2011; OI Lapidus, Alla/0000-0003-0427-8731; Land, Miriam/0000-0001-7102-0031; Smidt, Hauke/0000-0002-6138-5026; Janssen, Peter/0000-0002-1022-3502 FU Center of Excellence in Microbial Food Safety Research (MiFoSa), Academy of Finland; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) FX R.K. was supported by Center of Excellence in Microbial Food Safety Research (MiFoSa), Academy of Finland. M.W.J.V.P. is funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) via a VENI grant. NR 9 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 10 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 193 IS 11 BP 2900 EP 2901 DI 10.1128/JB.00299-11 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 763BL UT WOS:000290527900033 PM 21460084 ER PT J AU Kant, R van Passel, MWJ Palva, A Lucas, S Lapidus, A del Rio, T Dalin, E Tice, H Bruce, D Goodwin, L Pitluck, S Larimer, FW Land, ML Hauser, L Sangwan, P de Vos, WM Janssen, PH Smidt, H AF Kant, Ravi van Passel, Mark W. J. Palva, Airi Lucas, Susan Lapidus, Alla del Rio, TijanaGlavina Dalin, Eileen Tice, Hope Bruce, David Goodwin, Lynne Pitluck, Sam Larimer, Frank W. Land, Miriam L. Hauser, Loren Sangwan, Parveen de Vos, Willem M. Janssen, Peter H. Smidt, Hauke TI Genome Sequence of Chthoniobacter flavus Ellin428, an Aerobic Heterotrophic Soil Bacterium SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHYLUM VERRUCOMICROBIA AB Chthoniobacter flavus Ellin428 is the first isolate from the class Spartobacteria of the bacterial phylum Verrucomicrobia. C. flavus Ellin428 can metabolize many of the saccharide components of plant biomass but is incapable of growth on amino acids or organic acids other than pyruvate. C1 [van Passel, Mark W. J.; de Vos, Willem M.; Smidt, Hauke] Univ Wageningen, Microbiol Lab, NL-6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands. [Kant, Ravi; Palva, Airi; de Vos, Willem M.] Univ Helsinki, Fac Vet Med, Dept Vet Biosci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. [Lucas, Susan; Lapidus, Alla; del Rio, TijanaGlavina; Dalin, Eileen; Tice, Hope] DOE Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA. [Lucas, Susan] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Lapidus, Alla; del Rio, TijanaGlavina; Dalin, Eileen; Tice, Hope; Pitluck, Sam] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Bruce, David; Goodwin, Lynne] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Larimer, Frank W.; Land, Miriam L.; Hauser, Loren] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Sangwan, Parveen] CSIRO Mat Sci & Engn, Clayton, Vic 3169, Australia. [Janssen, Peter H.] AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Res Ctr, Palmerston North, New Zealand. RP Smidt, H (reprint author), Univ Wageningen, Microbiol Lab, Dreijenplein 10, NL-6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands. EM Hauke.Smidt@wur.nl RI Hauser, Loren/H-3881-2012; Kant, Ravi/F-7025-2013; Sangwan, Parveen/C-1054-2009; Lapidus, Alla/I-4348-2013; Land, Miriam/A-6200-2011 OI Smidt, Hauke/0000-0002-6138-5026; Lapidus, Alla/0000-0003-0427-8731; Janssen, Peter/0000-0002-1022-3502; Land, Miriam/0000-0001-7102-0031 FU Center of Excellence in Microbial Food Safety Research (MiFoSa), Academy of Finland; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) FX R.K. was supported by the Center of Excellence in Microbial Food Safety Research (MiFoSa), Academy of Finland. M.W.J.V.P. is funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) via a VENI grant. NR 9 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 193 IS 11 BP 2902 EP 2903 DI 10.1128/JB.00295-11 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 763BL UT WOS:000290527900034 PM 21460085 ER PT J AU Feinberg, L Foden, J Barrett, T Davenport, KW Bruce, D Detter, C Tapia, R Han, C Lapidus, A Lucas, S Cheng, JF Pitluck, S Woyke, T Ivanova, N Mikhailova, N Land, M Hauser, L Argyros, DA Goodwin, L Hogsett, D Caiazza, N AF Feinberg, Lawrence Foden, Justine Barrett, Trisha Davenport, Karen Walston Bruce, David Detter, Chris Tapia, Roxanne Han, Cliff Lapidus, Alla Lucas, Susan Cheng, Jan-Fang Pitluck, Samuel Woyke, Tanja Ivanova, Natalia Mikhailova, Natalia Land, Miriam Hauser, Loren Argyros, D. Aaron Goodwin, Lynne Hogsett, David Caiazza, Nicky TI Complete Genome Sequence of the Cellulolytic Thermophile Clostridium thermocellum DSM1313 SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DELETION AB Clostridium thermocellum DSM1313 is a thermophilic, anaerobic bacterium with some of the highest rates of cellulose hydrolysis reported. The complete genome sequence reveals a suite of carbohydrate-active enzymes and demonstrates a level of diversity at the species level distinguishing it from the type strain ATCC 27405. C1 [Feinberg, Lawrence; Foden, Justine; Barrett, Trisha; Argyros, D. Aaron; Hogsett, David; Caiazza, Nicky] Mascoma Corp, Lebanon, NH 03755 USA. [Davenport, Karen Walston; Bruce, David; Tapia, Roxanne; Han, Cliff; Goodwin, Lynne] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Detter, Chris; Lucas, Susan; Cheng, Jan-Fang; Pitluck, Samuel; Woyke, Tanja; Ivanova, Natalia; Mikhailova, Natalia] DOE Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA. [Lapidus, Alla] Fox Chase Canc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA. [Land, Miriam; Hauser, Loren] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Computat Biol & Bioinformat Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Feinberg, L (reprint author), Mascoma Corp, 67 Etna Rd,Suite 300, Lebanon, NH 03755 USA. EM lfeinberg@mascoma.com RI Hauser, Loren/H-3881-2012; Lapidus, Alla/I-4348-2013; Land, Miriam/A-6200-2011 OI Lapidus, Alla/0000-0003-0427-8731; Land, Miriam/0000-0001-7102-0031 FU Office of Biological and Environmental Research [DE-PS02-06ER64304]; Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX This work was supported by the Bioenergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy Bioenergy Research Center supported by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research, under contract DE-PS02-06ER64304.; The work conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 9 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 193 IS 11 BP 2906 EP 2907 DI 10.1128/JB.00322-11 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 763BL UT WOS:000290527900036 PM 21460082 ER PT J AU Hall, RJ Nogales, E Glaeser, RM AF Hall, R. J. Nogales, E. Glaeser, R. M. TI Accurate modeling of single-particle cryo-EM images quantitates the benefits expected from using Zernike phase contrast SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Zernike phase contrast; Cryo-electron microscopy; Multislice; Image simulation; Heterogeneity ID RESOLUTION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; TOBACCO-MOSAIC-VIRUS; CRYOELECTRON MICROSCOPY; MACROMOLECULES; CLASSIFICATION; RECONSTRUCTION; SIMULATION; DYNAMICS; SPACE; PLATE AB The use of a Zernike-type phase plate in biological cryo-electron microscopy allows the imaging, without using defocus, of what are predominantly phase objects. It is thought that such phase-plate implementations might result in higher quality images, free from the problems of CTF correction that occur when images must be recorded at extremely high values of defocus. In single-particle cryo-electron microscopy it is hoped that these improvements in image quality will facilitate work on structures that have proved difficult to study, either because of their relatively small size or because the structures are not completely homogeneous. There is still a need, however, to quantitate how much improvement can be gained by using a phase plate for single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. We present a method for quantitatively modeling the images recorded with 200 keV electrons, for single particles embedded in vitreous ice. We then investigate what difference the use of a phase-plate device could have on the processing of single-particle data. We confirm that using a phase plate results in single-particle datasets in which smaller molecules can be detected, particles can be more accurately aligned and problems of heterogeneity can be more easily addressed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Hall, R. J.; Nogales, E.; Glaeser, R. M.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Inst QB3, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Nogales, E.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Nogales, E.; Glaeser, R. M.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Hall, RJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Inst QB3, 708 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM rjhall@berkeley.edu FU NIH [GM083039]; Human Frontiers Science Program [RPG0039] FX This work was supported in part by NIH Grant GM083039 (RMG) and Grant RPG0039 from the Human Frontiers Science Program (EN). NR 32 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1047-8477 J9 J STRUCT BIOL JI J. Struct. Biol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 174 IS 3 BP 468 EP 475 DI 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.03.020 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 766ZY UT WOS:000290826300006 PM 21463690 ER PT J AU Semykina, A Nakano, J Sridhar, S Shatokha, V Seetharaman, S AF Semykina, Anna Nakano, Jinichiro Sridhar, Seetharaman Shatokha, Volodymyr Seetharaman, Seshadri TI Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy Studies of Crystal Growth During Oxidation of a Liquid FeO-CaO-SiO2 Slag SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B-PROCESS METALLURGY AND MATERIALS PROCESSING SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID IRON AB The oxidation of FeO in 30 wt pct FeO-35 wt pct CaO-35 wt pct SiO2 slag was investigated as part of a wider study on the recovery of Fe units through magnetic separation. A confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) technique was used to visualize the oxidation of FeO in the liquid slag. The formation event was observed in situ under the CSLM and the onset of precipitation on a surface of the slag liquid was recorded at various temperatures in an oxidizing atmosphere. A Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) diagram was constructed based on the CSLM results. Samples obtained from the CSLM heating chamber were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). C1 [Semykina, Anna; Seetharaman, Seshadri] Royal Inst Technol, Div Mat Proc Sci, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. [Semykina, Anna; Shatokha, Volodymyr] Natl Met Acad Ukraine, UA-49600 Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine. [Nakano, Jinichiro; Sridhar, Seetharaman] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Nakano, Jinichiro] Natl Energy Technol Lab, Albany, OR 97321 USA. RP Semykina, A (reprint author), Royal Inst Technol, Div Mat Proc Sci, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. EM annase@kth.se RI Shatokha, Volodymyr/D-2728-2016 OI Shatokha, Volodymyr/0000-0001-6024-0557 FU Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research (MISTRA) [88035]; Anna Semykina; Swedish Institute FX The authors are thankful to Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research (MISTRA) for the financial support through the project Eco-Steel Production (Sub project no.: 88035) administered by Swedish Steel Producers Association (Jernkontoret). The financial support for Anna Semykina from the Swedish Institute is gratefully acknowledged. NR 10 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1073-5615 J9 METALL MATER TRANS B JI Metall. Mater. Trans. B-Proc. Metall. Mater. Proc. Sci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 42 IS 3 BP 471 EP 476 DI 10.1007/s11663-011-9505-6 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 765FH UT WOS:000290688300005 ER PT J AU Hill, TP Miller, J Censullo, AC AF Hill, Theodore P. Miller, Jack Censullo, Albert C. TI Towards a better definition of the kilogram SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID REDEFINITION AB It is widely accepted that improvement of the current International System of Units (SI) is necessary, and that central to this problem is redefinition of the kilogram. This paper compares the relative advantages of two main proposals for a modern scientific definition of the kilogram: an 'electronic kilogram' based on a fixed value of Planck's constant, and an 'atomic kilogram' based on a fixed value for Avogadro's number. A concrete and straightforward atomic definition of the kilogram is proposed. This definition is argued to be more experimentally neutral than the electronic kilogram, more realizable by school and university laboratories than the electronic kilogram, and more readily comprehensible than the electronic kilogram. C1 [Hill, Theodore P.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Math, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Miller, Jack] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Censullo, Albert C.] Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Dept Chem & Biochem, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA. RP Hill, TP (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Math, 686 Cherry St, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NR 14 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD JUN PY 2011 VL 48 IS 3 BP 83 EP 86 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/48/3/002 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 764WC UT WOS:000290664200005 ER PT J AU Shearn, CT Smathers, RL Stewart, BJ Fritz, KS Galligan, JJ Hail, N Petersen, DR AF Shearn, Colin T. Smathers, Rebecca L. Stewart, Benjamin J. Fritz, Kristofer S. Galligan, James J. Hail, Numsen, Jr. Petersen, Dennis R. TI Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Deleted on Chromosome 10 (PTEN) Inhibition by 4-Hydroxynonenal Leads to Increased Akt Activation in Hepatocytes SO MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE; IN-SITU DETECTION; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; REDOX REGULATION; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; LIVER-DISEASES; PROTEIN AB The production of reactive aldehydes such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is proposed to be an important factor in the etiology of alcoholic liver disease. To understand the effects of 4-HNE on homeostatic signaling pathways in hepatocytes, cellular models consisting of the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and primary rat hepatocytes were evaluated. Treatment of both HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes with subcytotoxic concentrations of 4-HNE resulted in the activation of Akt within 30 min as demonstrated by increased phosphorylation of residues Ser473 and Thr308. Quantification and subsequent immunocytochemistry of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P-3[rsqb(]) resulted in a 6-fold increase in total PtdIns(3,4,5)P-3 and increased immunostaining at the plasma membrane after 4-HNE treatment. Cotreatment of HepG2 cells with 4-HNE and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (Ly294002) or the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor okadaic acid revealed that the mechanism of activation of Akt is PI3K-dependent and PP2A-independent. Using biotin hydrazide detection, it was established that the incubation of HepG2 cells with 4-HNE resulted in increased carbonylation of the lipid phosphatase known as "phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10" (PTEN), a key regulator of Akt activation. Activity assays both in HepG2 cells and recombinant PTEN revealed a decrease in PTEN lipid phosphatase activity after 4-HNE application. Mass spectral analysis of 4-HNE-treated recombinant PTEN detected a single 4-HNE adduct. Subsequent analysis of Akt dependent physiological consequences of 4-HNE in HepG2 cells revealed significant increases in the accumulation of neutral lipids. These results provide a potential mechanism of Akt activation and cellular consequences of 4-HNE in hepatocytes. C1 [Shearn, Colin T.; Fritz, Kristofer S.; Hail, Numsen, Jr.; Petersen, Dennis R.] Univ Colorado Denver, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Aurora, CO USA. [Smathers, Rebecca L.] Univ Colorado Denver, Dept Toxicol, Aurora, CO USA. [Galligan, James J.] Univ Colorado Denver, Dept Pharmacol, Aurora, CO USA. [Shearn, Colin T.; Smathers, Rebecca L.; Fritz, Kristofer S.; Hail, Numsen, Jr.; Petersen, Dennis R.] Univ Colorado Denver, Sch Pharm, Aurora, CO USA. [Galligan, James J.] Univ Colorado Denver, Sch Med, Aurora, CO USA. [Stewart, Benjamin J.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Petersen, DR (reprint author), 12850 E Montview Blvd,V20-2232C, Aurora, CO 80045 USA. EM dennis.petersen@ucdenver.edu RI McCullough, Rebecca/I-4081-2014; Galligan, James/A-5041-2015; OI Fritz, Kristofer/0000-0002-1499-6174 FU National Institutes of Health Institutes of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [R37-AA009300-14, 1-F32-AA018613-01A1, 1-F31-AA018898-01] FX This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health Institutes of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [Grants R37-AA009300-14, 1-F32-AA018613-01A1, 1-F31-AA018898-01]. NR 39 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3995 USA SN 0026-895X J9 MOL PHARMACOL JI Mol. Pharmacol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 79 IS 6 BP 941 EP 952 DI 10.1124/mol.110.069534 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 764ZS UT WOS:000290673800005 PM 21415306 ER PT J AU Wang, GM Qian, F Saltikov, C Jiao, YQ Li, Y AF Wang, Gongming Qian, Fang Saltikov, Chad W. Jiao, Yongqin Li, Yat TI Microbial reduction of graphene oxide by Shewanella SO NANO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Electrogenic bacterial; graphene; green synthesis; extracellular electron transfer ID EXTRACELLULAR ELECTRON-TRANSFER; EXFOLIATED GRAPHITE OXIDE; PUTREFACIENS MR-1; IRON REDUCTION; CYTOCHROME-C; NANOSHEETS; OMCA; ARSENATE; SEQUENCE; FE(III) AB Graphene oxide (GO) can be reduced to graphene in a normal aerobic setup under ambient conditions as mediated by microbial respiration of Shewanella cells. The microbially-reduced graphene (MRG) exhibited excellent electrochemical properties. Extracellular electron transfer pathways at the cell/GO interface were systematically investigated, suggesting both direct electron transfer and electron mediators are involved in the GO reduction. C1 [Qian, Fang; Jiao, Yongqin] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Phys & Life Sci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Wang, Gongming; Qian, Fang; Li, Yat] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Saltikov, Chad W.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Microbiol & Environm Toxicol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Jiao, YQ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Phys & Life Sci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM jiao1@llnl.gov; yatli@ucsc.edu RI Wang, Gongming/C-4555-2012; Zong, Xu/B-7149-2013; OI Li, Yat/0000-0002-8058-2084 FU national science foundation (NSF) [CBET 1034222, ECS-0335765]; University of California, Santa Cruz; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [DE-AC52-07NA27344] FX Y. L. acknowledges the financial support of this work in part by national science foundation (NSF) (No. CBET 1034222) and faculty research funds granted by the University of California, Santa Cruz. XPS was performed at the Center for Nanoscale Systems at Harvard University, which is supported by the NSF (No. ECS-0335765). We thank H. Lin of Harvard University for technical assistance. Work at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory was conducted under Contract No. DE-AC52-07NA27344. NR 32 TC 119 Z9 121 U1 14 U2 88 PU TSINGHUA UNIV PRESS PI BEIJING PA TSINGHUA UNIV, RM A703, XUEYAN BLDG, BEIJING, 10084, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1998-0124 J9 NANO RES JI Nano Res. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 4 IS 6 BP 563 EP 570 DI 10.1007/s12274-011-0112-2 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 766RL UT WOS:000290804100005 ER PT J AU Heazlewood, BR Maccarone, AT Andrews, DU Osborn, DL Harding, LB Klippenstein, SJ Jordan, MJT Kable, SH AF Heazlewood, Brianna R. Maccarone, Alan T. Andrews, Duncan U. Osborn, David L. Harding, Lawrence B. Klippenstein, Stephen J. Jordan, Meredith J. T. Kable, Scott H. TI Near-threshold H/D exchange in CD3CHO photodissociation SO NATURE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ACETALDEHYDE DISSOCIATION; ROTATIONAL STATES; HYDROGEN ISOTOPE; MOLECULAR-BEAM; 157 NM; DYNAMICS; MECHANISM; DECOMPOSITION; DISTRIBUTIONS; TRANSITION AB Measuring the isotopic abundance of hydrogen versus deuterium atoms is a key method for interrogating reaction pathways in chemistry. H/D 'scrambling' is the intramolecular rearrangement of labile isotopes of hydrogen atoms and when it occurs through unanticipated pathways can complicate the interpretation of such experiments. Here, we investigate H/D scrambling in acetaldehyde at the energetic threshold for breaking the formyl C-H bond and reveal an unexpected unimolecular mechanism. Laser photolysis experiments of CD3CHO show that up to 17% of the products have undergone H/D exchange to give CD2H + DCO. Transition-state theory calculations reveal that the dominant mechanism involves four sequential H- or D-shifts to form CD2HCDO, which then undergoes conventional C-C bond cleavage. At the lowest energy the molecule undergoes an average of 20 H- or D-shifts before products are formed, evincing significant scrambling of H and D atoms. Analogous photochemically induced isomerizations and isotope scrambling are probably important in both atmospheric chemistry and combustion reactions. C1 [Heazlewood, Brianna R.; Maccarone, Alan T.; Andrews, Duncan U.; Jordan, Meredith J. T.; Kable, Scott H.] Univ Sydney, Sch Chem, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. [Osborn, David L.] Sandia Natl Labs, Combust Res Facil, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. [Harding, Lawrence B.; Klippenstein, Stephen J.] Argonne Natl Lab, Chem Sci & Engn Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Heazlewood, BR (reprint author), Univ Sydney, Sch Chem, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. EM m.jordan@chem.usyd.edu.au; scott.kable@sydney.edu.au RI Jordan, Meredith/M-3901-2013; OI Klippenstein, Stephen/0000-0001-6297-9187 FU Australian Research Council [DP1094559]; Australian Commonwealth Government; University of Sydney; US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357]; National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-AC04-94-AL85000] FX This work was funded by the Australian Research Council (grant DP1094559). Parts of this research were undertaken on the NCI Computational Infrastructure National Facility in Canberra, Australia, which is supported by the Australian Commonwealth Government. B. R. H. is the recipient of a University of Sydney Postgraduate Award stipend. L. B. H. and S.J.K. are supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. D.L.O. is supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed-Martin Company, for the National Nuclear Security Administration under contract No. DE-AC04-94-AL85000. We acknowledge fruitful discussions about this work with J. Bowman at Emory University. NR 41 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 40 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1755-4330 J9 NAT CHEM JI Nat. Chem. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 3 IS 6 BP 443 EP 448 DI 10.1038/NCHEM.1052 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 767HP UT WOS:000290846300010 PM 21602858 ER PT J AU Yu, QK Jauregui, LA Wu, W Colby, R Tian, JF Su, ZH Cao, HL Liu, ZH Pandey, D Wei, DG Chung, TF Peng, P Guisinger, NP Stach, EA Bao, JM Pei, SS Chen, YP AF Yu, Qingkai Jauregui, Luis A. Wu, Wei Colby, Robert Tian, Jifa Su, Zhihua Cao, Helin Liu, Zhihong Pandey, Deepak Wei, Dongguang Chung, Ting Fung Peng, Peng Guisinger, Nathan P. Stach, Eric A. Bao, Jiming Pei, Shin-Shem Chen, Yong P. TI Control and characterization of individual grains and grain boundaries in graphene grown by chemical vapour deposition SO NATURE MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID LARGE-AREA; ELECTRONIC-PROPERTIES; EPITAXIAL GRAPHENE; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; FILMS; NANORIBBONS; SIZE AB The strong interest in graphene has motivated the scalable production of high-quality graphene and graphene devices. As the large-scale graphene films synthesized so far are typically polycrystalline, it is important to characterize and control grain boundaries, generally believed to degrade graphene quality. Here we study single-crystal graphene grains synthesized by ambient chemical vapour deposition on polycrystalline Cu, and show how individual boundaries between coalescing grains affect graphene's electronic properties. The graphene grains show no definite epitaxial relationship with the Cu substrate, and can cross Cu grain boundaries. The edges of these grains are found to be predominantly parallel to zigzag directions. We show that grain boundaries give a significant Raman 'D' peak, impede electrical transport, and induce prominent weak localization indicative of intervalley scattering in graphene. Finally, we demonstrate an approach using pre-patterned growth seeds to control graphene nucleation, opening a route towards scalable fabrication of single-crystal graphene devices without grain boundaries. C1 [Yu, Qingkai; Wu, Wei; Peng, Peng; Pei, Shin-Shem] Univ Houston, Ctr Adv Mat, Houston, TX 77204 USA. [Yu, Qingkai; Wu, Wei; Peng, Peng; Pei, Shin-Shem] Univ Houston, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. [Yu, Qingkai] Texas State Univ, Ingram Sch Engn & Mat Sci, Engn & Commercializat Program, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. [Jauregui, Luis A.; Colby, Robert; Tian, Jifa; Cao, Helin; Pandey, Deepak; Chung, Ting Fung; Stach, Eric A.; Chen, Yong P.] Purdue Univ, Birck Nanotechnol Ctr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Jauregui, Luis A.; Chen, Yong P.] Purdue Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Colby, Robert; Stach, Eric A.] Purdue Univ, Sch Mat Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Tian, Jifa; Cao, Helin; Pandey, Deepak; Chung, Ting Fung; Chen, Yong P.] Purdue Univ, Dept Phys, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Su, Zhihua; Liu, Zhihong; Bao, Jiming] Univ Houston, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. [Wei, Dongguang] Carl Zeiss SMT Inc, Peabody, MA 01960 USA. [Guisinger, Nathan P.] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Stach, Eric A.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Ctr Funct Nanomat, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Yu, QK (reprint author), Univ Houston, Ctr Adv Mat, Houston, TX 77204 USA. EM qingkai.yu@txstate.edu; yongchen@purdue.edu RI Wu, Wei/F-5519-2011; Liu, Zhihong/E-6238-2012; Stach, Eric/D-8545-2011; Cao, Helin/G-5521-2012; Chen, Yong/K-7017-2012; Cao, Helin/B-5908-2013; Chung, Ting Fung/N-8840-2014; Tian, Jifa/C-4047-2013 OI Stach, Eric/0000-0002-3366-2153; Chen, Yong/0000-0002-7356-4179; Chung, Ting Fung/0000-0003-1359-4824; Tian, Jifa/0000-0003-2921-470X FU NSF; UHCAM; DOE SISGR; DOE BES; TcSUH; Welch Foundation; DTRA; DHS; IBM; Miller Family Endowment; Midwest Institute for Nanoelectronics Discovery (MIND); DOE FX Q.Y. acknowledges support from NSF and UHCAM. N.P.G. acknowledges support from DOE SISGR. E.A.S. acknowledges support from DOE BES. J.B. acknowledges support from TcSUH and the Welch Foundation. Y.P.C. acknowledges support from NSF, DTRA, DHS, IBM, the Miller Family Endowment and Midwest Institute for Nanoelectronics Discovery (MIND). STM measurements were carried out at Argonne National Laboratory under the support of the DOE user program. NR 48 TC 717 Z9 726 U1 69 U2 705 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1476-1122 EI 1476-4660 J9 NAT MATER JI Nat. Mater. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 10 IS 6 BP 443 EP 449 DI 10.1038/NMAT3010 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 767KI UT WOS:000290855100019 PM 21552269 ER PT J AU Paracchino, A Laporte, V Sivula, K Gratzel, M Thimsen, E AF Paracchino, Adriana Laporte, Vincent Sivula, Kevin Graetzel, Michael Thimsen, Elijah TI Highly active oxide photocathode for photoelectrochemical water reduction SO NATURE MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION; LI-ION BATTERIES; P-TYPE CU2O; SOLAR-CELLS; 2-STEP ELECTRODEPOSITION; H-2 EVOLUTION; FILMS; PERFORMANCE; PHOTOCATALYST; TIO2 AB A clean and efficient way to overcome the limited supply of fossil fuels and the greenhouse effect is the production of hydrogen fuel from sunlight and water through the semiconductor/water junction of a photoelectrochemical cell, where energy collection and water electrolysis are combined into a single semiconductor electrode. We present a highly active photocathode for solar H(2) production, consisting of electrodeposited cuprous oxide, which was protected against photocathodic decomposition in water by nanolayers of Al-doped zinc oxide and titanium oxide and activated for hydrogen evolution with electrodeposited Pt nanoparticles. The roles of the different surface protection components were investigated, and in the best case electrodes showed photocurrents of up to -7.6 mA cm(-2) at a potential of 0V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode at mild pH. The electrodes remained active after 1 h of testing, cuprous oxide was found to be stable during the water reduction reaction and the Faradaic efficiency was estimated to be close to 100%. C1 [Paracchino, Adriana; Sivula, Kevin; Graetzel, Michael; Thimsen, Elijah] Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Inst Chem Sci & Engn, Lab Photon & Interfaces, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. [Laporte, Vincent] Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Interdisciplinary Ctr Electron Microscopy, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. RP Thimsen, E (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM ethimsen@anl.gov RI Thimsen, Elijah/D-5330-2011; Graetzel, Michael/G-4870-2011; sivula, kevin/I-2250-2013; Wei, Zhanhua/D-7544-2013; OI Wei, Zhanhua/0000-0003-2687-0293; Sivula, Kevin/0000-0002-8458-0270 FU European Community [227179]; Swiss Federal Office of Energy [102326]; Energy Center at EPFL FX The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 227179 ('NanoPEC'). We would also like to thank the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (Project number 102326, PECHouse) and the Energy Center at EPFL for financial support. We acknowledge N. Xanthopoulos from the Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy (CIME) at EPFL for helping in the XPS characterization. E. T. would also like to thank A. Martinson at Argonne National Laboratory for helpful discussions about aluminium-doped zinc oxide synthesized by ALD. NR 38 TC 772 Z9 776 U1 127 U2 1112 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1476-1122 J9 NAT MATER JI Nat. Mater. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 10 IS 6 BP 456 EP 461 DI 10.1038/NMAT3017 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 767KI UT WOS:000290855100021 PM 21552270 ER PT J AU Breslau, JA Chance, MS Chen, J Fu, GY Gerhardt, S Gorelenkov, N Jardin, SC Manickam, J AF Breslau, J. A. Chance, M. S. Chen, J. Fu, G. Y. Gerhardt, S. Gorelenkov, N. Jardin, S. C. Manickam, J. TI Onset and saturation of a non-resonant internal mode in NSTX and implications for AT modes in ITER SO NUCLEAR FUSION LA English DT Article ID MHD STABILITY; TOKAMAKS; PLASMAS; IDEAL AB Motivated by experimental observations of apparently triggerless tearing modes, we have performed linear and nonlinear MHD analysis showing that a non-resonant mode with toroidal mode number n = 1 can develop in the National Spherical Torus eXperiment (NSTX) at moderate normalized beta(N) when the shear is low and the central safety factor q(0) is close to but greater than one. This mode, which is related to previously identified 'infernal' modes, will saturate and persist, and can develop poloidal mode number m = 2 magnetic islands in agreement with experiments. We have also extended this analysis by performing a free-boundary transport simulation of an entire discharge and showing that, with reasonable assumptions, we can predict the time of mode onset. C1 [Breslau, J. A.; Chance, M. S.; Chen, J.; Fu, G. Y.; Gerhardt, S.; Gorelenkov, N.; Jardin, S. C.; Manickam, J.] Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Breslau, JA (reprint author), Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. EM jbreslau@pppl.gov FU US DOE [DE-AC02-09CH11466] FX The authors are grateful to Wonchull Park for helpful discussions. This work was supported by US DOE Contract No DE-AC02-09CH11466. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0029-5515 EI 1741-4326 J9 NUCL FUSION JI Nucl. Fusion PD JUN PY 2011 VL 51 IS 6 AR 063027 DI 10.1088/0029-5515/51/6/063027 PG 6 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 766MW UT WOS:000290788200029 ER PT J AU Ferron, JR Holcomb, CT Luce, TC Politzer, PA Turco, F White, AE DeBoo, JC Doyle, EJ Hyatt, AW La Haye, RJ Murakami, M Petrie, TW Petty, CC Rhodes, TL Zeng, L AF Ferron, J. R. Holcomb, C. T. Luce, T. C. Politzer, P. A. Turco, F. White, A. E. DeBoo, J. C. Doyle, E. J. Hyatt, A. W. La Haye, R. J. Murakami, M. Petrie, T. W. Petty, C. C. Rhodes, T. L. Zeng, L. TI Optimization of the safety factor profile for high noninductive current fraction discharges in DIII-D SO NUCLEAR FUSION LA English DT Article ID STARK-EFFECT MEASUREMENTS; HIGH-BETA; TOKAMAK; BOOTSTRAP; OPERATION; TRANSPORT AB In order to assess the optimum q profile for discharges in DIII-D with 100% of the current driven noninductively (f(NI) = 1), the self-consistent response of the plasma profiles to changes in the q profile was studied in high f(NI), high beta(N) discharges through a scan of q(min) and q(95) at two values of beta(N). As expected, both the bootstrap current fraction, f(BS), and f(NI) increased with q(95). The temperature and density profiles were found to broaden as either q(min) or beta(N) is increased. A consequence is that f(BS) does not continue to increase at the highest values of q(min). A scaling function that depends on q(min), q(95), and the peaking factor for the thermal pressure was found to represent well the f(BS)/beta(N) inferred from the experimental profiles. The changes in the shapes of the density and temperature profiles as beta(N) is increased modify the bootstrap current density (J(BS)) profile from peaked close to the axis to relatively flat in the region between the axis and the H-mode pedestal. Therefore, significant externally driven current density in the region inside the H-mode pedestal is required in addition to J(BS) in order to match the profiles of the noninductive current density (J(NI)) to the desired total current density (J). In this experiment, the additional current density was provided mostly by neutral beam current drive with the neutral-beam-driven current fraction 40-90% of f(BS). The profiles of J(NI) and J were most similar at q(min) approximate to 1.35-1.65, q(95) approximate to 6.8, where f(BS) is also maximum, establishing this q profile as the optimal choice for f(NI) = 1 operation in DIII-D with the existing set of external current drive sources. C1 [Ferron, J. R.; Luce, T. C.; Politzer, P. A.; DeBoo, J. C.; Hyatt, A. W.; La Haye, R. J.; Petrie, T. W.; Petty, C. C.] Gen Atom Co, San Diego, CA 92186 USA. [Holcomb, C. T.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Turco, F.] Oak Ridge Inst Sci Educ, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. [White, A. E.] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Doyle, E. J.; Rhodes, T. L.; Zeng, L.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Murakami, M.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Ferron, JR (reprint author), Gen Atom Co, POB 85608, San Diego, CA 92186 USA. EM ferron@fusion.gat.com RI White, Anne/B-8990-2011 FU US Department of Energy [DE-FC02-04ER54698, DE-AC52-07NA27344, DE-AC05-06OR23100, DE-FG02-08ER54984] FX This work was supported in part by the US Department of Energy under DE-FC02-04ER54698, DE-AC52-07NA27344, DE-AC05-06OR23100 and DE-FG02-08ER54984. NR 38 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY PI VIENNA PA WAGRAMERSTRASSE 5, PO BOX 100, A-1400 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0029-5515 J9 NUCL FUSION JI Nucl. Fusion PD JUN PY 2011 VL 51 IS 6 AR 063026 DI 10.1088/0029-5515/51/6/063026 PG 14 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 766MW UT WOS:000290788200028 ER PT J AU Field, AR Michael, C Akers, RJ Candy, J Colyer, G Guttenfelder, W Ghim, YC Roach, CM Saarelma, S AF Field, A. R. Michael, C. Akers, R. J. Candy, J. Colyer, G. Guttenfelder, W. Ghim, Y. -C. Roach, C. M. Saarelma, S. CA MAST Team TI Plasma rotation and transport in MAST spherical tokamak SO NUCLEAR FUSION LA English DT Article ID TURBULENCE SIMULATIONS; MOMENTUM TRANSPORT; SHEAR; MODE; INSTABILITIES; CONFINEMENT; BARRIERS AB The formation of internal transport barriers (ITBs) is investigated in MAST spherical tokamak plasmas. The relative importance of equilibrium flow shear and magnetic shear in their formation and evolution is investigated using data from high-resolution kinetic-and q-profile diagnostics. In L-mode plasmas, with co-current directed NBI heating, ITBs in the momentum and ion thermal channels form in the negative shear region just inside q(min). In the ITB region the anomalous ion thermal transport is suppressed, with ion thermal transport close to the neo-classical level, although the electron transport remains anomalous. Linear stability analysis with the gyro-kinetic code GS2 shows that all electrostatic micro-instabilities are stable in the negative magnetic shear region in the core, both with and without flow shear. Outside the ITB, in the region of positive magnetic shear and relatively weak flow shear, electrostatic micro-instabilities become unstable over a wide range of wave numbers. Flow shear reduces the linear growth rates of low-k modes but suppression of ITG modes is incomplete, which is consistent with the observed anomalous ion transport in this region; however, flow shear has little impact on growth rates of high-k, electron-scale modes. With counter-NBI ITBs of greater radial extent form outside q(min) due to the broader profile of E x B flow shear produced by the greater prompt fast-ion loss torque. C1 [Field, A. R.; Michael, C.; Akers, R. J.; Colyer, G.; Roach, C. M.; Saarelma, S.] EURATOM CCFE Fus Assoc, Culham Sci Ctr, Abingdon, Oxon, England. [Candy, J.] Gen Atom Co, San Diego, CA 92186 USA. [Colyer, G.; Ghim, Y. -C.] Univ Oxford, Rudolf Peierls Ctr Theoret Phys, Oxford, England. [Guttenfelder, W.] Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Field, AR (reprint author), EURATOM CCFE Fus Assoc, Culham Sci Ctr, Abingdon, Oxon, England. EM anthony.field@ccfe.ac.uk RI Roach, Colin/C-4839-2011; Ghim, Young-chul/A-4365-2009; Michael, Clive /M-1327-2013; OI Ghim, Young-chul/0000-0003-4123-9416; Michael, Clive/0000-0003-1804-870X FU RCUK [EP/G003955]; European Communities; Association between EURATOM and CCFE FX This work was funded by the RCUK Energy Programme under grant EP/G003955 and the European Communities under the contract of Association between EURATOM and CCFE. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. NR 37 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU INT ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY PI VIENNA PA WAGRAMERSTRASSE 5, PO BOX 100, A-1400 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0029-5515 J9 NUCL FUSION JI Nucl. Fusion PD JUN PY 2011 VL 51 IS 6 AR 063006 DI 10.1088/0029-5515/51/6/063006 PG 14 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 766MW UT WOS:000290788200008 ER PT J AU Leuer, JA Cunningham, G Mueller, D Brooks, NH Eidietis, NW Humphreys, DA Hyatt, AW Jackson, GL Lohr, J Politzer, PA Pinsker, RI Prater, R Taylor, PL Walker, ML Budny, RV Gates, DA Nagy, A Hahn, SH Oh, YK Yoon, SW Yu, JH Murakami, M Park, JM Sontag, AC AF Leuer, J. A. Cunningham, G. Mueller, D. Brooks, N. H. Eidietis, N. W. Humphreys, D. A. Hyatt, A. W. Jackson, G. L. Lohr, J. Politzer, P. A. Pinsker, R. I. Prater, R. Taylor, P. L. Walker, M. L. Budny, R. V. Gates, D. A. Nagy, A. Hahn, S-H. Oh, Y-K. Yoon, S-W. Yu, J. H. Murakami, M. Park, J. M. Sontag, A. C. TI Solenoid-free startup experiments in DIII-D SO NUCLEAR FUSION LA English DT Article ID TOKAMAK GEOMETRY; FACILITY; OPERATION; PLASMAS; MAST AB A series of DIII-D experiments was performed to investigate the potential for initiating plasma current using only poloidal field coils located outside the DIII-D central solenoid, i.e. 'solenoid-free'. Plasma current to 166 kA was achieved using 2-3MW of electron cyclotron (EC) heating and was limited by coil and power supply constraints. Flux conversion to plasma current was similar to standard DIII-D startup with some degradation at higher plasma current associated with stray fields and vertical stability issues. In preliminary solenoid-free experiments, neutral beam (NB) current drive (CD) levels were small and attributed to reduced CD efficiency associated with low electron temperature produced by the low current, low confinement plasma. Lack of plasma radial position control also contributed to a reduction of NBCD. Similarly, ECCD was small owing to low plasma temperature and outside EC launch which is required in the solenoid-free scenario. Synergistic experiments were carried out using standard solenoid initiated plasmas in order to study noninductive CD in limited, Lmode plasmas, typical of that generated by solenoid-free startup. While substantial noninductive current can be driven, self-sustaining levels of noninductive current have not yet been achieved with our present six-source co-injection NB system combined with EC and fast wave systems. At low plasma current and high levels of localized EC heating, substantial MHD is generated and this was seen to severely limit plasma performance. Although further optimization is possible in the limited plasma regime, full noninductive, steady-state operation may require diverted plasma with H-mode quality confinement. Discharges obtained during the solenoid-free campaign are compared with results of previous DIII-D campaigns aimed at achieving a steady state, noninductive CD solution. C1 [Leuer, J. A.; Brooks, N. H.; Eidietis, N. W.; Humphreys, D. A.; Hyatt, A. W.; Jackson, G. L.; Lohr, J.; Politzer, P. A.; Pinsker, R. I.; Prater, R.; Taylor, P. L.; Walker, M. L.] Gen Atom Co, San Diego, CA 92186 USA. [Cunningham, G.] EURATOM CCFE Fus Assoc, Culham Sci Ctr, Abingdon OX14 3DB, Oxon, England. [Mueller, D.; Budny, R. V.; Gates, D. A.; Nagy, A.] Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. [Hahn, S-H.; Oh, Y-K.; Yoon, S-W.] Natl Fus Res Inst, Taejon 305333, South Korea. [Yu, J. H.] UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Murakami, M.; Park, J. M.; Sontag, A. C.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Leuer, JA (reprint author), Gen Atom Co, POB 85608, San Diego, CA 92186 USA. OI Walker, Michael/0000-0002-4341-994X FU US Department of Energy [DE-FC02-04ER54698, DE-AC02-09CH11466, DE-FG02-07ER54917, DE-AC05-00OR22725] FX This work was supported by the US Department of Energy under DE-FC02-04ER54698, DE-AC02-09CH11466, DE-FG02-07ER54917 and DE-AC05-00OR22725. NR 37 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY PI VIENNA PA WAGRAMERSTRASSE 5, PO BOX 100, A-1400 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0029-5515 J9 NUCL FUSION JI Nucl. Fusion PD JUN PY 2011 VL 51 IS 6 AR 063038 DI 10.1088/0029-5515/51/6/063038 PG 11 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 766MW UT WOS:000290788200040 ER PT J AU Maingi, R Hubbard, AE Meyer, H Hughes, JW Kirk, A Maqueda, R Terry, JL AF Maingi, R. Hubbard, A. E. Meyer, H. Hughes, J. W. Kirk, A. Maqueda, R. Terry, J. L. CA Alcator C-Mod Team MAST Team NSTX Team TI Comparison of small ELM characteristics and regimes in Alcator C-Mod, MAST and NSTX SO NUCLEAR FUSION LA English DT Article ID EDGE-LOCALIZED-MODES; SPHERICAL TORUS EXPERIMENT; SCRAPE-OFF-LAYER; H-MODE; ASDEX UPGRADE; HIGH-DENSITY; CONFINEMENT MODES; DIII-D; TOKAMAK; PEDESTAL AB We report on the status of a set of ITPA-coordinated experiments between the Alcator C-Mod, MAST and NSTX devices to compare the characteristics and access conditions of discharges with small edge-localized modes (ELMs). The small ELMs in C-Mod, MAST and one of the two small ELM types in NSTX exist when beta(pol)(ped) approached 10-15%, although the lower/upper limits of the operational windows differ. These small ELM regimes appear in diverted configurations very close to balanced double-null in each device. We classify these small ELMs as type II, based on the published characteristics from a number of previous studies. In addition, these type II ELMs in each device had multiple filaments with propagation in the co-I(p) or ion diamagnetic drift direction. Moreover, we conclude that these type II ELMs are distinct from the type V ELMs routinely observed in NSTX, which have one or two filaments and propagate in the electron diamagnetic drift direction. C1 [Maingi, R.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Hubbard, A. E.; Hughes, J. W.; Terry, J. L.] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Meyer, H.; Kirk, A.] EURATOM CCFE Culham, Culham, England. [Maqueda, R.] Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Maingi, R (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM rmaingi@pppl.gov FU US Department of Energy [DE-AC05-00OR22725, DE-FC02-99ER54512, DE-FG02-04ER54767, DE-AC02-09CH11466]; United Kingdom Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/G003955]; European Communities FX This research was supported in part by the US Department of Energy Contracts DE-AC05-00OR22725, DE-FC02-99ER54512, DE-FG02-04ER54767 and DE-AC02-09CH11466, and partly by the United Kingdom Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council under grant EP/G003955 and the European Communities under the contract of Association between EURATOM and CCFE. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the technical and operations staff from Alcator C-Mod, MAST and NSTX. In addition, we acknowledge the valuable discussion and support from the ITPA pedestal physics working group, as well as valuable critique from the referees. NR 51 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 11 PU INT ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY PI VIENNA PA WAGRAMERSTRASSE 5, PO BOX 100, A-1400 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0029-5515 J9 NUCL FUSION JI Nucl. Fusion PD JUN PY 2011 VL 51 IS 6 AR 063036 DI 10.1088/0029-5515/51/6/063036 PG 11 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 766MW UT WOS:000290788200038 ER PT J AU Nelson, BA Jarboe, TR Mueller, D Raman, R Bell, M Menard, J Ono, M Roquemore, AL Soukhanovskii, V Yuh, H AF Nelson, B. A. Jarboe, T. R. Mueller, D. Raman, R. Bell, M. Menard, J. Ono, M. Roquemore, A. L. Soukhanovskii, V. Yuh, H. CA NSTX Res Team TI Demonstration of 300 kA CHI-startup current, coupling to transformer drive and flux savings on NSTX SO NUCLEAR FUSION LA English DT Article ID COAXIAL HELICITY INJECTION; SPHERICAL TORUS; MAGNETIC HELICITY; TOKAMAK; SUSTAINMENT; PLASMA; SPHEROMAK; PHYSICS AB Discharges formed by transient coaxial helicity injection (CHI) in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) have attained peak currents of 300 kA for the first time. CHI-started discharges are coupled to induction, and ramped up to over 1 MA. Up to an additional 400 kA of toroidal current is produced, compared with discharges with the same inductive drive without CHI. These CHI-inductively coupled discharges demonstrate flux savings over standard NSTX inductive-only discharges, requiring significantly less transformer flux to reach 1 MA of toroidal current, as well as exhibiting higher elongation and lower internal inductance. These results indicate the potential for substantial current generation capability by CHI in NSTX and in future toroidal devices. C1 [Nelson, B. A.; Jarboe, T. R.; Raman, R.] Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Mueller, D.; Bell, M.; Menard, J.; Ono, M.; Roquemore, A. L.] Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. [Soukhanovskii, V.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. [Yuh, H.] Nova Photon, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Nelson, BA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM nelson@ee.washington.edu OI Menard, Jonathan/0000-0003-1292-3286 NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0029-5515 J9 NUCL FUSION JI Nucl. Fusion PD JUN PY 2011 VL 51 IS 6 AR 063008 DI 10.1088/0029-5515/51/6/063008 PG 6 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 766MW UT WOS:000290788200010 ER PT J AU Podesta, M Bell, RE Crocker, NA Fredrickson, ED Gorelenkov, NN Heidbrink, WW Kubota, S LeBlanc, BP Yuh, H AF Podesta, M. Bell, R. E. Crocker, N. A. Fredrickson, E. D. Gorelenkov, N. N. Heidbrink, W. W. Kubota, S. LeBlanc, B. P. Yuh, H. TI Non-linear dynamics of toroidicity-induced Alfven eigenmodes on the National Spherical Torus Experiment SO NUCLEAR FUSION LA English DT Article ID AXISYMMETRICAL TOROIDAL PLASMAS; DIII-D; INSTABILITY; PHYSICS; SIMULATION; TOKAMAKS; MODES AB The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX, (Ono et al 2000 Nucl. Fusion 40 557)) routinely operates with neutral beam injection as the primary system for heating and current drive. The resulting fast ion population is super-Alfvenic, with velocities 1 < v(fast)/v(Alfven) < 5. This provides a strong drive for toroidicity-induced Alfven eigenmodes (TAEs). As the discharge evolves, the fast ion population builds up and TAEs exhibit increasing bursts in amplitude and down-chirps in frequency, which eventually lead to a so-called TAE avalanche. Avalanches cause large (less than or similar to 30%) fast ion losses over similar to 1 ms, as inferred from the neutron rate. The increased fast ion losses correlate with a stronger activity in the TAE band. In addition, it is shown that a n = 1 mode with frequency well below the TAE gap appears in the Fourier spectrum of magnetic fluctuations as a result of non-linear mode coupling between TAEs during avalanche events. The non-linear coupling between modes, which leads to enhanced fast ion transport during avalanches, is investigated. C1 [Podesta, M.; Bell, R. E.; Fredrickson, E. D.; Gorelenkov, N. N.; LeBlanc, B. P.] Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. [Crocker, N. A.; Kubota, S.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Heidbrink, W. W.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Phys & Astron, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Yuh, H.] Nova Photon, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Podesta, M (reprint author), Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. EM mpodesta@pppl.gov FU US DOE [DE-AC02-09CH11466] FX Fruitful discussions with Dr G.-Y. Fu on the non-linear dynamics of TAEs and initial results from the M3D-K code are acknowledged. MP acknowledges the contribution of Dr F. M. Poli in the analysis and interpretation of the bispectrum. Work supported by US DOE contract no DE-AC02-09CH11466. NR 35 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 7 PU INT ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY PI VIENNA PA WAGRAMERSTRASSE 5, PO BOX 100, A-1400 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0029-5515 J9 NUCL FUSION JI Nucl. Fusion PD JUN PY 2011 VL 51 IS 6 AR 063035 DI 10.1088/0029-5515/51/6/063035 PG 9 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 766MW UT WOS:000290788200037 ER PT J AU Rhodes, TL Holland, C Smith, SP White, AE Burrell, KH Candy, J DeBoo, JC Doyle, EJ Hillesheim, JC Kinsey, JE McKee, GR Mikkelsen, D Peebles, WA Petty, CC Prater, R Parker, S Chen, Y Schmitz, L Staebler, GM Waltz, RE Wang, G Yan, Z Zeng, L AF Rhodes, T. L. Holland, C. Smith, S. P. White, A. E. Burrell, K. H. Candy, J. DeBoo, J. C. Doyle, E. J. Hillesheim, J. C. Kinsey, J. E. McKee, G. R. Mikkelsen, D. Peebles, W. A. Petty, C. C. Prater, R. Parker, S. Chen, Y. Schmitz, L. Staebler, G. M. Waltz, R. E. Wang, G. Yan, Z. Zeng, L. TI L-mode validation studies of gyrokinetic turbulence simulations via multiscale and multifield turbulence measurements on the DIII-D tokamak SO NUCLEAR FUSION LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE GRADIENT; TRANSPORT; PHYSICS AB A series of carefully designed experiments on DIII-D have taken advantage of a broad set of turbulence and profile diagnostics to rigorously test gyrokinetic turbulence simulations. In this paper the goals, tools and experiments performed in these validation studies are reviewed and specific examples presented. It is found that predictions of transport and fluctuation levels in the mid-core region (0.4 < rho < 0.75) are in better agreement with experiment than those in the outer region (rho >= 0.75) where edge coupling effects may become increasingly important and multiscale simulations may also be necessary. Validation studies such as these are crucial in developing confidence in a first-principles based predictive capability for ITER. C1 [Rhodes, T. L.; Doyle, E. J.; Hillesheim, J. C.; Peebles, W. A.; Schmitz, L.; Wang, G.; Zeng, L.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Rhodes, T. L.; Doyle, E. J.; Hillesheim, J. C.; Peebles, W. A.; Schmitz, L.; Wang, G.; Zeng, L.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, PSTI, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Holland, C.] Univ Calif San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Smith, S. P.; Burrell, K. H.; Candy, J.; DeBoo, J. C.; Kinsey, J. E.; Petty, C. C.; Prater, R.; Staebler, G. M.; Waltz, R. E.] Gen Atom Co, San Diego, CA 92186 USA. [White, A. E.] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [McKee, G. R.; Yan, Z.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Engn Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Mikkelsen, D.] Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. [Parker, S.; Chen, Y.] Univ Colorado, Ctr Integrated Plasma Studies, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Rhodes, TL (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RI White, Anne/B-8990-2011; Yan, Zheng/E-7005-2011 FU US Department of Energy [DE-FG02-08ER54984, DE-FC02-04ER54698, DE-FG02-95ER54309, DE-FC02-93ER54186, DE-FG02-07ER54917, DE-FG02-89ER54296, DE-FG02-08ER54999, DE-AC02-09CH11466]; Office of Science of the Department of Energy [DE-AC05-00OR22725] FX This work was supported by the US Department of Energy under DE-FG02-08ER54984, DE-FC02-04ER54698, DE-FG02-95ER54309, DE-FC02-93ER54186, DE-FG02-07ER54917, DE-FG02-89ER54296, DE-FG02-08ER54999 and DE-AC02-09CH11466. The research was performed in collaboration with the Center for Simulations of Plasma Microturbulence, and used resources of the National Center for Computational Sciences at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is supported by the Office of Science of the Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. NR 35 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 8 PU INT ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY PI VIENNA PA WAGRAMERSTRASSE 5, PO BOX 100, A-1400 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0029-5515 J9 NUCL FUSION JI Nucl. Fusion PD JUN PY 2011 VL 51 IS 6 AR 063022 DI 10.1088/0029-5515/51/6/063022 PG 11 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 766MW UT WOS:000290788200024 ER PT J AU Shinohara, K Kurki-Suonio, T Spong, D Asunta, O Tani, K Strumberger, E Briguglio, S Koskela, T Vlad, G Gunter, S Kramer, G Putvinski, S Hamamatsu, K AF Shinohara, K. Kurki-Suonio, T. Spong, D. Asunta, O. Tani, K. Strumberger, E. Briguglio, S. Koskela, T. Vlad, G. Guenter, S. Kramer, G. Putvinski, S. Hamamatsu, K. CA ITPA Topical Grp Energetic TI Effects of complex symmetry-breakings on alpha particle power loads on first wall structures and equilibrium in ITER SO NUCLEAR FUSION LA English DT Article ID FAST IONS; RIPPLE; CONFINEMENT; COMPONENTS; REDUCTION; PHYSICS; JT-60U AB Within the ITPA Topical Group on Energetic Particles, we have investigated the impact that various mechanisms breaking the tokamak axisymmetry can have on the fusion alpha particle confinement in ITER as well as on the wall power loads due to these alphas. In addition to the well-known TF ripple, the 3D effect due to ferromagnetic materials (in ferritic inserts and test blanket modules) and ELM mitigation coils are included in these mechanisms. ITER scenario 4 was chosen since, due to its lower plasma current, it is more vulnerable for various off-normal features. First, the validity of using a 2D equilibrium was investigated: a 3D equilibrium was reconstructed using the VMEC code, and it was verified that no 3D equilibrium reconstruction is needed but it is sufficient to add the vacuum field perturbations onto an axisymmetric equilibrium. Then the alpha particle confinement was studied using three independent codes, ASCOT, DELTA5D and F3D OFMC, all of which assume MHD quiescent background plasma and no anomalous diffusion. All the codes gave a loss power fraction of about 0.2%. The distribution of the peak power load was found to depend on the first wall shape. We also made the first attempt to accommodate the effect of fast-ion-related MHD on the wall loads in ITER using the HMGC and ASCOT codes. The power flux to the wall was found to increase due to the redistribution of fast ions by the MHD activity. Furthermore, the effect of the ELM mitigation field on the fast-ion confinement was addressed by simulating NBI ions with the F3D OFMC code. The loss power fraction of NBI ions was found to increase from 0.3% without the ELM mitigation field to 4-5% with the ELM mitigation field. C1 [Shinohara, K.; Hamamatsu, K.] Japan Atom Energy Agcy, Naka, Ibaraki 3110193, Japan. [Kurki-Suonio, T.; Asunta, O.; Koskela, T.] Aalto Univ, FIN-00076 Aalto, Finland. [Spong, D.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Fus Energy Theory Grp, Oak Ridge, TN USA. [Tani, K.] Nippon Adv Technol Co Ltd, Naka Off, Naka, Ibaraki, Japan. [Strumberger, E.; Guenter, S.] EURATOM, Max Planck Inst Plasmaphys, Garching, Germany. [Briguglio, S.; Vlad, G.] Assoc Euratom ENEA Fus, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. [Kramer, G.] Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. [Putvinski, S.] ITER Org, F-13115 St Paul Les Durance, France. RP Shinohara, K (reprint author), Japan Atom Energy Agcy, Naka, Ibaraki 3110193, Japan. EM shinohara.koji@jaea.go.jp RI Spong, Donald/C-6887-2012; Koskela, Tuomas/E-7265-2012; Asunta, Otto/E-7357-2012 OI Spong, Donald/0000-0003-2370-1873; Koskela, Tuomas/0000-0002-5813-6539; FU Academy of Finland [121371] FX The authors would like to thank Drs V. Mukovatov, T. Oikawa, S. Konovalov, J. Snipes, Y. Gribov and V. Chuyanov for encouraging our activity and providing us useful information. K. Tani would like to express appreciation to Drs Y. Kusama and T. Sugie for their support of this work. Part of this work was supported by the Academy of Finland Project 121371. The supercomputing resources of CSC-IT centre for science were utilized in the studies for the ASCOT code. NR 27 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 8 PU INT ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY PI VIENNA PA WAGRAMERSTRASSE 5, PO BOX 100, A-1400 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0029-5515 J9 NUCL FUSION JI Nucl. Fusion PD JUN PY 2011 VL 51 IS 6 AR 063028 DI 10.1088/0029-5515/51/6/063028 PG 12 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 766MW UT WOS:000290788200030 ER PT J AU Moridis, GJ AF Moridis, George J. TI SPECIAL ISSUE ON THE 2009 TOUGH2 SYMPOSIUM FOREWORD SO NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Moridis, GJ (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER NUCLEAR SOC PI LA GRANGE PK PA 555 N KENSINGTON AVE, LA GRANGE PK, IL 60526 USA SN 0029-5450 J9 NUCL TECHNOL JI Nucl. Technol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 174 IS 3 SI SI BP 315 EP 316 PG 2 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 767CB UT WOS:000290831800001 ER PT J AU Halecky, N Birkholzer, J Peterson, P AF Halecky, N. Birkholzer, J. Peterson, P. TI NATURAL CONVECTION IN TUNNELS AT YUCCA MOUNTAIN AND IMPACT ON DRIFT SEEPAGE SO NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2009 TOUGH2 Symposium CY SEP 14-16, 2009 CL Berkeley, CA DE TOUGH model; nuclear waste; seepage ID WASTE EMPLACEMENT TUNNELS; UNSATURATED ZONE; FRACTURED ROCK; FLUID-FLOW; NEVADA; TRANSPORT AB The decay heat from radioactive waste that is to be disposed in the once-proposed geologic repository at Yucca Mountain will significantly influence the moisture conditions in the fractured rock near emplacement tunnels (drifts). Additionally, large-scale convective cells will form in the open-air drifts and will serve as an important mechanism for the transport of vaporized pore water from the fractured rock in the drift center to the drift end. Such convective processes would also impact drift seepage, as evaporation could reduce the buildup of liquid water at the tunnel wall. Characterizing and understanding these liquid water and vapor transport processes is critical for evaluating the performance of the repository, in terms of water-induced canister corrosion and subsequent radionuclide containment. To study such processes, we previously developed and applied an enhanced version of TOUGH2 that solves for natural convection in the drift. We then used the results from this previous study as a time-dependent boundary condition in a high-resolution seepage model, allowing for a computationally efficient means for simulating these processes. The results from the seepage model show that cases with strong natural convection effects are expected to improve the performance of the repository, since smaller relative humidity values, with reduced local seepage, form a more desirable waste package environment. C1 [Halecky, N.; Peterson, P.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Nucl Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Halecky, N.; Birkholzer, J.] Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94707 USA. RP Halecky, N (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Nucl Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM jtbirkholzer@lbl.gov RI Birkholzer, Jens/C-6783-2011 OI Birkholzer, Jens/0000-0002-7989-1912 NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER NUCLEAR SOC PI LA GRANGE PK PA 555 N KENSINGTON AVE, LA GRANGE PK, IL 60526 USA SN 0029-5450 J9 NUCL TECHNOL JI Nucl. Technol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 174 IS 3 SI SI BP 327 EP 341 PG 15 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 767CB UT WOS:000290831800003 ER PT J AU Zhang, K Croise, J Mayer, G AF Zhang, Keni Croise, Jean Mayer, Gerhard TI COMPUTATION OF THE COUPLEX-GAZ EXERCISE WITH TOUGH2-MP: HYDROGEN FLOW AND TRANSPORT IN THE PORE WATER OF A LOW-PERMEABILITY CLAY ROCK HOSTING A NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORY SO NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2009 TOUGH2 Symposium CY SEP 14-16, 2009 CL Berkeley, CA DE hydrogen migration; clay rock; low permeability ID POROUS-MEDIA; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; MULTIPHASE FLOW; MIGRATION; 2-PHASE; MODEL AB Significant quantities of hydrogen can be produced by the corrosion of metal components. It is necessary to forecast gas migration and pressure buildup in the context of deep geological radioactive waste disposal. One of the major problems in representing gas migration in a radioactive waste repository is that of simultaneously modeling all gas sources and complex transfer pathways constituted by the network of underground drifts and the surrounding low-permeability rock. In 2006, the French National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management launched an international multiphase flow simulation benchmark exercise for modeling such a two-phase (gas and liquid) flow system. The exercise was designed to compare the performance of the numerical methods being used to resolve the designed problems. This paper presents the results of test case 2 of the exercise completed by the authors. The three-dimensional model represents a fraction of a repository for long-lived radioactive waste in a clay rock. The model simulates ambient pressure and flow conditions (considering influence of site evacuation on the flow system) after placement of wastes, with full consideration of two-phase initial and boundary conditions. Isothermal conditions are assumed. Time-dependent gas sources are applied to the model. Since the natural environment is unable to evacuate the entire amount of hydrogen in a dissolved state, a free gas phase is formed within the disposal structures. The model is used to study the dissipation of those gases to determine their influence on the transient phases throughout the lifetime of the repository, and to investigate possible pressure buildup, which may introduce a risk of damage to the host rock. We use the model to investigate how the presence of gas in the repository influences the nature of water flow around the disposal structures and the resaturation (process of saturation increasing) transient processes after closure of the repository. The TOUGH2-MP code, a parallel multiphase flow simulator, has been adopted for this study. C1 [Zhang, Keni] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Croise, Jean; Mayer, Gerhard] AF Colenco Ltd, CH-5405 Baden, Switzerland. [Zhang, Keni] Beijing Normal Univ, Coll Water Sci, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. RP Zhang, K (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM KZhang@lbl.gov NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER NUCLEAR SOC PI LA GRANGE PK PA 555 N KENSINGTON AVE, LA GRANGE PK, IL 60526 USA SN 0029-5450 J9 NUCL TECHNOL JI Nucl. Technol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 174 IS 3 SI SI BP 364 EP 374 PG 11 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 767CB UT WOS:000290831800006 ER PT J AU Danko, G Bahrami, D Birkholzer, J AF Danko, G. Bahrami, D. Birkholzer, J. TI A TURBULENT TRANSPORT NETWORK MODEL IN MULTIFLUX COUPLED WITH TOUGH2 SO NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2009 TOUGH2 Symposium CY SEP 14-16, 2009 CL Berkeley, CA DE thermal-hydrologic network model; coupled MULTIFLUX and TOUGH2; nuclear waste repository ID YUCCA-MOUNTAIN; EMPLACEMENT DRIFTS; CONVECTION; ROCK AB A new numerical method is described for the fully iterated, conjugate solution of two discrete submodels, involving (a) a transport network model for heat, moisture, and airflows in a high-permeability, air-filled cavity; and (b) a variably saturated fractured porous medium. The transport network submodel is an integrated-parameter, computational fluid dynamics solver, describing the thermal-hydrologic transport processes in the flow channel system of the cavity with laminar or turbulent flow and convective heat and mass transport, using MULTIFLUX. The porous medium submodel, using TOUGH2, is a solver for the heat and mass transport in the fractured rock mass. The new model solution extends the application fields of TOUGH2 by integrating it with turbulent flow and transport in a discrete flow network system. We present demonstrational results for a nuclear waste repository application at Yucca Mountain with most realistic model assumptions and input parameters including the geometrical layout of the nuclear spent fuel and waste with variable heat load for the individual containers. The MULTIFLUX and TOUGH2 model elements are fully iterated, applying a programmed reprocessing of the Numerical Transport Code Functionalization model-element in an automated Outside Balance Iteration loop. The natural, convective airflow field and the heat and mass transport in a representative emplacement drift during postclosure are explicitly solved in the new model. The results demonstrate that the direction and magnitude of the air circulation patterns and all transport modes are strongly affected by the heat and moisture transport processes in the surrounding rock, justifying the need for a coupled, fully iterated model solution such as the one presented in the paper. C1 [Danko, G.; Bahrami, D.] Univ Nevada, Dept Min Engn, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Birkholzer, J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Danko, G (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Min Engn, Reno, NV 89557 USA. EM danko@unr.edu RI Birkholzer, Jens/C-6783-2011 OI Birkholzer, Jens/0000-0002-7989-1912 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER NUCLEAR SOC PI LA GRANGE PK PA 555 N KENSINGTON AVE, LA GRANGE PK, IL 60526 USA SN 0029-5450 J9 NUCL TECHNOL JI Nucl. Technol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 174 IS 3 SI SI BP 375 EP 400 PG 26 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 767CB UT WOS:000290831800007 ER PT J AU Xu, TF Senger, R Finsterle, S AF Xu, Tianfu Senger, Rainer Finsterle, Stefan TI BENTONITE ALTERATION DUE TO THERMAL-HYDRO-CHEMICAL PROCESSES DURING THE EARLY THERMAL PERIOD IN A NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORY SO NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Transport of Unsaturated Groundwater and Heat (TOUGH) Symposium CY SEP 14-16, 2009 CL Berkeley, CA DE nuclear waste repository; bentonite buffer; mineral alteration ID REACTIVE GEOCHEMICAL TRANSPORT; POROUS-MEDIA; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; YUCCA MOUNTAIN; FLUID-FLOW; CORROSION; MODEL AB After closure of an underground nuclear waste repository, the decay of radionuclides will raise the temperature in the repository, and the bentonite buffer will resaturate by water inflow from the surrounding host rock. The perturbations from these thermal and hydrological processes are expected to dissipate within hundreds to a few thousand years. Here, we investigate coupled thermal-hydro-chemical processes and their effects on the short-term performance of a potential nuclear waste repository located in a clay formation. Using a simplified geometric configuration and abstracted hydraulic parameters of the clayey formation, we examine geochemical processes, coupled with thermohydrologic phenomena, and potential changes in porosity near the waste container during the early thermal period. The developed models were used for evaluating the mineral alterations and potential changes in porosity of the buffer, which can affect the repository performance. The results indicate that mineral alteration and associated changes in porosity induced by early thermal and hydrological processes are relatively small and are expected to not significantly affect flow and transport properties. Chlorite precipitation was obtained in all simulation cases. A maximum of one percent volume fraction of chlorite could be formed, whose process may reduce swelling and sorption capacity of bentonite clay, affecting the performance of the repository. The illitization process was not obtained from the present simulations. C1 [Xu, Tianfu; Finsterle, Stefan] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Senger, Rainer] INTERA Inc, Swiss Branch, CH-5408 Ennetbaden, Switzerland. [Xu, Tianfu] Jilin Univ, Sch Environm & Resources, Changchun 130026, Jilin, Peoples R China. RP Xu, TF (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM Tianfu_Xu@lbl.gov RI Finsterle, Stefan/A-8360-2009 OI Finsterle, Stefan/0000-0002-4446-9906 NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER NUCLEAR SOC PI LA GRANGE PK PA 555 N KENSINGTON AVE, LA GRANGE PK, IL 60526 USA SN 0029-5450 EI 1943-7471 J9 NUCL TECHNOL JI Nucl. Technol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 174 IS 3 SI SI BP 438 EP 451 PG 14 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 767CB UT WOS:000290831800011 ER PT J AU Buenau, KE Price, NN Nisbet, RM AF Buenau, Kate E. Price, Nichole N. Nisbet, Roger M. TI Local interactions drive size dependent space competition between coral and crustose coralline algae SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID SCLERACTINIAN CORALS; LONG-TERM; COEXISTENCE; REEF; MECHANISMS; GROWTH; MORTALITY; SETTLEMENT; POPULATION; DYNAMICS AB For many species, the outcome of competition for space in homogeneous habitats depends upon relative rates of growth and overgrowth. Size dependence in competition occurs when this balance shifts due to the growth of one or both species. For example, the ability of coral to compete with certain species of crustose coralline algae (CCA) may depend on whether coral colonies are large enough to avoid being overgrown. Spatially implicit models suggest size refuges from competition can improve the persistence of species with a vulnerable life stage. We use spatially explicit simulation models to explore size dependence in competition between coral and competitively dominant CCA in well lit habitat. We determine what conditions allow coral to use size refuges and whether refuges improve the recovery of coral after disturbance. Local interactions in explicit space prevent the maturation of coral into size refuges unless coral grows more rapidly than CCA or coral colonies are allowed to fuse, and mortality mechanisms can limit long-term persistence even if the refuge is achieved. We contrast results with analogous differential equation models, with and without an explicit maturation delay, to demonstrate how the predicted outcome of competition is frequently reversed when local interactions and individual-based dynamics are included in models of size-dependent competition. C1 [Buenau, Kate E.; Price, Nichole N.; Nisbet, Roger M.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Buenau, KE (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Marine Sci Lab, 1529 W Sequim Bay Rd, Sequim, WA 98382 USA. EM kbuenau@gmail.com RI Nisbet, Roger/B-6951-2014; OI Buenau, Kate/0000-0003-2156-7260 FU US National Science Foundation [EF-074521, DEB- 0717259] FX We thank Peter Edmunds, Sally Holbrook, Bruce Kendall and Russell Schmitt for discussions and advice and Zachary Buenau for programming support. This is a contribution of the Moorea Coral Reef (MCR) Long Term Ecological Research site, and we thank many members of a MCR working group for comments. The research was supported by grants EF-074521 and DEB- 0717259 from the US National Science Foundation to RMN. NR 53 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD JUN PY 2011 VL 120 IS 6 BP 941 EP 949 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18972.x PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 767QP UT WOS:000290871400016 ER PT J AU Noland, J Tarvainen, O Benitez, J Leitner, D Lyneis, C Verboncoeur, J AF Noland, J. Tarvainen, O. Benitez, J. Leitner, D. Lyneis, C. Verboncoeur, J. TI Studies of electron heating on a 6.4 GHz ECR ion source through measurement of diamagnetic current and plasma bremsstrahlung SO PLASMA SOURCES SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Diamagnetic current and low energy (2-70 keV) x-ray bremsstrahlung measurements taken on a 6.4 GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) are presented as a function of microwave power, neutral gas pressure and magnetic field configuration. X-ray flux from confined electrons and plasma energy density depend logarithmically on microwave power. This result differs from previous studies performed on ECRISs that operate at higher microwave frequencies, in which the x-ray power increases in an essentially linear fashion with the microwave power. X-ray power and plasma energy density both saturate as the neutral pressure is increased beyond a certain value. The gradient of the magnetic field is shown to have a large effect on both x-ray power and plasma energy density. Lastly, it is observed that the peak in x-ray power efficiency (x-ray power per unit of absorbed microwave power) and the peak in extracted ion current efficiency (recorded Faraday cup current per unit of absorbed microwave power) occur at different absorbed microwave powers. C1 [Noland, J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Appl Sci & Technol Grad Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Noland, J.; Benitez, J.; Leitner, D.; Lyneis, C.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Tarvainen, O.] Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Phys, Jyvaskyla 40500, Finland. [Leitner, D.] Michigan State Univ, Natl Superconducting Cyclotron Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Verboncoeur, J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Nucl Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Noland, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Appl Sci & Technol Grad Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0963-0252 J9 PLASMA SOURCES SCI T JI Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 20 IS 3 SI SI AR 035022 DI 10.1088/0963-0252/20/3/035022 PG 11 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 765QP UT WOS:000290724000044 ER PT J AU Turitsyn, K Sulc, P Backhaus, S Chertkov, M AF Turitsyn, Konstantin Sulc, Petr Backhaus, Scott Chertkov, Michael TI Options for Control of Reactive Power by Distributed Photovoltaic Generators SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE LA English DT Article DE Distributed generation; feeder line; photovoltaic (PV) power generation; power flow; voltage control ID DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEMS; CAPACITORS AB High-penetration levels of distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation on an electrical distribution circuit present several challenges and opportunities for distribution utilities. Rapidly varying irradiance conditions may cause voltage sags and swells that cannot be compensated by slowly responding utility equipment resulting in a degradation of power quality. Although not permitted under current standards for interconnection of distributed generation, fast-reacting, VAR-capable PV inverters may provide the necessary reactive power injection or consumption to maintain voltage regulation under difficult transient conditions. As side benefit, the control of reactive power injection at each PV inverter provides an opportunity and a new tool for distribution utilities to optimize the performance of distribution circuits, e.g., by minimizing thermal losses. We discuss and compare via simulation various design options for control systems to manage the reactive power generated by these inverters. An important design decision that weighs on the speed and quality of communication required is whether the control should be centralized or distributed (i.e., local). In general, we find that local control schemes are able to maintain voltage within acceptable bounds. We consider the benefits of choosing different local variables on which to control and how the control system can be continuously tuned between robust voltage control, suitable for daytime operation when circuit conditions can change rapidly, and loss minimization better suited for nighttime operation. C1 [Turitsyn, Konstantin; Chertkov, Michael] CNLS, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Turitsyn, Konstantin; Chertkov, Michael] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Sulc, Petr; Chertkov, Michael] New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. [Sulc, Petr] Czech Tech Univ, Prague, Czech Republic. [Backhaus, Scott] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mat Phys & Applicat Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Turitsyn, K (reprint author), CNLS, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM turitsyn@lanl.gov; sulcpetr@gmail.com; backhaus@lanl.gov; chertkov@lanl.gov RI Backhaus, Scott/F-4285-2012; Turitsyn, Konstantin/K-5978-2012; Chertkov, Michael/O-8828-2015; OI Turitsyn, Konstantin/0000-0002-7997-8962; Backhaus, Scott/0000-0002-0344-6791; Chertkov, Michael/0000-0002-6758-515X FU NMC via an NSF [CCF-0829945]; National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy at Los Alamos National Laboratory [DE C52-06NA25396] FX The work of P. Sulc and M. Chertkov was partially supported by NMC via an NSF collaborative Grant CCF-0829945 on "Harnessing Statistical Physics for Computing and Communications." Research at LANL was carried out under the auspices of the National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy at Los Alamos National Laboratory under Contract DE C52-06NA25396. NR 18 TC 185 Z9 189 U1 3 U2 20 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9219 EI 1558-2256 J9 P IEEE JI Proc. IEEE PD JUN PY 2011 VL 99 IS 6 BP 1063 EP 1073 DI 10.1109/JPROC.2011.2116750 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 765VE UT WOS:000290736000010 ER PT J AU Kazantsev, AV Rambo, RP Karimpour, S Santalucia, J Tainer, JA Pace, NR AF Kazantsev, Alexei V. Rambo, Robert P. Karimpour, Sina Santalucia, John, Jr. Tainer, John A. Pace, Norman R. TI Solution structure of RNase P RNA SO RNA-A PUBLICATION OF THE RNA SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE normal mode analysis; ribozyme; RNase P; SAXS; solution structure ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; BACTERIAL RIBONUCLEASE-P; SMALL-ANGLE SCATTERING; NORMAL-MODE ANALYSIS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MACROMOLECULAR STRUCTURES; HIGH-RESOLUTION; KINETIC TRAPS; BINDING-SITE AB The ribonucleoprotein enzyme ribonuclease P (RNase P) processes tRNAs by cleavage of precursor-tRNAs. RNase P is a ribozyme: The RNA component catalyzes tRNA maturation in vitro without proteins. Remarkable features of RNase P include multiple turnovers in vivo and ability to process diverse substrates. Structures of the bacterial RNase P, including full-length RNAs and a ternary complex with substrate, have been determined by X-ray crystallography. However, crystal structures of free RNA are significantly different from the ternary complex, and the solution structure of the RNA is unknown. Here, we report solution structures of three phylogenetically distinct bacterial RNase P RNAs from Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and Bacillus stearothermophilus, determined using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) analysis. A combination of homology modeling, normal mode analysis, and molecular dynamics was used to refine the structural models against the empirical data of these RNAs in solution under the high ionic strength required for catalytic activity. C1 [Kazantsev, Alexei V.; Karimpour, Sina; Pace, Norman R.] Univ Colorado, Dept MCD Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Rambo, Robert P.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Santalucia, John, Jr.] Wayne State Univ, Dept Chem, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. [Tainer, John A.] Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Pace, NR (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept MCD Biol, Campus Box 347, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM nrpace@colorado.edu FU NIH [GM 34527] FX This work has been supported by NIH grant GM 34527. NR 80 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 11 PU COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB PRESS, PUBLICATIONS DEPT PI COLD SPRING HARBOR PA 1 BUNGTOWN RD, COLD SPRING HARBOR, NY 11724 USA SN 1355-8382 J9 RNA JI RNA-Publ. RNA Soc. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1159 EP 1171 DI 10.1261/rna.2563511 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 764WW UT WOS:000290666300016 PM 21531920 ER PT J AU Li, HQ Jiang, F Ni, S Li, L Sha, G Liao, XZ Ringer, SP Choo, H Liaw, PK Misra, A AF Li, Hongqi Jiang, Feng Ni, Song Li, Li Sha, Gang Liao, Xiaozhou Ringer, Simon P. Choo, Hahn Liaw, Peter K. Misra, Amit TI Mechanical behaviors of as-deposited and annealed nanostructured Ni-Fe alloys SO SCRIPTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE Mechanical properties; Nanocrystalline materials; Annealing; Impurity segregation ID HIGH-TENSILE DUCTILITY; NANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS; GRAIN-BOUNDARIES; IRON-ALLOYS; DEFORMATION; SEGREGATION; STRENGTH; METALS; NICKEL; TWINS AB The mechanical properties of an electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni-Fe alloy were studied as a function of the angle between the compression and columnar grain axes. Improved ductility was achieved as the applied load was along the grain column axis. After annealing at 250 degrees C, the yield strength increased and the plastic strain dropped remarkably. However, the annealing embrittlement cannot be attributed to the impurity segregation. The roles of texture and grain boundary relaxation upon annealing on the strength and ductility of nanocrystalline alloys were discussed. (C) 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Li, Hongqi; Misra, Amit] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Integrated Nanotechnol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Jiang, Feng; Li, Li; Choo, Hahn; Liaw, Peter K.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Ni, Song; Liao, Xiaozhou] Univ Sydney, Sch Aerosp Mech & Mechatron Engn, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. [Sha, Gang; Ringer, Simon P.] Univ Sydney, Australian Ctr Microscopy & Microanal, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. RP Li, HQ (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Integrated Nanotechnol, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM hongqi2007@gmail.com; amisra@lanl.gov RI Liao, Xiaozhou/B-3168-2009; Li, Hongqi/B-6993-2008; Ringer, Simon/E-3487-2012; Misra, Amit/H-1087-2012; Ni, Song/E-9484-2011; Sha, Gang/E-9733-2012; Choo, Hahn/A-5494-2009 OI Liao, Xiaozhou/0000-0001-8565-1758; Ringer, Simon/0000-0002-1559-330X; Choo, Hahn/0000-0002-8006-8907 FU DOE, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences; Australian Research Council; National Science Foundation FX This study was supported by the DOE, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (H.Q.L. and A.M.), the Australian Research Council (S.N. and X.Z.L.) and the National Science Foundation (P.K.L.). The authors would like to acknowledge discussions with J.P. Hirth. NR 34 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 31 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6462 J9 SCRIPTA MATER JI Scr. Mater. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 65 IS 1 BP 1 EP 4 DI 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.03.029 PG 4 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 767XT UT WOS:000290892900001 ER PT J AU Rutkowski, PX Michelini, MC Bray, TH Russo, N Marcalo, J Gibson, JK AF Rutkowski, Philip X. Michelini, Maria C. Bray, Travis H. Russo, Nino Marcalo, Joaquim Gibson, John K. TI Hydration of gas-phase ytterbium ion complexes studied by experiment and theory SO THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY ACCOUNTS LA English DT Article DE Density functional theory; Hydration; Lanthanides; Ytterbium halides; Gas-phase reactions; Kinetics ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; AQUEOUS CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS; RARE-EARTH-ELEMENTS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATION; ROOM-TEMPERATURE KINETICS; AB-INITIO; COORDINATION HYDRATION; BASIS-SETS; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; ENERGY AB Hydration of ytterbium (III) halide/hydroxide ions produced by electrospray ionization was studied in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer and by density functional theory (DFT). Gas-phase YbX2 (+) and YbX(OH)(+) (X = OH, Cl, Br, or I) were found to coordinate from one to four water molecules, depending on the ion residence time in the trap. From the time dependence of the hydration steps, relative reaction rates were obtained. It was determined that the second hydration was faster than both the first and third hydrations, and the fourth hydration was the slowest; this ordering reflects a combination of insufficient degrees of freedom for cooling the hot monohydrate ion and decreasing binding energies with increasing hydration number. Hydration energetics and hydrate structures were computed using two approaches of DFT. The relativistic scalar ZORA approach was used with the PBE functional and all-electron TZ2P basis sets; the B3LYP functional was used with the Stuttgart relativistic small-core ANO/ECP basis sets. The parallel experimental and computational results illuminate fundamental aspects of hydration of f-element ion complexes. The experimental observations-kinetics and extent of hydration-are discussed in relationship to the computed structures and energetics of the hydrates. The absence of pentahydrates is in accord with the DFT results, which indicate that the lowest energy structures have the fifth water molecule in the second shell. C1 [Rutkowski, Philip X.; Bray, Travis H.; Gibson, John K.] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Michelini, Maria C.; Russo, Nino] Univ Calabria, Dipartimento Chim, I-87030 Arcavacata Di Rende, Italy. [Marcalo, Joaquim] Inst Tecnol & Nucl, Unidade Ciencias Quim & Radiofarmaceut, P-2686953 Sacavem, Portugal. RP Gibson, JK (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM JKGibson@lbl.gov RI Marcalo, Joaquim/J-5476-2013; PTMS, RNEM/C-1589-2014; OI Marcalo, Joaquim/0000-0001-7580-057X; Nino, Russo/0000-0003-3826-3386 FU Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences of the U.S. Department of Energy at LBNL [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; Universita della Calabria FX This work was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences of the U.S. Department of Energy at LBNL, under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, and by the Universita della Calabria. M. C. M. is grateful for the opportunity to be a Guest Scientist in the Chemical Sciences Division at LBNL. J.M. is indebted to the Chemical Sciences Division of LBNL for the opportunity to visit the Berkeley laboratory in the summer of 2009. The CINECA supercomputing centre (Casalecchio di Reno, Italy) is acknowledged for the computational time. NR 50 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 4 U2 17 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-881X J9 THEOR CHEM ACC JI Theor. Chem. Acc. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 129 IS 3-5 BP 575 EP 592 DI 10.1007/s00214-011-0900-5 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 763PN UT WOS:000290572300030 ER PT J AU Compton, OC Jain, B Dikin, DA Abouimrane, A Amine, K Nguyen, ST AF Compton, Owen C. Jain, Bonny Dikin, Dmitriy A. Abouimrane, Ali Amine, Khalil Nguyen, SonBinh T. TI Chemically Active Reduced Graphene Oxide with Tunable C/O Ratios SO ACS NANO LA English DT Article DE graphene; graphene oxide; surface functionalization; thermal reduction; lithium-ion battery ID EXFOLIATED GRAPHITE OXIDE; LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES; FUNCTIONALIZED GRAPHENE; AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS; VITAMIN-C; REDUCTION; PAPER; SHEETS; NANOSHEETS; NANOPLATELETS AB Organic dispersions of graphene oxide can be thermally reduced in polar organic solvents under reflux conditions to afford electrically conductive, chemically active reduced graphene oxide (CARGO) with tunable C/O ratios, dependent on the boiling point of the solvent. The reductions are achieved after only 1 h of reflux, and the corresponding C/O ratios do not change upon further thermal treatment. Hydroxyl and carboxyl groups can be removed when the reflux Is carried out above 155 degrees C, while epoxides are removable only when the temperature is higher than 200 degrees C. The increasing hydrophobic nature of CARGO, as its C/O ratio increases, Improves the dispersibility of the nanosheets In a polystyrene matrix, in contrast to the aggregates formed with CARGO having lower C/O ratios. The excellent processability of the obtained CARGO dispersions is demonstrated via freestanding CARGO papers that exhibit tunable electrical conductivity/chemical activity and can be used as lithium-ion battery anodes with enhanced Coulombic efficiency. C1 [Compton, Owen C.; Jain, Bonny; Nguyen, SonBinh T.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Compton, Owen C.; Abouimrane, Ali; Amine, Khalil; Nguyen, SonBinh T.] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Engn & Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Dikin, Dmitriy A.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Nguyen, ST (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. EM stn@northwestern.edu RI Dikin, Dmitriy/B-7592-2009; Dikin, Dmitriy/A-1086-2010; Amine, Khalil/K-9344-2013; Dikin, Dmitriy/B-4649-2014; Nguyen, SonBinh/C-1682-2014 OI Dikin, Dmitriy/0000-0001-8100-4502; Nguyen, SonBinh/0000-0002-6977-3445 FU NSF [DMR-0520513]; Materials Research Science and Engineering Center at Northwestern University; ARO [W991NF-09-1-0541]; U.S. Department of Energy (FreedomCar, Vehicle Technology Office); NSF-ACC [CHE-0936924]; U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory [DE-AC02-06CH11357] FX This work was supported by the NSF (Award No. DMR-0520513 through the Materials Research Science and Engineering Center at Northwestern University), ARO (Award No. W991NF-09-1-0541), and the U.S. Department of Energy (FreedomCar, Vehicle Technology Office). O.C.C. is an NSF-ACC fellow (Award No. CHE-0936924). Argonne National Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. We thank the Initiative for Sustainability and Energy (ISEN) at Northwestern for funding the purchase of some of the equipments used in this work. We are grateful to the reviewers of this manuscript for their suggestions, which greatly strengthen the final paper. NR 56 TC 163 Z9 166 U1 16 U2 168 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1936-0851 J9 ACS NANO JI ACS Nano PD JUN PY 2011 VL 5 IS 6 BP 4380 EP 4391 DI 10.1021/nn1030725 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 783AZ UT WOS:000292055200019 PM 21473647 ER PT J AU Peng, Q Tseng, YC Darling, SB Elam, JW AF Peng, Qing Tseng, Yu-Chih Darling, Seth B. Elam, Jeffrey W. TI A Route to Nanoscopic Materials via Sequential Infiltration Synthesis on Block Copolymer Templates SO ACS NANO LA English DT Article DE atomic layer deposition; sequential infiltration; block copolymer; nano; silicon dioxide ID ATOMIC-LAYER DEPOSITION; THIN-FILMS; SURFACE-CHEMISTRY; NANOSTRUCTURES; SEMICONDUCTORS; LITHOGRAPHY; POLYMERS; GROWTH; OXIDE AB Sequential infiltration synthesis (MS), combining stepwise molecular assembly reactions with self-assembled block copolymer (BCP) substrates, provides a new strategy to pattern nanoscopic materials in a controllable way. The selective reaction of a metal precursor with one of the pristine BCP domains Is the key step in the SIS process. Here we present a straightforward strategy to selectively modify self-assembled polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) BCP thin films to enable the SIS of a variety of materials including SiO2, ZnO, and W. The selective and controlled interaction of trimethyl aluminum with carbonyl groups in the PMMA polymer domains generates Al-CH3/Al-OH sites inside the BCP scaffold which can seed the subsequent growth of a diverse range of materials without requiring complex block copolymer design and synthesis. C1 [Tseng, Yu-Chih; Darling, Seth B.] Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanoscale Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Peng, Qing; Elam, Jeffrey W.] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Syst, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Darling, SB (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanoscale Mat, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM darling@anl.gov; jelam@anl.gov RI Tseng, Yu-Chih/G-4213-2011; peng, qing/I-2970-2013; peng, qing/G-6409-2016 FU U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357, DE-SC0001785] FX Use of the Center for Nanoscale Materials was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. This work was supported in part by the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, and Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Award Number DE-SC0001785. NR 34 TC 99 Z9 99 U1 10 U2 88 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1936-0851 EI 1936-086X J9 ACS NANO JI ACS Nano PD JUN PY 2011 VL 5 IS 6 BP 4600 EP 4606 DI 10.1021/nn2003234 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 783AZ UT WOS:000292055200041 PM 21545142 ER PT J AU Yin, W Dadmun, M AF Yin, Wen Dadmun, Mark TI A New Model for the Morphology of P3HT/PCBM Organic Photovoltaics from Small-Angle Neutron Scattering: Rivers and Streams SO ACS NANO LA English DT Article DE organic photovoltaics; nanocomposites; conjugated polymers; neutron scattering; phase behavior ID POLYMER SOLAR-CELLS; CONJUGATED POLYMER; REGIOREGULAR POLY(3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE); SELF-ORGANIZATION; CHARGE-TRANSPORT; BLENDS; PERFORMANCE; FILMS; EVOLUTION; NETWORK AB Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have attracted increasing Interest as a lightweight, low-cost, and easy to process replacement for inorganic solar cells. Moreover, the morphology of the OPV active layer Is crucial to its performance, where a bicontinuous, interconnected, phase-separated morphology of pure electron donor and acceptor phases is currently believed to be optimal. In this work, we use neutron scattering to investigate the morphology of a model OPV conjugated polymer bulk heterojunction, poly[3-hexylthiophene] (P3HT), and surface-functionalized fullerene 1-(3-methyloxycarbonyl) propyl(1-phenyl [6,6]) C(61) (PCBM). These results show that P3HT and PCBM form a homogeneous structure containing crystalline P3HT and an amorphous P3HT/PCBM matrix, up to ca. 20 vol % PCBM. At 50 vol % PCBM, the samples exhibit a complex structure containing at least P3HT crystals, PCBM crystals, and a homogeneous mixture of the two. The 20 vol % PCBM samples exhibit behavior consistent with the onset of phase separation after 6 h of thermal annealing at 150 degrees C, but appear to be miscible at shorter annealing times. This suggests that the miscibility limit of PCBM in P3HT Is near 20%. Moreover, for the 50 vol % PCBM sample, the interface roughens under thermal annealing possibly owing to the growth of PCBM crystals. These observations suggest a different morphology than is commonly presented in the literature for optimal bulk heterojunctions. We propose a novel "rivers and streams" morphology to describe this system, which is consistent with these scattering results and previously reported photovoltaic functionality of P3HT/PCBM bulk heterojunctions. C1 [Yin, Wen; Dadmun, Mark] Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Dadmun, Mark] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Dadmun, M (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM Dad@utk.edu OI Dadmun, Mark/0000-0003-4304-6087 FU Sustainable Energy Education Research Center; Joint Institute for Neutron Sciences at the University of Tennessee; National Science Foundation [DMR-1005987]; Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy FX The authors wish to acknowledge the Sustainable Energy Education Research Center and the Joint Institute for Neutron Sciences at the University of Tennessee, as well as the National Science Foundation (DMR-1005987), for support of this project. We also acknowledge the support of the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, who sponsors the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor. We also would like to thank W.-I. Wu (NIST) for very valuable discussions regarding the analysis of the scattering patterns and C. H. Dadmun for her help in designing and producing Figure 8. NR 44 TC 192 Z9 193 U1 6 U2 162 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1936-0851 J9 ACS NANO JI ACS Nano PD JUN PY 2011 VL 5 IS 6 BP 4756 EP 4768 DI 10.1021/nn200744q PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 783AZ UT WOS:000292055200059 PM 21563761 ER PT J AU Cantoni, C Gao, YF Wee, SH Specht, ED Gazquez, J Meng, JY Pennycook, SJ Goyal, A AF Cantoni, Claudia Gao, Yanfei Wee, Sung Hun Specht, Eliot D. Gazquez, Jaume Meng, Jianyong Pennycook, Stephen J. Goyal, Amit TI Strain-Driven Oxygen Deficiency in Self-Assembled, Nanostructured, Composite Oxide Films SO ACS NANO LA English DT Article DE self-assembly; thin-film nanocomposites; nanorods; strain; superconductors; scanning transmission electron microscopy ID DISLOCATION NUCLEATION; GRAIN-BOUNDARIES; YBA2CU3O7-DELTA; INTERFACE; STRESS AB Oxide self-assembly is a promising bottom-up approach for fabricating new composite materials at: the nanometer length scale. Tailoring the properties of such systems for a wide range of electronic applications depends on the fundamental understanding of the interfaces between the constituent phases. We show that the nanoscale strain modulation in self-assembled systems made of high-T(c) superconducting films containing nanocolumns of BaZrO(3) strongly affects the oxygen composition of the superconductor. Our findings explain the observed reduction of the superconducting critical temperature. C1 [Cantoni, Claudia; Wee, Sung Hun; Specht, Eliot D.; Gazquez, Jaume; Pennycook, Stephen J.; Goyal, Amit] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Gao, Yanfei] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Gao, Yanfei; Meng, Jianyong] Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Cantoni, C (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM cantonic@ornl.gov RI Gao, Yanfei/F-9034-2010; Cantoni, Claudia/G-3031-2013; Specht, Eliot/A-5654-2009 OI Gao, Yanfei/0000-0003-2082-857X; Cantoni, Claudia/0000-0002-9731-2021; Specht, Eliot/0000-0002-3191-2163 FU U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering; Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability; Division of Scientific User Facilities, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy; Spanish MEC [2007-0086]; European Research Council FX The authors thank V. Selvamanickam and SuperPower Inc. for providing substrates and MOCVD films. Research was sponsored by U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering and Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability. Research was partially supported by ORNL SHaRE, sponsored by the Division of Scientific User Facilities, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy. J.G. acknowledges support from the Spanish MEC 2007-0086 and European Research Council Starting Investigator Award. NR 25 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 39 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1936-0851 J9 ACS NANO JI ACS Nano PD JUN PY 2011 VL 5 IS 6 BP 4783 EP 4789 DI 10.1021/nn2007628 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 783AZ UT WOS:000292055200061 PM 21604819 ER PT J AU Zhang, LQ Liu, XH Liu, Y Huang, S Zhu, T Gui, LJ Mao, SX Ye, ZZ Wang, CM Sullivan, JP Huang, JY AF Zhang, Li Qiang Liu, Xiao Hue Liu, Yang Huang, Shan Zhu, Ting Gui, Liangjin Mao, Scott X. Ye, Zhi Zhen Wang, Chong Min Sullivan, John P. Huang, Jian Yu TI Controlling the Lithiation-Induced Strain and Charging Rate in Nanowire Electrodes by Coating SO ACS NANO LA English DT Article DE lithium ion battery; lithiation-induced strain; charging rate; coating; tin oxide; in situ transmission electron microscopy ID LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES; HIGH-CAPACITY; SILICON NANOWIRES; STORAGE; CARBON; PERFORMANCE; LI; ANODES; CHALLENGES AB The advanced battery system is critically important for a wide range of applications, horn portable electronics to electric vehicles. Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are presently the best performing ones, but they cannot meet requirements for more demanding applications due to limitations in capacity, charging rate, and cyclability. One leading cause of those limitations is the lithiation-induced strain (LIS) in electrodes that can result in high stress, fracture, and capacity loss. Here we report that, by utilizing the coating strategy, both the charging rate and LIS of SnO(2) nanowire electrodes can be altered dramatically. The SnO(2) nanowires coated with carbon, aluminum, or copper can be charged about 10 times faster than the noncoated ones. Intriguingly, the radial expansion of the coated nanowires was completely suppressed, resulting in enormously reduced tensile stress at the reaction front, as evidenced by the lack of formation of dislocations. These improvements are attributed to the effective electronic conduction and mechanical confinement of the coatings. Our work demonstrates that nanoengineering the coating enables the simultaneous control of electrical and mechanical behaviors of electrodes, pointing to a promising route for building better LIBs. C1 [Huang, Shan; Zhu, Ting] Georgia Inst Technol, George W Woodruff Sch Mech Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Liu, Xiao Hue; Liu, Yang; Sullivan, John P.; Huang, Jian Yu] Sandia Natl Labs, Ctr Integrated Nanotechnol CINT, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Zhang, Li Qiang; Mao, Scott X.] Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Mech Engn & Mat Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. [Gui, Liangjin] Tsinghua Univ, Dept Automot Engn, State Key Lab Automot Safety & Energy, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. [Wang, Chong Min] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99354 USA. [Zhang, Li Qiang; Ye, Zhi Zhen] Zhejiang Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, State Key Lab Silicon Mat, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. RP Zhu, T (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, George W Woodruff Sch Mech Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM ting.zhu@me.gatech.edu; jhuang@sandia.gov RI Liu, Yang/C-9576-2012; Liu, Xiaohua/A-8752-2011; Huang, Jianyu/C-5183-2008; Zhu, Ting/A-2206-2009; Zhang, Liqiang/E-6539-2015 OI Liu, Xiaohua/0000-0002-7300-7145; Zhang, Liqiang/0000-0001-7482-0739 FU U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DESC0001160]; U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-AC04-94AL85000]; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL); DOE's Office of Biological and Environmental Research; DOE [DE-AC05-76RLO1830]; NSF [CMMI-0758554, 0758265, 0825435] FX Portions of this work was supported by a Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and partly by the Science of Precision Multifunctional Nanostructures for Electrical Energy Storage (NEES), an Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC) funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Award Number DESC0001160. The LDRD supported the development and fabrication of platforms. The NEES center supported the development of TEM techniques, and some of the additional platform development, and fabrication and materials characterization. CINT supported the TEM capability and the fabrication capabilities that were used for the TEM characterization, in addition, this work represents the efforts of several CINT users, primarily those with affiliation external to Sandia National Laboratories. In addition, this work was performed, in part, at the Sandia-Los Alamos Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences user facility. Sandia National Laboratories is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. C.M.W. thanks X. Wu of PNNL for assistant on synthesis of the some of the materials used in this work. Work for C.M.W. was supported by the LORD program of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and was conducted in the William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), a national scientific user facility sponsored by DOE's Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at PNNL. PNNL is operated by Battelle for the DOE under Contract DE-AC05-76RLO1830. T.Z. acknowledges the support by NSF Grants CMMI-0758554, 0758265, and 0825435. NR 30 TC 90 Z9 93 U1 5 U2 117 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1936-0851 J9 ACS NANO JI ACS Nano PD JUN PY 2011 VL 5 IS 6 BP 4800 EP 4809 DI 10.1021/nn200770p PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 783AZ UT WOS:000292055200063 PM 21542642 ER PT J AU Padilha, LA Robel, I Lee, DC Nagpal, P Pietryga, JM Klimov, VI AF Padilha, Lazaro A. Robel, Istvan Lee, Doh C. Nagpal, Prashant Pietryga, Jeffrey M. Klimov, Victor I. TI Spectral Dependence of Nanocrystal Photoionization Probability: The Role of Hot-Carrier Transfer SO ACS NANO LA English DT Article DE photoionization; nanocrystals; charge separation; trapping; carrier multiplication; photoluminescence; Auger recombination ID SINGLE SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALS; PBSE QUANTUM DOTS; INFRARED-EMISSION; AUGER IONIZATION; CHARGE; MULTIPLICATION; GENERATION; INTENSITY; SELENIDE AB We conduct: measurements of photocharging of PbSe and PbS nanocrystal quantum ;dots (Ms) as a function of excitation energy ((h) over bar omega). We observe a rapid growth of the degree of photocharging with increasing (h) over bar omega, which indicates an important role of hot-carrier transfer in the photoionization process. The corresponding spectral dependence exhibits two thresholds that mark the onsets of weak and strong photocharging. Interestingly, both thresholds are linked to the NQD band gap energy (E-g) and scale as similar to 1.54 and similar to 3E(g), indicating that the onsets of photoionization are associated with specific nanocrystal states (tentatively, 1P and 2P, respectively) and are not significantly dependent on the energy of external acceptor sites. For all samples, the hot-electron transfer probability Increases by nearly 2 orders of magnitude as photon energy increases from 1.5 to 3.5 eV, although at any given wavelength the photoionization probability shows significant sample-to-sample variations (gamma 10(-6) to 10(-3) for 1.5 eV and similar to 10(-4) to 10(-1) for 3.5 eV). In addition to the effect of the NQD size, these variations are likely due to differences in the properties of the NQD surface and/or the number and identity of external acceptor trap sites. The charge-separated states produced by photoionization are characterized by extremely long lifetimes (20 to 85 s) that become longer with increasing NQD size. C1 [Padilha, Lazaro A.; Robel, Istvan; Lee, Doh C.; Nagpal, Prashant; Pietryga, Jeffrey M.; Klimov, Victor I.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Adv Solar Photophys, C PCS, Div Chem, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Klimov, VI (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Adv Solar Photophys, C PCS, Div Chem, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM klimov@lanl.gov RI Robel, Istvan/D-4124-2011; Lee, Doh Chang/C-1835-2011; Nagpal, Prashant/G-7802-2012; Padilha, Lazaro/G-1523-2013; OI Robel, Istvan/0000-0002-9738-7728; Klimov, Victor/0000-0003-1158-3179 FU U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences; Los Alamos National Laboratory FX We thank Richard D. Schaller for help with setting up the system for infrared PLE measurements. V.I. K, I.R., P.N., D.C.L., and J.M.P. acknowledge support of the Center for Advanced Solar Photophysics, an Energy Frontier Research Center, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. L.A.P. is supported by the Los Alamos National Laboratory LDRD program. NR 33 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 47 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1936-0851 J9 ACS NANO JI ACS Nano PD JUN PY 2011 VL 5 IS 6 BP 5045 EP 5055 DI 10.1021/nn201135k PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 783AZ UT WOS:000292055200092 PM 21591633 ER PT J AU Yang, JM Yang, H Lin, LW AF Yang, Jui-Ming Yang, Haw Lin, Liwei TI Quantum Dot Nano Thermometers Reveal Heterogeneous Local Thermogenesis in Living Cells SO ACS NANO LA English DT Article DE thermal signaling; intracellular temperature; spectral imaging; single-cell analysis; nanobio ID HEAT-PRODUCTION; LOCALIZATION; PROBES AB The local temperature response inside single living cells upon external chemical and physical stimuli was characterized using quantum dots as nano thermometers. The photoluminescence spectral shifts from endocytosed quantum dots were used to map intracellular heat generation in NIH/3T3 cells following Ca(2+) stress and cold shock. The direct observation of inhomogeneous intracellular temperature progression raises interesting new possibilities, including further innovations in nanomaterials for sensing local responses, as well as the concept of subcellular temperature gradient for signaling and regulation in cells. C1 [Yang, Haw] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Yang, Haw] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Yang, Jui-Ming; Lin, Liwei] Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Ctr, Dept Mech Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Yang, Haw] Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Yang, H (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hawyang@princeton.edu; lwlin@me.berkeley.edu FU National Science Foundation; U.S. Department of Energy FX We acknowledge the Cancer Research Laboratory Molecular Imaging Center at the University of California, Berkeley, in which confocal images were generated. We thank H. Cang and K. Zhang for technical help with optical setup, as well as Q. Zhou, B. T. Nixon, and B. Sun for helpful discussions. This work was supported by National Science Foundation (to LL.) and by the U.S. Department of Energy (to HY.). NR 29 TC 168 Z9 168 U1 12 U2 84 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1936-0851 J9 ACS NANO JI ACS Nano PD JUN PY 2011 VL 5 IS 6 BP 5067 EP 5071 DI 10.1021/nn201142f PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 783AZ UT WOS:000292055200094 PM 21574616 ER PT J AU Perea-Lopez, N Rebollo-Plata, B Briones-Leon, JA Morelos-Gomez, A Hernandez-Cruz, D Hirata, GA Meunier, V Botello-Mendez, AR Charlier, JC Maruyama, B Munoz-Sandoval, E Lopez-Urias, F Terrones, M Terrones, H AF Perea-Lopez, Nestor Rebollo-Plata, Bernabe Antonio Briones-Leon, Juan Morelos-Gomez, Aaron Hernandez-Cruz, Daniel Hirata, Gustavo A. Meunier, Vincent Botello-Mendez, Andres R. Charlier, Jean-Christophe Maruyama, Benji Munoz-Sandoval, Emilio Lopez-Urias, Florentino Terrones, Mauricio Terrones, Humberto TI Millimeter-Long Carbon Nanotubes: Outstanding Electron-Emitting Sources SO ACS NANO LA English DT Article DE field emission; carbon nanotube; low field; very long nanotubes ID FIELD-EMISSION; EMITTERS; ARRAYS; MODEL AB We are reporting the fabrication of a very efficient electron source using millimeter-long and highly crystalline carbon nanotubes. These devices start to emit electrons at fields as low as 0.17 V/mu m and reach threshold emission at 0.24 V/mu m. In addition, these electron sources are very stable and can achieve a peak current density of 750 mA cm(-2) at only 0.45 V/mu m . In order to demonstrate intense election beam generation, these devices were used to produce visible light by cathodoluminescence. Finally, density functional theory calculations were used to rationalize the measured electronic field emission properties in open carbon nanotubes of different lengths. The modeling establishes a clear correlation between length and field enhancement factor. C1 [Perea-Lopez, Nestor; Terrones, Mauricio] Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Perea-Lopez, Nestor; Rebollo-Plata, Bernabe; Antonio Briones-Leon, Juan; Morelos-Gomez, Aaron; Hernandez-Cruz, Daniel; Munoz-Sandoval, Emilio; Lopez-Urias, Florentino] IPICYT, Adv Mat Dept, San Luis Potosi 78216, Mexico. [Hirata, Gustavo A.] Ctr Nanosci & Nanotechnol UNAM, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico. [Meunier, Vincent] Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Phys, Troy, NY 12280 USA. [Botello-Mendez, Andres R.; Charlier, Jean-Christophe; Terrones, Humberto] Catholic Univ Louvain, Inst Condensed Matter & Nanosci, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium. [Maruyama, Benji] USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, AFRL RX, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Terrones, Humberto] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Terrones, Mauricio] Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Terrones, Mauricio] Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Terrones, Mauricio] Shinshu Univ, Res Ctr Exot Nanocarbons IST, Nagano 3808553, Japan. RP Terrones, M (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, 104 Davey Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM mtterrones@shinshu-u.ac.jp RI Maruyama, Benji/E-3634-2010; Meunier, Vincent/F-9391-2010; Terrones, Mauricio/B-3829-2014; Perea-Lopez, Nestor/A-2683-2010; Munoz-Sandoval, Emilio/N-1059-2014; Hirata, Gustavo/E-2532-2016 OI Botello Mendez, Andres/0000-0002-7317-4699; Hernandez Cruz, Daniel/0000-0003-4950-7155; Meunier, Vincent/0000-0002-7013-179X; Perea-Lopez, Nestor/0000-0002-3197-759X; Munoz-Sandoval, Emilio/0000-0002-6095-4119; FU JST-Japan; Air Force Research Laboratory [FA9550-08-1-0204]; CONACYT-Mexico [63001 S-3908, 3072 S-3909, 60218-F1, 48300] FX We thank D. Ramirez, F. Tristan, S. Vega, G. Labrada, and B. Rivera for technical support. M.T. thanks JST-Japan for funding the Research Center for Exotic NanoCarbons, under the Japanese Regional Innovation Strategy Program by the Excellence. H.T. acknowledges support as visiting professor from the Ecole Polytechnique of Louvain and as a visiting scientist at the CNMS of ORNL. J.C.C. acknowledges the FNRS of Belgium. We also thank the Air Force Research Laboratory for partial Support of this work, grant FA9550-08-1-0204. A.R.B.M. is indebted to the M. De Merre Prize of Louvain. This work was also supported in part by CONACYT-Mexico grants: Fondo Mixto de San Luis Potosi 63001 S-3908 and 63072 S-3909 (EMS.), 60218-F1 (F.L.U.), 48300 (E.M.S.), and postdoctoral fellowship (N.P.L.). NR 24 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 37 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1936-0851 EI 1936-086X J9 ACS NANO JI ACS Nano PD JUN PY 2011 VL 5 IS 6 BP 5072 EP 5077 DI 10.1021/nn201149y PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 783AZ UT WOS:000292055200095 PM 21609029 ER PT J AU Alaboson, JMP Wang, QH Emery, JD Lipson, AL Bedzyk, MJ Elam, JW Pellin, MJ Hersam, MC AF Alaboson, Justice M. P. Wang, Qing Hua Emery, Jonathan D. Lipson, Albert L. Bedzyk, Michael J. Elam, Jeffrey W. Pellin, Michael J. Hersam, Mark C. TI Seeding Atomic Layer Deposition of High-k Dielectrics on Epitaxial Graphene with Organic Self-Assembled Monolayers SO ACS NANO LA English DT Article DE graphene; gate insulator; transistor; hafnia; alumina; PTCDA; organic seeding layer ID X-RAY REFLECTIVITY; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; TRANSISTORS; SILICON; CAPACITANCE; REFINEMENT; GROWTH; OXIDES AB The development of high-performance graphene-based nanoelectronics requires the Integration of ultrathin and pinhole-free high-k dielectric films with graphene at the wafer scale. Here, we demonstrate that self-assembled monolayers of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) act as effective organic seeding layers for atomic layer deposition (ALD) of HfO(2) and Al(2)O(3) on epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001). The PTCDA is deposited via sublimation in ultrahigh vacuum and shown to be highly ordered with low defect density by molecular-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy. Whereas identical AID conditions lead to incomplete and rough dielectric deposition on bare graphene, the chemical functionality provided by the PTCDA seeding layer yields highly uniform and Mnidrmal films. The morphology and chemistry of the dielectric films are characterized by atomic force microscopy, ellipsometry, cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, while high-resolution X-ray reflectivity measurements Indicate that the underlying graphene remains Intact following AID. Using the PTCDA seeding layer, metal-oxide-graphene capacitors fabricated with a 3 nm Al(2)O(3) and 10 nm HfO(2) dielectric stack show high capacitance values of similar to 700 nF/cm(2) and low leakage currents of similar to 5 x 10(-9) A/cm(2) at 1 V applied bias. These results demonstrate the viability of sublimated organic self-assembled monolayers as seeding layers for high-k dielectric films in graphene-based nanoelectronics. C1 [Alaboson, Justice M. P.; Wang, Qing Hua; Emery, Jonathan D.; Lipson, Albert L.; Bedzyk, Michael J.; Hersam, Mark C.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Alaboson, Justice M. P.; Bedzyk, Michael J.; Pellin, Michael J.] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Elam, Jeffrey W.] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Syst, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Bedzyk, Michael J.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Hersam, Mark C.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Med, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Pellin, Michael J.; Hersam, Mark C.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Hersam, MC (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. EM m-hersam@northwestern.edu RI Pellin, Michael/B-5897-2008; Bedzyk, Michael/B-7503-2009; Hersam, Mark/B-6739-2009; Bedzyk, Michael/K-6903-2013; Wang, Qing Hua/G-1596-2016; Lee, Han-Bo-Ram/E-8879-2012 OI Pellin, Michael/0000-0002-8149-9768; Wang, Qing Hua/0000-0002-7982-7275; Lee, Han-Bo-Ram/0000-0002-0097-6738 FU National Science Foundation [DMR-0520513]; Office of Naval Research [N00014-09-1-0180]; Argonne National Laboratory (ANL); Department of Energy [DE-SC0001059, DE-AC02-06CH11357]; U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science Laboratory [DE-AC02-06CH11357]; NSF-NSEC; NSF-MRSEC; Keck Foundation; State of Illinois FX This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (Award Number DMR-0520513), the Office of Naval Research (Award Number N00014-09-1-0180), Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), and ANSER Energy Frontier Research Center (funded by the Department of Energy, Award Number DE-SC0001059). ANL Is a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science Laboratory operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357 by UChicago Argonne, LLC. In addition, the FIB-SEM Characterization by ALL. was funded by the Department of Energy,(Award Number DE-AC02-06CH11357 to the CEESEFRC). FIB-SEM and XPS were performed in the NUANCE facility at Northwestern University, which is supported by the NSF-NSEC, NSF-MRSEC, Keck Foundation, and State of Illinois. The authors thank P. Fenter for the development of extraction and analysis routines for the XRR data. Finally, the authors acknowledge J. Lyding for use of his STM control software. NR 47 TC 87 Z9 88 U1 16 U2 296 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1936-0851 J9 ACS NANO JI ACS Nano PD JUN PY 2011 VL 5 IS 6 BP 5223 EP 5232 DI 10.1021/nn201414d PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 783AZ UT WOS:000292055200114 PM 21553842 ER PT J AU Duque, JG Chen, H Swan, AK Shreve, AP Kilina, S Tretiak, S Tu, XM Zheng, M Doorn, SK AF Duque, Juan G. Chen, Hang Swan, Anna K. Shreve, Andrew P. Kilina, Svetlana Tretiak, Sergei Tu, Xiaomin Zheng, Ming Doorn, Stephen K. TI Violation of the Condon Approximation in Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes SO ACS NANO LA English DT Article DE carbon nanotube; Raman; G band; exciton-phonon coupling; spectroscopy ID BORN-OPPENHEIMER APPROXIMATION; RAMAN-SCATTERING; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; DIRAC FERMIONS; GRAPHENE; BREAKDOWN; MODES; INTERFERENCE; FLUORESCENCE; INTENSITIES AB The Condon approximation is widely applied in molecular and condensed matter spectroscopy and states that electronic transition dipoles are independent of nuclear positions. This approximation is related to the Franck-Condon principle, which in its simplest form holds that electronic transitions are instantaneous on the time scale of nuclear motion. The Condon approximation leads to a long-held assumption in Raman spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes: Intensities arising from resonance with incident and scattered photons are equal. Direct testing of this assumption has not been possible due to the lack of homogeneous populations of specific carbon nanotube chiralities. Here, we present the first complete Raman excitation profiles (REPS) for the nanotube G band for 10 pure semiconducting chiralities. In contrast to expectations, a strong asymmetry is observed in the REPs for all chiralities, with the scattered resonance always appearing weaker than the incident resonance. The observed behavior results from violation of the Condon approximation and originates in changes In the electronic transition dipole due to nuclear motion (non-Condon effect), as confirmed by our quantum chemical calculations. The agreement of our calculations with the experimental REP asymmetries and observed trends in family dependence indicates the behavior is intrinsic. C1 [Duque, Juan G.; Shreve, Andrew P.; Kilina, Svetlana; Tretiak, Sergei; Doorn, Stephen K.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Integrated Nanotechnol, MPA CINT, MS K771, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Duque, Juan G.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Phys Chem & Appl Spect C PCS, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Chen, Hang; Swan, Anna K.] Boston Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Chen, Hang; Swan, Anna K.] Boston Univ, Photon Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Tu, Xiaomin; Zheng, Ming] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Doorn, SK (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Integrated Nanotechnol, MPA CINT, MS K771, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM skdoorn@lanl.gov RI Sanders, Susan/G-1957-2011; Tretiak, Sergei/B-5556-2009 OI Tretiak, Sergei/0000-0001-5547-3647 FU LANL-LDRD program; NSF [DMR-0706574, EPS-0814442, CMS-060950]; ND EPSCoR FX J.G.D., S.T., and S.K.D. acknowledge support from the LANL-LDRD program. A.K.S. acknowledges the support of NSF Grant DMR-0706574. S.K. acknowledges support from ND EPSCoR and NSF grant #EPS-0814442. X.T. and M.Z. acknowledge the support of NSF Grant CMS-060950. This work was performed in part at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences user facility. NR 54 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 33 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1936-0851 EI 1936-086X J9 ACS NANO JI ACS Nano PD JUN PY 2011 VL 5 IS 6 BP 5233 EP 5241 DI 10.1021/nn201430z PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 783AZ UT WOS:000292055200115 PM 21612303 ER PT J AU Stracuzzi, DJ Fern, A Ali, K Hess, R Pinto, J Li, N Konik, T Shapiro, D AF Stracuzzi, David J. Fern, Alan Ali, Kamal Hess, Robin Pinto, Jervis Li, Nan Koenik, Tolga Shapiro, Dan TI An Application of Transfer to American Football: From Observation of Raw Video to Control in a Simulated Environment SO AI MAGAZINE LA English DT Article ID SOAR AB Automatic transfer of learned knowledge from one task or domain to another offers great potential to simplify and expedite the construction and deployment of intelligent systems. In practice however, there are many barriers to achieving this goal. In this article, we present a prototype system for the real-world context of transferring knowledge of American football from video observation to control in a game simulator. We trace an example play from the raw video through execution and adaptation in the simulator, highlighting the system's component algorithms along with issues of complexity, generality, and scale. We then conclude with a discussion of the implications of this work for other applications, along with several possible improvements. C1 [Stracuzzi, David J.] Sandia Natl Labs, Tech Staff, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Hess, Robin] Oregon State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Ali, Kamal] Stanford Univ, CSLI, Computat Learning Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Pinto, Jervis] Oregon State Univ, Machine Learning Grp, Res Area Reinforcement Learning, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Li, Nan] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Koenik, Tolga] Stanford Univ, Log Grp, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Shapiro, Dan] ISLE, Palo Alto, CA 94306 USA. RP Stracuzzi, DJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Tech Staff, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. FU DARPA [FA8750-05-2-0283]; NSF [IIS-0546867] FX This material is based on research sponsored by DARPA under agreement FA8750-05-2-0283, and NSF under grant IIS-0546867. The U. S. government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation thereon. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of DARPA, NSF, or the U.S. government. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC ARTIFICIAL INTELL PI MENLO PK PA 445 BURGESS DRIVE, MENLO PK, CA 94025-3496 USA SN 0738-4602 J9 AI MAG JI AI Mag. PD SUM PY 2011 VL 32 IS 2 BP 107 EP 125 PG 19 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 784RR UT WOS:000292176400009 ER PT J AU Cho, YK Jung, YS Foley, BT AF Cho, Young-Keol Jung, You-Sun Foley, Brian T. TI Phylogenetic Analysis of Full-Length pol Gene from Korean Hemophiliacs and Plasma Donors Infected with Korean Subclade B of HIV Type 1 SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE; MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT; 1-INFECTED PATIENTS; MONOPHYLETIC CLADE; RAPID PROGRESSION; SUBTYPE-B; TRANSMISSION AB There was an outbreak of HIV-1 transmission among 20 out of 122 Korean hemophiliacs from 1990. We assessed the genetic relationships among HIV-1 viruses found in three cash-paid plasma donors whose preseroconversion plasma was used to produce Korean-made clotting factor, 20 hemophiliacs infected with HIV-1 in Korea, three hemophiliacs infected with HIV-1 from clotting factor manufactured outside Korea, and 71 local control patients infected with the Korean subclade of HIV-1 subtype B (KSB). Full-length pol gene sequences (2841 bp) of viruses from frozen stored serum, samples obtained 1-3 years after diagnosis, were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced by direct DNA sequencing. Phylogenetic and signature pattern analyses were used to investigate the relationships among the sequences. Donors O and P were associated with two clusters, of 8 and 12 hemophiliacs, respectively, which were demarcated from the 71 KSB-infected local control patients and donor R. These data confirm that HIV-1 transmission to 20 hemophiliacs occurred through infusion of Korean-made clotting factor. C1 [Cho, Young-Keol; Jung, You-Sun] Univ Ulsan, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol, Seoul 138736, South Korea. [Foley, Brian T.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Theoret Biol & Biophys Grp, HIV Databases, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Cho, YK (reprint author), Univ Ulsan, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol, Asanbyeongwon Gil 154, Seoul 138736, South Korea. EM ykcho2@amc.seoul.kr OI Foley, Brian/0000-0002-1086-0296 FU Korea Ginseng Corporation FX This work was supported by a grant from the Korean Society of Ginseng funded by the Korea Ginseng Corporation (2009-2010). We thank former Dean, professor Jae-Dam Lee, for his encouragement and support. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 27 IS 6 BP 613 EP 621 DI 10.1089/aid.2010.0174 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 769LJ UT WOS:000291014700005 PM 21062223 ER PT J AU Brady, GR Ellis, AR Moehring, DL Stick, D Highstrete, C Fortier, KM Blain, MG Haltli, RA Cruz-Cabrera, AA Briggs, RD Wendt, JR Carter, TR Samora, S Kemme, SA AF Brady, G. R. Ellis, A. R. Moehring, D. L. Stick, D. Highstrete, C. Fortier, K. M. Blain, M. G. Haltli, R. A. Cruz-Cabrera, A. A. Briggs, R. D. Wendt, J. R. Carter, T. R. Samora, S. Kemme, S. A. TI Integration of fluorescence collection optics with a microfabricated surface electrode ion trap SO APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS LA English DT Article ID FREE-SPACE AB We have successfully demonstrated an integrated optical system for collecting the fluorescence from a trapped ion. The system, consisting of an array of transmissive, dielectric micro-optics and an optical fiber array, has been intimately incorporated into the ion-trapping chip without negatively impacting trapping performance. Epoxies, vacuum feedthrough, and optical component materials were carefully chosen so that they did not degrade the vacuum environment, and we have demonstrated light detection as well as ion trapping and shuttling behavior comparable to trapping chips without integrated optics, with no modification to the control voltages of the trapping chip. C1 [Brady, G. R.; Ellis, A. R.; Moehring, D. L.; Stick, D.; Highstrete, C.; Fortier, K. M.; Blain, M. G.; Haltli, R. A.; Cruz-Cabrera, A. A.; Briggs, R. D.; Wendt, J. R.; Carter, T. R.; Samora, S.; Kemme, S. A.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Brady, GR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM grbrady@sandia.gov FU United States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-AC04-94AL85000] FX Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. NR 21 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0946-2171 J9 APPL PHYS B-LASERS O JI Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 103 IS 4 BP 801 EP 808 DI 10.1007/s00340-011-4453-z PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 782GL UT WOS:000291996400005 ER PT J AU Cooperman, A Dieckmann, J Brodrick, J AF Cooperman, Alissa Dieckmann, John Brodrick, James TI Home Envelope Retrofits SO ASHRAE JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 [Cooperman, Alissa; Dieckmann, John] TIAX LLC, Mech Syst Grp, Cambridge, MA USA. [Brodrick, James] US DOE, Bldg Technol Program, Washington, DC USA. RP Cooperman, A (reprint author), TIAX LLC, Mech Syst Grp, Cambridge, MA USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 0001-2491 J9 ASHRAE J JI ASHRAE J. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 53 IS 6 BP 82 EP 85 PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 775XT UT WOS:000291497500024 ER PT J AU Specht, P Gulotty, RJ Barton, D Cieslinski, R Rozeveld, S Kang, JH Dubon, OD Kisielowski, C AF Specht, Petra Gulotty, Robert J., Jr. Barton, David Cieslinski, Robert Rozeveld, Steve Kang, Joo H. Dubon, Oscar. D. Kisielowski, Christian TI Quantitative Contrast Evaluation of an Industry-Style Rhodium Nanocatalyst with Single Atom Sensitivity SO CHEMCATCHEM LA English DT Article DE contrast; heterogeneous catalysis; phonons; rhodium; transmission electron microscopy ID ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; CATALYSTS AB Aberration-corrected electron microscopy opens new ways for material characterization. In catalyst research it will enable the observation of single atom arrangements, such as the location of promoter atoms on catalyst particles. However, quantitative procedures must be developed to account for dynamic contrast changes resulting from beam-sample interactions and incoherent instrument aberrations. We demonstrate that at low acceleration voltage (80 kV), for which knock-on damage is suppressed, the residual intensity fluctuations can be attributed to the presence of phonons resulting in 3D low frequency atom displacements. For rhodium [110] oriented particles it was found that the catalysts are platelets with an aspect ratio of about 0.2 and a surface roughness of +/- 1 atom. Observation of single surface atoms requires minimization of phonon-induced motion. C1 [Specht, Petra; Dubon, Oscar. D.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Specht, Petra; Dubon, Oscar. D.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, MSD, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Gulotty, Robert J., Jr.; Barton, David; Cieslinski, Robert; Rozeveld, Steve; Kang, Joo H.] Dow Chem Co USA, Midland, MI 48667 USA. [Kisielowski, Christian] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Joint Ctr Artificial Photosynthesis, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Specht, P (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM specht@berkeley.edu RI Barton, David/B-8601-2013 OI Barton, David/0000-0002-4518-6609 FU Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX This research was supported by Dow Chemical Company. Electron microscopy was performed at NCEM, which is supported by the Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 4 U2 25 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1867-3880 J9 CHEMCATCHEM JI ChemCatChem PD JUN PY 2011 VL 3 IS 6 SI SI BP 1034 EP 1037 DI 10.1002/cctc.201000396 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 784YB UT WOS:000292193500014 ER PT J AU Taylor, SM Karotsis, G McIntosh, RD Kennedy, S Teat, SJ Beavers, CM Wernsdorfer, W Piligkos, S Dalgarno, SJ Brechin, EK AF Taylor, Stephanie M. Karotsis, Georgios McIntosh, Ruaraidh D. Kennedy, Stuart Teat, Simon J. Beavers, Christine M. Wernsdorfer, Wolfgang Piligkos, Stergios Dalgarno, Scott J. Brechin, Euan K. TI A Family of Calix[4]arene-Supported [(Mn2Mn2II)-Mn-III] Clusters SO CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE calixarenes; cluster compounds; manganese; self-assembly; supramolecular chemistry ID SINGLE-MOLECULE MAGNETS; VALENCE SUM ANALYSIS; LIGAND BOND LENGTHS; HIGH-SPIN MOLECULES; TRANSITION-METAL; MODEL COMPLEXES; CALIXARENES; METALLOENZYMES; CHEMISTRY; CAPSULES AB In the cone conformation calix[4]arenes possess lower-rim polyphenolic pockets that are ideal for the complexation of various transition-metal centres. Reaction of these molecules with manganese salts in the presence of an appropriate base (and in some cases co-ligand) results in the formation of a family of calixarene-supported [(Mn2Mn2II)-Mn-III] clusters that behave as single-molecule magnets (SMMs). Variation in the alkyl groups present at the upper-rim of the cone allows for the expression of a degree of control over the self-assembly of these SMM building blocks, whilst retaining the general magnetic properties. The presence of various different ligands around the periphery of the magnetic core has some effect over the extended self-assembly of these SMMs. C1 [McIntosh, Ruaraidh D.; Kennedy, Stuart; Dalgarno, Scott J.] Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Engn & Phys Sci, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland. [Taylor, Stephanie M.; Karotsis, Georgios; Brechin, Euan K.] Univ Edinburgh, EastCHEM Sch Chem, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Midlothian, Scotland. [Teat, Simon J.; Beavers, Christine M.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Wernsdorfer, Wolfgang] CNRS, Inst Neel, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. [Wernsdorfer, Wolfgang] Univ Grenoble 1, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. [Piligkos, Stergios] Univ Copenhagen, Dept Chem, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Dalgarno, SJ (reprint author), Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Engn & Phys Sci, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland. EM s.j.dalgarno@hw.ac.uk; ebrechin@staffmail.ed.ac.uk RI McIntosh, Ruaraidh/F-9750-2011; Piligkos, Stergios/C-7409-2013; Kennedy, Stuart/D-5248-2014; Brechin, Euan/M-5130-2014; Wernsdorfer, Wolfgang/M-2280-2016; Dalgarno, Scott/A-7358-2010 OI McIntosh, Ruaraidh/0000-0002-7563-5655; Piligkos, Stergios/0000-0002-4011-6476; Kennedy, Stuart/0000-0002-1769-8797; Brechin, Euan/0000-0002-9365-370X; Wernsdorfer, Wolfgang/0000-0003-4602-5257; Dalgarno, Scott/0000-0001-7831-012X FU EPSRC; Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; Danish Natural Science Research Council (FNU) FX E.K.B. and S.J.D. would like to acknowledge the financial support of the EPSRC. The Advanced Light Source is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. S.P. thanks the Danish Natural Science Research Council (FNU) for a Steno Fellowship. NR 54 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 41 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA BOSCHSTRASSE 12, D-69469 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0947-6539 J9 CHEM-EUR J JI Chem.-Eur. J. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 17 IS 27 BP 7521 EP 7530 DI 10.1002/chem.201003327 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 785EX UT WOS:000292211300019 PM 21594912 ER PT J AU Moridis, GJ Doughty, C AF Moridis, George J. Doughty, Christine TI Special issue on the 2009 TOUGH symposium Foreword SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Moridis, George J.; Doughty, Christine] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Moridis, GJ (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA USA. RI Doughty, Christine/G-2389-2015 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 37 IS 6 SI SI BP 713 EP 713 DI 10.1016/j.cageo.2011.04.017 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 787BR UT WOS:000292352100001 ER PT J AU Zhang, K Moridis, G Pruess, K AF Zhang, Keni Moridis, George Pruess, Karsten TI TOUGH+CO2: A multiphase fluid-flow simulator for CO2 geologic sequestration in saline aquifers SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Transport of Unsaturated Groundwater and Heat (TOUGH) Symposium CY SEP 14-16, 2009 CL Berkeley, CA DE CO2 geologic sequestration; Saline aquifer; Modeling; TOUGH; TOUGH2; Parallel computing; Multiphase flow ID POROUS-MEDIA; NUMERICAL-MODEL; TRANSPORT; SOILS AB TOUGH +CO2 is a new simulator for modeling of CO2 geologic sequestration in saline aquifers. It is a member of TOUGH+, the successor to the TOUGH2 family of codes for multicomponent, multiphase fluid and heat flow simulation. The code accounts for heat and up to 3 mass components, which are partitioned into three possible phases. In the code, the thermodynamics and thermophysical properties of H2O-NaCl-CO2 mixtures are determined based on system status and subdivided into six different phase combinations. By solving coupled mass and heat balance equations, TOUGH +CO2 can model non-isothermal or isothermal CO2 injection, phase behavior and flow of fluids and heat under typical conditions of temperature, pressure and salinity in CO2 geologic storage projects. The code takes into account effects of salt precipitation on porosity and permeability changes, and the wettability phenomena. The new simulator inherits all capabilities of TOUGH2 in handling fractured media and using unstructured meshes for complex simulation domains. The code adds additional relative permeability and capillary pressure functions. The FORTRAN 95 OOP architecture and other new language features have been extensively used to enhance memory use and computing efficiency. In addition, a domain decomposition approach has been implemented for parallel simulation. All these features lead to increased computational efficiency, and allow applicability of the code to multi-core/processor parallel computing platforms with excellent scalability. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Zhang, Keni; Moridis, George; Pruess, Karsten] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Zhang, K (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM kzhang@lbl.gov NR 36 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 EI 1873-7803 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 37 IS 6 SI SI BP 714 EP 723 DI 10.1016/j.cageo.2010.09.011 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 787BR UT WOS:000292352100002 ER PT J AU Finsterle, S Zhang, YQ AF Finsterle, Stefan Zhang, Yingqi TI Error handling strategies in multiphase inverse modeling SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Transport of Unsaturated Groundwater and Heat (TOUGH) Symposium CY SEP 14-16, 2009 CL Berkeley, CA DE Multiphase flow; Inverse modeling; Residual analysis; Robust estimation; iTOUGH2 ID PARAMETERS AB Parameter estimation by inverse modeling involves the repeated evaluation of a function of residuals. These residuals represent both errors in the model and errors in the data. In practical applications of inverse modeling of multiphase flow and transport, the error structure of the final residuals often significantly deviates from the statistical assumptions that underlie standard maximum likelihood estimation using the least-squares method. Large random or systematic errors are likely to lead to convergence problems, biased parameter estimates, misleading uncertainty measures, or poor predictive capabilities of the calibrated model. The multiphase inverse modeling code iTOUGH2 supports strategies that identify and mitigate the impact of systematic or non-normal error structures. We discuss these approaches and provide an overview of the error handling features implemented in iTOUGH2. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Finsterle, Stefan; Zhang, Yingqi] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Finsterle, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, 1 Cyclotron Rd,MS 90-1116, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM SAFinsterle@lbl.gov RI Finsterle, Stefan/A-8360-2009; Zhang, Yingqi/D-1203-2015 OI Finsterle, Stefan/0000-0002-4446-9906; NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 37 IS 6 SI SI BP 724 EP 730 DI 10.1016/j.cageo.2010.11.009 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 787BR UT WOS:000292352100003 ER PT J AU Finsterle, S Kowalsky, MB AF Finsterle, Stefan Kowalsky, Michael B. TI A truncated Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for the calibration of highly parameterized nonlinear models SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2009 Transport of Unsaturated Groundwater and Heat (TOUGH) Symposium CY SEP 14-16, 2009 CL Berkeley, CA DE Multiphase flow; Inverse modeling; Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm; Parameterization; iTOUGH2 ID INVERSE PROBLEM; FLOW; IDENTIFICATION AB We propose a modification to the Levenberg-Marquardt minimization algorithm for a more robust and more efficient calibration of highly parameterized, strongly nonlinear models of multiphase flow through porous media. The new method combines the advantages of truncated singular value decomposition with those of the classical Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, thus enabling a more robust solution of underdetermined inverse problems with complex relations between the parameters to be estimated and the observable state variables used for calibration. The truncation limit separating the solution space from the calibration null space is re-evaluated during the iterative calibration process. In between these re-evaluations, fewer forward simulations are required, compared to the standard approach, to calculate the approximate sensitivity matrix. Truncated singular values are used to calculate the Levenberg-Marquardt parameter updates, ensuring that safe small steps along the steepest-descent direction are taken for highly correlated parameters of low sensitivity, whereas efficient quasi-Gauss-Newton steps are taken for independent parameters with high impact. The performance of the proposed scheme is demonstrated for a synthetic data set representing infiltration into a partially saturated, heterogeneous soil, where hydrogeological, petrophysical, and geostatistical parameters are estimated based on the joint inversion of hydrological and geophysical data. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Finsterle, Stefan; Kowalsky, Michael B.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Finsterle, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, 1 Cyclotron Rd,MS 90-1116, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM SAFinsterle@lbl.gov RI Finsterle, Stefan/A-8360-2009 OI Finsterle, Stefan/0000-0002-4446-9906 NR 27 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 37 IS 6 SI SI BP 731 EP 738 DI 10.1016/j.cageo.2010.11.005 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 787BR UT WOS:000292352100004 ER PT J AU Rutqvist, J AF Rutqvist, Jonny TI Status of the TOUGH-FLAC simulator and recent applications related to coupled fluid flow and crustal deformations SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2009 Transport of Unsaturated Groundwater and Heat (TOUGH) Symposium CY SEP 14-16, 2009 CL Berkeley, CA DE TOUGH; FLAC3D; Modeling; Fluid flow; Geomechanics ID NUCLEAR-WASTE REPOSITORIES; PARTITIONED SOLUTION PROCEDURE; FRACTURED ROCK PERMEABILITY; DRIFT SCALE TEST; YUCCA MOUNTAIN; GEOTHERMAL-FIELD; CO2; INJECTION; CALIFORNIA; GEYSERS AB This paper presents recent advancement in and applications of TOUGH-FLAC, a simulator for multiphase fluid flow and geomechanics. The TOUGH-FLAC simulator links the TOUGH family multiphase fluid and heat transport codes with the commercial FLAC(3D) geomechanical simulator. The most significant new TOUGH-FLAC development in the past few years is a revised architecture, enabling a more rigorous and tight coupling procedure with improved computational efficiency. The applications presented in this paper are related to modeling of crustal deformations caused by deep underground fluid movements and pressure changes as a result of both industrial activities (the In Salah CO(2) Storage Project and the Geysers Geothermal Field) and natural events (the 1960s Matsushiro Earthquake Swarm). Finally, the paper provides some perspectives on the future of TOUGH-FLAC in light of its applicability to practical problems and the need for high-performance computing capabilities for field-scale problems, such as industrial-scale CO(2) storage and enhanced geothermal systems. It is concluded that despite some limitations to fully adapting a commercial code such as FLAC3D for some specialized research and computational needs, TOUGH-FLAC is likely to remain a pragmatic simulation approach, with an increasing number of users in both academia and industry. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Rutqvist, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, MS 90-1116, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM jrutqvist@lbl.gov RI Rutqvist, Jonny/F-4957-2015 OI Rutqvist, Jonny/0000-0002-7949-9785 NR 79 TC 89 Z9 98 U1 10 U2 54 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 37 IS 6 SI SI BP 739 EP 750 DI 10.1016/j.cageo.2010.08.006 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 787BR UT WOS:000292352100005 ER PT J AU Rutqvist, J Ijiri, Y Yamamoto, H AF Rutqvist, Jonny Ijiri, Yuji Yamamoto, Hajime TI Implementation of the Barcelona Basic Model into TOUGH-FLAC for simulations of the geomechanical behavior of unsaturated soils SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2009 Transport of Unsaturated Groundwater and Heat (TOUGH) Symposium CY SEP 14-16, 2009 CL Berkeley, CA DE TOUGH; FLAC3D; BBM; Coupled modeling; Unsaturated soil ID NUCLEAR-WASTE REPOSITORIES; SATURATED SOILS; FRACTURED ROCK; BENTONITE; FORMULATION; EQUATIONS; MEDIA AB This paper presents the implementation of the Barcelona Basic Model (BBM) into the TOUGH-FLAC simulator analyzing the geomechanical behavior of unsaturated soils. We implemented the BBM into TOUGH-FLAC by (1) extending an existing FLAC(3D) module for the Modified Cam-Clay (MCC) model in FLAC3D and (2) adding computational routines for suction-dependent strain and net stress (i.e., total stress minus gas pressure) for unsaturated soils. We implemented a thermo-elasto-plastic version of the BBM, wherein the soil strength depends on both suction and temperature. The implementation of the BBM into TOUGH-FLAC was verified and tested against several published numerical model simulations and laboratory experiments involving the coupled thermal-hydrological-mechanical (THM) behavior of unsaturated soils. The simulation tests included modeling the mechanical behavior of bentonite-sand mixtures, which are being considered as back-fill and buffer materials for geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel. We also tested and demonstrated the use of the BBM and TOUGH-FLAC for a problem involving the coupled THM processes within a bentonite-backfilled nuclear waste emplacement tunnel. The simulation results indicated complex geomechanical behavior of the bentonite backfill, including a nonuniform distribution of buffer porosity and density that could not be captured in an alternative, simplified, linear-elastic swelling model. As a result of the work presented in this paper, TOUGH-FLAC with BBM is now fully operational and ready to be applied to problems associated with nuclear waste disposal in bentonite-backfilled tunnels, as well as other scientific and engineering problems related to the mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Rutqvist, Jonny] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Ijiri, Yuji; Yamamoto, Hajime] Taisei Corp, Nucl Facil Div, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1630606, Japan. RP Rutqvist, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, MS 90-1116, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM jrutqvist@lbl.gov RI Rutqvist, Jonny/F-4957-2015 OI Rutqvist, Jonny/0000-0002-7949-9785 NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 37 IS 6 SI SI BP 751 EP 762 DI 10.1016/j.cageo.2010.10.011 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 787BR UT WOS:000292352100006 ER PT J AU Xu, TF Spycher, N Sonnenthal, E Zhang, GX Zheng, LE Pruess, K AF Xu, Tianfu Spycher, Nicolas Sonnenthal, Eric Zhang, Guoxiang Zheng, Liange Pruess, Karsten TI TOUGHREACT Version 2.0: A simulator for subsurface reactive transport under non-isothermal multiphase flow conditions SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Transport of Unsaturated Groundwater and Heat (TOUGH) Symposium CY SEP 14-16, 2009 CL Berkeley, CA DE Multi-phase flow; Reactive transport; TOUGHREACT; CO2 geological storage; Environmental remediation; Nuclear waste geological disposal ID LAKE COEUR-DALENE; POROUS-MEDIA; FLUID-FLOW; GEOCHEMICAL TRANSPORT; MULTIREGION MODEL; SALINE AQUIFERS; BRINE PILOT; CO2 STORAGE; SEDIMENTS; USA AB TOUGHREACT is a numerical simulation program for chemically reactive non-isothermal flows of multiphase fluids in porous and fractured media, and was developed by introducing reactive chemistry into the multiphase fluid and heat flow simulator TOUGH2 V2. The first version of TOUGHREACT was released to the public through the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Science and Technology Software Center (ESTSC) in August 2004. It is among the most frequently requested of ESTSC's codes. The code has been widely used for studies in CO2 geological sequestration, nuclear waste isolation, geothermal energy development, environmental remediation, and increasingly for petroleum applications. Over the past several years, many new capabilities have been developed, which were incorporated into Version 2 of TOUGHREACT. Major additions and improvements in Version 2 are discussed here, and two application examples are presented: (1) long-term fate of injected CO2 in a storage reservoir and (2) biogeochemical cycling of metals in mining-impacted lake sediments. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Xu, Tianfu; Spycher, Nicolas; Sonnenthal, Eric; Zhang, Guoxiang; Zheng, Liange; Pruess, Karsten] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Xu, TF (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM Tianfu_Xu@lbl.gov RI zheng, liange/B-9748-2011; Sonnenthal, Eric/A-4336-2009; Spycher, Nicolas/E-6899-2010 OI zheng, liange/0000-0002-9376-2535; NR 38 TC 100 Z9 111 U1 8 U2 55 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 EI 1873-7803 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 37 IS 6 SI SI BP 763 EP 774 DI 10.1016/j.cageo.2010.10.007 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 787BR UT WOS:000292352100007 ER PT J AU Julian, C Lucy, T Farr, J AF Julian, Cotye Lucy, Tana Farr, John TI Commercial-Off-The-Shelf Selection Process SO EMJ-ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Commercial-Off-The-Shelf; COTS; Technology Insertion; Technology Evaluation; Technology Management AB This article presents a Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) evaluation and selection process that utilizes a weighted scoring model to facilitate the comparison of COTS components relative to a number of pre-established evaluation criteria. The application of a COTS evaluation methodology will enable project teams responsible for designing complex systems to take advantage of potential economic leverage and performance advantages COTS technology presents. More importantly, this approach provides a mechanism for careful evaluation of the candidate COTS components to ensure engineers developing COTS-intensive systems give appropriate consideration to critical COTS attributes such as operational requirements, risk, cost, technology maturity, and supplier viability. C1 [Farr, John] US Mil Acad, Dept Syst Engn, West Point, NY 10996 USA. [Lucy, Tana] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Julian, Cotye] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Farr, J (reprint author), US Mil Acad, Dept Syst Engn, Rm 403A,MaHan Hall, West Point, NY 10996 USA. EM john.farr@usma.edu NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT PI ROLLA PA PO BOX 820, ROLLA, MO 65402 USA SN 1042-9247 J9 EMJ-ENG MANAG J JI EMJ-Eng. Manag. J. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 23 IS 2 BP 63 EP 71 PG 9 WC Engineering, Industrial; Management SC Engineering; Business & Economics GA 971JG UT WOS:000306199600007 ER PT J AU Zhou, HS Zhao, LP Umstadter, K Wong, CPC Rudakov, D Wampler, W Luo, GN AF Zhou, H. S. Zhao, L. P. Umstadter, K. Wong, C. P. C. Rudakov, D. Wampler, W. Luo, G. -N. TI Exposure of vacuum plasma spraying tungsten to PISCES and DIII-D plasmas SO FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN LA English DT Article DE Plasma facing materials; VPS-W; Surface morphology; Erosion; Retention ID FLUX HELIUM PLASMA; LOW-ENERGY; SURFACE; DIVERTOR; EAST AB The effects of D plasma pre-irradiation of vacuum plasma spraying tungsten (VPS-W), when exposed to He plasma exposures were investigated by using the linear plasma simulator, PISCES-A and the divertor materials evaluation system (DiMES) in DIII-D tokamak. Polished VPS-W samples with and without pre-exposure to 1 x 10(26) D/m(2) deuterium plasma were loaded into PISCES-A as well as DiMES for He exposure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that significant surface morphology changes occur under tokamak condition. Mass loss of the samples is found to be relevant to poloidal loading position in DIII-D, indicating erosion induced by ELMing He plasma exposure. The effects of D pre-irradiation on retention are discussed by comparing results of nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Zhou, H. S.; Zhao, L. P.; Luo, G. -N.] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Plasma Phys, Hefei 230031, Anhui, Peoples R China. [Umstadter, K.; Rudakov, D.] Univ Calif San Diego, Energy Res Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Wong, C. P. C.] Gen Atom Co, San Diego, CA 92186 USA. [Wampler, W.] Sandia Natl Labs, Radiat Solid Interact Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Luo, GN (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Plasma Phys, Hefei 230031, Anhui, Peoples R China. EM gnluo@ipp.ac.cn FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [10905070, 10728510, 10875148]; National Fundamental Research Program of China [2009GB106005]; JSPS-CAS Core-University; US-PRC; IAEA-CRP [14909]; U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FC02-04ER54698, DE-FG02-07ER-54912] FX This work was supported partially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract nos. 10905070, 10728510 and 10875148, National Fundamental Research Program of China (ITER-support program no. 2009GB106005), the JSPS-CAS Core-University Program in the field of Plasma and Nuclear Fusion, the US-PRC magnetic fusion collaboration program, and IAEA-CRP Contract 14909, the U.S. Department of Energy under nos. DE-FC02-04ER54698 and DE-FG02-07ER-54912. The author would like to thank the technical assistance of Leo Chousal from UCSD. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0920-3796 J9 FUSION ENG DES JI Fusion Eng. Des. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 86 IS 4-5 BP 325 EP 329 DI 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2011.02.043 PG 5 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 785MU UT WOS:000292233900009 ER PT J AU Kalling, RC Evans, TE Orlov, DM Schissel, DP Maingi, R Menard, JE Sabbagh, SA AF Kalling, R. C. Evans, T. E. Orlov, D. M. Schissel, D. P. Maingi, R. Menard, J. E. Sabbagh, S. A. TI Accelerating the numerical simulation of magnetic field lines in tokamaks using the GPU SO FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN LA English DT Article DE Stochastic magnetic field lines; Graphical processing unit; General-purpose computation on graphical processing units; Tokamaks; NSTX; Non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations ID PHYSICS; EDGE AB TRIP3D is a field line simulation code that numerically integrates a set of nonlinear magnetic field line differential equations. The code is used to study properties of magnetic islands and stochastic or chaotic field line topologies that are important for designing non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbation coils for controlling plasma instabilities in future machines. The code is very computationally intensive and for large runs can take on the order of days to complete on a traditional single CPU. This work describes how the code was converted from Fortran to C and then restructured to take advantage of GPU computing using NVIDIA's CUDA. The reduction in computing time has been dramatic where runs that previously took clays now take hours allowing a scale of problem to be examined that would previously not have been attempted. These gains have been accomplished without significant hardware expense. Performance, correctness, code flexibility, and implementation time have been analyzed to gauge the success and applicability of these methods when compared to the traditional multi-CPU approach. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Kalling, R. C.; Evans, T. E.; Schissel, D. P.] Gen Atom Co, San Diego, CA 92186 USA. [Orlov, D. M.] Univ Calif San Diego, La Jolla, CA 90093 USA. [Maingi, R.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Menard, J. E.] Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. [Sabbagh, S. A.] Columbia Univ, Appl Phys & Math Dept, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Schissel, DP (reprint author), Gen Atom Co, POB 85608,MS 13-503, San Diego, CA 92186 USA. EM schissel@fusion.gat.com RI Orlov, Dmitriy/D-2406-2016; OI Orlov, Dmitriy/0000-0002-2230-457X; Menard, Jonathan/0000-0003-1292-3286 FU US Department of Energy [DE-FC02-04ER54698, DE-FG02-99ER54522] FX This work was supported by the US Department of Energy under DE-FC02-04ER54698 and DE-FG02-99ER54522. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0920-3796 J9 FUSION ENG DES JI Fusion Eng. Des. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 86 IS 4-5 BP 399 EP 406 DI 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2011.03.064 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 785MU UT WOS:000292233900018 ER PT J AU Corre, Y Lipa, M Agarici, G Basiuk, V Colas, L Courtois, X Dunand, G Dumont, R Ekedahl, A Gardarein, JL Klepper, CC Martin, V Moncada, V Portafaix, C Rigollet, F Tawizgant, R Travere, JM Vulliez, K AF Corre, Y. Lipa, M. Agarici, G. Basiuk, V. Colas, L. Courtois, X. Dunand, G. Dumont, R. Ekedahl, A. Gardarein, J. -L. Klepper, C. C. Martin, V. Moncada, V. Portafaix, C. Rigollet, F. Tawizgant, R. Travere, J. -M. Vulliez, K. TI Heat flux calculation and problem of flaking of boron carbide coatings on the Faraday screen of the ICRH antennas during Tore Supra high power, long pulse operation SO FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN LA English DT Article DE Thermal calculation; IR thermography; ICRH plasma heating; High power plasma operation ID PLASMA-FACING COMPONENTS; ITER; QUALIFICATION AB Reliable and repetitive high power and long pulse tokamak operation is strongly dependant of the ability to secure the Plasma Facing Components (PFCs). In Tore Supra, a network of 7 infrared (IR) video cameras is routinely used to prevent PFCs overheating and damage in selected regions. Real time feedback control and offline analysis are essential for basic protection and understanding of abnormal thermal events. One important limitation detected by the IR real time feed-back loop during high power RF operation (injected power of 9.5 MW over 26 s and 12 MW over 10 s have been achieved respectively in 2006 and 2008) is due to the interaction between fast ions which increase the power flux density and flaking of the boron carbide coatings on the Faraday screen box of the ICRH antennas. An IR-based experimental procedure is proposed in order to detect new flakes during plasma operation. The thermal response of the B(4)C coating is studied with and without flaking during plasma operation. The experimental heat flux deposited by fast ion losses on the Faraday screen is calculated for high (3.8T) and low magnetic field (2 T) during high RF power operation (with fundamental hydrogen minority and second harmonic ICRH heating schemes respectively). The paper addresses both thermal science issues applied to machine protection and limitation due to fast ions issues during high RF power, long pulse operation. Safety margin to critical heat flux and number of fatigue cycles under heat load are presented in the paper. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Corre, Y.; Lipa, M.; Basiuk, V.; Colas, L.; Courtois, X.; Dunand, G.; Dumont, R.; Ekedahl, A.; Martin, V.; Moncada, V.; Portafaix, C.; Tawizgant, R.; Travere, J. -M.; Vulliez, K.] IRFM, CEA, F-13108 St Paul Les Durance, France. [Agarici, G.] Fus Energy, Barcelona 08019, Spain. [Gardarein, J. -L.; Rigollet, F.] Univ Aix Marseille 1, IUSTI UMR CNRS 65 95, Marseille, France. [Klepper, C. C.] USA ORNL, Div Fus Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Corre, Y (reprint author), IRFM, CEA, F-13108 St Paul Les Durance, France. EM yann.corre@cea.fr RI Dumont, Remi/D-3840-2009; Rigollet, Fabrice/M-2157-2013 FU European Communities FX This work, supported by the European Communities under the contract of Association between EURATOM and CEA, was carried out within the framework of the European Fusion Development Agreement. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. This work could not have been possible without the Tore Supra IR team, in particular the responsible of the IR system Dr Corinne Desgranges, Colette Balorin and Michel Jouve. The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr Andre Grosman, Dr. Marc Missirlian, Dr. Pascale Monier-Garbet and Dr. Marianne Richou for useful discussions and Jean-Michel Bernard for the manufacturing of the B4C sample used to up-date the measurement of the coating conductivity. NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0920-3796 J9 FUSION ENG DES JI Fusion Eng. Des. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 86 IS 4-5 BP 429 EP 441 DI 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2011.03.120 PG 13 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 785MU UT WOS:000292233900023 ER PT J AU Oldenburg, CM AF Oldenburg, Curtis M. TI Health, safety, and environmental risks from energy production: a year-long reality check SO GREENHOUSE GASES-SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 90 1116 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Geol Carbon Sequestrat Program, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Oldenburg, CM (reprint author), 90 1116 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Geol Carbon Sequestrat Program, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM cmoldenburg@lbl.gov RI Oldenburg, Curtis/L-6219-2013 OI Oldenburg, Curtis/0000-0002-0132-6016 NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY PERIODICALS, INC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA ONE MONTGOMERY ST, SUITE 1200, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94104 USA SN 2152-3878 J9 GREENH GASES JI Greenh. Gases PD JUN PY 2011 VL 1 IS 2 BP 102 EP 104 DI 10.1002/ghg.022 PG 3 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V27LQ UT WOS:000208615100004 ER PT J AU Jordan, PD Oldenburg, CM Nicot, JP AF Jordan, Preston D. Oldenburg, Curtis M. Nicot, Jean-Philippe TI Estimating the probability of CO2 plumes encountering faults SO GREENHOUSE GASES-SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE encounter probability; fault encounter; fault leakage; plume; pressure AB One of the main concerns of CO2 storage in saline aquifers is leakage via faults. In the early stages of site selection, site-specific fault (map) coverages are often not available for these saline aquifers. This lack of site-specific data motivates development of a method that makes use of available regional fault data to estimate the probability of injected CO2 or the resulting pressure front encountering a fault, which is a necessary condition for leakage of CO2 or brine to occur via these pathways. The probability of encounter can be calculated from areal fault density statistics generated from available data, and CO2 plume or elevated pressure area dimensions generated by numerical simulation. Given a number of assumptions, the length of the plume or elevated pressure area perpendicular to a fault times the areal density of faults with offsets greater than some threshold of interest provides the probability of the plume or a pressure front of concern encountering such a fault. Application of this result to a previously planned, large-scale pilot injection in the southern portion of the San Joaquin Basin yielded a 3% and 7% chance of the bulk phase CO2 plume encountering a fully and half-seal offsetting fault, respectively. Subsequently available data provided a first test of this approach as a half-seal offsetting fault was discovered at a distance from the injection well that implied a 20% probability of encounter for a plume sufficiently large to reach it. (c) 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd C1 [Jordan, Preston D.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Nicot, Jean-Philippe] Univ Texas Austin, Bur Econ Geol, Austin, TX USA. RP Jordan, PD (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM pdjordan@lbl.gov RI Oldenburg, Curtis/L-6219-2013; Jordan, Preston/L-1587-2016 OI Oldenburg, Curtis/0000-0002-0132-6016; Jordan, Preston/0000-0001-5853-9517 FU CO2 Capture Project (CCP) of the Joint Industry Program (JIP); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX We are grateful to Chris Doughty (LBNL) for sharing the pilot test simulation results, and to Jeff Wagoner (LLNL) for sharing his expertise regarding the geology of the southern San Joaquin Valley. We thank Tiemi Onishi for providing an internal review, and the two anonymous peer reviewers for the journal. Scientific progress and quality would be significantly hampered if not for the goodwill of such anonymous efforts, and this paper is no exception. Of course, the authors take full responsibility for the data analysis and conclusions presented. This work was supported in part by the CO2 Capture Project (CCP) of the Joint Industry Program (JIP), and by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under US Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY PERIODICALS, INC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA ONE MONTGOMERY ST, SUITE 1200, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94104 USA SN 2152-3878 J9 GREENH GASES JI Greenh. Gases PD JUN PY 2011 VL 1 IS 2 BP 160 EP 174 DI 10.1002/ghg.017 PG 15 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V27LQ UT WOS:000208615100009 ER PT J AU Zhang, YQ AF Zhang, Yingqi TI Using the Choquet integral for screening geological CO2 storage sites SO GREENHOUSE GASES-SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Choquet integral; geologic carbon sequestration; geological CO2 storage; risk assessment; site screening AB For geological CO2 storage site selection, it is desirable to reduce the number of candidate sites through a screening process before detailed site characterization is performed. Screening generally involves defining a number of criteria which then need to be evaluated for each site. The importance of each criterion to the final evaluation will generally be different. Weights reflecting the relative importance of these criteria can be provided by experts. To evaluate a site, each criterion must be evaluated and scored, and then aggregated, taking into account the importance of the criteria. We propose the use of the Choquet integral for aggregating the scores. The Choquet integral considers the interactions among criteria, i.e. whether they are independent, complementary to each other, or partially repetitive. We also evaluate the Shapley index, which demonstrates how the importance of a given piece of information may change if it is considered by itself or together with other available information. An illustrative example demonstrates how the Choquet integral properly accounts for the presence of redundancy in two site-evaluation criteria, making the screening process more defensible than the standard weighted-average approach. (c) 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Zhang, YQ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, 1 Cyclotron Rd,MS 90-1116, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM yqzhang@lbl.gov RI Zhang, Yingqi/D-1203-2015 FU CO2 Capture Project (CCP) of the Joint Industry Program (JIP); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX The author wishes to thank Curtis M. Oldenburg (LBNL) for serving as an expert for the illustrative example, for his useful discussion on CO2 leakage risks to compartments, and for the review of the manuscript. Suggestions provided by Stefan Finsterle (LBNL) are greatly appreciated. This work was supported in part by the CO2 Capture Project (CCP) of the Joint Industry Program (JIP), and by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under US Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY PERIODICALS, INC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA ONE MONTGOMERY ST, SUITE 1200, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94104 USA SN 2152-3878 J9 GREENH GASES JI Greenh. Gases PD JUN PY 2011 VL 1 IS 2 BP 175 EP 179 DI 10.1002/ghg.015 PG 5 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V27LQ UT WOS:000208615100010 ER PT J AU Du, PW Lu, N AF Du, Pengwei Lu, Ning TI Appliance Commitment for Household Load Scheduling SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID LA English DT Article DE Appliance commitment; end-user comfort; home energy management; load scheduling AB This paper presents a novel appliance commitment algorithm that schedules thermostatically controlled household loads based on price and consumption forecasts considering users' comfort settings to meet an optimization objective such as minimum payment or maximum comfort. The formulation of an appliance commitment problem is described using an electrical water heater load as an example. The thermal dynamics of heating and coasting of the water heater load is modeled by physical models; random hot water consumption is modeled with statistical methods. The models are used to predict the appliance operation over the scheduling time horizon. User comfort is transformed to a set of linear constraints. Then, a novel linear-sequential-optimization-enhanced, multiloop algorithm is used to solve the appliance commitment problem. The simulation results demonstrate that the algorithm is fast, robust, and flexible. The algorithm can be used in home/building energy-management systems to help household owners or building managers to automatically create optimal load operation schedules based on different cost and comfort settings and compare cost/benefits among schedules. C1 [Du, Pengwei; Lu, Ning] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Du, PW (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM pengwei.du@pnl.gov; ning.lu@pnl.gov NR 26 TC 179 Z9 186 U1 8 U2 25 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1949-3053 J9 IEEE T SMART GRID JI IEEE Trans. Smart Grid PD JUN PY 2011 VL 2 IS 2 BP 411 EP 419 DI 10.1109/TSG.2011.2140344 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA V29ZY UT WOS:000208787500019 ER PT J AU Davidson, FA Boswell, GP Fischer, MWF Heaton, L Hofstadler, D Roper, M AF Davidson, Fordyce A. Boswell, Graeme P. Fischer, Mark W. F. Heaton, Luke Hofstadler, Daniel Roper, Marcus TI Mathematical modelling of fungal growth and function SO IMA FUNGUS LA English DT Article DE Mathematical modelling; multi-scale; hyphal networks; flow AB This contribution is based on the six presentations given at the Special Interest Group meeting on Mathematical modelling of fungal growth and function held during IMC9. The topics covered aspects of fungal growth ranging across several orders of magnitude of spatial and temporal scales from the biomechanics of spore ejection, vesicle trafficking and hyphal tip growth to the form and function of mycelial networks. Each contribution demonstrated an interdisciplinary approach to questions at specific scales. Collectively, they represented a significant advance in the multi-scale understanding of fungal biology. C1 [Davidson, Fordyce A.] Univ Dundee, Div Math, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland. [Boswell, Graeme P.] Univ Glamorgan, Dept Comp & Math, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, M Glam, Wales. [Fischer, Mark W. F.] Coll Mt St Joseph, Dept Chem, Cinti, OH 45233 USA. [Heaton, Luke] Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. [Hofstadler, Daniel] Karl Franzens Univ Graz, Inst Plant Sci, A-8010 Graz, Austria. [Roper, Marcus] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Math, Berkeley, CA 94708 USA. [Roper, Marcus] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94708 USA. RP Davidson, FA (reprint author), Univ Dundee, Div Math, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland. EM fdavidson@maths.dundee.ac.uk NR 23 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT MYCOLOGICAL ASSOC PI BERKELEY PA C/O J TAYLOR, DEPT PLANT & MICROBIAL BIOLOGY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA SN 2210-6340 EI 2210-6359 J9 IMA FUNGUS JI IMA Fungus PD JUN PY 2011 VL 2 IS 1 BP 33 EP 37 DI 10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.01.06 PG 5 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA V46TR UT WOS:000209907000029 PM 22679586 ER PT J AU de Vries, RP Benoit, I Doehlemann, G Kobayashi, T Magnuson, JK Panisko, EA Baker, SE Lebrun, MH AF de Vries, Ronald P. Benoit, Isabelle Doehlemann, Gunther Kobayashi, Tetsuo Magnuson, Jon K. Panisko, Ellen A. Baker, Scott E. Lebrun, Marc-Henri TI Post-genomic approaches to understanding interactions between fungi and their environment SO IMA FUNGUS LA English DT Article DE (post-)genomics; Aspergillus oryzae; Aspergillus niger; Phycomyces blakesleeanus; Thielavia terrestris; Ustilago maydis AB Fungi inhabit every natural and anthropogenic environment on Earth. They have highly varied life-styles including saprobes (using only dead biomass as a nutrient source), pathogens (feeding on living biomass), and symbionts (co-existing with other organisms). These distinctions are not absolute as many species employ several life styles (e.g. saprobe and opportunistic pathogen, saprobe and mycorrhiza). To efficiently survive in these different and often changing environments, fungi need to be able to modify their physiology and in some cases will even modify their local environment. Understanding the interaction between fungi and their environments has been a topic of study for many decades. However, recently these studies have reached a new dimension. The availability of fungal genomes and development of post-genomic technologies for fungi, such as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, have enabled more detailed studies into this topic resulting in new insights. Based on a Special Interest Group session held during IMC9, this paper provides examples of the recent advances in using (post-) genomic approaches to better understand fungal interactions with their environments. C1 [de Vries, Ronald P.] CBS KNAW Fungal Biodivers Ctr, Fungal Physiol, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands. [de Vries, Ronald P.; Benoit, Isabelle] Univ Utrecht, Microbiol & Kluyver Ctr Genom Ind Fermentat, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. [Doehlemann, Gunther] MPI Terr Microbiol, Dept Organism Interact, D-35043 Marburg, Germany. [Kobayashi, Tetsuo] Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Bioagr Sci, Dept Biol Mech & Funct, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. [Magnuson, Jon K.; Panisko, Ellen A.; Baker, Scott E.] Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, Fungal Biotechnol Team, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Lebrun, Marc-Henri] BIOGER INRA, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon, Grignon, France. RP de Vries, RP (reprint author), CBS KNAW Fungal Biodivers Ctr, Fungal Physiol, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands. EM r.devries@cbs.knaw.nl RI Doehlemann, Gunther/C-1777-2008; OI Kobayashi, Tetsuo/0000-0002-4008-454X; LEBRUN, marc-henri/0000-0003-1562-1902; de Vries, Ronald/0000-0002-4363-1123 NR 40 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT MYCOLOGICAL ASSOC PI BERKELEY PA C/O J TAYLOR, DEPT PLANT & MICROBIAL BIOLOGY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA SN 2210-6340 EI 2210-6359 J9 IMA FUNGUS JI IMA Fungus PD JUN PY 2011 VL 2 IS 1 BP 81 EP 86 DI 10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.01.11 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA V46TR UT WOS:000209907000034 PM 22679591 ER PT J AU Boyd, RN Kajino, T Onaka, T AF Boyd, Richard N. Kajino, Toshitaka Onaka, Takashi TI Supernovae, Neutrinos and the Chirality of Amino Acids SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE amino acids; chirality; origin of life; molecular clouds; supernova neutrinos ID BIOMOLECULAR CHIRALITY; PARITY-VIOLATION; ASYMMETRIC AUTOCATALYSIS; ENANTIOMERIC EXCESS; NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; OPTICAL-ACTIVITY; POLARIZED-LIGHT; STAR-FORMATION; NEUTRON-STARS; LYMAN-ALPHA AB A mechanism for creating an enantioenrichment in the amino acids, the building blocks of the proteins, that involves global selection of one handedness by interactions between the amino acids and neutrinos from core-collapse supernovae is defined. The chiral selection involves the dependence of the interaction cross sections on the orientations of the spins of the neutrinos and the N-14 nuclei in the amino acids, or in precursor molecules, which in turn couple to the molecular chirality. It also requires an asymmetric distribution of neutrinos emitted from the supernova. The subsequent chemical evolution and galactic mixing would ultimately populate the Galaxy with the selected species. The resulting amino acids could either be the source thereof on Earth, or could have triggered the chirality that was ultimately achieved for Earth's proteinaceous amino acids. C1 [Boyd, Richard N.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Kajino, Toshitaka] Natl Astron Observ Japan, Tokyo 1818588, Japan. [Kajino, Toshitaka; Onaka, Takashi] Univ Tokyo, Dept Astron, Grad Sch Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. RP Boyd, RN (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM Boyd11@llnl.gov; kajino@nao.ac.jp; onaka@astron.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp RI ONAKA, TAKASHI/G-5058-2014 FU US National Science Foundation [PHY-9901241]; Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, (LLNS) [DE-AC52-07NA27344] FX This work has been supported by the US National Science Foundation grant PHY-9901241, and under the auspices of the Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, (LLNS) under Contract No. DE-AC52-07NA27344. This paper is LLNL-JRNL-474633. The authors express their gratitude for helpful interactions with N. Sleep, I. Tanihata, R. Kuroda, L.D. Barron, L. Fried, and E. Branscomb. NR 77 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 13 PU MDPI AG PI BASEL PA POSTFACH, CH-4005 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1422-0067 J9 INT J MOL SCI JI Int. J. Mol. Sci. PD JUN PY 2011 VL 12 IS 6 BP 3432 EP 3444 DI 10.3390/ijms12063432 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 782QN UT WOS:000292024800004 PM 21747686 ER PT J AU Deutch, J AF Deutch, John TI A national energy plan SO ISSUES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 [Deutch, John] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Deutch, John] US DOE, Washington, DC 20585 USA. RP Deutch, J (reprint author), MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM jmd@mit.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0748-5492 J9 ISSUES SCI TECHNOL JI Issues Sci. Technol. PD SUM PY 2011 VL 27 IS 4 BP 6 EP 9 PG 4 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Industrial; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Social Issues SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Social Issues GA 787AP UT WOS:000292349300002 ER PT J AU Abrams, ZR Niv, A Zhang, X AF Abrams, Ze'ev R. Niv, Avi Zhang, Xiang TI Solar energy enhancement using down-converting particles: A rigorous approach SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CELL EFFICIENCIES; CARNOT FACTOR; CONVERSION; PHOTONS; THERMODYNAMICS; RECOMBINATION; PLANAR; LIMIT AB The efficiency of a single band-gap solar cell is specified by the Shockley-Queisser limit, which defines the maximal output power as a function of the solar cell's band-gap. One way to overcome this limit is by using a down-conversion process whereupon a high energy photon is split into two lower energy photons, thereby increasing the current of the cell. Here, we provide a full analysis of the possible efficiency increase when placing a down-converting material on top of a pre-existing solar cell. We show that a total 7% efficiency improvement is possible for a perfectly efficient down-converting material. Our analysis covers both lossless and lossy theoretical limits, as well as a thermodynamic evaluation. Finally, we describe the advantages of nanoparticles as a possible choice for a down-converting material. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3592297] C1 [Abrams, Ze'ev R.; Niv, Avi; Zhang, Xiang] Univ Calif Berkeley, NSF Nanoscale Sci & Engn Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Zhang, Xiang] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Zhang, X (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, NSF Nanoscale Sci & Engn Ctr, 3112 Etcheverry Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM xiang@berkeley.edu RI Zhang, Xiang/F-6905-2011; OI Niv, Avi/0000-0002-9667-4151 FU U.S. Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences Energy Frontier Research Center (DoE-LMI-EFRC) [DOE DE-AC02-05CH11231]; National Science Foundation Nano-Scale Science and Engineering Center (NSF-NSEC) [CMMI- 0751621]; National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship [32 CFR 168a] FX The work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences Energy Frontier Research Center (DoE-LMI-EFRC) under award DOE DE-AC02-05CH11231 and by the National Science Foundation Nano-Scale Science and Engineering Center (NSF-NSEC) under award CMMI- 0751621. ZRA acknowledges the National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship, 32 CFR 168a. Thanks to Majid Gharghi, Christopher Gladden, Owen Miller, and Eli Yablonovitch for their helpful discussion. NR 31 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 109 IS 11 AR 114905 DI 10.1063/1.3592297 PG 9 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 785GF UT WOS:000292214700164 ER PT J AU Arehart, AR Allerman, AA Ringel, SA AF Arehart, A. R. Allerman, A. A. Ringel, S. A. TI Electrical characterization of n-type Al0.30Ga0.70N Schottky diodes SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; LIGHT-EMITTING-DIODES; LEAKAGE CURRENT MECHANISMS; SURFACE-BARRIER MODEL; ALGAN ALLOYS; ELECTRONIC-PROPERTIES; CURRENT TRANSPORT; POINT-DEFECTS; DEEP LEVELS; GAN AB The carrier trapping properties and current transport behavior of Ni/n-Al0.30Ga0.70N Schottky diodes were quantitatively characterized by a combination of deep level optical spectroscopy (DLOS), thermally based deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), current-voltage-temperature (I-V-T), and internal photoemission (IPE) measurements. High quality Schottky diode behavior was observed with an IPE-determined barrier height of 1.66 eV and the observed temperature-independent reverse leakage current behavior was found to be consistent with field emission in reverse bias and thermionic-field emission in forward bias as the dominant transport mechanisms. The trap spectroscopy measurements revealed the presence of several bandgap states located at E-C-0.9 eV (seen by both DLOS and DLTS), E-C-1.5, E-C-3.11, and E-C-3.93 eV-all via DLOS. The E-C-3.10 level, which is present in very high concentration, is found to correlate with the energy position expected for the cation vacancy in AlGaN, based on the vacuum referred binding energy model for the AlxGa1-xN alloy. The relatively shallow trap at E-C-3.93/E-V 0.15 eV, which is possibly Mg-related, is also present in significant concentration. The total observed trap concentration in this sample is in excess of the net doping extracted from capacitance-voltage, which will likely impact device behavior and is consistent with the observed I-V-T behavior. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3592284] C1 [Arehart, A. R.; Ringel, S. A.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Allerman, A. A.] Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 1126 MIS0601, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Arehart, AR (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM arehart.5@osu.edu FU Sandia National Laboratories; Office of Naval Research (ONR) [N00014-09-1-0242]; Design-for-Reliability Initiative for Future Technologies (DRIFT); Millimeter-wave Initiative for Nitride Electronics (MINE) ONR FX The work at OSU work was supported by Sandia National Laboratories with partial support from the Office of Naval Research (ONR) under Dr. Paul Maki under project number N00014-09-1-0242 and from the Design-for-Reliability Initiative for Future Technologies (DRIFT) and the Millimeter-wave Initiative for Nitride Electronics (MINE) ONR-supported MURIs. Also, the authors acknowledge K. Nakano and J. Gillespie from Wright Patterson Air Force Base for device processing. NR 62 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 4 U2 29 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 109 IS 11 AR 114506 DI 10.1063/1.3592284 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 785GF UT WOS:000292214700149 ER PT J AU Aytug, T Chen, Z Maroni, VA Miller, DJ Cantoni, C Specht, ED Kropf, AJ Zaluzec, N Zhang, Y Zuev, Y Paranthaman, M AF Aytug, T. Chen, Z. Maroni, V. A. Miller, D. J. Cantoni, C. Specht, E. D. Kropf, A. J. Zaluzec, N. Zhang, Y. Zuev, Y. Paranthaman, M. TI Nano-engineered defect structures in Ce- and Ho-doped metal-organic chemical vapor deposited YBa2Cu3O6+delta films: Correlation of structure and chemistry with flux pinning performance SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID COATED CONDUCTOR; THIN-FILMS; YBA2CU3O7-DELTA AB This study reports on the fabrication of metal-organic chemical vapor deposited (MOCVD) YBa2Cu3O6+delta (YBCO) films doped with varying amounts of Ce and Ho and the characterization of their electrical, microstructural, and chemical properties. The films are prepared by vapor phase deposition of a Y-Ba-Cu precursor mix containing controlled amounts of Ce and Ho onto buffered metal strip templates. The comprehensive characterization of these films by critical current measurement, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, Raman microspectroscopy, and x-ray absorption spectroscopy provides detailed information about the structure/chemistry/performance relationships and how they vary with varying amounts of Ce and Ho in the YBCO films. The microstructure exhibited by both the Ce-doped and the Ho-doped films contains a high density of crystal basal-plane aligned, fluoritelike precipitates within the YBCO matrix. For optimally doped samples, the influence of these nanocrystalline phases on the flux pinning properties manifests itself as a significant improvement in the critical current density (J(c)) for magnetic field orientations that approach being parallel to the ab planes of the YBCO, while no appreciable change is observed in either self-field J(c) or applied-field J(c) performance in the vicinity of field orientations parallel to the YBCO c-axis. The Ce is almost exclusively concentrated in the fluoritelike nanoprecipitates, while the Ho incorporates into both the planar arrays of nanoprecipitates and the superconducting matrix, where it substitutes for Y in the YBCO lattice. The present findings for Ce and Ho doping are in interesting contrast with our prior findings for Zr-doped MOCVD films due to the fact that the Zr-doped films exhibit columnar precipitate arrays that produce a substantial improvement in J(c) for magnetic field orientations parallel to the YBCO c-axis, while no appreciable change is observed in either self-field or applied-field J(c) performance for field orientations parallel to the ab planes. These results suggest that improvement of the in-field J(c) of YBCO films over an extended range of field angles could be achieved by doping strategies that simultaneously produce both ab-plane aligned and c-axis aligned precipitate arrays. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3592244] C1 [Aytug, T.; Cantoni, C.; Specht, E. D.; Zhang, Y.; Zuev, Y.; Paranthaman, M.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Chen, Z.; Maroni, V. A.; Miller, D. J.; Kropf, A. J.; Zaluzec, N.] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Aytug, T (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM aytugt@ornl.gov RI BM, MRCAT/G-7576-2011; ID, MRCAT/G-7586-2011; Specht, Eliot/A-5654-2009; Paranthaman, Mariappan/N-3866-2015; Cantoni, Claudia/G-3031-2013 OI Specht, Eliot/0000-0002-3191-2163; Paranthaman, Mariappan/0000-0003-3009-8531; Cantoni, Claudia/0000-0002-9731-2021 FU U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability; Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Scientific User Facility Division FX The research was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Advanced Cables and Conductors Program. Use of instrumentation at Argonne's Electron Microscopy Center, Center for Nanoscale Materials, and Advanced Photon Source was supported by the Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Scientific User Facility Division. The support of this research by Venkat Selvamanickam at the University of Houston and Yimin Chen of SuperPower, Inc, are greatly appreciated. NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 109 IS 11 AR 113923 DI 10.1063/1.3592244 PG 11 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 785GF UT WOS:000292214700109 ER PT J AU Biswas, K Du, MH AF Biswas, Koushik Du, Mao-Hua TI First principles study of native defects in InI SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SEMICONDUCTOR RADIATION DETECTORS; AUGMENTED-WAVE METHOD; GAMMA-RAY DETECTORS; POLARIZATION PHENOMENA; MICROSCOPIC ORIGIN; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; IODIDE; FABRICATION; TLBR AB Heavy-metal halide semiconductors have attracted much interest recently for their potential applications in radiation detection because the large atomic numbers (high Z) of their constituent elements enable efficient radiation absorption and their large band gaps allow room temperature operation. However, defect properties of these halides and their connection to carrier transport are little known. In this paper, we present first-principles calculations on native defects in InI, which is a promising material for applications in room temperature radiation detection. The important findings are: (1) anion and cation vacancies (Schottky defects) form the dominant low-energy defects that can pin the Fermi level close to midgap, leading to high resistivity that is required for a good radiation detector material; (2) the anion vacancy in InI induces a deep electron trap, which should reduce electron mobility-lifetime product in InI; (3) low diffusion barriers of vacancies could be responsible for the observed polarization phenomenon at room temperature. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3592231] C1 [Biswas, Koushik] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Radiat Detect Mat & Syst, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Biswas, K (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Du, Mao-Hua/B-2108-2010 OI Du, Mao-Hua/0000-0001-8796-167X FU U.S. DOE Office of Nonproliferation Research and Development [NA22] FX We are grateful for the useful discussions with D. J. Singh. This work was supported by the U.S. DOE Office of Nonproliferation Research and Development NA22. NR 40 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 109 IS 11 AR 113518 DI 10.1063/1.3592231 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 785GF UT WOS:000292214700039 ER PT J AU Brumbach, MT Ohlhausen, JA Zavadil, KR Snow, CS Woicik, JC AF Brumbach, Michael T. Ohlhausen, James A. Zavadil, Kevin R. Snow, Clark S. Woicik, Joseph C. TI Activation of erbium films for hydrogen storage SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RARE-EARTH-METALS; X-RAY-PHOTOEMISSION; DENSITY-OF-STATES; OXIDE THIN-FILMS; PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; MULTIPLET STRUCTURE; SURFACE PHENOMENA; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; ION-BOMBARDMENT AB Hydriding of metals can be routinely performed at high temperature in a rich hydrogen atmosphere. Prior to the hydrogen loading process, a thermal activation procedure is required to promote facile hydrogen sorption into the metal. Despite the wide spread utilization of this activation procedure, little is known about the chemical and electronic changes that occur during activation and how this thermal pretreatment leads to increased rates of hydrogen uptake. This study utilized variable kinetic energy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to interrogate the changes during in situ thermal annealing of erbium films, with results confirmed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and low energy ion scattering. Activation can be identified by a large increase in photoemission between the valence band edge and the Fermi level and appears to occur over a two stage process. The first stage involves desorption of contaminants and recrystallization of the oxide, initially impeding hydrogen loading. Further heating overcomes the first stage and leads to degradation of the passive surface oxide leading to a bulk film more accessible for hydrogen loading. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3590335] C1 [Brumbach, Michael T.; Ohlhausen, James A.] Sandia Natl Labs, Mat Characterizat Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Zavadil, Kevin R.] Sandia Natl Labs, Mat Reliabil Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Snow, Clark S.] Sandia Natl Labs, Appl Sci & Technol Maturat Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Woicik, Joseph C.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Brumbach, MT (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Mat Characterizat Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM mtbrumb@sandia.gov RI Sanders, Susan/G-1957-2011 FU United States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-AC04-94AL85000]; National Synchrotron Light Source FX We thank Dan Fischer, Barry Karlin, and Cherno Jaye at the National Institute for Standards and Technology for their support with work at the National Synchrotron Light Source. We also thank Nathan Havercroft, Michael Fartmann, and Daniel Breitenstein at ION-TOF for LEIS measurements. We thank Craig Tewell and Ryan Wixom for thoughtful discussions. The inclusion of company names is for completeness and does not represent an endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology or Sandia National Laboratories. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. NR 67 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 109 IS 11 AR 114911 DI 10.1063/1.3590335 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 785GF UT WOS:000292214700170 ER PT J AU Bulaevskaya, V Bernstein, A AF Bulaevskaya, Vera Bernstein, Adam TI Detection of anomalous reactor activity using antineutrino count evolution over the course of a reactor cycle SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS; SEARCH; FUEL AB This paper analyzes the sensitivity of antineutrino count rate measurements to changes in the fissile content of civil power reactors. Such measurements may be useful in IAEA reactor safeguards applications. We introduce a hypothesis testing procedure to identify statistically significant differences between the antineutrino count rate evolution of a standard "baseline" fuel cycle and that of an anomalous cycle, in which plutonium is removed and replaced with an equivalent fissile worth of uranium. The test would allow an inspector to detect anomalous reactor activity, or to positively confirm that the reactor is operating in a manner consistent with its declared fuel inventory and power level. We show that with a reasonable choice of detector parameters, the test can detect replacement of 82 kg of plutonium in 90 days with 95% probability, while controlling the false positive rate at 5%. We show that some improvement on this level of sensitivity may be obtained by various means, including use of the method in conjunction with existing reactor safeguards methods. We also identify a necessary and sufficient minimum daily antineutrino count rate and a maximum tolerable background rate to achieve the quoted sensitivity, and list examples of detectors in which such rates have been attained. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3594247] C1 [Bulaevskaya, Vera; Bernstein, Adam] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Bulaevskaya, V (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, L-211,POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. FU DOE Office of Nonproliferation Research and Engineering FX We thank the DOE Office of Nonproliferation Research and Engineering for their sustained support of this project. We also thank Nathaniel Bowden, Scott Kiff, and the anonymous reviewer for insightful comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. Finally, we express our gratitude to the management and staff of the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station for allowing us to deploy and take data with our prototype safeguards antineutrino detectors. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 109 IS 11 AR 114909 DI 10.1063/1.3594247 PG 9 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 785GF UT WOS:000292214700168 ER PT J AU Huda, MN Yan, YF Al-Jassim, MM AF Huda, Muhammad N. Yan, Yanfa Al-Jassim, Mowafak M. TI The effects of Bi alloying in Cu delafossites: A density functional theory study SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; AUGMENTED-WAVE METHOD; HYDROGEN GENERATION; BASIS-SET; WATER; METALS; CUALO2; OXIDE AB Recently, Cu delafossites, CuMO(2), have received much attention as photo-catalysts for hydrogen production by water splitting due to their unique properties such as stability in most aqueous solutions and p-type conductivity with excellent hole mobility. However, due to their large optical bandgaps, they can absorb sun light only in the ultraviolet region. Hence, it is necessary to tailor their optical properties to enhance their optical absorption in the visible light regions. In this paper, we report on the effects of Bi alloying on the electronic and optical properties of Cu delafossites by density functional theory. We find that Bi alloying can lead to improved optical absorption as compared to the pristine Cu delafossites. We further find that the lone pair Bi-6s electrons create occupied delocalized anti-bonding states on the top of the valence band, leading to further improved hole mobility. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3592149] C1 [Huda, Muhammad N.] Univ Texas Arlington, Dept Phys, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. [Yan, Yanfa; Al-Jassim, Mowafak M.] Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Huda, MN (reprint author), Univ Texas Arlington, Dept Phys, POB 19059, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. EM huda@uta.edu RI Huda, Muhammad/C-1193-2008; Dom, Rekha/B-7113-2012 OI Huda, Muhammad/0000-0002-2655-498X; FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC36-08GO28308]; Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy; National Renewable Energy Laboratory [XEJ-9-99042-01] FX This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy MNH is supported by National Renewable Energy Laboratory Sub-contract No. XEJ-9-99042-01. NR 45 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 109 IS 11 AR 113710 DI 10.1063/1.3592149 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 785GF UT WOS:000292214700072 ER PT J AU Kareev, M Prosandeev, S Gray, B Liu, J Ryan, P Kareev, A Moon, EJ Chakhalian, J AF Kareev, M. Prosandeev, S. Gray, B. Liu, Jian Ryan, P. Kareev, A. Moon, Eun Ju Chakhalian, J. TI Sub-monolayer nucleation and growth of complex oxides at high supersaturation and rapid flux modulation SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID THIN-FILMS; DEPOSITION; SURFACES; KINETICS AB We report on the unusual nanoscale kinetics of the layer-by-layer deposition of complex oxide heterostructures composed of a unit-cell thick correlated metal LaNiO(3) and dielectric LaAlO(3). The ultrathin multilayers demonstrate extremely good crystallinity and surface morphology maintained over the large number of layers, as confirmed by combination of AFM, RHEED, and synchrotron x-ray diffraction. To elucidate the physics behind the growth, the temperature of the substrate and the deposition rate are varied over a wide range and the results are treated in the framework of a two-layer model. The results demonstrate that, in addition to temperature and vapor supersaturation, modulated flux can be employed as a powerful kinetic handle for the fine-tuned manipulation of sub-monolayer growth regimes of multicomponent materials. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3590146] C1 [Kareev, M.; Prosandeev, S.; Gray, B.; Liu, Jian; Kareev, A.; Moon, Eun Ju; Chakhalian, J.] Univ Arkansas, Dept Phys, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. [Ryan, P.] Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Kareev, M (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Phys, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RI Liu, Jian/I-6746-2013; Moon, Eun Ju/C-7856-2014; Chakhalian, Jak/F-2274-2015 OI Liu, Jian/0000-0001-7962-2547; FU DOD-ARO [0402-17291]; NSF [DMR-0747808] FX J. C. was supported by DOD-ARO under the Grant No. 0402-17291 and NSF Grant No. DMR-0747808. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 14 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 109 IS 11 AR 114303 DI 10.1063/1.3590146 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 785GF UT WOS:000292214700126 ER PT J AU Kim, KH Bolotinikov, AE Camarda, GS Hossain, A Gul, R Yang, G Cui, Y Prochazka, J Franc, J Hong, J James, RB AF Kim, K. H. Bolotinikov, A. E. Camarda, G. S. Hossain, A. Gul, R. Yang, G. Cui, Y. Prochazka, J. Franc, J. Hong, J. James, R. B. TI Defect levels of semi-insulating CdMnTe:In crystals SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID POINT-DEFECTS; DISLOCATIONS; CD1-XZNXTE; DETECTORS; TELLURIDE; SILICON; CDTE AB Using photoluminescence (PL) and current deep-level transient spectroscopy (I-DLTS), we investigated the electronic defects of indium-doped detector-grade CdMnTe:In (CMT:In) crystals grown by the vertical Bridgman method. We similarly analyzed CdZnTe:In (CZT:In) and undoped CdMnTe (CMT) crystals grown under the amount of same level of excess Te and/or indium doping level to detail the fundamental properties of the electronic defect structure more readily. Extended defects, existing in all the samples, were revealed by synchrotron white beam x-ray diffraction topography and scanning electron microscopy. The electronic structure of CMT is very similar to that of CZT, with shallow traps, A-centers, Cd vacancies, deep levels, and Te antisites. The 1.1-eV deep level, revealed by PL in earlier studies of CZT and CdTe, were attributed to dislocation-induced defects. In our I-DLTS measurements, the 1.1-eV traps showed different activation energies with applied bias voltage and an exponential dependence on the trap-filling time, which are typical characteristics of dislocation-induced defects. We propose a new defect-trap model for indium-doped CMT crystals. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3594715] C1 [Kim, K. H.; Bolotinikov, A. E.; Camarda, G. S.; Hossain, A.; Gul, R.; Yang, G.; Cui, Y.; James, R. B.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Prochazka, J.; Franc, J.] Charles Univ Prague, Inst Phys, CZ-12116 Prague, Czech Republic. [Hong, J.] Korea Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 339800, South Korea. RP Kim, KH (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM khkim@bnl.gov RI Yang, Ge/G-1354-2011; Franc, Jan/C-3802-2017 OI Franc, Jan/0000-0002-9493-3973 FU U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nonproliferation Research and Development; Defense Threat Reduction Agency; [NA-22] FX This work was supported by by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nonproliferation Research and Development, NA-22 and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 109 IS 11 AR 113715 DI 10.1063/1.3594715 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 785GF UT WOS:000292214700077 ER PT J AU Li, ZA Moller, C Migunov, V Spasova, M Farle, M Lysov, A Gutsche, C Regolin, I Prost, W Tegude, FJ Ercius, P AF Li, Zi-An Moeller, Christina Migunov, Vadim Spasova, Marina Farle, Michael Lysov, Andrey Gutsche, Christoph Regolin, Ingo Prost, Werner Tegude, Franz-Josef Ercius, Peter TI Planar-defect characteristics and cross-sections of < 001 >, < 111 >, and < 112 > InAs nanowires SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GAAS NANO-WHISKERS; III-V NANOWIRES; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SILICON NANOWIRES; INP NANOWIRES; ZINC BLENDE; GROWTH AB We report on detailed structural and morphological characterizations of InAs nanowires of < 001 >, < 111 >, and < 112 > crystallographic directions grown on (001) B InAs wafer substrates using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. We find that < 001 >-oriented InAs nanowires are cubic zincblende-type structure and free of planar defects. The < 111 > -and < 112 >-oriented InAs nanowires both have densely twinned (111) planar defects that are perpendicular and parallel to the growth direction, respectively. The cross sections of all three types of InAs nanowires are obtained from 3D reconstructions using electron tomography. The characteristics of the planar defects and the 3D wire shape should provide better estimations of microstructure-relevant physical properties, such as conductivity and Young's modulus of InAs nanowires. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3592186] C1 [Li, Zi-An; Moeller, Christina; Migunov, Vadim; Spasova, Marina; Farle, Michael] Univ Duisburg Essen, Fak Phys, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany. [Li, Zi-An; Moeller, Christina; Migunov, Vadim; Spasova, Marina; Farle, Michael; Lysov, Andrey; Gutsche, Christoph; Regolin, Ingo; Prost, Werner; Tegude, Franz-Josef] Univ Duisburg Essen, CeNIDE, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany. [Lysov, Andrey; Gutsche, Christoph; Regolin, Ingo; Prost, Werner; Tegude, Franz-Josef] Univ Duisburg Essen, Dept Solid State Elect, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany. [Ercius, Peter] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Li, ZA (reprint author), Univ Duisburg Essen, Fak Phys, Lotharstr 1, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany. EM zi-an.li@uni-due.de RI Migunov, Vadim/K-3374-2013; OI Migunov, Vadim/0000-0002-6296-4492; Farle, Michael/0000-0002-1864-3261 FU Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [SFB 445] FX We are grateful to Dipl. Ing. H. Zahres for technical support and Dr. R. Theissmann for helpful discussions. The work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, SFB 445. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 28 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 109 IS 11 AR 114320 DI 10.1063/1.3592186 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 785GF UT WOS:000292214700143 ER PT J AU Wang, RY Caldwell, MA Jeyasingh, RGD Aloni, S Shelby, RM Wong, HSP Milliron, DJ AF Wang, Robert Y. Caldwell, Marissa A. Jeyasingh, Rakesh Gnana David Aloni, Shaul Shelby, Robert M. Wong, H. -S. Philip Milliron, Delia J. TI Electronic and optical switching of solution-phase deposited SnSe2 phase change memory material SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GE2SB2TE5 FILMS; PERFORMANCE AB We report the use of chalcogenidometallate clusters as a solution-processable precursor to SnSe2 for phase change memory applications. This precursor is spin-coated onto substrates and then thermally decomposed into a crystalline SnSe2 film. Laser testing of our SnSe2 films indicate very fast recrystallization times of 20 ns. We also fabricate simple planar SnSe2 electronic switching devices that demonstrate switching between ON and OFF resistance states with resistance ratios varying from 7-76. The simple cell design resulted in poor cycling endurance. To demonstrate the precursor's applicability to advanced via-geometry memory devices, we use the precursor to create void-free SnSe2 structures inside nanowells of similar to 25 nm in diameter and similar to 40 nm in depth. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3587187] C1 [Wang, Robert Y.; Aloni, Shaul; Milliron, Delia J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Mol Foundry, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Caldwell, Marissa A.] Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Jeyasingh, Rakesh Gnana David; Wong, H. -S. Philip] Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Shelby, Robert M.] IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. RP Milliron, DJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Mol Foundry, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM dmilliron@lbl.gov RI Milliron, Delia/D-6002-2012; Wang, Robert/A-5801-2013 FU Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; Stanford Non-Volatile Memory Technology Initiative; National Science Foundation [ECS-9731293] FX We thank Professor Matthias Wuttig of RWTH Aachen University of Technology and Dr. Simone Raoux of IBM T.J. Watson Research Center for helpful discussions. We also thank Xiuhong Han from Nanolab Technologies for FIB preparation of the TEM sample and Brett Helms of the Molecular Foundry for providing PS-PMMA random copolymer. Work at the Molecular Foundry was supported by the Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. MAC is supported by the Stanford Non-Volatile Memory Technology Initiative. Work was performed in part at the Stanford Nanofabrication Facility (a member of the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network) which is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant ECS-9731293, its lab members, and the industrial members of the Stanford Center for Integrated Systems. NR 24 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 10 U2 54 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 109 IS 11 AR 113506 DI 10.1063/1.3587187 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 785GF UT WOS:000292214700027 ER PT J AU Zeng, QS Rotundu, CR Mao, WL Dai, JH Xiao, YM Chow, P Chen, XJ Qin, CL Mao, HK Jiang, JZ AF Zeng, Q. S. Rotundu, C. R. Mao, W. L. Dai, J. H. Xiao, Y. M. Chow, P. Chen, X. J. Qin, C. L. Mao, H. -K. Jiang, J. Z. TI Low temperature transport properties of Ce-Al metallic glasses SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HEAVY-FERMION SYSTEMS; F-ELECTRON MATERIALS; AMORPHOUS-ALLOYS; LIQUID BEHAVIOR; RESISTIVITY; MODEL; MAGNETORESISTANCE AB The low temperature transport properties of Ce75-xAl25+x (x=0, 10, and 15 at. %) metallic glasses were investigated. Magnetic field and composition tuned magnetoresistances changing from negative to positive values were observed at low temperature. It was suggested that these peculiar phenomena were caused by the tunable competition between the Kondo effect and the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yoshida interaction in Ce-Al metallic glass with the variation in Ce content and magnetic field. Further magnetization and Ce-2p3d resonant inelastic x-ray scattering spectroscopy measurements supported this scenario. These Ce-Al metallic glasses could provide an interesting model system for the investigation of 4f electron behaviors in complex condensed matter with tunable transport properties. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3587453] C1 [Zeng, Q. S.; Mao, W. L.; Mao, H. -K.; Jiang, J. Z.] Zhejiang Univ, ICNSM, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. [Zeng, Q. S.; Mao, W. L.; Mao, H. -K.; Jiang, J. Z.] Zhejiang Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Lab New Struct Mat, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. [Zeng, Q. S.; Mao, H. -K.] Carnegie Inst Sci, HPSynC, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Rotundu, C. R.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Mao, W. L.] Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Mao, W. L.] Photon Sci SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Mao, W. L.] Stanford Inst Mat & Energy Sci, SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Dai, J. H.] Zhejiang Univ, Dept Phys, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. [Xiao, Y. M.; Chow, P.; Mao, H. -K.] Carnegie Inst Sci, HPCAT, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Chen, X. J.; Mao, H. -K.] Carnegie Inst Sci, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA. [Qin, C. L.] Hebei Univ Technol, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Tianjin 300130, Peoples R China. RP Zeng, QS (reprint author), Zhejiang Univ, ICNSM, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. EM qiaoshizeng@gmail.com; jiangjz@zju.edu.cn RI Mao, Wendy/D-1885-2009; OI Rotundu, Costel/0000-0002-1571-8352 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [50920105101, 51050110136, 10979002, 50701038, 60776014, 60876002, 10804096, 10904127]; Balzan Foundation; Zhejiang University-Helmholtz Cooperation Fund; Ministry of Education of China (Changjiang Foundation, Doctoral Education foundation, China State Oversea Foundation, and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation); Department of Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province; Baoyugang foundation of Zhejiang University; DOE-BES [DE-AC02-06CH11357, DE-SC0001057]; DOE-NNSA (CDAC); NSF FX This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant Nos. 50920105101, 51050110136, 10979002, 50701038, 60776014, 60876002, 10804096, and 10904127), the Balzan Foundation, the Zhejiang University-Helmholtz Cooperation Fund, the Ministry of Education of China (Changjiang Foundation, Doctoral Education foundation, China State Oversea Foundation, and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation), the Department of Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province, and the Baoyugang foundation of Zhejiang University. Use of the HPCAT facility was supported by DOE-BES, DOE-NNSA (CDAC), and NSF. The APS is supported by the DOE-BES under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. This research is also supported as part of EFree, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by DOE-BES under Award Number DE-SC0001057. NR 48 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 4 U2 21 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 109 IS 11 AR 113716 DI 10.1063/1.3587453 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 785GF UT WOS:000292214700078 ER PT J AU Zhang, W Morton, SA Wong, PKJ Hu, XF Arenholz, E Lu, B Cheng, TY Xu, YB van der Laan, G AF Zhang, W. Morton, S. A. Wong, P. K. J. Hu, X. F. Arenholz, E. Lu, B. Cheng, T. Y. Xu, Y. B. van der Laan, G. TI Magnetocrystalline anisotropy of magnetic grains in Co80Pt20: oxide thin films probed by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ASSEMBLED CO CLUSTERS; ORBITAL MAGNETIZATION; PERPENDICULAR MEDIA; RECORDING MEDIA; MICROSTRUCTURE; AU(111); ALLOYS; ORIGIN AB Using angle-dependent x-ray magnetic circular dichroism, we have measured magnetic hysteresis loops at the Co L-2,L-3 edges of oxide-doped Co80Pt20 thin films. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE) of the Co atoms, which is the main source of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the CoPt magnetic grains, has been determined directly from these element-specific hysteresis loops. When the oxide volume fraction (OVF) is increased from 16.6% to 20.7%, the Co MAE has been found to decrease from 0.117 meV/atom to 0.076 meV/atom. While a larger OVF helps one to achieve a smaller grain size, it reduces the magnetocrystalline anisotropy, as demonstrated unambiguously from the direct Co MAE measurements. Our results suggest that those Co80Pt20:oxide films with an OVF between 19.1% and 20.7% are suitable candidates for high-density magnetic recording. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3596516] C1 [Zhang, W.; Wong, P. K. J.; Hu, X. F.; Cheng, T. Y.; Xu, Y. B.] Univ York, Dept Elect, Spintron & Nanodevice Lab, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Morton, S. A.; Arenholz, E.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Lu, B.] Seagate Technol, Fresno, CA 94538 USA. [van der Laan, G.] Diamond Light Source, Didcot OX11 0DE, Oxon, England. RP Xu, YB (reprint author), Univ York, Dept Elect, Spintron & Nanodevice Lab, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. EM yx2@ohm.york.ac.uk RI Wong, Johnny/G-1745-2010; van der Laan, Gerrit/Q-1662-2015 OI Wong, Johnny/0000-0003-4645-0384; van der Laan, Gerrit/0000-0001-6852-2495 FU Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX The Advanced Light Source is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2011 VL 109 IS 11 AR 113920 DI 10.1063/1.3596516 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 785GF UT WOS:000292214700106 ER PT J AU Zhou, HB Liu, YL Duan, C Jin, S Zhang, Y Gao, F Shu, XL Lu, GH AF Zhou, Hong-Bo Liu, Yue-Lin Duan, Chen Jin, Shuo Zhang, Ying Gao, Fei Shu, Xiaolin Lu, Guang-Hong TI Effect of vacancy on the sliding of an iron grain boundary SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; AUGMENTED-WAVE METHOD; POSITRON-ANNIHILATION; THERMAL-EQUILIBRIUM; BASIS-SET; COPPER; SEGREGATION; DYNAMICS; METALS; ALLOYS AB We perform a first-principles calculation to investigate the effect of a vacancy on the sliding of an iron (Fe) Sigma 5 (310) [001] tilt grain boundary (GB). We calculate vacancy formation energies in order to determine the site preference of the vacancy at the Fe GB. We show that vacancies can easily segregate to the GB region, which is attributed to special atomic configurations of the GB. We demonstrate that the maximal sliding energy barrier of the GB with a monovacancy is 2.78 J/m(2), 15% lower than that of the vacancy-free GB, suggesting that the presence of vacancy at the GB increases the GB mobility. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3593182] C1 [Zhou, Hong-Bo; Liu, Yue-Lin; Duan, Chen; Jin, Shuo; Zhang, Ying; Shu, Xiaolin; Lu, Guang-Hong] Beijing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut, Dept Phys, Beijing 100191, Peoples R China. [Zhou, Hong-Bo; Liu, Yue-Lin; Duan, Chen; Jin, Shuo; Zhang, Ying; Shu, Xiaolin; Lu, Guang-Hong] Beijing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut, Minist Educ, Key Lab Micronano Measurement Manipulat & Phys, Beijing 100191, Peoples R China. [Gao, Fei] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Shu, XL (reprint author), Beijing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut, Dept Phys, Beijing 10