FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT S AU Liu, GK Chen, XY AF Liu, Guokui Chen, Xueyuan BE Gschneidner, KA Bunzli, JCG Pecharsky, VK TI SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF LANTHANIDES IN NANOMATERIALS SO HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS, VOL 37: OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY SE Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID RARE-EARTH IONS; UP-CONVERSION LUMINESCENCE; ELECTRON-PHONON INTERACTION; ORBIT-LATTICE RELAXATION; LIQUID-PHASE SYNTHESIS; SOL-GEL PROCESS; ENERGY-TRANSFER; DOPED NANOCRYSTALS; QUANTUM DOTS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES C1 [Liu, Guokui] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Chen, Xueyuan] Chinese Acad Sci, Fujian Inst Res Struct Matter, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, Peoples R China. RP Liu, GK (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM gkliu@anl.gov; xchen@fjirsm.ac.cn NR 148 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1573-4366 BN 978-0-08-054858-6 J9 HBK PHYS CHEM RARE PY 2007 VL 37 BP 99 EP 169 DI 10.1016/S0168-1273(07)37033-5 PG 71 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BCO84 UT WOS:000310919200005 ER PT S AU Bolotnikov, AE Abdul-Jabbar, NM Babalola, S Camarda, GS Cui, Y Hossain, A Jackson, E Jackson, H James, JR Luryi, AL James, RB AF Bolotnikov, A. E. Abdul-Jabbar, N. M. Babalola, S. Camarda, G. S. Cui, Y. Hossain, A. Jackson, E. Jackson, H. James, J. R. Luryi, A. L. James, R. B. BE James, RB Burger, A Franks, LA TI Optimization of virtual Frisch-grid CdZnTe detector designs for imaging and spectroscopy of gamma rays - art. no. 670603 SO HARD X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY DETECTOR PHYSICS IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Detector Physics IX CY AUG 27-29, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE CdZnTe; gamma ray detectors; Frisch-grid ID CHARGE-TRANSPORT; PERFORMANCE AB In the past, various virtual Frisch-grid designs have been proposed for cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) and other Compound semiconductor detectors. These include three-terminal, semi-spherical, CAPture, Frisch-ring, capacitive Frisch-grid and pixel devices (along with their modifications). Among them, the Frisch-grid clesign employing a non-contacting ring extended over the entire side surfaces of parallelepiped-shaped CZT crystals is the most promising. The defect-free parallelepiped-shaped crystals with typical dimensions of 5x5x12 mm(3) are easy to produce and can be arranged into large arrays used for imaging and gamma-ray spectroscopy. In this paper, we report on further advances of the virtual Frisch-grid detector design for the parallelepiped-shaped CZT crystals. Both the experimental testing and modelling results are described. C1 [Bolotnikov, A. E.; Camarda, G. S.; Cui, Y.; Hossain, A.; James, R. B.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Bolotnikov, AE (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6854-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6706 BP 70603 EP 70603 DI 10.1117/12.736654 PG 14 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BHC11 UT WOS:000252147100002 ER PT S AU Camarda, GS Abdul-Jabbar, NM Babalola, S Bolotnikov, AE Cui, Y Hossain, A Jackson, E Jackson, H James, JR Luryi, AL Groza, M Burger, A James, RB AF Camarda, G. S. Abdul-Jabbar, N. M. Babalola, S. Bolotnikov, A. E. Cui, Y. Hossain, A. Jackson, E. Jackson, H. James, J. R. Luryi, A. L. Groza, M. Burger, A. James, R. B. BE James, RB Burger, A Franks, LA TI Characterizations and measurements of CZT material: Novel techniques and results - art. no. 670605 SO HARD X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY DETECTOR PHYSICS IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Detector Physics IX CY AUG 27-29, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE CZT; X-ray detectors; topography; NSLS; inclusions; XDT; CdZnTe AB The performance of current long-drift-length Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detectors principally is determined by the material's quality. Hence, the material's limitations must be better understood and potential solutions identified to grow CZT crystals with the required qualities. Our efforts have focused on developing novel techniques and testing methods that will allow us to explore the correlations between the crystal's defects and the detector's properties. Local stoichiometric variations and other local disordering make it very hard to systematically correlate performance and material defects on a macroscopic scale. Therefore, to delineate the factors limiting the energy resolution of CZT detectors, we directed Our efforts towards micron-scale material characterization and assessments of the detectors using the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS). The NSLS offers us a highly collimated high-intensity X-ray beam that we employed to undertake detector-performance mapping, and to investigate the association between microscopic defects and fluctuations in collected charge. In this paper, we illustrate our techniques and results. C1 [Camarda, G. S.; Bolotnikov, A. E.; Cui, Y.; Hossain, A.; James, R. B.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Camarda, GS (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6854-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6706 BP 70605 EP 70605 DI 10.1117/12.739604 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BHC11 UT WOS:000252147100004 ER PT S AU Akers, DW AF Akers, Douglas W. BE James, RB Burger, A Franks, LA TI In situ characterization of crystal growth and heat treatment in semiconductor materials - art. no. 670608 SO HARD X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY DETECTOR PHYSICS IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Detector Physics IX CY AUG 27-29, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE positron; lattice structure; defect; semiconductor; scintillator ID DOPPLER-BROADENING MEASUREMENTS; POSITRON-ANNIHILATION; DEFECTS; SPECTROSCOPY; ELECTRONS AB In Situ characterization methods are being developed at the Idaho National Laboratory that can be used to characterize the atomic lattice structure of rnaterials used for semiconductor and scintillation detectors during the crystal growth and heat treatment processes, which have been shown to be critical for the development of optimized semiconductor and scintillation radiation detectors. Multiple methods for implanting positrons into the material have been developed and integrated with measurement techniques including Doppler broadening, coincidence Doppler broadening and positron lifetime measurement. The INL developed induced positron technique allows positron measurements to be performed at depth up to 10 cm inside crystal boules. Also, a portable measurement system Suitable for field use has been developed that is Suitable for assessing heat treatments at depths up to 1 cm inside a material in an industrial environment. Results of measurements that address the effects of composition and heatup/melting/cool down on material lattice structures are discussed along with plans for the in situ crystal studies. C1 Idaho Natl Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 20852 USA. RP Akers, DW (reprint author), Idaho Natl Lab, POB 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 20852 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6854-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6706 BP 70608 EP 70608 DI 10.1117/12.738159 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BHC11 UT WOS:000252147100006 ER PT S AU Miller, EA Toloczko, M Seifert, CE Seifert, A Liu, W Bliss, M AF Miller, E. A. Toloczko, M. Seifert, C. E. Seifert, A. Liu, W. Bliss, M. BE James, RB Burger, A Franks, LA TI Differential aperture x-ray microscopy near Te precipitates in CdZnTe - art. no. 670609 SO HARD X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY DETECTOR PHYSICS IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Detector Physics IX CY AUG 27-29, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE CdZnTe; precipitate; strain; gamma detector; x-ray diffraction; x-ray microprobe; DAXM ID RESOLUTION; DETECTORS AB We report the results of Differential Aperture X-ray Microscopy (DAXM) measurements near Te precipitates in CdZnTe grown via low-pressure Bridgman. White-beam Laue patterns were acquired with 3-D spatial resolution (with 0.25 mu m resolution in the scanning directions and 1 mu m resolution in depth) at depths Of LIP to 35 gm deep normal to the surface. We find very little crystal strain (< 10(-3)) or rotation (<0.05 degrees) near Te precipitates. We also examine local deformations in the vicinity of a microhardness indent, and find that although significant rotations exist, the spatial extent is limited to a few tens of microns. Furthermore, observed crystal strains are limited to 5 x 10-3 or less in regions near the microhardness indent. C1 [Miller, E. A.; Toloczko, M.; Seifert, C. E.; Seifert, A.; Bliss, M.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Bliss, M (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Bliss, Mary/G-2240-2012 OI Bliss, Mary/0000-0002-7565-4813 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6854-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6706 BP 70609 EP 70609 DI 10.1117/12.738959 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BHC11 UT WOS:000252147100007 ER PT S AU Cherepy, NJ Hull, G Niedermayr, TR Drobshoff, A Payne, SA Roy, UN Cui, YL Bhattacharaya, A Harrison, M Guo, MS Groza, M Burger, A AF Cherepy, Nerine J. Hull, Giulia Niedermayr, Thomas R. Drobshoff, Alexander Payne, Stephen A. Roy, Utpal N. Cui, Yunlong Bhattacharaya, Ajanta Harrison, Melissa Guo, Mingsheng Groza, Michael Burger, Arnold BE James, RB Burger, A Franks, LA TI Barium iodide single-crystal scintillator detectors - art. no. 670616 SO HARD X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY DETECTOR PHYSICS IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Detector Physics IX CY AUG 27-29, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE scintillators; barium iodide; Bal(2); gamma ray detectors AB We find that the high-Z crystal Barium Iodide is readily growable by the Bridgman growth technique and is less prone to crack compared to Lanthanum Halides. We have grown Barium Iodide crystals: undoped, doped with Ce3+, and doped with Eu2+. Radioluminescence spectra and time-resolved decay were measured. BaI2(Eu) exhibits luminescence from both Eu2+ at 420 nm (similar to 450 ns decay), and a broad band at 550 nm (similar to 3 mu s decay) that we assign to a trapped exciton. The 550 nm luminescence decreases relative to the Eu2+ luminescence when the Barium Iodide is zone refined prior to crystal growth. We also describe the performance of BaI2(Eu) crystals in experimental scintillator detectors. C1 [Cherepy, Nerine J.; Hull, Giulia; Niedermayr, Thomas R.; Drobshoff, Alexander; Payne, Stephen A.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Cherepy, NJ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, MS-L091, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Cherepy, Nerine/F-6176-2013 OI Cherepy, Nerine/0000-0001-8561-923X NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6854-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6706 BP 70616 EP 70616 DI 10.1117/12.738973 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BHC11 UT WOS:000252147100030 ER PT S AU Hull, G Roberts, JJ Kuntz, JD Fisher, SE Sanner, RD Tillotson, TM Drobshoff, AD Payne, SA Cherepy, NJ AF Hull, G. Roberts, J. J. Kuntz, J. D. Fisher, S. E. Sanner, R. D. Tillotson, T. M. Drobshoff, A. D. Payne, S. A. Cherepy, N. J. BE James, RB Burger, A Franks, LA TI Ce-doped single crystal and ceramic garnets for gamma ray detection - art. no. 670617 SO HARD X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY DETECTOR PHYSICS IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Detector Physics IX CY AUG 27-29, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE scintillators; garnets; gamma ray detectors; transparent ceramics AB Ceramic and single crystal Lutetium Aluminum Garnet scintillators exhibit energy resolution with bialkali photomultiplier tube detection as good as 8.6% at 662 keV. Ceramic fabrication allows production of garnets that cannot easily be grown as single crystals, such as Gadolinium Aluminum Garnet and Terbium Aluminum Garnet. Measured scintillation light yields of Cerium-doped ceramic garnets indicate prospects for high energy resolution. C1 [Hull, G.; Roberts, J. J.; Kuntz, J. D.; Fisher, S. E.; Sanner, R. D.; Tillotson, T. M.; Drobshoff, A. D.; Payne, S. A.; Cherepy, N. J.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Hull, G (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, MS-L091, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Cherepy, Nerine/F-6176-2013 OI Cherepy, Nerine/0000-0001-8561-923X NR 7 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6854-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6706 BP 70617 EP 70617 DI 10.1117/12.738961 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BHC11 UT WOS:000252147100031 ER PT S AU Amman, M Luke, PN Lee, JS Orlando, E AF Amman, Mark Luke, Paul N. Lee, Julie S. Orlando, Ernest BE James, RB Burger, A Franks, LA TI Material dependence of bulk leakage current in CdZnTe detectors - art. no. 67060L SO HARD X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY DETECTOR PHYSICS IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Detector Physics IX CY AUG 27-29, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE CdZnTe; metal-semiconductor contact; Schottky contact; ohmic contact; semiconductor detector; gamma-ray detector ID RADIATION DETECTORS; NOISE; PERFORMANCE AB The bulk leakage current in a semiconductor detector is an important parameter that affects the noise level and energy resolution of the detector. For detectors operating with ohmic contacts, the bulk leakage current is determined by the bulk resistivity of the semiconductor material. However, CdZnTe detectors typically utilize Schottky barrier type contacts, in which case the bulk leakage current is expected to depend on the contact behavior and not on the bulk resistivity of the material. We have studied the bulk leakage current and noise of CdZnTe detectors made from materials supplied by different manufacturers of CdZnTe crystals. The results indicate that there is a marked difference in bulk leakage currents among materials from different manufacturers and among different samples from the same manufacturer. In some cases, the bulk leakage current shows no correlation with the bulk resistivity of the materials. In other cases, the bulk leakage currents tend to be lower for lower resistivity materials, which is opposite from the commonly held expectation based upon ohmic contact device behavior. In this paper we present a summary of our electrical measurements on CdZnTe devices and present results indicating a possible relationship between leakage and bulk material properties, but the specific material properties and the mechanism responsible for the leakage current variation have yet to be determined. C1 [Amman, Mark; Luke, Paul N.; Lee, Julie S.; Orlando, Ernest] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Amman, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6854-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6706 BP L7060 EP L7060 DI 10.1117/12.734920 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BHC11 UT WOS:000252147100014 ER PT S AU Lordi, V Aberg, D Erhart, P Wu, KJ AF Lordi, Vincenzo Aberg, Daniel Erhart, Paul Wu, Kuang Jeri BE James, RB Burger, A Franks, LA TI First principles calculation of point defects and mobility degradation in bulk AlSb for radiation detection application - art. no. 67060O SO HARD X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY DETECTOR PHYSICS IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Detector Physics IX CY AUG 27-29, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE mobility; carrier lifetime; aluminum antimonide; semiconductor; defect; impurity; formation energy; density functional theory ID EXCHANGE-CORRELATION POTENTIALS; TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; AUGMENTED-WAVE METHOD; DISPLACEMENT FIELD; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; BASIS-SET; ELECTRON; SEMICONDUCTORS; DIFFUSION; CRYSTALS AB The development of high resolution, room temperature semiconductor radiation detectors requires the introduction of materials with increased carrier mobility-lifetime (mu tau) product, while having a band gap in the 1.4-2.2 eV range. AlSb is a promising material for this application. However, systematic improvements in the material quality are necessary to achieve an adequate mu tau product. We are using a combination of simulation and experiment to develop a fundamental understanding of the factors which affect detector material quality. First principles calculations are used to study the microscopic mechanisms of mobility degradation from point defects and to calculate the intrinsic limit of mobility from phonon scattering. We use density functional theory (DFT) to calculate the formation energies of native and impurity point defects, to determine their equilibrium concentrations as a function of temperature and charge state. Perturbation theory via the Born approximation is coupled with Boltzmann transport theory to calculate the contribution toward mobility degradation of each type of point defect, using DFT-computed carrier scattering rates. A comparison is made to measured carrier concentrations and mobilities from AlSb crystals grown in our lab. We find our predictions in good quantitative agreement with experiment, allowing optimized annealing conditions to be deduced. A major result is the determination of oxygen impurity as a severe mobility killer, despite the ability of oxygen to compensation dope AlSb and reduce the net carrier concentration. In this case, increased resistivity is not a good indicator of improved material performance, due to the concomitant sharp reduction in mu tau. C1 [Lordi, Vincenzo; Aberg, Daniel; Erhart, Paul; Wu, Kuang Jeri] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Lordi, V (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Erhart, Paul/G-6260-2011; OI Erhart, Paul/0000-0002-2516-6061; Lordi, Vincenzo/0000-0003-2415-4656 NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6854-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6706 BP O7060 EP O7060 DI 10.1117/12.739117 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BHC11 UT WOS:000252147100017 ER PT S AU McKigney, EA Muenchausen, RE Cooke, DW Del Sesto, RE Gilbertson, RD Bacrania, MK Bennett, BL Jacobsohn, LG McClesky, TM Ott, KC Sitarz, SC Smith, JF Stange, S AF McKigney, E. A. Muenchausen, R. E. Cooke, D. W. Del Sesto, R. E. Gilbertson, R. D. Bacrania, M. K. Bennett, B. L. Jacobsohn, L. G. McClesky, T. M. Ott, K. C. Sitarz, S. C. Smith, J. F. Stange, S. BE James, RB Burger, A Franks, LA TI LaF3 : Ce nanocomposite scintillator for gamma-ray detection SO HARD X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY DETECTOR PHYSICS IX SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Detector Physics IX CY AUG 27-29, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE ID DOPED LANTHANUM FLUORIDE; CEF3 NANOPARTICLES; UV FLUORESCENCE; X-RAY; CERIUM; LUMINESCENCE; SPECTROSCOPY; SURFACE; IONS; NANOPHOSPHORS AB Nanophosphor LaF3:Ce has been synthesized and incorporated into a matrix to form a nanocomposite scintillator suitable for application to gamma-ray detection. Owing to the small nanocrystallite size (sub-10 nm), optical emission from the gamma / nanophosphor interaction is only weakly Rayleigh scattered (optical attenuation length exceeds 1 cm for 5-nm crystallites), thus yielding a transparent scintillator. The measured energy resolution is ca. 16% for Cs-137 gamma rays, which may be improved by utilizing brighter nanophosphors. Synthesis of the nanophosphor is achieved via a solution-precipitation method that is inexpensive, amenable to routine processing, and readily scalable to large volumes. These results demonstrate nanocomposite scintillator proof-of-principle and provide a framework for further research in this nascent field of scintillator research. C1 [McKigney, E. A.; Muenchausen, R. E.; Cooke, D. W.; Del Sesto, R. E.; Gilbertson, R. D.; Bacrania, M. K.; Bennett, B. L.; Jacobsohn, L. G.; McClesky, T. M.; Ott, K. C.; Sitarz, S. C.; Smith, J. F.; Stange, S.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP McKigney, EA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. OI Jacobsohn, Luiz/0000-0001-8991-3903; Mccleskey, Thomas/0000-0003-3750-3245 NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6854-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2007 VL 6706 AR 67061A DI 10.1117/12.737364 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BHC11 UT WOS:000252147100034 ER PT S AU Neal, JS Boatner, LA Wisniewski, D Ramey, JO AF Neal, John S. Boatner, Lynn A. Wisniewski, Dariusz Ramey, Joanne O. BE James, RB Burger, A Franks, LA TI New rare-earth-activated phosphate glass scintillators SO HARD X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY DETECTOR PHYSICS IX SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Detector Physics IX CY AUG 27-29, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE glass scintillators; gamma-ray detectors; X-ray detectors ID LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTE; LEAD AB We have investigated the applicability of phosphate glasses as host systems for the formation of rare-earth-activated gamma-and x-ray scintillators. Glass scintillators have generally suffered from low light yields, usually attributed to inefficient energy transfer from the glass matrix to the luminescent center. Our research on these phosphate glasses has shown that their structural properties can be readily varied and controlled by compositional alterations. The melting and pouring temperature of similar to 1050 degrees C for these phosphate glasses is significantly lower than the processing temperatures generally associated with the formation of silicate glass scintillators. The calcium-sodium phosphate glasses will tolerate relatively high cerium concentrations based on the initial melt compositions, and the light yield for gamma-ray excitation at 662 keV was determined as A function of cerium concentration up to the saturation level. The rare-earth-activated Ca-Na phosphate glass primary-component decay time was in the range of 32 to 42 nsec for various Ce concentrations with the contribution of the light output of the primary component ranging from 80 to 90%. Studies of the effects of co-doing with both Ce and Gd were also carried out in the case of the Ca-Na phosphate glass hosts. The effects of post-synthesis thermochemical treatments in a variety of atmospheres and at various processing temperatures were also investigated for the Ce-activated Ca-Na phosphate scintillators. C1 [Neal, John S.; Boatner, Lynn A.; Wisniewski, Dariusz; Ramey, Joanne O.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Radiat Detect Mat & Syst, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Neal, JS (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Radiat Detect Mat & Syst, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM nealjs@ornl.gov RI Boatner, Lynn/I-6428-2013; Neal, John/R-8203-2016 OI Boatner, Lynn/0000-0002-0235-7594; Neal, John/0000-0001-8337-5235 NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6854-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2007 VL 6706 AR 670618 DI 10.1117/12.734561 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BHC11 UT WOS:000252147100032 ER PT S AU Wisniewski, DJ Boatner, LA Neal, JS Jellison, GE Ramey, JO North, A Wisniewska, M Lempicki, A Brecher, C Glodo, J AF Wisniewski, Dariusz J. Boatner, Lynn A. Neal, John S. Jellison, Gerald E. Ramey, Joanne O. North, Andrea Wisniewska, Monika Lempicki, Aleksander Brecher, Charlie Glodo, Jaroslaw BE James, RB Burger, A Franks, LA TI Performance of new ceramic scintillators for gamma- and x-ray detection SO HARD X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY DETECTOR PHYSICS IX SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Detector Physics IX CY AUG 27-29, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE scintillators; scintillation; ceramics; LSO : Ce; LaBr3 : Ce; Lu2O3 : Eu; luminescence; afterglow ID ENERGY-RESOLUTION SCINTILLATOR; SPECTROSCOPY AB Ceramic materials show significant promise for the production of reasonably priced, large-size scintillators. Ceramics have recently received a great deal of attention in the field of materials for laser applications, and the technology for fabricating high-optical-quality polycrystalline ceramics of cubic materials has been well developed. The formation of transparent ceramics of non-cubic materials is, however, much more difficult as a result of birefringence effects in differently oriented grains. Here, we will describe the performance of a few new ceramics developed for the detection of gamma- and x-ray radiation. Results are presented for ceramic analogs of three crystalline materials - cubic Lu2O3, and non-cubic LaBr3, and Lu2SiO5 or LSO (hexagonal, and monoclinic structures, respectively). The impact of various sintering, hot-pressing and post-formation annealing procedures on the light yield, transparency, and other parameters, will be discussed. The study of LaBr3:Ce shows that fairly translucent ceramics of rare-earth halides can be fabricated and they can reach relatively high light yield values. Despite the fact that no evidence for texturing has been found in our LSO:Ce ceramic microstructures, the material demonstrates a surprisingly high level of translucency or transparency. While the scintillation of LSO:Ce ceramic reaches a light yield level of about 86 % of that of a good LSO:Ce single crystal, its decay time is even faster, and the long term afterglow is lower than in LSO single crystals. C1 [Wisniewski, Dariusz J.; Boatner, Lynn A.; Neal, John S.; Jellison, Gerald E.; Ramey, Joanne O.; Wisniewska, Monika] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, CRDMS, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Wisniewski, DJ (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, CRDMS, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM wd1@ornl.gov RI Boatner, Lynn/I-6428-2013; Neal, John/R-8203-2016 OI Boatner, Lynn/0000-0002-0235-7594; Neal, John/0000-0001-8337-5235 NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6854-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2007 VL 6706 AR 670619 DI 10.1117/12.734440 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BHC11 UT WOS:000252147100033 ER PT B AU Winter, VL MametJanov, A Morrison, SE Mccoy, JA Wickstrom, GL AF Winter, Victor L. MametJanov, Azamat Morrison, Steven E. Mccoy, James A. Wickstrom, Gregory L. BE Cukic, B Dong, J TI Transformation-based library adaptation for embedded systems SO HASE 2007: 10TH IEEE HIGH ASSURANCE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th IEEE International Symposium on High Assurance Systems Engineering CY NOV 14-16, 2007 CL Univ Texas, Dallas, TX SP IEEE Comp Soc HO Univ Texas ID PROGRAM TRANSFORMATION AB Embedded systems are computational environments having restricted capabilities. These restrictions make the incorporation of high-level general purpose libraries, such as java.lang and java.util, into the embedded systems software development process problematic. This paper describes a general transformation-based approach that can be used to adapt Java libraries making them compatible with the computational restrictions imposed by embedded environments. C1 [Winter, Victor L.; MametJanov, Azamat; Morrison, Steven E.] Univ Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68182 USA. [Morrison, Steven E.; Mccoy, James A.; Wickstrom, Gregory L.] Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Winter, VL (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68182 USA. EM vwinter@mail.unomaha.edu; amametjanov@mail.unomaha.edu; semorri@sandia.gov; jamccoy@sandia.gov; glwicks@sandia.gov FU United States Department of Energy [DE-AC04-94AL85000] FX This work was in part supported by the United States Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-3043-7 PY 2007 BP 209 EP + DI 10.1109/HASE.2007.38 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BHF23 UT WOS:000252646700023 ER PT B AU Mili, A Sheldon, F AF Mili, Ali Sheldon, Frederick BE Cukic, B Dong, J TI Measuring reliability as a mean failure cost SO HASE 2007: 10TH IEEE HIGH ASSURANCE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th IEEE International Symposium on High Assurance Systems Engineering CY NOV 14-16, 2007 CL Univ Texas, Dallas, TX SP IEEE Comp Soc HO Univ Texas C1 [Mili, Ali] CCS, NJIT, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. [Sheldon, Frederick] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Mili, A (reprint author), CCS, NJIT, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. EM mili@cis.njit.edu; sheldonft@ornl.oov OI Sheldon, Frederick/0000-0003-1241-2750 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-3043-7 PY 2007 BP 403 EP + DI 10.1109/HASE.2007.42 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BHF23 UT WOS:000252646700055 ER PT J AU Westbrook, CK Pitz, WJ Curran, HJ AF Westbrook, C. K. Pitz, W. J. Curran, H. J. BE Zhao, H TI Auto-ignition and chemical kinetic mechanisms of HCCI combustion SO HCCI AND CAI ENGINES FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY SE Woodhead Publishing in Mechanical Engineering LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID RAPID COMPRESSION MACHINE; N-HEPTANE; OXIDATION; AUTOIGNITION; ISOMERS; ENGINES C1 [Westbrook, C. K.; Pitz, W. J.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. [Curran, H. J.] NUI Galway, Dept Chem, Galway, Ireland. RP Westbrook, CK (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave,L-644, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM westbrook1@llnl.gov; Henry.Curran@nuigalway.ie NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU WOODHEAD PUBL LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA ABINGTON HALL ABINGTON, CAMBRIDGE CB1 6AH, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-84569-354-1 J9 WOODHEAD PUBL MECH E PY 2007 BP 433 EP 455 DI 10.1533/9781845693541.5.433 PG 23 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA BSI72 UT WOS:000284578900018 ER PT J AU Aceves, SM Flowers, DL Dibble, RW Babajimopoulos, A AF Aceves, S. M. Flowers, D. L. Dibble, R. W. Babajimopoulos, A. BE Zhao, H TI Overview of modeling techniques and their application to HCCI/CAI engines SO HCCI AND CAI ENGINES FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY SE Woodhead Publishing in Mechanical Engineering LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID REACTION-MECHANISMS; HYDROCARBON FUELS; OXIDATION; COMBUSTION; IGNITION; COMPRESSION C1 [Aceves, S. M.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Aceves, SM (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave,L-644, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM saceves@LLNL.gov NR 51 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WOODHEAD PUBL LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA ABINGTON HALL ABINGTON, CAMBRIDGE CB1 6AH, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-84569-354-1 J9 WOODHEAD PUBL MECH E PY 2007 BP 456 EP 474 DI 10.1533/9781845693541.5.456 PG 19 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA BSI72 UT WOS:000284578900019 ER PT S AU Trabert, E Beiersdorfer, P Pinnington, EH Utter, SB Vilkas, MJ Ishikawa, Y AF Trabert, E. Beiersdorfer, P. Pinnington, E. H. Utter, S. B. Vilkas, M. J. Ishikawa, Y. BE McCullough, RW Currell, FJ Greenwood, J Gribakin, G Scott, MP TI Experiment and theory in interplay on high-Z few-electron ion spectra from foil-excited ion beams and electron beam ion traps SO HCI 2006: 13TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE PHYSICS OF HIGHLY CHARGED IONS SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Physics of Highly Charged Ions CY AUG 28-SEP 01, 2006 CL Queens Univ, Belfast, IRELAND SP Univ Coll Dublin, Phys Dept, Dublin City Univ HO Queens Univ ID NA-LIKE; AL-LIKE; ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; AU IONS; ENERGIES; LEVEL; LIFETIMES AB Spectroscopic measurements on few-electron high-Z ions take guidance from isoelectronic trends of low-Z to mid-Z ions and from theory. Such wide-range extrapolations, however, are fraught with uncertainty. We discuss as examples some n = 3, An = 0 transitions in the EUV spectra of Na-, Mg- and Al-like ions of An that have been observed by electron beam ion trap work and by heavy-ion accelerator based beam-foil spectroscopy. New insights are gained from notable recent progress of calculations. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Phys & Adv Technol, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Trabert, E (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Phys & Adv Technol, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM traebert@ep3.rub.de FU LLNL under USDoE [W- 7405-ENG-48]; NSERC (Canada) FX work has been performed at LLNL under the auspices of the USDoE under contractNo. W- 7405-ENG-48. ET acknowledges travel support from the German Research Association (DFG), EHP acknowledges support by NSERC (Canada). NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2007 VL 58 BP 93 EP + DI 10.1088/1742-6596/58/1/014 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BGF37 UT WOS:000246424800014 ER PT S AU Quinet, P Biemont, E Palmeri, P Trabert, E AF Quinet, P. Biemont, E. Palmeri, P. Traebert, E. BE McCullough, RW Currell, FJ Greenwood, J Gribakin, G Scott, MP TI Relativistic atomic data for EUV and X-ray spectra of highly charged Cu-, Zn-, Ga- and Ge-like ions (70 <= Z <= 92) SO HCI 2006: 13TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE PHYSICS OF HIGHLY CHARGED IONS SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Physics of Highly Charged Ions CY AUG 28-SEP 01, 2006 CL Queens Univ, Belfast, IRELAND SP Univ Coll Dublin, Phys Dept, Dublin City Univ HO Queens Univ ID ENERGY-LEVELS; TRAP; TRANSITIONS; WAVELENGTHS; ACCURATE; PROGRAM; SHIFT; TH; AU; BI AB Wavelengths and transition probabilities have been calculated for the n=4, Delta n=O allowed transitions in the heavy Cu-, Zn-, Ga- and Ge-like ions with Z=70-92. Fully relativistic multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) computations were carried out. The present results are compared to and agree well with recent electron-beam ion-trap (EBIT) measurements in Yb, W, Os, An, Pb, Bi, Th and U ions. C1 [Quinet, P.; Biemont, E.; Palmeri, P.] Univ Mons, B-7000 Mons, Belgium. [Quinet, P.; Biemont, E.] Univ Liege, IPNAS, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. [Traebert, E.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Phys & Adv Technol, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Quinet, P (reprint author), Univ Mons, B-7000 Mons, Belgium. EM quinet@umh.ac.be FU German Research Association (DFG); US Department of Energy by University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [W-7405-Eng-48] FX PQ, PP and EB are respectively Research Associates and Research Director of the Belgian FNRS. ET thanks the German Research Association (DFG) and the US Department of Energy by University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (Contract W-7405-Eng-48). NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 7 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2007 VL 58 BP 153 EP + DI 10.1088/1742-6596/58/1/029 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BGF37 UT WOS:000246424800029 ER PT S AU Otranto, S Olson, RE Beiersdorfer, P AF Otranto, S. Olson, R. E. Beiersdorfer, P. BE McCullough, RW Currell, FJ Greenwood, J Gribakin, G Scott, MP TI X-ray emission cross sections following charge exchange by multiply charged ions of astrophysical interest SO HCI 2006: 13TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE PHYSICS OF HIGHLY CHARGED IONS SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Physics of Highly Charged Ions CY AUG 28-SEP 01, 2006 CL Queens Univ, Belfast, IRELAND SP Univ Coll Dublin, Phys Dept, Dublin City Univ HO Queens Univ ID ELECTRON-CAPTURE; HEAVY-IONS; COLLISIONS; ENERGIES; ATOMS AB The CTMC method is used to calculate emission cross sections following charge exchange processes involving highly charged ions of astrophysical interest and typical cometary targets. Comparison is made to experimental data obtained on the EBIT-I machine at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) for O8+ projectiles impinging on different targets at a collision energy of 10 eV/amu. The theoretical cross sections are used together with ion abundances measured by the Advanced Composition Explorer to reproduce cometary spectra. Discrepancies due to different estimated delays of solar wind events between the comet and the Earth-orbiting satellite are discussed. C1 [Otranto, S.; Olson, R. E.] Univ Missouri, Dept Phys, Rolla, MO 65401 USA. [Otranto, S.] Univ Nacl Sur, Dto Fis, RA-8000 Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina. [Otranto, S.] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, RA-8000 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. [Beiersdorfer, P.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Otranto, S (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Phys, Rolla, MO 65401 USA. EM otrantos@umr.edu FU Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, DOE; DOE [W-7405-ENG-48]; NASA [NNG06GB11G] FX Work supported by the Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, DOE. Work by LLNL performed under DOE contract W-7405-ENG-48 and NASAs Planetary Atmospheres Program grant NNG06GB11G. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2007 VL 58 BP 165 EP + DI 10.1088/1742-6596/58/1/032 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BGF37 UT WOS:000246424800032 ER PT S AU Orban, I Bohm, S Fogle, M Paal, A Schuch, R AF Orban, I. Bohm, S. Fogle, M. Paal, A. Schuch, R. BE McCullough, RW Currell, FJ Greenwood, J Gribakin, G Scott, MP TI A new method for detecting the contribution of high Rydberg states to electron-ion recombination SO HCI 2006: 13TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE PHYSICS OF HIGHLY CHARGED IONS SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Physics of Highly Charged Ions CY AUG 28-SEP 01, 2006 CL Queens Univ, Belfast, IRELAND SP Univ Coll Dublin, Phys Dept, Dublin City Univ HO Queens Univ ID DIELECTRONIC RECOMBINATION AB A position sensitive detector for measuring field ionized electrons in the fringe field of a dipole magnet is presented. The detector provides a means to study, in a state selective fashion, recombination into high Rydberg states and offers a new method to investigate recombination enhancement effects. Several experimental considerations and possibilities are discussed in the text. C1 [Orban, I.; Bohm, S.; Schuch, R.] Stockholm Univ, Dept Atom Phys, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. [Fogle, M.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Paal, A.] Stockholm Univ, Manne Siegbahn Inst, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Orban, I (reprint author), Stockholm Univ, Dept Atom Phys, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. EM orban@physto.se NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2007 VL 58 BP 299 EP + DI 10.1088/1742-6596/58/1/066 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BGF37 UT WOS:000246424800066 ER PT S AU Krause, HF Vane, CR Meyer, FW Christen, HM AF Krause, H. F. Vane, C. R. Meyer, F. W. Christen, H. M. BE McCullough, RW Currell, FJ Greenwood, J Gribakin, G Scott, MP TI Angular distribution of ions transmitted by an anodic nanocapillary array SO HCI 2006: 13TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE PHYSICS OF HIGHLY CHARGED IONS SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Physics of Highly Charged Ions CY AUG 28-SEP 01, 2006 CL Queens Univ, Belfast, IRELAND SP Univ Coll Dublin, Phys Dept, Dublin City Univ HO Queens Univ ID MEMBRANES AB The transmission of highly collimated multicharged ions through alumina nanocapillary arrays was studied using 200 MeV and 10- to 20-keV/q ion beams. The aligned nanopores each have a diameter and length of 100 nm and 60 mu, respectively. Emergent charge-state-selected angular distributions were measured at low energy. The distributions consist of sharp two-dimensional peaks that sit on a continuum distribution. Analysis of the results from target tilting experiments indicate that the observed structure can be explained simply by multiple collisions of the projectile with nanopore walls. We discuss these results and other effects produced by applying a fine wire mesh and Au thin films to the nanocapillary array. C1 [Krause, H. F.; Vane, C. R.; Meyer, F. W.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Christen, H. M.] Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Krause, HF (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM krausehf@ornl.gov RI Christen, Hans/H-6551-2013 OI Christen, Hans/0000-0001-8187-7469 FU U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; UT-Battelle, LLC FX Research sponsored by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC. NR 9 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2007 VL 58 BP 323 EP + DI 10.1088/1742-6596/58/1/072 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BGF37 UT WOS:000246424800072 ER PT S AU Nothnagel, MJ Park, G Farrar, CR AF Nothnagel, Matthew J. Park, Gyuhae Farrar, Charles R. BE Kundu, T TI Wireless energy transmission for structural health monitoring embedded sensor nodes - art. no. 653216 SO Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems 2007 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems CY MAR 19-22, 2007 CL San Diego, CA DE wireless energy transmission; energy harvesting; structural health monitoring; microwave power ID POWER TRANSMISSION AB In this paper, we present a feasibility study of using wireless energy transmission systems to provide a required power for structural health monitoring (SHM) sensor nodes. The goal of this study is to develop SHM sensing systems which can be permanently embedded in the host structure and do not require an on-board power sources. With this approach, the energy will be periodically delivered as needed to operate the sensor node, as opposed to being harvested as in the conventional approaches. The wirelessly transmitted microwave energy is captured by a microstrip patch antenna, and then transformed into DC power by a rectifying circuit and stored in a storage medium to provide the required energy to the sensor and transmitter. Based on the fact that recent networked sensor systems require power on the order of fractions of a watt, it is quite possible to operate such sensing devices completely from the captured wirelessly delivered energy. The method of designing and optimizing a wireless energy transmission system is discussed. This paper also summarizes considerations needed to design such energy delivery systems, experimental procedures and results, and additional issues that can be used as guidelines for future investigations. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Engn Inst, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Nothnagel, MJ (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Engn Inst, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Farrar, Charles/C-6954-2012; OI Farrar, Charles/0000-0001-6533-6996 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6653-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6532 BP 53216 EP 53216 AR 653216 DI 10.1117/12.715835 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation SC Instruments & Instrumentation GA BGJ50 UT WOS:000247600300037 ER PT S AU Wilkes, KE Atchley, JA Childs, PW Desjarlais, A AF Wilkes, Kenneth E. Atchley, Jerry A. Childs, Phillip W. Desjarlais, Andre BE Mukhopadhyaya, P Kumaran, MK TI Effects of drying conditions, phase transformations, and carbonation reactions on measurements of sorption isotherms of building materials SO HEAT-AIR-MOISTURE TRANSPORT: MEASUREMENTS ON BUILDING MATERIALS SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Symposium on Heat-Air-Moisture Transport - Measurements on Building Materials CY APR 23, 2006 CL Toronto, CANADA SP ASTM Comm C 16 DE sorption isotherm; gypsum; wood; wood products; cement; hygrothermal properties AB The sorption isotherm is one of the basic material properties used in hygrothermal modeling of building envelope performance. Measurement of this property is deceptively simple. Specimens are first dried and then exposed to a series of higher relative humidities to develop a curve of moisture content versus relative humidity at constant temperature. This paper discusses some confounding effects that we have observed while performing measurements on a number of common building materials. Materials studied included gypsum products, wood and wood products, and cementitious materials. C1 [Wilkes, Kenneth E.; Atchley, Jerry A.; Childs, Phillip W.; Desjarlais, Andre] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Wilkes, KE (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 978-0-8031-3422-5 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2007 VL 1495 BP 45 EP 54 DI 10.1520/STP45404S PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA BHQ10 UT WOS:000255322800005 ER PT S AU Stovall, TK AF Stovall, Therese K. BE Mukhopadhyaya, P Kumaran, MK TI Interlaboratory comparison of the thickness of the destroyed surface layer of closed-cell foam insulation specimens SO HEAT-AIR-MOISTURE TRANSPORT: MEASUREMENTS ON BUILDING MATERIALS SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Symposium on Heat-Air-Moisture Transport - Measurements on Building Materials CY APR 23, 2006 CL Toronto, CANADA SP ASTM Comm C 16 DE foam insulation; destroyed surface layer; accelerated aging; errors AB The preparation of closed-cell foam insulation test specimens can affect the results of a number of hygrothermal property measurements. In particular, the thickness of the destroyed surface layer affects the measurement of gas diffusion coefficients and thermal conductivity. Multiple specimen preparation methods are in use, as well as multiple methods to measure the thickness of the destroyed surface layer. A ruggedness test, including an interlaboratory comparison, was conducted by an ASTM technical committee to examine the variations due to both of these factors. The results are important in understanding the likely range in values for each preparation technique. The results also demonstrate a sensitivity to the measurement technique. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Stovall, TK (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 978-0-8031-3422-5 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2007 VL 1495 BP 88 EP 93 DI 10.1520/STP45408S PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA BHQ10 UT WOS:000255322800009 ER PT B AU Diehl, S Statler, TS AF Diehl, S. Statler, T. S. BE Bohringer, H Pratt, GW Finoguenov, A Schuecker, P TI Morphological signatures of AGN feedback in the hot interstellar medium of normal elliptical galaxies SO HEATING VERSUS COOLING IN GALAXIES AND CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES SE ESO ASTROPHYSICS SYMPOSIA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MPA/ESO/MPE/USM Joint Astronomy Conference CY AUG 06-11, 2006 CL Garching, GERMANY SP MPA, ESO, MPE, USM ID VORONOI TESSELLATIONS; DARK-MATTER AB We present the results of a systematic morphological analysis of the X-ray emission of the hot interstellar medium (ISM) in 54 normal elliptical galaxies observed with the Chandra satellite. We find evidence for the gas not to be resting completely in hydrostatic equilibrium. In particular, we find that optical and X-ray ellipticities are uncorrelated, contrary to expectations from hydrostatic equilibrium. We also demonstrate that the degree of asymmetry in the gas correlates positively with both the 20cm radio luminosity and the X-ray luminosity of the central point source, emphasizing the general importance of AGN feedback even in normal elliptical galaxies. C1 [Diehl, S.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Statler, T. S.] Ohio Univ, Athens, OH USA. RP Diehl, S (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM diehl@lanl.gov; statler@ohio.edu NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-540-73483-3 J9 ESO ASTROPHY SYMP PY 2007 BP 155 EP + DI 10.1007/978-3-540-73484-0_29 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHA24 UT WOS:000251794500029 ER PT B AU Hallman, EJ O'Shea, BW Norman, ML Wagner, R Burns, JO AF Hallman, E. J. O'Shea, B. W. Norman, M. L. Wagner, R. Burns, J. O. BE Bohringer, H Pratt, GW Finoguenov, A Schuecker, P TI AMR simulations of the cosmological light cone: SZE surveys of the synthetic universe SO HEATING VERSUS COOLING IN GALAXIES AND CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES SE ESO ASTROPHYSICS SYMPOSIA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MPA/ESO/MPE/USM Joint Astronomy Conference CY AUG 06-11, 2006 CL Garching, GERMANY SP MPA, ESO, MPE, USM ID CONSTRAINTS; CLUSTERS AB We present preliminary results from simulated large sky coverage (similar to 100 square degrees) Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (SZE) cluster surveys using the cosmological adaptive mesh refinement N-body/hydro code Enzo. We have generated simulated light cones to match the resolution and sensitivity of current and future SZE instruments. These simulations are the most advanced calculations of their kind. The simulated sky surveys allow a direct comparison of large N-body/hydro cosmological simulations to current and pending sky surveys. Our synthetic surveys provide an indispensable guide for observers in the interpretation of large area sky surveys, and will develop the tools necessary to discriminate between models for cluster baryonic physics, and to accurately determine cosmological parameters. C1 [Hallman, E. J.; Burns, J. O.] Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Campus Box 391, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [O'Shea, B. W.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA. [Norman, M. L.; Wagner, R.] Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Astrophys & Space Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Hallman, EJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Campus Box 391, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. FU U.S. National Science Foundation [AST-0407368] FX This work was supported in part by a grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation (AST-0407368). NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-540-73483-3 J9 ESO ASTROPHY SYMP PY 2007 BP 355 EP 357 DI 10.1007/978-3-540-73484-0_64 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHA24 UT WOS:000251794500064 ER PT B AU Takei, Y Ohashi, T Henry, JP Mitsuda, K Fujimoto, R Tamura, T Yamasaki, NY Hayashida, K Tawa, N Matsushita, K Bautz, W Hughes, JP Madejski, GM Kelley, RL Arnaud, KA AF Takei, Y. Ohashi, T. Henry, J. P. Mitsuda, K. Fujimoto, R. Tamura, T. Yamasaki, N. Y. Hayashida, K. Tawa, N. Matsushita, K. Bautz, W. Hughes, J. P. Madejski, G. M. Kelley, R. L. Arnaud, K. A. BE Bohringer, H Pratt, GW Finoguenov, A Schuecker, P TI Suzaku observations of A2218 SO HEATING VERSUS COOLING IN GALAXIES AND CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES SE ESO ASTROPHYSICS SYMPOSIA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MPA/ESO/MPE/USM Joint Astronomy Conference CY AUG 06-11, 2006 CL Garching, GERMANY SP MPA, ESO, MPE, USM ID INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM; RAY; DISCOVERY; CLUSTERS; BARYONS C1 [Takei, Y.; Mitsuda, K.; Fujimoto, R.; Tamura, T.; Yamasaki, N. Y.] ISAS JAXA, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. [Ohashi, T.] Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Tokyo, Japan. [Henry, J. P.] Univ Hawai, Honolulu, HI USA. [Hayashida, K.; Tawa, N.] Osaka Univ, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan. [Matsushita, K.] Tokyo Univ Sci, Tokyo, Japan. [Bautz, W.; Kelley, R. L.] MIT, Cambridge, MD USA. [Hughes, J. P.] Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ USA. [Madejski, G. M.] Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA USA. [Kelley, R. L.; Arnaud, K. A.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Takei, Y (reprint author), ISAS JAXA, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. EM takei@astro.isas.jaxa.jp RI Kelley, Richard/K-4474-2012 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-540-73483-3 J9 ESO ASTROPHY SYMP PY 2007 BP 395 EP + DI 10.1007/978-3-540-73484-0_72 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHA24 UT WOS:000251794500072 ER PT J AU Balia, AG Belyuga, AG Brovarets, VS Vasylenko, AN Turov, AV Gakh, AA Drach, BS AF Balia, Andrei G. Belyuga, Aleksandr G. Brovarets, Vladimir S. Vasylenko, Aleksandr N. Turov, Aleksandr V. Gakh, Andrei A. Drach, Boris S. TI Original recyclization of S-phenacyl derivatives of 4-acylamino-2-mercapto-1 3-oxazoles and their analogues SO HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CHLORO-OMEGA-ACYLAMIDOACETOPHENONES AB Readily accessible acylamino(chloro)acetophenones, if treated with sodium rhodanide and alpha-halogenocarbonyl compounds, provide 4-acylamino-5-aryl-2-mercapto-1,3-oxazole derivatives which undergo recyclization on heating in polyphosphoric acid to give substituted 1,3-thiazol-2(3H)ones or 1,3-thiazolidin-2,4-diones containing 2-alkyl(aryl)-5-aryl-1,3-oxazol-4-yl residues at the N-3 atom. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Acad Sci Ukraine, Inst Bioorgan Chem & Petrochem, UA-02660 Kiev 94, Ukraine. Taras Shevchenko Natl Univ, Dept Chem, UA-01033 Kiev, Ukraine. Taras Shevchenko Natl Univ, Dept Chem, UA-01033 Kiev, Ukraine. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37381 USA. RP Drach, BS (reprint author), Natl Acad Sci Ukraine, Inst Bioorgan Chem & Petrochem, 1 Murmanskaya Str, UA-02660 Kiev 94, Ukraine. EM Drach@bpci.kiev.ua NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1042-7163 J9 HETEROATOM CHEM JI Heteroatom Chem. PY 2007 VL 18 IS 4 BP 432 EP 437 DI 10.1002/hc.20317 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 166JS UT WOS:000246375600017 ER PT S AU Ma, BH Balachandran, UB Kaufman, DY Uprety, K AF Ma, Beihai Balachandran, U. Balu Kaufman, David Y. Uprety, Krishna BE Nino, JC Roozeboom, F Muralt, P TrolierMcKinstry, S LaVan, D TI Strategy for the integration of PLZT thin films on base-metal foils for high voltage embedded passives SO Heterogeneous Integration of Materials for Passive Components and Smart Systems SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Heterogeneous Integration of Materials for Passive Components and Smart Systems held at the 2006 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 27-29, 2006 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; ELECTRODES; CAPACITORS AB Evolution of electronic devices towards higher performance and smaller size requires the passive components to be embedded within a printed wire board (PWB). A "film-on-foil" approach is the most viable fabrication method. A high permittivity of lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) thin film was coated on nickel foil by chemical solution deposition. Such a prefabricated capacitor sheet can be embedded into a PWB. However, formation of a parasitic low-permittivity interfacial layer of nickel oxide during thermal processing of the PLZT films considerably reduces the capacitance density. To eliminate this parasitic effect, conductive buffer layer of lanthanum nickel oxide (LNO) was coated by chemical solution deposition on nickel foil. We produced PLZT film-on-foil capacitors with capacitance densities as high as 1.5 mu F/cm(2) and breakdown field strength > 1.4 MV/cm. With the desirable volumetric character, PLZT film-on-foil capacitors hold particular promise for use in high voltage embedded passives. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Syst, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Ma, BH (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Syst, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Ma, Beihai/I-1674-2013 OI Ma, Beihai/0000-0003-3557-2773 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 978-1-55899-926-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2007 VL 969 BP 75 EP 80 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BGN69 UT WOS:000248834600009 ER PT S AU McMahon, WE Emery, KE Friedman, DJ Ottoson, L Young, MS Ward, JS Kramer, CM Duda, A Kurtz, S AF McMahon, William E. Emery, Keith E. Friedman, Daniel J. Ottoson, Larry Young, Michelle S. Ward, J. Scott Kramer, Charlene M. Duda, Anna Kurtz, Sarah BE SymkoDavies, M TI Daily fill factor variation as a diagnostic probe of multijunction concentrator systems during outdoor operation - art. no. 664906 SO High and Low Concentration for Solar Electric Applications II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High and Low Concentration for Solar Electric Applications II CY AUG 26-28, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE multi-junction solar cell; concentrator module; current-matching; fill factor ID SINGLE-JUNCTION; SOLAR-CELLS AB Optimizing a concentrator system which uses multijunction solar cells is challenging because: (a) the conditions are variable, so the solar cells rarely operate under optimal conditions and (b) the conditions are not controlled, so any design problems are difficult to characterize. Any change in the spectral content of direct-beam sunlight as it passes through the concentrator optics is of particular interest, as it can reduce the performance of multijunction cells and is difficult to characterize. Here we show how the fill factor can be used to detect and diagnose this sort of a '' spectral skewing '' by the concentrator optics during outdoor operation. The work presented here is for GaInP2/GaAs tandem cells, but the conclusions are equally valid for GaInP2/GaAs/Ge triple-junction cells. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP McMahon, WE (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6797-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6649 BP 64906 EP 64906 AR 664906 DI 10.1117/12.732604 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Optics GA BGW49 UT WOS:000250953700007 ER PT S AU Alam, SR Bhatia, N Vetter, JS AF Alam, Sadaf R. Bhatia, Nikhil Vetter, Jeffrey S. BE Perrott, R Chapman, BM Subhlok, J DeMello, RF Yang, LT TI An exploration of performance attributes for symbolic modeling of emerging processing devices SO HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC 2007) CY SEP 26-28, 2007 CL Houston, TX SP Sun Microsyst AB Vector, emerging (homogenous and heterogeneous) multi-core and a number of accelerator processing devices potentially offer an order of magnitude speedup for scientific applications that are capable of exploiting their SIMD execution units over microprocessor execution times. Nevertheless, identifying, mapping and achieving high performance for a diverse set of scientific algorithms is a challenging task, let alone the performance predictions and projections on these devices. The conventional performance modeling strategies are unable to capture the performance characteristics of complex processing systems and, therefore, fail to predict achievable runtime performance. Moreover, most efforts involved in developing a performance modeling strategy and subsequently a framework for unique and emerging processing devices is prohibitively expensive. In this study, we explore a minimum set of attributes that are necessary to capture the performance characteristics of scientific calculations on the Cray X1E multi-streaming, vector processor. We include a set of specialized performance attributes of the X1E system including the degrees of multi-streaming and vectorization within our symbolic modeling framework called Modeling Assertions (MA). Using our scheme, the performance prediction error rates for a scientific calculation are reduced from over 200% to less than 25%. C1 [Alam, Sadaf R.; Bhatia, Nikhil; Vetter, Jeffrey S.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Alam, SR (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-75443-5 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2007 VL 4782 BP 683 EP 694 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BGW37 UT WOS:000250940200058 ER PT S AU Meyer, L Scheftner, D Vockler, J Mattoso, M Wilde, M Foster, I AF Meyer, Luiz Scheftner, Doug Vockler, Jens Mattoso, Marta Wilde, Mike Foster, Ian BE Dayde, M Palma, MLM Coutinho, LGA Pacitti, E Lopes, JC TI An opportunistic algorithm for scheduling workflows on grids SO HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING FOR COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE - VECPAR 2006 SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on High Performance Computing for Computational Science CY JUN 10-13, 2006 CL Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL SP Fac Engn Porto, Petrobras, IBM Brazil, FABMEC, CNPq, FAPERJ, Univ Porto, Fac Engn, Inst Natl Rech Informat, Sillicon Graph, Univ Porto AB The execution of scientific workflows in Grid environments imposes many challenges due to the dynamic nature of such environments and the characteristics of scientific applications. This work presents an algorithm that dynamically schedules tasks of workflows to Grid sites based on the performance of these sites when running previous jobs from the same workflow. The algorithm captures the dynamic characteristics of Grid environments without the need to probe the remote sites. We evaluated the algorithm running a workflow in the Open Science Grid using twelve sites. The results showed improvements up to 150% relative to other four usual scheduling strategies. C1 [Meyer, Luiz; Mattoso, Marta] Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, COPPE, Dept Comp Sci, BR-21945 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. [Scheftner, Doug; Vockler, Jens; Foster, Ian] Univ Chicago, Dept Comp Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Wilde, Mike; Foster, Ian] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Meyer, L (reprint author), Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, COPPE, Dept Comp Sci, BR-21945 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. OI Mattoso, Marta/0000-0002-0870-3371 FU National Science Foundation [ITR-086044]; U.S. Department of Energy [W-31-109-ENG-38] FX This work is supported in part by the National Science Foundation GriPhyN project under contract ITR-086044, U.S. Department of Energy under contract W-31-109- ENG-38 and CAPES and CNPq Brazilian funding agencies NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-71350-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2007 VL 4395 BP 1 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BGD04 UT WOS:000246102900001 ER PT S AU Hendrickson, B Pothen, A AF Hendrickson, Bruce Pothen, Alex BE Dayde, M Palma, MLM Coutinho, LGA Pacitti, E Lopes, JC TI Combinatorial scientific computing: The enabling power of discrete algorithms in computational science SO HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING FOR COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE - VECPAR 2006 SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on High Performance Computing for Computational Science CY JUN 10-13, 2006 CL Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL SP Fac Engn Porto, Petrobras, IBM Brazil, FABMEC, CNPq, FAPERJ, Univ Porto, Fac Engn, Inst Natl Rech Informat, Sillicon Graph, Univ Porto ID SPARSE HESSIAN MATRICES; DEGREE ORDERING ALGORITHM; GRAPH-COLORING PROBLEMS; JACOBIAN MATRICES; ELIMINATION; OPTIMIZATION; MESH AB Combinatorial algorithms have long played a crucial, albeit under-recognized role in scientific computing. This impact ranges well beyond the familiar applications of graph algorithms in sparse matrices to include mesh generation, optimization, computational biology and chemistry, data analysis and parallelization. Trends in science and in computing suggest strongly that the importance of discrete algorithms in computational science will continue to grow. This paper reviews some of these many past successes and highlights emerging areas of promise and opportunity. C1 [Hendrickson, Bruce] Sandia Natl Labs, Discrete Math & Algorithms Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Pothen, Alex] Old Dominion Univ, Ctr Comp Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. [Pothen, Alex] Old Dominion Univ, Comp Sci Dept, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. RP Hendrickson, B (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Discrete Math & Algorithms Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM bah@sandia.gov; pothen@cs.odu.edu FU U.S. DOE [DE-AC-94AL85000] FX We are indebted to many of our colleagues who have contributed to our understanding of the diverse areas touched upon in this paper. We also thank Assefaw Gebremedhin and Florin Dobrian for comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript. Sandia National Laboratories is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed-Martin Company, for the U.S. DOE under contract number DE-AC-94AL85000. NR 64 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-71350-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2007 VL 4395 BP 260 EP + PG 5 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BGD04 UT WOS:000246102900021 ER PT S AU Drummond, LA Galiano, V Marques, O Migallan, V Penads, J AF Drummond, L. A. Galiano, V. Marques, O. Migallan, V. Penads, J. BE Dayde, M Palma, MLM Coutinho, LGA Pacitti, E Lopes, JC TI PyACTS: A high-level m-amework for fast development of high performance applications SO HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING FOR COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE - VECPAR 2006 SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on High Performance Computing for Computational Science CY JUN 10-13, 2006 CL Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL SP Fac Engn Porto, Petrobras, IBM Brazil, FABMEC, CNPq, FAPERJ, Univ Porto, Fac Engn, Inst Natl Rech Informat, Sillicon Graph, Univ Porto ID SOFTWARE ACTS COLLECTION AB Software reusability has proven to be an effective practice to speed-up the development of complex high-performance scientific and engineering applications. We promote the reuse of high quality software and general purpose libraries through the Advance CompuTational Software (ACTS) Collection. ACTS tools have continued to. provide solutions to many of today's computational problems. In addition, ACTS tools have been successfully ported to a variety of computer platforms; therefore tremendously facilitating the porting of applications that rely on ACTS functionalities. In this contribution we discuss a high-level user interface that provides a faster code prototype and user familiarization with ACTS tools. The high-level user interfaces have been built using Python. Here we focus on Python based interfaces to ScaLAPACK, the PyScaLAPACK component of PyACTS. We briefly introduce their use, functionalities, and benefits. We illustrate a few simple example of their use, as well as exemplar utilization inside large scientific applications. We also comment on existing Python interfaces to other ACTS tools. We present some comparative performance results of PyACTS based versus direct LAPACK and ScaLAPACK code implementations. C1 [Drummond, L. A.; Marques, O.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, One Cyclotron Rd,MS 50F-1650, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Galiano, V.] Univ Miguel Hernandez, Dept Fis Arquitectura Computadores, Alicante 03202, Spain. [Migallan, V.; Penads, J.] Univ Alicante, Dept Ciencia Comp Inteligencia Artificial, Alicante 03071, Spain. RP Drummond, LA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, One Cyclotron Rd,MS 50F-1650, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM LADrummond@lbl.gov; vgaliano@umh.es; OAMarques@lbl.gov; violeta@dccia.ua.es; jpenades@dccia-ua.es NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-71350-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2007 VL 4395 BP 417 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BGD04 UT WOS:000246102900032 ER PT S AU Marques, O Vasconcelos, PB AF Marques, Osni Vasconcelos, Paulo B. BE Dayde, M Palma, MLM Coutinho, LGA Pacitti, E Lopes, JC TI Evaluation of linear solvers for astrophysics m-ansfer problems SO HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING FOR COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE - VECPAR 2006 SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on High Performance Computing for Computational Science CY JUN 10-13, 2006 CL Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL SP Fac Engn Porto, Petrobras, IBM Brazil, FABMEC, CNPq, FAPERJ, Univ Porto, Fac Engn, Inst Natl Rech Informat, Sillicon Graph, Univ Porto DE high performance computing; Fredholm integral equation; weakly singular kernel; projection approximation; numerical methods ID ALGORITHM; EQUATION AB In this work we consider the numerical solution of a radiative transfer equation for modeling the emission of photons in stellar atmospheres. Mathematically, the problem is formulated in terms of a weakly singular Fredholm integral equation defined on a Banach space. Computational approaches to solve the problem are discussed, using direct and iterative strategies that are implemented in open source packages. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd,MS 50F-1650, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Fac Econom Univ Porto, P-42004641 Oporto, Portugal. RP Marques, O (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd,MS 50F-1650, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM oamarques@lbl.gov; pjv@fep.up.pt RI Vasconcelos, Paulo/A-8772-2008 OI Vasconcelos, Paulo/0000-0002-7132-880X NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-71350-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2007 VL 4395 BP 466 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BGD04 UT WOS:000246102900036 ER PT S AU Carter, J Oliker, L Shalf, J AF Carter, Jonathan Oliker, Leonid Shalf, John BE Dayde, M Palma, MLM Coutinho, LGA Pacitti, E Lopes, JC TI Performance evaluation of scientific applications on modern parallel vector systems SO HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING FOR COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE - VECPAR 2006 SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on High Performance Computing for Computational Science CY JUN 10-13, 2006 CL Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL SP Fac Engn Porto, Petrobras, IBM Brazil, FABMEC, CNPq, FAPERJ, Univ Porto, Fac Engn, Inst Natl Rech Informat, Sillicon Graph, Univ Porto AB Despite their dominance of high-end computing (HEC) through the 1980's, vector systems have been gradually replaced by microprocessor-based systems. However, while peak performance of microprocessors has grown exponentially, the gradual slide in sustained performance delivered to scientific applications has become a growing concern among HEC users. Recently, the Earth Simulator and Cray X1/X1E parallel vector processor systems have spawned renewed interest in vector technology for scientific applications. In this work, we compare the performance of two Lattice-Boltzmann applications and the Cactus astrophysics package on vector based systems including the Cray X1/X1E, Earth Simulator, and NEC SX-8, with commodity-based processor clusters including the IBM SP Power3, IBM Power5, Intel Itanium2, and AMD Opteron processors. We examine these important scientific applications to quantify the effective performance and investigate if efficiency benefits are applicable to a broader array of numerical methods. C1 [Carter, Jonathan; Oliker, Leonid; Shalf, John] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, CRD, NERSC, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Carter, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, CRD, NERSC, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM jtcarter@lbl.gov; loliker@lbl.gov; jshalf@lbl.gov FU National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center [DEAC02-05CH11231]; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [W-7405-Eng-48]; National Center for Computational Sciences at Oak Ridge National Laboratory [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research in the Department of Energy Office of Science [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX This research used the resources of several computer centers supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy: the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center under Contract No. DEAC02-05CH11231; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No.W-7405-Eng-48; the National Center for Computational Sciences at Oak Ridge National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725. The authors were supported by the Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research in the Department of Energy Office of Science under contract number DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-71350-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2007 VL 4395 BP 490 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BGD04 UT WOS:000246102900038 ER PT J AU Lee, SH Wang, SQ Pharr, GM Kant, M Penumadu, D AF Lee, Seung-Hwan Wang, Siqun Pharr, George M. Kant, Matthew Penumadu, Dayakar TI Mechanical properties and creep behavior of lyocell fibers by nanoindentation and nano-tensile testing SO HOLZFORSCHUNG LA English DT Article DE creep behavior; elastic modulus; hardness; nanoindentation; nano-tensile test; regenerated cellulose fiber ID CONTINUOUS STIFFNESS MEASUREMENT; WOOD CELL-WALLS; CELLULOSE ESTER COMPOSITES; MAGNETIC TAPES; ELASTIC-MODULUS; SPRUCE WOOD; HARDNESS; OPTIONS AB Mechanical and time-dependent mechanical properties of lyocell fibers have been investigated as a function of depth at a nano-scale level in longitudinal and transverse directions. The nanoindentation technique was applied and extended to continuous stiffness measurement. Lyo10 and Lyo13 lyocell fibers were investigated. The individual fiber properties were measured using a nanotensile testing system to obtain reference data for mechanical properties. The hardness and elastic modulus obtained from nanoindentation test are described using two different approaches. The first uses mean values for a depth of 150-300 nm, while the second uses unloading values at the final indentation depth. There is no significant difference between modulus values inferred from nanoindentation and those obtained from single fiber tensile testing. Hardness and elastic modulus values were higher in the longitudinal direction than those in the transverse direction and Lyo13 values were higher than those for Lyo10 in both directions. The time-dependent mechanical properties were also investigated as a function of the holding time. Increasing the holding time led to an increase in indentation displacement and a decrease in hardness. Stress exponents were calculated from the linear relationship between contact stress and contact strain using a power-law creep equation. C1 Univ Tennessee, Tennessee Forest Prod Ctr, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci, Knoxville, TN USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Lee, SH (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Tennessee Forest Prod Ctr, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM lshyhk@hotmail.com NR 25 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 13 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0018-3830 J9 HOLZFORSCHUNG JI Holzforschung PY 2007 VL 61 IS 3 BP 254 EP 260 DI 10.1515/HF.2007.062 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 175ID UT WOS:000247006400006 ER PT J AU Padmanabhan, R Mccune, W Veroff, R AF Padmanabhan, R. Mccune, W. Veroff, R. TI Lattice laws forcing distributivity under unique complementation SO HOUSTON JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS LA English DT Article ID VARIETIES AB We give several new lattice identities valid in nonmodular lattices such that a uniquely complemented lattice satisfying any of these identities is necessarily Boolean. Since some of these identities are consequences of modularity as well, these results generalize the classical result of Birkhoff and von Neumann that every uniquely complemented modular lattice is Boolean. In particular, every uniquely complemented lattice in M boolean OR V(N-5), the least nonmodular variety, is Boolean. C1 Univ Manitoba, Dept Math, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Comp Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Padmanabhan, R (reprint author), Univ Manitoba, Dept Math, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. EM padman@cc.umanitoba.ca; mccune@mcs.anl.gov; veroff@cs.unm.edu NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV HOUSTON PI HOUSTON PA DEPT MATH, HOUSTON, TX 77204 USA SN 0362-1588 J9 HOUSTON J MATH JI Houst. J. Math. PY 2007 VL 33 IS 2 BP 391 EP 401 PG 11 WC Mathematics SC Mathematics GA 177AS UT WOS:000247126600005 ER PT J AU Kang, YH Lenhart, S Protopopescu, V AF Kang, Y. H. Lenhart, S. Protopopescu, V. TI Optimal control of parameters and input functions for nonlinear systems SO HOUSTON JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS LA English DT Article DE optimal control; Galerkin method; nonlinear systems ID EVOLUTION-EQUATIONS; UNCERTAIN SYSTEMS; WAVE-EQUATION; IDENTIFICATION; OPTIMIZATION AB We consider the optimal control problem for both parameters and functions for general nonlinear systems. We show existence of optimal solution and present necessary optimality conditions. We illustrate the approach on two examples. C1 [Kang, Y. H.] Univ Ulsan, Dept Math, Ulsan 680749, South Korea. [Lenhart, S.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Math, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Protopopescu, V.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Comp Sci & Engn Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Kang, YH (reprint author), Univ Ulsan, Dept Math, Ulsan 680749, South Korea. EM yonghann@mail.ulsan.ac.kr; lenhart@math.utk.edu; protopopesva@ornl.gov NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV HOUSTON PI HOUSTON PA DEPT MATH, HOUSTON, TX 77204 USA SN 0362-1588 J9 HOUSTON J MATH JI Houst. J. Math. PY 2007 VL 33 IS 4 BP 1231 EP 1256 PG 26 WC Mathematics SC Mathematics GA 264KM UT WOS:000253286200020 ER PT S AU Cowell, A Hale, K Berka, C Fuch, S Baskin, A Jones, D Davis, G Johnson, R Fatch, R AF Cowell, Andrew Hale, Kelly Berka, Chris Fuch, Sven Baskin, Angela Jones, David Davis, Gene Johnson, Robin Fatch, Robin BE Jacko, JA TI Construction and validation of a neurophysiotechnological framework for imagery analysis SO HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION, PT 2, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCI International 2007) CY JUL 22-27, 2007 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA DE Augmented Cognition; electroencephalography; eye tracking; imagery analysis ID SPEED AB Intelligence analysts are bombarded with enormous volumes of imagery, which they must visually filter through to identify relevant areas of interest. Interpretation of such data is subject to error due to (1) large data volumes, implying the need for faster and more effective processing, and (2) misinterpretation, implying the need for enhanced analyst/system effectiveness. This paper outlines the Revolutionary Accelerated Processing Image Detection (RAPID) System, designed to significantly improve data throughput and interpretation by incorporating advancing neurophysiological technology to monitor processes associated with detection and identification of relevant target stimuli in a non-invasive and temporally precise manner. Specifically, this work includes the development of innovative electroencephalographic (EEG) and eye tracking technologies to detect and flag areas of interest, potentially without an analyst's conscious intervention or motor responses, while detecting and mitigating problems with tacit knowledge, such as anchoring bias in real-time to reduce the possibility of human error. C1 [Cowell, Andrew] Pacific NW Natl Lab, 902 Batelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Hale, Kelly; Fuch, Sven; Baskin, Angela; Jones, David] Design Interact Inc, Oviedo, FL, Spain. [Berka, Chris; Davis, Gene; Johnson, Robin; Fatch, Robin] Adv Brain Monitoring Inc, Carlsbad, CA USA. RP Cowell, A (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, 902 Batelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM Andrew.Cowell@pnl.gov; Kelly@designinteractive.net; Chris@b-alert.com; Sven@designinteractive.net; Angela@designinteractive.net; David@designinteractive.net; Gene@b-alert.com; Rjohnson@b-alert.com; Rfatch@b-alert.com NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-73106-1 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2007 VL 4551 BP 1096 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics; Social Issues; Sociology SC Computer Science; Engineering; Social Issues; Sociology GA BGK67 UT WOS:000248044500120 ER PT J AU de la Chesnaye, FC Edmonds, J Kheshgi, HS Kolstad, C Reilly, JM Richels, R Schlesinger, ME Smith, J Wilson, T AF de la Chesnaye, Francisco C. Edmonds, Jae Kheshgi, Haroon S. Kolstad, Charles Reilly, John M. Richels, Richard Schlesinger, Michael E. Smith, Joel Wilson, Tom BE Schlesinger, ME Kheshgi, HS Smith, J DeLaChesnaye, FC Reilly, JM Wilson, T Kolstad, C TI Human-Induced Climate Change An Interdisciplinary Assessment Preface SO HUMAN-INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ASSESSMENT LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 [de la Chesnaye, Francisco C.] US EPA, Climate Econ Branch, Climate Change Div, Off Atmospher Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. [Schlesinger, Michael E.] Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Kheshgi, Haroon S.] ExxonMobil Res & Engn Co, Corp Strateg Res, Annandale, NJ 08801 USA. [Smith, Joel] Stratus Consulting Inc, Boulder, CO 80306 USA. [Reilly, John M.] MIT, Joint Program Sci & Policy Global Change, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Reilly, John M.] MIT, Lab Energy & Environm, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Kolstad, Charles] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Econ, Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Edmonds, Jae] Univ Maryland, Joint Global Change Res Inst, Pacific NW Natl Lab, College Pk, MD USA. Elect Power Res Inst, Climate Change Res Program, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP de la Chesnaye, FC (reprint author), US EPA, Climate Econ Branch, Climate Change Div, Off Atmospher Programs, 1200 Penn Ave NW 6207J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-86603-3 PY 2007 BP XVII EP XVIII D2 10.1017/CBO9780511619472 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BXS61 UT WOS:000296905500001 ER PT J AU Penner, JE Wang, MH Kumar, A Rotstayn, L Santer, B AF Penner, Joyce E. Wang, Minghuai Kumar, Akshay Rotstayn, Leon Santer, Ben BE Schlesinger, ME Kheshgi, HS Smith, J DeLaChesnaye, FC Reilly, JM Wilson, T Kolstad, C TI Effect of black carbon on mid-troposphere and surface temperature trends SO HUMAN-INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID CLIMATE RESPONSE; AIR-TEMPERATURE; SATELLITE; AEROSOLS; MODEL; SOOT; MSU; 20TH-CENTURY; REANALYSIS; SULFATE C1 [Penner, Joyce E.; Wang, Minghuai] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Rotstayn, Leon] CSIRO, Marine & Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. [Santer, Ben] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Kumar, Akshay] Bowie New Town Ctr, Bowie, MD 20716 USA. RP Penner, JE (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, 1538 Space Res Bldg,2455 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Penner, Joyce/J-1719-2012 NR 44 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-86603-3 PY 2007 BP 18 EP 33 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511619472.004 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511619472 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BXS61 UT WOS:000296905500004 ER PT J AU Menon, S Del Genio, AD AF Menon, Surabi Del Genio, Anthony D. BE Schlesinger, ME Kheshgi, HS Smith, J DeLaChesnaye, FC Reilly, JM Wilson, T Kolstad, C TI Evaluating the impacts of carbonaceous aerosols on clouds and climate SO HUMAN-INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID BLACK CARBON; ART.; POLLUTION; CHINA; SMOKE; HAZE; SIMULATIONS; SENSITIVITY; PARAMETERIZATION; PREDICTION C1 [Menon, Surabi] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Del Genio, Anthony D.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Menon, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, MS90KR109,1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 47 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-86603-3 PY 2007 BP 34 EP 48 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511619472.005 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511619472 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BXS61 UT WOS:000296905500005 ER PT J AU Wigley, TML Richels, RG Edmonds, JA AF Wigley, T. M. L. Richels, R. G. Edmonds, J. A. BE Schlesinger, ME Kheshgi, HS Smith, J DeLaChesnaye, FC Reilly, JM Wilson, T Kolstad, C TI Overshoot pathways to CO2 stabilization in a multi-gas context SO HUMAN-INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; PROJECTIONS; SCENARIOS C1 [Wigley, T. M. L.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Richels, R. G.] Elect Power Res Inst, Washington, DC 20036 USA. [Edmonds, J. A.] Univ Maryland, Joint Global Change Res Inst, Pacific NW Natl Lab, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. RP Wigley, TML (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-86603-3 PY 2007 BP 84 EP 92 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511619472.009 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511619472 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BXS61 UT WOS:000296905500009 ER PT B AU Sathaye, JA AF Sathaye, Jayant A. BE Schlesinger, ME Kheshgi, HS Smith, J DeLaChesnaye, FC Reilly, JM Wilson, T Kolstad, C TI Bottom-up modeling of energy and greenhouse gas emissions: approaches, results, and challenges to inclusion of end-use technologies SO HUMAN-INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID EFFICIENCY C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Sathaye, JA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, MS 90-4000,1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 38 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-86603-3 PY 2007 BP 171 EP 180 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511619472.019 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511619472 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BXS61 UT WOS:000296905500019 ER PT J AU Edmonds, JA Dooley, JJ Kim, SK Friedman, SJ Wise, MA AF Edmonds, J. A. Dooley, J. J. Kim, S. K. Friedman, S. J. Wise, M. A. BE Schlesinger, ME Kheshgi, HS Smith, J DeLaChesnaye, FC Reilly, JM Wilson, T Kolstad, C TI Technology in an integrated assessment model: the potential regional deployment of carbon capture and storage in the context of global CO2 stabilization SO HUMAN-INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Edmonds, J. A.; Dooley, J. J.; Wise, M. A.] Univ Maryland, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Joint Global Change Res Inst, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Friedman, S. J.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Kim, S. K.] Princeton Univ, Woodrow Wilson Sch, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Kim, S. K.] Princeton Univ, Dept Econ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Edmonds, JA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Joint Global Change Res Inst, 8400 Baltimore Ave,Suite 201, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-86603-3 PY 2007 BP 181 EP 197 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511619472.020 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511619472 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BXS61 UT WOS:000296905500020 ER PT S AU Collins, LM Northup, DE Martinez, MLB Van Reenen, J Baker, MA Crowley, CR Powell, JE Freels-Stendel, B Heckethorn, SK Park, JC AF Collins, Linn Marks Northup, Diana E. Martinez, Mark L. B. Van Reenen, Johannes Baker, M. Alex Crowley, Christy R. Powell, James E. Freels-Stendel, Brian Heckethorn, Susan K. Park, Jong Chun BE Smith, MJ Salvendy, G TI The karst collaborative workspace for analyzing and annotating scientific datasets SO HUMAN INTERFACE AND THE MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION: INTERACTING IN INFORMATION ENVIRONMENTS, PT 2, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Human Interface and the Management of Information held at HCI International 2007 CY JUL 22-27, 2007 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA ID CAVE FAUNA AB Scientific fields of study such as astrobiology, nanotechnology, and cave and karst science involve the study of images and associated biological, physiochemical, and geological data. In order to ensure interdisciplinary analysis, it is important to make these kinds of datasets available for analysis and curation by the scientific community. The goal of this project is to design and develop an online workspace that enables scientists to collaboratively view, analyze, and annotate such datasets. The prototype contains scanning electron micrographs of karst and cave samples. The target users are the interdisciplinary community of scientists who study karst samples to learn more about critical biological and geological processes and the microbial communities often found in karst terrain. The prototype can inform the design and development of collaborative workspaces in other interdisciplinary fields. C1 [Collins, Linn Marks; Martinez, Mark L. B.; Baker, M. Alex; Powell, James E.; Heckethorn, Susan K.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Northup, Diana E.; Van Reenen, Johannes; Crowley, Christy R.; Freels-Stendel, Brian; Park, Jong Chun] Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Northup, DE (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM linn@lanl.gov; dnorthup@unm.edu; mlbm@lanl.gov; jreenen@unm.edu; bakera@lanl.gov; ccrowley@unm.edu; jepowell@lanl.gov; bfreels@unm.edu; heckethorn@lanl.gov; joumon@gmail.com RI Powell, James/A-6118-2012 OI Powell, James/0000-0002-3517-7485 NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-73353-9 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2007 VL 4558 BP 3 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BGM91 UT WOS:000248534500001 ER PT J AU Schmid, TE Eskenazi, B Baumgartner, A Marchetti, F Young, S Weldon, R Anderson, D Wyrobek, AJ AF Schmid, T. E. Eskenazi, B. Baumgartner, A. Marchetti, F. Young, S. Weldon, R. Anderson, D. Wyrobek, A. J. TI The effects of male age on sperm DNA damage in healthy non-smokers SO HUMAN REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE ageing; caffeine; Comet; DNA damage; sperm ID CHROMATIN-STRUCTURE ASSAY; COMET ASSAY; PATERNAL-AGE; SEMEN QUALITY; CHROMOSOMAL-ABERRATIONS; SPONTANEOUS MUTATION; ANTIOXIDANT INTAKE; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; OXIDATIVE STRESS; MOUSE ZYGOTES AB BACKGROUND: The trend for men to have children at older age raises concerns that advancing age may increase the production of genetically defective sperm, increasing the risks of transmitting germ-line mutations. METHODS: We investigated the associations between male age and sperm DNA damage and the influence of several lifestyle factors in a healthy non-clinical group of 80 non-smokers (mean age: 46.4 years, range: 22-80 years) with no known fertility problems using the sperm Comet analyses. RESULTS: The average percentage of DNA that migrated out of the sperm nucleus under alkaline electrophoresis increased with age (0.18% per year, P = 0.006), but there was no age association for damage measured under neutral conditions (P = 0.7). Men who consumed > 3 cups coffee per day had similar to 20% higher percentage tail DNA under neutral but not alkaline conditions compared with men who consumed no caffeine (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that (i) older men have increased sperm DNA damage associated with alkali-labile sites or single-strand DNA breaks and (ii) independent of age, men with substantial daily caffeine consumption have increased sperm DNA damage associated with double-strand DNA breaks. DNA damage in sperm can be converted to chromosomal aberrations and gene mutations after fertilization, increasing the risks of developmental defects and genetic diseases among offspring. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA USA. Univ Bradford, Dept Biomed Sci, Bradford, W Yorkshire, England. RP Wyrobek, AJ (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Life Sci Div, Berkeley, CA USA. EM ajwyrobek@lbl.gov RI Anderson, Diana/J-6472-2015; OI Anderson, Diana/0000-0001-9673-0398; Marchetti, Francesco/0000-0002-9435-4867 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42ES04705] NR 64 TC 102 Z9 106 U1 4 U2 10 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0268-1161 J9 HUM REPROD JI Hum. Reprod. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 22 IS 1 BP 180 EP 187 DI 10.1093/humrep/del338 PG 8 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA 120EA UT WOS:000243065300024 PM 17053003 ER PT J AU Jiang, W Reddy, TA AF Jiang, Wei Reddy, T. Agami TI General methodology combining engineering optimization of primary HVAC&R plants with decision analysis methods - Part 1: Deterministic analysis SO HVAC&R RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SYSTEMS; PUMPS AB This paper is the first of a two-part sequence that proposes a general methodology for dynamic scheduling and optimal control of complex primary HVAC&R plants, which combines engineering analyses within a practical decision analysis framework by modeling risk attitudes of the operator. The methodology involves a computationally efficient, deterministic engineering optimization phase for scheduling and controlling primary systems over the planning horizon, followed by a systematic and comprehensive stochastic sensitivity and decision analysis phase, where various sources of uncertainties are evaluated along with alternative non-optimal but risk-averse operating strategies. This paper describes the deterministic component of the analysis methodology, which essentially involves the development of response surface models for different combinations of system configurations to be used for static optimization and then using them in conjunction with the modified Dijkstra's algorithm for dynamic scheduling and optimal control under different operating conditions and pricing signals. The proposed methodology is illustrated for a semi-real hybrid cooling plant operated under two different pricing schemes: real-time pricing and time-of-use with electricity demand. We feel that the general methodology framework proposed sacrifices very little in accuracy while being much more efficient computationally than the more complicated optimization methods proposed in the general literature. Moreover, this approach is suitable for online implementation, and it is also general enough to be relevant to other energy systems. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Drexel Univ, Dept Civil Architectural & Environm Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Jiang, W (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 1078-9669 J9 HVAC&R RES JI HVAC&R Res. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 13 IS 1 BP 93 EP 117 DI 10.1080/10789669.2007.10390946 PG 25 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 133AJ UT WOS:000243983700007 ER PT J AU Jiang, W Reddy, TA Gurian, P AF Jiang, Wei Reddy, T. Agami Gurian, Patrick TI General methodology combining engineering optimization of primary HVAC&R plants with decision analysis methods - Part II: Uncertainty and decision analysis SO HVAC&R RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE; SYSTEMS AB A companion paper (Jiang and Reddy 2007) presents a general and computationally efficient methodology for dynamic scheduling and optimal control of complex primary HVAC&R plants using a deterministic engineering optimization approach. The objective of this paper is to complement the previous work by proposing a methodology by which the robustness of the optimal deterministic strategy to various sources of uncertainties can be evaluated against non-optimal but risk averse alternatives within a formal decision analysis framework. This specifically involves performing a sensitivity analysis on the effect of various stochastic factors that impact primary HVAC&R plant optimization, such as the uncertainty in load prediction and the uncertainties associated with various component models of the equipment. This is achieved through Monte Carlo simulations on the deterministic outcome, which allow additional attributes, such as its variability and the probability of insufficient cooling, to be determined along with the minimum operating cost. The entire analysis is then repeated for a specific non-optimal but risk-averse operating strategy. Finally, a formal decision analysis model using linear multi-attribute utility functions is suggested for comparing both these strategies in a framework that explicitly models the risk perception of the plant operator in terms of the three attributes. The methodology is demonstrated using the same illustrative case study as the companion paper. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Drexel Univ, Dept Civil Architectural & Environm Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Jiang, W (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Gurian, Patrick/A-8365-2013 OI Gurian, Patrick/0000-0001-7456-9740 NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 1078-9669 J9 HVAC&R RES JI HVAC&R Res. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 13 IS 1 BP 119 EP 140 DI 10.1080/10789669.2007.10390947 PG 22 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 133AJ UT WOS:000243983700008 ER PT J AU Vrugt, JA AF Vrugt, J. A. TI Comment on "How effective and efficient are multiobjective evolutionary algorithms at hydrologic model calibration?" by Y. Tang et al., Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 289-307, 2006 SO HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material ID OPTIMIZATION C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Vrugt, JA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM vrugt@lanl.gov RI Vrugt, Jasper/C-3660-2008 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1027-5606 J9 HYDROL EARTH SYST SC JI Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. PY 2007 VL 11 IS 4 BP 1435 EP 1436 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 217XY UT WOS:000249981800017 ER PT B AU Niski, K Purnomo, B Cohen, J AF Niski, Krzysztof Purnomo, Budirijanto Cohen, Jonathan BE Spencer, SN TI Multi-grained Level of Detail Using a Hierarchical Seamless Texture Atlas SO I3D 2007: ACM SIGGRAPH SYMPOSIUM ON INTERACTIVE 3D GRAPHICS AND GAMES, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games CY APR 30-MAY 02, 2007 CL Seattle, WA DE level of detail; texture atlas; parametrization; geometry image; out-of-core ID MODELS; GEOMETRY AB Previous algorithms for view-dependent level of detail provide local mesh refinements either at the finest granularity or at a fixed, coarse granularity. The former provides triangle-level adaptation, often at the expense of heavy CPU usage and low triangle rendering throughput; the latter improves CPU usage and rendering throughput by operating on groups of triangles. We present a new multiresolution hierarchy and associated algorithms that provide adaptive granularity. This multi-grained hierarchy allows independent control of the number of hierarchy nodes processed on the CPU and the number of triangles to be rendered on the GPU. We employ a seamless texture atlas style of geometry image as a GPU-friendly data organization, enabling efficient rendering and GPU-based stitching of patch borders. We demonstrate our approach on both large triangle meshes and terrains with up to billions of vertices. C1 [Niski, Krzysztof; Purnomo, Budirijanto] Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Cohen, Jonathan] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Niski, K (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM niski@cs.jhu.edu; bpurnomo@cs.jhu.edu; jcohen@llnl.gov FU NSF [ITR IIS-0205586]; DOE; NVIDIA Fellowship FX This research was sponsored in part by NSF Medium ITR IIS-0205586, a DOE Early Career Award, and an NVIDIA Fellowship (the views expressed in this work are not necessarily those of our sponsors). NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036-9998 USA BN 978-1-59593-628-8 PY 2007 BP 153 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BJJ26 UT WOS:000266370900020 ER PT B AU Thurman, D Almquist, J Gorton, I Wynne, A Chatterton, J AF Thurman, Dave Almquist, Justin Gorton, Ian Wynne, Adam Chatterton, Jack GP IEEE TI SIFT - A component-based integration architecture for enterprise analytics SO ICCBSS 2007: SIXTH INTERNATIONAL IEEE CONFERENCE ON COMMERCIAL-OFF-THE-SHELF (COTS)-BASED SOFTWARE SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Commercial-off-Shelf (COTS)-Based Software Systems CY FEB 26-MAR 02, 2007 CL Banff, CANADA SP IEEE Tech Council Software Engn, Carnegie Mellon Univ, Software Engn Inst, Natl Res Council Canada, Conseil Natl Rech Canada, European Software Inst AB Architectures and technologies for enterprise application integration are relatively mature, resulting in a range of standards-based and proprietary COTS middleware technologies. However, in the domain of complex analytical applications, integration architectures are not so well understood. Analytical applications such as those used in scientific discovery and financial and intelligence analysis exert unique demands on their underlying architectures. These demands make existing COTS integration middleware less suitable for use in enterprise analytics environments. In this paper we describe SIFT (Scalable Information Fusion and Triage), an application architecture designed for integrating the various components that comprise enterprise analytics applications. SIFT exploits a common pattern for composing analytical components, and extends an existing messaging platform with dynamic configuration mechanisms and scaling capabilities. We demonstrate the use of SIFT to create a decision support platform for quality control based on large volumes of incoming delivery data. The strengths and weaknesses of the SIFT solution are discussed, and we conclude by describing where further work is required to create a complete solution applicable to a wide range of analytical application domains. C1 [Thurman, Dave; Almquist, Justin; Gorton, Ian; Wynne, Adam; Chatterton, Jack] Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Thurman, D (reprint author), Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM Dave.Thurman@pnl.gov RI Gorton, Ian/A-8247-2009 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2785-7 PY 2007 BP 82 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BGB43 UT WOS:000245916400007 ER PT B AU Lin, H Lai, A Ullrich, R Kuca, M McClelland, K Shaffer-Gant, J Pacheco, S Dalton, K Watkins, W AF Lin, Han Lai, Anh Ullrich, Rebecca Kuca, Michal McClelland, Kelly Shaffer-Gant, Jessica Pacheco, Sandra Dalton, Karen Watkins, William GP IEEE TI COTS software selection process SO ICCBSS 2007: SIXTH INTERNATIONAL IEEE CONFERENCE ON COMMERCIAL-OFF-THE-SHELF (COTS)-BASED SOFTWARE SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Commercial-off-Shelf (COTS)-Based Software Systems CY FEB 26-MAR 02, 2007 CL Banff, CANADA SP IEEE Tech Council Software Engn, Carnegie Mellon Univ, Software Engn Inst, Natl Res Council Canada, Conseil Natl Rech Canada, European Software Inst AB Today's need for rapid software development has generated a great interest in employing Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) software products as a way of managing cost, developing time, and effort. With an abundance of COTS software packages to choose from, the problem now is how to systematically evaluate, rank, and select a COTS product that best meets the software project requirements and at the same time can leverage off the current corporate information technology architectural environment. This paper describes a systematic process for decision support in evaluating and ranking COTS software. Performed right after the requirement analysis phase, this process provides the evaluators with more concise, structural, and step-by-step activities for determining the best COTS software product with manageable risk. In addition, the process is presented in phases that are flexible to allow for customization or tailoring to meet various projects' requirements. C1 [Lin, Han; Lai, Anh; Ullrich, Rebecca; Kuca, Michal; McClelland, Kelly; Shaffer-Gant, Jessica; Pacheco, Sandra; Dalton, Karen] Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Watkins, William] StrikeWire Technol, Louisville, CO 80027 USA. RP Lin, H (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM hwlin@sandia.gov; atlai@sandia.gov; raullri@sandia.gov; mkuca@sandia.gov; kamccle@sandia.gov; jashaff@sandia.gov; sypache@sandia.gov; kydalto@sandia.gov; bwatkins@strikewire.com FU Sandia National Laboratories; Sandia Corporation (a Lockheed Martin company) for the United States Department of Energy [DE-AC04-AL8500] FX This work is supported by Sandia National Laboratories, a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation (a Lockheed Martin company) for the United States Department of Energy under contract DE-AC04-AL8500 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2785-7 PY 2007 BP 114 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BGB43 UT WOS:000245916400010 ER PT S AU Bader, BW Harshman, RA Kolda, TG AF Bader, Brett W. Harshman, Richard A. Kolda, Tamara G. BE Ramakrishnan, N Zaiane, OR Shi, Y Clifton, CW Wu, XD TI Temporal analysis of semantic graphs using ASALSAN SO ICDM 2007: PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DATA MINING SE IEEE International Conference on Data Mining LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th IEEE International Conference on Data Mining CY OCT 28-31, 2007 CL Omaha, NE SP IEEE, Microsoft adCenter Labs, Univ Nebraska Med Ctr, Univ Nebraska, Thomson, Web Splashes, In The Details Events, IBM, IEEE Comp Soc, Henry Doorly Zoo, Mutual Omaha, CAS Res Ctr Fictitious Econ & Data Sci, First Natl Bank Omaha, Peter Kiewit Inst ID 3-MODE FACTOR-ANALYSIS; ALGORITHM; DEDICOM AB ASALSAN is a new algorithm for computing three-way DEDICOM, which is a linear algebra model for analyzing intrinsically asymmetric relationships, such as trade among nations or the exchange of emails among individuals, that incorporates a third mode of the data, such as time. ASALSAN is unique because it enables computing the three-way DEDICOM model on large, sparse data. A nonnegative version of ASALSAN is described as well. When we apply these techniques to adjacency arrays arising from directed graphs with edges labeled by time, we obtain a smaller graph on latent semantic dimensions and gain additional information about their changing relationships over time. We demonstrate these techniques on international trade data and the Enron email corpus to uncover latent components and their transient behavior The mixture of roles assigned to individuals by ASALSAN showed strong correspondence with known job classifications and revealed the patterns of communication between these roles. Changes in the communication pattern over time, e.g., between top executives and the legal department, were also apparent in the solutions. C1 [Bader, Brett W.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Bader, BW (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM bwbader@sandia.gov; harshman@uwo.ca; tgkolda@sandia.gov RI Kolda, Tamara/B-1628-2009 OI Kolda, Tamara/0000-0003-4176-2493 NR 40 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 1550-4786 BN 978-0-7695-3018-5 J9 IEEE DATA MINING PY 2007 BP 33 EP 42 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BHI56 UT WOS:000253429400004 ER PT S AU Jin, RM McCallen, S Almaas, E AF Jin, Ruoming McCallen, Scott Almaas, Eivind BE Ramakrishnan, N Zaiane, OR Shi, Y Clifton, CW Wu, XD TI Trend motif: A graph mining approach for analysis of dynamic complex networks SO ICDM 2007: PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DATA MINING SE IEEE International Conference on Data Mining LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th IEEE International Conference on Data Mining CY OCT 28-31, 2007 CL Omaha, NE SP IEEE, Microsoft adCenter Labs, Univ Nebraska Med Ctr, Univ Nebraska, Thomson, Web Splashes, In The Details Events, IBM, IEEE Comp Soc, Henry Doorly Zoo, Mutual Omaha, CAS Res Ctr Fictitious Econ & Data Sci, First Natl Bank Omaha, Peter Kiewit Inst AB Complex networks have been used successfully in scientific disciplines ranging from sociology to microbiology to describe systems of interacting units. Until recently, studies of complex networks have mainly focused on their network topology. However in many real world applications, the edges and vertices have associated attributes that are frequently represented as vertex or edge weights. Furthermore, these weights are often not static, instead,changing with time and forming a time series. Hence, to fully understand the dynamics of the complex network, we have to consider both network topology and related time series data. In this work, we propose a motif mining approach to identify trend motifs for such purposes. Simply stated, a trend motif describes a recurring subgraph where each of its vertices or edges displays similar dynamics over a user-defined period. Given this, each trend motif occurrence can help reveal significant events in a complex system; frequent trend motifs may aid in uncovering dynamic rules of change for the system, and the distribution of trend motifs may characterize the global dynamics of the system. Here, we have developed efficient mining algorithms to extract trend motifs. Our experimental validation using three disparate empirical datasets, ranging from the stock market, world trade, to a protein interaction network, has demonstrated the efficiency and effectiveness of our approach. C1 [Jin, Ruoming; McCallen, Scott] Kent State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Kent, OH 44241 USA. [Almaas, Eivind] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biosci & Biotechnol Div, Microbial Syst Grp, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Jin, RM (reprint author), Kent State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Kent, OH 44241 USA. EM jin@cs.kent.edu; smccalle@cs.kent.edu; almaas@llnl.gov OI Almaas, Eivind/0000-0002-9125-326X FU LLNL [W-7405-Eng-48]; LDRD FX *EAs work was performed under the auspices of DoE by University of California, LLNL under Contract W-7405-Eng-48, with support from the LDRD office NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 1550-4786 BN 978-0-7695-3018-5 J9 IEEE DATA MINING PY 2007 BP 541 EP + DI 10.1109/ICDM.2007.92 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BHI56 UT WOS:000253429400064 ER PT B AU Martin, S McKenna, S AF Martin, Shawn McKenna, Sean BE Wani, MA Kantardzic, MM Li, T Liu, Y Kurgan, L Ye, J Ogihara, M Sagiroglu, S Chen, XW Peterson, L Hafeez, K TI Predicting building contamination using machine learning SO ICMLA 2007: SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MACHINE LEARNING AND APPLICATIONS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications CY DEC 13-15, 2007 CL Cincinnati, OH SP Assoc Machine Learning & Applicat, IEEE ID MODEL AB Potential events involving biological or chemical contamination of buildings are of major concern in the area of homeland security. Tools are needed to provide rapid, onsite predictions of contaminant levels given only approximate measurements in limited locations throughout a building. In principal, such tools could use calculations based on physical process models to provide accurate predictions. In practice, however physical process models are too complex and computationally costly to be used in a real-time scenario. In this paper we investigate the feasibility of using machine learning to provide easily computed but approximate models that would be applicable in the field. We develop a machine learning method based on Support Vector Machine regression and classification. We apply our method to problems of estimating contamination levels and contaminant source location. C1 [Martin, Shawn] Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Computat Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [McKenna, Sean] Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Geohydrol, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Martin, S (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Computat Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM smartin@sandia.gov; samcken@sandia.gov FU U.S. Department of Homeland Security; Lockheed Martin Company; United States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-AC04-94AL85000] FX This work was funded by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security as part of the Response and Restoration Thrust Area under the Biological Countermeasures Portfolio. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-3069-7 PY 2007 BP 192 EP + DI 10.1109/ICMLA.2007.12 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BHF84 UT WOS:000252793400032 ER PT B AU Webb-Robertson, BJM Oehmen, CS Cannon, WR AF Webb-Robertson, Bobbie-Jo M. Oehmen, Christopher S. Cannon, William R. BE Wani, MA Kantardzic, MM Li, T Liu, Y Kurgan, L Ye, J Ogihara, M Sagiroglu, S Chen, XW Peterson, L Hafeez, K TI Support vector machine classification of probability models and peptide features for improved peptide identification from shotgun proteomics SO ICMLA 2007: SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MACHINE LEARNING AND APPLICATIONS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications CY DEC 13-15, 2007 CL Cincinnati, OH SP Assoc Machine Learning & Applicat, IEEE ID TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; DATABASE SEARCH; MS/MS SPECTRA; ALGORITHM AB Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is a powerful and popular high-throughput process for characterizing the global protein content of a sample. In shotgun proteomics, typically proteins are digested into fragments (peptides) prior to mass analysis, and the presence of a protein in inferred from the identification of its constituent peptides. Thus, accurate proteome characterization is dependent upon the accuracy of this peptide identification step. Database search routines generate predicted spectra for all peptides derived from the known genome information, and thus, identify a peptide by 'matching' an experimental to a predicted spectrum. However, due to many problems, such as incomplete fragmentation, this process results in a large number of false positives. We present a new scoring algorithm that integrates probabilistic database scoring metrics (from the MSPolygraph program) with physicochemical properties in a Support Vector Machine (SVM). We demonstrate that this Peptide Identification Classifier SVM (PICS) score is not only more accurate than the single best database scoring metric, but is also significantly more accurate than models derived using a linear discriminant analysis, decision tree, or artificial neural network. C1 [Webb-Robertson, Bobbie-Jo M.; Oehmen, Christopher S.; Cannon, William R.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Webb-Robertson, BJM (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Cannon, William/K-8411-2014 OI Cannon, William/0000-0003-3789-7889 NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-3069-7 PY 2007 BP 500 EP 505 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BHF84 UT WOS:000252793400081 ER PT B AU Taylor, RC Singhal, M Daly, DS Domico, K White, AM Auberry, DL Auberry, KJ Hooker, B Hurst, G McDermott', J McDonald, WH Pelletier, D Schmoyer, D Cannon, WR AF Taylor, Ronald C. Singhal, Mudita Daly, Don S. Domico, Kelly White, Amanda M. Auberry, Deanna L. Auberry, Kenneth J. Hooker, Brian Hurst, Greg McDermott', Jason McDonald, W. Hayes Pelletier, Dale Schmoyer, Denise Cannon, William R. BE Wani, MA Kantardzic, MM Li, T Liu, Y Kurgan, L Ye, J Ogihara, M Sagiroglu, S Chen, XW Peterson, L Hafeez, K TI SEBINI-CABIN: an analysis pipeline for biological network inference, with a case study in protein-protein interaction network reconstruction SO ICMLA 2007: SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MACHINE LEARNING AND APPLICATIONS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications CY DEC 13-15, 2007 CL Cincinnati, OH SP Assoc Machine Learning & Applicat, IEEE ID GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS; CELLULAR NETWORKS; DATABASE AB The Software Environment for BIological Network Inference (SEBINI) has been created to provide an interactive environment for the deployment and testing of network inference algorithms that use high-throughput. expression data. Networks inferred from the SEBINI software platform can be further analyzed using the Collective Analysis of Biological Interaction Networks (CABIN), software that allows integration and analysis of protein-protein interaction and gene-to-gene regulatory evidence obtained from multiple sources. In this paper, we present a case study on the SEBINI and CABIN tools for protein-protein interaction network reconstruction. Incorporating the Bayesian Estimator of Protein-Protein Association Probabilities (BEPro) algorithm into the SEBINI toolkit, we have created a pipeline for structural inference and supplemental analysis of protein-protein interaction networks from sets of mass spectrometry bait-prey experiment data. C1 [Taylor, Ronald C.; Singhal, Mudita; Daly, Don S.; Domico, Kelly; White, Amanda M.; Auberry, Deanna L.; Auberry, Kenneth J.; Hooker, Brian; McDermott', Jason; Cannon, William R.] Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99354 USA. [Hurst, Greg; McDonald, W. Hayes; Pelletier, Dale; Schmoyer, Denise] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Taylor, RC (reprint author), Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99354 USA. EM ronald.taylor@pnl.gov RI Cannon, William/K-8411-2014; Malec, Jacek/K-7740-2015; OI Cannon, William/0000-0003-3789-7889; Malec, Jacek/0000-0002-2121-1937; Taylor, Ronald/0000-0001-9777-9767; McDermott, Jason/0000-0003-2961-2572 FU joint ORNL / PNNL Microbial Protein-Protein Interactions (MiPPI) project for the GTL Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology [43930]; US Dept of Energy; PNNLs Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory (EMSL); EMSL Grand Challenge in Membrane Biology project FX The research described in this paper was conducted under the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), a multiprogram national laboratory operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC06- 76RL01830. Also, work for SEBINI and CABIN has been supported by the joint ORNL / PNNL Microbial Protein-Protein Interactions (MiPPI) project for the GTL Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, project # 43930, US Dept of Energy. Also, SEBINI has been supported by PNNLs William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory (EMSL) and the EMSL Grand Challenge in Membrane Biology project. NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-3069-7 PY 2007 BP 587 EP + DI 10.1109/ICMLA.2007.63 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BHF84 UT WOS:000252793400095 ER PT B AU Peterson, LE Coleman, MA AF Peterson, Leif E. Coleman, Matthew A. BE Wani, MA Kantardzic, MM Li, T Liu, Y Kurgan, L Ye, J Ogihara, M Sagiroglu, S Chen, XW Peterson, L Hafeez, K TI Logistic ensembles for random spherical linear oracles SO ICMLA 2007: SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MACHINE LEARNING AND APPLICATIONS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications CY DEC 13-15, 2007 CL Cincinnati, OH SP Assoc Machine Learning & Applicat, IEEE ID GENE-EXPRESSION; CLASSIFIER ENSEMBLES; PROSTATE-CANCER; BREAST-CANCER; PREDICTION; EXPERTS; MIXTURE; DIVERSITY; PROFILES; TUMOR AB A random spherical linear oracle (RSLO) ensemble classifier for DNA microarray gene expression data is proposed. The oracle assigns different training(testing) samples to 2 sub-classifiers of the same type using hyperplane splits in or er to increase the diversity of voting results since errors are or shared across sub-classifiers. Eleven classifiers were evaluated for performance as the base classifier including k nearest neighbor (kNN), naive Bayes classifier (NBC), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), learning vector quantization (LVQ1), polytomous logistic regression (PLOG), artificial neural networks (ANN), constricted particle swarm optimization (CPSO), kernel regression (KREG), radial basis function networks (RBFN), gradient descent support vector machines (SVMGD), and least squares support vector machines (SVMLS). Logistic ensembles (PLOG) resulted in the best performance when used as a base classifier for RSLO. Random hyperplane splits used in RSLO resulted in degeneration of performance at the greatest levels of CV-fold and iteration number when compared with hyperplane splits in principal direction linear oracle (PDLO), which increased with increasing CV-fold and iteration number. C1 [Peterson, Leif E.] Methodist Hosp, Dept Publ Hlth, Div Biostat & Epidemiol, 6550 Fannin St,SM-1299, Houston, TX 77030 USA. [Coleman, Matthew A.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biol & Biotechnol Res Program, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Peterson, LE (reprint author), Methodist Hosp, Dept Publ Hlth, Div Biostat & Epidemiol, 6550 Fannin St,SM-1299, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM peterson.leif@ieee.org; colemanl6@llnl.gov OI Coleman, Matthew/0000-0003-1389-4018; Peterson, Leif/0000-0002-1187-0883 NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-3069-7 PY 2007 BP 618 EP + DI 10.1109/ICMLA.2007.104 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BHF84 UT WOS:000252793400100 ER PT B AU Joslyn, CA Verspoor, KM Gessler, DDG AF Joslyn, Cliff A. Verspoor, Karin M. Gessler, Damian D. G. TI Knowledge integration in open worlds: Utilizing the mathematics of hierarchical structure SO ICSC 2007: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SEMANTIC COMPUTING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC 2007) CY SEP 17-19, 2007 CL Irvine, CA ID SEMANTIC HIERARCHIES; GENE ONTOLOGY; CATEGORIZATION; ANNOTATION AB Semantic web services present a new challenge in distributed knowledge integration. Under the Simple Semantic Web Architecture and Protocol (SSWAP http://sswap.info), web resources publish information about their data and services in terms of OWL ontologies. With semantic tagging, the output of one service can drive the input of another, presenting the alluring prospect of machines autonomously assessing the suitability of web resources for distributed workflows. Ontological reasoning under OWL greatly expands the potential for semantic web service interoperability by guaranteeing the compatibility of resources using such techniques as inferencing, typing, and class subsumption. Formal methods for managing such structures are urgently needed. Recent advances in the mathematics of hierarchies can formalize the construction of synthetic hierarchies from unstructured information, identifying mutual subsumption architectures. Here we examine the problem space and describe the promise of mathematical order theory (formal concept analysis and lattice metrics) for advancing knowledge integration in open worlds. C1 [Joslyn, Cliff A.; Verspoor, Karin M.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Informat Sci, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Gessler, Damian D. G.] Natl Ctr Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM 87505 USA. RP Joslyn, CA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Informat Sci, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM joslyn@lanl.gov; verspoor@lanl.gov; ddg@ncgr.org RI Verspoor, Karin/G-6034-2016 OI Verspoor, Karin/0000-0002-8661-1544 FU National Science Foundation [0516487] FX Work supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0516487 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2997-4 PY 2007 BP 105 EP + DI 10.1109/ICSC.2007.82 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BGW73 UT WOS:000250994500013 ER PT B AU Kafesaki, M Economou, EN Katsarakis, N Tsiapa, I Gundogdu, T Soukoulis, CM Koschny, T AF Kafesaki, Maria Economou, Eleftherios N. Katsarakis, Nikos Tsiapa, Irini Gundogdu, Tamara Soukoulis, Costas M. Koschny, Thomas BE Marciniak, M TI Left-handed materials in microwave and infrared frequencies SO ICTON 2007: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRANSPARENT OPTICAL NETWORKS, VOL 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON 2007) CY JUL 01-05, 2007 CL Rome, ITALY SP IEEE, IEEE Lasers & Electro Opt Soc, IEEE, LEOS Poland Chapter, COST, Instytut Lacznosci, iscom, IT, Univ Studi, Roma Tor Vergata, Univ Studi, ROMA TRE, Inst Supenore Antinicendi, e-Photon ONe C1 [Kafesaki, Maria; Economou, Eleftherios N.; Katsarakis, Nikos; Tsiapa, Irini; Gundogdu, Tamara] Inst Elect Struct & Laser, Fdn Res & Technol Hellas, Iraklion, Crete, Greece. [Soukoulis, Costas M.; Koschny, Thomas] Iowa State Univ, FOURTH IESL, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Soukoulis, Costas M.; Koschny, Thomas] Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Soukoulis, Costas M.; Koschny, Thomas] Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Kafesaki, M (reprint author), Inst Elect Struct & Laser, Fdn Res & Technol Hellas, Iraklion, Crete, Greece. RI Economou, Eleftherios /E-6374-2010 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA PY 2007 BP 57 EP 57 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BGU05 UT WOS:000250511200021 ER PT S AU O'Neil, E O'Neil, P Wu, K AF O'Neil, Elizabeth O'Neil, Patrick Wu, Kesheng BE Desai, BC Barker, K TI Bitmap index design choices and their performance implications SO IDEAS 2007: 11TH INTERNATIONAL DATABASE ENGINEERING AND APPLICATIONS SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS SE International Database Engineering and Applications Symposium - Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Database Engineering and Applications Symposium CY SEP 06-08, 2007 CL Banff, CANADA SP IEEE Comp Soc, Univ Calgary, Concordia Univ AB Historically, bitmap indexing has provided an important database capability to accelerate queries. However, only a few database systems have implemented these indexes because of the difficulties of modifying fundamental assumptions in the low-level design of a database system and in the expectations of customers, both of which have developed in an environment that does not support bitmap indexes. Another problem that arises, and one that may more easily be addressed by a research article, is that there is no definitive design for bitmap indexes; bitmap index designs in Oracle, Sybase IQ, Vertica and MODEL 204 are idiosyncratic, and some of them were designed for older machine architectures. To investigate an efficient design on modern processors, this paper provides details of the Set Query benchmark and a comparison of two research implementations of bitmap indexes. One, called RIDBit, uses the N-ary storage model to organize table rows, and implements a strategy that gracefully switches between the well-known B-tree RID-list structure and a bitmap structure. The other, called FastBit is based on vertical organization of the table data, where all columns are individually stored It implements a compressed bitmap index, with a linear organization of the bitmaps to optimize disk accesses. Through this comparison, we evaluate the pros and cons of various design choices. Our analysis adds a number of subtleties to the conventional indexing wisdom commonly quoted in the database community. C1 [O'Neil, Elizabeth; O'Neil, Patrick] Univ Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125 USA. [Wu, Kesheng] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Boston, MA USA. RP O'Neil, E (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125 USA. EM eoneil@cs.umb.edu; poneil@cs.umb.edu; kwu@lbl.gov NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 1098-8068 BN 978-0-7695-2947-9 J9 INT DATABASE ENG APP PY 2007 BP 72 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BHH60 UT WOS:000253306200009 ER PT B AU Lai, JB Christodoulou, CG AF Lai, Jesse B. Christodoulou, Christos G. GP IEEE TI A fully on-chip, single-ended S-band image reject mixer for high dynamic range applications SO IEEE COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTOR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT SYMPOSIUM - 2007 IEEE CSIC SYMPOSIUM, TECHNOLOGY DIGEST LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th IEEE Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Symposium CY OCT 14-17, 2007 CL Portland, OR SP IEEE, IEEE Elect Devices Soc, IEEE Microwave Theory & Tech Soc, IEEE Solid State Circuits Soc DE mixer; image reject; high dynamic range; quadrature; monolithic; polyphase; lumped element hybrid; passive balun; resistive FET; pHEMT AB An S-band image reject downconversion mixer with high intercept point and fully integrated single-ended ports, including a UHF output, is demonstrated using GaAs pHEMT echnology. The image rejection is better than 20 dB across a wide IF bandwidth ranging from 400 MHz to beyond 1 GHz with h high input IP3 of 20 dBm. On-chip passive baluns are used to provide the single-ended to differential conversion in the RF and F paths necessary for the resistive FET mixer core. A polyphase filter is used to generate the quadrature local oscillator (LO) components, while an integrated UHF lumped element quadrature hybrid combines the intermediate frequency (IF) components to achieve image rejection fully on-chip without the need for external components. C1 [Lai, Jesse B.] Sandia Natl Labs, Elect Syst Ctr, Albuquerque, NM USA. [Christodoulou, Christos G.] Univ New Mexico, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Lai, JB (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Elect Syst Ctr, Albuquerque, NM USA. EM jlai@sandia.gov; christos@ece.unm.edu FU Department of Energy [DE-AC04-94AL85000] FX Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-1022-4 PY 2007 BP 244 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BHM57 UT WOS:000254286400054 ER PT J AU Huang, J Liu, HD Beck, M Gaston, A Gao, JZ Moore, T AF Huang, Jian Liu, Huadong Beck, Micah Gaston, Andrew Gao, Jinzhu Moore, Terry TI Dynamic sharing of large-scale visualization SO IEEE COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Huang, J (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA. EM huangj@cs.utk.edu RI Gao, Jinzhu/B-4716-2011 NR 8 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0272-1716 J9 IEEE COMPUT GRAPH JI IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. PD JAN-FEB PY 2007 VL 27 IS 1 BP 20 EP 25 DI 10.1109/MCG.2007.6 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 121CD UT WOS:000243134800004 PM 17220121 ER PT B AU Galotto, L Pinto, JOP Ozpineci, B Leite, LC Borges, LES AF Galotto, L. Pinto, J. O. P. Ozpineci, B. Leite, L. C. Borges, L. E. S. GP IEEE TI Sensor Compensation in Motor Drives using Kernel Regression SO IEEE IEMDC 2007: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ELECTRIC MACHINES AND DRIVES CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC 2007) CY MAY 03-05, 2007 CL Antalya, TURKEY SP IEEE Ind Applicat Soc, IEEE Power Elect Soc (PELS), IEEE Power Engn Soc, IEEE Ind Elect Soc AB Sensors are essential in feedback control systems, because the performance is dependent on the measurements. Fault in sensors may lead to intolerable degradation of performance and even to instability. Therefore, the high performance expected with vector control may not be achieved with fault in sensors. Several approaches related to fault tolerant motor control have already been proposed. However, most of them consider the sensors fault-free and work about faults in motors and actuators. Furthermore, the purpose of this work is not only sensor fault tolerance but also sensor fault compensation. In a standard fault tolerant approach, the fault would be detected and the sensor would be isolated. The faulted sensor may have an off-set or scaling error and could still be used if its error is compensated. In this paper, this is done with a mathematical solution based on kernel regression that can compensate the measurement error generating more accurate and reliable estimates. This technique is described and applied in motor drives. Simulated and experimental results are presented and discussed. C1 [Galotto, L.; Pinto, J. O. P.; Leite, L. C.] Univ Fed Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. [Ozpineci, B.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. [Borges, L. E. S.] Univ Fed Itajuba, Itajubal, MG, Brazil. RP Galotto, L (reprint author), Univ Fed Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0742-2 PY 2007 BP 229 EP + DI 10.1109/IEMDC.2007.383582 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Transportation Science & Technology SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Transportation GA BGL23 UT WOS:000248118800040 ER PT B AU Chiasson, J Ozpineci, B Du, Z Tolbert, LM AF Chiasson, John Oezpineci, Burak Du, Zhong Tolbert, Leon M. GP IEEE TI Conditions for capacitor voltage regulation in a five-level cascade multilevel inverter: Application to voltage-boost in a PM drive SO IEEE IEMDC 2007: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ELECTRIC MACHINES AND DRIVES CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC 2007) CY MAY 03-05, 2007 CL Antalya, TURKEY SP IEEE Ind Applicat Soc, IEEE Power Elect Soc (PELS), IEEE Power Engn Soc, IEEE Ind Elect Soc AB A cascade multilevel inverter is a power electronic device built to synthesize a desired AC voltage from several levels of DC voltages. Such inverters have been the subject of research in the last several years, where the DC levels were considered to be identical in that all of them were either batteries, solar cells, etc. Similar to previous results in the literature, the work here shows how a cascade multilevel inverter can be used to obtain a voltage boost at higher speeds for a three-phase PM drive using only a single DC voltage source. The input of a standard three-leg inverter is connected to the DC source and the output of each leg is fed through an H-bridge (which is supplied by a capacitor) to form a cascade multilevel inverter. A fundamental switching scheme is used, which achieves the fundamental in the output voltage while eliminating the fifth harmonic. A new contribution in this paper is the development of explicit conditions in terms of the power factor and modulation index for which the capacitor voltage of the H-bridges can be regulated while simultaneously maintaining the aforementioned output voltage. This is then used for a PM motor drive showing the machine can attain higher speeds due to the higher output voltage of the multilevel inverter compared to using just a three-leg inverter. C1 [Chiasson, John] Boise State Univ, Dept ECE, Boise, ID 83725 USA. [Oezpineci, Burak; Du, Zhong; Tolbert, Leon M.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Knoxville, TN 37932 USA. [Tolbert, Leon M.] Univ Tennessee, ECE Dept, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Chiasson, J (reprint author), Boise State Univ, Dept ECE, Boise, ID 83725 USA. EM johnchiasson@boisestate.edu; ozpinecib@ornl.gov; zhongdu@gmail.com; tol-bertlm@ornl.gov OI Tolbert, Leon/0000-0002-7285-609X FU Oak Ridge National Laboratory FX This work was supported by Oak Ridge National Laboratory. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0742-2 PY 2007 BP 731 EP + DI 10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382758 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Transportation Science & Technology SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Transportation GA BGL23 UT WOS:000248118800127 ER PT B AU Velpuri, AN Hess, HL Law, JD Cegnar, EJ Mujadi, E AF Velpuri, Aruna N. Hess, Herbert L. Law, Joseph D. Cegnar, Erik J. Mujadi, Eduard GP IEEE TI AC/DC/AC converter modulation strategy with natural zero sequence rejection using only one six-switch inverter module SO IEEE IEMDC 2007: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ELECTRIC MACHINES AND DRIVES CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC 2007) CY MAY 03-05, 2007 CL Antalya, TURKEY SP IEEE Ind Applicat Soc, IEEE Power Elect Soc (PELS), IEEE Power Engn Soc, IEEE Ind Elect Soc DE wind energy; wind power generation; DC-AC power conversion; Induction generators; VSI; pulse width modulation; CRPWM; space vector modulation; simultaneous modulation; zero sequence filter; zigzag transformer AB This paper reports an innovative power converter modulation strategy that converts energy from a poly-phase variable frequency source to a single-phase fixed frequency load using only one of the customary two six-switch bridge circuits characteristic of a dc link based power converter. To achieve this, a six-switch dc link CPRWM inverter is creatively modulated with two voltage components. The application is singlephase, fixed frequency power generation from a variable frequency wind energy conversion system, which uses an induction generator, a converter, and a zero sequence filter. Modulating the converter for a three-phase balanced positive sequence voltage component at the induction generator's optimum operating frequency transfers energy from the generator to the converter. At the same time, modulating the converter for a three-phase fixed frequency zero sequence voltage component transfers the energy from the converter to the load through a zero sequence filter. The two voltage components are separated by the ungrounded induction motor's natural rejection of zero sequence components and the zero sequence filter's natural rejection of positive sequence components. Unity power factor output is readily achieved. This paper presents operation, control, theoretical calculations, simulations, and experimental results that reveal important limitations of this energy conversion scheme with a single converter. C1 [Velpuri, Aruna N.] Schweitzer Engn Labs Inc, Pullman, WA 99163 USA. [Hess, Herbert L.; Law, Joseph D.] Univ Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. [Cegnar, Erik J.] Caelix Inc, Moscow, ID USA. [Mujadi, Eduard] Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO USA. RP Velpuri, AN (reprint author), Schweitzer Engn Labs Inc, Pullman, WA 99163 USA. EM arunve@selinc.com; hhess@uidaho.edu; joelaw@ece.uidaho.edu; erikjc@caelix.com FU California Energy Commission (CEC) / Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) [DE-AC36_98G010337] FX This work was supported in part by the California Energy Commission (CEC) / Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) under contract DE-AC36_98G010337. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0742-2 PY 2007 BP 1226 EP + DI 10.1109/IEMDC.2007.383605 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Transportation Science & Technology SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Transportation GA BGL23 UT WOS:000248118800215 ER PT B AU Hsu, JS AF Hsu, John S. GP IEEE TI Study on enhancement and weakening of permanent magnet air gap flux density SO IEEE IEMDC 2007: Proceedings of the International Electric Machines and Drives Conference, Vols 1 and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC 2007) CY MAY 03-05, 2007 CL Antalya, TURKEY SP IEEE Ind Applicat Soc, IEEE Power Elect Soc, IEEE Power Engn Soc, IEEE Ind Elect Soc AB In a conventional permanent magnet (PM) machine, the air gap flux produced by the PM is fixed. It is difficult to enhance the air gap flux density because of limitations of the PM in a series magnetic circuit. However, the air gap flux density can be weakened by using power electronic field weakening to the limit of demagnetization of the PMs. This paper presents an analytical study for controlling the PM air gap flux density through a stationary brushless excitation coil. The air gap flux density can be either enhanced or weakened. There is no concern with demagnetizing the PMs during fleld weakening. The leakage flux of the excitation coil through the PMs is blocked. The prototype motors built on the principle of this analytical study confirm the capabilities of significant flux enhancement and weakening. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Knoxville, TN 37932 USA. RP Hsu, JS (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, 2360 Cherahala Blvd, Knoxville, TN 37932 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0742-2 PY 2007 BP 1552 EP 1556 DI 10.1109/IEMDC.2007.383659 PG 5 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Transportation Science & Technology SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Transportation GA BGL23 UT WOS:000248118800269 ER PT B AU Khomfoi, S Tolbert, LA Ozpineci, B AF Khomfoi, Surin Tolbert, Leon A. Ozpineci, Burak GP IEEE TI Cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter drives operating under faulty condition with AI-Based fault diagnosis and reconfiguration SO IEEE IEMDC 2007: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ELECTRIC MACHINES AND DRIVES CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC 2007) CY MAY 03-05, 2007 CL Antalya, TURKEY SP IEEE Ind Applicat Soc, IEEE Power Elect Soc (PELS), IEEE Power Engn Soc, IEEE Ind Elect Soc DE fault diagnosis; fault tolerance; genetic algorithm; multilevel inverter; neural network; power electronics ID INDUCTION-MOTOR DRIVE AB The ability of cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter drives (MLED) to operate under faulty condition including AI-based fault diagnosis and reconfiguration system is proposed in this paper. Output phase voltages of a MLED can be used as valuable information to diagnose faults and their locations. It is difficult to diagnose a MUD system using a mathematical model because MLID systems consist of many switching devices and their system complexity has a nonlinear factor. Therefore, a neural network (NN) classification is applied to the fault diagnosis of a MLED system. Multilayer perceptron (MLP) networks are used to identify the type and location of occurring faults. The principal component analysis (PCA) is utilized in the feature extraction process to reduce the NN input size. A lower dimensional input space will also usually reduce the time necessary to train a NN, and the reduced noise may improve the mapping performance. The genetic algorithm (GA) is also applied to select the valuable principal components to train the NN. A reconfiguration technique is also proposed. The proposed system is validated with simulation and experimental results. The proposed fault diagnostic system requires about 6 cycles (similar to 100 ms at 60 Hz) to clear an open circuit and about 9 cycles (similar to 150 ins at 60 Hz) to clear a short circuit fault. The experiment and simulation results are in good agreement with each other, and the results show that the proposed system performs satisfactorily to detect the fault type, fault location, and reconfiguration. C1 [Khomfoi, Surin; Tolbert, Leon A.] Univ Tennessee, 414 Ferris Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Tolbert, Leon A.; Ozpineci, Burak] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Khomfoi, S (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, 414 Ferris Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. OI Tolbert, Leon/0000-0002-7285-609X NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0742-2 PY 2007 BP 1649 EP + PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Transportation Science & Technology SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Transportation GA BGL23 UT WOS:000248118800287 ER PT J AU Bishop, M Frincke, DA AF Bishop, Matt Frincke, Deborah A. TI Achieving learning objectives through e-voting case studies SO IEEE SECURITY & PRIVACY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, CyberSecur Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Bishop, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM bishop@cs.ucdovis.edu; deborah.frincke@pnl.gov NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1540-7993 J9 IEEE SECUR PRIV JI IEEE Secur. Priv. PD JAN-FEB PY 2007 VL 5 IS 1 BP 53 EP 56 DI 10.1109/MSP.2007.1 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 132PC UT WOS:000243953700010 ER PT J AU Szelezniak, MA Deptuch, GW Guilloux, F Heini, S Himmi, A AF Szelezniak, Michal A. Deptuch, Grzegorz W. Guilloux, Fabrice Heini, Sebastien Himmi, Abdelkader TI Current mode monolithic active pixel sensor with correlated double sampling for charged particle detection SO IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE active pixel sensors; correlated double sampling; current integrating transimpedance amplifier; current mode imager; parallel column readout; particle detector ID TRACKING; DESIGN AB A monolithic active pixel sensor operating in current mode for charged particle detection is described. The sensing element in each pixel is an n-well/p-sub diode with a PMOS transistor integrated in an n-well. The drop of the n-well potential from the collection of charge modulates the transistor channel current. Each pixel features two current mode memory cells. The subtraction of distant-in-time samples frees the signal of fixed pattern noise (FPN) and of the correlated low-frequency temporal noise components, resulting in extraction of the particle footprint. The subtraction circuits are placed at each column end. A transimpedance amplifier, integrating in sequence two current samples and subtracting the results in an arithmetic operation, was adopted. The integrated version of the transimpedance amplifier, designed with a maximized conversion gain, is burdened by a risk of an early saturation, imperiling its operation, if the dispersions of the dc current component are too big. The degree of dispersions could not be estimated during the design. Some number of columns is available as a backup with the direct current readout. An external realization of the subtracting circuit, based on the same principle, is used to process direct output columns. The concept of the data acquisition setup developed, the tested performance of an array of cells, and the processing circuitry are described. C1 Inst Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, F-67037 Strasbourg, France. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Instrumentat Div, Upton, NY 11973 USA. CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. RP Szelezniak, MA (reprint author), Inst Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, BP28, F-67037 Strasbourg, France. EM michal.szelezniak@ires.in2p3.fr; deptuch@ieee.org; fabrice.guilloux@cea.fr; sebastien.heini@ires.in2p3.fr; abdelkader.himmi@ires.in2p3.fr NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1530-437X J9 IEEE SENS J JI IEEE Sens. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2007 VL 7 IS 1-2 BP 137 EP 150 DI 10.1109/JSEN.2006.886897 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 132PB UT WOS:000243953600019 ER PT J AU Pocha, MD Meyer, GA McConaghy, CF Swierkowski, SP Wolfe, JD AF Pocha, Michael D. Meyer, Glenn A. McConaghy, Charles F. Swierkowski, Steve P. Wolfe, Jesse D. TI Miniature accelerometer and multichannel signal processor for fiberoptic Fabry-Perot sensing SO IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE accelerometer; conditioner; extrinsic sensor; fiberoptic; fiber optic; microelectromechanical systems (MEMS); miniature; quadrature; signal processor; silicon ID SENSORS AB A miniature accelerometer based on silicon microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication technology has been developed. Using a beam-suspended proof mass and a Fabry-Perot sensing gap, this accelerometer is fiber coupled to a miniature, multichannel, optical readout system which was developed for application in compact optical sensor systems. The approximately 4 rum x 7 mm x 2 mm accelerometer can be tailored to cover milli-g to kilo-g acceleration ranges. The miniature readout system is enclosed in approximately a 2 cm x 8 cm x 1 cm package, one of the smallest ever reported, and implements the complete optical path for a three-channel embodiment of a multichannel, highly sensitive and accurate, in-phase and quadrature (IQ) optical measurement system for Fabry-Perot sensors. A variety of fiber-based sensors (temperature, strain, pressure, etc.) are commercially available using this Fabry-Perot technique. The complete measurement system with the accelerometer was tested using a shaker table. Sample results are presented for 100 Hz, 10-g peak-peak acceleration. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Micro & Nano Technol, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Pocha, MD (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Micro & Nano Technol, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM pocha1@llnl.gov; meyer3@llnl.gov; mcconaghy1@llnl.gov; JWolfe7814@aol.com NR 6 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 16 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1530-437X J9 IEEE SENS J JI IEEE Sens. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2007 VL 7 IS 1-2 BP 285 EP 292 DI 10.1109/JSEN.2006.888617 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 132PB UT WOS:000243953600037 ER PT J AU Candy, JV Clague, DS Tringe, JW AF Candy, James V. Clague, David S. Tringe, Joseph W. TI A model-based processor design for smart microsensor arrays SO IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE LA English DT Article ID MICROCANTILEVER C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Candy, JV (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM tsoftware@aol.com; clague1@llnl.gov; tringe2@llnl.gov RI Magazine, Signal Processing/E-9947-2015 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1053-5888 EI 1558-0792 J9 IEEE SIGNAL PROC MAG JI IEEE Signal Process. Mag. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 24 IS 1 BP 122 EP 125 DI 10.1109/MSP.2007.273076 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 117IM UT WOS:000242866600015 ER PT J AU Jiang, S Davis, K Zhang, XD AF Jiang, Song Davis, Kei Zhang, Xiaodong TI Coordinated multilevel buffer cache management with consistent access locality quantification SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS LA English DT Article DE replacement algorithm; locality; multilevel caching; networked file system AB This paper proposes a protocol for effective coordinated buffer cache management in a multilevel cache hierarchy typical of a client/server system. Currently, such cache hierarchies are managed suboptimally-decisions about block placement and replacement are made locally at each level of the hierarchy without coordination between levels. Though straightforward, this approach has several weaknesses: 1) Blocks may be redundantly cached, reducing the effective total cache size, 2) weakened locality at lower-level caches makes recency-based replacement algorithms such as LRU less effective, and 3) high-level caches cannot effectively identify blocks with strong locality and may place them in low-level caches. The fundamental reason for these weaknesses is that the locality information embedded in the streams of access requests from clients is not consistently analyzed and exploited, resulting in globally nonsystematic, and therefore suboptimal, placement and replacement of cached blocks across the hierarchy. To address this problem, we propose a coordinated multilevel cache management protocol based on consistent access-locality quantification. In this protocol, locality is dynamically quantified at the client level to direct servers to place or replace blocks appropriately at each level of the cache hierarchy. The result is that the block layout in the entirely hierarchy dynamically matches the locality of block accesses. Our simulation experiments on both synthetic and real-life traces show that the protocol effectively ameliorates these caching problems. As anecdotal evidence, our protocol achieves a reduction of block accesses of 11 percent to 71 percent, with an average of 35 percent, over uniLRU, a unified multilevel cache scheme. C1 Wayne State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Performance & Architecture Lab, Comp & Computat Sci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Jiang, S (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. EM sjiang@eng.wayne.edu; kei.davis@lanl.gov; zhang@cse.ohio-state.edu NR 33 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0018-9340 J9 IEEE T COMPUT JI IEEE Trans. Comput. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 56 IS 1 BP 95 EP 108 DI 10.1109/TC.2007.250626 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 107JP UT WOS:000242167300008 ER PT J AU Ruffolo, M Daskin, MS Sahakian, AV Berry, RA AF Ruffolo, Marisa Daskin, Mark S. Sahakian, Alan V. Berry, Randall A. TI Design of a large network for radiological image data SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN BIOMEDICINE LA English DT Article DE data storage; digital medical imaging; digital medical imaging network; location theory; medical imaging; network design; optimization theory ID LAGRANGIAN-RELAXATION; LOCATION AB Radiological imaging is a rapidly growing business. The field is quickly evolving from films to electronic or digital imaging. By the year 2015, the amount of radiological image data that will have been generated in the U.S. alone is projected to be between 100 and 300 000 PB. (1 PB equals 25 B or about 1015 B.) As the volume of radiological data increases, the need to transmit the data over long distances also increases. For example, radiologists in Chicago, India, or Israel, working in the same medical practice, may read images taken in Chicago. Globally distributed research requires that images be transmitted around the world. Radiologists and researchers want to be able to download files containing hundreds of megabytes in seconds. This service requirement suggests that multiple copies of images should be retained in globally distributed databases to minimize access and transmission delays. Key design issues for such a database include the location of the data repositories relative to the generating and retrieval (reading) sites and the number and location of the copies of the files that are generated. In this paper, we approximate the time to retrieve images stored in city j by a radiologist in city k at time period t. Next, we formulate a model designed to minimize the average retrieval time weighted over all demands. We briefly outline a nested Lagrangian relaxation approach to the problem. Computational results are then summarized. The paper ends with conclusion and directions for future research. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Ind Engn & Management Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Ruffolo, M (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM marisa.ruffolo@alumni.northwestern.edu; m-daskin@northwestern.edu; sahakian@ece.northwestern.edu; rberry@ece.northwestern.edu RI Sahakian, Alan/B-7268-2009; Daskin, Mark/B-7458-2009; Berry, Randall/B-7107-2009; OI Daskin, Mark/0000-0001-5509-2588; Berry, Randall/0000-0002-1861-6722 NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1089-7771 J9 IEEE T INF TECHNOL B JI IEEE T. Inf. Technol. Biomed. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 11 IS 1 BP 25 EP 39 DI 10.1109/TITB.2006.880850 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Medical Informatics SC Computer Science; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Medical Informatics GA 126YQ UT WOS:000243552000005 PM 17249401 ER PT J AU Allison, SW Cates, MR Goedeke, SM Akerman, A Crawford, MT Ferraro, SB Stewart, J Surls, D AF Allison, S. W. Cates, M. R. Goedeke, S. M. Akerman, A. Crawford, M. T. Ferraro, S. B. Stewart, J. Surls, D. TI In-flight armature diagnostics SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Launch Technology CY MAY 22-25, 2006 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP European Electromagnet Launch Soc, Inst Adv Technol, Univ Texas Austin DE armature diagnostics; benchtop railgun; fiducial pulses; velocity measurement AB A feasibility demonstration is reported for a method of determining instantaneous temperature and velocity of an armature in flight. Instantaneous diagnostics such as this could be critical for achieving further improvements in railgun operation. Such activity has the potential to enable design enhancements by providing information on the state of the armature and its relationship to the rail as it proceeds down the bore. The method exploits the temperature dependence of fluorescence from a phosphor coating applied to the armature. The demonstration used both a very small-scale portable railgun and a small-scale benchtop railgun. For these tests, the output of a pulsed ultraviolet (UV) laser is delivered by optical fiber through an access port drilled into the insulator between the rails. As the armature passes, the UV light illuminates a small area of phosphor on the armature. The phosphor fluoresces and. decays at a rate dependent on the temperature of the phosphor. A second optical fiber in close proximity collects the fluorescence and conveys it to a detector and associated data acquisition system. Temperature is determined from a measurement of the decay time. To provide for velocity measurement on the small-scale railgun, light from a red diode laser, delivered by fiber probe inserted into the bore, produced distinctive reflections at the leading and trailing edges of the armature as it passed. Also, two grooves cut into the armature produced fiducial pulses that enabled velocity measurement. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. Inst Adv Technol, Austin, TX 78759 USA. RP Allison, SW (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. EM allisonsw@ornl.gov; catesmr@ornl.gov; goedekesm@ornl.gov; Al@Diditco.com; crawford@iat.utexas.edu; ferraro@iat.utexas.edu; stewart@iat.utexas.edu; dwayne_surls@iat.utexas.edu NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 43 IS 1 SI SI BP 329 EP 333 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2006.887594 PN 2 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 123IB UT WOS:000243288500053 ER PT J AU Simonson, KM Drescher, SM Tanner, FR AF Simonson, Katherine M. Drescher, Steven M., Jr. Tanner, Franklin R. TI A statistics-based approach to binary image registration with uncertainty analysis SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article DE registration; edge and feature detection; nonparametric statistics; uncertainty; "fuzzy," and probabilistic reasoning; image processing and computer vision ID EDGE DETECTORS; PERFORMANCE; ERROR; MTI AB A new technique is described for the registration of edge-detected images. While an extensive literature exists on the problem of image registration, few of the current approaches include a well-defined measure of the statistical confidence associated with the solution. Such a measure is essential for many autonomous applications, where registration solutions that are dubious (involving poorly focused images or terrain that is obscured by clouds) must be distinguished from those that are reliable ( based on clear images of highly structured scenes). The technique developed herein utilizes straightforward edge pixel matching to determine the "best" among a class of candidate translations. A well-established statistical procedure, the McNemar test, is then applied to identify which other candidate solutions are not significantly worse than the best solution. This allows for the construction of confidence regions in the space of the registration parameters. The approach is validated through a simulation study and examples are provided of its application in numerous challenging scenarios. While the algorithm is limited to solving for two-dimensional translations, its use in validating solutions to higher-order (rigid body, affine) transformation problems is demonstrated. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Simonson, KM (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,Mail Stop 1208, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM kmsimon@sandia.gov; sdresch@sandia.gov; frtanne@sandia.gov NR 25 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 8 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0162-8828 J9 IEEE T PATTERN ANAL JI IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 29 IS 1 BP 112 EP 125 DI 10.1109/TPAMI.2007.250603 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 104VI UT WOS:000241988300009 PM 17108387 ER PT J AU Banfield, RE Hall, LO Bowyer, KW Kegelmeyer, WP AF Banfield, Robert E. Hall, Lawrence O. Bowyer, Kevin W. Kegelmeyer, W. P. TI A comparison of decision tree ensemble creation techniques SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article DE classifier ensembles; bagging; boosting; random forests; random subspaces; performance evaluation ID CLASSIFICATION LEARNING ALGORITHMS; ARCING CLASSIFIERS AB We experimentally evaluate bagging and seven other randomization-based approaches to creating an ensemble of decision tree classifiers. Statistical tests were performed on experimental results from 57 publicly available data sets. When cross-validation comparisons were tested for statistical significance, the best method was statistically more accurate than bagging on only eight of the 57 data sets. Alternatively, examining the average ranks of the algorithms across the group of data sets, we find that boosting, random forests, and randomized trees are statistically significantly better than bagging. Because our results suggest that using an appropriate ensemble size is important, we introduce an algorithm that decides when a sufficient number of classifiers has been created for an ensemble. Our algorithm uses the out-of-bag error estimate, and is shown to result in an accurate ensemble for those methods that incorporate bagging into the construction of the ensemble. C1 Univ S Florida, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Biosyst Res, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Banfield, RE (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, ENB118, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. EM rbanfiel@csee.usf.edu; hall@csee.usf.edu; kwb@cse.nd.edu; wpk@california.sandia.gov OI Bowyer, Kevin/0000-0002-7562-4390 NR 23 TC 127 Z9 130 U1 3 U2 17 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0162-8828 J9 IEEE T PATTERN ANAL JI IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 29 IS 1 BP 173 EP 180 DI 10.1109/TPAMI.2007.250609 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 104VI UT WOS:000241988300015 PM 17108393 ER PT J AU Hemmert, KS Underwood, KD AF Hemmert, K. Scott Underwood, Keith D. TI Floating-point divider design for FPGAs SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION (VLSI) SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE divider; field-programmable gate array (FPGA); floating-point; EEEE-754 ID SQUARE-ROOT; TRADEOFFS AB Growth in floating-point applications for field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) has made it critical to optimize floating-point units for FPGA technology. The divider is of particular interest because the design space is large and divider usage in applications varies widely. Obtaining the right balance between clock speed, latency, throughput, and area in FPGAs can be challenging. The designs presented here cover a range of performance, throughput, and area constraints. On a Xilinx Virtex4-11 FPGA, the range includes 250-MHz IEEE compliant double precision divides that are fully pipelined to 187-MHz iterative cores. Similarly, area requirements range from 4100 slices down to a mere 334 slices. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Hemmert, KS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM kshemme@sandia.gov; kdunder@sandia.gov NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1063-8210 EI 1557-9999 J9 IEEE T VLSI SYST JI IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 15 IS 1 BP 115 EP 118 DI 10.1109/TVLSI.2007.891099 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 144NU UT WOS:000244803900012 ER PT J AU Vo, HT Callahan, SP Lindstrom, P Pascucci, V Silva, CT AF Vo, Huy T. Callahan, Steven P. Lindstrom, Peter Pascucci, Valerio Silva, Claudio T. TI Streaming simplification of tetrahedral meshes SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS LA English DT Article DE computational geometry and object modeling; out-of-core algorithms; streaming algorithms; mesh simplification; large meshes; tetrahedral meshes ID ERROR AB Unstructured tetrahedral meshes are commonly used in scientific computing to represent scalar, vector, and tensor fields in three dimensions. Visualization of these meshes can be difficult to perform interactively due to their size and complexity. By reducing the size of the data, we can accomplish real-time visualization necessary for scientific analysis. We propose a two-step approach for streaming simplification of large tetrahedral meshes. Our algorithm arranges the data on disk in a streaming, I/O-efficient format that allows coherent access to the tetrahedral cells. A quadric-based simplification is sequentially performed on small portions of the mesh in-core. Our output is a coherent streaming mesh which facilitates future processing. Our technique is fast, produces high quality approximations, and operates out-of-core to process meshes too large for main memory. C1 Sci Comp & Imaging Inst, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Appl Sci Comp, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Univ Utah, Sch Comp, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Vo, HT (reprint author), Sci Comp & Imaging Inst, 50 S Cent Campus Dr,Room 3490, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM hvo@sci.utah.edu; stevec@sci.utah.edu; pl@llnl.gov; pascucci@llnl.gov; csilva@cs.utah.edu OI Lindstrom, Peter/0000-0003-3817-4199 NR 30 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1077-2626 EI 1941-0506 J9 IEEE T VIS COMPUT GR JI IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. PD JAN-FEB PY 2007 VL 13 IS 1 BP 145 EP 155 DI 10.1109/TVCG.2007.21 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 113PW UT WOS:000242610800014 PM 17093343 ER PT S AU Vijayaraj, V Bright, EA Bhaduri, BL AF Vijayaraj, V. Bright, E. A. Bhaduri, B. L. GP IEEE TI High resolution urban feature extraction for global population mapping using high performance computing SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE fexture; gabor filters; urban mapping ID TEXTURE; CLASSIFICATION; IMAGE AB The advent of high spatial resolution satellite imagery like Quick Bird (0.6 meter) and IKONOS (1 meter) has provided a new data source for high resolution urban land cover mapping. Extracting accurate urban regions from high resolution images has many applications and is essential to the population mapping efforts of Oak Ridge National Laboratory's (ORNL) LandScan population distribution program. This paper discusses an automated parallel algorithm that has been implemented on a high performance computing environment to extract urban regions from high resolution images using texture and spectral features. C1 [Vijayaraj, V.; Bright, E. A.; Bhaduri, B. L.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Computat Sci & Engn Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Vijayaraj, V (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Computat Sci & Engn Div, POB 2008,MS 6017, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM vijayarajv@ornl.gov; brightea@ornl.gov; bhaduribl@ornl.gov NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 278 EP 281 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422784 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657300070 ER PT S AU Schull, M Ganguly, S Samanta, A Jenkins, J Knyazikhin, Y Myneni, RB Huang, D AF Schull, Mitchell Ganguly, Sangram Samanta, Arindam Jenkins, Julian Knyazikhin, Yuri Myneni, Ranga B. Huang, Dong GP IEEE TI Retrieving 3D canopy structure from synergistic analysis of multi-angle and Lidar data SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE component; multi-angle data; lidar; canopy structure; canopy height; spectral invariant; directional escape probability ID COVER; MODIS; MODEL; MISR AB Recent empirical studies have shown that multi-angle data can be useful for predicting canopy height, but the physical reason for this correlation was not understood. The research presented here puts forth a physical explanation for this phenomenon. We employ the use of Radiative Transfer, more specifically canopy spectral invariants, which can decouple spectral and structural parameters in a vegetation canopy. As a case study we compare canopy heights predicted from a multivariate analysis of 28 (7 cameras* 4 bands) and LVIS canopy heights and a multivariate analysis of 7 directional escape probabilities and LVIS canopy heights. We find that the 7 directional escape probabilities can provide approximately the same amount of information about canopy height as 28 spectral/angular reflectances from AirMISR. Finally we speculate that multi-angle data does not allow for extraction of canopy height but in fact requires synergy between Lidar sensors. C1 [Schull, Mitchell; Ganguly, Sangram; Samanta, Arindam; Jenkins, Julian; Knyazikhin, Yuri; Myneni, Ranga B.] Boston Univ, Dept Geog & Environm, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Huang, Dong] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Atmospher Sci Div, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Schull, M (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Geog & Environm, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM schull@bu.edu RI Samanta, Arindam/B-9550-2009; Huang, Dong/H-7318-2014; Myneni, Ranga/F-5129-2012 OI Huang, Dong/0000-0001-9715-6922; NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 2833 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423433 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657303044 ER PT S AU Ganguly, S Schull, M Samanta, A Knyazikhin, Y Shabanov, N Myneni, RB Huang, D AF Ganguly, Sangram Schull, Mitchell Samanta, Arindam Knyazikhin, Yuri Shabanov, Nikolay Myneni, Ranga B. Huang, Dong GP IEEE TI Physically based methodology for generating LAI and FPAR Earth system data records from AVHRR and MODIS SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE LAI; FPAR; NDVI; simple ratio; long term data record; consistency; single scattering albedo ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; VEGETATION CANOPIES; RADIATION; FRACTION; TERRA AB We have developed and tested a physically based approach, rooted in the theory of stochastic radiative transfer within vegetation, for generating a seamless time series of LAI and FPAR fields from AVHRR NDVI data and MODIS reflectance data. Our goal is to: (i) develop a theoretical formulation that results in consistent LAI and FPAR fields from satellite data of varying spectral and spatial resolutions, and (ii) assess the uncertainties in the generated fields due to differences in quality and information content of AVHRR and MODIS sensors. Our results suggests that single scattering albedo and overall relative uncertainty of input surface reflectances and/or NDVI are configurable parameters in governing the accuracy of LAI/FPAR retrievals from NDVI as an input. Single scattering albedo accounts for differences in both spatial and spectral resolution and the implementation of the algorithm is performed over test areas such that: (i) the consistency requirements are met, (ii) the retrieval index is maximized, and (iii) the difference between reference LAI and LAI obtained from AVHRR NDVI is minimized. C1 [Ganguly, Sangram; Schull, Mitchell; Samanta, Arindam; Knyazikhin, Yuri; Shabanov, Nikolay; Myneni, Ranga B.] Boston Univ, Dept Geog & Environm, Boston, MA 02139 USA. [Huang, Dong] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Ganguly, S (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Geog & Environm, Boston, MA 02139 USA. EM sganguly@bu.edu RI Samanta, Arindam/B-9550-2009; Huang, Dong/H-7318-2014; Myneni, Ranga/F-5129-2012 OI Huang, Dong/0000-0001-9715-6922; NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 3773 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657305056 ER PT J AU Morton, DP Pan, F Saeger, KJ AF Morton, David P. Pan, Feng Saeger, Kevin J. TI Models for nuclear smuggling interdiction SO IIE TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article DE network interdiction; integer programming; stochastic programming ID NETWORK INTERDICTION; VITAL ARCS; PROGRAMS; RECOURSE AB We describe two stochastic network interdiction models for thwarting nuclear smuggling. In the first model, the smuggler travels through a transportation network on a path that maximizes the probability of evading detection, and the interdictor installs radiation sensors to minimize that evasion probability. The problem is stochastic because the smuggler's origin-destination pair is known only through a probability distribution at the time when the sensors are installed. In this model, the smuggler knows the locations of all sensors and the interdictor and the smuggler "agree" on key network parameters, namely the probabilities the smuggler will be detected while traversing the arcs of the transportation network. Our second model differs in that the interdictor and smuggler can have differing perceptions of these network parameters. This model captures the case in which the smuggler is aware of only a subset of the sensor locations. For both models, we develop the important special case in which the sensors can only be installed at border crossings of a single country so that the resulting model is defined on a bipartite network. In this special case, a class of valid inequalities reduces the computation time for the identical-perceptions model. C1 Univ Texas, Grad Program Operat Res, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Risk Anal & Decis Support Syst, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Morton, DP (reprint author), Univ Texas, Grad Program Operat Res, 1 Univ Stn,C2200, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM morton@mail.utexas.edu; fpan@lanl.gov; saeger@lanl.gov RI Morton, David/K-2388-2014; Saeger, Kevin/O-8619-2016 OI Saeger, Kevin/0000-0002-3639-5302 NR 37 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0740-817X J9 IIE TRANS JI IIE Trans. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 39 IS 1 BP 3 EP 14 DI 10.1080/07408170500488956 PG 12 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 102EO UT WOS:000241794000002 ER PT J AU Min, HSJ Beyeler, W Brown, T Son, YJ Jones, AT AF Min, Hyeung-Sik J. Beyeler, Walter Brown, Theresa Son, Young Jun Jones, Albert T. TI Toward modeling and simulation of critical national infrastructure interdependencies SO IIE TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article DE system dynamics; IDEF; critical infrastructure; disruption evaluation AB Modern society's physical health depends vitally upon a number of real, interdependent, critical infrastructure networks that deliver power, petroleum, natural gas, water, and communications. Its economic health depends on a number of other infrastructure networks, some virtual and some real, that link residences, industries, commercial sectors, and transportation sectors. The continued prosperity and national security of the US depends on our ability to understand the vulnerabilities of and analyze the performance of both the individual infrastructures and the entire interconnected system of infrastructures. Only then can we respond to potential disruptions in a timely and effective manner. Collaborative efforts among Sandia, other government agencies, private industry, and academia have resulted in realistic models for many of the individual component infrastructures. In this paper, we propose an innovative modeling and analysis framework to study the entire system of physical and economic infrastructures. That framework uses the existing individual models together with system dynamics, functional models, and nonlinear optimization algorithms. We describe this framework and demonstrate its potential use to analyze, and propose a response for, a hypothetical disruption. C1 Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NIST, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Son, YJ (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM son@arizona.edu NR 14 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 3 U2 26 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0740-817X J9 IIE TRANS JI IIE Trans. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 39 IS 1 BP 57 EP 71 DI 10.1080/07408170600940005 PG 15 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 102EO UT WOS:000241794000006 ER PT S AU Manay, S Paglieroni, DW AF Manay, Siddharth Paglieroni, David W. BE Kamel, M Campilho, A TI Matching flexible polygons to fields of corners extracted from images SO IMAGE ANALYSIS AND RECOGNITION, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Image Analysis and Recognition CY AUG 22-24, 2007 CL Montreal, CANADA SP Univ Waterloo, Pattern Anal & Mach Intelligence Grp, Univ Porto, Fac Engn, Dept Elect & Comp Engn,, Inst Engenhar Biomed, IEEE Kitchener-Waterloo Sect DE comer extraction; polygon extraction; overhead imagery AB We propose a novel efficient method that finds partial and complete matches to models for families of polygons in fields of corners extracted from images. The polygon models assign specific values of acuteness to each corner in a fixed-length sequence along the boundary. The absolute and relative lengths of sides can be either constrained or left unconstrained by the model. Candidate matches are found by using the model as a guide in linking corners previously extracted from images. Geometrical similarity is computed by comparing corner acutenesses and side lengths for candidate polygons to the model. Photometric similarity is derived by comparing directions of sides in candidate polygons to pixel gradient directions in the image. The flexibility and efficiency of our method is demonstrated by searching for families of buildings in large overhead images. C1 [Manay, Siddharth; Paglieroni, David W.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Manay, S (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-74258-6 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2007 VL 4633 BP 447 EP 459 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Biomedical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BGX91 UT WOS:000251191500040 ER PT S AU Benveniste, H Ma, Y Dhawan, J Gifford, A Smith, SD Feinstein, I Du, CW Grant, SC Hof, PR AF Benveniste, Helene Ma, Yu Dhawan, Jasbeer Gifford, Andrew Smith, S. David Feinstein, Igor Du, Congwu Grant, Samuel C. Hof, Patrick R. BE DeLeon, MJ Snider, DA Federoff, H TI Anatomical and functional phenotyping of mice models of Alzheimer's disease by MR microscopy SO IMAGING AND THE AGING BRAIN SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Imaging and the Aging Brain CY MAY 16-17, 2006 CL New York, NY SP NY Acad Sci DE MR microscopy; phenotyping; imaging; mice; Alzheimer's disease; model ID MAGNETIC-RESONANCE MICROSCOPY; DIRECT THALAMIC-STIMULATION; AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN; CORPUS-CALLOSUM ATROPHY; TRIPLE-TRANSGENIC MODEL; INTRACELLULAR A-BETA; MOUSE MODEL; HUMAN BRAIN; RELAXATION-TIMES; HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA AB The wide variety of transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) reflects the search for specific genes that influence AD pathology and the drive to create a clinically relevant animal model. An ideal AD mouse model must display hallmark AD pathology such as amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, reactive gliosis, dystrophic neurites, neuron and synapse loss, and brain atrophy and in parallel behaviorally mimic the cognitive decline observed in humans. Magnetic resonance (MR) microscopy (MRM) can detect amyloid plaque load, development of brain atrophy, and acute neurodegeneration. MRM examples of AD pathology will be presented and discussed. What has lagged behind in preclinical research using transgenic AD mouse models is functional phenotyping of the brain; in other words, the ability to correlate a specific genotype with potential aberrant brain activation patterns. This lack of information is caused by the technical challenges involved in performing functional MRI (fMRI) in mice including the effects of anesthetic agents and the lack of relevant '' cognitive '' paradigms. An alternative approach to classical fMRI using external stimuli as triggers of brain activation in rodents is to electrically or pharmacologically stimulate regions directly while simultaneously locally tracking the activated interconnected regions of rodents using, for example, the manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) technique. Finally, transgenic mouse models, MRM, and future AD research would be strengthened by the ability to screen for AD-like pathology in other non-AD transgenic mouse models. For example, molecular biologists may focus on cardiac or pulmonary pathologies in transgenic mice models and as an incidental finding discover behavioral AD phenotypes. We will present MRM data of brain and cardiac phenotyping in transgenic mouse models with behavioral deficits. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Med, Upton, NY 11973 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Anesthesiol, New York, NY USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Chem & Biomed Engn, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL USA. Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, New York, NY USA. RP Benveniste, H (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Med, Bldg 490,30 Bell Ave, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM benveniste@bnl.gov RI Grant, Samuel/D-8744-2013 OI Grant, Samuel/0000-0001-7738-168X FU NCRR NIH HHS [P41 RR16105]; NIBIB NIH HHS [R01 EB 00233-04] NR 75 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXEN, ENGLAND SN 0077-8923 BN 978-1-57331-659-0 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2007 VL 1097 BP 12 EP 29 DI 10.1196/annals.1379.006 PG 18 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Clinical Neurology; Neuroimaging SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Neurosciences & Neurology GA BGA72 UT WOS:000245814800002 PM 17413006 ER PT S AU Sullivan, EJ Candy, JV AF Sullivan, E. J. Candy, J. V. BE Byrnes, J TI Sequential detection estimation and noise cancelation SO IMAGING FOR DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION SE NATO SECURITY THROUGH SCIENCE SERIES B: PHYSICS AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Imaging for Detection and Identification CY JUL 23-AUG 05, 2006 CL Ciocco, ITALY SP NATO DE (Sullivan) sequential detection; Kalman filter; own-ship noise; noise canceling; recursive detection; nonstationary noise; Neyman-Pearson; likelihood ratio; signal model; noise model; Gauss-Markov AB A noise canceling technique based on a model-based recursive processor is presented. Beginning with a canceling scheme using a reference source, it is shown how to obtain an estimate of the noise, which can then be incorporated in a recursive noise canceler. Once this is done, recursive detection and estimation schemes are developed. The approach is to model the nonstationary noise as an autoregressive process, which can then easily be placed into a state-space canonical form. This results in a Kalman-type recursive processor where the measurement is the noise and the reference is the source term. Once the noise model is in state-space form, it is combined with detection and estimation problems in a self-consistent structure. It is then shown how parameters of interest, such as a signal bearing or range, can be enhanced by including (augmenting) these parameters into the state vector, thereby jointly estimating them along with the recursive updating of the noise model. C1 [Sullivan, E. J.] Prometheus Inc, Newport, RI 02840 USA. [Candy, J. V.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Sullivan, EJ (reprint author), Prometheus Inc, Newport, RI 02840 USA. EM ed@prometheus-us.com; candy1@llnl.gov NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1874-6500 BN 978-1-4020-5619-2 J9 NATO SEC SCI B PHYS PY 2007 BP 97 EP + DI 10.1007/978-1-4020-5620-8_5 PG 2 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BGC38 UT WOS:000246010700005 ER PT S AU Kroutil, R Lewis, PE Thomas, MJ Miller, D Shen, S AF Kroutil, Robert Lewis, Paul E. Thomas, Mark J. Miller, Dave Shen, Sylvia BE Shen, SS Lewis, PE TI Preliminary assessment of the utility of airborne infrared spectroscopic analysis of emissions from a variety of flooded areas in the United States - art. no. 66610K SO Imaging Spectrometry XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Imaging Spectrometry XII CY AUG 28-29, 2007 CL San Diego, CA DE imaging spectrometry; remote chemical identification; hyperspectral longwave infrared; airborne infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy; emergency response airborne chemical detection; remote infrared analysis of ecosystems ID 2,3-BUTYLENE GLYCOL; SPECTROMETRY; PLUMES AB Airborne passive hyperspectral infrared spectral measurements of chemical vapors in the atmosphere have been completed over a wide variety of locations throughout the United States. These measurements are part of the US EPA emergency response chemical disaster mitigation capability. Analysis and regional comparison of these atmospheric measurements reveals a glycol constituent, which has been noted during flooding conditions along the Southern Gulf Coast Region and the Midwestern United States. This discussion will describe several differences in the natural atmospheric background for vapor species identified in various regions of the country. There are two possible sources for this constituent in these regions one is a natural source the other is an anthropogenic source. The paper will highlight the usefulness of passive infrared spectral measurements to determine key atmospheric indicators correlated with locations of major flooding along with the identification of naturally occurring species. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Kroutil, R (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6809-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6661 BP K6610 EP K6610 AR 66610K DI 10.1117/12.737093 PG 12 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BGU38 UT WOS:000250579000019 ER PT J AU Miller, NL Bashford, KE Strem, E AF Miller, Norman L. Bashford, Kathy E. Strem, Eric BE Smith, JB Mendelsohn, R TI Changes in runoff SO IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON REGIONAL SYSTEMS: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF CALIFORNIA SE New Horizons in Environmental Economics LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID CLIMATE; BASIN C1 [Miller, Norman L.; Bashford, Kathy E.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Calif Water Resources Res & Applicat Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Strem, Eric] NOAA, Calif Nevada River Forecast Ctr, Natl Weather Serv, Sacramento, CA USA. RP Miller, NL (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Calif Water Resources Res & Applicat Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDWARD ELGAR PUBLISHING LTD PI CHELTENHAM PA GLENSANDA HOUSE, MONTPELLIER PARADE, CHELTENHAM GL50 1UA, GLOS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-84542-747-4 J9 NEW HORIZ ENVIRON EC PY 2007 BP 122 EP 146 PG 25 WC Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BRX46 UT WOS:000283849500009 ER PT J AU Grinstein, FF Margolin, LG Rider, WJ AF Grinstein, Fernando F. Margolin, Len G. Rider, William J. BE Grinstein, FF Margolin, LG Rider, WJ TI Implicit Large Eddy Simulation COMPUTING TURBULENT FLUID DYNAMICS Introduction SO IMPLICIT LARGE EDDY SIMULATION: COMPUTING TURBULENT FLUID DYNAMICS LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 [Grinstein, Fernando F.; Margolin, Len G.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Rider, William J.] Sandia Natl Labs, Computat Phys Res & Dev Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Grinstein, FF (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, MS B259, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-86982-9 PY 2007 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511618604.002 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511618604 PG 6 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA BXR90 UT WOS:000296861500002 ER PT B AU Grinstein, FF Margolin, LG Rider, WJ AF Grinstein, Fernando F. Margolin, Len G. Rider, William J. BE Grinstein, FF Margolin, LG Rider, WJ TI Implicit Large Eddy Simulation COMPUTING TURBULENT FLUID DYNAMICS Preface SO IMPLICIT LARGE EDDY SIMULATION: COMPUTING TURBULENT FLUID DYNAMICS LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 [Grinstein, Fernando F.; Margolin, Len G.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Rider, William J.] Sandia Natl Labs, Computat Phys Res & Dev Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Grinstein, FF (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, MS B259, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-86982-9 PY 2007 BP VII EP VII DI 10.1017/CBO9780511618604.001 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511618604 PG 1 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA BXR90 UT WOS:000296861500001 ER PT J AU Grinstein, FF Margolin, LG Rider, WJ AF Grinstein, Fernando F. Margolin, Len G. Rider, William J. BE Grinstein, FF Margolin, LG Rider, WJ TI A Rationale for Implicit LES SO IMPLICIT LARGE EDDY SIMULATION: COMPUTING TURBULENT FLUID DYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION; HIGH-REYNOLDS-NUMBER; DIFFERENCE-SCHEMES; TURBULENCE; FLOWS; MODELS; FLUID C1 [Grinstein, Fernando F.; Margolin, Len G.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Rider, William J.] Sandia Natl Labs, Computat Phys Res & Dev Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Grinstein, FF (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, MS B259, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-86982-9 PY 2007 BP 39 EP 58 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511618604.004 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511618604 PG 20 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA BXR90 UT WOS:000296861500004 ER PT J AU Drikakis, D Hahn, M Grinstein, FF DeVore, CR Fureby, C Liefvendahl, M Youngs, DL AF Drikakis, Dimitris Hahn, Marco Grinstein, Fernando F. DeVore, Carl R. Fureby, Christer Liefvendahl, Mattias Youngs, David L. BE Grinstein, FF Margolin, LG Rider, WJ TI Limiting Algorithms SO IMPLICIT LARGE EDDY SIMULATION: COMPUTING TURBULENT FLUID DYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION; FLUX-CORRECTED TRANSPORT; NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS; HIGH-RESOLUTION SCHEMES; CONSERVATIVE DIFFERENCE SCHEME; TAYLOR-GREEN VORTEX; 3-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENCE; ISOTROPIC TURBULENCE; UNSTRUCTURED MESHES; FLOW C1 [Drikakis, Dimitris; Hahn, Marco] Cranfield Univ, Sch Engn, Cranfield MK43 0AL, Beds, England. [DeVore, Carl R.] USN, Res Lab, Computat Phys & Fluid Dynam Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Fureby, Christer] Swedish Def Res Agcy FOI, Dept Weap & Protect, SE-17290 Stockholm, Sweden. [Grinstein, Fernando F.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Youngs, David L.] Atom Weap Estab, Reading RG7 4PR, Berks, England. RP Drikakis, D (reprint author), Cranfield Univ, Sch Engn, Cranfield MK43 0AL, Beds, England. NR 77 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-86982-9 PY 2007 BP 94 EP 129 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511618604.006 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511618604 PG 36 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA BXR90 UT WOS:000296861500006 ER PT J AU Smolarkiewicz, PK Margolin, LG AF Smolarkiewicz, Piotr K. Margolin, Len G. BE Grinstein, FF Margolin, LG Rider, WJ TI MPDATA SO IMPLICIT LARGE EDDY SIMULATION: COMPUTING TURBULENT FLUID DYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID ADVECTION TRANSPORT ALGORITHM; SMALL IMPLICIT DIFFUSION; GEOPHYSICAL FLOWS; FLUIDS; EQUATIONS; APPROXIMATIONS; FORMULATION; ADAPTIVITY; MODEL C1 [Smolarkiewicz, Piotr K.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Mesoscale & Microscale Meteorol Div, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Margolin, Len G.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Smolarkiewicz, PK (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Mesoscale & Microscale Meteorol Div, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-86982-9 PY 2007 BP 154 EP 167 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511618604 PG 14 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA BXR90 UT WOS:000296861500009 ER PT J AU Margolin, LG Rider, WJ AF Margolin, Len G. Rider, William J. BE Grinstein, FF Margolin, LG Rider, WJ TI Numerical Regularization: The Numerical Analysis of Implicit Subgrid Models SO IMPLICIT LARGE EDDY SIMULATION: COMPUTING TURBULENT FLUID DYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION; TURBULENCE; FLOWS C1 [Margolin, Len G.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Rider, William J.] Sandia Natl Labs, Computat Phys Res & Dev Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Margolin, LG (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, MS F644, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-86982-9 PY 2007 BP 195 EP 221 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511618604.007 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511618604 PG 27 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA BXR90 UT WOS:000296861500011 ER PT J AU Grinstein, FF AF Grinstein, Fernando F. BE Grinstein, FF Margolin, LG Rider, WJ TI Vortex Dynamics and Transition to Turbulence in Free Shear Flows SO IMPLICIT LARGE EDDY SIMULATION: COMPUTING TURBULENT FLUID DYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION; HIGH-REYNOLDS-NUMBER; DEVELOPING MIXING LAYERS; REACTIVE SQUARE JETS; GLOBAL INSTABILITIES; COHERENT STRUCTURES; ELLIPTIC JETS; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; RING DYNAMICS C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Grinstein, FF (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, MS B259, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 73 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-86982-9 PY 2007 BP 265 EP 291 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511618604.010 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511618604 PG 27 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA BXR90 UT WOS:000296861500014 ER PT J AU Smolarkiewicz, PK Margolin, LG AF Smolarkiewicz, Piotr K. Margolin, Len G. BE Grinstein, FF Margolin, LG Rider, WJ TI Studies in Geophysics SO IMPLICIT LARGE EDDY SIMULATION: COMPUTING TURBULENT FLUID DYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID LARGE-EDDY SIMULATIONS; TURBULENT SOLAR CONVECTION; DIFFERENTIAL ROTATION; NUMERICAL TURBULENCE; BOUNDARY-LAYERS; ANELASTIC MODEL; NUMBER; FLUIDS; FLOWS; EVOLUTION C1 [Smolarkiewicz, Piotr K.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Mesoscale & Microscale Meteorol Div, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Margolin, Len G.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Smolarkiewicz, PK (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Mesoscale & Microscale Meteorol Div, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NR 51 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-86982-9 PY 2007 BP 413 EP 438 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511618604.016 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511618604 PG 26 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA BXR90 UT WOS:000296861500020 ER PT J AU Patnaik, G Grinstein, FF Boris, JP Young, TR Parmhed, O AF Patnaik, Gopal Grinstein, Fernando F. Boris, Jay P. Young, Ted R. Parmhed, Oskar BE Grinstein, FF Margolin, LG Rider, WJ TI Large-Scale Urban Simulations SO IMPLICIT LARGE EDDY SIMULATION: COMPUTING TURBULENT FLUID DYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION; TURBULENT-FLOW; MODEL; LAYER C1 [Patnaik, Gopal; Boris, Jay P.; Young, Ted R.] USN, Res Lab, Computat Phys & Fluid Dynam Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Parmhed, Oskar] Swedish Def Res Agcy FOI, SE-17290 Stockholm, Sweden. [Grinstein, Fernando F.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Patnaik, G (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Computat Phys & Fluid Dynam Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NR 41 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-86982-9 PY 2007 BP 502 EP 530 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511618604.019 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511618604 PG 29 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA BXR90 UT WOS:000296861500023 ER PT B AU Grinstein, FF Margolin, LG Rider, WJ AF Grinstein, Fernando F. Margolin, Len G. Rider, William J. BE Grinstein, FF Margolin, LG Rider, WJ TI Outlook and Open Research Issues SO IMPLICIT LARGE EDDY SIMULATION: COMPUTING TURBULENT FLUID DYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION; REYNOLDS-NUMBER FLOWS; INERTIAL MANIFOLDS; TURBULENCE; GALERKIN C1 [Grinstein, Fernando F.; Margolin, Len G.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Rider, William J.] Sandia Natl Labs, Computat Phys Res & Dev Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Grinstein, FF (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, MS B259, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-86982-9 PY 2007 BP 531 EP 541 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511618604.020 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511618604 PG 11 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA BXR90 UT WOS:000296861500024 ER PT S AU Nassr, MS Jun, J Eidenbenz, SJ Hansson, AA Mielke, AM AF Nassr, Matthew S. Jun, Jangeun Eidenbenz, Stephan J. Hansson, Anders A. Mielke, Angela M. GP IEEE TI Scalable and reliable sensor network routing: Performance study from field deployment SO INFOCOM 2007, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE INFOCOM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM 2007) CY MAY 06-12, 2007 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE Commun Soc, CONTENT, Natl Sci Fdn, US DOE, Telefonica, GM, NARUS ID AD HOC NETWORKS AB Scalable and reliable routing is a critical issue in sensor network deployment. A number of approaches have been proposed for sensor network routing, but sensor field implementation tends to be lacking in the literature. In our study, the problems of scalability and reliability in sensor network routing are addressed through a simple but powerful scheme implemented on Mica2 motes running TinyOS along with other, more widely-used routing protocols. Motes are tested in an outdoor sensor field, and detailed experiments are carried out for performance analysis. This paper presents the implementation details and the results obtained from head-to-head comparison of routing protocols. The proposed protocol delivers 93 % of packets injected at a rate of one packet per second in networks with end to end hop distances of over 10 hops-a result which significantly improves upon results from the standard TinyOS routing implementation of MINTRoute. The promising results can be explained by the key protocol properties of reliability (via multi-path redundancy), scalability (with efficiently contained flooding), and flexibility (source-tunable per-packet priority) which are achieved without adding protocol complexity or resource consumption. These strengths enable the protocol to outperform even sophisticated link estimation based protocols especially in adverse outdoor sensor field environments. C1 [Nassr, Matthew S.; Jun, Jangeun; Eidenbenz, Stephan J.; Hansson, Anders A.; Mielke, Angela M.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Discrete Simulat Sci CS 5, Space Data Syst ISR 3, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Nassr, MS (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Discrete Simulat Sci CS 5, Space Data Syst ISR 3, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM mnassr@lanl.gov; jjun@lanl.gov; eidenben@lanl.gov; hansson@lanl.gov; amielke@lanl.gov NR 40 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-166X BN 978-1-4244-1046-0 J9 IEEE INFOCOM SER PY 2007 BP 670 EP + DI 10.1109/INFCOM.2007.84 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics; Telecommunications GA BGO88 UT WOS:000249117701017 ER PT S AU Phillips, MC Myers, TL Wojcik, MD Cannon, BD Taubman, MS Scott, DC AF Phillips, Mark. C. Myers, Tanya L. Wojcik, Michael D. Cannon, Bret D. Taubman, Matthew S. Scott, David C. BE Belyanin, AA Drezek, RA Gmachl, C TI Measurement of broad absorption features using a tunable external cavity quantum cascade laser - art. no. 676003 SO INFRARED, MID-IR, AND TERAHERTZ TECHNOLOGIES FOR HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared, Mid-IR, and Terahertz Technologies for Health and the Environment II CY SEP 10, 2007 CL Boston, MA SP SPIE DE infrared spectroscopy; quantum cascade laser; tunable laser ID SPECTROSCOPY AB We demonstrate the use of a tunable external cavity quantum cascade laser system for measurement of broad absorption features in the mid-infrared spectral region. The thermoelectrically cooled external cavity laser was tuned over a 65 cm(-1) range centered at 8.7 microns using stepper motor control. Pulsing the laser at a high duty cycle provided 2-4.5 mW average output power over the tuning range, and enabled phase-sensitive detection of amplitude-modulated signals. We used the laser system to measure the absorption spectra of Freon-125 using a Herriott cell. In addition, the absorption spectrum of water in the laboratory air was measured. The measurements showed excellent agreement with reference spectra, in both wavelength and amplitude. The measured scan resolution of 0.14 cm(-1) is suitable for measurement of the absorption features of complex molecules as well as simple molecules with atmospherically broadened lines. We discuss the limits to the scan resolution due to effects of spectral chirp and mode-hops during pulsed operation. C1 [Phillips, Mark. C.; Myers, Tanya L.; Wojcik, Michael D.; Cannon, Bret D.; Taubman, Matthew S.; Scott, David C.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99354 USA. RP Phillips, MC (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99354 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6920-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6760 BP 76003 EP 76003 DI 10.1117/12.732616 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BHG40 UT WOS:000252957800001 ER PT S AU Shaner, EA Grine, AD Lyo, SK Reno, JL Wanke, MC Allen, SJ AF Shaner, E. A. Grine, A. D. Lyo, S. K. Reno, J. L. Wanke, M. C. Allen, S. J. BE Belyanin, AA Drezek, RA Gmachl, C TI Electronically tunable plasmonic grating-gate terahertz detectors - art. no. 67600B SO INFRARED, MID-IR, AND TERAHERTZ TECHNOLOGIES FOR HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared, Mid-IR, and Terahertz Technologies for Health and the Environment II CY SEP 10, 2007 CL Boston, MA SP SPIE DE field effect transistors; high mobility; two-dimensional plasmons; terahertz; focal plane arrays; bolometers ID TRANSISTORS; MODES AB Split grating-gate field effect transistors (FETs) detectors made from high mobility quantum well two-dimensional electron gas material have been shown to exhibit greatly improved tunable resonant photoresponse compared to single grating-gate detectors due to the formation of a 'diode-like' element by the split-gate structure. These detectors are relatively large for FETs (1mm x 1mm area or larger) to match typical focused THz beam spot sizes. In the case where the focused THz spot size is smaller than the detector area, we have found evidence, through positional scanning of the detector element, that only a small portion of the detector is active. To further investigate this situation, detectors with the same channel width (1mm), but various channel lengths, were fabricated and tested. The results indicate that indeed, only a small portion of the split grating gated FET is active. This finding opens up the possibility for further enhancement of detector sensitivity by increasing the active area. C1 [Shaner, E. A.; Grine, A. D.; Lyo, S. K.; Reno, J. L.; Wanke, M. C.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Shaner, EA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6920-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6760 BP B7600 EP B7600 DI 10.1117/12.738968 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BHG40 UT WOS:000252957800006 ER PT S AU Lavrik, N Archibald, R Grbovic, D Rajic, S Datskos, P AF Lavrik, Nickolay Archibald, Rick Grbovic, Dragoslav Rajic, Slo Datskos, Panos BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF Norton, PR TI Uncooled MEMS IR imagers with optical readout and image processing - art. no. 65421E SO Infrared Technology and Applications XXXIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications XXXIII CY APR 09-13, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE MEMS; uncooled IR; NETD; curvelets; microcantilever; optical readout AB MEMS thermal transducers offer a promising technological platform for uncooled IR imaging. We report on the fabrication and performance of a 256x256 MEMS IR FPA based on bimaterial microcantilever. The FPA readout is performed using a simple and efficient optical readout scheme. The response time of the bimaterial microcantilever was <15 ms and the thermal isolation was calculated to be < 4x 10(-7) W/K. Using these FPAs we obtained IR images of room temperature objects. Image quality is improved by automatic post-processing of artifacts arising from noise and non-responsive pixels. An iterative Curvelet denoising and inpainting procedure is successfully applied to image output. We present our results and discuss the factors that determine the ultimate performance of the FPA. One of the unique advantages of the present approach is the scalability to larger imaging arrays. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Lavrik, N (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Lavrik, Nickolay/B-5268-2011; Archibald, Rick/I-6238-2016 OI Lavrik, Nickolay/0000-0002-9543-5634; Archibald, Rick/0000-0002-4538-9780 NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6664-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6542 BP E5421 EP E5421 AR 65421E DI 10.1117/12.724346 PN 1-2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BGR07 UT WOS:000249892700049 ER PT J AU Lee, KM Renne, RA Harbo, SJ Clark, ML Johnson, RE Gideon, KM AF Lee, K. Monica Renne, Roger A. Harbo, Sam J. Clark, Mark L. Johnson, Renee E. Gideon, Kathy M. TI 3-week inhalation exposure to cigarette smoke and/or lipopolysaccharide in AKR/J mice SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; BACTERIAL-ENDOTOXIN; INHALED ENDOTOXIN; GUINEA-PIGS; LUNG; INFLAMMATION; EMPHYSEMA; DUST; NEUTROPHILS AB AKR/J mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via inhalation for 3 wk and pulmonary responses were evaluated. The objective was to explore the feasibility of coexposing LPS with cigarette smoke under a subacute exposure, as a surrogate for viral or bacterial insults, that would mimic the pathogenesis of infection-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. The study was the first step in an effort to develop a rodent COPD model in which morphologic lesions of COPD develop in a shorter period of exposure and more closely simulate human COPD. Mice were exposed 6 h/day, 5 days/wk for 3 wk to one of the following: (1) sham control: filtered air; (2) CS: 250 mu g/L wet total particulate matter (WTPM) for 5 h/day followed by 1 h/day air; (3) LPS: 0.5 mu g/L LPS (055:B5 Escherichia coli; 3,000,000 EU/mg) for the last 1 h/day 2 day/wk (following 5 h/day of filtered air); and (4) CS/LPS: CS 5 h/day followed by air or LPS (2 days/wk) for 1 h/day. After the last exposure, animals were necropsied and subjected to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or histopathology. The BAL neutrophil counts were highest in the LPS group, while macrophage counts were higher in the CS/LPS group than other exposed groups. The LPS group displayed the greatest increases in BAL cytokines, while KC (keratinocyte-derived chemokine) and TARC (thymus and activation-regulated chemokine) were highest in the CS group. The CS/LPS group had generally lower cytokine levels relative to the LPS or CS groups, except for the levels of RANTES and G-CSF (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor) comparable to the LPS group. At microscopic examination of lung sections, celluar inflammatory infiltrates were most notable in the CS/LPS group, which had a diffuse, predominantly macrophage infiltrate with fewer neutrophils. The LPS group had predominantly neutrophils in the pulmonary infiltrate and the CS group had a predominantly macrophage inifiltrate in alveolar ducts and adjacent alveoli. Apoptotic labeling of lung cells was highest with the CS/LPS group. In summary, the CS/LPS group displayed greater cellular infiltration and apoptotic responses in the lung with an indication of immunosuppressive effects (lower BAL cytokines) than the CS or LPS group, suggesting that the CS/LPS model shows promise to be further explored as an animal model for studying pathogenesis of COPD exacerbations. A longer term study with interim assessments is needed to confirm that the subacute responses observed in the CS/LPS group will result in greater severity of COPD-related pulmonary lesions following prolonged exposures. C1 Battelle Toxicol NW, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Lee, KM (reprint author), Battelle Toxicol NW, 902 Battelle Blvd,POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM leekm@battelle.org NR 40 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 19 IS 1 BP 23 EP 35 DI 10.1080/08958370600985784 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 108CJ UT WOS:000242217600003 PM 17127640 ER PT J AU Hodge-Bell, KC Lee, KM Renne, RA Gideon, KM Harbo, SJ McKinney, WJ AF Hodge-Bell, Kimberly C. Lee, K. Monica Renne, Roger A. Gideon, Kathy M. Harbo, Sam J. McKinney, Willie J. TI Pulmonary inflammation in mice exposed to mainstream cigarette smoke SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONNECTIVE-TISSUE BREAKDOWN; SUBCHRONIC INHALATION; EMPHYSEMATOUS CHANGES; AIRWAY INFLAMMATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; LUNG DESTRUCTION; B6C3F1 MICE; RATS; APOPTOSIS; DISEASE AB Male C57B1/6 (C57) and ICR mice were exposed by nose-only inhalation to mainstream cigarette smoke (MS) from 2R4F reference cigarettes, at concentrations of 75, 250, and 600 mu g of total particulate matter (TPM) per liter, for up to 6 mo. Respiratory-tract tissue (nose, larynx, and lung), blood, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected and analyzed at several time points. Blood samples were analyzed for biomarkers of exposure (COHb and nicotine). BALF was analyzed for biomarkers of cell injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, enzyme activity, and cytokines. Blood COHb and plasma nicotine concentrations increased in a dose-dependent manner, confirming smoke exposure. Mild emphysema was observed following 28 wk of exposure. Macrophage accumulation and inflammatory infiltrates were observed around the alveolar ducts and adjacent vasculature. There was a similar to 13% increase in mean linear intercept (L-m) only in ICR mice exposed to 600 mu g/L TPM. There were no significant changes in biomarkers of oxidative stress secondary to smoke exposures; however, 8-isoprostane significantly increased following the 13-wk post-inhalation period. BALF macrophage and neutrophil counts were rapidly and consistently elevated, while lymphocyte counts gradually increased over time. MS-induced inflammatory responses observed in this study are comparable to changes reported in chronic smokers, supporting the role of chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of emphysema. However, mild emphysema in minimal numbers of mice suggests that MS exposure concentration and/or duration in the current study were not sufficient to induce a definitive emphysema phenotype. C1 Phillip Morris USA Res Ctr, Richmond, VA 23224 USA. Battelle Toxicol NW, Richland, WA USA. RP McKinney, WJ (reprint author), Phillip Morris USA Res Ctr, 615 Maury St, Richmond, VA 23224 USA. EM Willie.J.McKinney@pmusa.com NR 58 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2007 VL 19 IS 4 BP 361 EP 376 DI 10.1080/08958370601144076 PG 16 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 146HR UT WOS:000244925600007 PM 17365041 ER PT J AU Grahame, TJ Schlesinger, RB AF Grahame, Thomas J. Schlesinger, Richard B. TI Health effects of airborne particulate matter: Do we know enough to consider regulating specific particle types or sources? SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review ID DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES; HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY; AIRWAY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; CONCENTRATED AMBIENT PARTICLES; KAPPA-B ACTIVATION; IN-VITRO; ULTRAFINE PARTICLES; TRANSITION-METALS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; CHILDHOOD ASTHMA AB Researchers and regulators have often considered preferentially regulating the types of ambient airborne particulate matter (PM) most relevant to human health effects. While few would argue the inherent merits of such a policy, many believe there may not yet be enough information to differentially regulate PM species. New evidence, using increasingly sophisticated methodologies, has become available in the last several years, allowing more accurate assessment of exposure and resultant associations with specific types of PM, or PM derived from different sources. Such new studies may also allow differentiation of effects from different chemical components in the same study against the same health endpoints. This article considers whether this new evidence might be adequate to allow us to "speciate" PM types or sources by severity of health effects. We address this issue with respect to two widespread sources of PM, emissions from motor vehicles and coal-fired power plants. Emissions from less widespread sources, residual oil and steel/coking facilities, are also discussed in order to illustrate how health effects associated with such emissions might instead be associated with more widespread sources when accurate exposure information is unavailable. Based upon evaluation of studies and methodologies which appear to contain the most accurate information on exposure and response to important emissions, including variable local emissions, it is concluded that public health will likely be better protected by reduction of various vehicular emissions than by continued regulation of the total mass of fine PM (PM <2.5 mu m, or PM(2.5)) as if all PM in this mode is equitoxic. However, the knowledge base is incomplete. Important remaining research questions are identified. C1 US DOE, Washington, DC 20585 USA. Pace Univ, Dept Biol & Hlth Sci, New York, NY 10038 USA. RP Grahame, TJ (reprint author), US DOE, FE-26,Room 4G-036,1000 Independence Ave,SW, Washington, DC 20585 USA. EM Thomas.Grahame@hq.doe.gov NR 141 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 5 U2 25 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2007 VL 19 IS 6-7 BP 457 EP 481 DI 10.1080/08958370701382220 PG 25 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 171PP UT WOS:000246748200001 PM 17497526 ER PT J AU Grahame, T Hidy, GM AF Grahame, Thomas Hidy, G. M. TI Pinnacles and pitfalls for source apportionment of potential health effects from airborne particle exposure SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONCENTRATED AMBIENT PARTICLES; POSITIVE MATRIX FACTORIZATION; AIR-POLLUTION; PARTICULATE MATTER; SUBCHRONIC EXPOSURES; SOURCE IDENTIFICATION; ELDERLY SUBJECTS; MORTALITY; AEROSOL; PM2.5 AB Since its origins in the 1970s, source apportionment using receptor modeling has improved to a point where both the chemical mass balance and various methods of factor analysis have been applied to many urban and regional data sets to infer major sources or source classes influencing airborne particle concentrations. Recently the factors from the latter analyses have been combined with regression techniques using human health endpoints to infer source influence on health effects. This approach is attractive for air quality management when the composition of particles is known, since it provides, in principle, a means of quantifying major source influence on health consequences. The factor-based analyses have been used for both epidemiological and toxicological studies with some success. While the method is useful in many ways, it also has important limitations that include failing to identify specific sources, misidentification from comingled source factors, and inconsistency or unreasonableness of results from the same locations using different factor techniques. Examples of ambiguities evolving from these limitations are cited in this article. Ambiguity found in the literature is fostered by loosely worded terminology that does not distinguish statistically based factors from actual sources, and from health impacts inferred by single centrally located air monitors, which are assumed to represent actual exposure or dosage to airborne particles. C1 US DOE, Washington, DC 20585 USA. Envair Aerochem, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. RP Grahame, T (reprint author), US DOE, Room 4G 036,1000 Independence Ave, Washington, DC 20585 USA. EM Thomas.Grahame@hq.doe.gov NR 68 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 6 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 0895-8378 EI 1091-7691 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2007 VL 19 IS 9 BP 727 EP 744 DI 10.1080/08958370701399687 PG 18 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 181WZ UT WOS:000247468300002 PM 17613081 ER PT J AU McCormick, RL AF McCormick, Robert L. TI The impact of biodiesel on pollutant emissions and public health SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Air Quality and Alternative Transportation Fuel CY SEP, 2006 CL Washington, DC ID DIESEL-ENGINE; PARTICULATE; FUEL; OIL; OXIDATION; BIOFUELS; EXHAUST AB An overview of recent studies of the impact of biodiesel and biodiesel blends on air pollutant emissions and health effects is provided. Biodiesel blends of 20% produce reductions of 15% or higher ( depending upon engine model and test cycle) in emissions of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons, and a group of toxic compounds including vapor-phase hydrocarbons from C-1 to C-12, aldehydes and ketones up to C-8, and selected semivolatile and particle-phase PAH and NPAH. Based on the studies reviewed and recently acquired data, individual engines may show oxides of nitrogen increasing or decreasing, but on average there appears to be no net effect for blends of 20% biodiesel-the most common biodiesel blend. Exhaust from a diesel engine operating on 100% biodiesel was also shown to have only modest adverse effects in an animal exposure study. Studies of the impact of biodiesel on particle size have not produced consistent results and additional research in this area is needed. Biodiesel is also shown to significantly reduce life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions in comparison to petroleum diesel. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP McCormick, RL (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM robert_mccormick@nrel.gov RI McCormick, Robert/B-7928-2011 NR 34 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 22 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2007 VL 19 IS 12 BP 1033 EP 1039 DI 10.1080/08958370701533509 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 216PQ UT WOS:000249891200007 PM 17917919 ER PT B AU Werth, D O'Steen, L AF Werth, David O'Steen, Lance BE Savoie, M Aguilar, J Chu, HW Zinn, CD AroshaS, SMN TI The application of a genetic algorithm to the optimization of a mesoscale meteorological mode SO INT CONF ON CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS/INT CONF ON COMPUTING, COMMUNICATIONS AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES, VOL II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Cybernetics and Information Technologies, Systems and Applications/5th Int Conf on Computing, Communications and Control Technologies CY JUL 12-15, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP Int Inst Informat & System DE meteorology; genetic algorithm; optimization ID RAMS AB Improvement in mesoscale atmospheric model simulations is generally thought to be primarily a matter of finer spatial resolution. While this is often true, there is a limit to the improvement one can obtain by simply decreasing the grid size of a numerical model. Further improvements in forecasts can be achieved with better model parameterizations, but this leaves the mesoscale modeler with the task of determining which parameterizations; to use for a specific problem and what values to use for individual model parameters. The accuracy of a given numerical simulation is often a matter of a judicious choice of these values. In the following, we demonstrate that a simple genetic algorithm can perform this parameter optimization for a mesoscale atmospheric model. Computational requirements and behavior of the optimization algorithm are discussed. C1 [Werth, David] Savannah River Natl Lab, Aiken, SC 29801 USA. RP Werth, D (reprint author), Savannah River Natl Lab, Aiken, SC 29801 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT INST INFORMATICS & SYSTEMICS PI ORLANDO PA 14269 LORD BARCLAY DR, ORLANDO, FL 32837 USA BN 978-1-934272-08-4 PY 2007 BP 124 EP 131 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BHM88 UT WOS:000254391300024 ER PT J AU Oldham, K Pulskamp, J Polcawich, R Ranade, P Dubey, M AF Oldham, Kenn Pulskamp, Jeffrey Polcawich, Ronald Ranade, Prashant Dubey, Madan TI Thin-film piezoelectric actuators for bio-inspired micro-robotic applications SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Symposium on Integrated Ferroelectrics CY MAY 08-AUG 12, 2007 CL Natl Sch Elect & Telecoms, Bordeaux, FRANCE SP Inst Condensed Matter Chem Bordeaux HO Natl Sch Elect & Telecoms AB Biologically-inspired autonomous micro-robots have a variety of anticipated applications resulting from their unique scale and cooperative potential. To achieve locomotion comparable to biological systems, these micro-robots will require actuators substantially stronger than most existing MEMS actuation technologies. Piezoelectric thin-films can meet these specifications while drawing limited power and contributing little mass to micro-robotic systems. Theoretical actuation requirements for micro-robotic applications show that lead-zirconium-titanate (PZT) thin-film actuators can meet these requirements, including a new thin-film PZT lateral actuator developed by the United States Army Research Laboratory. Experimental results and a comparison to other common lateral actuation technologies are presented. C1 [Oldham, Kenn] Oak Ridge Associated Univ, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Pulskamp, Jeffrey; Polcawich, Ronald; Ranade, Prashant; Dubey, Madan] USA, Res Lab, Adelphi, MD 20783 USA. RP Oldham, K (reprint author), Oak Ridge Associated Univ, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM kenn.oldham@arl.army.mil NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 EI 1607-8489 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2007 VL 95 BP 54 EP 65 DI 10.1080/10584580701756482 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 246YD UT WOS:000252043400007 ER PT S AU Hadley, GR Smith, AV AF Hadley, G. Ronald Smith, Arlee V. BE Sidorin, Y Waechter, CA TI Self-focusing in high-power optical fibers - art. no. 64750G SO Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Integrated Optics - Devices, Materials, and Technology XI CY JAN 22-24, 2007 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE AB Recently the use of "vortex" beams of high azimuthal mode number has been proposed as a way of increasing the maximum peak power through-put of optical fibers beyond the few MW allowed for Gaussian beams by self-focusing. We report a numerical investigation of these and other schemes using a beam propagation approach that includes a Kerr-type nonlinearity. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Hadley, GR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6588-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6475 BP G4750 EP G4750 AR 64750G DI 10.1117/12.706132 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA BGC76 UT WOS:000246061700013 ER PT S AU Bettencourt, LMA Ribeiro, RM Chowell, G Lant, T Castillo-Chavez, C AF Bettencourt, Luis M. A. Ribeiro, Ruy M. Chowell, Gerardo Lant, Timothy Castillo-Chavez, Carlos BE Zeng, D TI Towards real time epidemiology: Data assimilation, modeling and anomaly detection of health surveillance data streams SO INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY INFORMATICS: BIOSURVEILLANCE, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd NSF Biosurveillance Workshop CY MAY 22, 2007 CL New Brunswick, NJ SP NSF DE real time epidemiology; data assimilation; Bayesian inference; anomaly detection; interactive visualization; surveillance ID ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS; REPRODUCTION NUMBERS; INFECTIOUS-DISEASES; INTERVENTIONS; INFLUENZA; DENGUE; SARS AB An integrated quantitative approach to data assimilation, prediction and anomaly detection over real-time public health surveillance data streams is introduced. The importance of creating dynamical probabilistic models of disease dynamics capable of predicting future new cases from past and present disease incidence data is emphasized. Methods for real-time data assimilation, which rely on probabilistic formulations and on Bayes' theorem to translate between probability densities for new cases and for model parameters are developed. This formulation creates future outlook with quantified uncertainty, and leads to natural anomaly detection schemes that quantify and detect disease evolution or population structure changes. Finally, the implementation of these methods and accompanying intervention tools in real time public health situations is realized through their embedding in state of the art information technology and interactive visualization environments. C1 [Bettencourt, Luis M. A.; Ribeiro, Ruy M.; Chowell, Gerardo] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Ctr Non Linear Studies, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Lant, Timothy] Arizona State Univ, Decis Theatre, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Castillo-Chavez, Carlos] Arizona State Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Bettencourt, LMA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Ctr Non Linear Studies, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. OI Castillo-Chavez, Carlos/0000-0002-1046-3901 FU US Department of Energy [DE-AC52-06NA25396]; Los Alamos National Laboratory-LDRD; National Institutes of Health [RR18754-02]; COBRE program from NCRR; NSF [DMS - 0502349]; NSA [H98230-06-1-0097] FX Portions of this work were done under the auspices of the US Department of Energy under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396. This work was supported in part by grants from the Los Alamos National Laboratory-LDRD (to LMAB), and the National Institutes of Health (RR18754-02, COBRE program from NCRR)(to RMR) as well as by the NSF grant (DMS - 0502349) and NSA grant (H98230-06-1-0097) to CCC. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-72607-4 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2007 VL 4506 BP 79 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BGG61 UT WOS:000246687800008 ER PT J AU Burr, T Doak, J AF Burr, Tom Doak, Justin TI Distribution-free discriminant analysis SO INTELLIGENT DATA ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE discriminant analysis; Bayes' rule; kernel density estimation; continuous and categorical predictors ID CLASSIFICATION AB Discriminant analysis is typically defined as the task of using predictor variables (such as blood chemistry variables) to predict a categorical response variable (such as whether the individual is diabetic). Although there are many good approaches, improvements are continually sought. Here, a non-parametric (distribution-free) discriminant analysis module is described. The module uses kernel density estimation to estimate the probability density for each class, and allows continuous, categorical, and ordered categorical predictors. Performance results on both real and simulated data sets and comparisons to other methods are provided. In some cases, this freely-available module performs better than the other methods. Nearly all cases can benefit from the application of multiple methods. C1 [Burr, Tom] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Stat Sci Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. [Doak, Justin] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Network Engn Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Burr, T (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mail Stop F600, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM tburr@lanl.gov NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1088-467X J9 INTELL DATA ANAL JI Intell. Data Anal. PY 2007 VL 11 IS 6 BP 651 EP 662 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 240HI UT WOS:000251578300005 ER PT J AU Krcmar, M Fu, CL AF Krcmar, Maja Fu, C. L. TI Point defect structures of YAl2 and ZrCo2 Laves phase compounds by first-principles calculations SO INTERMETALLICS LA English DT Article DE Laves phases; defects; point defects; ab initio calculations; defects; theory AB In Laves phase alloys with prominent size mismatch between constituent atoms and/or large negative enthalpy of formation, the existence of vacancies as the dominant point defect type is often suggested. However, there are not enough experimental data to prove or disprove these arguments. Employing first-principles calculations, we study the point defect structures of YAl2 and ZrCo2 C15 Laves phases, as both compounds exhibit large size mismatch between constituent atoms, and large negative enthalpy of formation. We find that one must go beyond the simple geometrical or enthalpy arguments in determining the point defect structures of these alloys. In both compounds, the point defect structure is found to be dominated by the anti-site defects on the larger atom-rich side of the stoichiometry. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Krcmar, M (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM krcmarm@ornl.gov NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0966-9795 EI 1879-0216 J9 INTERMETALLICS JI Intermetallics PD JAN PY 2007 VL 15 IS 1 BP 20 EP 25 DI 10.1016/j.intermet.2006.02.004 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 128OG UT WOS:000243666600004 ER PT S AU Carrigan, RA Drozhdin, AI Fliller, RP Mokhov, NV Shiltsev, VD Still, DA AF Carrigan, Richard A., Jr. Drozhdin, Alexandr I. Fliller, Raymond P., III Mokhov, Nikolai V. Shiltsev, Vladimir D. Still, Dean A. BE Dabagov, SB TI Channeling collimation studies at the fermilab tevatron - art. no. 663401 SO International Conference on Charged and Neutral Particles Channeling Phenomena II - Channeling 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Charged and Neutral Particles Channeling Phenomena II CY JUL 03-07, 2006 CL Rome, ITALY SP Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Lab Nazl Frascati, Hadron Phys 13 EU Project, CARE HHH CERN, LPI RAS P N Lebedev Phys Inst RAS, ISMN CNR, Inst Nanostruct Mat, SPIE Russia Chapter, SPIE Europe DE channeling; collimation; accelerator; tevatron AB Bent crystal channeling has promising advantages for accelerator beam collimation at high energy hadron facilities such as the LHC. This significance has been amplified by several surprising developments including multi-pass channeling and the observation of enhanced deflections over the entire arc of a bent crystal. The second effect has been observed both at RHIC and recently at the Tevatron. Results are reported showing channeling collimation of the circulating proton beam halo at the Tevatron. Parenthetically, this study is the highest energy proton channeling experiment ever carried out. The study is continuing. C1 Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Carrigan, RA (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6778-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6634 BP 63401 EP 63401 AR 663401 DI 10.1117/12.741856 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Nuclear SC Optics; Physics GA BGR83 UT WOS:000250172200018 ER PT S AU Carrigan, RA AF Carrigan, Richard A., Jr. BE Dabagov, SB TI Fundamental channeling questions at ultra relativistic energies - art. no. 66340E SO International Conference on Charged and Neutral Particles Channeling Phenomena II - Channeling 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Charged and Neutral Particles Channeling Phenomena II CY JUL 03-07, 2006 CL Rome, ITALY SP Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Lab Nazl Frascati, Hadron Phys 13 EU Project, CARE HHH CERN, LPI RAS P N Lebedev Phys Inst RAS, ISMN CNR, Inst Nanostruct Mat, SPIE Russia Chapter, SPIE Europe DE channeling; bent crystals; volume reflection; volume capture; muon; RHIC; Tevatron; LHC; radiation damage ID MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; BENT CRYSTAL; PARTICLES; RADIATION AB TeV-range bent crystal channeling has interesting advantages for several applications at high energy accelerators. Observations of enhanced deflection over the whole are of a bent crystal at RHIC and recently at the Tevatron may be due to a process called "volume reflection." More investigations of volume reflection and of the complimentary process, volume capture, are needed. So-called quasimosaic bending processes also deserve additional study. Negative particle channeling may be relevant to channeling collimation for electron machines. Electron and positron channeling and channeling radiation are interwoven so that the impact of channeling radiation on applications needs to be better understood. Beams in the 0.1 to 1 GeV range may be useful for some of these investigations. Finally there has been little or no study of positive and negative muon channeling. The current understanding of these topics and the desirability of further work is reviewed. C1 Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Carrigan, RA (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6778-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6634 BP E6340 EP E6340 AR 66340E DI 10.1117/12.741847 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Nuclear SC Optics; Physics GA BGR83 UT WOS:000250172200014 ER PT J AU Perumalla, K Karimabadi, H Fujimoto, R AF Perumalla, Kalyan Karimabadi, Homa Fujimoto, Richard TI Efficient parallel execution of event-driven electromagnetic hybrid models SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR MULTISCALE COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID DISTRIBUTED SIMULATION; PHYSICAL SYSTEMS; TIME AB New discrete-event formulations of physics simulation models are emerging that can outperform traditional time-stepped models, especially in simulations containing multiple timescales. Detailed simulation of the Earth's magnetosphere, for example, requires execution of submodels that operate at timescales that differ by orders of magnitude. In contrast to time-stepped simulation, which requires tightly coupled updates to almost the entire system state at regular time intervals, the new approaches that use discrete event simulation (DES) modeling help evolve the states of submodels on relatively independent timescales. However, in contrast to the relative ease of parallelization of time-stepped codes, the parallelization of DES-based models raises challenges with respect to their scalability and performance. One of the key challenges is to improve the computation granularity to offset synchronization and communication overheads within and across processors. Our previous work on parallelization was limited in scalability and run-time performance due to such challenges. Here, we report on optimizations we performed on DES-based plasma simulation models to improve parallel execution performance. The mapping of the model to simulation processes is optimized via aggregation techniques, and the parallel run-time engine is optimized for communication and memory efficiency. The net result is the capability to simulate hybrid particle-in-cell models with over two billion ion particles using 512 processors on supercomputing platforms. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. SciberQuest Inc, Solana Beach, CA USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Perumalla, K (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. OI Perumalla, Kalyan/0000-0002-7458-0832 NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BEGELL HOUSE INC PI REDDING PA 50 CROSS HIGHWAY, REDDING, CT 06896 USA SN 1543-1649 J9 INT J MULTISCALE COM JI Int. J. Multiscale Comput. Eng. PY 2007 VL 5 IS 1 BP 27 EP 38 DI 10.1615/IntJMultCompEng.v5.i1.40 PG 12 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA 217DG UT WOS:000249928000005 ER PT J AU Deiterding, R Cirak, F Mauch, SP Meiron, DI AF Deiterding, Ralf Cirak, Fehmi Mauch, Sean P. Meiron, Daniel I. TI A virtual test facility for simulating detonation- and shock-induced deformation and fracture of thin flexible shells SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR MULTISCALE COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE fluid-structure interaction; detonation model; thin shells; large deformations; fracture; dynamic mesh adaptation; parallelization; water hammer ID IMMERSED BOUNDARY METHOD; GHOST FLUID METHOD; INTERFACES; ELEMENTS; FLOW AB The coupling of a dynamically adaptive Eulerian Cartesian detonation solver with hierarchical time-step refinement to a Lagrangian thin-shell finite element solver with fracture and fragmentation capabilities is presented. The approach uses a level-set function to implicitly represent arbitrarily evolving solid structures on the Cartesian mesh. The auxiliary algorithm used to efficiently transform the shell solver mesh on the fly into a distance function is sketched briefly. We detail the derivation of the employed engineering combustion model that eliminates the numerical stiffness otherwise inherent to detonation waves and describe our approach to modeling fracture. The thin-shell solver utilizes a subdivision finite element discretization and achieves element separation with interface edges and a cohesive law. For method validation and benchmarking, the simulation of the deformation of a circular thin copper plate under impulsive pressure loading is presented. As a realistic computational application, we consider a three-dimensional setup in which the passage of an ethylene-oxygen detonation wave induces large plastic deformations and rupture of a thin-walled tubular specimen made of aluminum. Special attention is paid to the verification of the hydrodynamic loading conditions. The computational fluid-structure interaction results are found to be in agreement with experimental observations. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Deiterding, R (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008,MS 6367, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM deiterdingr@ornl.gov RI Deiterding, Ralf/A-3394-2009 OI Deiterding, Ralf/0000-0003-4776-8183 NR 36 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 9 PU BEGELL HOUSE INC PI REDDING PA 50 CROSS HIGHWAY, REDDING, CT 06896 USA SN 1543-1649 J9 INT J MULTISCALE COM JI Int. J. Multiscale Comput. Eng. PY 2007 VL 5 IS 1 BP 47 EP 63 DI 10.1615/IntJMultCompEng.v5.i1.60 PG 17 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA 217DG UT WOS:000249928000007 ER PT J AU Marian, J Knap, J AF Marian, Jaime Knap, Jaroslaw TI Breakdown of self-similar hardening Behavior in Au nanopillar microplasticity SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR MULTISCALE COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 43rd Annual Technical Meeting of the Society-of-Engineering-Sciences CY AUG 13-16, 2006 CL State Coll, PA SP Soc Engn Sci ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; CRYSTAL PLASTICITY; GOLD NANOWIRES; SURFACE STRESS; FCC METALS; SCALE; STRENGTH; DEFORMATION; SOLIDS; SYSTEMS AB This article is concerned with the study of scale effects in Au nanopillars under compression. We propose that plastic yielding in these nanostructures is characterized by a critical length scale at which a transition from volumetric to surface-dominated plasticity takes place. This transition effectively sets a lower bound on the self-similar behavior commonly assumed in nanostrength models. Using quasi-continuum simulations, we study the subcritical regime and find that plasticity at these scales is governed by dislocation emission at surface irregularities. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem Mat & Life Sci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Knap, J (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem Mat & Life Sci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM knap2@llnl.gov NR 45 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU BEGELL HOUSE INC PI REDDING PA 50 CROSS HIGHWAY, REDDING, CT 06896 USA SN 1543-1649 J9 INT J MULTISCALE COM JI Int. J. Multiscale Comput. Eng. PY 2007 VL 5 IS 3-4 BP 287 EP 294 DI 10.1615/IntJMultCompEng.v5.i3-4.100 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA 231UC UT WOS:000250973700010 ER PT J AU Badia, S Bochev, P Lehoucq, R Parks, ML Fish, J Nuggehally, M Gunzburger, M AF Badia, S. Bochev, P. Lehoucq, R. Parks, M. L. Fish, J. Nuggehally, M. Gunzburger, M. TI A force-based blending model for atomistic-to-continuum coupling SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR MULTISCALE COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID SCIENCE AB A method for coupling atomistic and continuum models across a subdomain, or bridge region, is presented. Coupling is effected through a force-based blending model. The method properly accounts for the the atomistic and continuum contributions to the force balance at points in the bridge region. Simple patch tests and computational experiments are used to study the method and its properties in one dimension. A discussion of implementation issues in higher dimensions is provided. C1 [Badia, S.; Bochev, P.; Lehoucq, R.; Parks, M. L.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Fish, J.; Nuggehally, M.] Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Scientif Computat Res Ctr, Troy, NY 12180 USA. [Gunzburger, M.] Florida State Univ, Sch Computat Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Badia, S (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS 1320, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM sibadia@sandia.gov RI Parks, Michael/A-2878-2008; Badia, Santiago/L-8565-2014 OI Badia, Santiago/0000-0003-2391-4086 NR 11 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU BEGELL HOUSE INC PI REDDING PA 50 CROSS HIGHWAY, REDDING, CT 06896 USA SN 1543-1649 J9 INT J MULTISCALE COM JI Int. J. Multiscale Comput. Eng. PY 2007 VL 5 IS 5 BP 387 EP 406 DI 10.1615/IntJMultCompEng.v5.i5.30 PG 20 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA 251KS UT WOS:000252372700003 ER PT J AU Sun, JG AF Sun, Jiangang TI Evaluation of ceramic matrix composites by thermal diffusivity imaging SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLASH METHOD; CONDUCTIVITY; DAMAGE; DEPTH AB Because of the complex structural design and multiple processing steps, ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) typically contain a variety of flaws distributed throughout the volume. These flaws need to be detected and characterized because they are detrimental to CMC material properties. Thermal diffusivity imaging is a nondestructive evaluation method that can quantitatively determine the thermal property of a CMC component. Thermal diffusivity is an intrinsic material property that not only depends on the material constituents but also on the micro- and macrostructure of the CMC component. This paper investigates fundamental theories for thermal diffusivity measurement using pulsed thermal imaging from two- and one-sided setups. The variation of thermal diffusivity is examined for two types of flaws, voids and cracks, that are commonly present within CMCs. The sensitivity of thermal imaging to detect small and large flaws is analyzed and evaluated with measured thermal diffusivity data. In addition, analysis of fracture theories for the mechanical and thermal properties of materials with distributed microcracks has identified that thermal diffusivity may be used to determine the degradation of mechanical properties and, therefore, to predict the remaining life of a CMC component. Preliminary results for correlating thermal and mechanical properties are discussed. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Sun, JG (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM sun@anl.gov NR 32 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1546-542X J9 INT J APPL CERAM TEC JI Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. PY 2007 VL 4 IS 1 BP 75 EP 87 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7402.2007.02121.x PG 13 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 130HT UT WOS:000243791400009 ER PT J AU Elangovan, S Hartvigsen, JJ Frost, LJ AF Elangovan, Singaravelu Hartvigsen, Joseph J. Frost, Lyman J. TI Intermediate temperature reversible fuel cells SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MG-DOPED LAGAO3; OXIDE; PERFORMANCE; ELECTROLYTE; SYSTEM AB Electrolysis of water produces high-purity hydrogen directly, with no need for additional clean-up process. Efficiency and cost of electrolysis are favorable with high-temperature steam electrolyzers where a portion of the required energy can be supplied as thermal energy. With the similarity in requirements, much of the materials and designs aspects for the high-temperature electrolyzers have been derived from solid oxide fuel cell development. Lanthanum gallate electrolyte-based cells were evaluated in fuel cell and electrolysis modes of operation. A modified nickel anode is shown to lower the reactivity with the gallate. C1 Ceramatec Inc, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. Idaho Natl Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Elangovan, S (reprint author), Ceramatec Inc, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. EM elango@ceramatec.com NR 21 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1546-542X J9 INT J APPL CERAM TEC JI Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. PY 2007 VL 4 IS 2 BP 109 EP 118 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7402.2007.02132.x PG 10 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 154LD UT WOS:000245507600003 ER PT J AU Haught, D Daley, J Bakke, P Marchionini, B AF Haught, Debbie Daley, Jim Bakke, Paul Marchionini, Brian TI Overview of the US Department of Energy (DOE) high-temperature superconductivity program for large-scale applications SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material AB High-temperature superconducting (HTS) power equipment has the potential to become a key 21st century technology for improving the capacity, efficiency, and reliability of the electric delivery system. For example, higher-capacity HTS power lines could provide a new approach to building transmission and distribution systems that will reduce the footprint and allow additional capacity to be placed in service within existing rights-of-way. The U.S. Department of Energy has supported HTS research and development for almost 20 years. Two of its recent cable projects have been commissioned and are now powering over the equivalent of more than 61,000 homes. C1 US DOE, Off Elect Delivery & Energy Reliabil, Washington, DC 20585 USA. US DOE, Alexandria, VA 22309 USA. US DOE, Golden Field Off, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Energet Inc, Washington, DC 20024 USA. RP Haught, D (reprint author), US DOE, Off Elect Delivery & Energy Reliabil, Washington, DC 20585 USA. EM debbie.haught@hq.doe.gov NR 0 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1546-542X J9 INT J APPL CERAM TEC JI Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. PY 2007 VL 4 IS 3 BP 197 EP 202 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7402.2007.02133.x PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 179BM UT WOS:000247264300001 ER PT J AU Sales, BC AF Sales, Brian C. TI Critical overview of recent approaches to improved thermoelectric materials SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LATTICE THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; QUANTUM-WELL STRUCTURES; MERIT; FIGURE; SUPERLATTICES; CRYSTALS; SEMICONDUCTORS; TRANSPORT; DEVICES AB Thermoelectric devices can convert heat into useful electricity with no moving parts. Considerable progress has been made in improving the efficiency of these devices over the past 15 years. The key ideas responsible for most of this progress will be examined using specific examples. Recent improvements in thermoelectric efficiency appear to be dominated by a reduction in the lattice thermal conductivity. This reduction is accomplished by the careful introduction of 0.1-5-nm sized "objects" that effectively scatter acoustic phonons without significantly affecting electronic transport. Future research directions will be discussed. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Sales, BC (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM salesbc@ornl.gov NR 43 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 22 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1546-542X J9 INT J APPL CERAM TEC JI Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. PY 2007 VL 4 IS 4 BP 291 EP 296 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7402.2007.02143.x PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 188GA UT WOS:000247906300001 ER PT J AU Xu, J Liu, XB Barbero, E Hemrick, JG Peters, M AF Xu, Jing Liu, Xingbo Barbero, Ever Hemrick, James G. Peters, Mark TI Wetting and reaction characteristics of Al2O3/SiC composite refractories by molten aluminum and aluminum alloy SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 31st International Cocoa Beach Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 21-26, 2007 CL Daytona Beach, FL ID METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITES; SILICON-CARBIDE; LIQUID ALUMINUM; CONTACT ANGLES; AL; WETTABILITY; SYSTEM; KINETICS; PENETRATION; MAGNESIUM AB The reactive wetting behavior in molten aluminum and Al alloy was investigated by the sessile drop method for three alumina-silicon carbide composites, namely TC, TQ, and MC. The initial contact angle for all the three refractory substrates was obtuse in spite of a gradual decrease with time in the first hour of the experiment. TC showed a higher contact angle than TQ and MC. The difference in wetting properties among these refractories is attributed to their compositional and microstructural variations. The effects of magnesium in the molten Al alloy on the wetting kinetics and the reaction with the refractory substrates are also discussed. C1 [Xu, Jing; Liu, Xingbo; Barbero, Ever] W Virginia Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. [Hemrick, James G.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Peters, Mark] Fireline TCON Inc, Youngstown, OH 44505 USA. RP Xu, J (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. EM Xingbo.liu@mail.wvu.edu NR 37 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1546-542X J9 INT J APPL CERAM TEC JI Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. PY 2007 VL 4 IS 6 BP 514 EP 523 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 242QA UT WOS:000251739300005 ER PT J AU He, DQ Wang, M Thomas, A AF He, Dongquan Wang, Michael Thomas, Alainna TI Air pollution challenges and solutions for China's urban transportation development SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE air quality; Chinese transportation; emissions; motor vehicles; urban transportation AB China has experienced dramatic urbanisation and motorisation in the past 20 years. The phenomenal rise in the vehicle population in major cities has resulted in increased air pollution, traffic congestion and other 'wicked problems'. The Chinese government at all levels has made significant effort to control motor vehicle emissions, but vehicle population growth far outpaces their efforts, resulting in deteriorating air quality. Successful vehicle emissions control policies in industrialised countries offer China new technical and policy tools. This paper outlines China's current air pollution challenges and the technical and policy solutions under consideration by the Chinese central and municipal governments. C1 Energy Fdn, Beijing Off, China Sustainable Energy Program, Beijing 100004, Peoples R China. Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Transportat Res, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Transportat Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP He, DQ (reprint author), Energy Fdn, Beijing Off, China Sustainable Energy Program, Room 2403,CITIC Bldg,19 Jianguomenwai Dajie, Beijing 100004, Peoples R China. EM dqhe@pfchina.org; mqwang@anl.gov; alliet@berkeley.edu NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 14 PU INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD PI GENEVA PA WORLD TRADE CENTER BLDG, 29 ROUTE DE PRE-BOIS, CASE POSTALE 896, CH-1215 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 0957-4352 J9 INT J ENVIRON POLLUT JI Int. J. Environ. Pollut. PY 2007 VL 30 IS 1 BP 154 EP 171 DI 10.1504/IJEP.2007.014509 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 205CA UT WOS:000249089500012 ER PT J AU Hedges, SW Soong, Y Jones, JRM Harrison, DK Irdi, GA Frommell, EA Dilmore, RM White, CM AF Hedges, Sheila W. Soong, Yee Jones, J. Richard McCarthy Harrison, Donald K. Irdi, Gino A. Frommell, Elizabeth A. Dilmore, Robert M. White, Curt M. TI Exploratory study of some potential environmental impacts of CO2 sequestration in unmineable coal seams SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE geological sequestration; CO2 sequestration; coalbed methane ID AQUIFERS; REMOVAL AB An initial investigation into the potential environmental impacts of CO, sequestration in unmineable coal seams has been conducted, focusing on changes in the produced water during enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) production, using a CO2 injection process (CO2-ECBM). A high volatile bituminous coal, Pittsburgh No. 8, was reacted with synthetic produced water and gaseous carbon dioxide at 40 C and 50 bar to evaluate the potential for mobilisation of toxic metals during CO2-ECBM/sequestration. Microscopic and X-ray diffraction analysis of the post-reaction coal samples clearly show evidence of chemical reaction and chemical analysis of the synthetic produced water shows substantial changes in composition. These results suggest that changes to the produced water chemistry and the potential for mobilising toxic trace elements from coal beds are important factors to be considered when evaluating deep, unmineable coal seams for CO2 sequestration. C1 US DOE, NETL, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. RP Hedges, SW (reprint author), US DOE, NETL, POB 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. EM hedges@netl.doe.gov; Yee.Soong@netl.doe.gov; Richard.Jones@netl.doe.gov; Donald.Harrison@netl.doe.gov; Gino.lrdi@netl.doe.gov; Elizabeth.Frommell@netl.doe.gov; Robert.Dilmore@netl.doe.gov; Curt.White@pp.netl.doe.gov NR 21 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 11 PU INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD PI GENEVA PA WORLD TRADE CENTER BLDG, 29 ROUTE DE PRE-BOIS, CASE POSTALE 896, CH-1215 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 0957-4352 J9 INT J ENVIRON POLLUT JI Int. J. Environ. Pollut. PY 2007 VL 29 IS 4 BP 457 EP 473 DI 10.1504/IJEP.2007.014232 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 200GW UT WOS:000248752900011 ER PT J AU Brown, TD Harrison, DK Jones, JR LaSota, KA AF Brown, Thomas D. Harrison, Donald K. Jones, J. Richard LaSota, Kenneth A. TI Recovering coal bed methane from deep unmineable coal seams and carbon sequestration SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE CO2 sequestration; coal bed methane AB Published data from nearly 2,000 coal samples comprising 250 coal beds from 17 states, representing many of the coal producing horizons in the USA, shows moderate correlation (0.7) between depth and methane content for high volatile coal ranks. Low-volatile rank coals average the highest methane content, 12.74 m(3)/ton (450 ft(3)/ton), subbituminous rank coals the lowest < 0.71 m(3)/ton (< 25 ft(3)/ton). Experimentation under replicated in situ conditions of triaxial stress, pore pressure and temperature on Pittsburgh No. 8 coal indicate permeability decreases with increasing CO2 pressure, with an increase in strain in the coal associated with its swelling. C1 US DOE, NETL, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. Robert Morris Univ, Dept Sci, Moon Township, PA 15108 USA. RP Brown, TD (reprint author), US DOE, NETL, POB 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. EM Thomas.Brown@NETL.DOE.GOV; DON.HARRISON@NETL.DOE.GOV; RICHARD.JONES@NETL.DOE.GOV; lasota@rmu.edu NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD PI GENEVA PA WORLD TRADE CENTER BLDG, 29 ROUTE DE PRE-BOIS, CASE POSTALE 896, CH-1215 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 0957-4352 J9 INT J ENVIRON POLLUT JI Int. J. Environ. Pollut. PY 2007 VL 29 IS 4 BP 474 EP 483 DI 10.1504/IJEP.2007.014233 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 200GW UT WOS:000248752900012 ER PT J AU Chang, FC Sofu, T Hull, J Weber, D Malipeddi, S Dupree, R AF Chang, F-C. Sofu, T. Hull, J. Weber, D. Malipeddi, S. Dupree, R. TI Thermal analysis of an off-road machine with a conjoint 3-D CFD and 1-D network simulation package SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAVY VEHICLE SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE 1-D network flow model; 3-D CFD model; underhood thermal control; ventilation air flow system; off-road machine AB To gain insight into the ventilation needs of an enclosed engine compartment of an off-road machine, we performed analyses to predict underhood ventilation air flow and component temperatures in the test rig. The analytical work involved development, validation, and application of these methods to optimise ventilation air flow rate. A 1-D thermal-fluid network model was developed to account for overall energy balance and to simulate ventilation and hydraulic system response. This model was con-jointed with a 3-D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for the ventilation air circulation to determine the flow patterns and the distributed surface heat transfer. The tests provide an opportunity to understand the isolated effect of ventilation air cooling on underhood thermal control. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Caterpillar Inc, Ctr Tech, Peoria, IL 61656 USA. RP Chang, FC (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave,ET335, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM chang@anl.gov; tsofu@anl.gov; jhull@anl.gov; dpweber@anl.gov; malipeddi_srinivas_r@cat.com; Dupree_ron_l@cat.com NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD PI GENEVA PA WORLD TRADE CENTER BLDG, 29 ROUTE DE PRE-BOIS, CASE POSTALE 896, CH-1215 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 1744-232X J9 INT J HEAVY VEH SYST JI Int. J. Heavy Veh. Syst. PY 2007 VL 14 IS 1 BP 85 EP 97 DI 10.1504/IJHVS.2007.011798 PG 13 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA 136TK UT WOS:000244246800006 ER PT J AU Marchi, CS Somerday, BP Robinson, SL AF Marchi, C. San Somerday, B. P. Robinson, S. L. TI Permeability, solubility and diffusivity of hydrogen isotopes in stainless steels at high gas pressures SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY LA English DT Article DE high-pressure hydrogen gas; hydrogen isotopes; permeability; diffusivity; solubility ID AUSTENITIC STEELS; FUSION-REACTOR; DEUTERIUM PERMEATION; SURFACE-REACTION; OXIDE-FILMS; CR-NI; TEMPERATURES; NICKEL; ALLOYS; IRON AB In this report, we provide a framework for describing the permeability, solubility and diffusivity of hydrogen and its isotopes in austenitic stainless steels at temperatures and high gas pressures of engineering interest for hydrogen storage and distribution infrastructure. We demonstrate the importance of using the real gas behavior for modeling permeation and dissolution of hydrogen under these conditions. A simple one-parameter equation of state (the Abel-Noble equation of state) is shown to capture the real gas behavior of hydrogen and its isotopes for pressures less than 200MPa and temperatures between 223 and 423 K. We use the literature on hydrogen transport in austenitic stainless steels to provide general guidance on and clarification of test procedures, and to provide recommendations for appropriate permeability, diffusivity and solubility relationships for austenitic stainless steels. Hydrogen precharging and concentration measurements for a variety of austenitic stainless steels are described and used to generate more accurate solubility and diffusivity relationships. (c) 2006 International Association for Hydrogen Energy. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Marchi, CS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, 7011 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM cwsanma@sandia.gov NR 56 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 36 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0360-3199 J9 INT J HYDROGEN ENERG JI Int. J. Hydrog. Energy PD JAN PY 2007 VL 32 IS 1 BP 100 EP 116 DI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.05.008 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels GA 138NE UT WOS:000244368600013 ER PT J AU Houf, W Schefer, R AF Houf, William Schefer, Robert TI Predicting radiative heat fluxes and flammability envelopes from unintended releases of hydrogen SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY LA English DT Article DE hydrogen; flame radiation; flammability envelope ID HIGH-PRESSURE JETS; FLAMES; DECAY AB The prediction of the radiative heat flux from a turbulent-jet flame issuing from a damaged, high-pressure hydrogen storage system is an issue of importance for the safe use of hydrogen. Information about the variation of the thermal radiation exposure with distance from the hydrogen jet flame as well as the length and duration of the flame is important in determining safe distances for the handling and storage of hydrogen. An equally important issue is the determination of the concentration decay of an unignited hydrogen jet in the surrounding air, and the envelope of locations where the concentration falls below the lower flammability limit for hydrogen. This paper discusses and presents results from models for the radiative heat transfer from hydrogen jet flames and the concentration decay of unignited hydrogen jets for unintended release events involving high-pressure gas storage systems and fuel dispensers. The models are based on a combination of empirical correlations and analytical models, as well as a numerical model of the temporal blow-down of a hydrogen storage tank. For hydrogen jet flames, predictions of the radiative heat flux are shown and compared to exposure limits documented in the literature. For unignited hydrogen jets, concentration contours are presented and the distance to the lower flammability limit is computed. Comparisons are made with natural gas leaks from tanks at the same pressure with the same effective leak area. (c) 2006 International Association for Hydrogen Energy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Houf, W (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 969, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM will@sandia.gov RI Schefer, Jurg/G-3960-2012 NR 19 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0360-3199 J9 INT J HYDROGEN ENERG JI Int. J. Hydrog. Energy PD JAN PY 2007 VL 32 IS 1 BP 136 EP 151 DI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.04.009 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels GA 138NE UT WOS:000244368600016 ER PT J AU Zeng, GL You, J Huang, Q Gullberg, GT AF Zeng, Gengsheng L. You, Jiangsjemg Huang, Qiu Gullberg, Grant T. TI Two finite inverse Hilbert transform formulae for region-of-interest tomography SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMAGING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hilbert transform; image processing; finite transform ID IMAGE-RECONSTRUCTION; BEAM; BACKPROJECTION AB Recently we published two explicit formulae for finite inverse Hilbert transforms (You and Zeng, Inv Probl 22 (2006), L7-L101). This paper presents a straightforward proof of the formulae, the data requirements, and some computer simulations to verify the formulae. Examples of region-of-interest tomography using truncated projections and the first formula of the finite inverse Hilbert transform are shown. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 [Zeng, Gengsheng L.] Univ Utah, UCAIR, Dept Radiol, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA. [You, Jiangsjemg] Cubic Imaging LLC, Auburndale, MA 02466 USA. [Huang, Qiu; Gullberg, Grant T.] Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Zeng, GL (reprint author), Univ Utah, UCAIR, Dept Radiol, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA. EM larry@ucair.med.utah.edu NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0899-9457 J9 INT J IMAG SYST TECH JI Int. J. Imaging Syst. Technol. PY 2007 VL 17 IS 4 BP 219 EP 223 DI 10.1002/ima.20104 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 241TC UT WOS:000251677700001 ER PT J AU Zhang, DZ VanderHeyden, WB Zou, Q Padial-Collins, NT AF Zhang, Duan Z. VanderHeyden, W. Brian Zou, Qisu Padial-Collins, Nely T. TI Pressure calculations in disperse and continuous multiphase flows SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIPHASE FLOW LA English DT Article DE multipressure model; continuous multiphase flows ID 2-PHASE FLOW; AVERAGED EQUATIONS; PHASE STRESS; MODEL; FORCES; COMPOSITES; MOMENTUM AB in many models for disperse two-phase flows, the pressure of the disperse phase is often assumed to be the same as that of the continuous phase, or differ only by an amount caused by the surface tension. This type of model is referred to as an equilibrium pressure model. Recent research indicates that the stress difference between the phases caused by dynamics of the motion can be significantly important in the modeling of disperse two-phase flows. Although this difference is still ignored in most calculations of disperse multiphase flows for various reasons, when an equilibrium pressure model is applied to continuous multiphase flows, a conceptual difficulty arises. For instance, the equilibrium pressure model cannot be used to study the tensile break of a sponge with interconnected pores, because the air in the pores can never go into tension while the sponge material does not break without tension. To avoid this conceptual difficulty, a multipressure model is introduced for continuous multiphase flows by analyzing and then modifying the implicit assumption about the volumetric strain rates involved in the equilibrium pressure model. Numerical implementations of the multipressure model are discussed. An example using the multipressure model is presented. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Fluid Dynam Grp T3, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Zhang, DZ (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Fluid Dynam Grp T3, B216, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM dzhang@lanl.gov NR 30 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0301-9322 J9 INT J MULTIPHAS FLOW JI Int. J. Multiph. Flow PD JAN PY 2007 VL 33 IS 1 BP 86 EP 100 DI 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2006.07.006 PG 15 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 130OC UT WOS:000243807900005 ER PT J AU Law, M Sirbuly, DJ Yang, PD AF Law, Matt Sirbuly, Donald J. Yang, Peidong TI Chemical sensing with nanowires using electrical and optical detection. SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Nanocomposite Materials for Secure Societies CY MAY 23-26, 2005 CL Ouranoupolis, GREECE SP NATO DE nanowire; nanoribbon; tin dioxide; zinc oxide; chemical sensor; nanosensor; waveguide; subwavelength; evanescent field ID SUBWAVELENGTH PHOTONICS INTEGRATION; SENSORS; NO2; NANOSENSORS; NANOBELTS AB Chemical nanosensors based on inorganic nanowires hold promise for the extremely sensitive, direct detection of pollutants, toxins and biomolecules on platforms small enough to be integrated on optoelectronic chips or even deployed in living organisms. This paper discusses two approaches to nanowire-based chemical and biological detection. First we review the development of electrically-driven nanowire gas sensors that function by an adsorbate-mediated conductivity mechanism. We then describe an alternative sensing strategy that exploits the excellent waveguiding ability of high-refractive-index nanowires to create subwavelength evanescent wave sensors that operate in solution with an optical, rather than electrical, readout. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Yang, PD (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM mlaw@berkeley.edu; sirbuly2@llnl.gov; p_yang@berkeley.edu NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 6 U2 20 PU INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD PI GENEVA PA WORLD TRADE CENTER BLDG, 29 ROUTE DE PRE-BOIS, CASE POSTALE 896, CH-1215 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 1475-7435 J9 INT J NANOTECHNOL JI Int. J. Nanotechnol. PY 2007 VL 4 IS 3 BP 252 EP 262 DI 10.1504/IJNT.2007.013472 PG 11 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 187JC UT WOS:000247842700005 ER PT J AU Bochev, P Day, D AF Bochev, Pavel Day, David TI A least-squares method for consistent mesh tying SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND MODELING LA English DT Article DE finite elements; mesh tying; least-squares; first-order elliptic systems ID FINITE-ELEMENT METHODS; CURVED INTERFACES AB In the finite element method, a standard approach to mesh tying is to apply Lagrange multipliers. If the interface is curved, however, discretization generally leads to adjoining surfaces that do not coincide spatially. Straightforward Lagrange multiplier methods lead to discrete formulations failing a first-order patch test [ 12]. A least-squares method is presented here for mesh tying in the presence of gaps and overlaps. The least-squares formulation for transmission problems [ 5] is extended to settings where subdomain boundaries are not spatially coincident. The new method is consistent in the sense that it recovers exactly global polynomial solutions that are in the finite element space. As a result, the least-squares mesh tying method passes a patch test of the order of the finite element space by construction. This attractive computational property is illustrated by numerical experiments. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Computat Math & Algorithms Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Bochev, P (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Computat Math & Algorithms Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM pbboche@sandia.gov; dmday@sandia.gov NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ISCI-INSTITUTE SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING & INFORMATION PI EDMONTON PA PO BOX 60632, UNIV ALBERTA POSTAL OUTLET,, EDMONTON, ALBERTA T6G 2G1, CANADA SN 1705-5105 J9 INT J NUMER ANAL MOD JI Int. J. Numer. Anal. Model. PY 2007 VL 4 IS 3-4 BP 342 EP 352 PG 11 WC Mathematics, Applied; Mathematics SC Mathematics GA 158RK UT WOS:000245811200003 ER PT J AU Beyerlein, IJ Tome, CN AF Beyerlein, Irene J. Tome, Carlos N. TI Modeling transients in the mechanical response of copper due to strain path changes SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLASTICITY LA English DT Article DE strengthening mechanisms; anisotropic material; polycrystalline material; constitutive behavior; Bauschinger effect ID CHANNEL ANGULAR EXTRUSION; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; FLOW-STRESS; TEXTURE DEVELOPMENT; HARDENING BEHAVIOR; FCC POLYCRYSTALS; SIMPLE SHEAR; CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS; DEFORMATION-BEHAVIOR; DISLOCATION BOUNDARY AB When copper is deformed to large strains its texture and microstructure change drastically, leading to plastic anisotropy and extended transients when it is reloaded along a different strain path. For predicting these transients, we develop a constitutive model for polycrystalline metals that incorporates texture and grain microstructure. The directional anisotropy in the single crystals is considered to be induced by variable latent hardening associated with cross-slip, cut-through of planar dislocation walls, and dislocation-based reversal mechanisms. These effects are introduced in a crystallographic hardening model which is, in turn, implemented into a polycrystal model. This approach successfully explains the flow response of OFHC Cu pre-loaded in tension (compression) and reloaded in tension (compression), and the response of OFHC Cu severely strained in shear by equal channel angular extrusion and subsequently compressed in each of the three orthogonal directions. This new theoretical framework applies to arbitrary strain path changes, and is fully anisotropic. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Beyerlein, IJ (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, MS B216, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM Irene@lanl.gov RI Tome, Carlos/D-5058-2013; Beyerlein, Irene/A-4676-2011 NR 71 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0749-6419 J9 INT J PLASTICITY JI Int. J. Plast. PY 2007 VL 23 IS 4 BP 640 EP 664 DI 10.1016/j.ijplas.2006.08.001 PG 25 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 140MZ UT WOS:000244510800004 ER PT J AU Plunkett, B Cazacu, O Lebensohn, RA Barlat, F AF Plunkett, B. Cazacu, O. Lebensohn, R. A. Barlat, F. TI Elastic-viscoplastic anisotropic modeling of textured metals and validation using the Taylor cylinder impact test SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLASTICITY LA English DT Article DE anisotropic material; elastic-viscoplastic matetrial; crystal plasticity; impact testing; finite elements ID YIELD FUNCTION; DEFORMATION; ZIRCONIUM; POLYCRYSTALS; ALLOYS AB An elastic-viscoplastic model for describing the anisotropic high-strain rate behavior of both low-symmetry and high-symmetry textured materials is proposed. Yielding is described using a recently developed criterion which can capture simultaneously anisotropy and compression-tension asymmetry associated with deformation twinning. The anisotropy coefficients as well as the size of the elastic domain are considered to be functions of the accumulated plastic strain. The specific expressions for the evolution laws are determined using a multi-scale methodology, i.e. experimental measurements of crystallographic texture and uniaxial stress-strain curves, polycrystalline calculations, and macroscopic scale interpolation techniques. An overstress approach is used to incorporate rate effects in the formulation. Applications of the model to the description of the high strain-rate response of low-symmetry (hexagonal-close-packed zirconium) and high-symmetry (body-centered-cubic tantalum) pre-textured metals are presented. The very good agreement between the simulated and experimental post-test geometries of the Taylor impact specimens in terms of major and minor side profiles and impact-interface footprints shows the ability of the model to describe with fidelity the differences in the evolution of anisotropy between zirconium and tantalum. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, REEF, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Shalimar, FL 32579 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Munit Directorate, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, MST8, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Alcoa Inc, Alcoa Tech Ctr, Div Mat Sci, Alcoa Ctr, PA 15069 USA. RP Cazacu, O (reprint author), Univ Florida, REEF, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Shalimar, FL 32579 USA. EM cazacu@reef.ufl.edu RI Lebensohn, Ricardo/A-2494-2008; Cazacu, Oana/L-4635-2016; OI Lebensohn, Ricardo/0000-0002-3152-9105; Cazacu, Oana/0000-0002-2499-9096; Barlat, Frederic/0000-0002-4463-3454 NR 25 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0749-6419 J9 INT J PLASTICITY JI Int. J. Plast. PY 2007 VL 23 IS 6 BP 1001 EP 1021 DI 10.1016/j.ijplas.2006.10.008 PG 21 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 161UG UT WOS:000246041100004 ER PT J AU Shingledecker, JP Maziasz, PJ Evans, ND Pollard, MJ AF Shingledecker, John P. Maziasz, Philip J. Evans, Neal D. Pollard, Michael J. TI Creep behavior of a new cast austenitic alloy SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRESSURE VESSELS AND PIPING LA English DT Article DE creep; austenitic alloys; stainless steels; castings; engineered microstructure; MC carbides ID STAINLESS-STEELS AB A new cast austenitic alloy, CF8C-Plus, has been developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Caterpillar for a wide range of high temperature applications including diesel exhaust components and turbine casings. The creep strength of the CF8C-Plus steel is much greater than that of the standard cast CF8C stainless steel and is comparable to the highest strength wrought commercial austenitic stainless steels and alloys, such as NF709. The creep properties of CF8C-Plus are discussed in terms of the alloy design methodology and the evaluation of some long-term creep tested specimens (over 20,000h). Microcharacterization shows that the excellent creep strength is due mainly to the precipitation of very fine nano-scale and stable MC carbides, without the formation of deleterious intermetallic phases. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Caterpillar Tech Ctr, Peoria, IL USA. RP Shingledecker, JP (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM shingledecjp@ornl.gov RI Evans, Neal/F-5955-2011; OI Maziasz, Philip/0000-0001-8207-334X NR 13 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-0161 J9 INT J PRES VES PIP JI Int. J. Pressure Vessels Pip. PD JAN-FEB PY 2007 VL 84 IS 1-2 BP 21 EP 28 DI 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2006.09.014 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 133MM UT WOS:000244017000004 ER PT J AU Klueh, RL Evans, ND Maziasz, P Sikka, VK AF Klueh, R. L. Evans, N. D. Maziasz, P. J. Sikka, V. K. TI Creep-rupture behavior of 3Cr-3W-V bainitic steels SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRESSURE VESSELS AND PIPING LA English DT Article DE bainitic steels; mechanical properties; creep; precipitation ID ACTIVATION FERRITIC STEEL; COAL POWER-PLANTS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; MICROSTRUCTURE; 8-PERCENT-CR-2-PERCENT-W-0.2-PERCENT-V-0.04-PERCENT-TA-FE; STRENGTH; FUSION AB A nominally Fe-3.OCr-3.OW-0.25V (3Cr-3WV) steel and this composition with 0.07% Ta (3Cr-3WVTa) were developed for elevated-temperature service in the power-generation and petrochemical industries. Creep-rupture strengths of the new steels to 600 degrees C exceeded those of the two advanced commercial 2.25Cr steels T23 (Fe-2.25Cr-1.6W-0.25V-0.05Nb-0.07C) and T24 (Fe-2.25Cr-1.0Mo-0.25V-0.07Ti-0.005B-0.07C). Moreover, the strength of 3Cr-3WVTa approached that of modified 9Cr-1Mo (T91) at 650 degrees C. Elevated-temperature strength in the new steels is obtained from a bainitic microstructurc with a high number density of fine needle-like MX precipitates in the matrix. The presence of tantalum promotes a finer MX precipitate in the 3Cr-3WVTa than in the 3Cr-3WV, and it suppresses the coarsening of these fine precipitates during creep. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Klueh, RL (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM kluehrl@ornl.gov RI Evans, Neal/F-5955-2011; OI Maziasz, Philip/0000-0001-8207-334X NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-0161 J9 INT J PRES VES PIP JI Int. J. Pressure Vessels Pip. PD JAN-FEB PY 2007 VL 84 IS 1-2 BP 29 EP 36 DI 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2006.09.004 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 133MM UT WOS:000244017000005 ER PT J AU Cardoso, JE Trivillin, VA Heber, EM Nigg, DW Calzetta, O Blaumann, H Longhino, J Itoiz, ME Bumaschny, E Pozzi, E Schwint, AE AF Cardoso, Jorge E. Trivillin, Veronica A. Heber, Elisa M. Nigg, David W. Calzetta, Osvaldo Blaumann, Herman Longhino, Juan Itoiz, Maria E. Bumaschny, Eduardo Pozzi, Emiliano Schwint, Amanda E. TI Effect of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) on normal liver regeneration: Towards a novel therapy for liver metastases SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BNCT; multifocal liver metastases; liver regeneration ID HAMSTER-CHEEK POUCH; ORAL-CANCER; EXPERIMENTAL-MODEL; RAT-LIVER; RADIOBIOLOGY; HEPATECTOMY; RESECTION; TUMORS; GB-10 AB Purpose: The effect of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) on normal liver regeneration was examined in the Wistar rat. The model used is clinically relevant to a novel technique proposed for the treatment of multifocal non-resectable liver metastases in man. The success of the technique also requires that BNCT should not significantly impair regeneration of normal hepatocytes. Materials and methods: The effect of therapeutic doses of boronophenylalanine (BPA), GB-10 (Na-2 (B10H10)-B-10) and (GB- 10 + BPA) and of BNCT mediated by these boron delivery agents on normal liver regeneration and liver function in the Wistar rat was examined using partial hepatectomy as the regenerative stimulus. The end-points evaluated were body weight, liver weight/body weight ratio, DNA synthesis in terms of 5-bromo-20-deoxyuridine incorporation, hemogram, kidney function in terms of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, liver function in terms of serum albumin, total and direct bilirubin and liver enzymes ( alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase) and liver histology/architecture. Results: BNCT mediated by BPA, GB- 10 or (GB- 10 + BPA) did not cause alterations in the outcome of normal liver regeneration, regenerated liver function/proliferation or histology/architecture. Conclusion: The BNCT protocols, at the physical doses selected, did not impair the capacity of normal liver hepatocytes to regenerate. C1 Univ Buenos Aires, Inst Oncol Angel H Roffo, RA-1053 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Idaho Natl Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. Hungarian Natl Atom Energy Commiss, Ctr Atom Bariloche, Dept Nucl Engn, San Martin, Rio Negro, Argentina. Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Dent, Dept Oral Pathol, RA-1053 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Hungarian Natl Atom Energy Commiss, Ezeiza Atom Ctr, Dept Res & Prod Reactors, San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina. RP Schwint, AE (reprint author), Hungarian Natl Atom Energy Commiss, Constituyentes Atom Ctr, Dept Radiobiol, Avenida Gen Paz 1499,B1650KNA, San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina. EM schwint@cnea.gov.ar OI Schwint, Amanda Elena/0000-0001-6727-3669 NR 23 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-3002 J9 INT J RADIAT BIOL JI Int. J. Radiat. Biol. PY 2007 VL 83 IS 10 BP 699 EP 706 DI 10.1080/09553000701570212 PG 8 WC Biology; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 223MC UT WOS:000250373600006 PM 17729164 ER PT J AU Barcellos-Hoff, MH Cordes, N AF Barcellos-Hoff, Mary Helen Cordes, Nils TI Radiation therapy and the microenvironment SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Tech Univ Dresden, Med Fac Carl Gustav Carus, OncoRay Ctr Radiat Res Oncol, D-01307 Dresden, Germany. RP Barcellos-Hoff, MH (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Bldg 977, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM mhbarcellos-hoff@lbl.gov; Nils.Cordes@Oncoray.de OI Barcellos-Hoff, Mary Helen/0000-0002-5994-9558; Cordes, Nils/0000-0001-5684-629X NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-3002 J9 INT J RADIAT BIOL JI Int. J. Radiat. Biol. PY 2007 VL 83 IS 11-12 BP 723 EP 725 DI 10.1080/09553000701799928 PG 3 WC Biology; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 237GA UT WOS:000251361000001 PM 18058363 ER PT J AU Munbodh, R Jackson, A Bauer, JD Schmidtlein, C Zelefsky, MJ AF Munbodh, R. Jackson, A. Bauer, J. D. Schmidtlein, C. Zelefsky, M. J. TI Spatial and anatomical indicators of rectal toxicity in IMRT of prostate cancer SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 49th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Therapeutic-Radiology-and-Oncology CY OCT 28-NOV 01, 2007 CL Los Angeles, CA SP Amer Soc Therapeut & Oncol C1 [Munbodh, R.; Jackson, A.; Schmidtlein, C.; Zelefsky, M. J.] Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, New York, NY USA. [Bauer, J. D.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. NR 2 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0360-3016 J9 INT J RADIAT ONCOL JI Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. PY 2007 VL 69 IS 3 SU S BP S10 EP S11 DI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.07.020 PG 2 WC Oncology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Oncology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 217LU UT WOS:000249950200019 ER PT J AU Narayan, S Coleman, M Lehman, J Loredo, G Yang, C Purdy, J Vijayakumar, S Vaughan, A AF Narayan, S. Coleman, M. Lehman, J. Loredo, G. Yang, C. Purdy, J. Vijayakumar, S. Vaughan, A. TI Prospective phase II trial of concomitant boost radiotherapy for stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 49th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Therapeutic-Radiology-and-Oncology CY OCT 28-NOV 01, 2007 CL Los Angeles, CA SP Amer Soc Therapeut Radiol & Oncol C1 [Narayan, S.; Lehman, J.; Loredo, G.; Yang, C.; Purdy, J.; Vijayakumar, S.; Vaughan, A.] Univ Calif Davis, Sacramento, CA USA. [Coleman, M.; Vaughan, A.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0360-3016 J9 INT J RADIAT ONCOL JI Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. PY 2007 VL 69 IS 3 SU S MA 2479 BP S467 EP S467 PG 1 WC Oncology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Oncology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 217LU UT WOS:000249950201168 ER PT J AU Narayan, S Coleman, M Lehman, J Loredo, G Yang, C Purdy, J Vijayakumar, S Vaughan, A AF Narayan, S. Coleman, M. Lehman, J. Loredo, G. Yang, C. Purdy, J. Vijayakumar, S. Vaughan, A. TI Biological evaluation of a dose response in the oral cavity of patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 49th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Therapeutic-Radiology-and-Oncology CY OCT 28-NOV 01, 2007 CL Los Angeles, CA SP Amer Soc Therapeut Radiol & Oncol C1 [Narayan, S.; Lehman, J.; Loredo, G.; Yang, C.; Purdy, J.; Vijayakumar, S.; Vaughan, A.] Univ Calif Davis, Sacramento, CA USA. [Coleman, M.; Vaughan, A.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0360-3016 J9 INT J RADIAT ONCOL JI Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. PY 2007 VL 69 IS 3 SU S MA 2478 BP S467 EP S467 PG 1 WC Oncology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Oncology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 217LU UT WOS:000249950201167 ER PT J AU Park, CC Zhang, H Kim, S Lee, R Bissel, MJ AF Park, C. C. Zhang, H. Kim, S. Lee, R. Bissel, M. J. TI beta 1 integrin inhibition enhances apoptosis post-ionizing radiation (IR) in breast cancer in 3 dimensional culture and in vivo SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 49th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Therapeutic-Radiology-and-Oncology CY OCT 28-NOV 01, 2007 CL Los Angeles, CA SP Amer Soc Therapeut & Oncol C1 [Park, C. C.; Kim, S.; Lee, R.] Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. [Zhang, H.; Bissel, M. J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0360-3016 J9 INT J RADIAT ONCOL JI Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. PY 2007 VL 69 IS 3 SU S BP S97 EP S98 DI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.07.179 PG 2 WC Oncology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Oncology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 217LU UT WOS:000249950200175 ER PT J AU Saroja, KR Lennox, AJ Sixta, JM AF Saroja, K. R. Lennox, A. J. Sixta, J. M. TI Pleomorphic adenoma and fast neutrons: Fermilab experience SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 49th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Therapeutic-Radiology-and-Oncology CY OCT 28-NOV 01, 2007 CL Los Angeles, CA SP Amer Soc Therapeut & Oncol C1 [Saroja, K. R.; Lennox, A. J.; Sixta, J. M.] No Illinois Univ, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. [Lennox, A. J.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0360-3016 J9 INT J RADIAT ONCOL JI Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. PY 2007 VL 69 IS 3 SU S MA 2477 BP S466 EP S467 DI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.07.1654 PG 2 WC Oncology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Oncology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 217LU UT WOS:000249950201166 ER PT J AU Liermann, HP Singh, AK Somayazulu, M Saxena, SK AF Liermann, H. P. Singh, A. K. Somayazulu, M. Saxena, S. K. TI Compression behavior of NbC under nonhydrostatic conditions to 57 GPa SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE niobium carbide; compressibility; elastic properties; bulk modulus ID TRANSITION-METAL CARBIDES; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; HIGH-PRESSURE; PHONON ANOMALIES; LATTICE STRAINS; TEMPERATURE; NITRIDES; PLATINUM; NIOBIUM; SOLIDS AB The analysis of the diffraction data under nonhydrostatic stress condition created in a diamond anvil cell suggests that the compressive strength of NbC crystallites is at least 24 +/- 4 GPa at a confining pressure of 57 +/- 0.5 GPa. When using Al as a pressure transmitting medium in the diamond anvil cell pressure conditions become nearly hydrostatic. The bulk modulus derived from the compression data under quasi-hydrostatic pressure condition gives K-0 = 274 +/- 3 GPa when fixing K-0(1) = 4. This value agrees well with the value obtained from the first-principles numerical calculations. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All riahts reserved. C1 Carnegie Inst Sci, Adv Photon Source, HPCAT, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Carnegie Inst Sci, Geophys Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Natl Aeronaut Lab, Div Mat Sci, Bangalore 560017, Karnataka, India. Carnegie Inst Sci, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20005 USA. Florida Int Univ, CeSMEC, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Liermann, HP (reprint author), Carnegie Inst Sci, Adv Photon Source, HPCAT, Bldg 434E, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM pliermarin@hpcat.aps.anl.gov NR 32 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0263-4368 J9 INT J REFRACT MET H JI Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mat. PY 2007 VL 25 IS 5-6 BP 386 EP 391 DI 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2006.12.002 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 219CW UT WOS:000250063300005 ER PT J AU Shim, S Oliver, WC Pharr, GM AF Shim, Sanghoon Oliver, W. C. Pharr, G. M. TI A comparison of 3D finite element simulations for Berkovich and conical indentation of fused silica SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE nanoindentation; finite element analysis; fused silica; Berkovich indenter; conical indenter; contact area; contact stiffness; hardness; elastic modulus AB Much of our understanding of elastic-plastic contact mechanics as it relates to the interpretation of nanoindentation data comes from two-dimensional, axisymmetric finite element simulations of conical indentation. In many instances, conical results adequately describe real experimental results; however, there are instances where conical simulations fail to capture important behaviour. Three-dimensional finite element simulations of Berkovich triangular pyramidal indentation of fused silica are compared to similar simulations with a 70.3 degrees cone. It is shown that a potentially significant difference between the two indenters exists for the contact areas and contact stiffnesses. Implications for the interpretation of nanoindentation data are discussed. C1 [Shim, Sanghoon; Pharr, G. M.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Shim, Sanghoon; Pharr, G. M.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Oliver, W. C.] MTS Syst Corp, Nano Instruments Innovat Ctr, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Shim, S (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM shims@ornl.gov; warren.oliver@mts.com; pharr@utk.edu FU Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF); National Science Foundation [DMR-0203552]; US Dept. of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC05-00OR22725] FX This work was supported by the Post-doctoral Fellowship Program of the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF), the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMR-0203552 and by the US Dept. of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, as part of the SHaRE User Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT Battelle, LLC. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 23 PU INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD PI GENEVA PA WORLD TRADE CENTER BLDG, 29 ROUTE DE PRE-BOIS, CASE POSTALE 896, CH-1215 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 1749-785X J9 INT J SURF SCI ENG JI Int. J. Surf. Sci. Eng. PY 2007 VL 1 IS 2-3 SI SI BP 259 EP 273 DI 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2007.015028 PG 15 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA V12XN UT WOS:000207632000007 ER PT J AU Linn, R Winterkamp, J Edminster, C Colman, JJ Smith, WS AF Linn, Rodman Winterkamp, Judith Edminster, Carleton Colman, Jonah J. Smith, William S. TI Coupled influences of topography and wind on wildland fire behaviour SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Fire and Forest Meteorology CY OCT 25-27, 2005 CL Canmore, CANADA DE fire propagation; FIRETEC; slope effects ID ATMOSPHERE; SPREAD; SLOPE; MODEL AB Ten simulations were performed with the HIGRAD/FIRETEC wildfire behaviour model in order to explore its utility in studying wildfire behaviour in inhomogeneous topography. The goal of these simulations is to explore the potential extent of the coupling between the fire, atmosphere, and topography. The ten simulations described in this paper include five different topographies, each run with two different ambient wind speeds of 6 and 12ms(-1). The five topologies explored are: an idealised hill (which serves as the base centerline for the other topographies), two variations of the hill with lateral gradients downwind from the ignition line (one sloping up from the 'hill' at the centerline to form an upward sloping canyon parallel to the ambient wind, and the other sloping down from the centerline to form a ridge parallel to the ambient flow), one with a second hill upwind of the ignition line such that the fire is ignited in the bottom of a canyon that runs perpendicular to the ambient wind, and finally a flat terrain. The four non-trivial topographies have the same profile along the centerline downwind of the ignition line to help assess the impacts of topographic gradients that are perpendicular to the ambient wind. It is hoped that analysis of these simulations will help reveal where point-functional models are sufficient, where topographically modified wind fields are needed, and where fully coupled fire and transport models are necessary to properly describe wildfire behaviour. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Linn, R (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM rrl@lanl.gov NR 19 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PY 2007 VL 16 IS 2 BP 183 EP 195 DI 10.1071/WF06078 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 162FL UT WOS:000246072100006 ER PT J AU Colman, JJ Linn, RR AF Colman, Jonah J. Linn, Rodman R. TI Separating combustion from pyrolysis in HIGRAD/FIRETEC SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article DE fire propagation; HIGRAD; simulation ID MODELING FOREST-FIRES; PRODUCT COMPOSITIONS; RAPID PYROLYSIS; FUEL BEDS; KINETICS; ATMOSPHERE; DYNAMICS; CELLULOSE; LIGNIN AB HIGRAD/FIRETEC is a coupled atmosphere/wildfire behavior model based on conservation of mass, momentum, species, and energy. It combines a three-dimensional transport model that uses a compressible-gas fluid dynamics formulation with a physics-based wildfire model, to represent the coupled behavior of the local atmosphere and wildfire. In its current formulation, combustion and pyrolysis are treated as a single process, which depends on the local densities of wood and oxygen, the levels of turbulent mixing, and a probability distribution function (PDF) for temperature in the solid. The PDF is employed to estimate the volume fraction that is hot enough to burn. This burning model is now being extended to deal with pyrolysis and combustion as separate processes. Some fire behaviors, such as flash events, crowning, and fire 'whirls', may depend on the ability of combustion to take place in a separate spatial location from the pyrolysis. We refer to this burning model as 'non- local'. In the non-local burning model, pyrolysis is dealt with in roughly the same way as formerly, but now as an endothermic process. Instead of producing solely inert gasses, it now produces a mixture of inert and combustible gasses. Combustion is handled as a separate gas-gas reaction, which is highly exothermic. The basic premise of the HIGRAD/FIRETEC burning model is retained, i. e. that the rate of a reaction is limited by the rate at which the reactants can be brought together (mixing limited). In the non-local burning model, the reactants for pyrolysis can be thought of as heat and wood, for combustion: the reactive gas and oxygen. A few simple test cases that used idealised geometries were simulated with both burning models, and the results were compared. The non-local burning model was found to give results comparable to the local burning model in terms of the fire-line shape and the spread rate for these simple test cases. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Colman, JJ (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM jonah@lanl.gov NR 34 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 EI 1448-5516 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PY 2007 VL 16 IS 4 BP 493 EP 502 DI 10.1071/WF06074 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 201XP UT WOS:000248866200013 ER PT B AU Finck, P AF Finck, Phillip BE Ragaini, R TI THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE: PATHWAY TO SUSTAINABILITY SO INTERNATIONAL SEMINARS ON NUCLEAR WAR AND PLANETARY EMERGENCIES - 36TH SESSION SE SCIENCE AND CULTURE SERIES: NUCLEAR STRATEGY AND PEACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 36th International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies CY AUG 19-24, 2006 CL Erice, ITALY C1 [Finck, Phillip] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 978-981-270-922-6 J9 SCI CULT NUCL STRAT PY 2007 BP 42 EP 49 DI 10.1142/9789812709233_0009 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Environmental Sciences; Political Science; Social Issues SC Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Government & Law; Social Issues GA BIP06 UT WOS:000261479400006 ER PT B AU Difiglio, C AF Difiglio, Carmen BE Ragaini, R TI COAL WITH CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE: THE MAIN COMPETITOR SO INTERNATIONAL SEMINARS ON NUCLEAR WAR AND PLANETARY EMERGENCIES - 36TH SESSION SE SCIENCE AND CULTURE SERIES: NUCLEAR STRATEGY AND PEACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 36th International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies CY AUG 19-24, 2006 CL Erice, ITALY AB This paper outlines the most promising technological approaches to achieve CO(2) capture and storage (CCS). The relative costs of CCS and nuclear power are presented for currently available and advanced technologies. The paper also discusses the risks Of CO(2) storage, ways to remediate those risks and U.S. Department of Energy programs that can lead to safe CO(2) storage. Lastly, estimates from the International Energy Agency (IEA) are used to show that CCS holds the greatest potential, next to energy efficiency, to reduce global CO(2) emissions. In addition, it is shown that if CCS is not developed, the marginal Cost Of CO(2) emission reduction will be significantly higher, especially in coal-rich countries such as China. C1 [Difiglio, Carmen] US DOE, Washington, DC USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 978-981-270-922-6 J9 SCI CULT NUCL STRAT PY 2007 BP 72 EP 82 DI 10.1142/9789812709233_0012 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Environmental Sciences; Political Science; Social Issues SC Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Government & Law; Social Issues GA BIP06 UT WOS:000261479400009 ER PT B AU Zinn, J AF Zinn, John BE Ragaini, R TI METEOR IMPACT HAZARDS AND SOME METEOR PHENOMENA SO INTERNATIONAL SEMINARS ON NUCLEAR WAR AND PLANETARY EMERGENCIES - 36TH SESSION SE SCIENCE AND CULTURE SERIES: NUCLEAR STRATEGY AND PEACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 36th International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies CY AUG 19-24, 2006 CL Erice, ITALY C1 [Zinn, John] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 978-981-270-922-6 J9 SCI CULT NUCL STRAT PY 2007 BP 325 EP 340 DI 10.1142/9789812709233_0040 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Environmental Sciences; Political Science; Social Issues SC Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Government & Law; Social Issues GA BIP06 UT WOS:000261479400037 ER PT S AU Barabash, R Ice, G Kroger, R Lohmeyer, H Sebald, K Gutowski, J Bottcher, T Hommel, D Liu, W Chung, JS AF Barabash, R. Ice, G. Kroger, R. Lohmeyer, H. Sebald, K. Gutowski, J. Bottcher, T. Hommel, D. Liu, W. Chung, J. -S. BE Ila, D Baglin, J Kishimoto, N Chu, PK TI Spatially resolved characterization of plastic deformation induced by focused-ion beam processing in structured InGaN/GaN layers SO Ion-Beam-Based Nanofabrication SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ion-Beam-Based Nanofabrication held at the 2007 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 10-12, 2007 CL San Francisco, CA ID STRAIN AB Polychromatic X-ray microbeam analysis (PXM) results of structural changes caused by FIB machining in nitride heterostructures are discussed in connection with micro-photoluminescence (mu-PL), fluorescent analysis, scanning electron (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data. It is shown that FIB processing distorts the lattice in the InGaN/GaN layer not only in the immediate vicinity of the processed area but also in surrounding volumes. A narrow amorphized top layer is formed in the direct ion beam impact area. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Barabash, R (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Kroeger, Roland/D-5321-2012 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 978-1-55899-980-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2007 VL 1020 BP 21 EP 27 PG 7 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA BGT79 UT WOS:000250475100003 ER PT S AU Matias, V Sheehan, C Findikoglu, AT AF Matias, Vladimir Sheehan, Chris Findikoglu, Alp T. BE Ila, D Baglin, J Kishimoto, N Chu, PK TI Ion-beam assist nano-texturing of films SO Ion-Beam-Based Nanofabrication SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ion-Beam-Based Nanofabrication held at the 2007 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 10-12, 2007 CL San Francisco, CA ID THIN-FILMS; DEPOSITION; MGO; BOMBARDMENT AB We present an ion-beam based fabrication method for growth of single-crystal-like films that does not utilize epitaxy on single crystal substrates. We use ion-beam assisted texturing to obtain biaxial crystalline alignment in a film. This ion-beam assisted deposition (IBAD) texturing can be done on arbitrary, but smooth, substrates, including flexible polycrystalline metal tapes. With IB AD texturing of MgO and subsequent homoepitaxial growth we have demonstrated an in-plane mosaic spread FWHM as low as 2 degrees and out-of-plane alignment of 1 degrees. The deposition system we use includes reel-to-reel tape transport for a linear transport of substrate materials through the deposition zones. This allows for high-throughput experimentation via a linear combinatorial experimental design. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, MPA STC, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Matias, V (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MPA STC, Mail Stop T004, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 978-1-55899-980-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2007 VL 1020 BP 49 EP 53 PG 5 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA BGT79 UT WOS:000250475100006 ER PT S AU Visser, AE Huddleston, JG Holbrey, JD Reichert, WM Swatloski, RP Rogers, RD AF Visser, Ann E. Huddleston, Jonathan G. Holbrey, John D. Reichert, W. Matthew Swatloski, Richard P. Rogers, Robin D. BE Brennecke, JF Rogers, RD Seddon, KR TI Hydrophobic n-Alkyl-N-isoquinolinium Salts: Ionic Liquids and Low Melting Solids SO IONIC LIQUIDS IV: NOT JUST SOLVENTS ANYMORE SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ionic Liquids IV - Not Just Solvents Anymore held at the 231st ACS National Meeting CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc ID AQUEOUS BIPHASIC SYSTEMS; 1-BUTYL-3-METHYLIMIDAZOLIUM HEXAFLUOROPHOSPHATE; PARTITIONING SYSTEMS; SOLVENT PROPERTIES; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; POLARITY; CHROMATOGRAPHY; SEPARATIONS; CRYSTALS; SCALES AB A series of hydrophobic n-alkyl-N-isoquinolinium ionic liquids (ILs) with a linear alkyl-chain substituent containing from 4-18 carbon atoms in combination with hexafluorophosphate, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide, and bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)amide have been synthesized and characterized (water content, density, DSC, TGA, and LSER). The crystal structures of [C(2)isoq][PF(6)] (prepared and isolated only for the comparative X-ray diffraction study), [C(4)isoq][PF(6)], and [C(10)isoq] [PF(6)] illustrate the underlying interactions in the higher melting salts. The isoquinolinium-based ILs studied here are interesting due to their highly aromatic nature and physical and solvent properties. C1 [Visser, Ann E.] Savannah River Natl Lab, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. RP Visser, AE (reprint author), Savannah River Natl Lab, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. OI Holbrey, John/0000-0002-3084-8438; Rogers, Robin D./0000-0001-9843-7494 NR 34 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 978-0-8412-7445-7 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2007 VL 975 BP 362 EP 380 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA BMC77 UT WOS:000271861300025 ER PT B AU Serrano, JR Phinney, LM AF Serrano, Justin R. Phinney, Leslie M. GP ASME TI Micro-Raman thermometry of laser heated surfaces SO IPACK 2007: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASME INTERPACK CONFERENCE 2007, VOL 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASME InterPACK Conference CY JUL 08-12, 2007 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP ASME, Elect & Photon Packaging Div ID TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; ELEVATED-TEMPERATURES; MECHANICAL SYSTEMS; OPTICAL FUNCTIONS; SILICON; ACTUATORS; SCATTERING; LIGHT; MEMS AB Optically powered devices are typically irradiated by high intensity lasers and rely on the temperature excursion generated by the laser for operation. While numerical modeling can estimate the temperature profile of the irradiated devices, only direct measurements can determine the actual device temperatures. Available surface thermometry techniques, such as infrared imaging, scanning thermal microscopy and thermoreflectance are generally incompatible with an optical powering scheme, the micron-scale layer thicknesses of microsystem devices, or both. In this paper we discuss the use of micro-Raman thermometry to obtain the first spatially-resolved temperature measurements of various polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) surfaces heated with an 808 nm continuous wave (CW) laser at a 60 degrees angle of incidence. The micron-scale resolution of the micro-Raman technique permitted mapping of the surface temperature in the vicinity of the heating laser spot and throughout the device. In addition to discussing the requirements for accurate data collection, the implications of optical interference on the heated structures are also considered. C1 [Serrano, Justin R.; Phinney, Leslie M.] Sandia Natl Labs, Engn Sci Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Serrano, JR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Engn Sci Ctr, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 978-0-7918-4277-5 PY 2007 BP 327 EP 333 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BHL59 UT WOS:000254115600043 ER PT B AU Wei, HQ Alves-Foss, J Du Zhang, Frincke, D AF Wei, Huaqiang Alves-Foss, Jim Du Zhang Frincke, Deborah BE Chang, W Joshi, JBD TI Rationality validation of a layered decision model for network defense SO IRI 2007: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION REUSE AND INTEGRATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration (IRI-2007) CY AUG 13-15, 2007 CL Las Vegas, NV SP IEEE, SMC Soc AB There are at least three key decision layers in cost-effective network defense to counter immediate threats: security policies, defense strategies, and real-time defense tactics. A layered decision model (LDM) has been developed to capture the essence of this decision process. The LDM helps decision-makers gain insight into the hierarchical relationships among interconnected entities and decision types that underlie defense goals, and supports the selection of cost-effective defense mechanisms to safeguard computer networks. To be effective as a business tool, it is necessary to validate the rationality of the model before applying it to real-world business cases. LDM rationality requires that a decision making process be consistent and free of blocked execution paths, and be able to produce cost-effective defense plans. This paper describes validation of LDM rationality. C1 [Wei, Huaqiang; Alves-Foss, Jim] Univ Idaho, Dept Comp Sci, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. [Du Zhang] Calif State Univ Sacramento, Dept Comp Sci, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. [Frincke, Deborah] CSID, PNNL, Richland, WA 99354 USA. RP Wei, HQ (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Comp Sci, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. EM wei3004@uidaho.edu; jimaf@uidaho.edu; zhangd@ecs.csus.edu; deborah.frincke@pnl.gov RI Alves-Foss, James/A-9777-2008 OI Alves-Foss, James/0000-0002-5125-1470 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-1499-4 PY 2007 BP 85 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Remote Sensing SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing GA BGU19 UT WOS:000250559700015 ER PT J AU McEniry, J O'Kiely, P Clipson, NJW Forristal, PD Doyle, EM AF McEniry, J. O'Kiely, P. Clipson, N. J. W. Forristal, P. D. Doyle, E. M. TI Manipulating the ensilage of wilted, unchopped grass through the use of additive treatments SO IRISH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE additive; baled silage; precision-chop silage ID POTENTIAL SILAGE ADDITIVES; LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA; NUTRITIVE-VALUE; LACTOBACILLUS-PLANTARUM; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; LUCERNE SILAGE; FERMENTATION; FARMS; INOCULANTS; STABILITY AB Baled silage composition frequently differs from that of comparable conventional precision-chop silage. The lower final concentration of fermentation products in baled silage makes it more conducive to the activities of undesirable microorganisms. Silage additives can be used to encourage beneficial microbial activity and/or inhibit detrimental microbial activity. The experiment was organised in a 2 (chop treatments) x 6 (additive treatments) x 2 (stages of ensilage) factorial arrangement of treatments (n = 3 silos/treatment) to suggest additive treatments for use in baled silage production that would help create conditions more inhibitory to the activities of undesirable microorganisms and realise an outcome comparable to precision-chop silage. Chopping the herbage prior to ensiling, in the absence of an additive treatment, improved the silage fermentation. In the unchopped herbage, where the fermentation was poorer, the lactic acid bacterial inoculant resulted in an immediate increase (P < 0.001) in lactic acid concentration and a faster decline (P < 0.001) in pH with a subsequent reduction in butyric acid (P < 0.001) and ammonia-N (P < 0.01) concentrations. When sucrose was added in addition to the lactic acid bacterial inoculant, the combined treatment had a more pronounced effect on pH, butyric acid and ammonia-N values at the end of ensilage. The formic acid based additive and the antimicrobial mixture restricted the activities of undesirable microorganisms resulting in reduced concentrations of butyric acid (P < 0.001) and ammonia-N (P < 0.01). These additives offer a potential to create conditions in baled silage more inhibitory to the activities of undesirable microorganisms. C1 [McEniry, J.; O'Kiely, P.] Dunsany Co, Grange Beef Res Ctr, TEAGASC, Meath, Ireland. [McEniry, J.; Clipson, N. J. W.; Doyle, E. M.] Univ Coll Dublin, UCD Sch Biol & Environm Sci, Dublin 4, Ireland. [Forristal, P. D.] Oak Pk Co, Crops Res Ctr, TEAGASC, Carlow, Ireland. RP O'Kiely, P (reprint author), Dunsany Co, Grange Beef Res Ctr, TEAGASC, Meath, Ireland. EM padraig.okiely@teagasc.ie NR 43 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU TEAGASC PI CARLOW PA OAK PARK, CARLOW 00000, IRELAND SN 0791-6833 J9 IRISH J AGR FOOD RES JI Irish J. Agr. Food Res. PY 2007 VL 46 IS 1 BP 77 EP 91 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 266PC UT WOS:000253447400006 ER PT J AU Pilgrim, MA AF Pilgrim, Melissa Ann TI Expression of maternal isotopes in offspring: implications for interpreting ontogenetic shifts in isotopic composition of consumer tissues SO ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES LA English DT Article DE animals; carbon-13; diet; natural isotope variations; Neonate tissues; nitrogen-15; offspring; ontogenetic shifts; rattlesnakes ID STABLE-ISOTOPES; PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY; DELTA-N-15 VALUES; TROPHIC POSITION; ENRICHMENT; NITROGEN; FRACTIONATION; DELTA-C-13; LEVEL; DIET AB When evaluating ontogenetic shifts in isotopic composition of consumer tissues within the context of a dietary analysis, the isotopic starting point of consumers in the population should not be ignored. Neonate isotopic composition may be different from that of juveniles and adults; in general, neonate tissues are built from maternal resources rather than food resources. Thus, the range of isotope values observed within a population of consumers may be significantly impacted by consumer isotope ratios at birth. Long-term goals of my research involve the use of stable isotopes to assess the role diet plays in driving population level differences in life history and demography observed among three pigmy rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius; family Viperidae) populations. For meaningful interpretation of field-collected data, it was important to determine starting (i.e., at birth) isotopic compositions of rattlesnakes from the study populations. We quantified isotopic composition of pregnant pigmy rattlesnake scale tissue, isotopic composition of neonate scale tissue and the degree that neonate scale tissue isotopic composition reflected the isotopic composition of maternal scale tissue. Collectively, neonate isotopic composition was highly variable among-litters; average litter delta C-13 values spanned 7 parts per thousand and average litter delta N-15 values spanned 2.8 parts per thousand. Over 95% of the variation in offspring isotopic composition was expressed among litters. Thus, high levels of among-litter isotopic variation were largely due to the retention of a maternal signal. Results of the enclosure study suggest that highly variable isotopic signatures in young animals within field populations could easily reflect the retention of a maternal signal rather than differences in resource utilisation among younger snakes. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Pilgrim, MA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. EM pilgrim@srel.edu NR 39 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1025-6016 J9 ISOT ENVIRON HEALT S JI Isot. Environ. Health Stud. PY 2007 VL 43 IS 2 BP 155 EP 163 DI 10.1080/10256010701360355 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 191FI UT WOS:000248115300007 PM 17558752 ER PT J AU Van Tassle, AJ Prantil, MA Hiller, RG Fleming, GR AF Van Tassle, Aaron J. Prantil, Matthew A. Hiller, Roger G. Fleming, Graham R. TI Excited state structural dynamics of the charge transfer state of peridinin SO ISRAEL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ENERGY-TRANSFER FUNCTION; CHLOROPHYLL-PROTEIN; AMPHIDINIUM-CARTERAE; CAROTENOID PERIDININ; SINGLET; SOLVENT; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; EXCITATION; SPECTROSCOPY; ENVIRONMENT AB We present infrared and visible transient absorption measurements of the first excited singlet state (S-1 and S-1/ICT) of peridinin in methanol, isopropanol, and chloroform solution following one-photon excitation, using 490 nm light, to excite the S-2 state that populates S-1 via rapid (similar to 50 fs in methanol) internal conversion. This technique enables the study of subsequent structural dynamics in S, involved in the formation of the charge transfer state. The S, lifetime of peridinin in methanol, isopropanol, and chloroform is found to be 12, 54, and 65 ps, respectively, as determined by infrared transient absorption. We observe two formation timescales in the S-1 state. We attribute the shortest timescale to relaxation following internal conversion and the longer timescale to formation of the S-1/ICT state. C1 [Van Tassle, Aaron J.; Prantil, Matthew A.; Fleming, Graham R.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Van Tassle, Aaron J.; Prantil, Matthew A.; Fleming, Graham R.] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA USA. [Hiller, Roger G.] Macquarie Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. RP Fleming, GR (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM GRFleming@lbl.gov NR 28 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 8 PU SCIENCE FROM ISRAEL-DIVISION OF LASER PAGES PUBL LTD PI JERUSALEM PA PO BOX 34299, JERUSALEM 91341, ISRAEL SN 0021-2148 J9 ISR J CHEM JI Isr. J. Chem. PY 2007 VL 47 IS 1 BP 17 EP 24 DI 10.1560/IJC.47.1.17 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 279WD UT WOS:000254385000004 ER PT J AU York, RL Browne, WK Geissler, PL Somorjai, GA AF York, Roger L. Browne, William K. Geissler, Phillip L. Somorjai, Gabor A. TI Peptides adsorbed on hydrophobic surfaces - A sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy and modeling study SO ISRAEL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID QUARTZ-CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE; HYDROPHILIC SILICA; WATER INTERFACES; SIDE-CHAIN; ADSORPTION; MOLECULES; SFG; CONFORMATION; ORIENTATION; POLYSTYRENE AB Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy has been used to characterize the interfacial structure of a series of model peptides at the hydrophobic poly styrene-buffer interface. The peptides contain two types of amino acids, one hydrophobic (X) and one hydrophilic (Y). Their sequences are Ac-XYYXXYXXYYXXYX-NH(2) (XY(14)) and Ac-XYXYXYX-NH(2) (XY(7)) respectively, where the X and Y combinations are: leucine (L) and lysine (K); alanine (A) and lysine (K); alanine (A) and arginine (R); and phenylalanine (F) and arginine (R), respectively. One additional peptide was synthesized and characterized, Ac-LKKLLKL-NH(2), referred to as LK(7) alpha. The XY(14) peptides showed SFG spectra that were characteristic of the hydrophobic (X) amino acid of the peptide. Comparison with the 7-amino acid peptides shows that the molecular orientation of alanine is more sensitive to changes in sequence and chain length than leucine or phenylalanine. The hydrophilic amino acids are not observed in the SFG spectra of these peptides at the hydrophobic polystyrene interface (with the possible exception of the AR(7) peptide), suggesting the hydrophilic amino acids studied here have a random orientation at this interface. The results of these studies are put into the context of recent SFG studies of proteins adsorbed onto hydrophobic surfaces. Furthermore, our approach to theoretical understanding of interfacial peptide structure is outlined. The results of a molecular dynamics simulation of the LK(14) peptide on a hydrophobic interface are presented and discussed. C1 [Somorjai, Gabor A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Labs, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Somorjai, GA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM somorjai@berkeley.edu RI York, Roger/C-6547-2008 OI York, Roger/0000-0002-5105-6800 NR 35 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 17 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0021-2148 J9 ISR J CHEM JI Isr. J. Chem. PY 2007 VL 47 IS 1 BP 51 EP 58 DI 10.1560/IJC.47.1.51 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 279WD UT WOS:000254385000008 ER PT J AU Lu, GX Yeung, ES AF Lu, Guoxin Yeung, Edward S. TI High-throughput enzyme kinetics using microarrays SO ISRAEL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PEROXIDASE; OXIDATION; SYSTEMS AB We report a microanalytical method to study enzyme kinetics. The technique involves immobilizing horseradish peroxidase on a poly-L-lysine (PLL)coated glass slide in a microarray format, followed by applying substrate solution onto the enzyme microarray. Enzyme molecules are immobilized on the PLL-coated glass slide through electrostatic interactions, and no further modification of the enzyme or glass slide is needed. In situ detection of the products generated on the enzyme spots is made possible by monitoring the light intensity of each spot using a scientific-grade charged-coupled device (CCD). Reactions of substrate solutions of various types and concentrations can be carried out sequentially on one enzyme microarray. To account for the loss of enzyme from washing in between runs, a standard substrate Solution is used for calibration. Substantially reduced amounts of substrate solution are consumed for each reaction on each enzyme spot. The Michaelis constant K(m) obtained by using this method is comparable to the result for homogeneous solutions. Absorbance detection allows universal monitoring, and no chemical modification of the substrate is needed. High-throughput studies of native enzyme kinetics for Multiple enzymes are therefore possible in a simple, rapid, and low-cost manner. C1 [Yeung, Edward S.] Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, USDOE, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Yeung, ES (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, USDOE, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM yeung@ameslab.gov NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0021-2148 J9 ISR J CHEM JI Isr. J. Chem. PY 2007 VL 47 IS 2 BP 141 EP 147 DI 10.1560/IJC.47.2.141 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 302XD UT WOS:000256002400004 ER PT J AU Frauenfelder, H Fenimore, PW Young, RD AF Frauenfelder, Hans Fenimore, Paul W. Young, Robert D. TI Protein dynamics and function: Insights from the energy landscape and solvent slaving SO IUBMB LIFE LA English DT Review DE protein motions; conformation space; energy landscape ID STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS; LAUE CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; INTERNAL-FRICTION; MYOGLOBIN; VISCOSITY; KINETICS; MOTIONS; FLUCTUATIONS; SIMULATIONS AB Protein motions are complex and a good way to describe them is in terms of a very high- dimensional conformation space. We give here a simple explanation of the conformation space and the energy landscape, the conformational motions and protein reactions, based on an analogy to a traffic problem. The analogy provides insight into the slaving of protein processes to bulk solvent. fluctuations, in both the native and unfolded states. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Frauenfelder, H (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theory, K710, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM frauenfelder@lanl.gov NR 42 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1521-6543 J9 IUBMB LIFE JI IUBMB Life PY 2007 VL 59 IS 8-9 BP 506 EP 512 DI 10.1080/15216540701194113 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 199UT UT WOS:000248721400005 PM 17701545 ER PT J AU McNutt, RL AF McNutt, Ralph L., Jr. TI ARGOSY: ARchitecture for Going to the Outer solar SYstem SO JOHNS HOPKINS APL TECHNICAL DIGEST LA English DT Article ID PROPULSION; HOPE AB All solar system objects are, in principle, targets for human in situ exploration. ARGOSY (ARchitecture for Going to the Outer solar SYstem) addresses anew the problem of human exploration to the outer planets. The ARGOSY architecture approach is scalable in size and power so that increasingly distant destinations-the systems of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune-can be reached with the same crew size and time requirements. To enable such missions, achievable technologies with appropriate margins must be used to construct a viable technical approach at the systems level. ARGOSY thus takes the step past Mars in addressing the most difficult part of the Vision for Space Exploration: To extend human presence across the solar system. C1 [McNutt, Ralph L., Jr.] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [McNutt, Ralph L., Jr.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM ralph.mcnutt@jhuapl.edu RI McNutt, Ralph/E-8006-2010 OI McNutt, Ralph/0000-0002-4722-9166 NR 46 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV PI LAUREL PA APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY ATTN: TECHNICAL DIGEST JOHN HOPKINS RD, BLDG 1W-131, LAUREL, MD 20723-6099 USA SN 0270-5214 J9 J HOPKINS APL TECH D JI Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig. PY 2007 VL 27 IS 3 BP 261 EP 273 PG 13 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA V10RP UT WOS:000207481400008 ER PT J AU Adolf, DB Stavig, ME Kawaguchi, S Chambers, RS AF Adolf, Douglas B. Stavig, Mark E. Kawaguchi, Stacie Chambers, Robert S. TI Time-dependence of epoxy debonding SO JOURNAL OF ADHESION LA English DT Article DE adhesion; creep; debonding; epoxy; oscillatory; time-dependence ID THERMODYNAMICALLY CONSISTENT; GLASSY-POLYMERS; MODEL; STRENGTH; FAILURE AB Test geometries with well-defined stresses at the initiation of adhesive failure (failure in adhesion) were used to examine debonding of epoxies in controlled ramp and creep tests. Little effect of substrate, curative, or filler content was seen in failure initiation for the variations studied. The time-to-fail in creep tests depended sensitively on the applied load. Sinusoidal shear loads were also applied in both single (zero to max) and double-sided (-max to +max) mode. Whereas the single-sided, oscillatory loaded samples failed much later than samples loaded in creep to the same maximum stress, double-sided times-to-fail were similar to those in creep. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Mat & Proc Sci Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Engn Sci Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Adolf, DB (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Mat & Proc Sci Ctr, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM dbadolf@sandia.gov NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8464 J9 J ADHESION JI J. Adhes. PY 2007 VL 83 IS 1-3 BP 85 EP 104 DI 10.1080/00218460601102886 PG 20 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 150TP UT WOS:000245242400006 ER PT J AU Weil, KS Hardy, JS Kim, JY AF Weil, K. Scott Hardy, John S. Kim, Jin Yong TI A new technique for joining ceramic and metal components in high temperature electrochemical devices SO JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MATERIALS LA English DT Article AB Coal is a potentially very inexpensive source of clean hydrogen fuel for use in fuel cells, turbines, and various process applications. To realize its potential however, efficient, low-cost gas separation systems are needed to provide high purity oxygen to enhance the coal gasification reaction and to extract hydrogen from the resulting gas product stream. Several types of inorganic membranes are being developed for hydrogen or oxygen separation, including porous alumina, transition metal oxide perovskites, and zirconia. One of the key challenges in developing solid-state membrane based gas separation systems is in hermetically joining the membrane to the metallic body of the separation device. In an effort to begin addressing this issue, a new brazing concept has been developed, referred to as reactive air brazing. This paper discusses the details of this joining technique and illustrates its use in bonding a wide variety of materials, including alumina, lanthanum, strontium cobalt ferrite, and yttria stabilized zirconia. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Weil, KS (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Hardy, John/E-1938-2016 OI Hardy, John/0000-0002-1699-3196 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 8 PU SAMPE PUBLISHERS PI COVINA PA 1161 PARKVIEW DRIVE, COVINA, CA 91722 USA SN 1070-9789 J9 J ADV MATER-COVINA JI J. Adv. Mater. PD JAN PY 2007 SI 2 BP 84 EP 94 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 129LH UT WOS:000243730500016 ER PT J AU Olfert, JS Symonds, JPR Collings, N AF Olfert, J. S. Symonds, J. P. R. Collings, N. TI The effective density and fractal dimension of particles emitted from a light-duty diesel vehicle with a diesel oxidation catalyst SO JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE diesel soot; effective density; fractal dimensiom; centrifugal particle mass analyzer ID MASS ANALYZER; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; EXHAUST PARTICLES; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; SOOT PARTICLES; ON-ROAD; MOBILITY; NANOPARTICLES; DISTRIBUTIONS AB A differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and a Couette centrifugal particle mass analyzer (Couette CPMA) were used to measure the effective density and fractal dimension of particles emitted from a light-duty diesel vehicle fitted with a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). It was found that at high engine loads, the DOC increased in temperature, sulphate levels in the particulate matter increased, and a transient nucleation mode was observed. The increase in sulphate levels resulted in a drastic increase in the effective density and fractal dimension of the particles. At low engine loads (8-15%), sulphate levels were much lower, no nucleation mode was present and the fractal dimension varied from 2.22 to 2.48, which is in good agreement with previous studies. At 40% load, sulphate levels were much higher and the fractal dimension was 2.76. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Engn, Hopkinson Lab, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, England. Cambust Ltd, Cambridge CB1 8DH, England. RP Olfert, JS (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Bldg 815E, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM j.s.olfert.03@cantab.net OI Symonds, Jonathan/0000-0003-0962-5616 NR 33 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8502 J9 J AEROSOL SCI JI J. Aerosol. Sci. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 38 IS 1 BP 69 EP 82 DI 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2006.10.002 PG 14 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 128JZ UT WOS:000243655300005 ER PT J AU Westmaas, J Moeller, S Woicik, PB AF Westmaas, Johann Moeller, Scott Woicik, Patricia Butler TI Validation of a measure of college students' intoxicated behaviors: Associations with alcohol outcome expectancies, drinking motives, and personality SO JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH LA English DT Article DE alcohol; college students; expectancies; intoxicated behaviors; motives; personality ID SENSATION SEEKING; SOCIAL-CONTEXT; AGGRESSION; IMPULSIVITY; ABUSE; MEN; IMPAIRMENT; PREDICTION; DRINKERS; PATTERNS AB Objective: The authors aimed to develop a measure of college students' intoxicated behaviors and to validate the measure using scales assessing alcohol outcome expectancies, motives for drinking, and personality traits. Participants and Method Summary: The authors administered these measures and an inventory describing 50 intoxicated behaviors to 198 college students and conducted factor analysis on intoxicated behaviors. Logistic regression models examined relationships between intoxicated behavior dimensions and expectances, motives, and personality traits. Results: Self-reported behaviors during intoxication episodes were reducible to 3 basic dimensions that formed reliable and valid scales: social. antisocial, and emotionally labile intoxication. Conclusions: Researchers can use the Intoxicated Behaviors Inventory to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions targeting drinkina or to identify college Students at risk for problematic consequences of alcohol use. n addition, results point to the need for community efforts to encourage more moderate drinking amons! college students. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Psychol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Psychol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Med Res Ctr, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Westmaas, J (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Psychol, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM Johann.Westmaas@sunysb.edu RI Moeller, Scott/L-5549-2016 OI Moeller, Scott/0000-0002-4449-0844 NR 41 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 8 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0744-8481 J9 J AM COLL HEALTH JI J. Am. Coll. Health PD JAN-FEB PY 2007 VL 55 IS 4 BP 227 EP 237 DI 10.3200/JACH.55.4.227-237 PG 11 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 133XK UT WOS:000244047000007 PM 17319329 ER PT J AU Koppenaal, DW Hieftje, GM AF Koppenaal, David W. Hieftje, Gary M. TI Metallomics - the future of atomic spectroscopy? SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Koppenaal, DW (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 0 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2007 VL 22 IS 2 BP 111 EP 111 DI 10.1039/b618394h PG 1 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 132XT UT WOS:000243976900001 ER PT J AU Koppenaal, DW Hieftje, GM AF Koppenaal, David W. Hieftje, Gary M. TI Metallomics - an interdisciplinary and evolving field SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Koppenaal, DW (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 0 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2007 VL 22 IS 8 BP 855 EP 855 DI 10.1039/b710205b PG 1 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 193NR UT WOS:000248281200001 ER PT J AU Coffey, MF AF Coffey, Mary Frances TI Biotechnical methods in colony management, and the use of Apiguard (R) and Exomite (TM) Apis for the control of the varroa mite (Varroa destructor) in Irish honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies SO JOURNAL OF APICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Varroa destructor; Apis melt fern; natural mite fall ID THYMOL-BASED MITICIDE; ACARAPIS-WOODI ACARI; PARASITIC MITES; JACOBSONI OUD; DRONE BROOD; HYMENOPTERA; APIDAE; POPULATIONS; EFFICACY; TRIALS AB The benefits of incorporating biotechnical methods into honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colony management for varroa (Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman) control was evaluated. The effect of modifying bottom boards was determined by dividing the test colonies into three treatment groups: normal floor, mesh floor, and sticky floors. Invasion pressure was estimated by treating five colonies continuously with Bayvarol (R). The effect of drone brood trapping as a method of reducing mite populations was examined by dividing the colonies into two test groups: colonies with and without (control) drone brood trapping. In the former, a shallow (super) frame was placed in the brood box. At three week intervals, the sealed drone brood was removed and the total number of sealed cells and viable varroa mites were counted. Brood area and honey bee population were also measured on each sampling date. Standard management practices were used throughout the season. The percentage efficacy of Apiguard (R) and Exomite (TM) Apis under Irish weather conditions was examined from August-September 2005. Both products were administered according to the manufacturer's instructions for a four week period. Total mite drop was counted and the percentage efficacy was estimated by treating all colonies with Bayvarol (R). Variation in floor type reduced mite population growth early in the foraging season, but the effect was not significant. In contrast, a significant benefit was realized by the inclusion of drone brood trapping as a colony management strategy for reducing varroa mite populations. Although colony development was not affected by drone brood trapping, the possible impact of removing large number of drones unnecessarily is discussed. Apiguard (R) was more effective than Exomite (TM) Apis as an autumn treatment under Irish weather conditions. The recorded percentage efficacy (similar to 85%) was, however, relatively low when compared with that reported for elsewhere in Europe and would be insufficient as a sole autumn treatment for the effective control of the varroa mite. Results also indicate that brood area post-treatment reduced the percentage efficacy of both products, but colony development was not affected. C1 TEAGASC, Oakpk Res Ctr, Carlow, Ireland. RP Coffey, MF (reprint author), TEAGASC, Oakpk Res Ctr, Carlow, Ireland. EM Mary.Coffey@teagasc.ie NR 33 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 13 PU INT BEE RESEARCH ASSOC PI CARDIFF PA JOURNALS LIBRARIAN, 18 NORTH RD, CARDIFF CF1 3DY, WALES SN 0021-8839 J9 J APICULT RES JI J. Apic. Res. PY 2007 VL 46 IS 4 BP 213 EP 219 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 248BW UT WOS:000252127300001 ER PT J AU Jones, RE AF Jones, Reese E. TI A Greenwood-Williamson model of small-scale friction SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-ASPERITY CONTACTS; NOMINALLY FLAT SURFACES; MACHINED SURFACES; TANGENTIAL FORCE; STATIC FRICTION; ELASTIC SOLIDS; MICRO-SLIP; INTERFACE; ADHESION; ROUGHNESS AB A Greenwood and Williamson based model for interfacial friction is presented that incorporates the presliding transition phenomenon that can significantly affect small devices. This work builds on previous similar models by developing: an analytical estimate of the transition length in terms of material and surface parameters, a general recursion formula for the case of slip in one direction with multiple reversals and constant normal loading, and a numerical method for the general three-dimensional loading case. In addition, the proposed model is developed within a plasticity-like framework and is shown to have qualitative similarities with published experimental observations. A number of model problems illustrate the response of the proposed model to various loading conditions. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Jones, RE (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 34 TC 3 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 3 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0021-8936 J9 J APPL MECH-T ASME JI J. Appl. Mech.-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2007 VL 74 IS 1 BP 31 EP 40 DI 10.1115/1.2172269 PG 10 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 126AZ UT WOS:000243485900005 ER PT J AU Alsem, DH Timmerman, R Boyce, BL Stach, EA De Hosson, JTM Ritchie, RO AF Alsem, D. H. Timmerman, R. Boyce, B. L. Stach, E. A. De Hosson, J. Th. M. Ritchie, R. O. TI Very high-cycle fatigue failure in micron-scale polycrystalline silicon films: Effects of environment and surface oxide thickness SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-CRYSTAL SILICON; POLYSILICON MEMS STRUCTURES; MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS; CRACK-GROWTH; THIN-FILMS; NANOSCALE STRUCTURES; STRUCTURAL FILMS; DRY OXIDATION; STRESS; FRACTURE AB Fatigue failure in micron-scale polycrystalline silicon structural films, a phenomenon that is not observed in bulk silicon, can severely impact the durability and reliability of microelectromechanical system devices. Despite several studies on the very high-cycle fatigue behavior of these films (up to 10(12) cycles), there is still an on-going debate on the precise mechanisms involved. We show here that for devices fabricated in the multiuser microelectromechanical system process (MUMPs) foundry and Sandia Ultra-planar, Multi-level MEMS Technology (SUMMiT V (TM)) process and tested under equi-tension/compression loading at similar to 40 kHz in different environments, stress-lifetime data exhibit similar trends in fatigue behavior in ambient room air, shorter lifetimes in higher relative humidity environments, and no fatigue failure at all in high vacuum. The transmission electron microscopy of the surface oxides in the test samples shows a four- to sixfold thickening of the surface oxide at stress concentrations after fatigue failure, but no thickening after overload fracture in air or after fatigue cycling in vacuo. We find that such oxide thickening and premature fatigue failure (in air) occur in devices with initial oxide thicknesses of similar to 4 nm (SUMMiT V (TM)) as well as in devices with much thicker initial oxides similar to 20 nm (MUMPs). Such results are interpreted and explained by a reaction-layer fatigue mechanism. Specifically, moisture-assisted subcritical cracking within a cyclic stress-assisted thickened oxide layer occurs until the crack reaches a critical size to cause catastrophic failure of the entire device. The entirety of the evidence presented here strongly indicates that the reaction-layer fatigue mechanism is the governing mechanism for fatigue failure in micron-scale polycrystalline silicon thin films. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Groningen, Dept Appl Phys, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands. Sandia Natl Labs, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Purdue Univ, Sch Mat Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Birck Nanotechnol Ctr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Groningen, Dept Appl Phys, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands. RP Alsem, DH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM roritchie@lbl.gov RI Stach, Eric/D-8545-2011; Boyce, Brad/H-5045-2012; Ritchie, Robert/A-8066-2008; De Hosson, Jeff/C-2169-2013; OI Stach, Eric/0000-0002-3366-2153; Boyce, Brad/0000-0001-5994-1743; Ritchie, Robert/0000-0002-0501-6998; De Hosson, Jeff/0000-0002-2587-3233 NR 48 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 101 IS 1 AR 013515 DI 10.1063/1.2403841 PG 9 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 127KR UT WOS:000243585200035 ER PT J AU Barnat, EV Hebner, GA AF Barnat, E. V. Hebner, G. A. TI Electric field profiles around an electrical probe immersed in a plasma SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CYLINDRICAL LANGMUIR PROBE; MOTION-LIMITED THEORY; CHARGE-EXCHANGE IONS; DUST GRAINS; SPHERICAL PROBES; COLLISIONAL PLASMAS; REFERENCE CELL; COLLECTION; PARTICLES; STATIONARY AB Laser-induced fluorescence-dip spectroscopy was used to measure the spatial distribution of electric fields around a biased cylindrical probe in an argon rf discharge. Two-dimensional maps of the field profiles were obtained around the probe as functions of argon pressure, discharge power, probe bias, and phase of the rf cycle. Analysis of the radial dependence of the electric fields indicated that the ion density decreased in the vicinity of the probe for all cases, contrary to the orbit motion limited regime typically employed for Langmuir probe analysis. We also observed perturbation of the plasma by the presence of the probe that extended many times the measurable length scale of the sheath (similar to 5 Delta x(sheath)) into the plasma around the probe. Electric field distributions were also measured as functions of distance from the plasma sheath boundary. Coupling between the bounding sheath fields of the plasma and those formed around the biased probe was observed, even at distances greater than length scales of either sheath. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Barnat, EV (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM evbarna@sandia.gov NR 47 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 101 IS 1 AR 013306 DI 10.1063/1.2404471 PG 9 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 127KR UT WOS:000243585200018 ER PT J AU Jensen, BJ Holtkamp, DB Rigg, PA Dolan, DH AF Jensen, B. J. Holtkamp, D. B. Rigg, P. A. Dolan, D. H. TI Accuracy limits and window corrections for photon Doppler velocimetry SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID REFRACTIVE-INDEX; SHOCK-WAVE; FUSED-SILICA; SAPPHIRE; COMPRESSION; INTERFEROMETER; DISPERSION; GERMANIUM; RELEASE; QUARTZ AB Symmetric, plate-impact experiments were performed to validate photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV) with established shock wave diagnostics. Impact velocity measurements using shorting pins demonstrated that the velocity accuracy of PDV can be 0.1% or better. Shock velocities and refractive indices were also measured with PDV (at 1550 nm) and velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR) (at 532 nm) to obtain window corrections for single crystal LiF (100), c-cut sapphire, and z-cut quartz. Time-dependent, free-surface velocity histories for shocked LiF(100) provide a direct comparison between PDV and VISAR diagnostics and illustrate the benefits and shortcomings of the new diagnostic. Further implications of these results are presented. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Jensen, BJ (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM bjjensen@lanl.gov NR 28 TC 101 Z9 113 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 101 IS 1 AR 013523 DI 10.1063/1.2407290 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 127KR UT WOS:000243585200043 ER PT J AU Benedetti, LR Guignot, N Farber, DL AF Robin Benedetti, Laura Guignot, Nicolas Farber, Daniel L. TI Achieving accuracy in spectroradiometric measurements of temperature in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell: Diamond is an optical component SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-PRESSURES; MELTING CURVE; IRON; TRANSITION; SYSTEM AB We present theoretical calculations of the optical effects of the diamond anvil on the accuracy of spectroradiometric temperature measurements made with the laser-heated diamond anvil cell. Considering the dual effects of wavelength-dependent index of refraction and wavelength-dependent absorbance, we find that systematic errors can be minimized by using low numerical aperture optics and by characterizing wavelength-dependent absorbance for each anvil as part of system response measurement. Quantitatively, failure to observe these guidelines can lead to systematic errors of hundreds of degrees. This physical effect may be one part of the origin of the discrepancy of experimental measurements of the melting temperature of iron at megabar pressures. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble 9, France. RP Benedetti, LR (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave,L206, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM lrbenedetti@gmail.com RI Farber, Daniel/F-9237-2011 NR 16 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 101 IS 1 AR 013109 DI 10.1063/1.2402587 PG 12 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 127KR UT WOS:000243585200009 ER PT J AU Scrymgeour, DA Sounart, TL Simmons, NC Hsu, JWP AF Scrymgeour, David A. Sounart, Thomas L. Simmons, Neil C. Hsu, Julia W. P. TI Polarity and piezoelectric response of solution grown zinc oxide nanocrystals on silver SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PIEZORESPONSE FORCE MICROSCOPY; MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; ZNO THIN-FILMS; CRYSTALS; SAPPHIRE; RECONSTRUCTION; POLARIZATION; CONSTANTS; NANORODS; GAN AB The crystal orientation and piezoelectric properties of solution grown ZnO nanorods on Ag films were measured by quantitative piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM). The polarity of the rods, important for many device applications, was determined to be oriented [0001] from the substrates. This indicates that the prevalence of the [0001] oriented crystals is dominated by the fastest growing direction in solution. The average value of the d(33) piezoelectric coefficient was measured to be 4.41 pm/V, with a standard deviation of 1.73 pm/V among the 198 individual rods. For calibration and comparison, PFM measurements were also performed on single crystals of x-cut quartz, z-cut periodically poled and single domain LiNbO3, and z-cut ZnO. Repeated measurements on individual rods establish that the run-to-run variation of a single rod is similar to that of single crystal measurements on quartz and LiNbO3. Hence, the observed rod-to-rod variation is not due to measurement uncertainty. Potential origins of this rod-to-rod difference will be discussed. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Scrymgeour, DA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM dscrymg@sandia.gov RI Scrymgeour, David/C-1981-2008 NR 50 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 31 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 101 IS 1 AR 014316 DI 10.1063/1.2405014 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 127KR UT WOS:000243585200097 ER PT J AU Zhao, ZC Wang, H Xiao, SQ Xia, YX McGuire, JA Ren, Y Jin, QY Gao, TR AF Zhao, Z. C. Wang, H. Xiao, S. Q. Xia, Y. X. McGuire, John A. Ren, Y. Jin, Q. Y. Gao, T. R. TI Anomalous hysteresis loops measured by the magneto-optical Kerr effect in a Co/NiO/Cu/Co/Cu structure SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIZATION REVERSAL; THIN-FILMS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; MULTILAYERS; ELLIPTICITY AB Anomalous hysteresis loops measured by longitudinal and polar magneto-optical Kerr effects (MOKE) were observed in a Co/NiO/Cu/Co/Cu structure. After excluding other possible mechanisms, we explain the anomalous hysteresis loops in terms of the opposite rotation angles for the top- and bottom-Co layers. Ultimately, the opposite rotation angles are likely caused by the different incidence angles for the top- and bottom-Co layers. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Dept Phys, Shanghai 200240, Peoples R China. MIT, Francis Bitter Natl Magnet Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Fudan Univ, State Key Lab Adv Photon Mat & Devices, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China. Fudan Univ, Dept Opt Sci & Engn, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China. Fudan Univ, Surface Phys Lab, State Key Lab, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China. Fudan Univ, Dept Phys, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China. RP Wang, H (reprint author), Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Dept Phys, Shanghai 200240, Peoples R China. EM huiwang@sjtu.edu.cn RI Gao, Tieren/F-6410-2013; McGuire, John/C-3380-2015; Wang, Hui/O-1032-2015 OI McGuire, John/0000-0002-0682-0953; NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 101 IS 1 AR 016105 DI 10.1063/1.2423001 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 127KR UT WOS:000243585200135 ER PT J AU Choudhury, S Chandrasekar, V AF Choudhury, Sutanay Chandrasekar, V. TI Wideband reception and processing for dual-polarization radars with dual transmitters SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WEATHER RADAR; RANGE AB Oversampling pulsed Doppler radar returns at a rate larger than the pulse bandwidth, whitening the range samples, and subsequent averaging has been pursued as a potential way to decrease the measured standard deviation of signal parameter estimates. It has been shown that the application of oversampling, whitening, and subsequent averaging improves the quality of reflectivity, mean velocity, and spectral width estimates in agreement with theory. Application of this procedure to a dual-polarization radar with dual transmitters is evaluated in this paper. Oversampled data collected from the Colorado State University (CSU)-University of Chicago-Illinois State Water Survey (CHILL) radar using a wideband receiver are analyzed to evaluate the performance of dual-polarization parameter estimators, such as differential reflectivity and differential phase. The negative impact of relative phase characteristics of the transmitted pulses in two polarizations on the copolar correlation, and subsequently on polarimetric parameter estimation, is analyzed. CSU-CHILL radar's transmitted pulse sampling capability is used to evaluate the impact of the transmitted waveform's mismatch on whitening and estimation. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Choudhury, S (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM sutanay@ieee.org NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 24 IS 1 BP 95 EP 101 DI 10.1175/JTECH1958.1 PG 7 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 129JH UT WOS:000243724600008 ER PT J AU Pfister, TD Mirarefi, AY Gengenbach, AJ Zhao, X Danstrom, C Conatser, N Gao, YG Robinson, H Zukoski, CF Wang, AHJ Lu, Y AF Pfister, Thomas D. Mirarefi, Amir Y. Gengenbach, Alan J. Zhao, Xuan Danstrom, Connor Conatser, Nicole Gao, Yi-Gui Robinson, Howard Zukoski, Charles F. Wang, Andrew H. -J. Lu, Yi TI Kinetic and crystallographic studies of a redesigned manganese-binding site in cytochrome c peroxidase SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE manganese oxidation; metal-binding site; protein engineering; metalloprotein; biomimetic ID MN-II BINDING; PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; COMPOUND-I; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; HEME PROTEIN; OXIDATION; RESOLUTION; LIGNIN; SUBSTRATE AB Manganese peroxidase (MnP) from the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium contains a manganese-binding site that plays a critical role in its function. Previously, a Mn-II-binding site was designed into cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP) based on sequence homology (Yeung et al. in Chem. Biol. 4:215-222, 1997; Gengenbach et al. in Biochemistry 38:11425-11432, 1999). Here, we report a redesign of this site based on X-ray structural comparison of MnP and CcP. The variant, CcP(D37E, V45E, H181E), displays 2.5-fold higher catalytic efficiency (k (cat)/K (M)) than the variant in the original design, mostly due to a stronger K (M) of 1.9 mM (vs. 4.1 mM). High-resolution X-ray crystal structures of a metal-free form and a form with Co-II at the designed Mn-II site were also obtained. The metal ion in the engineered metal-binding site overlays well with Mn-II bound in MnP, suggesting that this variant is the closest structural model of the Mn-II-binding site in MnP for which a crystal structure exists. A major difference arises in the distances of the ligands to the metal; the metal-ligand interactions in the CcP variant are much weaker than the corresponding interactions in MnP, probably owing to partial occupancy of metal ion at the designed site, difference in the identity of metal ions (Co-II rather than Mn-II) and other interactions in the second coordination sphere. These results indicate that the metal ion, the ligands, and the environment around the metal-binding site play important roles in tuning the structure and function of metalloenzymes. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Biochem, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Sch Chem Sci Biocrystallizat, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Acad Sinica, Facil Prot Crystallog, Inst Biol Chem & Core, Taipei 115, Taiwan. RP Lu, Y (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Biochem, 600 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM yi-lu@uiuc.edu RI Lu, Yi/B-5461-2010 OI Lu, Yi/0000-0003-1221-6709 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM62211] NR 61 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-8257 J9 J BIOL INORG CHEM JI J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 12 IS 1 BP 126 EP 137 DI 10.1007/s00775-006-0171-0 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 111OM UT WOS:000242462600011 PM 17021923 ER PT J AU Lee, SW Smith, DS Loth, F Fischer, PF Bassiouny, HS AF Lee, Sang-Wook Smith, David S. Loth, Francis Fischer, Paul F. Bassiouny, Hisham S. TI Importance of flow division on transition to turbulence within an arteriovenous graft SO JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS LA English DT Article DE arteriovenous graft; direct numerical simulation; transition to turbulence; flow division; hemodynamics ID WALL SHEAR-STRESS; TO-SIDE ANASTOMOSIS; VENOUS ANASTOMOSIS; HEMODIALYSIS; HYPERPLASIA; PRESSURE; GEOMETRY; ARTERIES; LAYERS; MODEL AB Transitional blood flow in an arteriovenous graft under various conditions of flow division was examined through direct numerical simulation. This junction consists of an inlet vessel (prosthetic graft) connected to a host vessel (vein) at an acute angle (21.6 degrees). Inlet Reynolds numbers, based on mean velocity and graft inlet diameter, ranged from 800 to 1400. Various flow divisions between the two ends of the host vessel (i.e., the proximal venous segment, PVS, and distal venous segment, DVS) were considered (PVS:DVS ratios of 100:0, 85:15, 70:30 and 115:(15)). The numerical technique employed the spectral element method which is a high-order discretization ideally suited to the simulation of transitional flows in complex domains. High velocity and pressure fluctuations were observed for the PVS:DVS = 70:30 and 85:15 cases and absent from the 100:0 and 115:(15) cases; the results indicate the importance of flow division on the development of turbulence in this junction. Transition to turbulence was observed at Reynolds numbers as low as 1000 and 800 under flow divisions of 85:15 and 70:30, respectively, significantly lower than the critical value of 2100. The frequency spectra of velocity fluctuations indicated a significant intensity within the frequency range of similar to 300 Hz downstream of the junction. An adverse pressure gradient developed in the PVS when graft inflow divided into opposite directions in the junction. This pressure gradient had a destabilizing effect on the flow and enhanced transition to turbulence in the PVS. These findings suggest that measurements of in vivo flow rates at the inlet and outlets are critical for the accurate prediction of arteriovenous hemodynamics. A potential clinical application of these results might be to close off the DVS during graft construction to ensure a 100:0 flow division. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 John P Robarts Res Inst, Imaging Res Labs, London, ON N6A 5K8, Canada. Univ Illinois, Dept Mech & Ind Engn, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Bioengn, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Surg, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Loth, F (reprint author), John P Robarts Res Inst, Imaging Res Labs, 100 Perth Dr, London, ON N6A 5K8, Canada. EM floth@uic.edu RI Loth, Francis/C-1177-2008; Lee, Sang-Wook/C-6666-2011 OI Lee, Sang-Wook/0000-0002-8600-9991 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [2R01HL55296-04A2] NR 31 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-9290 J9 J BIOMECH JI J. Biomech. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 5 BP 981 EP 992 DI 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.03.024 PG 12 WC Biophysics; Engineering, Biomedical SC Biophysics; Engineering GA 155GH UT WOS:000245565400004 PM 16904678 ER PT J AU Boyce, BL Jones, RE Nguyen, TD Grazier, JM AF Boyce, B. L. Jones, R. E. Nguyen, T. D. Grazier, J. M. TI Stress-controlled viscoelastic tensile response of bovine cornea SO JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS LA English DT Article DE bovine cornea; tension; mechanical behavior; viscoelasticity ID HUMAN KNEE LIGAMENTS; BIOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES; COLLAGEN FIBRILS; PORCINE CORNEA; MODEL; STRAIN; BEHAVIOR; TENDONS; RABBIT; TISSUE AB The viscoelastic response of bovine corneas was characterized using in vilro load-controlled uniaxial tension experiments. Specifically, two types of tests were employed: cycled ramp tests over a range of loading rates and creep tests over a range of hold stresses. Multiple replicates of each were used to quantify natural variability as well as mean trends. A preconditioning protocol was used to obtain a unique reference state before testing and to overcome the effects of non-physiological loading. A quasi-linear viscoelastic model incorporating a representation of the microstructure of the cornea was compared to the experimental results. For low stresses and moderate durations this model compares favorably, but overall the material displays non-linearities that cannot be represented within the quasi-linear framework. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Microsyst Mat Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87123 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Mat & Mech, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Boyce, BL (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Microsyst Mat Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87123 USA. EM blboyce@sandia.gov RI Nguyen, Thao/A-3391-2010; Boyce, Brad/H-5045-2012 OI Nguyen, Thao/0000-0002-0312-1583; Boyce, Brad/0000-0001-5994-1743 NR 36 TC 74 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-9290 J9 J BIOMECH JI J. Biomech. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 11 BP 2367 EP 2376 DI 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.12.001 PG 10 WC Biophysics; Engineering, Biomedical SC Biophysics; Engineering GA 203RB UT WOS:000248990600003 PM 17240381 ER PT J AU Yu, QS Huang, C Hsieh, FH Huff, H Duan, YX AF Yu, Q. S. Huang, C. Hsieh, F. -H. Huff, H. Duan, Yixiang TI Bacterial inactivation using a low-temperature atmospheric plasma brush sustained with argon gas SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE atmospheric plasma; glow discharge; sterilization; Escherichia coli; Micrococcus luteus ID GLOW-DISCHARGE PLASMA; PRESSURE PLASMA; STERILIZATION; DECONTAMINATION; SURFACES AB This study investigated the bacterial inactivation/sterilization effects of a new atmospheric plasma source, which is a brush-shaped argon glow discharge created under 1 atm pressure. Such an atmospheric plasma brush requires extremely low power of less than 20 W to operate; and therefore is essentially a low-temperature discharge as confirmed by gas-phase temperature measurements. Two bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Micrococcus luteus (M. luteus), seeded in various media were subjected to plasma treatment and their survivability was examined. It was found that such argon atmospheric plasma brush is very effective in destruction of the bacteria cells. With nutrient broth and standard methods agar as supporting media, a cell reduction in a level of 6 orders of magnitude was observed for E. coli within 3-4 min plasma treatment. A similar level of cell reduction was also observed for M. luteus in the two media with 2 or 3 min plasma treatment. The plasma treatment effects on the bacteria cell structures were also examined using scanning electron microscopy and the cell structure damages due to the plasma exposure were observed on both bacteria. The possible sterilization mechanism of the argon plasmas is also discussed in this article. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Univ Missouri, Ctr Surface Sci & Plasma Technol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Chem Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Biol Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Yu, QS (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Ctr Surface Sci & Plasma Technol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM yuq@missouri.edu NR 22 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 3 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1552-4973 EI 1552-4981 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES B JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B PD JAN PY 2007 VL 80B IS 1 BP 211 EP 219 DI 10.1002/jbm.b.30586 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 119NE UT WOS:000243018200025 PM 16850477 ER PT J AU Pellegrino, T Sperling, RA Alivisatos, AP Parak, WJ AF Pellegrino, T. Sperling, R. A. Alivisatos, A. P. Parak, W. J. TI Gel electrophoresis of gold-DNA nanoconjugates SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NANOPARTICLE-BOUND DNA; DEPENDENT OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; CONVEX FERGUSON PLOTS; HYBRIDIZATION EFFICIENCY; SURFACE COVERAGE; FORCE MICROSCOPY; AU NANOPARTICLE; QUANTUM DOTS; OLIGONUCLEOTIDES; NANOCRYSTALS AB Gold-DNA conjugates were investigated in detail by a comprehensive gel electrophoresis study based on 1200 gels. A controlled number of single-stranded DNA of different length was attached specifically via thiol-Au bonds to phosphine-stabilized colloidal gold nanoparticles. Alternatively, the surface of the gold particles was saturated with single stranded DNA of different length either specifically via thiol-Au bonds or by nonspecific adsorption. From the experimentally determined electrophoretic mobilities, estimates for the effective diameters of the gold-DNA conjugates were derived by applying two different data treatment approaches. The first method is based on making a calibration curve for the relation between effective diameters and mobilities with gold nanoparticles of known diameter. The second method is based on Ferguson analysis which uses gold nanoparticles of known diameter as reference database. Our study shows that effective diameters derived from gel electrophoresis measurements are affected with a high error bar as the determined values strongly depend on the method of evaluation, though relative changes in size upon binding of molecules can be detected with high precision. Furthermore, in this study, the specific attachment of DNA via gold-thiol bonds to Au nanoparticles is compared to nonspecific adsorption of DNA. Also, the maximum number of DNA molecules that can be bound per particle was determined. Copyright (C) 2007. C1 [Pellegrino, T.; Sperling, R. A.; Parak, W. J.] Univ Munich, Ctr Nanosci, D-80799 Munich, Germany. [Pellegrino, T.; Alivisatos, A. P.; Parak, W. J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Pellegrino, T.; Alivisatos, A. P.; Parak, W. J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Pellegrino, T.] INFM, Natl Nanotechnol Lab, I-73100 Lecce, Italy. [Sperling, R. A.; Parak, W. J.] Univ Marburg, Fachbereich Phys, D-35037 Marburg, Germany. RP Parak, WJ (reprint author), Univ Munich, Ctr Nanosci, D-80799 Munich, Germany. EM Wolfgang.parak@physik.uni-marburg.de RI Pellegrino, teresa/G-6417-2010; Sperling, Ralph /I-7050-2013; Parak, Wolfgang J./M-3998-2014; Alivisatos , Paul /N-8863-2015 OI Sperling, Ralph /0000-0002-8027-0697; Parak, Wolfgang J./0000-0003-1672-6650; Alivisatos , Paul /0000-0001-6895-9048 NR 51 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 11 U2 87 PU HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION PI NEW YORK PA 410 PARK AVENUE, 15TH FLOOR, #287 PMB, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA SN 1110-7243 J9 J BIOMED BIOTECHNOL JI J. Biomed. Biotechnol. PY 2007 AR 26796 DI 10.1155/2007/26796 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 299LI UT WOS:000255756700001 ER PT J AU Tomasi, DG Caparelli, EC AF Tomasi, Dardo G. Caparelli, Elisabeth C. TI Macrovascular contribution in activation patterns of working memory SO JOURNAL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE fMR1; vein; phase ID BRAIN ACTIVATION; FUNCTIONAL MRI; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; PHASE REFERENCE; IN-VIVO; FMRI; BOLD; BLOOD; SUSCEPTIBILITY; CONTRAST AB Brain activation maps of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signals during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are sensitive to unwanted contributions from large vessels. Most BOLD-fMRI studies are based on a stimulus-correlated modulation of the MRI signal amplitude that is sensitive to desired microvascular effects and unwanted macrovascular effects. Aiming to suppress macrovascular effects in activation patterns, this BOLD-fMRI study evaluates brain activation during a verbal working memory task (2-back) in healthy volunteers (n = 18) using the amplitude and phase components of the MRI signal. The use of the first time point as a phase reference allowed us to eliminate phase wrapping artifacts and increase the statistical power of 'phase' activation, and this information was used to filter out voxels with significant macrovascular (i.e., draining and pial veins) contribution in 'amplitude' activation patterns. Across subjects, the task produced large modulations of the relative phase in the occipital, dorsolateral prefrontal, and parietal cortices, suggesting a common distribution of draining veins in these regions across subjects, and in the rostral frontal cortex, probably associated to stimulus-correlated motion of the head. The phase filtering method partially suppressed BOLD responses in the superior and lateral prefrontal, parietal, and occipital cortices; therefore the commonly reported brain activation in these cortices during working memory tasks may include significant macrovascular contributions. This study suggests that the phase information embedded in the MRI signal can be used to suppress unwanted macrovascular contributions in fMRI studies. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Med, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Tomasi, DG (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Med, Bldg 490,30 Bell Ave, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM tomasi@bn1.gov RI Tomasi, Dardo/J-2127-2015 FU NCRR NIH HHS [5M01 RR-10710, M01 RR010710, M01 RR010710-06S1]; NIDA NIH HHS [R03 DA-017070-01, R03 DA017070, R03 DA017070-01] NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK STREET, 9TH FLOOR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 0271-678X J9 J CEREBR BLOOD F MET JI J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 27 IS 1 BP 33 EP 42 DI 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600314 PG 10 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Hematology; Neurosciences SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Hematology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 118HX UT WOS:000242934200005 PM 16639427 ER PT J AU Thackeray, M AF Thackeray, Michael TI The Structural Design of Electrode Materials for High Energy Lithium Batteries SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN LA English DT Article DE Battery; Lithium-Ion; Electrode; Structure; Design; Review AB Lithium batteries are used to power a diverse range of applications from small compact devices, such as smart cards and cellular telephones to large heavy duty devices such as uninterrupted power supply units and electric- and hybrid-electric vehicles. This paper briefly reviews the approaches to design advanced materials to replace the lithiated graphite and LiCoO2 electrodes that dominate today's lithiumion batteries in order to increase their energy and safety. The technological advantages of lithium batteries are placed in the context of water-based- and high-temperature battery systems. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Battery Technol Dept, Chem Sci & Engn Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Thackeray, M (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Battery Technol Dept, Chem Sci & Engn Div, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM thackeray@cmt.anl.gov FU Office of Freedom Car and Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy; Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory [DE-AC02-06CH11357] FX The author wishes to acknowledge all research colleagues, particularly at Argonne National Laboratory, who have contributed to the various sections of work cited in this review paper. Jack Vaughey is thanked, in particular, for providing the structural illustrations. Recent financial support from the Office of Freedom Car and Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy is gratefully acknowledged.; The submitted manuscript has been created by UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory ("Argonne"). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory, is operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The U.S. Government retains for itself, and others acting on its behalf, a paid-up nonexclusive, irrevocable worldwide license in said article to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the Government. NR 44 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC CHEMICAL ENG JAPAN PI BUNKYO KU TOKYO PA KYORITSU BUILDING 4-16-19 KOHINATA, BUNKYO KU TOKYO, 112, JAPAN SN 0021-9592 J9 J CHEM ENG JPN JI J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 13 SI SI BP 1150 EP 1158 DI 10.1252/jcej.07WE180 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA V37YS UT WOS:000209311700003 ER PT J AU Nielsen, IMB Janssen, CL AF Nielsen, Ida M. B. Janssen, Curtis L. TI Local Moller-Plesset perturbation theory: A massively parallel algorithm SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THEORY AND COMPUTATION LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON CORRELATION; LARGE MOLECULES; WAVE-FUNCTIONS; BASIS-SETS; IMPLEMENTATION; CONVERGENCE; MP2 AB A massively parallel algorithm is presented for computation of energies with local second-order Moller-Plesset (LMP2) perturbation theory. Both the storage requirement and the computational time scale linearly with the molecular size. The parallel algorithm is designed to be scalable, employing a distributed data scheme for the two-electron integrals, avoiding communication bottlenecks, and distributing tasks in all computationally significant steps. A sparse data representation and a set of generalized contraction routines have been developed to allow efficient massively parallel implementation using distributed sparse multidimensional arrays. High parallel efficiency of the algorithm is demonstrated for applications employing up to 100 processors. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Nielsen, IMB (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 969, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM ibniels@ca.sandia.gov NR 28 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1549-9618 J9 J CHEM THEORY COMPUT JI J. Chem. Theory Comput. PD JAN-FEB PY 2007 VL 3 IS 1 BP 71 EP 79 DI 10.1021/ct600188k PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 132TV UT WOS:000243966000008 PM 26627153 ER PT J AU Metzler, R Ambjornsson, T Hanke, A Zhang, YL Levene, S AF Metzler, Ralf Ambjornsson, Tobias Hanke, Andreas Zhang, Yongli Levene, Stephen TI Single DNA conformations and biological function SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL AND THEORETICAL NANOSCIENCE LA English DT Review DE DNA; single molecules; DNA looping; DNA denaturation; knots; gene regulation ID SELF-AVOIDING WALKS; SITE-SPECIFIC RECOMBINATION; RING-CLOSURE PROBABILITIES; T4 GENE-32 PROTEIN; DIFFUSION-DRIVEN MECHANISMS; COUPLED CHEMICAL-REACTIONS; NUCLEIC-ACID STRUCTURES; DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA; EXACT SCALING FORM; 2D POLYMER PHASE AB From a nanoscience perspective, cellular processes and their reduced in vitro imitations provide extraordinary examples for highly robust few or single molecule reaction pathways. A prime example are biochemical reactions involving DNA molecules, and the coupling of these reactions to the physical conformations of DNA. In this review, we summarise recent results on the following phenomena: We investigate the biophysical properties of DNA-looping and the equilibrium configurations of DNA-knots, whose relevance to biological processes are increasingly appreciated. We. discuss how random DNA-looping may be related to the efficiency of the target search process of proteins for their specific binding site on the DNA molecule. And we dwell on the spontaneous formation of intermittent DNA nanobubbles and their importance for biological processes, such as transcription initiation. The physical properties of DNA may indeed turn out to be particularly suitable for the use of DNA in nanosensing applications. C1 NORDITA, Nord Inst Theoret Phys, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. Univ Ottawa, Dept Phys, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Phys & Astron, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA. Univ Texas Dallas, NanoTech Inst, Richardson, TX 75083 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Phys Biosci Div, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Texas Dallas, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Richardson, TX 75080 USA. RP Metzler, R (reprint author), NORDITA, Nord Inst Theoret Phys, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. RI Metzler, Ralf/J-9088-2013; OI Metzler, Ralf/0000-0002-6013-7020; Levene, Stephen/0000-0003-2778-5162 NR 388 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS PI VALENCIA PA 26650 THE OLD RD, STE 208, VALENCIA, CA 91381-0751 USA SN 1546-1955 EI 1546-1963 J9 J COMPUT THEOR NANOS JI J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 4 IS 1 BP 1 EP 49 PG 49 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 143NW UT WOS:000244730300001 ER PT J AU Nukala, PKVV Simunovic, S Zapperi, S Alava, MJ AF Nukala, Phani K. V. V. Simunovic, Srdan Zapperi, Stefano Alava, Mikko J. TI Fracture in three-dimensional random fuse model: recent advances through high-performance computing SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTER-AIDED MATERIALS DESIGN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Multiscale Materials Modeling (MMM 2006) CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Freiburg, GERMANY DE random fuse model; crack roughness ID SURFACES; NETWORKS; SYSTEMS; ROUGHNESS; CRACKS AB The paper presents the state-of-the-art algorithmic developments for simulating the fracture of disordered quasi-brittle materials using discrete lattice systems. Large scale simulations are often required to obtain accurate scaling laws; however, due to computational complexity, the simulations using the traditional algorithms were limited to small system sizes. In our earlier work, we have developed two algorithms: a multiple sparse Cholesky downdating scheme for simulating 2D random fuse model systems, and a block-circulant preconditioner for simulating 3D random fuse model systems. Using these algorithms, we were able to simulate fracture of largest ever lattice system sizes (L = 1024in2D, and L = 64 in 3D) with extensive statistical sampling. Our recent massively parallel simulations on 1024 processors of Cray-XT3 and IBM Blue-Gene/L have further enabled us to explore fracture of 3D lattice systems of size L = 128, which is a significant computational achievement. Based on these large-scale simulations, we analyze the scaling of crack surface roughness. C1 [Nukala, Phani K. V. V.; Simunovic, Srdan] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Zapperi, Stefano] Univ Rome, I-00185 Rome, Italy. [Alava, Mikko J.] Aalto Univ, Phys Lab, Espoo 02105, HUT, Finland. RP Nukala, PKVV (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM nukalapk@ornl.gov RI Alava, Mikko/G-2202-2013; Zapperi, Stefano/C-9473-2009 OI Alava, Mikko/0000-0001-9249-5079; Zapperi, Stefano/0000-0001-5692-5465 NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-1045 J9 J COMPUT-AIDED MATER JI J. Comput-Aided Mater. Des. PY 2007 VL 14 SU 1 BP 25 EP 35 DI 10.1007/s10820-007-9080-y PG 11 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Materials Science GA 288LI UT WOS:000254987500005 ER PT J AU Uberuaga, BP Voter, AE Sickafus, KE Cleave, A Grimes, RW Smith, R AF Uberuaga, Blas Pedro Voter, Arthur F. Sickafus, Kurt E. Cleave, Antony Grimes, Robin W. Smith, Roger TI Structure and mobility of radiation-induced defects in MgO SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTER-AIDED MATERIALS DESIGN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Multiscale Materials Modeling (MMM 2006) CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Freiburg, GERMANY DE computer simulation; radiation damage; point defects; defect kinetics; temperature accelerated dynamics ID SIMULATIONS; DYNAMICS; PURE AB Understanding how the defects formed during radiation damage evolve with time is a key component to predicting materials performance during irradiation. This problem is inherently multiscale, involving time scales from ps to years and length scales from nanometers to meters. Here, we give an overview of our work on radiation damage in MgO. Molecular dynamics is used to simulate the production of defects during collision cascades. We describe accelerated dynamics simulations, used to probe the long-time behavior of defects formed in collision cascades in MgO in which we find surprisingly high mobilities for larger interstitial clusters. We gauge the impact of these high mobilities with simple chemical rate theory models and find that these interstitial clusters and their high mobilities do impact predicted interstitial loop size. C1 [Uberuaga, Blas Pedro; Sickafus, Kurt E.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Voter, Arthur F.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM USA. [Cleave, Antony; Grimes, Robin W.] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London SW7 2BP, England. [Smith, Roger] Univ Loughborough, Loughborough LE11 3TU, Leics, England. RP Uberuaga, BP (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM blas@lanl.gov RI Smith, Roger/C-2550-2013 NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-1045 J9 J COMPUT-AIDED MATER JI J. Comput-Aided Mater. Des. PY 2007 VL 14 SU 1 BP 183 EP 189 DI 10.1007/s10820-007-9085-6 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Materials Science GA 288LI UT WOS:000254987500020 ER PT J AU Lucko, G Vorster, MC Anderson-Cook, CM AF Lucko, Gunnar Vorster, Michael C. Anderson-Cook, Christine M. TI Unknown element of owning costs - Impact of residual value SO JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article DE construction equipment; cost analysis; computer software; sensitivity analysis AB Residual value is a largely unknown element within the cost calculations for construction equipment that equipment managers are preparing. Traditional estimation methods fall short of capturing its actual nature over time in detail. In this paper we consider the current state of knowledge on residual value and on other cost elements for used heavy construction equipment as implemented in a spreadsheet toot for owning and operating cost calculation. The potential influence of the factor residual value on the total owning costs, and ultimately on total hourly rates, is examined for several different types of heavy equipment. Representative examples of cost calculations are used to perform a sensitivity analysis. Intuitive contour diagrams of the total hourly cost are introduced. The need for an extended examination of residual value of construction equipment is demonstrated using statistical tests. Residual value is found to have a statistically significant contribution to the total hourly cost. C1 Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Civil Engn, Washington, DC 20064 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Charles E Via Jr Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Stat Sci Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Lucko, G (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Civil Engn, Washington, DC 20064 USA. EM lucko@cua.edu; mikev@vt.edu; c-and-cook@lanl.gov NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9364 J9 J CONSTR ENG M ASCE JI J. Constr. Eng. Manage.-ASCE PD JAN PY 2007 VL 133 IS 1 BP 3 EP 9 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2007)133:1(3) PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 119NB UT WOS:000243017900001 ER PT J AU Creighton, JR Wang, GT Coltrin, ME AF Creighton, J. Randall Wang, George T. Coltrin, Michael E. TI Fundamental chemistry and modeling of group-III nitride MOVPE SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy CY MAY 22-26, 2006 CL Miyazaki, JAPAN DE Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; laser light scattering; transmission electron microscopy; metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy; organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy; aluminum nitride; gallium nitride; indium nitride ID VAPOR-PHASE EPITAXY; SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTAL-GROWTH; PARASITIC CHEMICAL-REACTIONS; COMPLEX-FORMATION; MATRIX-ISOLATION; AMMONIA; ALGAN; TRIMETHYLALUMINUM; DEPOSITION; GALLIUM AB We have used a combination of experiments, reactor modeling, and quantum chemical calculations to investigate parasitic chemical reactions that occur during AlGaInN MOVPE. Our results indicate that the parasitic chemical reactions occur in the boundary layer near the growing surface and ultimately lead to the formation of nanoparticles, which we observed using in situ laser light scattering. We have also developed a thermophoretic particle capture technique to collect nanoparticles and analyze them with ex situ TEM, In all cases, the nanoparticles contained the group-III element used in the MOVPE process (i.e., Al, Ga, In). We have used FTIR to investigate the critical initial chemical reactions and conclude that the particle nucleation chemistry for AlN proceeds via a concerted pathway, while the particle nucleation chemistry for GaN and InN proceeds via a bond homolysis, or radical pathway. We have also developed a particle nucleation and growth model that explains the strong residence time dependence observed during AlN and GaN MOVPE. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Creighton, JR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS-1086, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM jrcreig@sandia.gov RI Wang, George/C-9401-2009 OI Wang, George/0000-0001-9007-0173 NR 37 TC 25 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 44 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JAN PY 2007 VL 298 SI SI BP 2 EP 7 DI 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2006.10.060 PG 6 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 142BD UT WOS:000244622600002 ER PT J AU Bork, T McMahon, WE Olson, JM Hannappel, T AF Bork, T. McMahon, W. E. Olson, J. M. Hannappel, T. TI Surface science studies including low-temperature RDS on MOCVD-prepared, As-terminated Si(100) surfaces SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy CY MAY 22-26, 2006 CL Miyazaki, JAPAN DE adsorption; reflectance difference spectroscopy; scanning tunnelling microscopy; metalorganic chemical vapour deposition; semiconducting III-V materials; semiconducting silicon ID SI(001) SURFACES; STEPS; STM; MICROSCOPY; DEPOSITION; RESOLUTION; EPITAXY; LEED AB Scanning tunnelling microscopy, reflectance difference spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and photoemission studies have been performed on metal organic chemical-vapour-deposition (MOCVD)-prepared, As-terminated Si(I 0 0) surfaces. Various preparation procedures in two different MOCVD reactors at the HMI1 and NREL2 were applied and benchmarked in UHV employing two different MOCVD to ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) transfer systems. Clean arsenic-terminated Si(100) was prepared with tertiarybutylarsine (TBAs) and AsH3 as precursors at preparation temperatures of around 900 degrees C. Non-bulk-like atomic structures were observed, which have been established already by McMahon et al. [Phys. Rev. B 74 (2006) 033304; S.B. Zhang, W.E. McMahon, J.M. Olson, Su-Huai Wie, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 166401] before and which do not appear on Si(100) surfaces treated with pure arsenic. In-situ RDS signals showed the same fingerprint as single domain (2 x 1)-reconstructed surfaces obtained in UHV via MBE by Kipp et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (1996) 2810], although low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) images displayed a (2 x 1)/(1 x 2) two domain surface. Temperature-resolved reflectance difference (RD) spectra did not show any energetic shift of the RDS peaks. Thus, the origin of the RD spectra appears to be different from the attribution made by Kipp et al. in their theoretical calculations. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 HMI, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. NREL, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Hannappel, T (reprint author), HMI, SE4,Glienicker Str 100, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. EM hannappel@hmi.de NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JAN PY 2007 VL 298 SI SI BP 54 EP 58 DI 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2006.10.048 PG 5 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 142BD UT WOS:000244622600013 ER PT J AU Kurtz, S Friedman, D Geisz, J McMahon, W AF Kurtz, Sarah Friedman, Daniel Geisz, John McMahon, William TI Using MOVPE growth to generate tomorrow's solar electricity SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy CY MAY 22-26, 2006 CL Miyazaki, JAPAN DE metal organic vapor-phase epitaxy; GaInP; semiconducting III-V materials; multijunction solar cells ID CELLS AB Growing interest in renewable energy combined with the excellent performance of compound-semiconductor solar cells inspires a vision of large-scale deployment of solar systems using these cells. Three-junction, GaInP/Ga(In)As/Ge solar cells have demonstrated an efficiency of 39%. Many companies are developing solar concentrator systems based on these commercially available cells. This paper reviews compound-semiconductor solar-cell technology from the viewpoint of researchers experienced with metal organic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE) growth of other compound-semiconductor devices. We describe the generic structure of today's multijunction solar cells and some of the challenges of implementing these structures. Several new device structures are currently being investigated toward achieving efficiencies above 40%. The potential for growth of this technology is huge, because high-efficiency (multijunction) concentrator systems have a chance to capture a significant part of the large-scale electricity photovoltaic market. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NREL, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Kurtz, S (reprint author), NREL, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM sarah_kurtz@nrel.gov NR 19 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JAN PY 2007 VL 298 SI SI BP 748 EP 753 DI 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2006.10.176 PG 6 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 142BD UT WOS:000244622600175 ER PT J AU Bergren, AJ Porter, MD AF Bergren, Adam Johan Porter, Marc D. TI Selectivity mechanisms at self-assembled monolayers on gold: Implications in redox recycling amplification systems SO JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE self-assembled monolayers; redox recycling; selectivity; partitioning; hydrophobicity; electron transfer kinetics; mediation and catalysis ID HETEROGENEOUS ELECTRON-TRANSFER; OMEGA-HYDROXY THIOL; PHASE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; AMPLIFIED ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION; AMPEROMETRIC BIOSENSOR RESPONSES; POLYPHENOL OXIDASE SYSTEM; COATED ELECTRODES; TRANSFER KINETICS; PARTITION-COEFFICIENT; MOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES AB Redox recycling systems enable marked improvement of electrochemical detection capabilities. Enhanced sensitivity is achieved by employing a sacrificial redox species that recycles the analyte back to its original oxidation state through a catalytic homogeneous electron transfer. Repetition of the cycle leads to multiple heterogeneous electron transfer events for each analyte molecule, serving to enhance the transduced signal. The success of redox recycling is intimately linked to the selectivity of heterogeneous electron transfer: the analyte should undergo a fast reaction while the sacrificial species should ideally be excluded from contributing directly to the current. This requirement stems from the relationship between selectivity and detection limit in that the direct heterogeneous electrolysis of the sacrificial additive can increase the background current which can degrade detection capabilities. Earlier work has shown that electrodes with suitable selectivity can be constructed using alkanethiolate monomolecular films on gold, with various ferrocenes (FcX) serving as a model analyte and ferrocyanide (Fe(CN)(6)(4-)) acting as the recycling agent [A.J. Bergren, M.D. Porter, J. Electroanal. Chem. 585 (2005) 172, A.J. Bergren, M. D. Porter, J. Electroanal. Chem. 591 (2006) 189, P.T. Radford, M. French, S. E. Creager, Anal. Chem. 71 (1999) 5101, P.T. Radford, S.E. Creager, Anal. Chim. Acta 449 (2001) 199, S.E. Creager, P.T. Radford, J. Electroanal. Chem. 500 (2001) 21]. The work herein investigates the origins of the selectivity for this system by analysis of the different pathways (e.g., electron transfer kinetics, size-exclusion, and partitioning) that can suppress the heterogeneous electrolysis of Fe(CN)(6)(4-), while maintaining that for FcX at a rapid level. Comparisons of experimental data to expectations derived from model assessments are used to evaluate the relative importance of each possibility. The properties (i.e., size and hydrophobicity) of several FcX molecules and Fe(CN)(6)(4-) are also examined to provide additional insight into the processes that are important in creating a potent redox recycling system. These results show how the inherent differences in the heterogeneous electron transfer reaction rates can dictate the kinetic selectivity of the system. These findings indicate that partitioning augments the kinetic selection for the FcX/Fe(CN)(6)(4-) System, leading to the high level of observed selectivity. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDOE, Ames Lab, Inst Combinatorial Discovery, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Porter, MD (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ USA. EM adam.johan.bergren@ualberta.ca; Marc.Porter@asu.edu RI Bergren, Adam/A-1609-2010 OI Bergren, Adam/0000-0001-5177-0038 NR 67 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0022-0728 J9 J ELECTROANAL CHEM JI J. Electroanal. Chem. PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 599 IS 1 BP 12 EP 22 DI 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.07.042 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry GA 127FC UT WOS:000243569700002 ER PT J AU Lee, KY Moore, DS Asay, BW Llobet, A AF Lee, K.-Y. Moore, D. S. Asay, B. W. Llobet, A. TI Submicron-sized gamma-HMX: 1. Preparation and initial characterization SO JOURNAL OF ENERGETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE gamma-HMX; nanoenergetics; neutron powder diffraction; raman spectrum; submicron energetic materials AB As part of our ongoing nanotechnology research effort, we have developed a novel method for the preparation of sub-micronsized HMX (sm-HMX) by a simple fast-cooling technique. Surface structure analysis of the sm-HMX by field emission scanning electron microscopy reveals particles that are oblong in shape with average width of similar to 300nm and length of similar to 1 2 mu m. Raman spectroscopic features in the 200 2000 cm(-1) range and high-intensity powder neutron diffraction were used to determine the crystallographic polymorph of the sm-HMX. Comparison of the Raman spectrum and the neutron powder diffraction pattern of sm-HMX to literature data show that sm-HMX is the gamma polymorph. The Raman data also illustrate that the polymorphic purity of the gamma sm-HMX produced by our method is greater than 99%. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Lee, KY (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mail Stop C920,POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM kylee@lanl.gov RI Llobet, Anna/B-1672-2010; Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Moore, David/C-8692-2013 NR 7 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0737-0652 J9 J ENERG MATER JI J. Energ. Mater. PY 2007 VL 25 IS 3 BP 161 EP 171 DI 10.1080/07370650701399312 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science GA 183VR UT WOS:000247601000002 ER PT J AU Richards, GA Thornton, JD Robey, EH Arellano, L AF Richards, Geo. A. Thornton, Jimmy D. Robey, Edward H. Arellano, Leonell TI Open-loop active control of combustion dynamics on a gas turbine engine SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID OSCILLATIONS AB Combustion dynamics is a prominent problem in the design and operation of low-emission gas turbine engines. Even modest changes in fuel composition or operating conditions can lead to damaging vibrations in a combustor that was otherwise stable. For this reason, active control has been sought to stabilize combustors that must accommodate fuel variability, new operating conditions, etc. Active control of combustion dynamics has been demonstrated in a number of laboratories, single-nozzle test combustors, and even on a fielded engine. In most of these tests, active control was implemented with closed-loop feedback between the observed pressure signal and the phase and gain of imposed fuel perturbations. In contrast, a number of recent papers have shown that open-loop fuel perturbations can disrupt the feedback between acoustics and heat release that drives the oscillation. Compared to the closed-loop case, this approach has some advantages because it may not require high-fidelity fuel actuators, and could be easier to implement. This paper reports experimental tests of open-loop fuel perturbations to control combustion dynamics in a complete gas turbine engine. Results demonstrate the technique was very successful on the test engine and had minimal effect on pollutant emissions. C1 US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. US DOE, Parsons Project Serv, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Solar Turbines Inc, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. RP Richards, GA (reprint author), US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0742-4795 J9 J ENG GAS TURB POWER JI J. Eng. Gas. Turbines Power-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2007 VL 129 IS 1 BP 38 EP 48 DI 10.1115/1.2204978 PG 11 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 124SL UT WOS:000243390100006 ER PT J AU Spadaccini, CM Peck, J Waitz, IA AF Spadaccini, C. M. Peck, J. Waitz, I. A. TI Catalytic combustion systems for microscale gas turbine engines SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 50th ASME Turbo-Expo 2005 CY JUN 06-09, 2005 CL Reno, NV SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers AB As part of an ongoing effort to develop a microscale gas turbine engine for power generation and micropropulsion applications, this paper presents the design, modeling, and experimental assessment of a catalytic combustion system. previous work has indicated that homogenous gas-phase microcombustors are severely limited by chemical reaction limescales. Storable hydrocarbon fuels, such as propane, have been shown to blow out well below the desired mass flow rate per unit volume. Heterogeneous catalytic combustion has been identified as a possible improvement. Surface catalysts can increase hydrocarbon-air reaction rates, improve ignition characteristics, and broaden stability limits. Several radial inflow combustors were micromachined from silicon wafers using deep reactive ion etching and aligned fusion water bonding. The 191 mm(3) combustion chambers were filled with platinum-coated foam materials of various porosity and surface area. For near stoichiometric propane-air mixtures, exit gas temperatures of 1100 K were achieved at mass flow rates in excess of 0.35 g/s. This corresponds to a power density of similar to 1200 MW/m(3); an 8.5-fold increase over the maximum power density achieved for gas-phase propane-air combustion in a similar geometry. Low-order models, including time-scale analyses and a one-dimensional steady-state plug-flow reactor model, were developed to elucidate the underlying physics and to identify important design parameters. High power density catalytic microcombustors were found to be limited by the diffusion of fuel species to the active surface, while substrate porosity and surface area-to-volume ratio were the dominant design variables. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Micro & Nano Technol, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. MIT, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, Gas Turbine Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Spadaccini, CM (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Micro & Nano Technol, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 23 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 13 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0742-4795 J9 J ENG GAS TURB POWER JI J. Eng. Gas. Turbines Power-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2007 VL 129 IS 1 BP 49 EP 60 DI 10.1115/1.2204980 PG 12 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 124SL UT WOS:000243390100007 ER PT J AU Yang, HT Krishnan, SR Srinivasan, KK Midkiff, KC AF Yang, Huateng Krishnan, S. R. Srinivasan, K. K. Midkiff, K. C. TI Sensitivity analysis of NOx formation kinetics in pilot-ignited natural gas engines SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-KINETICS; COMBUSTION; EMISSIONS; MECHANISM; OXIDE; FLAME AB A sensitivity analysis of NOx formation in pilot-ignited natural gas dual fuel engines is performed based on a phenomenological combustion model. The NOx formation mechanism employed in this study incorporates a super-extended Zel'dovich mechanism (up to 43 reactions). The sensitivity analysis compares the contribution of each major reaction to NOx formation, and identities the rate-controlling NOx formation reactions in different high-temperature regions-the burning pilot spray, the premixed flame associated with the gaseous fuel-air mixture, and the burned combustion products. The formation rates for reactions involving NOx are also investigated to reveal the primary NOx formation paths. Results show two main NOx formation paths both in the pilot spray (also called the packets zone) and the burned zone. The rate-limiting reactions for the packets zone are O + N-2 = NO + N and N-2 + HO2 = NO + HNO. Rate-limiting reactions for the burned zone are N2O + M = N-2 + O + M and N-2 + HO2 = NO + HNO. Since the aforementioned reactions significantly influence the net NOx prediction, it is important that the corresponding reaction rates be determined accurately. Finally, because the quasi-steady-state assumption is commonly used for certain species in NOx modeling, a transient relative error is estimated to evaluate the validity of the assumption. The relative error ill NO, prediction with and without the use of the steady-state assumption is small, of the order of 2%. This work also confirms that sensitivity analysis call provide valuable insight into the possible NOx formation pathways in engines and improve the ability of current prediction tools to obtain more reliable predictions. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Mech Engn, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Energy Syst Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Starkville, MS 39762 USA. RP Yang, HT (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Mech Engn, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. EM cmidkiff@eng.ua.edu OI Krishnan, Sundar Rajan/0000-0003-1882-8829 NR 32 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 10 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0742-4795 J9 J ENG GAS TURB POWER JI J. Eng. Gas. Turbines Power-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2007 VL 129 IS 1 BP 261 EP 270 DI 10.1115/1.2360601 PG 10 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 124SL UT WOS:000243390100031 ER PT J AU Tardiff, MF Katzman, D AF Tardiff, Mark F. Katzman, Danny TI Estimating contaminant attenuation half-lives in alluvial groundwater systems SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID MEAN RESIDENCE TIME; TRACER; MODEL AB One aspect of describing contamination in an alluvial aquifer is estimating changes in concentrations over time. A variety of statistical methods are available for assessing trends in contaminant concentrations. We present a method that extends trend analysis to include estimating the coefficients for the exponential decay equation and calculating contaminant attenuation half-lives. The conceptual model for this approach assumes that the rate of decline is proportional to the contaminant concentration in an aquifer. Consequently, the amount of time to remove a unit quantity of the contaminant inventory from an aquifer lengthens as the concentration decreases. Support for this conceptual model is demonstrated empirically with log-transformed time series of contaminant data. Equations are provided for calculating system attenuation half-lives for non-radioactive contaminants. For radioactive contaminants, the system attenuation half-life is partitioned into the intrinsic radioactive decay and the concentration reduction caused by aquifer processes. Examples are presented that provide the details of this approach. In addition to gaining an understanding of aquifer characteristics and changes in constituent concentrations, this method can be used to assess compliance with regulatory standards and to estimate the time to compliance when natural attenuation is being considered as a remediation strategy. A special application of this method is also provided that estimates the half-life of the residence time for groundwater in the aquifer by estimating the half life for a conservative contaminant that is no longer being released into the aquifer. Finally, the ratio of the half-life for groundwater residence time to the attenuation half-life for a contaminant is discussed as a system-scale retardation factor which can be used in analytical and numerical modeling. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Tardiff, MF (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999,Mail Stop K1-90, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM mark.tardiff@pnl.gov; katzman@lanl.gov NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2007 VL 9 IS 3 BP 266 EP 274 DI 10.1039/b700494j PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 143QV UT WOS:000244738700007 PM 17344953 ER PT J AU Impellitteri, CA Evans, O Ravel, B AF Impellitteri, Christopher A. Evans, Otis Ravel, Bruce TI Speciation of organotins in polyvinyl chloride pipe via X-ray absorption spectroscopy and in leachates using GC-PFPD after derivatisation SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID MUNICIPAL WASTE-WATER; SEWAGE-SLUDGE; DRINKING-WATER; TRIBUTYLTIN; ENVIRONMENT; CONTAMINATION; SEDIMENTS; BUTYLTIN; FATE; TIN AB Three different polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe types were subjected to de- ionized water exposures over the course of at least 180 days. Water exposed to the pipe was analyzed for organotin speciation and concentration. Organotin concentrations were the highest during the first 1-5 days. The species and concentrations of organotins leached varied by pipe type. Data were normalized by surface area in order to compare laboratory results with results from a residential pipe system. For one pipe type, the lowest non-zero concentrations from the laboratory tests overestimated organotin concentrations in solution when compared with water samples from the same pipe type in a residence. For organotin exposure estimates, a range of 0.1 ng m(-2) to 10 ng m(-2) could be used for mature pipes (e.g. in use for 1 year). These estimates should be refined with more field study, however, due to the high variation in organotin species and concentrations leached as a function of pipe type, accuracy within an order of magnitude may be optimal as, in many instances, the type of pipe installed or buried may be unknown. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to identify organic and inorganic tin species in reference materials and the PVC samples. Monobutyl tin was identified as the primary organotin species in the pipes. Results from the XAS analyses also indicate that the technique shows promise for distinguishing between inorganic tin and organotins. Furthermore, organotins may be distinguished between mono-, di-, and tri-ligand species using XAS. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Impellitteri, CA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM Impellitteri.christopher@epa.gov RI ID, MRCAT/G-7586-2011 NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2007 VL 9 IS 4 BP 358 EP 365 DI 10.1039/b617711e PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 153MM UT WOS:000245439600007 PM 17410310 ER PT J AU Brown, GS Betty, RG Brockmann, JE Lucero, DA Souza, CA Walsh, KS Boucher, RM Tezak, MS Wilson, MC AF Brown, Gary S. Betty, Rita G. Brockmann, John E. Lucero, Daniel A. Souza, Caroline A. Walsh, Kathryn S. Boucher, Raymond M. Tezak, Matthew S. Wilson, Mollye C. TI Evaluation of vacuum filter sock surface sample collection method for Bacillus spores from porous and non-porous surfaces SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATION; PROBE AB Vacuum filter socks were evaluated for recovery efficiency of powdered Bacillus atrophaeus spores from two non-porous surfaces, stainless steel and painted wallboard and two porous surfaces, carpet and bare concrete. Two surface coupons were positioned side-by-side and seeded with aerosolized Bacillus atrophaeus spores. One of the surfaces, a stainless steel reference coupon, was sized to fit into a sample vial for direct spore removal, while the other surface, a sample surface coupon, was sized for a vacuum collection application. Deposited spore material was directly removed from the reference coupon surface and cultured for enumeration of colony forming units (CFU), while deposited spore material was collected from the sample coupon using the vacuum filter sock method, extracted by sonication and cultured for enumeration. Recovery efficiency, which is a measure of overall transfer effectiveness from the surface to culture, was calculated as the number of CFU enumerated from the filter sock sample per unit area relative to the number of CFU enumerated from the co-located reference coupon per unit area. The observed mean filter sock recovery efficiency from stainless steel was 0.29 (SD = 0.14, n 36), from painted wallboard was 0.25 (SD 0.15, n = 36), from carpet was 0.28 (SD 0.13, n := 40) and from bare concrete was 0.19 (SD = 0.14, n = 44). Vacuum filter sock recovery quantitative limits of detection were estimated at 105 CFU m(-2) from stainless steel and carpet, 120 CFU m(-2) from painted wallboard and 160 CFU m(-2) from bare concrete. The method recovery efficiency and limits of detection established in this work provide useful guidance for the planning of incident response environmental sampling for biological agents such as Bacillus anthracis. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Orion Int Technol, Albuquerque, NM USA. Amer Staff Augmentat Providers, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Brown, GS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 23 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2007 VL 9 IS 7 BP 666 EP 671 DI 10.1039/b700163k PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 185KE UT WOS:000247709100012 PM 17607386 ER PT J AU Kibler, VM Kasturi, KP AF Kibler, Virginia M. Kasturi, Kavya P. TI Understanding water quality trading: the basics SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article AB The United States has entered a new era in water quality protection: the era of market-based incentives. In January 2003, the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA) issued its National Water Quality Trading Policy ( Trading Policy) ( USEPA, 2003). This action has generated greater interest in water quality trading and has prompted EPA to develop tools and training to assist interested parties in understanding what water quality trading is and what constitutes a successful trading program. C1 US EPA, Off Wastewater Management, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Kibler, VM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Wastewater Management, 1200 Penn Ave,NW MC 4203 M, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM kibler.virginia@epa.gov; kasturi.kavya@epa.gov NR 1 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2007 VL 9 IS 12 BP 1302 EP 1305 DI 10.1039/b714740f PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 236XN UT WOS:000251336800001 PM 18049767 ER PT J AU Lei, CH Valenta, MM Saripalli, KP Ackerman, EJ AF Lei, Chenghong Valenta, Michelle M. Saripalli, K. Prasad Ackerman, Eric J. TI Biosensing paraoxon in simulated environmental samples by immobilized organophosphorus hydrolase in functionalized mesoporous silica SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SOL-GEL PROCESS; ENZYME; FILM; DETOXIFICATION; STABILIZATION; ENCAPSULATION; MEMBRANES; SUPPORTS; SENSORS; BINDING AB There is a critical need for highly sensitive, cost-effective sensors to conduct ecological analyses for environmental and homeland security-related applications. Enzyme biosensors, which are currently gaining acceptance for environmental monitoring applications, need improvements to deliver faster measurements with stabilized sensing elements, e.g., enzymes. We report here on a method which significantly overcomes this difficulty, and demonstrate its application in a biosensor for aquatic environmental applications. A fast-responding and stable biosensor was developed via immobilization of organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) in functionalized mesoporous silica (FMS) with pore sizes in tens of nanometers. The OPH-FMS composite was held on glassy carbon electrode by a dried Nafion gel and FMS protected OPH from Nafion-resulted activity loss. The resulting enzyme biosensor, when integrated with an electrochemical instrument, responded rapidly to low paraoxon concentration and achieved steady-state current in less than 10 s, with a detection limit of 4.0 X 10(-7) M paraoxon. The biosensor was tested for detection of paraoxon in simulated environmental samples, under wide-ranging physicochemical conditions. Results clearly indicate high recovery efficiencies in aqueous solutions (96 to 101%) at different pH, total organic carbon, total dissolved solids, and total suspended solids, and demonstrate the ability of the biosensor unit to continuously monitor paraoxon in aqueous conditions similar to those found in river and lake systems. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Ackerman, EJ (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM Eric.Ackerman@pnl.gov NR 31 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 2007 VL 36 IS 1 BP 233 EP 238 DI 10.2134/jeq2006.0216 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 127HF UT WOS:000243575400025 PM 17215231 ER PT J AU Galeriu, D Melintescu, A Beresford, NA Crout, NMJ Peterson, R Takeda, H AF Galeriu, D. Melintescu, A. Beresford, N. A. Crout, N. M. J. Peterson, R. Takeda, H. TI Modelling H-3 and C-14 transfer to farm animals and their products under steady state conditions SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY LA English DT Article DE carbon-14; tritium; milk; meat; eggs; concentration ratio; transfer coefficient ID TRITIUM AB The radionuclides C-14 and H-3 may both be released from nuclear facilities. These radionuclides are unusual, in that they are isotopes of macro-elements which form the basis of animal tissues, feed and, in the case of H-3, water. There are few published values describing the transfer of H-3 and C-14 from feed to animal derived food products under steady state conditions. Approaches are described which enable the prediction of C-14 and H-3 transfer parameter values from readily available information on the stable H or C concentration of animal feeds, tissues and milk, water turnover rates, and feed intakes and digestibilities. We recommend that the concentration ratio between feed and animal product activity concentrations be used as it is less variable than the transfer coefficient (ratio between radionuclide activity concentration in animal milk or tissue to the daily intake of a radionuclide). (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 IFIN HH, Dept Environm Phys & Life, Natl Inst Phys & Nucl Engn Horia Hulubei, RO-077125 Bucharest, Romania. Lancaster Environm Ctr, CEH Lancaster, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Lancaster LA1 4AP, England. Univ Nottingham, Div Agr & Environm Sci Environm Sci, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Environm Protect Dept, Operat & Regulatory Affairs Div, Terr & Atmospher Monitoring & Modelling Grp, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Natl Inst Radiol Sci, Chiba 2638555, Japan. RP Galeriu, D (reprint author), IFIN HH, Dept Environm Phys & Life, Natl Inst Phys & Nucl Engn Horia Hulubei, 407 Atomistilor St,POB MG-6, RO-077125 Bucharest, Romania. EM galdan@ifin.nipne.ro RI Galeriu, Dan/B-7113-2011; Melintescu, Anca /F-5850-2011; Melintescu, Anca/D-7280-2016; Crout, Neil /A-1369-2011; Beresford, Nicholas/I-6188-2012 OI Melintescu, Anca /0000-0001-7468-3439; Melintescu, Anca/0000-0001-8406-6426; NR 31 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0265-931X J9 J ENVIRON RADIOACTIV JI J. Environ. Radioact. PY 2007 VL 98 IS 1-2 BP 205 EP 217 DI 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2006.11.010 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 238GN UT WOS:000251435500014 PM 17764792 ER PT J AU Bradley, MM AF Bradley, Michael M. TI NARAC: an emergency response resource for predicting the atmospheric dispersion and assessing the consequences of airborne radionuclides SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Radioactivity in the Environment/6th International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic and Antarctic CY OCT 02-06, 2005 CL Nice, FRANCE DE NARAC atmospheric dispersion; radiation dose; plume model; nuclear emergency AB The National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC) serves as a national resource for the United States, providing tools and services to quickly predict the environmental contamination and health effects caused by airborne radionuclides, and to provide scientifically based guidance to emergency managers for the protection of human life. NARAC's scientists have developed a diverse tool kit of numerical modeling capabilities to respond to different types of release events, distance scales (local, regional, continental, and global), and response times. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Natl Atmospher Release Advisory Ctr, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Bradley, MM (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Natl Atmospher Release Advisory Ctr, L-103,.21POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM mbradley@llnl.gov NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0265-931X J9 J ENVIRON RADIOACTIV JI J. Environ. Radioact. PY 2007 VL 96 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 116 EP 121 DI 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.01.020 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 203FN UT WOS:000248960600015 PM 17507121 ER PT J AU Subacz, JL Barnett, MO Jardine, PM Stewart, MA AF Subacz, Jonathan L. Barnett, Mark O. Jardine, Philip M. Stewart, Melanie A. TI Decreasing arsenic bioaccessibility/bioavailability in soils with iron amendments SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE bioaccessibility; bioavailability; arsenic; risk; soil; amendments; moisture content ID ZERO-VALENT IRON; CONTAMINATED SOILS; ZEROVALENT IRON; CORROSION PRODUCTS; RISK-ASSESSMENT; SKIN-CANCER; REMOVAL; BIOAVAILABILITY; FERRIHYDRITE; REMEDIATION AB We investigated the use of various iron amendments (metallic Fe and soluble Fe(II)- and Fe(III)-halide salts) to reduce arsenic (As) bioaccessibility (as a surrogate for oral bioavailability) in contaminated soils. Soluble Fe(II)- and Fe(III)-salts were more effective than metallic Fe in reducing As bioaccessibility. Adding soluble Fe(III)-salts to soil reduces As bioaccessibility in two ways, by increasing the Fe(III) (hydr)oxide content and by lowering the soil pH. A detailed investigation into the effect of soil moisture when adding Fe(III) amendments indicated that the reaction can occur in situ if sufficient (>= 30% moisture) is added. If the amendments are added to the soil without moisture, a reduction in bioaccessibility will occur in the extraction fluid itself (i.e., an experimental artifact not reflecting a true in situ reduction in bioaccessibility). Adding Fe (III)-salts to nine As-contaminated soils at a Fe:As molar ratio of 100:1 reduced the average bioaccessibility in the soils by approximately a factor of two. Greater reductions in As bioaccessibility can be achieved by increasing the Fe:As molar ratio. These results suggest decreasing As bioaccessibility and bioavailability in soil by adding Fe amendments may be an effective strategy to remediate As-contaminated soils. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Barnett, MO (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM barnettm@eng.auburn.edu NR 44 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1093-4529 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL A JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. PY 2007 VL 42 IS 9 BP 1317 EP 1329 DI 10.1080/10934520701436047 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 192XI UT WOS:000248236700013 PM 17654151 ER PT J AU Young, LW Parham, C Zhong, Z Chapman, D Reaney, MJT AF Young, Lester W. Parham, Christopher Zhong, Zhong Chapman, Dean Reaney, Martin J. T. TI Non-destructive diffraction enhanced imaging of seeds SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE diffraction enhanced imaging; NMR imaging; seed anatomy; tissue density; X-ray attenuation and refraction; X-ray imaging ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; GERMINATING WHEAT; BRASSICA-NAPUS; WATER-UPTAKE; SOFT-TISSUE; RADIOGRAPHY; GRAIN; TOMOGRAPHY; HYDROLYSIS; ENDOSPERM AB Techniques that make possible the non-destructive continuous observation of plant anatomy and developmental processes provide novel insights into these phenomena. Non-destructive imaging of seeds was demonstrated using the synchrotron-based X-ray imaging technique, diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI). The seed images obtained had good contrast and definition, allowing anatomical structures and physiological events to be observed. Structures such as hypocotyl-root axes, cotyledons, seed coats, air cavities, and embryo-less Brassica, napus L. seeds were readily observed using DEL Embryo axes, scutella, pericarp furrows, coleoptiles, and roots were observable over a time-course in individual germinating Triticum aestivum L. caryopses. Novel anatomical and physiological observations were also made that would have been difficult to make continuously using other techniques. The physical principles behind DEI make it a unique imaging technique. Contrast in DEI is the result of X-ray refraction at the density differences occurring at tissue boundaries, scatter caused by regions containing ordered molecules such as cellulose fibres, and attenuation. Sectioning of samples and the infusion of stains or other contrast agents are not necessary. Furthermore, as high-energy X-rays are used (30-40 keV), little X-ray absorption occurs, resulting in low levels of radiation damage. Consequently, studies of developmental processes may be performed on individuals. Individual germinating B. napus and T. aestivum, seeds were imaged at several time points without incurring any apparent radiation damage. DEI offers a unique way of examining plant anatomy, development, and physiology, and provides images that are complementary to those obtained through other techniques. C1 Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Appl Microbiol & Food Sci, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada. RP Reaney, MJT (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Appl Microbiol & Food Sci, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. EM martin.reaney@usask.ca RI Chapman, Dean/I-6168-2013 OI Chapman, Dean/0000-0001-6590-4156 FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR48292] NR 39 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 22 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PY 2007 VL 58 IS 10 BP 2513 EP 2523 DI 10.1093/jxb/erm116 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 227GE UT WOS:000250644400012 PM 17595197 ER PT J AU Vesper, SJ McKinstry, C Haugland, RA Iossifova, Y LeMasters, G Levin, L Hershey, GKK Villareal, M Bernstein, DI Lockey, J Reponen, T AF Vesper, Stephen J. McKinstry, Craig Haugland, Richard A. Iossifova, Yulia LeMasters, Grace Levin, Linda Hershey, Gurjit K. Khurana Villareal, Manuel Bernstein, David I. Lockey, James Reponen, Tiina TI Relative moldiness index as predictor of childhood respiratory illness SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mold-specific quantitative PCR; mold; infants; wheezing; relative moldiness index ID QUANTITATIVE PCR ANALYSIS; ASTHMA; SYMPTOMS; INFANTS; HOMES; FUNGI; WATER; DUST AB The results of a traditional visual mold inspection were compared to a mold evaluation based on the Relative Moldiness Index (RMI). The RMI is calculated from mold-specific quantitative PCR (MSQPCR) measurements of the concentration of 36 species of molds in floor dust samples. These two prospective mold evaluations were used to classify the mold condition in 271 homes of infants. Later, the development of respiratory illness was measured in the infants living in these homes and the predictive value of each classification system was evaluated. The binary classification of homes as either moldy or non-moldy by on-site visual home inspection was not predictive of the development of respiratory illness (wheeze and/or rhinitis) (P = 0.27). Conversely, a method developed and validated in this paper, using the RMI index fit to a logistic function, can be used to predict the occurrence of illness in homes and allows stake-holders the choice among various levels of risk. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, Cincinnati, OH USA. Cincinnati Childrens Hosp Med Ctr, Cincinnati, OH USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Internal Med, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Vesper, SJ (reprint author), US EPA, 26 WML King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM vesper.stephen@epa.gov OI Khurana Hershey, Gurjit/0000-0001-6663-977X FU NIEHS NIH HHS [R01 ES011170, R01 ES011170-06A2, R01 ES11170] NR 20 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK STREET, 9TH FLOOR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 1559-0631 J9 J EXPO SCI ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 17 IS 1 BP 88 EP 94 DI 10.1038/sj.jes.7500528 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 146JR UT WOS:000244930900012 PM 17033680 ER PT J AU Yoon, SS Jepsen, RA Nissen, MR O'Hern, TJ AF Yoon, S. S. Jepsen, R. A. Nissen, M. R. O'Hern, T. J. TI Experimental investigation on splashing and nonlinear fingerlike instability of large water drops SO JOURNAL OF FLUIDS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Article DE finger instability; drop impact; splashing; Kelvin-Helinholtz; Rayleigh-Taylor ID RAYLEIGH-TAYLOR INSTABILITY; SOLID-SURFACE; LIQUID-DROP; IMPACTING DROP; FLAT SURFACE; SINGLE DROP; DEFORMATION; SIMULATION; EVOLUTION; COLLISION AB The fluid physics of the splashing and spreading of a large-scale water drop is experimentally observed and investigated. New phenomena of drop impact that differ from the conventional Rayleigh-Taylor instability theory are reported. Our experimental data shows good agreement with previous work at low Weber number but the number of fingers or instabilities begins to deviate from the R-T equation of Allen at high Weber numbers. Also observed were multiple waves (or rings) on the spreading liquid surface induced from pressure bouncing (or pulsation) within the impacting liquid. The first ring is transformed into a radially ejecting spray whose initial speed is accelerated to a velocity of 4-5 times that of the impacting drop. This first ring is said to be "splashing," and its structure is somewhat chaotic and turbulent, similar to a columnar liquid jet surrounded by neighboring gas jets at relatively high impact speed. At lower impact speeds, splashing occurs as a crown-shaped cylindrical sheet. A second spreading ring is observed that transforms into fingers in the circumferential direction during spreading. At higher Weber number, the spreading of a third ring follows that of the second. This third ring, induced by the pressure pulsation, overruns and has fewer fingers than the second, which is still in a transitional spreading stage. Several important relationships between the drop impact speed, the spray ejection speed of the first ring, and the number of fingers of the second and third rings are presented, based on data acquired during a set of drop impact experiments. Issues related to the traditional use of the R-T instability are also addressed. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Korea Univ, Dept Engn Mech, Seoul 136713, South Korea. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Yoon, SS (reprint author), Korea Univ, Dept Engn Mech, 5 Ga, Seoul 136713, South Korea. EM skyoon@korea.ac.kr NR 44 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0889-9746 J9 J FLUID STRUCT JI J. Fluids Struct. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 23 IS 1 BP 101 EP 115 DI 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2006.08.009 PG 15 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 129SA UT WOS:000243749200006 ER PT J AU Crane, NJ Bartick, EG Perlman, RS Huffman, S AF Crane, Nicole J. Bartick, Edward G. Perlman, Rebecca Schwartz Huffman, Scott TI Infrared spectroscopic imaging for noninvasive detection of latent fingerprints SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE forensic science; latent fingerprints; FTIR; spectroscopic imaging; trace evidence ID VISIBLE ABSORPTION; BONE; MICROSPECTROSCOPY; LUMINESCENCE; ENHANCEMENT; COLLAGEN; SYSTEM; TISSUE AB The capability of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging to provide detailed images of unprocessed latent fingerprints while also preserving important trace evidence is demonstrated. Unprocessed fingerprints were developed on various porous and nonporous substrates. Data-processing methods used to extract the latent fingerprint ridge pattern from the background material included basic infrared spectroscopic band intensities, addition and subtraction of band intensity measurements, principal components analysis (PCA) and calculation of second derivative band intensities, as well as combinations of these various techniques. Additionally, trace evidence within the fingerprints was recovered and identified. C1 Fed Bur Invest Acad, Counterterrorism & Forens Sci Res Unit, FBI Lab, Oak Ridge Inst Sci Educ, Quantico, VA 22135 USA. NIDDK, Chem Phys Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Bartick, EG (reprint author), Suffolk Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, 41 Temple St, Boston, MA 02114 USA. EM ebartick@suffolk.edu FU Intramural NIH HHS NR 34 TC 76 Z9 82 U1 5 U2 34 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 52 IS 1 BP 48 EP 53 DI 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00330.x PG 6 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 119EA UT WOS:000242993800009 PM 17209909 ER PT J AU Bougamont, M Hunke, EC Tulaczyk, S AF Bougamont, Marion Hunke, Elizabeth C. Tulaczyk, Slawek TI Sensitivity of ocean circulation and sea-ice conditions to loss of West Antarctic ice shelves and ice sheet SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LEVEL RISE; MODEL; COLLAPSE; MELTWATER AB We use a global coupled ocean-sea ice model to test the hypothesis that the disintegration of the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS), or just its ice shelves, may modify ocean circulation and sea-ice conditions in the Southern Ocean. We compare the results of three model runs: (1) a control run with a standard (modern) configuration of landmask in West Antarctica, (2) a no-shelves run with West Antarctic ice shelves removed and (3) a no-WAIS run. In the latter two runs, up to a few million square kilometres of new sea surface area opens to sea-ice formation, causing the volume and extent of Antarctic sea-ice cover to increase compared with the control run. In general, near-surface waters are cooler around Antarctica in the no-shelves and no-WAIS model runs than in the control run, while warm intermediate and deep waters penetrate further south, increasing poleward heat transport. Varying regional responses to the imposed changes in landmask configuration are determined by the fact that Antarctic polynyas and fast ice develop in different parts of the model domain in each run. Model results suggest that changes in the extent of WAIS may modify oceanographic conditions in the Southern Ocean. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Fluid Dynam Grp T3, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Bougamont, M (reprint author), Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol Glaciol Ctr, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England. EM tulaczyk@pmc.ucsc.ed OI Bougamont, Marion Heidi/0000-0001-7196-4171 NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 9 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2007 VL 53 IS 182 BP 490 EP 498 DI 10.3189/002214307783258440 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 233WA UT WOS:000251119800018 ER PT J AU Binyamin, I Pailloux, S Hay, BP Rapko, BM Duesler, EN Paine, RT AF Binyamin, Iris Pailloux, Sylvie Hay, Benjamin P. Rapko, Brian M. Duesler, Eileen N. Paine, Robert T. TI Synthesis of propionamide pyridine and pyridine N-oxide ligands SO JOURNAL OF HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID COORDINATION CHEMISTRY; MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE; SOLVENT-EXTRACTION; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; N,P,P'-TRIOXIDE; AMERICIUM(III); N,P-DIOXIDE; NITRATE; 2-(DIPHENYLPHOSPHINO)PYRIDINE AB A new set of pyridine and pyridine N-oxides functionalized with N,N-dimethylpropionamide pendant groups in the 2- and 2,6-positions have been prepared from the combination of 2-chloromethylpyridine and 2,6-bis(chloromethyl) pyridine with alpha-lithio N.N-dimethyl acetamide. The coordination interaction between 2-(N,N-dimethylpropionamide) pyridine N-oxide (10) and Tb(NO3)(3) has been unambiguously defined via single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of Tb(10)(NO3),(H2O). C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Chem, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Paine, RT (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Chem, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM rtpaine@unm.edu NR 25 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU HETERO CORPORATION PI PROVO PA PO BOX 170, PROVO, UT 84603-0170 USA SN 0022-152X J9 J HETEROCYCLIC CHEM JI J. Heterocycl. Chem. PD JAN-FEB PY 2007 VL 44 IS 1 BP 99 EP 103 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 134YH UT WOS:000244120000017 ER PT J AU Argurio, R Bertolini, M Franco, S Kachru, S AF Argurio, Riccardo Bertolini, Matteo Franco, Sebastian Kachru, Shamit TI Gauge/gravity duality and meta-stable dynamical supersymmetry breaking SO JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE supersymmetry breaking; gauge-gravity correspondence; brane dynamics in gauge theories ID DIRECT GAUGE MEDIATION; MODEL; VACUA; DIMENSIONS; BRANES; SPACE; QCD AB We engineer a class of quiver gauge theories with several interesting features by studying D-branes at a simple Calabi-Yau singularity. At weak 't Hooft coupling we argue using field theory techniques that these theories admit both supersymmetric vacua and meta-stable non-supersymmetric vacua, though the arguments indicating the existence of the supersymmetry breaking states are not decisive. At strong 't Hooft coupling we find simple candidate gravity dual descriptions for both sets of vacua. C1 Univ Libre Bruxelles, Phys Theor & Math Inst, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Univ Libre Bruxelles, Int Solvay Inst, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Sez Trieste, ISAS, SISSA, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. Sez Trieste, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. Princeton Univ, Joseph Henry Labs, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, SLAC, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Kavli Inst Theoret Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Argurio, R (reprint author), Univ Libre Bruxelles, Phys Theor & Math Inst, CP 231, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. EM rargurio@ulb.ac.be; bertmat@sissa.it; sfranco@feynman.princeton.edu; skachru@stanford.edu OI Bertolini, Matteo/0000-0002-7721-0773 NR 77 TC 80 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1029-8479 J9 J HIGH ENERGY PHYS JI J. High Energy Phys. PD JAN PY 2007 IS 1 AR 083 DI 10.1088/1126-6708/2007/01/083 PG 39 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 134YJ UT WOS:000244120200083 ER PT J AU Becher, T Neubert, M Pecjak, BD AF Becher, Thomas Neubert, Matthias Pecjak, Ben D. TI Factorization and momentum-space resummation in deep-inelastic scattering SO JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE renormalization group; renormalization regularization and renormalons; deep inelastic scattering ID COLLINEAR EFFECTIVE THEORY; YAN CROSS-SECTION; WILSON LOOPS; POWER CORRECTIONS; SOFT; ORDER; RENORMALIZATION; QCD; PROTON AB Renormalization-group methods in soft-collinear effective theory are used to perform the resummation of large perturbative logarithms for deep-inelastic scattering in the threshold region x -> 1. The factorization theorem for the structure function F-2( x, Q(2)) for x -> 1 is rederived in the effective theory, whereby contributions from the hard scale Q2 and the jet scale Q(2)(1-x) are encoded in Wilson coefficients of effective-theory operators. Resummation is achieved by solving the evolution equations for these operators. Simple analytic results for the resummed expressions are obtained directly in momentum space, and are free of the Landau-pole singularities inherent to the traditional moment-space results. We show analytically that the two methods are nonetheless equivalent order by order in the perturbative expansion, and perform a numerical comparison up to next-tonextto- leading order in renormalization-group improved perturbation theory. C1 Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Cornell Univ, Inst High Energy Phenomenol, New Lab Elementary Part Phys, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, ThEP, D-55099 Mainz, Germany. Univ Siegen, Fachbereich Phys, D-57068 Siegen, Germany. RP Becher, T (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. EM becher@fnal.gov; neubert@thep.physik.uni-mainz.de; pecjak@mail.desy.de NR 51 TC 116 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1029-8479 J9 J HIGH ENERGY PHYS JI J. High Energy Phys. PD JAN PY 2007 IS 1 AR 076 DI 10.1088/1126-6708/2007/01/076 PG 40 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 134YJ UT WOS:000244120200076 ER PT J AU Dyson, L AF Dyson, Lisa TI Studies of the over-rotating BMPV solution SO JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE D-branes; black holes in string theory ID BLACK-HOLES; 5 DIMENSIONS; D-BRANES; SUPERGRAVITY; STRINGS; ENTROPY AB We study unphysical features of the BMPV black hole and how each can be resolved using the enhancon mechanism. We begin by reviewing how the enhancon mechanism resolves a class of repulson singularities which arise in the BMPV geometry when D-branes are wrapped on K3. In the process, we show that the interior of an enhancon shell can be a time machine due to non-vanishing rotation. We link the resolution of the time machine to the recently proposed resolution of the BMPV naked singularity / "overrotating" geometry through the expansion of strings in the presence of RR flux. We extend the analysis to include a general class of BMPV black hole configurations, showing that any attempt to "over-rotate" a causally sound BMPV black hole will be thwarted by the resolution mechanism. We study how it may be possible to lower the entropy of a black hole due to the non-zero rotation. This process is prevented from occurring through the creation of a family of resolving shells. The second law of thermodynamics is thereby enforced in the rotating geometry - even when there is no risk of creating a naked singularity or closed time-like curves. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Dyson, L (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM dyson@berkeley.edu NR 43 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1029-8479 J9 J HIGH ENERGY PHYS JI J. High Energy Phys. PD JAN PY 2007 IS 1 AR 008 PG 25 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 134YJ UT WOS:000244120200008 ER PT J AU Deng, ZQ Guensch, GR Richmond, MC Weiland, MA Carlson, TJ AF Deng, Zhiqun Guensch, Gregory R. Richmond, Marshall C. Weiland, Mark A. Carlson, Thomas J. TI Prototype measurements of pressure fluctuations in The Dalles Dam stilling basin SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE prototype measurement; pressure fluctuation; stilling basin; pressure spectra; fish injury ID ISOTROPIC TURBULENCE; HYDRAULIC-JUMP; STEP AB At The Dalles Dam on the Columbia River, fish are believed to sustain injury from exposure to turbulence and from collisions with baffle blocks and end sills in the stilling basin at high spillway discharges. Because taking velocity measurements would be exceedingly difficult in this environment, a system of pressure transducers was installed to record high-frequency pressure data for a range of spillway discharges. The sensors were mounted below two of the spillbays on the tops, faces, and sides of baffle blocks; in the gaps between baffle blocks; and on the top and face of the end sill. Statistical analyses on results from three sensors below one of the two spillways showed that mean pressure increased during head-on flow, decreased in flow separation zones, and was proportional to water depth. Power spectra indicate increased low-frequency spectral power with increased discharge, typical spectral decay rates, and the existence of spectral peaks of possible hydraulic origin. The high-frequency pressure data collected at full scale in extremely turbulent environments will contribute to efforts to improve fish passage and to develop and validate three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics models. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Balance Hydrol Inc, Berkeley, CA 94710 USA. RP Deng, ZQ (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, PO Box 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM zhiqun.deng@pnl.gov RI Richmond, Marshall/D-3915-2013; Deng, Daniel/A-9536-2011 OI Richmond, Marshall/0000-0003-0111-1485; Deng, Daniel/0000-0002-8300-8766 NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC HYDRAULIC RESEARCH PI MADRID PA PASEO BAJO VIRGEN DEL PUERTO, 3, 28005 MADRID, SPAIN SN 0022-1686 J9 J HYDRAUL RES JI J. Hydraul. Res. PY 2007 VL 45 IS 5 BP 674 EP 678 PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 232DF UT WOS:000250997700009 ER PT J AU Chen, P Xie, H Maslov, S Redner, S AF Chen, P. Xie, H. Maslov, S. Redner, S. TI Finding scientific gems with Google's PageRank algorithm SO JOURNAL OF INFORMETRICS LA English DT Article DE Google PageRank algorithm; scientific gems; physical review; citations AB We apply the Google PageRank algorithm to assess the relative importance of all publications in the Physical Review family of journals from 1893 to 2003. While the Google number and the number of citations for each publication are positively correlated, outliers from this linear relation identify some exceptional papers or "gems" that are universally familiar to physicists. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Chen, P.; Redner, S.] Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Chen, P.; Redner, S.] Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Xie, H.] CUNY, New Media Lab, Grad Ctr, New York, NY 10016 USA. [Xie, H.; Maslov, S.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Condensed Matter Phys & Mat Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Chen, P (reprint author), Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM patrick@bu.edu; hxie@bnl.gov; maslov@bnl.gov; redner@bu.edu RI Maslov, Sergei/C-2397-2009 OI Maslov, Sergei/0000-0002-3701-492X NR 12 TC 145 Z9 151 U1 6 U2 45 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1751-1577 J9 J INFORMETR JI J. Informetr. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 1 IS 1 BP 8 EP 15 DI 10.1016/j.joi.2006.06.001 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science GA 274AN UT WOS:000253974300003 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, MA Bollen, J de Sompel, HV AF Rodriguez, Marko A. Bollen, Johan de Sompel, Herbert Van TI Mapping the bid behavior of conference referees SO JOURNAL OF INFORMETRICS LA English DT Article DE peer-review; referees; bid behavior ID CO-WORDS; NETWORKS AB The peer-review process, in its present form, has been repeatedly criticized. Of the many critiques ranging from publication delays to referee bias, this paper will focus specifically on the issue of how submitted manuscripts are distributed to qualified referees. Unqualified referees, without the proper knowledge of a manuscript's domain, may reject a perfectly valid study or potentially more damaging, unknowingly accept a faulty or fraudulent result. In this paper, referee competence is analyzed with respect to referee bid data collected from the 2005 Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL). The analysis of the referee bid behavior provides a validation of the intuition that referees are bidding on conference submissions with regards to the subject domain of the submission. Unfortunately, this relationship is not strong and therefore suggests that there may potentially exists other factors beyond subject domain that may be influencing referees to bid for particular submissions. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Rodriguez, Marko A.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, CCS 3, Knowledge & Informat Syst Sci Team, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Bollen, Johan; de Sompel, Herbert Van] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Digital Lib Res, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Bollen, Johan; de Sompel, Herbert Van] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Prototyping Team, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Rodriguez, MA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, CCS 3, Knowledge & Informat Syst Sci Team, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM marko@lanl.gov; jbollen@lanl.gov; herbertv@lanl.gov OI Van de Sompel, Herbert/0000-0002-0715-6126 NR 21 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1751-1577 J9 J INFORMETR JI J. Informetr. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 1 IS 1 BP 68 EP 82 DI 10.1016/j.joi.2006.09.006 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science GA 274AN UT WOS:000253974300009 ER PT J AU Fitzsimmons, J Atcher, R AF Fitzsimmons, Jonathan Atcher, Robert TI Synthesis and evaluation of a water-soluble polymer to reduce Ac-225 daughter migration SO JOURNAL OF LABELLED COMPOUNDS & RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS LA English DT Article DE actinium; alpha therapy; polyethylenimine; bismuth; PEI; daughter retention ID VASCULAR TARGETED RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY; BI-213; DECAY AB The actinium decay chain has been promoted as an in vivo alpha generator for therapy, but migration of daughters from the primary conjugate has lead to increased toxicity away from the target organ. To reduce daughter migration, polyethylenimine (PEI) was used with a primary chelator and secondary chelators. The primary chelator, DOTA, was used to coordinate 225 Actinium and secondary chelators-acetate and DTPA, were added to the polymer for coordination of daughters formed by decay. The (225)Actinium polymer derivatives containing secondary chelators were found to retain radioactive daughters better than the 225 Actinium bond to the primary alone. The retention of (213)Bismuth and (209)Thallium had the following order from highest retained to lowest DOTA-PEI-DTPA approximate to DOTA-PEI-CH2OO- > DOTA-PEI. The data suggests this polymer approach could be used to reduce daughter migration and has potential for development of actinium labeled radiopharmaceuticals. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Atcher, R (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biosci Div, MS M888,TA-3 Bldg 0562 Mail Stop G758, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM ratcher@lanl.gov OI Atcher, Robert/0000-0003-4656-2247 NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0362-4803 J9 J LABELLED COMPD RAD JI J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm. PD JAN-FEB PY 2007 VL 50 IS 1-2 BP 147 EP 153 DI 10.1002/jlcr.1143 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry GA 149UR UT WOS:000245172900021 ER PT J AU Gfroerer, TH Romero, MJ Al-Jassim, MM Wanlass, MW AF Gfroerer, T. H. Romero, M. J. Al-Jassim, M. M. Wanlass, M. W. TI Band-to-band and sub-band gap cathodoluminescence from GaAsP/GaInP epistructures grown on GaAs substrates SO JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Luminescence and Optical Spectroscopy of Condensed Matter CY JUL 25-29, 2006 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Beijing Assoc Sci & Technol, Beijing Jiaotong Univ, China Assoc Sci & Technol, Chinese Phys Soc, Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Inst Optoelect Technol, KC Wong Educ Fdn, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China DE cathodoluminescence; double heterostructure; lattice misinatch AB Lattice-matched GaAsxP1-x/GaInP double heterostructures (DHs) are grown on GaAs substrates by step grading the intervening lattice mismatch when x < 1. Cathodoluminescence (CL) measurements on these structures reveal a broad peak approximately 0.15 eV below the band-to-band (BB) emission. While the intensity of the BB peak is strong at room temperature, the sub-band-gap (SBG) feature quenches rapidly between 77 and 300 K. Beam energy-dependent and cross-sectional CL demonstrate that the SBG emission originates in the active layer near the lower interface of the DH. At 77 K, spectrally resolved plan-view CL images show little spatial correlation between the BB and SBG peaks, but when the SBG peak is observed at room temperature, the BB and SBG emission are highly correlated. The temperature-dependent spatial correlation is attributed to differences in thermal quenching of the radiative SBG recombination mechanism. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Davidson Coll, Dept Phys, Davidson, NC 28036 USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Gfroerer, TH (reprint author), Davidson Coll, Dept Phys, Davidson, NC 28036 USA. EM tigfroerer@davidson.edu NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-2313 J9 J LUMIN JI J. Lumines. PD JAN-APR PY 2007 VL 122 SI SI BP 348 EP 351 DI 10.1016/j.jlumin.2006.01.177 PG 4 WC Optics SC Optics GA 119DH UT WOS:000242991900103 ER PT J AU Meagley, RP Sharma, S Sharma, G Goodin, K Rattner, M AF Meagley, Robert P. Sharma, Shalini Sharma, Geeta Goodin, Kate Rattner, Michael TI Smart substrates: Improving pattern fidelity with the gain enhancing underlayers, APPAG SO JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART B-PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE nanolithography; EUV; 193; DUV; photoresist; anisotropy AB We have developed a materials technology to enhance spatial information at the photoresist-substrate interface by tuning the properties of the interface as a,function of exposure. A photosensitive spin-on-glass that compensates for signal loss through thickness by injecting catalyst into the resist layer in response to radiation dose is described. The preliminary results showed significant improvement to the depth of focus and indicated the approach potential to improve resolution and other key parameters. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Intel Corp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Meagley, RP (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Intel Corp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM robert.p.meagley@intel.com NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0022-2348 J9 J MACROMOL SCI B JI J. Macromol. Sci. Part B-Phys. PD JAN-FEB PY 2007 VL 46 IS 1 BP 33 EP 41 DI 10.1080/00222340601036744 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 126FO UT WOS:000243498000004 ER PT J AU Amoureux, JP Trebosc, J Wiench, J Pruski, M AF Amoureux, J. P. Trebosc, J. Wiench, J. Pruski, M. TI HMQC and refocused-INEPT experiments involving half-integer quadrupolar nuclei in solids SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE LA English DT Article DE solid-state NMR; J-coupling; R-INEPT; HMQC; quadrupolar nuclei; MAS; MQMAS; STMAS ID 3-DIMENSIONAL LATTICE CONNECTIVITIES; THROUGH-BOND CONNECTIVITIES; NATURAL-ABUNDANCE SAMPLES; STATE NMR EXPERIMENTS; POLARIZATION TRANSFER; MAS NMR; J-COUPLINGS; CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY; SENSITIVITY ENHANCEMENT; MQMAS NMR AB Hetero-nuclear coherence transfers in HMQC and refocused-INEPT experiments involving half-integer quadrupolar nuclei in solids are analyzed. 1D and 2D schemes are considered under MAS for the general case of multi-spin systems SIn, (n <= 4), where S is an observed nucleus. These results are also discussed in the context of high-resolution schemes featuring MQMAS or STMAS. The theoretical predictions are verified experimentally in a series of 1D and 2D experiments performed at 9.4 and 18.8 T. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 ENSCL USTL, UCCS, CNRS 8181, F-59662 Villeneuve Dascq, France. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Amoureux, JP (reprint author), ENSCL USTL, UCCS, CNRS 8181, F-59662 Villeneuve Dascq, France. EM jean-paul.amoureux@univ-lillel.fr NR 73 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 8 U2 31 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1090-7807 J9 J MAGN RESON JI J. Magn. Reson. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 184 IS 1 BP 1 EP 14 DI 10.1016/j.jmr.2006.09.009 PG 14 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physics; Spectroscopy GA 127EU UT WOS:000243568900001 PM 17027307 ER PT J AU Garcia, S Chavez, L Lowery, TJ Han, SI Wemmer, DE Pines, A AF Garcia, Sandra Chavez, Lana Lowery, Thomas J. Han, Song-I Wemmer, David E. Pines, Alexander TI Sensitivity enhancement by exchange mediated magnetization transfer of the xenon biosensor signal SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE LA English DT Article DE xenon; biosensor; remote detection; chemical exchange ID XE-129 NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; LASER-POLARIZED XE-129; FUNCTIONALIZED XENON; BINDING PROTEIN; RESONANCE AB Hyperpolarized xenon associated with ligand derivatized cryptophane-A cages has been developed as a NMR based biosensor. To optimize the detection sensitivity we describe use of xenon exchange between the caged and bulk dissolved xenon as an effective signal amplifier. This approach, somewhat analogous to 'remote detection' described recently, uses the chemical exchange to repeatedly transfer spectroscopic information from caged to bulk xenon, effectively integrating the caged signal. After an optimized integration period, the signal is read out by observation of the bulk magnetization. The spectrum of the caged xenon is reconstructed through use of a variable evolution period before transfer and Fourier analysis of the bulk signal as a function of the evolution time. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Pines, A (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA USA. EM pines@berkeley.edu RI Han, Songi/E-4723-2012 OI Han, Songi/0000-0001-6489-6246 NR 18 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1090-7807 J9 J MAGN RESON JI J. Magn. Reson. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 184 IS 1 BP 72 EP 77 DI 10.1016/j.jmr.2006.09.010 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physics; Spectroscopy GA 127EU UT WOS:000243568900009 PM 17046295 ER PT J AU Guertin, RP Harrison, N Zhou, ZX McCall, S Drymiotis, F AF Guertin, R. P. Harrison, N. Zhou, Z. X. McCall, S. Drymiotis, F. TI Very high field magnetization and AC susceptibility of native horse spleen ferritin SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE ferritin; magnetization; superparamagnetism; AC susceptibility ID GRAINS FINS; NANOPARTICLES; SPIN; HYSTERESIS; BEHAVIOR AB The magnetization of native horse spleen ferritin protein is measured in pulsed magnetic fields to 55T at T = 1.52K. The magnetization rises smoothly with negative curvature due to uncompensated Fe3+ spins and with a large high field slope due to the underlying antiferromagnetic ferritin core. Even at highest fields the magnetic moment is only similar to 4% of the saturation moment of the full complement of Fe3+ in the ferritin molecule. The AC magnetic susceptibility, chi(AC)(T,f), responding to the uncompensated spins, reaches a maximum near the superparamagnetic blocking temperature with the temperature of the maximum, T-M, varying with excitation frequency, T-M(-1) alpha logf for 10 <= f <= 10(4) Hz. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ctr Sci & Technol, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Guertin, RP (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ctr Sci & Technol, Room 201, Medford, MA 02155 USA. EM robert.guertin@tufts.edu RI McCall, Scott/G-1733-2014; OI McCall, Scott/0000-0002-7979-4944; Harrison, Neil/0000-0001-5456-7756 NR 20 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 308 IS 1 BP 97 EP 100 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.05.010 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 101BH UT WOS:000241713400020 ER PT J AU Chang, JH Park, ME Shin, Y Exarhos, GJ Kim, KJ Lee, SC Oh, KS AF Chang, Jeong Ho Park, Moo Eon Shin, Yongsoon Exarhos, Gregory J. Kim, Kyung Ja Lee, Sang Cheon Oh, Kyung Sik TI Functional scaffolds of bicontinuous, thermoresponsive L-3-phase silica/hydroxyapatite nanocomposites SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION; DRUG-RELEASE; HYDROXYAPATITE; COATINGS; IMPLANTS AB Silicified L-3-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/ hydroxyapatite nanocomposites have been prepared by the integration of a thermosensitive polymer and heterogeneous continuity in a 3-D interconnected porous structure for highly controlled drug release without initial burst release during step-wise temperature changes, and the in-vitro cytotoxicity test for biocompatibility is demonstrated. C1 Korea Inst Ceram Engn & Technol, Seoul 153801, South Korea. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Andong Natl Univ, Dept Ceram Engn, Kyungbuk 760740, South Korea. RP Chang, JH (reprint author), Korea Inst Ceram Engn & Technol, Seoul 153801, South Korea. EM jhchang@kicet.re.kr; ksoh@andong.ac.kr NR 19 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2007 VL 17 IS 3 BP 238 EP 242 DI 10.1039/b609409k PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 122QG UT WOS:000243240900004 ER PT J AU Payne, DJ Egdell, RG Law, DSL Glans, PA Learmonth, T Smith, KE Guo, JH Walsh, A Watson, GW AF Payne, David J. Egdell, Russell G. Law, Danny S. L. Glans, Per-Anders Learmonth, Timothy Smith, Kevin E. Guo, Jinghua Walsh, Aron Watson, Graeme W. TI Experimental and theoretical study of the electronic structures of alpha-PbO and beta-PbO2 SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID X-RAY PHOTOEMISSION; SODIUM-TUNGSTEN BRONZES; SB-DOPED SNO2; PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTRA; LEAD DIOXIDE; LONE-PAIR; SEMICONDUCTOR TRANSITION; SYNCHROTRON-RADIATION; SPECTROSCOPY; ORIGIN AB The electronic structures of alpha-PbO and beta-PbO2 have been investigated by X-ray photoemission, X-ray absorption and X-ray emission spectroscopies, supported by bandstructure calculations performed within the framework of density functional theory. The relative intensity of a peak found at the bottom of the valence band for both oxides changes dramatically between Al K alpha X-ray photoemission and O K shell X-ray emission spectra, demonstrating that the states associated with this peak possess dominant Pb 6s character. This finding is in accord with partial densities of states derived from bandstructure calculations but is at variance with the conventional view that the Pb 6s states in PbO are close to the Fermi energy and hybridise with empty 6p states to give a metal based directional 6s - 6p lone pair. The photoemission onset of beta-PbO2 contains a well-defined metallic Fermi edge. The position of the onset structure suggests that the metallic nature of PbO2 arises from occupation of conduction band states above the main valence band, probably arising from oxygen vacancy defects. The conduction electrons of beta-PbO2 are strongly perturbed by ionisation of Pb core levels, giving rise to distinctive satellites in core XPS whose energies correspond to those of the conduction electron plasmon. C1 Univ Oxford, Inorgan Chem Lab, Dept Chem, Oxford OX1 3QR, England. SERC, Daresbury Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy & Surface Anal, Warrington WA4 4AD, Cheshire, England. Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Sch Chem, Dublin 2, Ireland. RP Egdell, RG (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Inorgan Chem Lab, Dept Chem, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QR, England. EM russell.egdell@chem.ox.ac.uk RI Walsh, Aron/A-7843-2008; Watson, Graeme/B-4262-2008; Payne, David/C-2117-2011; Payne, David/C-2148-2014; Glans, Per-Anders/G-8674-2016 OI Walsh, Aron/0000-0001-5460-7033; Watson, Graeme/0000-0001-6732-9474; Payne, David/0000-0002-2120-6679; NR 64 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 42 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2007 VL 17 IS 3 BP 267 EP 277 DI 10.1039/b612323f PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 122QG UT WOS:000243240900008 ER PT J AU Enlow, D Rawal, A Kanapathipillai, M Schmidt-Rohr, K Mallapragada, S Lo, CT Thiyagarajan, P Akinc, M AF Enlow, D. Rawal, A. Kanapathipillai, M. Schmidt-Rohr, K. Mallapragada, S. Lo, C. -T. Thiyagarajan, P. Akinc, M. TI Synthesis and characterization of self-assembled block copolymer templated calcium phosphate nanocomposite gels SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID TREATED TITANIUM; NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; HYDROXYAPATITE; MINERALIZATION; COMPOSITES; POLYMER AB Self-assembled macroscale calcium phosphate-copolymer nanocomposite gels were prepared using a bottom-up approach from aqueous solutions. Amphiphilic block copolymer micelles in aqueous solutions were used as templates for the growth of calcium phosphate nanocrystals and then allowed to self-assemble in solution to form thermoreversible nanocomposite gels. NMR and XRD showed that calcium phosphate precipitation in a Pluronic(R) F127 copolymer gel resulted in a disordered brushite phase while the calcium phosphate-poly(2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEM) modified Pluronic(R) F127 pentablock copolymer nanocomposite contained the same brushite phase along with a calcium dihydrogen phosphate second phase. TEM, SAXS, and NMR experiments confirmed that the calcium phosphate precipitated on and interacted with the polymer micelles forming an organized network of similar to 20 nm diameter nanospheres. The resulting polymer-calcium phosphate nanocomposite gels contained between 6.5 and 15 weight percent calcium phosphate, which could be controlled by manipulating the pH of the constituent solutions. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Xray Sci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Enlow, D (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Mallapragada, Surya/F-9375-2012 NR 15 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 17 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2007 VL 17 IS 16 BP 1570 EP 1578 DI 10.1039/b613760a PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 155SW UT WOS:000245599400004 ER PT J AU Zhou, HJ Mao, YB Wong, SS AF Zhou, Hongjun Mao, Yuanbing Wong, Stanislaus S. TI Shape control and spectroscopy of crystalline BaZrO3 perovskite particles SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MOLTEN-SALT METHOD; CDSE NANOCRYSTALS; BARIUM ZIRCONATE; NANOPARTICLES; GROWTH; METAL; NANOSTRUCTURES; SEMICONDUCTOR; MICROCRYSTALS; PRECURSORS AB Rational control over the shape of perovskite metal oxides has been achieved for single-crystalline BaZrO3 particles through a convenient, simplistic, large-scale molten salt synthetic methodology. The evolution of particle morphology from predominantly cubes to a mixture of cubes and spheres and finally to solely spheres has been demonstrated by increasing annealing/ reaction times at suitable annealing temperatures, all other parameters being equal. Rationally controlling the shape of perovskite oxides is of great importance due to their strongly structure-dependent physical properties. As-prepared, rare-earth ion-doped submicron-scale samples possess a noticeably higher photoluminescence (PL) efficiency as compared with bulk, and in particular, spheres evince a better PL signal as compared with cubes. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Phys & Nat Sci Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Wong, SS (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM sswong@notes.cc.sunysb.edu RI Mao, Yuanbing/D-5580-2009; Zhou, Hongjun/A-1304-2011 NR 34 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 9 U2 36 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2007 VL 17 IS 17 BP 1707 EP 1713 DI 10.1039/b616522b PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 160MV UT WOS:000245946800010 ER PT J AU Kang, SH Kempgens, P Greenbaum, S Kropf, AJ Amine, K Thackeray, MM AF Kang, S.-H. Kempgens, P. Greenbaum, S. Kropf, A. J. Amine, K. Thackeray, M. M. TI Interpreting the structural and electrochemical complexity of 0.5Li(2)MnO(3)center dot 0.5LiMO(2) electrodes for lithium batteries (M = Mn0.5-xNi0.5-xCo2x, 0 <= x <= 0.5) SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SITU X-RAY; CATHODE MATERIALS; ION BATTERIES; SECONDARY BATTERIES; LI; PERFORMANCE; CAPACITY; BEHAVIOR; LI2MNO3; OXIDES AB The structural and electrochemical features of layered 0.5Li(2)MnO(3)center dot 0.5LiMO(2) electrodes, in which M = Mn0.5-xNi0.5-xCo2x ( 0 <= x <= 0.5), have been studied by powder X-ray diffraction, electrochemical differential-capacity measurements, Li-7 magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy. Li2MnO3-like regions in the as-prepared samples were observed for all values of x, with transition-metal cation disorder between the LiMO2 and Li2MnO3 components increasing with cobalt content (i.e., the value of x). The structural disorder and complexity of the electrochemical redox reactions increase when the Li2MnO3-like regions within the electrode are activated to 4.6 V in lithium cells; interpretations of structural and electrochemical phenomena are provided. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Engn, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. CNRS, UPR 4212, CRMHT, F-45071 Orleans 2, France. CUNY Hunter Coll, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10021 USA. RP Kang, SH (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Engn, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM kangs@cmt.anl.gov RI Kang, Sun-Ho/E-7570-2010; ID, MRCAT/G-7586-2011; Amine, Khalil/K-9344-2013 NR 27 TC 199 Z9 208 U1 8 U2 114 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2007 VL 17 IS 20 BP 2069 EP 2077 DI 10.1039/b618715c PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 169CQ UT WOS:000246570700004 ER PT J AU Robinson, DB Rognlien, JL Bauer, CA Simmons, BA AF Robinson, David B. Rognlien, Judith L. Bauer, Christina A. Simmons, Blake A. TI Dependence of amine-accelerated silicate condensation on amine structure SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ACID POLYMERIZATION; NANOSPHERE FORMATION; COLLOIDAL SILICA; LAMELLAR SILICAS; NEUTRAL PH; DIATOMS; POLYAMINES; PEPTIDES; SILICIFICATION; SILAFFINS AB Diatoms are known to grow elaborate nano- and microstructured silica shells by depositing material from precursor-containing vesicles at mild temperature and pH. Oligo(1-methylazetane) and related moieties, in some cases attached to proteins, are believed to facilitate this process. To complement prior studies of more complex amines, we aim to understand why such a unique structure has evolved through a systematic study of a set of simple model compounds. The degree to which a series of diamines in solution enhances condensation of phosphate-buffered silicic acid at neutral pH increases with increasing alkylation, a factor more important than amine pK(a). This suggests why diatoms often use methylated oligomers. Bis(quaternary ammonium) salts result in even greater reactivity enhancement, constituting a new class of compounds that promote condensation under mild conditions. Methods are presented for incorporation of these new moieties into artificial peptides or other template-forming molecules, which should allow for more effective production of tailored silica nanostructures. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Simmons, BA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, 7011 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM basimmo@sandia.gov OI Simmons, Blake/0000-0002-1332-1810 NR 48 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 14 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2007 VL 17 IS 20 BP 2113 EP 2119 DI 10.1039/b700514h PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 169CQ UT WOS:000246570700010 ER PT J AU Fryxell, GE Mattigod, SV Lin, YH Wu, H Fiskum, S Parker, K Zheng, F Yantasee, W Zemanian, TS Addleman, RS Liu, J Kemner, K Kelly, S Feng, XD AF Fryxell, Glen E. Mattigod, Shas V. Lin, Yuehe Wu, Hong Fiskum, Sandy Parker, Kent Zheng, Feng Yantasee, Wassana Zemanian, Tom S. Addleman, R. Shane Liu, Jun Kemner, Ken Kelly, Shelly Feng, Xiangdong TI Design and synthesis of self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports (SAMMS): The importance of ligand posture in functional nanomaterials SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; ANTHROPOGENIC MERCURY EMISSIONS; SILICA-GEL; SEQUESTERING AGENTS; MOLECULAR-SIEVES; ACTINIDE SEQUESTRATION; MESOSTRUCTURED SILICA; CROSS-POLARIZATION; INITIAL EVALUATION; NANOPOROUS SILICA AB Water, and water quality, are issues of critical importance to the future of humankind. The Earth's water supplies have been contaminated by a wide variety of industrial, military and natural sources. The need exists for an efficient separation technology to remove heavy-metal and radionuclide contamination from water. Surfactant-templated synthesis of mesoporous ceramics provides a versatile foundation upon which to build high-efficiency environmental sorbents. These nanoporous ceramics condense a huge amount of surface area into a very small volume. These mesoporous architectures can be subsequently functionalized through molecular self-assembly. These functional mesoporous materials offer significant capabilities in terms of removal of heavy metals and radionuclides from a variety of liquid media, including groundwater, contaminated oils and contaminated chemical weapons. They are highly efficient sorbents, whose rigid, open pore structure allows for rapid, efficient sorption kinetics. Their interfacial chemistry can be fine-tuned to selectively sequester a specific target species, such as heavy metals, tetrahedral oxometallate anions and radionuclides. This manuscript provides a review of the design, synthesis and performance of the sorbent materials. The role that ligand posture plays in the chemistry of these interfacial ligand fields is discussed. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Hunan Normal Univ, Coll Chem &Chem Engn, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China. RP Fryxell, GE (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Mailstop K2-44,POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM glen.fryxell@pnl.gov RI Zheng, Feng/C-7678-2009; Lin, Yuehe/D-9762-2011 OI Zheng, Feng/0000-0002-5427-1303; Lin, Yuehe/0000-0003-3791-7587 NR 95 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 5 U2 48 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2007 VL 17 IS 28 BP 2863 EP 2874 DI 10.1039/b702422c PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 188QK UT WOS:000247934200001 ER PT J AU Thackeray, MM Kang, SH Johnson, CS Vaughey, JT Benedek, R Hackney, SA AF Thackeray, Michael M. Kang, Sun-Ho Johnson, Christopher S. Vaughey, John T. Benedek, Roy Hackney, S. A. TI Li2MnO3-stabilized LiMO2 (M = Mn, Ni, Co) electrodes for lithium-ion batteries SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MANGANESE-OXIDE ELECTRODES; TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; WAVE BASIS-SET; CATHODE MATERIALS; ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES; STRUCTURAL-CHARACTERIZATION; SECONDARY BATTERIES; LAYERED ELECTRODES; CAPACITY RETENTION; LOCAL-STRUCTURE AB A strategy used to design high capacity (> 200 mAh g(-1)), Li2MnO3-stabilized LiMO2 (M = Mn, Ni, Co) electrodes for lithium- ion batteries is discussed. The advantages of the Li2MnO3 component and its influence on the structural stability and electrochemical properties of these layered xLi(2)MnO(3)(.)(1-x) LiMO2 electrodes are highlighted. Structural, chemical, electrochemical and thermal properties of xLi(2)MnO(3)(.)(1-x) LiMO2 electrodes are considered in the context of other commercially exploited electrode systems, such as LiCoO2, LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2, Li1+xMn2-xO4 and LiFePO4. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Engn, Battery Technol Dept, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Met & Mat Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP Thackeray, MM (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Engn, Battery Technol Dept, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Kang, Sun-Ho/E-7570-2010 NR 90 TC 918 Z9 975 U1 128 U2 847 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2007 VL 17 IS 30 BP 3112 EP 3125 DI 10.1039/b702425h PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 194HM UT WOS:000248335300023 ER PT J AU Neale, NR Frank, AJ AF Neale, Nathan R. Frank, Arthur J. TI Size and shape control of nanocrystallites in mesoporous TiO2 films SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SENSITIZED SOLAR-CELLS; TITANIUM-DIOXIDE; ANATASE TIO2; SURFACE-STRUCTURES; THIN-FILMS; LOW-COST; DYE; TRANSPORT; RUTILE; ACID AB We investigated the influences of the titania precursor chemistry and hydrothermal temperature in the sol - gel procedure on the growth of TiO2 nanocrystallites. The nanocrystallites were prepared either from Ti((OPr)-Pr-i)(4) ((OPr)-Pr-i = isopropoxide) in acetic acid solution or from Ti((OPr)-Pr-i)(3)(OAc) ( OAc = acetate) in water followed by nitric acid acidification. Nanocrystallites formed from the first method were 20 - 40% larger than those produced from the second method. The average size of calcined TiO2 nanocrystallites formed from Ti((OPr)-Pr-i)(4) varied from 16-36 nm over the hydrothermal temperature range of 180-300 degrees C, while the average size of those prepared from Ti((OPr)-Pr-i)(3)(OAc) varied from 13-23 nm over temperatures of 200-250 degrees C. Significantly, the size of the crystallites displayed a linear dependence on the hydrothermal temperature. Crystal growth in acetic acid was enhanced in the [001] direction with increased autoclave temperature, whereas crystallites formed in the presence of nitric acid grew less rapidly in the [001] direction. The mechanisms for the preferential growth direction of the nanocrystals are discussed. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Chem & Biosci Ctr, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Neale, NR (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Chem & Biosci Ctr, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM nathan_neale@nrel.gov; afrank@nrel.gov NR 36 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 27 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2007 VL 17 IS 30 BP 3216 EP 3221 DI 10.1039/b700885f PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 194HM UT WOS:000248335300035 ER PT J AU Barnard, AS Curtiss, LA AF Barnard, A. S. Curtiss, L. A. TI Modeling the preferred shape, orientation and aspect ratio of gold nanorods SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SURFACTANT-DIRECTED SYNTHESIS; AUGMENTED-WAVE METHOD; PHASE-TRANSFORMATION; MELTING TEMPERATURE; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; METAL NANOWIRES; LIQUID-METALS; SIZE; NANOPARTICLES; DEPENDENCE AB It has been widely shown that gold nanorods produced via a variety of methods may have average aspects between similar to 2-40, depending on the synthetic conditions, and other thermodynamic considerations. This is significant, since the optical properties are highly dependant on the aspect of the nanorods. Furthermore, the number of different shapes and axial orientations produced depend partially on the aspect ratio, which clearly indicates that the relationship between shape, orientating and aspect is also significant. Presented here are the results of a systematic study of this relationship, using 30 candidate nanorod structures and an analytical shape- dependent thermodynamic model with input from relativistic first- principles calculations. The results show that gold nanorods with principle axes in the +/-[011] orientation are energetically preferred over alternative +/-[001] and +/-[111] orientations (under ambient conditions), but that the stability of the +/-[111] orientation increases significantly with both aspect and temperature, in agreement with other experimental and computational studies on selected types of structures reported in the literature. C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Mat, Oxford, England. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanoscale Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Barnard, AS (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Dept Mat, Parks Rd, Oxford, England. EM amanda.barnard@materials.ox.ac.uk; curtiss@anl.gov RI Barnard, Amanda/A-7340-2011 OI Barnard, Amanda/0000-0002-4784-2382 NR 64 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 9 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 EI 1364-5501 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2007 VL 17 IS 31 BP 3315 EP 3323 DI 10.1039/b704798c PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 197NQ UT WOS:000248563000016 ER PT J AU Coker, EN Steen, WA Miller, JT Kropf, AJ Miller, JE AF Coker, Eric N. Steen, William A. Miller, Jeffrey T. Kropf, A. Jeremy Miller, James E. TI The preparation and characterization of novel Pt/C electrocatalysts with controlled porosity and cluster size SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID HIGHLY DISPERSED PALLADIUM; AREA MICROPOROUS CARBON; METAL-CLUSTERS; PARTICLE-SIZE; TETRAAMMINE IMPREGNATION; PLATINUM NANOPARTICLES; CATALYTIC-ACTIVITY; OXYGEN REDUCTION; ELEMENTARY STEPS; GAS-PHASE AB Small platinum clusters have been prepared in zeolite hosts through ion exchange and controlled calcination/reduction processes. To enable electrochemical application, the pores of the Pt- zeolite were filled with electrically conductive carbon via infiltration with carbon precursors, polymerization, and pyrolysis. The zeolite host was then removed by acid washing, to leave a Pt/C electrocatalyst possessing quasi- zeolitic porosity and Pt clusters of well-controlled size. The electrocatalysts were characterized by TEM, XRD, EXAFS, nitrogen adsorption and electrochemical techniques. Depending on the synthesis conditions, average Pt cluster sizes in the Pt/C catalysts ranged from 1.3 to 2.0 nm. The presence of ordered porosity/structure in the catalysts was evident in TEM images as lattice fringes, and in XRD as a low- angle diffraction peak with d- spacing similar to the parent zeolite. The catalysts possess micro- and meso-porosity, with pore size distributions that depend upon synthesis variables. Electroactive surface areas as high as 112 m(2) g(Pt)(-1) have been achieved in Pt/C electrocatalysts which show oxygen reduction performance comparable to standard industrial catalysts. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. BP Res Ctr, Naperville, IL 60563 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60430 USA. RP Coker, EN (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM encoker@sandia.gov RI Miller, James/C-1128-2011; ID, MRCAT/G-7586-2011 OI Miller, James/0000-0001-6811-6948; NR 51 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 17 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 EI 1364-5501 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2007 VL 17 IS 31 BP 3330 EP 3340 DI 10.1039/b703916f PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 197NQ UT WOS:000248563000018 ER PT J AU Barnard, AS Sternberg, M AF Barnard, Amanda S. Sternberg, Michael TI Crystallinity and surface electrostatics of diamond nanocrystals SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BUCKY-DIAMOND; INDUCED TRANSFORMATION; CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES; NANODIAMOND PARTICLES; NANOCARBON SYSTEMS; STABILITY; GRAPHITE; BINDING; NANOPARTICLES; IRRADIATION AB Colloidal diamond nanoparticles are currently among the most synthesized nanomaterials on the market, and new emerging applications for nanodiamonds include bio-nano and polymer-based composites. The reliability and reproducibility of these composite materials will be strongly linked to the size, shape and stability of the individual nanodiamonds, which has an important impact on the strength and uniformity of the bonding between the particles and the polymers or bio-molecules. Although some attention has been given previously to the structure of nanodiamond surfaces, little attention has been given to the electrostatic potential at the surface, or to the structure of the cores. In the present study we use density functional tight binding to systematically examine the core structure of diamond nanoparticles of various shapes between similar to 1-3.3 nm in diameter. In addition to this, we present results of the surface electrostatic potential that indicate a preferred orientation for particle-particle interactions in agglomerates, and the assembly of nanodiamond with polymers or bio-molecules. C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Mat, Oxford OX1 3PH, England. Ctr Nanoscale Mat, Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL USA. RP Barnard, AS (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Dept Mat, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PH, England. EM amanda.barnard@materials.ox.ac.uk RI Barnard, Amanda/A-7340-2011 OI Barnard, Amanda/0000-0002-4784-2382 NR 43 TC 128 Z9 129 U1 2 U2 32 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 EI 1364-5501 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2007 VL 17 IS 45 BP 4811 EP 4819 DI 10.1039/b710189a PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 231FI UT WOS:000250931500010 ER PT J AU Fang, CM Wijs, GA Loong, CK de With, G AF Fang, C. M. de Wijs, G. A. Loong, C. -K. de With, G. TI Lattice and local-mode vibrations in anhydrous and protonized LiMn2O4 spinels from first-principles theory SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LITHIUM MANGANESE OXIDES; TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; AUGMENTED-WAVE METHOD; SURFACE-STRUCTURE; LIXMN2O4 SPINELS; ION-EXCHANGE; BASIS-SET; SPECTROSCOPY; METALS; SITES AB The phonon dispersion relations and density of states of anhydrous LiMn2O4 spinels have been studied using first-principles theory. Above the acoustic phonon branches, the heavy Mn ions and the light Li ions separately contribute primarily to the optic phonons of low (similar to 180 to 280 cm(-1)) and high (>400 cm(-1)) energies, respectively, whereas the O ions partake in lattice vibrations over a wide range of frequencies (180-644 cm(-1)). The measured phonon density of states of a LiMn2O4 powder corroborates the calculated results. Symmetry analysis of the calculated Brillouin-zone center modes allows a detailed comparison with the Raman-and infrared-active modes reported in the literature. First-principles calculations were also performed on protonized LiMn2O4 spinels. Each proton on the (001) surface of (Li, H)(x)Mn2O4 spinels, expected near an '8a' site, is bonded to one oxygen neighbor to form one (-OH) unit, similar to those in the bulk. Local structural relaxation leads to shifting of the surface proton inwards to the subsurface Mn-O layer. The vibrational frequencies of the protons are almost constant, other than a slight dependence on the Li/H concentration, regardless of the protons being in the bulk or on the surface. C1 Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Inst Mol & Mat, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands. Eindhoven Univ Technol, Lab Solid State & Mat Chem, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Wijs, GA (reprint author), Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Inst Mol & Mat, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands. EM G.deWijs@science.ru.nl RI Fang, Chang Ming/E-9213-2013; de With, Gijsbertus/E-3235-2014; de Wijs, Gilles/F-9705-2015 NR 44 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 30 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2007 VL 17 IS 46 BP 4908 EP 4913 DI 10.1039/b706814j PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 235YD UT WOS:000251269300012 ER PT J AU Germain, J Frechet, JMJ Svec, F AF Germain, Jonathan Frechet, Jean M. J. Svec, Frantisek TI Hypercrosslinked polyanilines with nanoporous structure and high surface area: potential adsorbents for hydrogen storage SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS; POLYMER NETWORKS; H-2 BINDING; ADSORPTION; ELECTRODE; CARBON; SUPERCAPACITOR; MICROSPHERES; POLYSTYRENE; CAPACITANCE AB A method for the preparation of an entirely new type of nanoporous material, hypercrosslinked polyaniline, with permanent porous structure and specific surface areas exceeding 630 m(2) g(-1) has been developed. The hypercrosslinking reaction was carried out with commercial polyaniline and diiodoalkanes or paraformaldehyde using both conventional and microwave assisted processes. Polyaniline swollen in an organic solvent was hypercrosslinked to form a rigid, mesh-like structure with permanent porosity and a high surface area. The resulting materials were characterized using infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Porous properties were determined by means of scanning electron microscopy as well as nitrogen and hydrogen adsorption. Short crosslinks such as those formed using paraformaldehyde and diiodomethane led to materials with the highest surface areas. Surface area also increased with the concentration of polyaniline in solution used during preparation. The hydrogen storage capacities of these materials were also tested and a capacity of 2.2 wt% at 77 K and 3.0 MPa was found for the best adsorbent. Hypercrosslinked polyanilines exhibit a remarkably high affinity for hydrogen, which results in enthalpies of adsorption as high as 9.3 kJ mol(-1) (exothermic), in sharp contrast with hypercrosslinked polystyrenes and metal-organic frameworks for which significantly lower enthalpies of adsorption, typically in the range of 4-7 kJ mol(-1), are measured. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Coll Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Svec, F (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Coll Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. OI Frechet, Jean /0000-0001-6419-0163 NR 52 TC 174 Z9 177 U1 17 U2 115 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2007 VL 17 IS 47 BP 4989 EP 4997 DI 10.1039/b711509a PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 235YF UT WOS:000251269500019 ER PT J AU Kaplan, DI Knox, AS AF Kaplan, Daniel I. Knox, Anna S. TI Wet/dry cycling effects on soil contaminant stabilization with apatite and Fe(0) SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID LEAD; METALS; HYDROXYAPATITE; DISSOLUTION; AMENDMENTS; EXTRACTION; SEDIMENT; SAMPLES; PHASE; IRON AB Efficacy of stabilizing Ce, Co, and Pb by adding apatite and zero-valent Fe(Fe(0)) to contaminated wetland sediments was quantified under oxidizing and reducing conditions. The redox status and the general water chemistry of the oxidized and reduced treatments differed greatly, yet the influences of the amendments on contaminant stabilization were quite similar; both amendments significantly (p <= 0.05) reduced aqueous contaminant concentrations. Based on resin sorption studies and thermodynamic calculations, Ce is believed to exist primarily as cationic species and Co as cationic, neutral, and organically complexed species. Based on a series of selective extractions. almost 50% by weight of the Co and Pb were already strongly bound to the sediment, thereby limiting the potential (and need) of affecting additional immobilization through the use of amendments. Fe(0) and combined Fe(0) and apatite additions tended to increase the in situ desorption K(d) values more than apatite-only additions. C1 Savannah River Natl Lab, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. EM daniel.kaplan@srnldoe.gov NR 32 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 4 U2 13 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0899-1561 J9 J MATER CIVIL ENG JI J. Mater. Civ. Eng. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 19 IS 1 BP 49 EP 57 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:1(49) PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA 119WV UT WOS:000243046000009 ER PT J AU Jang, JI Shim, S Komazaki, S Honda, T AF Jang, Jac-il Shim, Sanghoon Komazaki, Shin-ichi Honda, Tetsuya TI A nanoindentation study on grain-boundary contributions to strengthening and aging degradation mechanisms in advanced 12 Cr ferritic steel SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MARTENSITIC STEELS; INDENTATION EXPERIMENTS; SOFTENING BEHAVIOR; ELASTIC-MODULUS; CREEP; HARDNESS; MICROSTRUCTURE; NANOHARDNESS; PLASTICITY AB Nanoindentation experiments and microstructural analysis were performed on advanced 12% Cr ferritic steel having extremely fine and complex martensitic microstructures, to answer unsolved questions on the contributions of grain boundaries to strengthening and aging degradation mechanisms in both as-tempered and thermally aged steels. Interesting features of the experimental results led us to suggest that among several high angle boundaries, block boundary is most effective in enhancing the macroscopic strength in as-tempered virgin sample, and that a decrease in matrix strength rather than reduction in grain-boundary strengthening effect is primarily responsible for the macroscopic softening behavior observed during thermal exposure. C1 Muroran Inst Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Muroran, Hokkaido 0508585, Japan. Hanyang Univ, Div Mat Sci & Engn, Seoul 133791, South Korea. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Komazaki, S (reprint author), Muroran Inst Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Muroran, Hokkaido 0508585, Japan. EM koinazaki@mmm.muroran-it.ac.jp RI Jang, Jae-il/A-3486-2011; Komazaki, Shin-ichi/J-5256-2014 OI Jang, Jae-il/0000-0003-4526-5355; NR 23 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 11 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 22 IS 1 BP 175 EP 185 DI 10.1557/JMR.2007.0009 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 125SS UT WOS:000243463400022 ER PT J AU Marinova, M Sutter, E Baleva, M AF Marinova, M. Sutter, E. Baleva, M. TI Electron microscopy study of ion beam synthesized beta-FeSi2 SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LAYERS; HETEROJUNCTIONS; SI(100); FESI2 AB beta-FeSi2 embedded in a Si matrix was prepared by ion beam synthesis (IBS). Two step implantation, with energies 60 and 20 keV, of two different doses of the iron ions, 5 x 10(15) and 5 x 10(16) cm(-1), was performed. After the implantation, the samples were subjected to rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 900 degrees C. The crystal structure of the resulting material was studied using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM), including high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). The comparison of the XTEM images with the initial iron ions implantation profiles, simulated by SRIM (Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter) demonstrate that the process of IBS, followed by RTA, preserves the initial implantation profile, implying a negligible Fe atoms diffusion velocity in comparison with the one of the chemical reaction between Fe and Si. The XTEM images show that continuous beta-FeSi2 layers are fabricated when there is a stoichiometric region in the initial implantation profile. Fe concentration lower than the stoichiometric one in the whole implantation range results in formation of beta-FeSi2 nanocrystallites embedded in the Si matrix. The behavior of the absorption coefficient energy dependences, obtained from the optical transmittance and reflectance measurements, reflects the different crystal structures forming in the two types of samples. C1 Univ Sofia, Fac Phys, BU-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Ctr Funct Nanomat, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Marinova, M (reprint author), Univ Sofia, Fac Phys, 5 J Boucher Blvd, BU-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria. EM m_marinova@phys.uni-sofia.bg NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2461 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 42 IS 1 BP 207 EP 214 DI 10.1007/s10853-006-1053-0 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 127VN UT WOS:000243614500028 ER PT J AU Yan, L Allen, MS Simpson, ML Sayler, GS Cox, CD AF Yan, Ling Allen, Michael S. Simpson, Michael L. Sayler, Gary S. Cox, Chris D. TI Direct quantification of N-(3-oxo-hexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone in culture supernatant using a whole-cell bioreporter SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE 3-oxo-C6-HSL; autoinducer; bioreporter; quorum sensing; Vibrio fischeri ID VIBRIO-FISCHERI; HOMOSERINE-LACTONE; SIGNAL MOLECULES; LUXR PROTEIN; AUTOINDUCER; BIOLUMINESCENCE; IDENTIFICATION; EXPRESSION; EXTRACTION; BACTERIA AB The autoinducer N-(3-oxo-hexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C6-HSL) plays a significant role in the quorum-sensing system of the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Upon forming a transcriptional activation complex with LuxR, 3-oxo-C6-HSL induces transcription of the luxlCDABEG operon, leading to the increased production of both the 3-oxo-C6-HSL synthase (LuxI) and the bioluminescent proteins. In order to quantitatively analyze this regulatory mechanism, a novel approach was developed to measure 3-oxo-C6-HSL concentrations in V fischeri cell culture supernatant. A bioluminescent strain of Escherichia coli that responds to 3-oxo-C6-HSL was used as a bioreporter. Although a linear response of the bioreporter to exogenously added synthetic 3-oxo-C6-HSL was found over several orders of magnitude, we show that bioreporter performance was dramatically impacted by variations in the supernatants using samples from a V. fischeri Luxl(-) strain. However, when maintained in the same supernatant background, the normalized peak bioluminescence maintained a linear response to 3-oxo-C6-HSL concentrations. Therefore, a standard additions technique was developed in which a known concentration of 3-oxo-C6-HSL was added to supernatant samples from wild-type V fischeri cultures, and the incremental increase of the normalized peak bioluminescence relative to the untreated sample was determined. The concentration of 3-oxo-C6-HSL in the supernatant of the unknown sample was then quantified from the slope of the response between the normalized bioluminescent peaks with and without the addition of 3-oxo-C6-HSL. Advantages of this method are that it is rapid, does not require concentration or extraction, uses a small sample volume (ca. 2 ml), and accounts for effects caused by the composition of the supernatant. Furthermore, the findings can be broadly applicable to other bioreporter systems involving variable background conditions. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Tennessee, Ctr Environm Biotechnol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Microbiol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mol Scale Engn & Nanoscale Technol Res Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Cox, CD (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 73F Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM ccox9@utk.edu RI Simpson, Michael/A-8410-2011; Cox, Chris/A-9451-2013 OI Simpson, Michael/0000-0002-3933-3457; Cox, Chris/0000-0001-9818-5477 NR 28 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD JAN PY 2007 VL 68 IS 1 BP 40 EP 45 DI 10.1013/j.mimet.2006.06.002 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 133KR UT WOS:000244012300006 PM 16916554 ER PT J AU Cosse, JT Lopez, GP Atanassov, P Bauer, TM Chaudhury, ZA Schwappach, CD Mosley, LE Brevnov, DA AF Cosse, J. T. Lopez, G. P. Atanassov, P. Bauer, T. M. Chaudhury, Z. A. Schwappach, C. D. Mosley, L. E. Brevnov, D. A. TI Minimization of undercutting in electrochemical micromachining of patterned aluminum-copper films SO JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID POROUS-TYPE ANODIZATION; MULTILEVEL METALLIZATION; BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS; MASS-TRANSPORT; METAL-FILMS; OXIDE-FILM; THIN-FILMS; TITANIUM; PLANARIZATION; SCALE AB Al-0.5% Cu films patterned with an anodization mask of barrier Al2O3 are micromachined by porous-type anodization followed by chemical dissolution of porous Al2O3. Electrochemical micromachining results in well-defined metallic pillars separated by micro-grooves. The trapezoidal shape of the pillars is due to the lateral pore propagation under the anodization mask. Regardless of undercutting, porous-type anodization shows a higher degree of anisotropy than mostly isotropic wet chemical etching. The vertical growth of pores is accelerated with respect to the lateral propagation of pores by increasing the voltage of porous-type anodization. Consequently, the lateral pore propagation is minimized and for similar to 3 mu m thick Al-0.5% Cu films the etch factor increases from 2.6 to 4.3 when the voltage is increased from 20 V to 60 V. Comparing the results obtained with the micromachining of similar to 3 mu m and similar to 10 mu m thick films at the same voltage, the etch factor decreases as the depth of micro-grooves increases. The etch factor depends on the distribution of secondary current density at the pattern scale during porous-type anodization, which is defined by the anodization mask coverage. A higher degree of anisotropy of porous-type anodization ( in comparison to wet chemical etching) allows for more accurate shape control of three-dimensional metallic microstructures. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Chem & Nucl Engn, Ctr Microengn Mat, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Intel Corp, New Mexico Mat Lab, Rio Rancho, NM 87124 USA. Intel Corp, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA. RP Cosse, JT (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Chem & Nucl Engn, Ctr Microengn Mat, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM dbrevnov@unm.edu RI Atanassov, Plamen/G-4616-2011 NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 10 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0960-1317 J9 J MICROMECH MICROENG JI J. Micromech. Microeng. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 17 IS 1 BP 89 EP 97 DI 10.1088/0960-1317/17/1/012 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 116TQ UT WOS:000242825800013 ER PT J AU Raman, S Maxwell, CA Barcellos-Hoff, MH Parvin, B AF Raman, S. Maxwell, C. A. Barcellos-Hoff, M. H. Parvin, B. TI Geometric approach to segmentation and protein localization in cell culture assays SO JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY-OXFORD LA English DT Article DE centrosomal abnormality; fluorescence microscopy; protein localization ID BREAST-CANCER; INSTABILITY; TRANSFORM; SYMMETRY; IMAGES AB Cell-based fluorescence imaging assays are heterogeneous and require the collection of a large number of images for detailed quantitative analysis. Complexities arise as a result of variation in spatial nonuniformity, shape, overlapping compartments and scale (size). A new technique and methodology has been developed and tested for delineating subcellular morphology and partitioning overlapping compartments at multiple scales. This system is packaged as an integrated software platform for quantifying images that are obtained through fluorescence microscopy. Proposed methods are model based, leveraging geometric shape properties of subcellular compartments and corresponding protein localization. From the morphological perspective, convexity constraint is imposed to delineate and partition nuclear compartments. From the protein localization perspective, radial symmetry is imposed to localize punctate protein events at submicron resolution. Convexity constraint is imposed against boundary information, which are extracted through a combination of zero-crossing and gradient operator. If the convexity constraint fails for the boundary then positive curvature maxima are localized along the contour and the entire blob is partitioned into disjointed convex objects representing individual nuclear compartment, by enforcing geometric constraints. Nuclear compartments provide the context for protein localization, which may be diffuse or punctate. Punctate signal are localized through iterative voting and radial symmetries for improved reliability and robustness. The technique has been tested against 196 images that were generated to study centrosome abnormalities. Corresponding computed representations are compared against manual counts for validation. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Raman, S (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM sraman@lbl.gov RI Maxwell, Christopher/B-3044-2011 OI Maxwell, Christopher/0000-0002-0860-4031 NR 20 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-2720 J9 J MICROSC-OXFORD JI J. Microsc.-Oxf. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 225 IS 1 BP 22 EP 30 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2007.01712.x PG 9 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 132WQ UT WOS:000243974000003 PM 17286692 ER PT J AU Fan, L Paterson, D Mcnulty, I Treacy, MMJ Gibson, JM AF Fan, L. Paterson, D. Mcnulty, I. Treacy, M. M. J. Gibson, J. M. TI Fluctuation X-ray microscopy: a novel approach for the structural study of disordered materials SO JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY-OXFORD LA English DT Article DE coherent scattering; disordered materials; fluctuation X-ray microscopy; medium-range order; speckle ID MEDIUM-RANGE ORDER; AMORPHOUS-SILICON; PROBE; COHERENCE; IMAGES; XANES; STEM AB Measuring medium-range order is a challenging and important problem in the structural study of disordered materials. We have developed a new technique, fluctuation x-ray microscopy, that offers quantitative insight into medium-range correlations in disordered materials at nanometre and larger length scales.In this technique, which requires a spatially coherent x-ray beam, a series of speckle patterns are measured at a large number of locations in a sample using various illumination sizes. Examination of the speckle variance as a function of the illumination spot size allows the structural correlation length to be measured. To demonstrate this technique we have studied polystyrene latex spheres, which serve as a model for a dense random-packed glass, and for the first time have measured the correlation length in a disordered system by fluctuation X-ray microscopy. We discuss data analysis and procedures to correct for shot noise and detector noise. This approach could be used to explore medium-range order and subtle spatial structural changes in a wide range of disordered materials, from soft matter to nanowire arrays, semiconductor quantum dot arrays and magnetic materials. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Australian Synchrotron Project, Major Projects Victoria, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. RP Fan, L (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM lfan@aps.anl.gov RI Gibson, Murray/E-5855-2013 OI Gibson, Murray/0000-0002-0807-6224 NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-2720 J9 J MICROSC-OXFORD JI J. Microsc.-Oxf. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 225 IS 1 BP 41 EP 48 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2007.01714.x PG 8 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 132WQ UT WOS:000243974000005 PM 17286694 ER PT J AU Luengo Hendriks, CL Knowles, DW AF Luengo Hendriks, C. L. Knowles, D. W. TI Comments on the paper 'A novel 3D wavelet-based filter for visualizing features in noisy biological data', by Moss et al. SO JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY-OXFORD LA English DT Letter AB Moss et al. (2005) describe, in a recent paper, a filter that they use to detect lines. We noticed that the wavelet on which this filter is based is a difference of uniform filters. This filter is an approximation to the second-derivative operator, which is commonly implemented as the Laplace of Gaussian (or Marr-Hildreth) operator. We have compared Moss' filter with (1) the Laplace of Gaussian operator, (2) an approximation of the Laplace of Gaussian using uniform filters and (3) a few common noise reduction filters. The Laplace-like operators detect lines by suppressing image features both larger and smaller than the filter size. The noise reduction filters only suppress image features smaller than the filter size. By estimating the signal-to-noise ratio and mean square difference of the filtered results, we found that the filter proposed by Moss et al. does not outperform the Laplace of Gaussian operator. We also found that for images with extreme noise content, line detection filters perform better than the noise reduction filters when trying to enhance line structures. In less extreme cases of noise, the standard noise reduction filters perform significantly better than both the Laplace of Gaussian and Moss' filter. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Luengo Hendriks, CL (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, 1 Clyclotron Rd,Mailstop 84R171, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM clluengo@lbl.gov RI Luengo Hendriks, Cris L./B-1097-2008 OI Luengo Hendriks, Cris L./0000-0002-8279-1760 NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-2720 J9 J MICROSC-OXFORD JI J. Microsc.-Oxf. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 225 IS 1 BP 104 EP 107 PG 4 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 132WQ UT WOS:000243974000012 ER PT J AU Hu, SX Collins, LA AF Hu, S. X. Collins, L. A. TI Probing ultrafast electron correlation with double attosecond pulses SO JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL CROSS-SECTIONS; DOUBLE PHOTOIONIZATION; DOUBLE-IONIZATION; ABOVE-THRESHOLD; HELIUM; GENERATION; ENERGIES; HE AB Double ionization of He by two intense attosecond pulses has been investigated by using the time- dependent close- coupling method. By adjusting the time delay between the two attosecond pulses so as to coordinate the sequential two- photon absorption in He, we can examine electron correlation effects in this three-body Coulomb system. The double-ionization cross-sections from sequential two-photon absorption indicate that the correlation time between the two electrons [partially/fully ionized], on the order of similar to 1:5 fs in the specific case of photon energy h omega similar or equal to 80 eV, can be measured. This demonstrates the feasibility of directly probing ultrafast electron correlation in the time domain. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Hu, SX (reprint author), Univ Rochester, Laser Energet Lab, 250 E River Rd, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. EM shu@lle.rochester.edu RI Hu, Suxing/A-1265-2007 OI Hu, Suxing/0000-0003-2465-3818 NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-0340 EI 1362-3044 J9 J MOD OPTIC JI J. Mod. Opt. PY 2007 VL 54 IS 7 BP 943 EP 952 DI 10.1080/09500340601095199 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 171UP UT WOS:000246761200004 ER PT J AU Chow, WW Michael, S Schneider, HC AF Chow, W. W. Michael, S. Schneider, H. C. TI Many-body theory of quantum coherence in semiconductor quantum dots SO JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Winter Colloquium on the Physics of Quantum Electronics CY JAN 02-06, 2007 CL Snowbird, UT ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; LIGHT AB A many-body theory for quantum coherence in a semiconductor quantum-dot system is presented. We present the theory in detail for a Lambda scheme in a InGaAs-GaAs quantum dot with a pulsed drive field. The paper shows the significant differences in the predictions of this theory and those of an independent-particle treatment, adapted from atomic quantum coherence theory. Specifically, the influence of the quantum-dot level structure on group-velocity slowdown is discussed, and the influence of different Coulomb renormalization effects is analysed. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Univ Kaiserslautern, Dept Phys, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany. RP Chow, WW (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM wwchow@sandia.gov RI Schneider, Hans Christian/B-9450-2009 OI Schneider, Hans Christian/0000-0001-7656-4919 NR 22 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-0340 J9 J MOD OPTIC JI J. Mod. Opt. PY 2007 VL 54 IS 16-17 BP 2413 EP 2424 DI 10.1080/09500340701639664 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA 237GD UT WOS:000251361300012 ER PT J AU Rus, B Mocek, T Kozlova, M Polan, J Homer, P Stupka, M Tallents, GJ Edwards, MH Mistry, P Whittaker, DS Booth, N Zhai, Z Pert, GJ Dunn, J Nelson, AJ Foord, ME Shepherd, R Rozmus, W Baldis, HA Fajardo, M De Lazzari, D Zeitoun, P Jamelot, G Klisnick, A Ros, D Cassou, K Kazamias, S Bercegol, H Danson, C Hawkes, S Juha, L Hajkova, V Chalupsky, J Feldhaus, J Wabnitz, H Nejdl, J Kuba, J Davidkova, M Plavcova, A Sstisova, V AF Rus, B. Mocek, T. Kozlova, M. Polan, J. Homer, P. Stupka, M. Tallents, G. J. Edwards, M. H. Mistry, P. Whittaker, D. S. Booth, N. Zhai, Z. Pert, G. J. Dunn, J. Nelson, A. J. Foord, M. E. Shepherd, R. Rozmus, W. Baldis, H. A. Fajardo, M. De Lazzari, D. Zeitoun, P. Jamelot, G. Klisnick, A. Ros, D. Cassou, K. Kazamias, S. Bercegol, H. Danson, C. Hawkes, S. Juha, L. Hajkova, V. Chalupsky, J. Feldhaus, J. Wabnitz, H. Nejdl, J. Kuba, J. Davidkova, M. Plavcova, A. Sstisova, V. TI Development and applications of multimillijoule soft X-ray lasers SO JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Winter Colloquium on the Physics of Quantum Electronics CY JAN 02-06, 2007 CL Snowbird, UT AB We review development of multimillijoule X-ray lasers and of applications of these new laboratory sources carried out recently at the PALS facility. A backbone of this development is the neon-like zinc laser providing saturated output at 21.2 nm, with up to 10 mJ of energy per pulse. This represents currently the most energetic soft X-ray laboratory source. Recent improvements in its operation include better control of the beam shape, and more complete understanding of the prepulse pumping. The laser at 21.2 nm has been employed for a number of application experiments reviewed in this paper. They include transmission measurements of intense soft X-ray radiation, studies of fundamental processes of soft X-ray ablation, ablation micropatterning, feasibility study of soft X-ray Thomson scattering from dense plasmas, visualization of nanometric transient perturbation of optical surfaces, measurements of ablation rates of foils heated by IR pulses, and studies of 2D plasma hydrodynamics in the regime of sequential illumination. C1 PALS Ctr, Inst Phys, Prague 8, Czech Republic. Univ York, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Inst Super Tecn, Ctr Fis Plasmas, Lisbon, Portugal. ENSTA, Lab Opt Appl, Palaiseau, France. Univ Paris 11, LIXAM, Orsay, France. CEA, CESTA, F-33114 Le Barp, France. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Cent Laser Facil, Chilton, England. DESY, HASYLAB, D-2000 Hamburg, Germany. Czech Tech Univ, CR-16635 Prague, Czech Republic. Inst Nucl Phys, Prague 8, Czech Republic. RP Rus, B (reprint author), PALS Ctr, Inst Phys, Prague 8, Czech Republic. EM rus@fzu.cz RI Klisnick, Annie/C-5532-2008; Klisnick, Annie/F-1152-2011; Feldhaus, Josef/C-1130-2014; Mocek, Tomas/G-5344-2014; Nejdl, Jaroslav/G-5995-2014; Davidkova, Marie/G-7845-2014; Homer, Pavel/G-8910-2014; Hajkova, Vera/G-9391-2014; Chalupsky, Jaromir/H-2079-2014; Fajardo, Marta/A-4608-2012 OI Fajardo, Marta/0000-0003-2133-2365 NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-0340 J9 J MOD OPTIC JI J. Mod. Opt. PY 2007 VL 54 IS 16-17 BP 2571 EP 2583 DI 10.1080/09500340701534840 PG 13 WC Optics SC Optics GA 237GD UT WOS:000251361300027 ER PT J AU Zhang, WX Dobrovitski, VV Santos, LF Viola, L Harmon, BN AF Zhang, Wenxian Dobrovitski, V. V. Santos, Lea F. Viola, Lorenza Harmon, B. N. TI Suppression of electron spin decoherence in a quantum dot SO JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Winter Colloquium on the Physics of Quantum Electronics CY JAN 02-06, 2007 CL Snowbird, UT AB The dominant source of decoherence for an electron spin in a quantum dot is the hyperfine interaction with the surrounding bath of nuclear spins. The decoherence process may be slowed down by subjecting the electron spin to suitable sequences of external control pulses. We investigate the performance of a variety of dynamical decoupling protocols using exact numerical simulation. Emphasis is given to realistic pulse delays and the long-time limit, beyond the domain where available analytical approaches are guaranteed to work. Our results show that both deterministic and randomized protocols are capable to significantly prolong the electron coherence time, even when using control pulse separations substantially larger than what expected from the upper cutoff frequency of the coupling spectrum between the electron and the nuclear spins. In a realistic parameter range, the total width of such a coupling spectrum appears to be the physically relevant frequency scale affecting the overall quality of the decoupling. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Dobrovitski, VV (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM slava@ameslab.gov RI Zhang, Wenxian/A-4274-2010; Santos, Lea/D-5332-2012 OI Santos, Lea/0000-0001-9400-2709 NR 48 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-0340 J9 J MOD OPTIC JI J. Mod. Opt. PY 2007 VL 54 IS 16-17 BP 2629 EP 2640 DI 10.1080/09500340701534857 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA 237GD UT WOS:000251361300032 ER PT J AU Willis, AL Chen, ZY He, JQ Zhu, YM Turro, NJ O'Brien, S AF Willis, Amanda L. Chen, Zhuoying He, Jiaqing Zhu, Yimei Turro, Nicholas J. O'Brien, Stephen TI Metal acetylacetonates as general precursors for the synthesis of early transition metal oxide nanomaterials SO JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS LA English DT Article ID NONAQUEOUS SYNTHESIS; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; NANOPARTICLES; NANOCRYSTALS; CR2O3; ROUTE; CO; CRYSTALLINE; REDUCTION; CATALYSTS AB A versatile, convenient, and nontoxic solvothermal method for the synthesis of nanocrystalline iron, chromium, and manganese oxides is described. This method employs the reactions of metal acetylacetonate precursors and oxygen-containing solvents in a reaction to prepare metal oxide nanoparticles. Characterization of these nanocrystalline materials was carried out employing transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and elemental analysis. Copyright (c) 2007 Amanda L. Willis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. C1 [Willis, Amanda L.; Turro, Nicholas J.] Columbia Univ, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Chen, Zhuoying; O'Brien, Stephen] Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY 10027 USA. [He, Jiaqing; Zhu, Yimei] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Mat Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Willis, AL (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10027 USA. RI He, Jiaqing/A-2245-2010; O'Brien, Stephen/D-7682-2013; Chen, Zhuoying/N-5201-2015 OI Chen, Zhuoying/0000-0002-2535-5962 NR 30 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 20 PU HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION PI NEW YORK PA 410 PARK AVENUE, 15TH FLOOR, #287 PMB, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA SN 1687-4110 J9 J NANOMATER JI J. Nanomater. PY 2007 AR 14858 DI 10.1155/2007/14858 PG 7 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 249KH UT WOS:000252226400001 ER PT J AU Nakamura, S Harada, H Raman, S Koehler, PE AF Nakamura, Shoji Harada, Hideo Raman, Subramanian Koehler, Paul E. TI Thermal neutron capture cross sections of zirconium-91 and zirconium-93 by prompt gamma-ray spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE zirconium-93; zirconium-91; thermal neutron; capture cross section; prompt gamma ray; gamma-ray spectroscopy AB A lower limit of 0.63 +/- 0.02 b has been determined for the thermal neutron capture cross section (sigma(0)) of Zr-93 from a measurement of the prompt gamma-rays emitted by the Zr-93 (n(th),gamma)Zr-94 reaction. The present result for Zr-93 is much smaller than the single previously reported measurement as well as compiled and evaluated values for this cross section. This work also reports a lower limit for sigma(0) of Zr-91 as 1.30 +/- 0.04 b, which is consistent with the single previously reported measurement, as well as compiled and evaluated values for this cross section, within the quoted uncertainties. C1 Japan Atom Energy Agcy, Tokai, Ibaraki 3191195, Japan. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Nakamura, S (reprint author), Japan Atom Energy Agcy, 2-4 Shirane, Tokai, Ibaraki 3191195, Japan. EM nakamura.shoji@jaea.go.jp NR 20 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 4 PU ATOMIC ENERGY SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA 1-1-13 SHIMBASHI MINATO-KU, TOKYO, 105, JAPAN SN 0022-3131 J9 J NUCL SCI TECHNOL JI J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 44 IS 1 BP 21 EP 28 DI 10.3327/jnst.44.21 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 148DK UT WOS:000245054500003 ER PT J AU Henn, SA Utterback, DF Waters, KM Markey, AM Tankersley, WG AF Henn, Scott A. Utterback, David F. Waters, Kathleen M. Markey, Andrea M. Tankersley, William G. TI Task- and time-dependent weighting factors in a retrospective exposure assessment of chemical laboratory workers SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE exposure assessment; laboratory workers; nuclear facilities; weighting factors ID OAK-RIDGE; CANCER MORTALITY; SWEDISH CHEMISTS; COHORT; TENNESSEE AB A chemical exposure assessment was conducted for a cohort mortality study of 6157 chemical laboratory workers employed between 1943 and 1998 at four Department of Energy sites in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Aiken, South Carolina. Previous studies of chemical laboratory workers have included members within professional societies where exposure assessment was either limited or not feasible, or chemical processing employees where laboratory and production workers were combined. Because sufficient industrial hygiene records were unavailable for all four sites, weighted duration of employment was used as a surrogate for the magnitude of exposure. Potential exposure indices were calculated for each worker using number of days employed and weighting factors for frequency of contact and year of employment. A total of 591 unique laboratory job titles indicative of a chemical laboratory worker were collapsed into 18 general job title categories. Through discussions with current and retired workers, along with examination of historical organizational charts and job descriptions, the percentage of time with activities involving the direct handling of chemicals in the laboratory was estimated for each job title category. Scaled weighting factors of 1, 0.6, 0.3, and 0.05 were assigned to the job title categories representing 100%, 60%, 30%, and 5% of daily activities handling chemicals, respectively. Based on limited industrial hygiene monitoring data, personal radiation monitoring records, and professional judgment, weighting factors that declined 4% annually were applied to each year to account for improvements in laboratory technique, advancements in instrumentation, improvement in engineering controls, and increased safety awareness through time. The study cohort was separated into three categories of chemical exposures based on department level information: (1) inorganic, (2) mixed inorganic and organic, and (3) unknown. Potential exposure indices ranged from 0.15 to 6824.5 with a median value of 377.5 and a mean equal to 884.2. This exposure assessment method is useful for epidemiologic analyses when quantitative exposure data are absent or insufficient. C1 NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Westat Corp, Rockville, MD USA. Oak Ridge Associated Univ, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Henn, SA (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, 4674 Columbia Pkwy,MS R-19, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1545-9624 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON HYG JI J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 4 IS 2 BP 71 EP 79 DI 10.1080/15459620601109407 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 118IV UT WOS:000242936900003 PM 17175512 ER PT J AU Krauter, PA Hoffman, DM Vu, AK Keating, GA Zalk, DM AF Krauter, Paula A. Hoffman, D. Mark Vu, Alexander K. Keating, Garrett A. Zalk, David M. TI Inhibiting the transport of hazardous spores using polymer-based solutions SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE biothreat aerosols; polymer solutions; reaerosolization; spore ID ANTHRACIS; CONTAMINATION; COPOLYMERS; SURFACES; US AB A series of polymer solutions were developed for the purpose of immobilizing aerosolized 1-10 m sized hazardous biological particles. The polymer solutions were designed as tools for emergency response and remediation personnel. The inhibition of secondary aerosolization and migration of biothreat particles has important implications for public health protection and contamination cleanup. Limiting further dispersion of particles such as Bacillus anthracis spores may reduce inhalation hazards and enhance remediation efficiencies. This study evaluated film-forming polymers that have multiple functional groups capable of attracting and binding particles; these included acrylates, cellulosics, vinyl polymers, and polyurethanes. The selected polymers were combined with appropriate solvents to design solutions that met specific performance objectives. The polymer solutions were then evaluated for key characteristics, such as high adhesion, high elasticity, low density, short drying time, low viscosity, and low surface tension. These solutions were also evaluated for their adhesion to biothreat agent in a series of wind tunnel experiments using highly refined aerosolized Bacillus atrophaeus spores (a simulant for anthrax, 1-3 mu m). Results demonstrated that a polymer solution, an amphoteric acrylate identified as NS-2, was the best candidate for attaching to spores and inhibiting reaerosolization. This polymer solution was anionic, thus providing the electrostatic (coulombic) attraction to cationic spores, had low surface tension, and performed well in wind tunnel tests. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Krauter, PA (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave,L-258, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM krauter2@llnl.gov NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1545-9624 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON HYG JI J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. PY 2007 VL 4 IS 11 BP 821 EP 830 DI 10.1080/15459620701609199 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 227PN UT WOS:000250670400004 PM 17763073 ER PT J AU Simmons, F Quigley, D Freshwater, D Whyte, H Boada-Clista, L Laul, JC AF Simmons, Fred Quigley, David Freshwater, Dave Whyte, Helena Boada-Clista, Lydia Laul, J. C. TI Determining acute health hazard ratings in the absence of applicable toxicological data SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE AEGLs; DOE O 151.1; emergency planning; estimated values; health hazard ratings; MSDS AB Health, safety, and emergency planning professionals have a responsibility to identify acute hazards associated with chemicals and to find a way to transmit that information to chemical users, emergency responders, and others. Various organizations such as the Department of Energy are considering acute health hazard ratings as triggers that would mandate various activities. A paradigm shift away from a "lists" based approach to determining whether a chemical is sufficiently hazardous to require further analysis for emergency planning purposes is under way. Various toxicological data sources and approaches in use to develop an acute health hazard rating are discussed. Methods of extrapolating data from published and unpublished supporting documentation to develop an acute health hazard rating in the absence of toxicological data by animal species, chemical structure similarities, MSDS estimated values, and data mining are discussed. The process described analyzes applicable data and allows the analyst to determine reasonable health hazard rating numbers for chemicals without published hazard ratings and for mixtures of chemicals. The level and amount of resources available will determine which methods will be used in the process. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Aiken, SC USA. Y12 Natl Secur Complex, Oak Ridge, TN USA. US DOE, NNSA, Washington, DC USA. US DOE, Cincinnati, OH USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Whyte, H (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS K499, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM helenaw@lanl.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1545-9624 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON HYG JI J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. PY 2007 VL 4 IS 11 BP 841 EP 847 DI 10.1080/15459620701646027 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 227PN UT WOS:000250670400006 PM 17885911 ER PT J AU Wambach, PF AF Wambach, Paul F. TI Comments on the choice of exposure metrics as risk indicators SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE LA English DT Letter ID BERYLLIUM SENSITIZATION; MACHINING PLANT; DISEASE; WORKERS C1 US DOE, Off Hlth & Safety, Off Illness & Injury Prevent Programs, Washington, DC 20585 USA. RP Wambach, PF (reprint author), US DOE, Off Hlth & Safety, Off Illness & Injury Prevent Programs, Washington, DC 20585 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1545-9624 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON HYG JI J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. PY 2007 VL 4 IS 10 BP D103 EP D104 DI 10.1080/15459620701583535 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 211WX UT WOS:000249555100002 PM 17763067 ER PT J AU Li, HP Kose, ME Qu, LW Lin, Y Martin, RB Zhou, B Harruff, BA Allard, LF Sun, YP AF Li, Huaping Kose, Muhammet Erkan Qu, Liangwei Lin, Yi Martin, Robert B. Zhou, Bing Harruff, Barbara A. Allard, Lawrence F. Sun, Ya-Ping TI Excited-state energy transfers in single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with tethered pyrenes SO JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY A-CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE single-walled carbon nanotubes; functionalization; energy transfer ID ELECTRONIC INTERACTION; LUMINESCENCE; CHROMOPHORE; DEPENDENCE; POLYMERS AB Single-walled carbon nanotubes were co-functionalized with pyrenemethanol and 3,5-dihexadecanyloxybenzyl alcohol in different ratios with the purpose of altering the content of pyrene moieties tethered to the nanotube surface. The functionalized nanotube samples were characterized by using established instrumental techniques. The absorption and emission results of the samples suggest that there are significant "intramolecular" excited-state energy transfers from both pyrene monomer and excimer to the linked nanotube, though the energy transfer efficiencies may be different between the monomer and excimer. The excimer formation can be limited by reducing the pyrenemethanol fraction to simplify the excited state processes, but contributions from the luminescence of the well-functionalized carbon nanotubes in the same wavelength region becomes an additional complication. Mechanistic implications of the photophysical results are discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Chem, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Lab Emerging Mat & Technol, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, High Temp Mat Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Sun, YP (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Chem, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM syaping@clemson.edu RI Li, Huaping/E-1456-2011; Kose, Muhammet/C-7167-2012 NR 34 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 1010-6030 J9 J PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO A JI J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem. PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 185 IS 1 BP 94 EP 100 DI 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.05.017 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 118AA UT WOS:000242913200014 ER PT J AU Ziemniak, SE Anovitz, LM Castelli, RA Porter, WD AF Ziemniak, S. E. Anovitz, L. M. Castelli, R. A. Porter, W. D. TI Magnetic contribution to heat capacity and entropy of nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS LA English DT Article DE magnetic materials; oxides; differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); magnetic properties; specific heat ID VERWEY TRANSITION; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; SPINEL STRUCTURE; ZINC FERRITE; TEMPERATURE; IMMISCIBILITY; SPECTRA; BINARY; MODEL AB The heat capacity of nickel ferrite was measured as a function of temperature from 50 to 1200 degrees C using a differential scanning calorimeter. A thermal anomaly was observed at 584.9 degrees C, the expected Curie temperature, T-C. The observed behavior was interpreted by recognizing the sum of three contributions: (1) lattice (vibrational), (2) a spin wave (magnetic) component and (3) a lambda-transition (antiferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition) at the Curie temperature. The first was modeled using vibrational frequencies derived from an experimentally-based IR absorption spectrum, while the second was modeled using a spin wave analysis that provided a T-3/2 dependency in the low-temperature limit, but incorporated an exchange interaction between cation spins in the octahedral and tetrahedral sites at elevated temperatures, as first suggested by Grimes [15]. The lambda-transition was fitted to an Inden-type model which consisted of two truncated power law series in dimensionless temperature (T/T-C). Exponential equality (m = n = 7) was observed below and above TC, indicating symmetry about the Curie temperature. Application of the methodology to existing heat capacity data for other transition metal ferrites (AFe(2)O(4), A = Fe, Co) revealed nearly the same exponential equality, i.e., m = n = 5. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 KAPL Inc, Lockheed Martin Corp, Schenectady, NY 12301 USA. RP Ziemniak, SE (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM ziemnia@kapl.gov RI Anovitz, Lawrence/P-3144-2016 OI Anovitz, Lawrence/0000-0002-2609-8750 NR 37 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 25 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-3697 J9 J PHYS CHEM SOLIDS JI J. Phys. Chem. Solids PD JAN PY 2007 VL 68 IS 1 BP 10 EP 21 DI 10.1016/j.jpcs.2006.07.015 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 130OT UT WOS:000243809600002 ER PT J AU Tawfik, H Hung, Y Mahajan, D AF Tawfik, H. Hung, Y. Mahajan, D. TI Metal bipolar plates for PEM fuel cell - A review SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Review DE hydrogen fuel cell; bipolar plate; review ID NITRIDED STAINLESS-STEELS; CORROSION-RESISTANCE; DESIGN; ALLOYS; ENVIRONMENTS; PERFORMANCE; BEHAVIOR AB The polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) based fuel cells are clean alternative energy systems that hold excellent potential for cost effectiveness, durability, and relatively high overall efficiency. PEM fuel cell is recognized by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) as the main candidate to replace the internal combustion engine in transportation applications. Metallic bipolar plates and membrane electrode assembly (MEA) are two crucial components of a PEM power stack and their durability and fabrication cost must be optimized to allow fuel cells to penetrate the commercial market and compete with other energy sources. The bipolar plates perform as the current conductors between cells, provide conduits for reactant gases flow, and constitute the backbone of a power stack. They are commonly made of graphite composite for high corrosion resistance and good surface contact resistance; however their manufacturability, permeability, and durability for shock and vibration are unfavorable in comparison to metals. On the other hand, various methods and techniques must be developed to combat metallic corrosion and eliminate the passive layer that causes unacceptable reduction in contact resistance and possible fouling of the catalyst and the ionomer. Thus recently metallic bipolar plates have received considerable attention in the research community. This paper offers a comprehensive review of the research work conducted on metal bipolar plates to prevent corrosion while maintaining a low contact resistance. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Farmingdale SUNY, Inst Res & Tech Transfer, Farmingdale, NY USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Energy Sci & Technol Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Chem & Mol Engn Program, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Tawfik, H (reprint author), Farmingdale SUNY, Inst Res & Tech Transfer, Farmingdale, NY USA. EM TAWFIKHH@FARMINGDALE.EDU NR 45 TC 324 Z9 331 U1 17 U2 120 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 163 IS 2 BP 755 EP 767 DI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.09.088 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 128IG UT WOS:000243650800019 ER PT J AU Trembly, JP Gemmen, RS Bayless, DJ AF Trembly, J. P. Gemmen, R. S. Bayless, D. J. TI The effect of IGFC warm gas cleanup system conditions on the gas-solid partitioning and form of trace species in coal syngas and their interactions with SOFC anodes SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article DE syngas; coal; solid oxide; fuel cell; trace specie ID GASIFICATION; COMBUSTION AB The U.S. Department of Energy is currently working on coupling coal gasification and high temperature fuel cell to produce electrical power in a highly efficient manner while being emissions free. Many investigations have already investigated the effects of major coal syngas species such as CO and H2S. However coal contains many trace species and the effect of these species on solid oxide fuel cell anode is not presently known. Warm gas cleanup systems are planned to be used with these advanced power generation systems for the removal of major constituents such as H2S and HCl but the operational parameters of such systems is not well defined at this point in time. This paper focuses on the effect of anticipated warm gas cleanup conditions has on trace specie partitioning between the vapor and condensed phase and the effects the trace vapor species have on the SOFC anode. Results show that Be, Cr, K, Na, V, and Z trace species will form condensed phases and should not effect SOFC anode performance since it is anticipated that the warm gas cleanup systems will have a high removal efficiency of particulate matter. Also the results show that Sb, As, Cd, Hg, Pb, P, and Se trace species form vapor phases and the Sb, As, and P vapor phase species show the ability to form secondary Ni phases in the SOFC anode. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. Ohio Univ, Stocker Ctr 248, Dept Mech Engn, Athens, OH 45701 USA. RP Trembly, JP (reprint author), Natl Energy Technol Lab, 3610 Collins Ferry Rd, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. EM jason.trembly@NETL.DOE.GOV NR 22 TC 86 Z9 87 U1 2 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 163 IS 2 BP 986 EP 996 DI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.10.020 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 128IG UT WOS:000243650800044 ER PT J AU Lu, WQ Chen, ZH Joachin, H Prakash, J Liu, J Amine, K AF Lu, Wenquan Chen, Zonghai Joachin, H. Prakash, J. Liu, J. Amine, K. TI Thermal and electrochemical characterization of MCMB/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 using LiBoB as an electrolyte additive SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article DE differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); LiBoB; LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 with excess Li; solid electrolyte interface (SEI) ID LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES; LI; SALT; STABILITY AB The gas generation associated with the use of the lithium bis(oxalate)borate-(LiBoB) based electrolyte at the elevated temperature were detected in the pouch cell (MCMB/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 With 10% excess Li), which might prevent the LiBoB usage as a salt. However, the cell capacity retention was improved significantly, from 87 to 96% at elevated temperature, when using LiBoB as an electrolyte additive. The capacity fade during cycling is discussed using dQ/dE, area specific impedance, and frequency response analysis results. Most of the capacity loss in the cell is associated with the rise in the cell impedance. Moreover, results from the differential scanning calorimetry indicate that the thermal stability of the negative electrode with the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formed by the reduction of the LiBoB additive was greatly improved compared with that obtained from the reduction of LiPF6-based electrolyte without additive. In this case, the onset temperature of the breakdown of the LiBoB-based SEI is 150 degrees C which is higher than that of the conventional electrolyte without additive. Furthermore, the total heat generated between 60 and 170 degrees C is reduced from 213 to 70 J g(-1) when using LiBoB as electrolyte additive compared to the one without additive. In addition, the thermal stability of the charged LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 with 10% excess Li was not affected when using LiBoB as an electrolyte additive. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Engn, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. IIT, Dept Environm Chem & Engn, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. RP Amine, K (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Engn, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM amine@cmt.anl.gov RI Chen, Zonghai/K-8745-2013; Amine, Khalil/K-9344-2013 NR 19 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 45 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 163 IS 2 BP 1074 EP 1079 DI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.09.010 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 128IG UT WOS:000243650800053 ER PT J AU Spotnitz, RM Weaver, J Yeduvaka, G Doughty, DH Roth, EP AF Spotnitz, Robert M. Weaver, James Yeduvaka, Gowri Doughty, D. H. Roth, E. P. TI Simulation of abuse tolerance of lithium-ion battery packs SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article DE lithium-ion battery; thermal abuse; battery pack; accelerating rate calorimetry ID HIGH-POWER; CELLS; MECHANISMS AB A simple approach for using accelerating rate calorimetry data to simulate the thermal abuse resistance of battery packs is described. The thermal abuse tolerance of battery packs is estimated based on the exothermic behavior of a single cell and an energy balance than accounts for radiative, conductive, and convective heat transfer modes of the pack. For the specific example of a notebook computer pack containing eight 18650-size cells, the effects of cell position, heat of reaction, and heat-transfer coefficient are explored. Thermal runaway of the pack is more likely to be induced by thermal runaway of a single cell when that cell is in good contact with other cells and is close to the pack wall. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Battery Design LLC, Pleasanton, CA 94588 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Lithium Battery Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Spotnitz, RM (reprint author), Battery Design LLC, 2277 DeLucchi Dr, Pleasanton, CA 94588 USA. EM rspotnitz@batdesign.com; jweaver@batdesign.com; gowriy@batdesign.com; dhdough@sandia.gov; eproth@sandia.gov NR 10 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 5 U2 46 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 163 IS 2 BP 1080 EP 1086 DI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.10.013 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 128IG UT WOS:000243650800054 ER PT J AU Nakahara, K Iriyama, J Iwasa, S Suguro, M Satoh, M Cairns, EJ AF Nakahara, Kentaro Iriyama, Jiro Iwasa, Shigeyuki Suguro, Masahiro Satoh, Masaharu Cairns, Elton J. TI Al-laminated film packaged organic radical battery for high-power applications SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article DE organic radical battery; Al-laminated film package; PTMA ID RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES AB A 100-mAh class of aluminum-laminated film packaged organic radical battery with a poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy-4-ylmethacrylate) (PTMA) composite cathode and a graphite anode has been fabricated. lts total weight was 22 g and the thickness was 4.3 mm. Because PTMA comprised only 6.2% of the total cell weight, the energy density was considerably less than that of a lithium ion battery. However, the power density per active material weight was found to be better than that of lithium ion battery. The applications which require high-power capability rather than high-energy density, such as the sub-battery in electronic devices and motor drive assistance in electric vehicles, would be appropriate for organic radical batteries in the future. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NEC Corp Ltd, Fundamental & Environm Res Labs, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Nakahara, K (reprint author), NEC Corp Ltd, Fundamental & Environm Res Labs, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. EM k-nakahara@ak.jp.nec.com RI Cairns, Elton/E-8873-2012 OI Cairns, Elton/0000-0002-1179-7591 NR 6 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 5 U2 42 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 EI 1873-2755 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 163 IS 2 BP 1110 EP 1113 DI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.10.003 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 128IG UT WOS:000243650800058 ER PT J AU Moore, K Pantoya, ML Son, SF AF Moore, Kevin Pantoya, Michelle L. Son, Steven F. TI Combustion behaviors resulting from bimodal aluminum size distributions in thermites SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 41st Joint Propulsion Conference CY JUL 10-13, 2005 CL Tucson, AZ SP AIAA, ASME, SAE, ASEE ID ULTRAFINE ALUMINUM; PROPELLANTS; COMPOSITES AB Studies that replace a portion of the micron-size aluminum (Al) with nano-Al particles in an energetic formulation demonstrate significant performance enhancement. Little is known, however, about the critical level of nano-sized fuel particles needed to enhance the performance of the energetic composite. Ignition sensitivity and combustion velocity experiments were performed using a thermite composed of Al and molybdenum trioxide (MoO3). Both loose powders and compressed pellets were examined. A bimodal Al particle size distribution was prepared using 4 or 20-mu m-diam Al fuel particles that were replaced in 10% increments by 80-nm-diam Al particles until the fuel was 100% nano-Al. Results show that with only 20% nano-Al content, the mixtures showed reduced ignition delay times by up to 2 orders of magnitude. The combustion velocity was shown to dramatically increase as more nano-Al particles replace micron-Al particles within the mixture. This increasing trend was attributed to incomplete reactions of the micron-Al particles or significantly slower reactions such that the micron-Al particles promote cooling or quenching of the reaction. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Pantoya, ML (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Corner 7th & Boston Ave, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. EM michelle.pantoya@coe.ttu.edu OI Son, Steven/0000-0001-7498-2922 NR 11 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD JAN-FEB PY 2007 VL 23 IS 1 BP 181 EP 185 DI 10.2514/1.20754 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 131KV UT WOS:000243868600022 ER PT J AU Thompson, MR VerBerkmoes, NC Chourey, K Shah, M Thompson, DK Hettich, RL AF Thompson, Melissa R. VerBerkmoes, Nathan C. Chourey, Karuna Shah, Manesh Thompson, Dorothea K. Hettich, Robert L. TI Dosage-dependent proteome response of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 to acute chromate challenge SO JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE mass spectrometry; multidimensional liquid chromatography; shotgun proteomics; Shewanella oneidensis; linear trapping quadrupole; chromate stress ID QUADRUPOLE ION-TRAP; MASS-SPECTROMETER; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGY; CHROMIUM(VI) REDUCTASE; HYPOTHETICAL PROTEINS; PUTREFACIENS MR-1; GROWTH-CONDITIONS; YEAST PROTEOME; CR(VI) AB Proteome alterations in the metal-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in response to different acute dose challenges (0.3, 0.5, or 1 mM) of the toxic metal chromate [Cr(VI)] were characterized with multidimensional HPLC-MS/MS. Proteome measurements were performed and compared on both quadrupole ion traps as well as linear trapping quadrupole mass spectrometers. We have found that the implementation of multidimensional liquid chromatography on-line with the rapid scanning, high throughput linear trapping quadrupole platform resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of measured peptides and, thus, the number of identified proteins. A total of 2406 functionally diverse, nonredundant proteins were identified in this study, representing a relatively deep proteome coverage for this organism. The core molecular response to chromate challenge under all three concentrations consisted predominantly of proteins with annotated functions in transport and binding (e.g., components of the TonB1 iron transport system, TonB-dependent receptors, and sulfate transporters) as well as a functionally undefined DNA-binding response regulator (SO2426) that might play a role in mediating metal stress responses. In addition, proteins annotated as a cytochrome c, a putative azoreductase, and various proteins involved in general stress protection were up-regulated at the higher Cr(VI) doses (0.5 and 1 mM) only. Proteins down-regulated in response to metal treatment were distributed across diverse functional categories, with energy metabolism proteins dominating. The results presented in this work demonstrate the dynamic dosage response of S. oneidensis to sub-toxic levels of chromate. Keywords: mass spectrometry center dot multidimensional liquid chromatography center dot shotgun proteomics center dot Shewanella oneidensis center dot linear trapping quadrupole center dot chromate stress C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Grad Sch Genome Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Biol Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Hettich, RL (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, POB 2008 MS 6131, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM hettichrl@ornl.gov RI Hettich, Robert/N-1458-2016; OI Hettich, Robert/0000-0001-7708-786X; , /0000-0002-9216-3813 NR 47 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1535-3893 J9 J PROTEOME RES JI J. Proteome Res. PY 2007 VL 6 IS 5 BP 1745 EP 1757 DI 10.1021/pr060502x PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 164BG UT WOS:000246207000011 PM 17385904 ER PT J AU Zhang, Q Qian, WJ Knyushko, TV Clauss, TRW Purvine, SO Moore, RJ Sacksteder, CA Chin, MH Smith, DJ Camp, DG Bigelow, DJ Smith, RD AF Zhang, Qibin Qian, Wei-Jun Knyushko, Tatyana V. Clauss, Therese R. W. Purvine, Samuel O. Moore, Ronald J. Sacksteder, Colette A. Chin, Mark H. Smith, Desmond J. Camp, David G., II Bigelow, Diana J. Smith, Richard D. TI A method for selective enrichment and analysis of nitrotyrosine-containing peptides in complex proteome samples SO JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE nitrotyrosine peptide enrichment; nitrotyrosine derivatization; tyrosine nitration; sulfhydryl peptide enrichment; Histone 1.2; BSA nitration, mouse brain; LC-MS/MS ID TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; RAT SKELETAL-MUSCLE; TYROSINE NITRATION; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; NITRIC-OXIDE; HUMAN PLASMA; MOUSE-BRAIN; IN-VIVO; PROTEINS AB Elevated levels of protein tyrosine nitration have been found in various neurodegenerative diseases and age-related pathologies. Until recently, however, the lack of an efficient enrichment method has prevented the analysis of this important low-level protein modification. We have developed a method that specifically enriches nitrotyrosine-containing peptides so that both nitrotyrosine peptides and specific nitration sites can be unambiguously identified with LC-MS/MS. The procedure consists of the derivatization of nitrotyrosine into free sulfhydryl groups followed by high efficiency enrichment of sulfhydryl-containing peptides with thiopropyl sepharose beads. The derivatization process includes: ( 1) acetylation with acetic anhydride to block all primary amines, ( 2) reduction of nitrotyrosine to aminotyrosine, ( 3) derivatization of aminotyrosine with N-Succinimidyl S-Acetylthioacetate (SATA), and ( 4) deprotection of S-acetyl on SATA to form free sulfhydryl groups. The high specificity of this method is demonstrated by the contrasting percentage of nitrotyrosine-derivatized peptides in the identified tandem mass spectra between enriched and unenriched samples. Global analysis of unenriched in vitro nitrated human histone H1.2, bovine serum albumin ( BSA), and mouse brain homogenate samples had 9%, 9%, and 5.9% of identified nitrotyrosine-containing peptides, while the enriched samples had 91%, 62%, and 35%, respectively. Duplicate LC-MS/MS analyses of the enriched mouse brain homogenate identified 150 unique nitrated peptides covering 102 proteins with an estimated 3.3% false discovery rate. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Biol Sci, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Cell Biol & Biochem Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Human Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Mol & Med Pharmacol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Smith, RD (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Biol Sci, POB 999,MSIN K8-98, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM rds@pnl.gov RI Qian, Weijun/C-6167-2011; Smith, Richard/J-3664-2012 OI Smith, Richard/0000-0002-2381-2349 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR018522]; NIA NIH HHS [AG018013]; NIDA NIH HHS [R01 DA015802]; NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS050148] NR 45 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1535-3893 J9 J PROTEOME RES JI J. Proteome Res. PY 2007 VL 6 IS 6 BP 2257 EP 2268 DI 10.1021/pr0606934 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 173ST UT WOS:000246893500022 PM 17497906 ER PT J AU Zhang, QB Tang, N Brock, JWC Mottaz, HM Ames, JM Baynes, JW Smith, RD Metz, TO AF Zhang, Qibin Tang, Ning Brock, Jonathan W. C. Mottaz, Heather M. Ames, Jennifer M. Baynes, John W. Smith, Richard D. Metz, Thomas O. TI Enrichment and analysis of nonenzymatically glycated peptides: Boronate affinity chromatography coupled with electron-transfer dissociation mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE nonenzymatic glycation; boronate affinity enrichment; electron-transfer dissociation; collision-induced dissociation; post-translational modification; liquid chromatography; mass spectrometry ID N-LINKED GLYCOPROTEINS; DIABETES-MELLITUS; MAILLARD REACTION; END-PRODUCTS/PEPTIDES; PROTEINS; CAPTURE; IDENTIFICATION; GLYCOSYLATION; COMPLICATIONS; GLYCOPEPTIDE AB Nonenzymatic glycation of peptides and proteins by D-glucose has important implications in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, particularly in the development of diabetic complications. However, no effective high-throughput methods exist for identifying proteins containing this low-abundance posttranslational modification in bottom-up proteomic studies. In this report, phenylboronate affinity chromatography was used in a two-step enrichment scheme to selectively isolate first glycated proteins and then glycated, tryptic peptides from human serum glycated in vitro. Enriched peptides were subsequently analyzed by alternating electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) and collision induced dissociation ( CID) tandem mass spectrometry. ETD fragmentation mode permitted identification of a significantly higher number of glycated peptides (87.6% of all identified peptides) versus CID mode (17.0% of all identified peptides), when utilizing enrichment on first the protein and then the peptide level. This study illustrates that phenylboronate affinity chromatography coupled with LC-MS/MS and using ETD as the fragmentation mode is an efficient approach for analysis of glycated proteins and may have broad application in studies of diabetes mellitus. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Biol Sci, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Agilent Technol, Life Sci & Chem Anal, Santa Clara, CA 95052 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Chem & Biochem, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Biol Sci, Belfast BT9 5AG, Antrim, North Ireland. RP Metz, TO (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Biol Sci, POB 999,MSIN,K8-98, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM thomas.metz@pnl.gov RI Smith, Richard/J-3664-2012; OI Smith, Richard/0000-0002-2381-2349; Metz, Tom/0000-0001-6049-3968 FU NCRR NIH HHS [P41 RR018522, P41 RR018522-05, RR018522]; NIDDK NIH HHS [5R21DK071283, DK-19971, R21 DK071283, R33 DK071283, R33 DK071283-03, R37 DK019971]; Wellcome Trust [06564] NR 38 TC 104 Z9 106 U1 3 U2 49 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1535-3893 J9 J PROTEOME RES JI J. Proteome Res. PY 2007 VL 6 IS 6 BP 2323 EP 2330 DI 10.1021/pr070112q PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 173ST UT WOS:000246893500029 PM 17488106 ER PT J AU Adolf, DB Chambers, RS AF Adolf, Douglas B. Chambers, Robert S. TI A thermodynamically consistent, nonlinear viscoelastic approach for modeling thermosets during cure SO JOURNAL OF RHEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INDUCED RESIDUAL-STRESSES; SOL-GEL TRANSITION; COMPOSITE-MATERIALS; GLASSY-POLYMERS; CROSS-LINKING; EPOXY-RESIN; TEMPERATURE; ELASTICITY; EVOLUTION; VARIABLES AB Our previous, extensively validated, nonlinear viscoelastic formalism for glassy polymers is extended to include the effects of chemical reaction. Two modifications are necessary. First, the extent of reaction represents an additional degree of freedom that must be included in the free energy series expansion. Second, simultaneous reaction and deformation can lead to "compression set" that is represented by an evolving stress-free configuration in the cross-linked solid. The material clock, which is based on potential energy and must also incorporate these modifications, naturally predicts the increase in glass transition with cure. (c) 2007 The Society of Rheology. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Mat & Proc Sci Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Engn Sci Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Adolf, DB (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Mat & Proc Sci Ctr, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM dbadolf@sandia.gov NR 37 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 8 PU JOURNAL OF RHEOLOGY AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0148-6055 J9 J RHEOL JI J. Rheol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2007 VL 51 IS 1 BP 23 EP 50 DI 10.1122/1.2360670 PG 28 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 134AU UT WOS:000244055800002 ER PT J AU Bray, TH Sullens, TA Shvareva, TY Sykora, RE Haire, RG Albrecht-Schmitt, TE AF Bray, Travis H. Sullens, Tyler A. Shvareva, Tatiana Y. Sykora, Richard E. Haire, Richard G. Albrecht-Schmitt, Thomas E. TI Product evolution in the Np(IV) fluorophosphate system SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE neptunium phosphate; neptunium fluoride; neptunium fluorophosphaste; neptunium crystal structure ID BOND-VALENCE PARAMETERS; HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESES; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; SOLID-SOLUTIONS; LEACHING TESTS; NEPTUNIUM; PHOSPHATE; URANIUM; PLUTONIUM; URANYL AB The reaction of (NpO2)-Np-237 with Cs2CO3, Ga2O3, H3PO4, and HF under mild hydrothermal conditions leads to the formation of NpFPO4 after 4 days at 180 degrees C. Heating at 180 degrees C for an additional 6 days leads to the crystallization Of Cs2Np2F7RO4 and NpF4. The Ga2O3 forms a GaPO4 matrix in which crystals of NpFPO4, Cs2Np2F7PO4, and NpF4 grow. Single crystal X-ray data reveal that the structure of NpFPO4 consists of Np(IV) centers bound by both fluoride and phosphate to yield [NpF2O6] distorted dodecahedra. these are linked by corner-sharing with fluoride and both corner- and edge-sharing with phosphate to yield a dense, three-dimensional network. The structure of Cs2Np2F7PO4 is Complex and contains both distorted dodecahedral [NpO2F6] and tricapped trigonal prismatic [NpO2F7] environments around Np(IV) that are linked with each other through corner- and edge-sharing, and with the phosphate groups to create a three-dimensional structure. There are small channels extending down the a-axis in Cs2Np2F7PO4. Crystallographic data: NpFPO4, orthorhombic, space group Pnma, a = 8.598(2), b = 6.964(1), c = 6.337(1) angstrom, Z = 4, V = 379.44(13) angstrom(3), R(F) = 3.53% for 40 parameters and 465 reflections with I > 2 sigma(I) (T = 193 K); Cs2Np2F7PO4, monoclinic, space group P2(1)/c, a = 8.8727(4), b = 16.2778(7), c = 7.8009(4) angstrom, beta = 112.656(1), Z = 4, V = 1039.73(8) angstrom(3), R(F) = 2.27% for 146 parameters and 2465 reflections with I > 2 sigma(I) (T = 193 K). (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Auburn Univ, EC Leach Nucl Sci Ctr, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Univ S Alabama, Dept Chem, Mobile, AL 36688 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Transuranium Res Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Albrecht-Schmitt, TE (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM albreth@auburn.edu NR 40 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 180 IS 1 BP 70 EP 74 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2006.09.019 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 132OK UT WOS:000243951900010 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, JE Mosegaard, L Thomsen, LE Jensen, TR Hanson, JC AF Jorgensen, Jens-Erik Mosegaard, Lene Thomsen, Line E. Jensen, Torbert R. Hanson, Jonathan C. TI Formation of gamma-Fe2O3 nanoparticles and vacancy ordering: An in situ X-ray powder diffraction study SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE in situ X-ray powder diffraction ID RESOLUTION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; GRAIN-GROWTH; FERRIC-OXIDE; PARTICLES; KINETICS AB The formation of maghemite, gamma-Fe2O3 nanoparticles has been studied by in situ X-ray powder diffraction. The maghemite was formed by thermal decomposition of an amorphous precursor compound made by reacting lauric acid, CH3(CH2)(10)COOH with Fe(NO3)(3)center dot 9H(2)O. It has been shown that cubic gamma-Fe2O3 was formed directly from the amorphous precursor and that vacancy ordering starts about 45 min later at 305 degrees C resulting in a tripled unit cell along the c-axis. The kinetics of grain growth was found to obey a power law with growth exponents it equal to 0.136(6) and 0.103(5) at 305 and 340 degrees C, respectively. Particles with average sizes of 12 and 13 nm were obtained in 86 and 76 min at 305 and 340 degrees C, respectively. The structure of cubic and vacancy ordered phases of gamma-Fe2O3 was studied at 305 degrees C by Rietveld refinements. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Aarhus Univ, Dept Chem, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Jorgensen, JE (reprint author), Aarhus Univ, Dept Chem, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. EM jenserik@chem.au.dk RI Hanson, jonathan/E-3517-2010 NR 24 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 4 U2 33 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 EI 1095-726X J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 180 IS 1 BP 180 EP 185 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2006.09.033 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 132OK UT WOS:000243951900025 ER PT J AU Sharma, N Ling, CD Wrighter, GE Chen, PY Kennedy, BJ Lee, PL AF Sharma, Neeraj Ling, Chris D. Wrighter, Grant E. Chen, Parry Y. Kennedy, Brendan J. Lee, Peter L. TI Three-layer Aurivillius phases containing magnetic transition metal cations: Bi2-xSr2+x(Nb,Ta)(2+x)M1-xO12, M = Ru4+Ir4+. Mn4+, x approximate to 0.5 SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Aurivillius phase; Rietveld-refinement; multiferroic; anomalous dispersion ID FERROELECTRICS; OXIDE AB We report the synthesis of Aurivillius-type phases incorporating magnetic M4+ cations (M = Mn, Ru, Ir), based on the substitution of M4+ for Ti4+ in Bi2Sr2(Nb,Ta)(2)TiO12. The key to incorporating these magnetic transition metal cations appears to be the partial substitution of Sr2+ for Bi3+ in the alpha-PbO-type layer of the Aurivillius phase, leading to a concomitant decrease in the M4+ content; i.e., the composition of the prepared compounds was Bi2-xSr2+x(Nb,Ta)(2+x)M1-xO12, x approximate to 0.5. These compounds only exist over a narrow range of x, between an apparent minimum (x approximate to 0.4) Sr2+ content in the alpha-PbO-type [Bi2O2] layer required for Aurivillius phases to form with magnetic M4+ cations, and an apparent maximum (x approximate to 0.6) Sr2+ substitution in this [Bi2O2] layer. Rietveld-refinement of synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data making use of anomalous dispersion at the Nb and Ru K edges show that the overwhelming majority of the incorporated M cations occupy the central of the three MO6 octahedral layers in the perovskite-type block. Magnetic susceptibility measurements are presented and discussed in the context of the potential for multiferroic (magnetoelectric) properties in these materials. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sydney, Sch Chem, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Bragg Inst, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Xray Operat & Res Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Ling, CD (reprint author), Univ Sydney, Sch Chem, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. EM c.ling@chem..usyd.edu.au RI Ling, Chris D/B-2228-2009; Sharma, Neeraj/G-4949-2011 OI Ling, Chris D/0000-0003-2205-3106; Sharma, Neeraj/0000-0003-1197-6343 NR 22 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 180 IS 1 BP 370 EP 376 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2006.10.031 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 132OK UT WOS:000243951900049 ER PT J AU Qafoku, O Felmy, AR AF Qafoku, Odeta Felmy, Andrew R. TI Development of accurate chemical equilibrium models for oxalate species to high ionic strength in the system: Na-Ba-Ca-Mn-Sr-Cl-NO3-PO4-SO4-H2O at 25 degrees C SO JOURNAL OF SOLUTION CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE oxalate; solubility; Pitzer interaction parameters ID METAL-LIGAND INTERACTIONS; AQUEOUS SODIUM-CHLORIDE; QUARTZ DISSOLUTION; NATURAL-WATERS; NACL SOLUTIONS; OXALIC-ACID; COMPLEXATION; 175-DEGREES-C; SOLUBILITIES; PREDICTION AB The development of an accurate aqueous thermodynamic model is described for oxalate species in the Na-Ba-Ca-Mn-Sr-Cl-NO3-PO4-SO4-H2O system at 25 degrees C. The model is valid to high ionic strength (as high as 10 mol.kg(-1)) and from very acid (10 mol.kg(-1) H2SO4) to neutral and basic conditions. The model is based upon the equations of Pitzer and co-workers. The necessary ion-interaction parameters are determined by comparison with experimental data taken from the literature or determined in this study. The proposed aqueous activity and solubility model is valid for a range of applications from interpretation of studies on mineral dissolution at circumneutral pH to the dissolution of high-level waste tank sludges under acidic conditions. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Felmy, AR (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999,MSIN K8-96, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM ar.felmy@pnl.gov NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0095-9782 J9 J SOLUTION CHEM JI J. Solut. Chem. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 36 IS 1 BP 81 EP 95 DI 10.1007/s10953-006-9094-1 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 124GA UT WOS:000243354700006 ER PT J AU Hohn, M Tang, G Goodyear, G Baldwin, PR Huang, Z Penczek, PA Yang, C Glaeser, RM Adams, PD Ludtke, SJ AF Hohn, Michael Tang, Grant Goodyear, Grant Baldwin, P. R. Huang, Zhong Penczek, Pawel A. Yang, Chao Glaeser, Robert M. Adams, Paul D. Ludtke, Steven J. TI SPARX, a new environment for Cryo-EM image processing SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CryoEM; TEM; single particle analysis; 3-D reconstruction; image processing ID CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE DETERMINATION; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; NEW-GENERATION; SOFTWARE; RECONSTRUCTION; VISUALIZATION; PACKAGE; SYSTEM; PHENIX AB SPARX (single particle analysis for resolution extension) is a new image processing environment with a particular emphasis on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Structure determination. It includes a graphical User interface that provides a complete graphical programming environment with a novel data/process-flow infrastructure, an extensive library of Python scripts that perform specific TEM-related computational tasks, and a core library of fundamental C++ image processing functions. In addition, SPARX relies on the EMAN2 library and cctbx, the open-source computational crystallography library from PHENIX. The design of the system is Such that future inclusion of other image processing libraries is a straightforward task. The SPARX infrastructure intelligently handles retention of intermediate values, even those inside programming Structures Such as loops and function calls. SPARX and all dependencies are free for academic use and available with complete source. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Natl Ctr Macromol Imaging, Verna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Texas, Houston Med Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Phys Biosci Div, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ludtke, SJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Natl Ctr Macromol Imaging, Verna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM sludtke@bcm.edu RI Adams, Paul/A-1977-2013 OI Adams, Paul/0000-0001-9333-8219 FU NCRR NIH HHS [P41RR02250]; NIGMS NIH HHS [P01GM064692, R01 GM080139, R01 GM080139-01, R01GM080139] NR 24 TC 183 Z9 183 U1 3 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1047-8477 J9 J STRUCT BIOL JI J. Struct. Biol. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 157 IS 1 BP 47 EP 55 DI 10.1016/j.jsb.2006.07.003 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 124SV UT WOS:000243391100006 PM 16931051 ER PT J AU Yang, C Penczek, PA Leith, A Asturias, FJ Ng, EG Glaeser, RM Frank, J AF Yang, Chao Penczek, Pawel A. Leith, ArDean Asturias, Francisco J. Ng, Esmond G. Glaeser, Robert M. Frank, Joachim TI The parallelization of SPIDER on distributed-memory computers using MPI SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 3-D structure determination; electron microscopy; parallel computing; message passing interface ID CRYOELECTRON MICROSCOPY; 3-D RECONSTRUCTION; RESOLUTION AB We describe the strategies and implementation details we employed to parallelize the SPIDER software package on distributed-memory parallel computers using the message passing interface (MPI). The MPI-enabled SPIDER preserves the interactive command line and batch interface used in the sequential version of SPIDER, thus does not require users to modify their existing batch programs. We show the excellent performance of the MPI-enabled SPIDER when it is used to perform multi-reference alignment and 3-D reconstruction operations on a number of different computing platforms. We point out some performance issues when the MPI-enabled SPIDER is used for a complete 3-D projection matching refinement run, and propose several ways to further improve the parallel performance of SPIDER on distributed-memory machines. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Computat Res Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Baylor Univ, Houton Med Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr Labs & Res, Albany, NY 12201 USA. Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr Labs & Res, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Albany, NY 12201 USA. RP Yang, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Computat Res Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM CYang@lbl.gov NR 23 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1047-8477 J9 J STRUCT BIOL JI J. Struct. Biol. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 157 IS 1 BP 240 EP 249 DI 10.1016/j.jsb.2006.05.011 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 124SV UT WOS:000243391100024 PM 16859923 ER PT J AU Borek, D Ginell, SL Cymborowski, M Minor, W Otwinowski, Z AF Borek, Dominika Ginell, Stephan L. Cymborowski, Marcin Minor, Wladek Otwinowski, Zbyszek TI The many faces of radiation-induced changes SO JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LA English DT Article DE radiation damage; radiation decay; radiation-induced changes; phasing; data collection strategy ID PROTEIN CRYSTALS; CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES; SYNCHROTRON-RADIATION; STRUCTURAL-CHANGES; DAMAGE; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; DIFFRACTION; ATOMS; LIMIT AB During diffraction experiments even cryo-cooled protein crystals can be significantly damaged due to chemical and physical changes induced by absorbed X-ray photons. The character and scale of the observed effects depend strongly on the temperature and the composition of crystals. The absorption of radiation energy results in incremental regular changes to the crystal structure, making its impact on the process of solving the structure strongly correlated with other experimental variables. An understanding of all the dependencies is still limited and does not allow for a precise prediction of the outcome of a particular diffraction experiment. Results are presented of diffraction experiments performed under different experimental conditions. The influence of temperature and crystal composition on different characteristics of radiation damage is analyzed. The observed effects are discussed in terms of their impact on data processing and phasing procedures. C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Dallas, TX 75390 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Struct Biol Ctr, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Mol Physiol & Biol Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA. RP Otwinowski, Z (reprint author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390 USA. EM zbyszek@work.swmed.edu RI Otwinowski, Zbyszek/F-3665-2011; Borek, Dominika/D-2943-2011; Minor, Wladek/F-3096-2014; OI Borek, Dominika/0000-0002-4321-6253; Minor, Wladek/0000-0001-7075-7090 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM053163] NR 33 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0909-0495 J9 J SYNCHROTRON RADIAT JI J. Synchrot. Radiat. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 14 BP 24 EP 33 DI 10.1107/S0909049506046589 PN 1 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA 117DB UT WOS:000242851800004 PM 17211069 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, A AF Gonzalez, Ana TI A comparison of SAD and two-wavelength MAD phasing for radiation-damaged Se-MET crystals SO JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LA English DT Article DE SAD; MAD; radiation damage ID PROTEIN CRYSTALS; DATA-COLLECTION; MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALS; SUBSTRUCTURE SOLUTION; X-RAYS; DIFFRACTION; VINCULIN; WAVELENGTH; ACTIVATION; STRATEGIES AB Although a case has been made that single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) is the optimal strategy for data collection in the presence of radiation damage, two-wavelength MAD experiments at the inflection and a high-energy remote point of the absorption edge have been shown to be a potentially successful alternative method. In order to further investigate the performance of both data collection strategies, a comparison of SAD and MAD phasing was carried out for increasingly damaged data sets from three different selenomethionine protein samples collected under similar experimental conditions. In all but one example the MAD phases appeared to be less affected than SAD phases with increasing exposure to X-rays, and had a better overall success rate, indicating that this method should be given serious consideration when dealing with radiation-sensitive crystals. Simultaneous data collection in wedges at all wavelengths seems to be a very important factor in the success of MAD experiments; the decreased absorbed dose resulting from eschewing data collection at the maximum f '' wavelength may play a less important role. Specific radiation damage to the selenium atoms is found to be a minor effect compared with the effect on the anomalous dispersion signal, although potentially large enough to be a useful contribution to phasing in both SAD and MAD experiments. C1 Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Gonzalez, A (reprint author), Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Rd,MS 99, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM ana@slac.stanford.edu NR 43 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0909-0495 J9 J SYNCHROTRON RADIAT JI J. Synchrot. Radiat. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 14 BP 43 EP 50 DI 10.1107/S0909049506041045 PN 1 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA 117DB UT WOS:000242851800006 PM 17211071 ER PT J AU Holton, JM AF Holton, James M. TI XANES measurements of the rate of radiation damage to selenomethionine side chains SO JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LA English DT Article DE X-ray dose; protective solutes; pH and temperature effects; protein crystal structure; mechanism of radiation damage ID X-RAY-ABSORPTION; MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; DATA-COLLECTION; PROTEIN CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; ACTIVE-SITE; SELENIUM; SPECTROSCOPY; FINGERPRINT; SCATTERING AB The radiation-induced disordering of selenomethionine (SeMet) side chains represents a significant impediment to protein structure solution. Not only does the increased B-factor of these sites result in a serious drop in phasing power, but some sites decay much faster than others in the same unit cell. These radio-labile SeMet side chains decay faster than high-order diffraction spots with dose, making it difficult to detect this kind of damage by inspection of the diffraction pattern. The selenium X-ray absorbance near-edge spectrum (XANES) from samples containing SeMet was found to change significantly after application of X-ray doses of 10-100 MGy. Most notably, the sharp 'white line' feature near the canonical Se edge disappears. The change was attributed to breakage of the C gamma - Se bond in SeMet. This spectral change was used as a probe to measure the decay rate of SeMet with X-ray dose in cryo-cooled samples. Two protein crystal types and 15 solutions containing free SeMet amino acid were examined. The damage rate was influenced by the chemical and physical condition of the sample, and the half-decaying dose for the selenium XANES signal ranged from 5 to 43 MGy. These decay rates were 34- to 3.8-fold higher than the rate at which the Se atoms interacted directly with X-ray photons, so the damage mechanism must be a secondary effect. Samples that cooled to a more crystalline state generally decayed faster than samples that cooled to an amorphous solid. The single exception was a protein crystal where a nanocrystalline cryoprotectant had a protective effect. Lowering the pH, especially with ascorbic or nitric acids, had a protective effect, and SeMet lifetime increased monotonically with decreasing sample temperature (down to 93 K). The SeMet lifetime in one protein crystal was the same as that of the free amino acid, and the longest SeMet lifetime measured was found in the other protein crystal type. This protection was found to arise from the folded structure of the protein molecule. A mechanism to explain observed decay rates involving the damaging species following the electric field lines around protein molecules is proposed. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Holton, JM (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA. EM jmholton@lbl.gov FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM024485-23, GM74929, U54 GM074929, U54 GM074929-01, R01 GM024485, R37 GM024485, GM24485] NR 58 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0909-0495 J9 J SYNCHROTRON RADIAT JI J. Synchrot. Radiat. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 14 BP 51 EP 72 DI 10.1107/S0909049506048898 PN 1 PG 22 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA 117DB UT WOS:000242851800007 PM 17211072 ER PT J AU Snell, EH Bellamy, HD Rosenbaum, G van der Woerd, MJ AF Snell, Edward H. Bellamy, Henry D. Rosenbaum, Gerd van der Woerd, Mark J. TI Non-invasive measurement of X-ray beam heating on a surrogate crystal sample SO JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LA English DT Article DE X-ray beam heating; thermal imaging; cryocooling; crystal; glass ID GAMMA-IRRADIATED DNA; RADIATION-DAMAGE; PROTEIN CRYSTALS; MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; CRYOCRYSTALLOGRAPHY; COMPLEX AB Cryocooling is a technique routinely used to mitigate the effects of secondary radiation damage on macromolecules during X-ray data collection. Energy from the X-ray beam absorbed by the sample raises the temperature of the sample. How large is the temperature increase and does this reduce the effectiveness of cryocooling? Sample heating by the X-ray beam has been measured non-invasively for the first time by means of thermal imaging. Specifically, the temperature rise of 1 mm and 2 mm glass spheres (sample surrogates) exposed to an intense synchrotron X-ray beam and cooled in a laminar flow of nitrogen gas is experimentally measured. For the typical sample sizes, photon energies, fluxes, flux densities and exposure times used for macromolecular crystallographic data collection at third-generation synchrotron radiation sources and with the sample accurately centered in the cryostream, the heating by the X-ray beam is only a few degrees. This is not sufficient to raise the sample above the amorphous-ice/crystalline-ice transition temperature and, if the cryostream cools the sample to 100 K, not even enough to significantly enhance radiation damage from secondary effects. C1 Hauptman Woodward Med Res Inst, Buffalo, NY 14203 USA. Louisiana State Univ, CAMD, Baton Rouge, LA 70806 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Biochem, APS, SERCAT, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Snell, EH (reprint author), Hauptman Woodward Med Res Inst, 700 Elicott St, Buffalo, NY 14203 USA. EM esnell@hwi.buffalo.edu NR 39 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0909-0495 J9 J SYNCHROTRON RADIAT JI J. Synchrot. Radiat. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 14 BP 109 EP 115 DI 10.1107/S090904950604605X PN 1 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA 117DB UT WOS:000242851800012 PM 17211077 ER PT J AU Wang, YJ Narayanan, S Liu, JY Shu, DM Mashayekhi, A Qian, J Wang, J AF Wang, Yujie Narayanan, Suresh Liu, Jinyuan Shu, Deming Mashayekhi, Ali Qian, Jun Wang, Jin TI A sagittally focusing double-multilayer monochromator for ultrafast X-ray imaging applications SO JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LA English DT Article DE X-ray optics; sagittally focusing double-multilayer monochromator; X-ray radiography ID ADVANCED-PHOTON-SOURCE; SYNCHROTRON RADIATION; FUEL SPRAYS; OPTICS; BEAMLINE; PERFORMANCE; CRYSTALS AB The development of a sagittally focusing double-multilayer monochromator is reported, which produces a spatially extended wide-bandpass X-ray beam from an intense synchrotron bending-magnet source at the Advanced Photon Source, for ultrafast X-ray radiography and tomography applications. This monochromator consists of two W/B4C multilayers with a 25 angstrom period coated on Si single-crystal substrates. The second multilayer is mounted on a sagittally focusing bender, which can dynamically change the bending radius of the multilayer in order to condense and focus the beam to various points along the beamline. With this new apparatus, it becomes possible to adjust the X-ray beam size to best match the area detector size and the object size to facilitate more efficient data collection using ultrafast X-ray radiography and tomography. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Wang, YJ (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM yujie@aps.anl.gov RI wang, yujie/C-2582-2015 NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0909-0495 J9 J SYNCHROTRON RADIAT JI J. Synchrot. Radiat. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 14 BP 138 EP 143 DI 10.1107/S0909049506050205 PN 1 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA 117DB UT WOS:000242851800016 PM 17211081 ER PT J AU Hong, SG Byun, TS Lowden, RA Snead, LL Katoh, Y AF Hong, Seong-Gu Byun, Thak-Sang Lowden, Richard A. Snead, Lance L. Katoh, Yutai TI Evaluation of the fracture strength for silicon carbide layers in the tri-isotropic-coated fuel particle SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB A program to develop new methods to measure the fracture strength of the chemical vapor deposition SiC coatings in nuclear fuel particles has been carried out. Internal pressurization and crush test techniques were developed and applied to prototype-sized tubular and hemispherical shell specimens. The fracture strength measured from each test method applying the Weibull two-parameter distribution, and Weibull parameters were measured. It was shown that data generated with each test technique were independent of the test technique applied. This implies that the developed test methods are reliable and provide reasonable strength data. For the same material, fracture strength varied with the specimen geometry and loading configuration. These size and loading configuration effects on the fracture strength are explained with the concept of effective surface. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Hong, SG (reprint author), Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Mech Engn, Taejon 305701, South Korea. EM hongsg@ornl.gov OI Katoh, Yutai/0000-0001-9494-5862 NR 27 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 90 IS 1 BP 184 EP 191 DI 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.01367.x PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 124OH UT WOS:000243377200028 ER PT J AU Barringer, E Faiztompkins, Z Feinroth, H Allen, T Lance, M Meyer, H Walker, L Lara-Curzio, E AF Barringer, E. Faiztompkins, Z. Feinroth, H. Allen, T. Lance, M. Meyer, H. Walker, L. Lara-Curzio, E. TI Corrosion of CVD silicon carbide in 500 degrees C supercritical water SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CERAMICS; BEHAVIOR AB A high-purity CVD beta-SiC showed a relatively low corrosion rate in deoxygenated supercritical water at 500 degrees C. The corrosion rate was lower than that previously reported for CVD SiC in 360 degrees C water and much lower than that reported for sintered and reaction-bonded SiC. The present study confirmed that CVD SiC was preferentially attacked at the grain boundaries. Analytical examinations did not reveal the presence of a measurable oxide scale. As a result, it is believed that corrosion of the high-purity SiC occurred via hydrolysis to hydrated silica species at the surface that were rapidly dissolved into the supercritical water. C1 Ceram Tubular Prod, Rockville, MD 20855 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Engn Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Barringer, E (reprint author), Ceram Tubular Prod, Rockville, MD 20855 USA. EM eabarringer@gmail.com NR 8 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 90 IS 1 BP 315 EP 318 DI 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01401.x PG 4 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 124OH UT WOS:000243377200052 ER PT J AU Tchekneva, EE Rinchik, EM Polosukhina, D Davis, LS Kadkina, V Mohamed, Y Dunn, SR Sharma, K Qi, Z Fogo, AB Breyer, MD AF Tchekneva, Elena E. Rinchik, Eugene M. Polosukhina, Dina Davis, Linda S. Kadkina, Veronika Mohamed, Yassir Dunn, Steve R. Sharma, Kumar Qi, Zhonghua Fogo, Agnes B. Breyer, Matthew D. TI A sensitized screen of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-mutagenized mice identifies dominant mutants predisposed to diabetic nephropathy SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY LA English DT Article ID STAGE RENAL-DISEASE; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; ALBUMIN EXCRETION; KIDNEY-DISEASE; MOUSE STRAINS; DB/DB MOUSE; GENOME-WIDE; TYPE-1; MUTAGENESIS; RISK AB Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a late diabetic complication that comprises progressively increasing albuminuria, declining GFR, and increased cardiovascular risk. Only a minority of patients with diabetes (25 to 40%) develop nephropathy, and there is evidence that heritable genetic factors predispose these "at-risk" individuals to DN. Comparing variability among inbred mouse strains with respect to a specific phenotype can model interhuman variability, and each strain represents a genetically homogeneous system with a defined risk for nephropathy. C57BL/6 mice, which are relatively resistant to DN, were mutagenized using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea and screened for mutants that developed excess albuminuria on a sensitizing type 1 diabetic background contributed by the dominant Akita mutation in insulin-2 gene (Ins2(Akita)). Two of 375 diabetic G1 founders were found to exhibit albumin excretion rates persistently 10-fold greater than albumin excretion rates in non-mutagenized Ins2(Akita) controls. This albuminuria trait was heritable and transmitted to approximately 50% of Ins2(Akita) G2 and G3 progeny, consistent with a simple, dominantly inherited trait, but was never observed in nondiabetic offspring. During the course of 1 yr, albuminuric Ins2(Akita) G2 and G3 progeny developed reduced inulin clearance with elevated blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine. Glomerular histology revealed mesangial expansion, and glomerular basement membrane thickening as determined by electron microscopy was enhanced in diabetic mutant kidneys. Hereditary albuminuric N-ethyl-N-nitro-sourea-induced mutants were redesignated as Nphrp1 (nephropathy1) and Nphrp2 (nephropathy2) mice for two generated lines. These novel mutants provide new, robust mouse models of DN and should help to elucidate the underlying genetic basis of predisposition to DN. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Med, Div Nephrol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Pathol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Physiol & Mol Biophys, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Vet Adm Med Ctr, Nashville, TN 37203 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Biochem Cellular & Mol Biol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. Tacon Farms Inc, Hudson, NY USA. Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Med, Div Nephrol, Dorrance Hamilton Res Labs, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. RP Tchekneva, EE (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Div Nephrol & Hypertens, 21st Ave S Garland, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. EM elena.tchekneva@vanderbilt.edu FU NIDDK NIH HHS [U01 DK061018, DK59637, DK58404, DK20539] NR 50 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY NEPHROLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1725 I ST, NW STE 510, WASHINGTON, DC 20006 USA SN 1046-6673 J9 J AM SOC NEPHROL JI J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 18 IS 1 BP 103 EP 112 DI 10.1681/ASN.2006020164 PG 10 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 126TG UT WOS:000243537800014 PM 17151334 ER PT J AU Singla, P Griffith, DT Katake, A Junkins, JL AF Singla, Puneet Griffith, D. Todd Katake, Anup Junkins, John L. TI Attitude and interlock angle estimation using split-field-of-view star tracker SO JOURNAL OF THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AAS/AIAA 14th Space Flight Mechanics Meeting CY FEB 08-12, 2004 CL Maui, HI SP AAS, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut ID ORBIT AB An efficient Kalman filter based algorithm has been proposed for the spacecraft attitude estimation problem using a novel split-field-of-view star camera and three-axis rate gyros. The conventional spacecraft attitude algorithm has been modified for on-orbit estimation of interlock angles between the two fields of view of star camera, gyro axis, and the spacecraft body frame. Real time estimation of the interlock angles makes the attitude estimates more robust to thermal and environmental effects than in-ground estimation, and makes the overall system more tolerant of off-nominal, structural, mechanical, and optical assembly anomalies. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Buffalo, NY 14620 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Anal Struct Dynam Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, George J Eppright Chair, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Singla, P (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Buffalo, NY 14620 USA. RI Singla, Puneet/D-3642-2012; Griffith, Daniel/C-2807-2014 OI Singla, Puneet/0000-0002-2441-2531; Griffith, Daniel/0000-0002-7767-3700 NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASTRONAUTICAL SOC PI SPRINGFIELD PA 6352 ROLLING MILL PLACE SUITE 102, SPRINGFIELD, VA 22152 USA SN 0021-9142 J9 J ASTRONAUT SCI JI J. Astronaut. Sci. PD JAN-MAR PY 2007 VL 55 IS 1 BP 85 EP 105 PG 21 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 225AV UT WOS:000250490400005 ER PT J AU Pereira, CS de Moura, AF Freitas, LCG Lins, RA AF Pereira, Cristina S. de Moura, Andre F. Freitas, Lutz Carlos G. Lins, Roberto A. TI Revisiting the internal conformational dynamics and solvation properties of cyclodextrins SO JOURNAL OF THE BRAZILIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE cyclodextrins; molecular dynamics; solvation; flexibility ID CRYSTALLINE BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN; MAXIMUM CHIRAL DISCRIMINATION; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; FORCE-FIELD; INCLUSION COMPLEXES; ALPHA-CYCLODEXTRIN; GAMMA-CYCLODEXTRIN; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; GUEST INCLUSION AB Molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the internal conformational dynamics and solvation properties of the three natural cyclodextrins, alpha-, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin in aqueous solution at room temperature. These glucose-derived oligosacharides present a molecular structure that confers them the ability to complex guest molecules and change their physicochemical properties. The structural behavior of cyclodextrins in solution is crucial for their complexation abilities. Analyses of the obtained trajectories show that inter-glucose hydrogen bonds between the secondary hydroxyl groups are present in solution, but show a very dynamical character where alternative hydrogen bonds to water molecules can be formed. Despite the lower hydrophilicity of the cyclodextrins inner-cavities, they were found to be solvated and the number of water molecules inside the cavity roughly doubles per glucose unit added to the ring. The residence times for water molecules inside the cavities are inversely proportional to the cavity size. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Phys Chem Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Dept Quim, BR-13565905 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil. RP Lins, RA (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM roberto.lins@pnl.gov RI de Moura, Andre/E-8810-2012; Lins, Roberto/J-7511-2012 OI Lins, Roberto/0000-0002-3983-8025 NR 81 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC BRASILEIRA QUIMICA PI SAO PAULO PA CAIXA POSTAL 26037, 05599-970 SAO PAULO, BRAZIL SN 0103-5053 J9 J BRAZIL CHEM SOC JI J. Braz. Chem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 18 IS 5 BP 951 EP 961 DI 10.1590/S0103-50532007000500012 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 220UC UT WOS:000250181800012 ER PT J AU Belharouak, I Sun, YK Lu, W Amine, K AF Belharouak, I. Sun, Y.-K. Lu, W. Amine, K. TI On the safety of the Li4Ti5O12/LiMn2O4 lithium-ion battery system SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID THERMAL-STABILITY; CELLS; OXIDES; LI(NI0.8CO0.15AL0.05)O-2; SIMULATION; COMPONENTS; GRAPHITE; PACKS; ANODE AB The aim of this work is to investigate the inherent safety characteristics of the Li4Ti5O12/LiMn2O4 cell chemistry in a real battery. For this purpose, the reactivity of the Li4Ti5O12 anode material with the electrolyte was first studied upon its electrochemical lithiation in a Li-metal half-cell. Results obtained by differential scanning calorimetry show that the total heat associated with this reaction increased when the lithium amount inserted in Li4Ti5O12 increased, with no noticeable change in the onset temperature (125 degrees C ). It was also found that the total heat of the fully lithiated Li4Ti5O12 (383 J/g) was much smaller compared to that of the fully lithiated graphite (2700 J/g), the latter having a lower onset temperature (100 degrees C). The thermal and structural stability of Li6.5Ti5O12 and Li0.2Mn2O4 phases was investigated after the chemical lithiation of Li4Ti5O12 with butylithium and the chemical delithiation of LiMn2O4 with nitronium tetrafluoroborate. Data from thermal gravimetric analysis show that the Li0.2Mn2O4 cathode released less than 2 wt % oxygen below 400 degrees C, while the Li6.5Ti5O12 anode gained 4 wt % at the same temperature. The accelerated rate calorimetry test performed on 18650- cells containing Li4Ti5O12/LiMn2O4 chemistry showed no thermal runaway, explosion, or fire. These results clearly demonstrate that the Li4Ti5O12/ LiMn2O4 battery could be one of the safest Li- ion battery systems. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Engn, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Hanyang Univ, Ctr Informat & Commun Mat, Dept Chem Engn, Seoul 133791, South Korea. RP Belharouak, I (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Engn, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM belharouak@cmt.anl.gov; amine@cmt.anl.gov RI Sun, Yang-Kook/B-9157-2013; Amine, Khalil/K-9344-2013; OI Sun, Yang-Kook/0000-0002-0117-0170; Belharouak, Ilias/0000-0002-3985-0278 NR 24 TC 109 Z9 113 U1 14 U2 119 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 12 BP A1083 EP A1087 DI 10.1149/1.2783770 PG 5 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 225GH UT WOS:000250504600002 ER PT J AU Chen, GY Song, XY Richardson, TJ AF Chen, Guoying Song, Xiangyun Richardson, Thomas J. TI Metastable solid-solution phases in the LiFePO4/FePO4 system SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LIXFEPO4; LITHIUM; EXISTENCE; ELECTRODE; IRON AB Solid-solution behavior in the LiFePO4-FePO4 system was investigated using X-ray powder diffraction. A substantial dependence upon crystal size and morphology was observed. Partially delithiated samples of 4 x 2 x 0.2 mu m hydrothermally synthesized olivine-type LixFePO4 crystals containing only the two end-member phases were heated to form single-phase solid solutions. In samples with x > 0.6, a line phase with composition LiyFePO4 (y = 0.60 +/- 0.04) appeared as an intermediate during the transformation of the two-phase mixtures to single-phase LixFePO4. This phase then precipitated during cooling along with LiFePO4 and persisted at ambient temperature. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that upon cooling, phase separation occurred within the crystals along the b direction (space group Pnma), with LiFePO4 forming at the (010) surfaces. More complex behavior was found for samples with x < 0.6 and for crystals of smaller dimensions. (C) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Chen, GY (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM tjrichardson@lbl.gov NR 14 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 4 U2 39 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 7 BP A627 EP A632 DI 10.1149/1.2732189 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 173SE UT WOS:000246892000004 ER PT J AU Chen, YH Wang, CW Liu, G Song, XY Battaglia, VS Sastry, AM AF Chen, Y.-H. Wang, C.-W. Liu, G. Song, X.-Y. Battaglia, V. S. Sastry, A. M. TI Selection of conductive additives in Li-ion battery cathodes - A numerical study SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID POLYDISPERSE PARTICLES; ELECTRODE MATERIALS; THERMAL-STABILITY; LITHIUM BATTERIES; RANDOM PACKING; CARBON SOURCE; LIMN2O4; COMPOSITES; LIFEPO4; CELLS AB The lithium-ion cell has been successively improved with adoption of new cathode electrochemistries, from LiCoO2 to higher-capacity LiNi1-xCoxO2 to lower cost LiNi1-xCoxO2. The addition of conductive additives to cathode materials has been demonstrated to improve each type. Four systems have emerged as important cathodes in recent studies: (i) the spinel LiMn2O4, (ii) LiFePO4, (iii) the "Gen 2" material, Li(Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05)O-2, and (iv) the Li (Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O-2 system. The architectures of model composite cathodes were generated using our prior approach in simulating packing of polydisperse arrangements; conductivity was then simulated for several realizations of each case. A key finding was that the conductive coatings significantly improve overall conductivity. Percolation was achieved for the volume fraction of active material (>= 30%) in studied cases, which was larger than the percolation threshold (29%) for a 3D spherical particulate system. Neither surface nor bulk modifications of active-material particle conductivities seem desirable targets for improvement of laminate conductivity at present. As part of future work, trade-offs between conductivity and capacity will be considered. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Mech Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Biomed Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Chen, YH (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Mech Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM amsastry@umich.edu RI Shin, Hosop/B-7381-2015 NR 47 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 9 U2 83 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 10 BP A978 EP A986 DI 10.1149/1.2767839 PG 9 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 203OU UT WOS:000248984700012 ER PT J AU Deb, A Bergmann, U Cramer, SP Cairns, EJ AF Deb, Aniruddha Bergmann, Uwe Cramer, Stephen P. Cairns, Elton J. TI In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopic study of Li1.05Ni0.35Co0.25Mn0.4O2 cathode material coated with LiCoO2 SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; FINE-STRUCTURE; MN; COMPLEX; LINIO2; NICKEL; XANES; CELLS AB After the recent upsurge of interest in the layered LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 system for use as a cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries, we have studied the charge compensation mechanism and structural perturbations occurring during cycling of the novel layered system of Li1.05Ni0.35Co0.25Mn0.4O2 coated with nano-crystallized LiCoO2, which effectively improved the rate capability. In addition, the LiCoO2 evidently suppressed any structural change of the Li1.05Ni0.35Co0.25Mn0.4O2. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements were performed utilizing a novel in situ electrochemical cell, specifically designed for long-term X-ray experiments. The cell was cycled at a moderate rate through a typical Li-ion battery operating voltage range (2.8-4.8 V). The electrode contained 1.9 mg of Li1.05Ni0.35Co0.25Mn0.4O2 on a 25 mu m Al foil, and had an area of 0.79 cm(2). XAS measurements were performed at different states of charge (SOC) during cycling, at the Ni, Co, and the Mn edges, revealing details about the response of the cathode to Li insertion and extraction processes. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure region of the spectra revealed the changes of bond distance and coordination number of Ni, Co, and Mn absorbers as a function of the SOC of the material. We found that the oxidation states of the transition metals in the system are Ni2+, Co3+, and Mn4+ in the fully discharged condition. During charging the Ni2+ is oxidized to Ni4+ through an intermediate stage of Ni3+, Co3+ is oxidized almost to Co4+. Utilizing a combination of Faraday's calculation and XAS results, the Co was found to be at Co3.89+ at the end of the charge, whereas Mn was found to be electrochemically inactive and remains as Mn4+. These measurements on this cathode material confirmed that the material retains its symmetry and good structural short-range order leading to superior cycling. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Deb, A (reprint author), Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM adeb@slac.stanford.edu RI Deb, Aniruddha/H-7529-2016; Cairns, Elton/E-8873-2012 OI Deb, Aniruddha/0000-0002-0331-9709; Cairns, Elton/0000-0002-1179-7591 NR 29 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 32 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 6 BP A534 EP A541 DI 10.1149/1.2720762 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 163RG UT WOS:000246179800007 ER PT J AU Hong, J Wang, CS Dudney, NJ Lance, MJ AF Hong, Jian Wang, Chunsheng Dudney, Nancy J. Lance, Michael J. TI Characterization and performance of LiFePO4 thin-film cathodes prepared with radio-frequency magnetron-sputter deposition SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PULSED-LASER DEPOSITION; ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES; LITHIUM BATTERIES; ION BATTERIES; ELECTRODES; SURFACE AB LiFePO4 films with a thickness of 1 mu m were deposited on a stainless steel substrate by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering of a LiFePO4/carbon composite target. Raman spectra revealed the presence of carbon in the film, which increased the electronic conductivity of the film relative to reports of the carbon-free material. X-ray diffraction revealed that the films were well crystallized, free of second phases, and may have a texture with a (011) orientation. The LiFePO4 plus carbon film showed a good capacity and rate capability at 25 degrees and -20 degrees C when cycled as the cathode of a lithium battery, although the film was still inferior to the carbon-coated LiFePO4 powder electrodes with 0.5 mu m particle size. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Tennessee Technol Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Hong, J (reprint author), Tennessee Technol Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. EM cswang@umd.edu RI Hong, Jian/A-3118-2011; Hong, Jian/E-6727-2010; Wang, Chunsheng/H-5767-2011; Lance, Michael/I-8417-2016; Dudney, Nancy/I-6361-2016 OI Wang, Chunsheng/0000-0002-8626-6381; Lance, Michael/0000-0001-5167-5452; Dudney, Nancy/0000-0001-7729-6178 NR 29 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 33 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 8 BP A805 EP A809 DI 10.1149/1.2746804 PG 5 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 183KQ UT WOS:000247572100011 ER PT J AU Kang, SH Park, SH Johnson, CS Amine, K AF Kang, Sun-Ho Park, Sang-Ho Johnson, Christopher S. Amine, Khalil TI Effects of li content on structure and electrochemical properties of Li1+x(Ni0.5Mn0.5)(1-x)O-2 (0 <= x <= 0.15) electrodes in lithium cells (1.0-4.8 V) SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LINI0.5MN0.5O2 CATHODE MATERIAL; ION BATTERIES; LAYERED LINI0.5MN0.5O2; OXIDE ELECTRODES; MN; LINI1/2MN1/2O2; DIFFRACTION; CAPACITY; BEHAVIOR; LI2MNO3 AB Layered Li1+x(Ni0.5Mn0.5)(1-x)O-2 (0 <= x <= 0.15) materials have been synthesized using Li2CO3 and coprecipitated (Ni0.5Mn0.5)(OH)(2). The materials with increased lithium content (x >= 0.10) showed distinct differences in particle morphology, which is attributed to the melting of excess Li2CO3 during calcination. The powder XRD patterns and the initial charging curves to 4.8 V indicated that the excess lithium resides in the transition metal layer to form Li2MnO3-like domains in the electrode structure such that these compounds can be reformulated in a two-component composite notation as 2xLi(2)MnO(3)center dot(1-3x)Li(NiyMn1-y)O-2 {y=(1-x)/[2(1-3x)]} with some cation disorder between the two components. The excess lithium significantly affected the charge/discharge behaviors in the low-voltage range (< 2 V) and the rate capability of the electrode materials, which is attributed to increasing Ni3+ content and decreasing Li/Ni disorder (i.e., Ni content in the lithium layer) in the materials. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Electrochem Technol Program, Div Chem Engn, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Kang, SH (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Electrochem Technol Program, Div Chem Engn, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM kangs@cmt.anl.gov RI Kang, Sun-Ho/E-7570-2010; Amine, Khalil/K-9344-2013 NR 34 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 25 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 4 BP A268 EP A274 DI 10.1149/1.2436624 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 144JL UT WOS:000244792200004 ER PT J AU Lee, KS Myung, ST Amine, K Yashiro, H Sun, YK AF Lee, K.-S. Myung, S.-T. Amine, K. Yashiro, H. Sun, Y.-K. TI Structural and electrochemical properties of layered Li[Ni1-2xCoxMnx]O-2 (x=0.1-0.3) positive electrode materials for Li-ion batteries SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CATHODE MATERIALS; FLUORINE SUBSTITUTION; COPRECIPITATION; OPTIMIZATION; IMPROVEMENT; BEHAVIOR AB Structural and electrochemical properties of Li(Ni1-2xCoxMnx)O-2 (x = 0.1 - 0.3) as positive electrode materials for lithium batteries were investigated. The materials were prepared via a coprecipatation process. From X-ray diffraction studies, it was found that the synthesized materials were crystallized into an alpha-NaFeO2 layered structure (R $(3) over bar $m). With increasing Co and Mn content in Li ) Ni1-2xCoxMnx ( O2, the corresponding lattices were slightly contracted. X-ray absorption near edge spectra of Li[Ni1-2xCoxMnx]O-2 [x = 0.1 - 0.3] also showed that the oxidation state of Ni is changed from 3+ to 2+ when tetravalent Mn is present in Li[Ni1-2xCoxMnx]O-2 oxide(x = 0.2 - 0.3). From Rietveld refinements of powder X-ray diffraction data, it was found that further increase in Co and Mn content also resulted in reduced cation mixing between Li+ and Ni2+ in Li layers. Electrochemical properties and thermal stability were also affected by the physical properties. When tetravalent Mn appeared in the structure, the corresponding cyclability was greatly improved compared to that of Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O-2. Furthermore, thermal stability at highly delithiated state was also significantly enhanced by the existence of electrochemically inactive tetravalent Mn in the oxide matrix. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Hanyang Univ, Ctr Informat & Commun Mat, Dept Chem Engn, Seoul 133791, South Korea. Iwate Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Morioka, Iwate 0208551, Japan. Argonne Natl Lab, Electrochem Technol Program, Div Chem Engn, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Lee, KS (reprint author), Hanyang Univ, Ctr Informat & Commun Mat, Dept Chem Engn, Seoul 133791, South Korea. EM yksun@hanyang.ac.kr RI Sun, Yang-Kook/B-9157-2013; Amine, Khalil/K-9344-2013; OI Sun, Yang-Kook/0000-0002-0117-0170; Myung, Seung-Taek/0000-0001-6888-5376 NR 22 TC 65 Z9 71 U1 4 U2 73 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 EI 1945-7111 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 10 BP A971 EP A977 DI 10.1149/1.2769831 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 203OU UT WOS:000248984700011 ER PT J AU Liu, G Zheng, H Simens, AS Minor, AM Song, X Battaglia, VS AF Liu, G. Zheng, H. Simens, A. S. Minor, A. M. Song, X. Battaglia, V. S. TI Optimization of acetylene black conductive additive and PVDF composition for high-power rechargeable lithium-ion cells SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CARBON-BLACK; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; ELECTRODE MATERIALS; POSITIVE-ELECTRODE; LIFEPO4 CATHODES; BOUND RUBBER; BATTERIES; BINDER; VOLUME; LICOO2 AB Fundamental electrochemical methods were applied to study the effect of the acetylene black (AB) and the polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) polymer binder on the performance of high-power designed rechargeable lithium-ion cells. A systematic study of the AB/PVDF long-range electronic conductivity at different weight ratios is performed using four-probe direct current tests, and the results are reported. There is a wide range of AB/PVDF ratios that satisfy the long-range electronic conductivity requirement of the lithium-ion cathode electrode; however, a significant cell power performance improvement is observed at small AB/PVDF composition ratios that are far from the long-range conductivity optimum of 1 to 1.25. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests indicate that the interfacial impedance decreases significantly with an increase in binder content. The hybrid power pulse characterization results agree with the EIS tests and also show improvement for cells with a high PVDF content. The AB to PVDF composition plays a significant role in the interfacial resistance. We believe the higher binder contents lead to a more cohesive conductive carbon particle network that results in better overall all local electronic conductivity on the active material surface and, hence, reduced charge-transfer resistance (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA USA. Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Liu, G (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA USA. EM Gliu@lbl.gov NR 28 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 13 U2 101 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 12 BP A1129 EP A1134 DI 10.1149/1.2792293 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 225GH UT WOS:000250504600009 ER PT J AU Lu, W Belharouak, I Liu, J Amine, K AF Lu, W. Belharouak, I. Liu, J. Amine, K. TI Electrochemical and thermal investigation of Li4/3Ti5/3O4 spinel SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID STRAIN INSERTION MATERIAL; ION BATTERIES; LITHIUM; CELL; LI1.33TI1.67O4; GRAPHITE AB We have studied the electrochemical and thermal properties of Li4/3Ti5/3O4 spinel as a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries. The spinel/rock-salt two-phase transition process was interpreted using a core-shell model, which provided a good explanation of the different area-specific impedance behaviors during the charge and discharge processes. The constant dE/dT during the spinel/rock-salt phase transition was calculated from the heat-flow profile by isothermal microcalorimeter results and found to be around - 0.04 mV/K. This very low and constant entropy change indicates that Li4/3Ti5/3O4 is a good anode material in terms of thermal stability. Also, we propose that there is a new phase generation when more than one lithium atom is inserted into Li4/3Ti5/3O4. According to the discontinuity of dE/dT results, the order/disorder transition at the low-voltage region ( around 0.6 V vs Li ) occurs during further lithium insertion. (c) 2006 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Engn, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Lu, W (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Engn, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM luwenqu@yahoo.com RI Amine, Khalil/K-9344-2013; OI Belharouak, Ilias/0000-0002-3985-0278 NR 20 TC 69 Z9 72 U1 5 U2 31 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 2 BP A114 EP A118 DI 10.1149/1.2402117 PG 5 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 124PB UT WOS:000243380200009 ER PT J AU Sun, YK Cho, SW Lee, SW Yoon, CS Amine, K AF Sun, Y. -K. Cho, S. -W. Lee, S. -W. Yoon, C. S. Amine, K. TI AlF3-coating to improve high voltage cycling performance of Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O-2 cathode materials for lithium secondary batteries SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LI-ION BATTERIES; LICOO2; COPRECIPITATION; BEHAVIOR; CELL AB Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O-2 powders were modified by coating their surface with amorphous AlF3 as a new coating material. The AlF3-coated Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O-2 electrode showed improved cycle performance and rate capability under a high cutoff voltage range of 4.5 and 4.6 V. AC impedance results showed that the AlF3-coated Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O-2 has stable charge transfer resistance (R-ct) regardless of the cycle number. Electron diffraction analysis also showed that no structural transition of the primary particles was observed for the AlF3-coated electrode. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and electron microscopy indicate that AlF3 coating plays an important role of stabilizing the interface between cathode and electrolyte. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Hanyang Univ, Ctr Informat & Commun Mat, Dept Chem Engn, Seoul 133791, South Korea. Hanyang Univ, Ctr Informat & Commun Mat, Div Mat Sci & Engn, Seoul 133791, South Korea. Argonne Natl Lab, Electrochem Technol Program, Div Chem Engn, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Sun, YK (reprint author), Hanyang Univ, Ctr Informat & Commun Mat, Dept Chem Engn, Seoul 133791, South Korea. EM yksun@hanyang.ac.kr RI Sun, Yang-Kook/B-9157-2013; Amine, Khalil/K-9344-2013 OI Sun, Yang-Kook/0000-0002-0117-0170; NR 17 TC 105 Z9 107 U1 11 U2 80 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 3 BP A168 EP A172 DI 10.1149/1.2422890 PG 5 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 132XZ UT WOS:000243977500004 ER PT J AU Wilcox, JD Doeff, MM Marcinek, M Kostecki, R AF Wilcox, James D. Doeff, Marca M. Marcinek, Marek Kostecki, Robert TI Factors influencing the quality of carbon coatings on LiFePO4 SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE; LITHIUM BATTERIES; NANOTUBES; RAMAN; FERROCENE; PYROLYSIS; GROWTH; IRON; FE; SPECTROSCOPY AB Several LiFePO4/C composites were prepared and characterized electrochemically in lithium half-cells. Pressed-pellet conductivities correlated well with the electrochemical performance in lithium half-cells. It was found that carbon structural factors such as sp(2)/sp(3) and disordered/graphene (D/G), as determined by Raman spectroscopy, and H/C ratios determined from elemental analysis influenced the conductivity and rate behavior strongly. The structure of the residual carbon could be manipulated through the use of additives during LiFePO4 synthesis. Increasing the pyromellitic acid (PA) content in the precursor mix prior to calcination resulted in a significant lowering of the D/G ratio and a concomitant rise in the sp(2)/sp(3) ratio of the carbon. Addition of both iron nitrate and PA resulted in higher sp(2)/sp(3) ratios without further lowering the D/G ratios or increasing carbon contents. The best electrochemical results were obtained for LiFePO4 processed with both ferrocene and PA. The improvement is attributed to better decomposition of the carbon sources, as evidenced by lower H/C ratios, a slight increase of the carbon content (still below 2 wt %), and more homogeneous coverage. A discussion of the influence of carbon content vs structural factors on the composite conductivities and, by inference, the electrochemical performance is included. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Wilcox, JD (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM mmdoeff@lbl.gov RI Doeff, Marca/G-6722-2013 OI Doeff, Marca/0000-0002-2148-8047 NR 42 TC 157 Z9 163 U1 8 U2 100 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 EI 1945-7111 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 5 BP A389 EP A395 DI 10.1149/1.2667591 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 152OQ UT WOS:000245371700001 ER PT J AU Woo, SU Yoon, CS Amine, K Belharouak, I Sun, YK AF Woo, S. -U. Yoon, C. S. Amine, K. Belharouak, I. Sun, Y. -K. TI Significant improvement of electrochemical performance of AlF3-coated Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O-2 cathode materials SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES; THERMAL-STABILITY; ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE; CYCLING BEHAVIOR; LICOO2 CATHODE; SUBSTITUTION; ELECTRODE; CELLS; COPRECIPITATION; R(3)OVER-BAR-M AB The particle surface of Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O-2 was modified with AlF3 as a coating material to improve the electrochemical properties. The effect of AlF3 coating on Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O-2 cathode was extensively studied with respect to the structural and electrochemical properties, and thermal stability. The AlF3 coating on Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O-2 particles improved the overall electrochemical properties, such as the cyclability, rate capability, and thermal stability, compared to pristine Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O-2. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that the AlF3 coating on Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O-2 particles played an important role in stabilizing the interface between the cathode and electrolyte. C1 Hanyang Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Seoul 133791, South Korea. Hanyang Univ, Div Engn & Mat Sci, Ctr Informat & Commun Mat, Seoul 133791, South Korea. Argonne Natl Lab, Electrochem Technol Program, Div Chem Engn, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Woo, SU (reprint author), Hanyang Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Seoul 133791, South Korea. EM yksun@hangyang.ac.kr RI Sun, Yang-Kook/B-9157-2013; Amine, Khalil/K-9344-2013; OI Sun, Yang-Kook/0000-0002-0117-0170; Belharouak, Ilias/0000-0002-3985-0278 NR 29 TC 66 Z9 70 U1 12 U2 67 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 11 BP A1005 EP A1009 DI 10.1149/1.2776160 PG 5 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 215DG UT WOS:000249787900004 ER PT J AU Ahn, KS Yan, YF Lee, SH Deutsch, T Turner, J Tracy, CE Perkins, CL Al-Jassim, M AF Ahn, Kwang-Soon Yan, Yanfa Lee, Se-Hee Deutsch, Todd Turner, John Tracy, C. Edwin Perkins, Craig L. Al-Jassim, Mowafak TI Photoelectrochemical properties of n-incorporated ZnO films deposited by reactive RF magnetron sputtering SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID P-TYPE ZNO; SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRODES; NANOTUBE ARRAYS; THIN-FILMS; DOPED TIO2; WATER; HYDROGEN; ENHANCEMENT; GENERATION; CELLS AB The photoelectrochemical properties of nitrogen-incorporated ZnO (ZnO:N) films prepared by reactive radio frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering were measured and compared with those of pure ZnO films. We find that nitrogen incorporation narrows the bandgap of ZnO and shifts the optical absorption into the visible light regions. We further find that the ZnO: N films provide considerable photoresponse in the long-wavelength regions up to above 600 nm. As a result, the ZnO: N films exhibit higher photocurrents than pure ZnO films under visible light illumination. The obtained photocatalytic activity indicates that ZnO: N films are potential candidates for photoelectrochemical water splitting and N incorporation can be utilized to improve the conversion efficiency. (C) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Ahn, KS (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM kwang-soon_ahn@nrel.gov RI Lee, Sehee/A-5989-2011; OI Deutsch, Todd/0000-0001-6577-1226 NR 26 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 45 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 9 BP B956 EP B959 DI 10.1149/1.2754074 PG 4 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 203OT UT WOS:000248984600019 ER PT J AU Belogolovsky, I Zhou, XD Kurokawa, H Hou, PY Visco, S Anderson, HU AF Belogolovsky, I. Zhou, X.-D. Kurokawa, H. Hou, P. Y. Visco, S. Anderson, H. U. TI Effects of surface-deposited nanocrystalline chromite thin films on the performance of a ferritic interconnect alloy SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID OXIDE FUEL-CELL; WT PERCENT Y2O3; METALLIC INTERCONNECTS; ELECTRICAL-PROPERTIES; OXIDATION BEHAVIOR; CATHODE MATERIALS; STAINLESS-STEEL; FORMING ALLOY; COATINGS; SEPARATOR AB LaCrO3-based nanocrystalline thin films, substituted with Sr and Zn and coated onto a Fe-26 atom % Cr Ebrite alloy were evaluated at 750-900 degrees C as potential enhancers of oxide properties in ferritic alloy interconnects of a solid oxide fuel cell. It was found that at 750 degrees C the coatings provided (i) lower oxidation rates, (ii) increased electrical conductivity, (iii) protection during 24 h cycling and at least 2375 h of isothermal oxidation, and (iv) a fine-grained and uniform oxide microstructure. Although after oxidation at 850 S C the grains grew substantially and the scale seemed to be overgrowing the film, conductivity and oxidation rates still matched that of the uncoated sample. Tensile tests showed that the coating improved scale adhesion after a 100 h oxidation at 850 degrees C. At 900 degrees C, the film was still capable of blocking 70% of the Cr that evaporated from an uncoated Ebrite substrate. (C) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Rolla, MO 65401 USA. RP Hou, PY (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM PYHou@lbl.gov NR 41 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 EI 1945-7111 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 9 BP B976 EP B980 DI 10.1149/1.2756368 PG 5 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 203OT UT WOS:000248984600022 ER PT J AU Chou, YS Stevenson, JW Singh, P AF Chou, Yeong-Shyung Stevenson, Jeffry W. Singh, Prabhakar TI Novel refractory alkaline earth silicate sealing glasses for planar solid oxide fuel cells SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COMPRESSIVE SEALS; CERAMIC SEALANTS; STACK AB "Refractory" Sr-Ca-Y-B-Si sealing glasses were developed for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The objective was to develop sealing glasses with appropriate thermal properties and minimal interfacial reactions with SOFC stack components, particularly ceramic electrolytes and metallic interconnects. The new glasses are described as refractory because their sealing temperatures (>950 degrees C) are higher than traditional sealing temperatures for intermediate-temperature SOFC stacks (< 850 degrees C). Six glasses were formulated and made by a conventional glass-making process. The glasses exhibited rapid crystallization kinetics during intermediate temperature heat-treatments. Their thermal properties were characterized in both the initial glassy state and the final crystallized state. Candidate glasses were also aged for 1000-2000 h at elevated temperatures. Thermal expansion measurements showed minimal change after aging. One candidate glass (YSO-1) was used to seal anode-supported electrolyte membranes to metallic interconnects at temperatures ranging from 900 to 1050 degrees C in air. Microstructure analysis revealed the presence of SrCrO4 near the glass-ceramic/metal interface. The effect of composition on thermal properties and a possible reaction mechanism for the chromate formation are discussed. (C) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Dept Mat, Richland, WA 99354 USA. RP Chou, YS (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Dept Mat, Richland, WA 99354 USA. EM yeong-shyung.chou@pnl.gov RI Singh, Prabhakar/M-3186-2013 NR 24 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 19 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 7 BP B644 EP B651 DI 10.1149/1.2733868 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 173SE UT WOS:000246892000023 ER PT J AU Flugel, A Dolan, MD Varshneya, AK Zheng, Y Coleman, N Hall, M Earl, D Misture, ST AF Flugel, A. Dolan, M. D. Varshneya, A. K. Zheng, Y. Coleman, N. Hall, M. Earl, D. Misture, S. T. TI Development of an improved devitrifiable fuel cell sealing glass I. Bulk properties SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID EARTH ALUMINOSILICATE GLASSES; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; SEALANT; BEHAVIOR; CERAMICS; STACKS; ALLOYS; VAPOR; SIO2 AB A designed compositional series of 22 devitrifiable glasses for sealing solid oxide fuel cell components was studied. Candidate oxides were selected on the basis of chemical compatibility with the fuel cell environment. The influence of each component on viscosity, thermal expansion, and crystallization were evaluated through systematic addition to a base composition. The most promising results were achieved within the system BaO-SrO-B(2)O(3)-Al(2)O(3)-Ta(2)O(5)-SiO(2). Additions of SrO and BaO maximize the thermal expansion of the bulk glass, achieving a coefficient of thermal expansion ranging from 10.8 to 13.9 ppm/K (200-500 degrees C). Devitrification of the glasses yielded similar thermal expansion coefficients ranging from 10.7 to 14.4 ppm/K. The addition of Al(2)O(3) and Ta(2)O(5) allows a critical sealing viscosity to be achieved at 900 degrees C in a glass with just 6 mol % of B(2)O(3). Five promising candidate sealing glasses have been identified. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Alfred Univ, New York State Coll Ceram, Alfred, NY 14802 USA. RP Flugel, A (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM misture@alfred.edu RI Dolan, Michael/H-3100-2013 NR 48 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 6 BP B601 EP B608 DI 10.1149/1.2728291 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 163RG UT WOS:000246179800030 ER PT J AU Ingram, BJ Cruse, TA Krumpelt, M AF Ingram, B. J. Cruse, T. A. Krumpelt, M. TI Potassium-assisted chromium transport in solid oxide fuel cells SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID METALLIC INTERCONNECT; SOFC CATHODES; VAPORIZATION; THERMODYNAMICS; VOLATILITY; DEPOSITION; MECHANISM; ALLOYS; STEELS AB Chromium transport from stainless steel current collectors to the cathode can be a route for rapid performance degradation in solid oxide fuel cells. Typical volatile chromium species, such as CrO2(OH)(2), are manageable; however, volatile species with higher vapor pressures may play a significant role in chromium transport and deposition. One such species, K2CrO4, is readily formed by the chemical reaction between KOH or K2O and Cr2O3 and electrochemically reduced along triple-phase boundaries. The vapor pressure and expected chromium deposition rate of potassium chromate and chromium oxyhydroxide phases are compared to the long-term electrical performance of anode-supported SOFCs. Experimental evidence supports the findings that potassium and chromium, in the presence of an applied electric field, greatly enhances the degradation of cell performance (-85% in 500 h). C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Engn, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Ingram, BJ (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Engn, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM ingram@cmt.anl.gov NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 11 BP B1200 EP B1205 DI 10.1149/1.2781117 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 215DG UT WOS:000249787900029 ER PT J AU Marina, OA Pederson, LR Williams, MC Coffey, GW Meinhardt, KD Nguyen, CD Thomsen, EC AF Marina, O. A. Pederson, L. R. Williams, M. C. Coffey, G. W. Meinhardt, K. D. Nguyen, C. D. Thomsen, E. C. TI Electrode performance in reversible solid oxide fuel cells SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECTROLYSIS; YTTRIA-STABILIZED ZIRCONIA; SR-DOPED LAMNO3; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY RELAXATION; OXIDATION-REDUCTION BEHAVIOR; OXYGEN-TRANSPORT; HYDROGEN-PRODUCTION; DEFECT STRUCTURE; WATER-VAPOR; LA1-XSRXFEO3-DELTA MEMBRANES AB The performance of several negative (fuel) and positive (air) electrode compositions for use in reversible solid oxide fuel cells capable of operating both as a fuel cell and as an electrolyzer was investigated in half-cell and full-cell tests. Negative electrode compositions studied were a nickel/zirconia cermet (Ni/YSZ) and lanthanum-substituted strontium titanate/ceria composite, whereas positive electrode compositions examined included mixed ion- and electron-conducting lanthanum strontium ferrite (LSF), lanthanum strontium copper ferrite (LSCuF), lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCoF), and lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM). While titanate/ceria and Ni/YSZ electrodes performed similarly in the fuel cell mode in half-cell tests, losses associated with electrolysis were lower for the titanate/ceria electrode. Positive electrodes gave generally higher losses in the electrolysis mode when compared to the fuel cell mode. This behavior was most apparent for mixed-conducting LSCuF and LSCoF electrodes, and discernible but smaller for LSM; observations were consistent with expected trends in the interfacial oxygen vacancy concentration under anodic and cathodic polarization. Full-cell tests conducted for cells with a thin electrolyte (7 mu m YSZ) similarly showed higher polarization losses in the electrolysis than fuel cell direction. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. RP Marina, OA (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM Olga.Marina@pnl.gov NR 61 TC 106 Z9 107 U1 11 U2 70 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 5 BP B452 EP B459 DI 10.1149/1.2710209 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 152OQ UT WOS:000245371700018 ER PT J AU Pasaogullari, U Mukherjee, PP Wang, CY Chen, KS AF Pasaogullari, Ugur Mukherjee, Partha P. Wang, Chao-Yang Chen, Ken S. TI Anisotropic heat and water transport in a PEFC cathode gas diffusion layer SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ELECTROLYTE FUEL-CELLS; 2-PHASE FLOW; TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION; NONISOTHERMAL MODEL; POROUS-MEDIA; MEMBRANE; MULTIPHASE; PREDICTION; MANAGEMENT; PHASE AB A nonisothermal, two-phase model was developed to investigate simultaneous heat and mass transfer in the cathode gas diffusion layer (GDL) of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). The model was applied in two-dimensions with the in-plane (i.e., channel-to-land) and through-plane (i.e., catalyst layer-to-channel) directions to investigate the effects of anisotropy of GDL. For the first time, the anisotropy in the GDL properties was taken into account and found to be an important factor controlling the temperature distribution in the GDL. The maximum temperature difference in the GDL was found to be a strong function of GDL anisotropy. A temperature difference of up to 5 degrees C at a cell voltage of 0.4 V was predicted for an isotropic GDL while it reduced to 3 degrees C for an anisotropic GDL. Significant effect of temperature distribution on liquid water transport and distribution was also observed. In addition, the latent heat effects due to condensation/evaporation of water on the temperature and water distributions were analyzed and found to strongly affect the two-phase transport. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Penn State Univ, Electrochem Engine Ctr, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Mech & Nucl Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Connecticut, Connecticut Global Fuel Cell Ctr, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Mech Engn, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Engn Sci Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Pasaogullari, U (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Electrochem Engine Ctr, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM ugur.pasaogullari@uconn.edu RI Wang, Chao-Yang/C-4122-2009; Pasaogullari, Ugur/D-8761-2013 NR 43 TC 86 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 8 BP B823 EP B834 DI 10.1149/1.2745714 PG 12 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 183KQ UT WOS:000247572100025 ER PT J AU Pivovar, BS Kim, YS AF Pivovar, B. S. Kim, Y. S. TI The membrane-electrode interface in PEFCs SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PROTON-EXCHANGE MEMBRANES; COPOLYMERS; ACID AB The interface between a membrane and electrode is a critical performance component for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) that to this point has gone largely unreported. This paper reports a method for quantifying interfacial resistance between a membrane and electrodes in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. The interfacial resistances presented were obtained by subtracting electronic contributions from nonmembrane fuel cell resistance. Nonmembrane resistances have been determined from in situ fuel cell measurements of high-frequency resistance as a function of membrane thickness in direct methanol fuel cells. From these measurements, interfacial resistances were found to increase from a low of 8 m Omega cm(2) for commercial Nafion up to 57 m Omega cm(2) for recast Nafion membranes, both 1100 equivalent weight. Two aromatic hydrocarbon membranes were also tested and found to have interfacial resistances in between those of commercial and recast Nafion. The method by which electronic cell resistance has been estimated is presented. Membrane conductivity calculated from the study of interfacial resistance is presented as well, comparing fuel cell membrane conductivities to vapor and liquid equilibrated freestanding membranes. Finally, the impact of interfacial resistance on fuel cell performance is presented. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Sensors & Electrochem Devices, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Pivovar, BS (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Sensors & Electrochem Devices, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM pivovar@lanl.gov NR 12 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 6 U2 25 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 8 BP B739 EP B744 DI 10.1149/1.2740005 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 183KQ UT WOS:000247572100015 ER PT J AU Weber, AZ Newman, J AF Weber, Adam Z. Newman, John TI Effects of membrane- and catalyst-layer-thickness nonuniformities in polymer-electrolyte fuel cells SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID WATER MANAGEMENT; PERFORMANCE; TRANSPORT; CATHODE; PEFC; OPTIMIZATION; TEMPERATURE; COMPRESSION; DEPENDENCE AB In this paper, results from mathematical, pseudo two-dimensional simulations are shown for four different along-the-channel thickness distributions of both the membrane and cathode catalyst layer. The results and subsequent analysis clearly demonstrate that for the membrane thickness distributions, cell performance is affected a few percent under low relative-humidity conditions and that the position along the gas channel is more important than the local thickness variations. However, for the catalyst-layer-thickness distributions, global performance is not impacted, although for saturated conditions there is a large variability in the local temperature and performance depending on the thickness. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Weber, AZ (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM azweber@lbl.gov RI Newman, John/B-8650-2008; OI Newman, John/0000-0002-9267-4525; Weber, Adam/0000-0002-7749-1624 NR 21 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 4 BP B405 EP B412 DI 10.1149/1.2437062 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 144JL UT WOS:000244792200027 ER PT J AU Yang, LM De Jonghe, LC Jacobsen, CP Visco, SJ AF Yang, Liming De Jonghe, Lutgard C. Jacobsen, Craig P. Visco, Steven J. TI B-Site doping and catalytic activity of Sr(Y)TiO3 SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID YTTRIUM-DOPED SRTIO3; STRONTIUM-TITANATE; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; ADSORPTION; PARTICLES AB Doped SrTiO3 is a potential anode for intermediate and high temperature solid oxide fuel cells, but by itself has limited catalytic activity for the hydrogen oxidation reaction. Its catalytic performance is, however, improved by Ni infiltration. The anode polarization is determined over a range of gas compositions of B-site co-doped Sr0.88Y0.08Ti0.95M0.05O3-delta (SYTMO where M represents the B-site dopants) for sparsely Ni-infiltrated SYTMO. Co and Cr were selected as the B-site dopants and compared with undoped SYTO based on their differing reducibility. All anodes also were subjected to a 12 h reduction/oxidation cycle. While Cr-doped anodes showed the best resistance to oxidation, the Co-doped system exhibited the lowest anode polarization resistance under all conditions. It was found that H transport is the slowest step for all anodes, which could be partly attributed to sparsity of the infiltrated Ni catalyst. (C) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP De Jonghe, LC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM dejonghe@lbl.gov NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 EI 1945-7111 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 9 BP B949 EP B955 DI 10.1149/1.2752970 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 203OT UT WOS:000248984600018 ER PT J AU Zhu, JH Geng, J Lu, ZG Porter, WD AF Zhu, J. H. Geng, J. Lu, Z. G. Porter, W. D. TI Evaluation of binary Fe-Ni alloys as intermediate-temperature SOFC interconnect SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID OXIDE FUEL-CELLS; FERRITIC STAINLESS-STEEL; SOLID-OXIDE; METALLIC INTERCONNECTS; ELECTRICAL-PROPERTIES; NICKEL ALLOYS; CHROMIUM; OXIDATION; COATINGS; CONDUCTIVITY AB Binary Fe-Ni alloys with 45-60Ni (wt %) were evaluated as an interconnect material for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) . The oxidation resistance of the Fe-Ni alloys in air improved with increasing Ni content. The thermally grown oxide scale on these alloys generally consisted of a Fe2O3 top layer and a (Fe,Ni)(3)O-4 spinel inner layer, with the thickness of the Fe2O3 layer decreasing as the Ni content increased. No measurable weight change was observed after isothermal oxidation in Ar + 4% H-2 + 3% H2O at 800 degrees C and a metallic surface was maintained. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) increased with the Ni content in these alloys and the CTE values were similar to those of other cell components. The (Fe, Ni )(3)O-4 spinel with a composition similar to that thermally grown on the Fe-50Ni alloy exhibited a CTE value close to the alloy substrate, which aids scale spallation resistance for this alloy. The scale area specific resistance of the Fe-Ni alloys was found to be comparable to that of the current interconnect alloys, as a result of high electrical conductivity of the (Fe, Ni)(3)O-4 spinel. The promise and issue with these Fe-Ni alloys as interconnect materials are highlighted and potential approaches to address the issue are outlined. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Tennessee Technol Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Zhu, JH (reprint author), Tennessee Technol Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. EM jzhu@tntech.edu RI Zhu, Jiahong/C-1230-2017; OI Lu, Zigui/0000-0001-9848-7088 NR 39 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 EI 1945-7111 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 12 BP B1288 EP B1294 DI 10.1149/1.2784184 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 225GH UT WOS:000250504600023 ER PT J AU Hyams, TC Go, J Devine, TM AF Hyams, Tzipi Cohen Go, John Devine, Thomas M. TI Corrosion of aluminum current collectors in high-power lithium-ion batteries for use in hybrid electric vehicles SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PASSIVE FILM; ELECTROLYTES; LIPF6 AB The aluminum current collectors of 11 cycle-life tested Advance Technology Development (ATD) batteries were investigated for evidence of corrosion. The batteries were commercially fabricated and were charge/discharge cycled at temperatures of 25 and 45 degrees C. Our findings clearly show that aluminum current collectors covered with porous cathodes of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.5O2 are susceptible to significant crevice corrosion in ethylene carbonate (EC) + ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) (3:7) with 1.2 M LiPF6. Aluminum current collectors of uncycled ATD cells contain mechanical pits formed during the attachment of the cathode, but with cycling at 25 degrees C there is an increase in percentage of pit area, in the number of pits, in the pit-size-distribution, and in pit depth, which is strong evidence of corrosion of aluminum current collectors of ATD cells. The formation of corrosion pits was confirmed by the presence of corrosion products inside pits and by the pits' surface morphology. Because corrosion of the aluminum current collectors produces corrosion pits, corrosion of mechanical pits, cracks in the aluminum foil, significant concentrations of aluminum (similar to 2,700 ppm) in the ATD electrolytes, and possible mechanical degradation of the cathode, corrosion is expected to significantly effect the battery's power fade and capacity fade. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Energy Environm & Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Hyams, TC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Energy Environm & Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM devine@berkeley.edu NR 15 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 8 U2 42 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 8 BP C390 EP C396 DI 10.1149/1.2742321 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 183KQ UT WOS:000247572100034 ER PT J AU Vasiljevic, N Viyannalage, LT Dimitrov, N Missert, NA Copeland, RG AF Vasiljevic, N. Viyannalage, L. T. Dimitrov, N. Missert, N. A. Copeland, R. G. TI Oxidation of the Cu(100) surface induced by local alkalization SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU STM; 0.1 M NAOH; AQUEOUS ALKALINE-SOLUTIONS; OXIDE-FILM FORMATION; ANODIC-OXIDATION; INITIAL-STAGES; ELECTRODE SURFACES; COPPER ELECTRODES; OXYGEN-ADSORPTION; SULFURIC-ACID AB In this work we present an electrochemical and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study of locally induced oxidation of the Cu(100) surface in naturally aerated 0.1 M NaClO4, pH <= 4 acidic solutions. The oxygen reduction reaction induces a near-electrode alkalization by the steady generation of OH-, producing a decaying pH gradient from the surface toward the bulk of the solution. The pH gradient profile and the concomitant surface processes are dependent upon the bulk solution pH, polarization potential, and polarization time. The local alkalization occurring in the presence of dissolved oxygen in the solution influences substantially the surface properties. These are manifested by distinctive changes in electrochemical behavior and illustrated by in situ STM images in solutions with different bulk pH values. A semiquantitative estimate suggests almost 6 units of pH increase near the Cu(100) electrode in 0.1 M NaClO4 solution with bulk pH 2 after 25 min of polarization at anodic potentials. The similarity between electrochemical and STM results obtained in naturally aerated solution with bulk pH 4 and those registered in alkaline solutions with pH 9 confirms the local alkalization effect. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. SUNY Binghamton, Dept Chem, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA. RP Vasiljevic, N (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM nvasilj@sandia.gov OI Vasiljevic, Natasa/0000-0002-7515-9708 NR 33 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 4 BP C202 EP C208 DI 10.1149/1.2435701 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 144JL UT WOS:000244792200033 ER PT J AU Larson, RS AF Larson, Richard S. TI The role of homogeneous chemical kinetics in the anomalous codeposition of binary alloys SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ROTATING-DISK ELECTRODE; IRON-NICKEL ALLOYS; MATHEMATICAL-MODEL; GROUP METALS; DEPOSITION AB The role of finite-rate homogeneous chemistry during the electrodeposition of binary alloys is analyzed using a detailed mathematical model. The model accounts for solute reactions and transport within the aqueous boundary layer as well as multistep reactions on the electrode surface. Calculations are carried out for nickel-iron deposition from a sulfate bath, using a previously proposed surface-reaction mechanism that accounts for the observed anomalous codeposition. The common assumption of homogeneous chemical equilibrium is found to produce only modest errors in the computed deposition rates, but it distorts the relative importance of hydrolyzed metal ions. In contrast with previous literature claims, the present calculations show that these ions tend to have a greater role than is predicted by assuming equilibrium. The model also suggests that the precipitation of solid metal hydroxides may be slow, i.e., that substantial supersaturation of the plating solution may occur. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, Thermal Fluid Sci & Engn Dept, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Larson, RS (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, Thermal Fluid Sci & Engn Dept, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM rslarso@sandia.gov NR 17 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 8 BP D427 EP D434 DI 10.1149/1.2747325 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 183KQ UT WOS:000247572100050 ER PT J AU Saraf, LV Engelhard, MH Nachimuthu, P Shutthanandan, V Wang, CM Heald, SM McCready, DE Lea, AS Baer, DR Chambers, SA AF Saraf, L. V. Engelhard, M. H. Nachimuthu, P. Shutthanandan, V. Wang, C. M. Heald, S. M. McCready, D. E. Lea, A. S. Baer, D. R. Chambers, S. A. TI Nucleation and growth of MOCVD grown (Cr, Zn) O films - Uniform doping vs secondary phase formation SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE; DETECTORS; OXIDES AB We have investigated Cr solubility and secondary phase formation in metallorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) grown (Cr, Zn) O films on Si(100). Simultaneous deposition of 0.15 M Cr (TMHD) and 0.025 M Zn (TMHD) precursors in an oxidizing environment with a flow ratio of 1: 10 resulted in secondary phase formation rather than uniform Cr doping. Based on several surface and microstructural techniques, we have identified nanocrystalline ZnCr2O4 and disordered Cr2O3 as the secondary Cr-containing phases. Analysis suggests that ZnCr2O4 crystallites are dispersed throughout the film, and that disordered Cr2O3 layer may form at the interface. These results are consistent with the tendency of Cr to exhibit octahedral, rather than tetrahedral coordination with O. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Saraf, LV (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Engelhard, Mark/F-1317-2010; Baer, Donald/J-6191-2013; OI Baer, Donald/0000-0003-0875-5961; Lea, Alan/0000-0002-4232-1553; Engelhard, Mark/0000-0002-5543-0812 NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 3 BP D134 EP D138 DI 10.1149/1.2424422 PG 5 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 132XZ UT WOS:000243977500037 ER PT J AU Uribe, FA Garzon, FH Brosha, EL Johnston, CM Conradson, SD Wilson, MS AF Uribe, Francisco A. Garzon, Fernando H. Brosha, Eric L. Johnston, Christina M. Conradson, Steven D. Wilson, Mahlon S. TI Spontaneous deposition of noble metal films onto hexaboride surfaces SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SUPPORT INTERACTIONS; ELECTROCHEMICAL PROMOTION; OXYGEN REDUCTION; DISK ELECTRODE; PLATINUM; ELECTROCATALYSTS; NANOPARTICLES; NANOWIRES; OXIDATION; CATALYST AB The use of the spontaneous deposition of metals onto surfaces is widespread in industry and research. Here, we report that metal hexaborides (e.g., LaB6, YB6, EuB6) spontaneously deposit noble metals from solution to form robust layers. We observed spontaneous deposition of noble metals from inorganic salts or acids onto a variety of hexaboride compounds. No pretreatment of the hexaboride is necessary, and noble metal depositions ranging from complete and highly uniform nanometer-scale layers to relatively heavy mirrorlike coatings are easily obtained. We find that the hexaborides both facilitate the formation of and sustain the electrocatalytic activity of nanolayer platinum depositions. To provide such activity and dispersion, the hexaboride supports appear to have unusual promotion and adhesion qualities, possibly due to their low work functions, which are 2-3 eV lower than the noble metals. This variety of unique material and process properties may have benefits in electrocatalysis, heterogeneous catalysis, electronic devices, and coatings. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mat Phys & Applicat Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Uribe, FA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mat Phys & Applicat Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM uribe@lanl.gov RI Johnston, Christina/A-7344-2011; OI Wilson, Mahlon/0000-0002-5944-2650 NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 11 BP D623 EP D628 DI 10.1149/1.2778854 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 215DG UT WOS:000249787900053 ER PT J AU Taylor, CD Kelly, RG Neurock, M AF Taylor, Christopher D. Kelly, Robert G. Neurock, Matthew TI First-principles prediction of equilibrium Potentials for water activation by a series of metals SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; ADSORPTION; SURFACES; NI(111); OXIDATION; ELECTRODE; GOLD; H2O; RU(0001); PT(111) AB In this paper, we describe and apply an ab initio quantum-mechanical model to examine the electrochemical dissociation of water over a number of close-packed and near-close-packed metal surfaces. We have examined a series of metals important for electrochemical energy generation and corrosion-resistant alloy development including Ni, Cu, Ru, Au, Mo, Pd, and Pt. Advances in electrochemical theory depend on a detailed understanding of the interplay between surface chemistry and electrochemical phenomena. Herein, we have used ab initio quantum-mechanical methods to examine the double-layer regions for H2O over these metals and compare the equilibrium potentials for the initial steps of water reduction and oxidation at the surface with known experimental quantities. We find that in its current form, the model developed herein is semiquantitative: it allows for the correct prediction of trends and the size of the double-layer regions, but in some cases it results in significant deviation with known absolute equilibrium potentials. Additional discussion is provided that outlines steps that may be taken to improve the quantitative accuracy of this model. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Chem, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Chem Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. RP Taylor, CD (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM mn4n@virginia.edu NR 39 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 23 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 12 BP F217 EP F221 DI 10.1149/1.2783780 PG 5 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 225GH UT WOS:000250504600053 ER PT J AU Yu, J Wang, YM Moore, RL Lu, JQ Gutmann, RJ AF Yu, Jian Wang, Yinmin Moore, Richard L. Lu, Jian-Qiang Gutmann, Ronald J. TI Low-temperature titanium-based wafer bonding Ti/Si, Ti/SiO(2), and Ti/Ti SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SOLID-STATE AMORPHIZATION; SILICON-ON-INSULATOR; TI-SI; METAL; INTERDIFFUSION; SYSTEMS; ALLOY; FILM AB Low-temperature Ti-based wafer bonding and its mechanisms have been investigated, namely, Ti/Si, Ti/SiO(2), and Ti/Ti bonding. The bonding is carried out at 400 degrees C with 10 kN down-force for 2 h in vacuum. Nearly void-free bonding and strong mechanical integrity were obtained in all three cases. Interfacial characterization by Auger electron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy indicates that Ti/Si bonding is based on a solid-state amorphization at 400 degrees C, whereas Ti/SiO(2) bonding is attributed to an interfacial reduction reaction. In Ti/Ti bonding, migration of Ti leads to significant grain extrusion across the bonding interface. A double bonding/thinning process, including both Ti/Si- and Ti/SiO(2). based wafer bonding at back-end-of-the-line conditions, has been demonstrated on patterned wafers. (c) 2006 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Ctr Integrated Elect, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. SUNY Albany, Coll Nanoscale Sci & Engn, Albany, NY 12203 USA. RP Yu, J (reprint author), Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Ctr Integrated Elect, Troy, NY 12180 USA. EM yuj@us.ibm.com RI Wang, Yinmin (Morris)/F-2249-2010 OI Wang, Yinmin (Morris)/0000-0002-7161-2034 NR 33 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 1 BP H20 EP H25 DI 10.1149/1.2388851 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 112PK UT WOS:000242538600064 ER PT J AU Martin, LP Woo, LY Glass, RS AF Martin, L. Peter Woo, Leta Y. Glass, Robert S. TI Impedancemetric NOx sensing using YSZ electrolyte and YSZ/Cr2O3 composite electrodes SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID STABILIZED ZIRCONIA; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; OXIDE ELECTRODES; GAS SENSORS; EXHAUST-GASES; NITRIC-OXIDE; WATER-VAPOR; ELEMENTS AB An impedancemetric method for NOx sensing using an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)-based electrochemical cell is described. The sensor cell consists of a planar YSZ electrolyte and two identical YSZ/Cr2O3 composite electrodes exposed to the test gas. The sensor response to a sinusoidal ac signal applied between the two electrodes is measured via two parameters calculated from the complex impedance, the modulus vertical bar Z vertical bar and phase angle Theta. While either of these parameters can be correlated to the NOx concentration in the test gas, Theta was found to provide a more robust metric than vertical bar Z vertical bar. At frequencies below approximately 100 Hz, Theta is sensitive to both the NOx and O-2 concentrations. At higher frequencies, Theta is predominantly affected by the O-2 concentration. A dual frequency measurement is demonstrated to compensate for changes in the O-2 background between 2 and 18.9%. Excellent sensor performance is obtained for NOx concentrations in the range of 8-50 ppm in background. An equivalent- circuit model was used to extract fitting parameters from the impedance spectra for a preliminary analysis of NOx-sensing mechanisms. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Mech Engn Direct, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Direct, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Martin, LP (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Mech Engn Direct, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM martin89@llnl.gov NR 40 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 3 BP J97 EP J104 DI 10.1149/1.2430646 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 132XZ UT WOS:000243977500087 ER PT J AU Woo, LY Martin, LP Glass, RS Gorte, RJ AF Woo, Leta Y. Martin, L. Peter Glass, Robert S. Gorte, Raymond J. TI Impedance characterization of a model Au/yttria-stabilized zirconia/Au electrochemical cell in varying oxygen and NOx concentrations SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE; SOLID-ELECTROLYTE; OXIDE ELECTRODES; COMPOSITE ELECTRODES; SENSING ELEMENTS; YSZ ELECTROLYTE; GAS SENSORS; SM0.5SR0.5COO3; DECOMPOSITION; POLARIZATION AB An electrochemical cell [Au/yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)/Au] serves as a model system to investigate the effect of O-2 and NOx. Possible mechanisms responsible for the response are presented. Two dense Au electrodes are co-located on the same side of a dense YSZ electrolyte and are separated from the electrolyte by a porous YSZ layer, present only under the electrodes. While not completely understood, the porous layer appears to result in enhanced NOx response. Impedance data were obtained over a range of frequencies (0.1 Hz to 1 MHz), temperatures (600-700 degrees C), and oxygen (2-18.9%) and NOx (10-100 ppm) concentrations. Spectra were fit with an equivalent circuit, and values of the circuit elements were evaluated. In the absence of NOx, the effect of O-2 on the low-frequency arc resistance could be described by a power law, and the temperature dependence by a single apparent activation energy at all O-2 concentrations. When both O-2 and NOx were present, however, the power-law exponent varied as a function of both temperature and concentration, and the apparent activation energy also showed dual dependence. Adsorption mechanisms are discussed as possibilities for the rate-limiting steps. Implications for impedancemetric NOx sensing are also discussed. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Mech Engn Directorate, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Woo, LY (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM woo21@llnl.gov NR 33 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 4 BP J129 EP J135 DI 10.1149/1.2456328 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 144JL UT WOS:000244792200072 ER PT J AU Hardy, JS Kim, JY Thomsen, EC Weil, KS AF Hardy, J. S. Kim, J. Y. Thomsen, E. C. Weil, K. S. TI Improved wetting of mixed ionic/electronic conductors used in electrochemical devices with ternary air braze filler metals SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COPPER-OXIDE; CONDUCTIVITY AB This paper reports on the wetting behavior, reactivity, and long- term electrical conductance of a series of ternary filler metals being considered for brazing lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF)-based oxygen separation membranes. Mixed ionic/electronic conducting perovskite oxides such as LSCF and various doped barium cerates are currently being considered for use in hightemperature electrochemical devices such as oxygen and hydrogen concentrators and solid oxide fuel cells. However, to take full advantage of the unique properties of these materials, reliable joining techniques need to be developed. Furthermore, if the proposed joining technique were to yield a hermetic ceramic-to-metal junction that was also electrically conductive, it would additionally benefit the device by allowing current to be drawn from or carried to the electrochemically active mixed conducting oxide component without requiring a separate current collector. A newly developed brazing technique known as air brazing is one such method of joining. In its present form, air brazing uses a silver-copper oxide based filler metal that can be melted directly in air to form a compliant joint that is electrically conductive. Recently, it has been shown that the addition of titania can enhance the wetting behavior of Ag-CuO filler metals on alumina. Here the effect of this wetting agent on the surface wettability, long- term electrical resistance at 750 degrees C, and reactivity with La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-delta (LSCF- 6428 or LSCF) substrates is discussed. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Hardy, JS (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Hardy, John/E-1938-2016 OI Hardy, John/0000-0002-1699-3196 NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 3 BP P32 EP P39 DI 10.1149/1.2430691 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 132XZ UT WOS:000243977500092 ER PT J AU Wiles, KB Akle, BJ Hickner, MA Bennett, M Leo, DJ McGrath, JE AF Wiles, K. B. Akle, B. J. Hickner, M. A. Bennett, M. Leo, D. J. McGrath, J. E. TI Directly copolymerized poly(arylene sulfide sulfone) and poly(arylene ether sulfone) disulfonated copolymers for use in ionic polymer transducers SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LINEAR ELECTROMECHANICAL MODEL; METAL COMPOSITES; FUEL-CELL; STATE; SYSTEMS AB Polymeric electromechanical transducers were identified and based on various novel ion-exchange membranes bonded between two conductive metal layer electrodes. Imposed deformations and small electric fields allowed both sensing and actuation applications. Soft actuator materials produced large bending displacements when only a small voltage was applied across the membrane electrode assembly. Charge motion from one pole to the other pole produced electromechanical coupling effects in the ionic materials through the electric double layer. By increasing the surface area of the electrodes, thereby increasing the capacitance, it was shown that the motion of charges and actuator performance increases, thus indicating a strong correlation between the capacitance and charge motion/performance. Manipulation of the morphology of the electrodes by enhancing the capacitance and effective interfacial area of the conductive electrodes produced major effects on performance and transduction. Transducer actuation performance at lower frequencies was enhanced by employing a novel electrode fabrication technique which could utilize RuO2 instead of platinum. At higher frequencies, mass transport and interfacial resistance appeared to play pivotal roles in actuator performance. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Study. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Chem, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Macromol & Interfaces Inst, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Ctr Intelligent Mat Syst & Struct, Dept Mech Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Wiles, KB (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Chem, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM jmcgrath@vt.edu NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 154 IS 6 BP P77 EP P85 DI 10.1149/1.2718478 PG 9 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 163RG UT WOS:000246179800082 ER PT J AU Tandon, R AF Tandon, Rajan TI A technique for measuring stresses in small spatial regions using cube-corner indentation: Application to tempered glass plates SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE mechanical properties; fracture; hardness; glass; structural application; residual stress ID RESIDUAL-STRESS; BRITTLE MATERIALS; FRACTURE; CRACK; SILICA AB Vickers indentation cracks have been used to estimate residual stress in materials; however, a high threshold load for cracking limits the smallest spatial region for stress measurement. Cube-comer indenters have a lower included angle, and their sharpness leads to lowered cracking thresholds enabling stress measurement in small spatial regions. Cube-corner indentations on tempered glass plate and on annealed soda-lime-silica glass revealed that crack surface traces on the tempered material were significantly smaller. Cracks were found to be quarter-penny shaped as opposed to half-penny/radial for Vickers indentation. Using an appropriate stress-intensity factor and a stress-intensity factor superposition approach, surface stresses in the tempered plate were calculated. The stresses were in good agreement with those determined using well-established Vickers indentation approach; however, the spatial region sampled is 6-10 times smaller. An estimate of the smallest spatial region at which a particular stress may be measured using this technique is presented. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Mat Reliabil Dept, Div Engn & Mat Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM RTandon@sandia.gov NR 25 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. PY 2007 VL 27 IS 6 BP 2407 EP 2414 DI 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.09.001 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 139BM UT WOS:000244407000009 ER PT J AU Noh, JH Jung, HS Lee, JK Kim, JR Hong, KS AF Noh, Jun Hong Jung, Hyun Suk Lee, Jung-Kun Kim, Jeong-Ryeol Hong, Kug Sun TI Microwave dielectric properties of nanocrystalline TiO2 prepared using spark plasma sintering SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Microwave Materials and Their Applications (MMA2006) CY JUN 12-15, 2006 CL Univ Oulu, Oulu, FINLAND SP Univ Oulu, Microwave Electroceram Grp, European Ceram Soc, Amer Ceram Soc, Ceram Soc Japan, Korean Ceram Soc, Ceram Interconnect Initiat HO Univ Oulu DE TiO2; dielectric properties; nanocomposites; spark plasma sintering; defect ID TITANIUM-OXIDE; ALUMINA; TRANSFORMATION; CONSOLIDATION; DENSIFICATION; CERAMICS; SYSTEM AB TiO2 bulk ceramics were fabricated by using both spark plasma sintering (SPS) and the conventional sintering method (CSM). Starting materials were ultra fine rutile powders (< 50 nm) prepared via the sol-gel process. CSM achieved the relative sintering density of 99.2% at 1300 degrees C. The grain size of 1300 degrees C sintered specimen was 6.5 mu m. However, the sintering temperature of SPS for the density of 99.1 % was as low as 760 degrees C, where the grain size was only 300 nm. In order to re-oxidize the V, ions due to the reducing atmosphere of the SPS process and the high temperature of the CSM process, the prepared TiO2 specimens were annealed in an oxygen atmosphere. The dielectric constant (Er) and quality factor (Q x f) of SPS-TiO2 re-oxidized specimens in a microwave regime were 112.6 and 26,000, respectively. These properties were comparable to those of 1300 degrees C sintered CSM specimens (epsilon(Gamma) similar to 101.3, Q x f similar to 41,600). These microwave dielectric properties of nanocrystalline TiO2 specimens prepared using SPS were discussed in terms of grain size variation and Ti4+ reduction. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Seoul, South Korea. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Hong, KS (reprint author), Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Seoul, South Korea. EM kshongss@plaza.sun.ac.kr RI Jung, Hyun Suk/H-3659-2015; OI Jung, Hyun Suk/0000-0002-7803-6930 NR 22 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. PY 2007 VL 27 IS 8-9 SI SI BP 2937 EP 2940 DI 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.11.018 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 165UP UT WOS:000246331700036 ER PT J AU Lorenzo-Martin, C Singh, D Johnson, J Routbort, JL AF Lorenzo-Martin, C. Singh, D. Johnson, J. Routbort, J. L. TI Deformation behavior and joining of a MgF2 optical ceramic SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE magnesium fluoride; optical properties; creep ID MAGNESIUM FLUORIDE; GRAIN-GROWTH AB Compressive deformation behavior of a polycrystalline magnesium fluoride (MgF2) ceramic was investigated at temperatures ranging from 760 to 830 degrees C in an argon atmosphere at strain rates between 2 x 10(-6) and 4 x 10(-5) s(-1). Steady-state flow stresses increased with increasing strain rates and ranged between 2 and 38 MPa. Stress exponents of approximate to 1.4 +/- 0.2 were determined at temperatures >760 degrees C, indicative of a viscous diffusion-controlled deformation mechanism. Activation energy, determined from flow stress as a function of temperature, at a constant strain rate, was approximate to 476 +/- 60 kJ/mol. Self-joining by plastic deformation of MgF2 was demonstrated at 830 degrees C at a strain rate of 5 x 10(-6) s(-1). The joined samples were characterized by optical transmission measurements and their transmittivity was 80% of the unjoined sample in the 2.5-8 mu m wavelength range. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Nucl Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Syst, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Singh, D (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Nucl Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM dsingh@anl.gov RI Johnson, Jacqueline/P-4844-2014 OI Johnson, Jacqueline/0000-0003-0830-9275 NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. PY 2007 VL 27 IS 11 BP 3371 EP 3376 DI 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.02.187 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 181FT UT WOS:000247423100014 ER PT J AU Singh, D Lorenzo-Martin, M Chen, G Gutierrez-Mora, F Routbort, JL AF Singh, D. Lorenzo-Martin, M. Chen, G. Gutierrez-Mora, F. Routbort, J. L. TI High-temperature deformation behavior in SrTiO3 ceramics * SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE grain boundaries; SrTiO3; deformation ID PLASTIC-DEFORMATION; GRAIN-GROWTH; DIFFUSION; CREEP; SUPERPLASTICITY; ALUMINA AB The high-temperature deformation behavior of a polycrystalline strontium titanate (SrTiO3) ceramic (6 p,m grain size) was investigated at temperatures of 1200-1345 degrees C in an argon atmosphere. Compressive deformation tests were conducted at strain rates ranging from 5 x 10(-6) to 5 x 10(-5) s(-1). Steady-state flow stresses were 0.05-30MPa and increased with increasing strain rates. Stress exponents of approximate to 1, at temperatures >1200 degrees C, indicated a viscous diffusion-controlled deformation with an activation energy of approximate to 628 +/- 24 kJ/mol. Comparison of activation energy with literature data suggests diffusion of cations as the rate-controlling mechanism. Absence of cavitation and grain-shape changes were consistent with grain-boundary sliding as the principal deformation mechanism. The electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) technique was used to determine the grain orientation as a function of applied strain. The results indicate that some of the grains rotate with cumulative rotation as large as 7 at a strain of 4%. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Nucl Engn Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Seville, Dept Fis Mat Condensada, E-41080 Seville, Spain. RP Singh, D (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Nucl Engn Div, Bldg 212-E206,9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM dsingh@anl.gov RI Gutierrez-Mora, Felipe/H-4625-2015 OI Gutierrez-Mora, Felipe/0000-0003-3632-7163 NR 34 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. PY 2007 VL 27 IS 11 BP 3377 EP 3384 DI 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.02.186 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 181FT UT WOS:000247423100015 ER PT J AU Penna, V Nemes, N Visani, C Bruno, E Arias, D Sefrioui, Z Leon, C Velthuis, SGET Hoffmann, A Garcia-Hernandez, M Martine, JL Santamaria, J AF Penna, V. Nemes, N. Visani, C. Bruno, Ey Arias, D. Sefrioui, Z. Leon, C. Velthuis, S. G. E. Te Hoffmann, A. Garcia-Hernandez, M. Martine, J. L. Santamaria, J. TI Spin dependent transport at oxide La0.7Ca0.3MnO3/YBa2CU3O7 ferromagnet/superconductor interfaces SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Electroceramics CY JUN 18-22, 2006 CL Toledo, SPAIN SP Minist Ciencia Tecnol, Consejo Super Investigac Cientif, Junta Comuni Castilla Mancha, Univ Castilla Mancha, Camara Comerc Toledo, Ayuntamiento Toledo, INASMET-Tecnal, COST, ELENA, Elsevier, Mat Mates, M E Schupp, NT-Instruments, Mind NoE, INAEL S A DE superconductivity; magnetic properties; films; interfaces ID SUPERLATTICES; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; MAGNETORESISTANCE; MULTILAYERS AB We have found large magnetoresistance in ferromagnet/superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures made of La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 and YBa2Cu3O7. It originates at an increase of the width of the resistive transition when the magnetizations of the ferromagnetic layers are aligned antiparallel. We find that the shape and height of the magnetoresistance peaks are not modified when the angle between current and magnetic field is changed from parallel or perpendicular. Furthermore, we find that the temperature shift of the resistance curves is independent of the current values. This favors the view that the magnetoresistance phenomenon originates at the spin dependent transport of quasiparticles transmitted from the ferromagnetic electrodes into the superconductor, and rules out interpretations in terms of spontaneous vortices or anisotropic magnetoresistance of the ferromagnetic layers. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Complutense Madrid, Dpto Fis Aplicada 3, GFMC, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. CSIC, Inst Ciencia Mat Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Santamaria, J (reprint author), Univ Complutense Madrid, Dpto Fis Aplicada 3, GFMC, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. EM jacsan@fis.ucni.es RI Bruno, Flavio/C-7380-2008; Hoffmann, Axel/A-8152-2009; Leon, Carlos/A-5587-2008; Nemes, Norbert Marcel/B-6275-2009; Martinez, Jose/B-5371-2013; te Velthuis, Suzanne/I-6735-2013; Garcia-Hernandez, Mar/J-9520-2014; Santamaria, Jacobo/N-8783-2016; Sefrioui, Zouhair/C-2728-2017 OI Bruno, Flavio/0000-0002-3970-8837; Hoffmann, Axel/0000-0002-1808-2767; Leon, Carlos/0000-0002-3262-1843; Nemes, Norbert Marcel/0000-0002-7856-3642; Martinez, Jose/0000-0001-9046-8237; te Velthuis, Suzanne/0000-0002-1023-8384; Garcia-Hernandez, Mar/0000-0002-5987-0647; Santamaria, Jacobo/0000-0003-4594-2686; Sefrioui, Zouhair/0000-0002-6703-3339 NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 EI 1873-619X J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. PY 2007 VL 27 IS 13-15 BP 3967 EP 3970 DI 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.02.076 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 201HT UT WOS:000248822800084 ER PT J AU Ben-Naim, E Vazquez, F Redner, S AF Ben-Naim, E. Vazquez, F. Redner, S. TI What is the most competitive sport? SO JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Dynamics Days Asia Pacific International Conference on Nonlinear Science (DDAP4) CY JUL 12-14, 2006 CL Pohang, SOUTH KOREA DE sports statistics; stochastic processes; competition AB We present an extensive statistical analysis of the results of all sports competitions in five major sports leagues in England and the United States. We characterize the parity among teams by the variance in the winning fraction from season-end standings data and quantify the predictability of games by the frequency of upsets from game results data. We introduce a mathematical model in which the underdog team wins with a fixed upset probability. This model quantitatively relates the parity among teams with the predictability of the games, and the model can be used to estimate the upset frequency from standings data. We propose the likelihood of upsets as a measure of competitiveness. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Ben-Naim, E (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM ebn@lanl.gov RI Ben-Naim, Eli/C-7542-2009 OI Ben-Naim, Eli/0000-0002-2444-7304 NR 13 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 4 PU KOREAN PHYSICAL SOC PI SEOUL PA 635-4, YUKSAM-DONG, KANGNAM-KU, SEOUL 135-703, SOUTH KOREA SN 0374-4884 J9 J KOREAN PHYS SOC JI J. Korean Phys. Soc. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 50 IS 1 SI SI BP 124 EP 126 PN 1 PG 3 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 125ZJ UT WOS:000243481700004 ER PT J AU Martz, HE Kozioziemski, BJ Lehman, SK Hau-Riege, S Schneberk, DJ Barty, A AF Martz, Harry E., Jr. Kozioziemski, Bernard J. Lehman, Sean K. Hau-Riege, Stefan Schneberk, Daniel J. Barty, Anton TI Validation of radiographic simulation codes including x-ray phase effects for millimeter-size objects with micrometer structures SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL IGNITION FACILITY; SYNCHROTRON-RADIATION; ION MICROTOMOGRAPHY; DRIVE IGNITION; CONTRAST; TOMOGRAPHY; DEUTERIUM; OMEGA; ENHANCEMENT; RESOLUTION AB The mix between x-ray phase and attenuation information needs to be understood for accurate object recovery from radiography and tomography data. We are researching and experimentally validating algorithms that simulate x-ray phase contrast to determine the required physics necessary for quantitative object recovery. The results of a study are described to determine if a multislice (beam-propagation) method is required for simulating x-ray radiographs. We conclude that the multislice method is not required for accurate simulation of greater than or equal to 8 keV x-ray radiographs of millimeter-size objects with micrometer structures. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Martz, HE (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM martz2@llnl.gov RI Barty, Anton/K-5137-2014 OI Barty, Anton/0000-0003-4751-2727 NR 55 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1084-7529 J9 J OPT SOC AM A JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. A-Opt. Image Sci. Vis. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 24 IS 1 BP 169 EP 178 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 119TM UT WOS:000243036300019 PM 17164855 ER PT J AU Tomita, T Schilling, JS Chen, LH Veal, BW Claus, H AF Tomita, Takahiro Schilling, James S. Chen, Lihura Veal, Boyd W. Claus, Helmut TI Pressure-Induced Increase in J(c) across Single Grain Boundaries in YBa2Cu3Ox SO JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article DE Superconductivity; YBCO; Grain boundary; Pressure AB The critical current density J(c) under hydrostatic pressure to 0.6 GPa is determined for melttextured YBa2Cu3Ox (6.4 <= x <= 6.9) rings containing single [001]-tilt grain boundaries (GBs) with artificial mismatch angles. We found that J(c) increases rapidly under pressure at the rate 20 to 40 % GPa(-1). Such a large enhancement cannot be explained by a simple tunneling model where the GB width is compressed under pressure. The intrinsic pressure dependence of J(c) is estimated from the temperature pressure hysteresis to be 15 to 25 % GPa(-1), revealing a substantial relaxation effect in the GB. Both intrinsic and relaxation effects make important contributions to the large pressure dependence of J(c) observed in the present experiments. YBa2Cu3Ox bicrystalline rings generally have vacant oxygen sites in the GB region. Filling such sites with oxygen anions should lead to further enhancement in J(c). C1 [Tomita, Takahiro] Kobe Univ, Mol Photosci Res Ctr, Nada Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan. [Schilling, James S.] Washington Univ, Dept Phys, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Chen, Lihura; Veal, Boyd W.; Claus, Helmut] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Tomita, T (reprint author), Kobe Univ, Mol Photosci Res Ctr, Nada Ku, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan. EM tomita@ruby.kobe-u.ac.jp NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PHYSICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA YUSHIMA URBAN BUILDING 5F, 2-31-22 YUSHIMA, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113-0034, JAPAN SN 0031-9015 J9 J PHYS SOC JPN JI J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 76 SU A BP 118 EP 119 DI 10.1143/JPSJS.76SA.118 PG 2 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA V35BB UT WOS:000209124900051 ER PT J AU Jegdic, B Drazic, DM Popic, JP Radmilovic, V AF Jegdic, Bore Drazic, Dragutin M. Popic, Jovan P. Radmilovic, Velimir TI Structural effects of metallic chromium on its electrochemical behavior SO JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE chromium; crystalline structure; electrochemistry; corrosion; sulfuric acid ID DEAERATED SULFURIC-ACID; ACTIVE CHROMIUM; CORROSION; DISSOLUTION AB Chromium dissolution in aqueous sulfuric acid solution of pH 1 was studied electrochemically on chromium electrodes with different crystallographic structures. A slow potentiodynamic method was used toy the electrochemical measurements in deaerated solutions (purged with nitrogen), while the Cr(III) ions in the solution after the corrosion were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Three electrode materials with a very dominant crystallite orientation resembling single crystal structures (i.e., 111 and 116) confirmed by the electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD), were used in the experiments. The (111) structures were somewhat more active electrochemically (both anodic and cathodic) than the (110) structure. However, Cr electrochemically deposited in standard plating bath, assumed from literature data to has also the (111) structure, was more than 4 times active for anodic dissolution and, by the same number, less active for cathodic hydrogen evolution. The concentrations of Cr(III) ions determined in the solution after definite times of corrosion of all the materials showed almost two times larger dissolution rates than observed electrochemically by three different electrochemical methods (Wagner-Traud, Stem-Geary, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). This is explained by the simultaneous occurrence of potential independent chemical dissolution of Cr, by a direct reaction of metallic Cr with H2O molecules, proposed a long time ago by Kolotyrkin and coworkers. C1 Inst Chem Technol & Met, Ctr Electrochem, Belgrade 11001, Serbia. Inst Chem Power Sources, Belgrade Zemun 11070, Serbia. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkley Natl Labs, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Drazic, DM (reprint author), Inst Chem Technol & Met, Ctr Electrochem, POB 473, Belgrade 11001, Serbia. EM dmdrazic@eunet.yu NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOC PI BELGRADE PA KARNEGIJEVA 4, PO BOX 462, YU-11001 BELGRADE, YUGOSLAVIA SN 0352-5139 J9 J SERB CHEM SOC JI J. Serb. Chem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 72 IS 6 BP 563 EP 578 DI 10.2298/JSC0706563J PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 190XK UT WOS:000248093800005 ER PT J AU Babic, BM Kaluderovic, BV Vracar, LM Radmilovic, V Krstajic, NV AF Babic, Biljana M. Kaluderovic, Branka V. Vracar, Ljiljana M. Radmilovic, Velimir Krstajic, Nedeljko V. TI Characterization of a surface modified carbon cryogel and a carbon supported Pt catalyst SO JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE carbon cryogel; platinum catalyst; hydrogen oxidation; fuel cell ID SOL-GEL POLYCONDENSATION; SINGLE-CRYSTAL SURFACES; HYDROGEN ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ORGANIC AEROGELS; PT/C CATALYSTS; PLATINUM; SUPERCAPACITORS; FORMALDEHYDE; PERFORMANCE; RESORCINOL AB A carbon cryogel, synthesized by carbonization of a resorcinol/formaldehyde cryogel and oxidized in nitric acid, was used as catalyst Support for Pt nanoparticles. The Pt/C catalyst was prepared by a modified polyol synthesis method in an ethylene glycol (EG) solution. Characterization by nitrogen adsorption showed that the carbon cryogel support and the Pt/C catalyst were mesoporous materials with high specific surface areas (S-BET > 400 m(2) g(-1)) and large mesoporous Volumes. X-Ray diffraction of the catalyst demonstrated the successful reduction of the Pt precursor to metallic form. TEM Images of the Pt/C catalyst and Pt particle size distribution showed that the mean Pt particle size was about 3.3 nm. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments at various scan rates (from 2 to 200 mV s(-1)) were pet-formed in 0.5 mol dm(-3) HCIO4 solution. The large capacitance of the oxidized carbon cryogel electrode, which arises from a combination of the double-layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance, associated with the participation of surface redox-type reactions was demonstrated. For the oxidized carbon cryogel, the total specific capacitance determined by I1/C vs. v(0.5) extrapolation method was found to be 386 F g-l. The hydrogen oxidation reaction at the investigated Pt/C catalyst proceeded as an electrochemically reversible, two-electron direct discharge reaction. C1 Vinca Inst Nucl Sci, Belgrade 11001, Serbia. Univ Belgrade, Fac Technol & Met, Belgrade 11000, Serbia. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Krstajic, NV (reprint author), Vinca Inst Nucl Sci, POB 522, Belgrade 11001, Serbia. EM nedeljko@tmf.bg.ac.yu NR 36 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOC PI BELGRADE PA KARNEGIJEVA 4, PO BOX 462, YU-11001 BELGRADE, YUGOSLAVIA SN 0352-5139 J9 J SERB CHEM SOC JI J. Serb. Chem. Soc. PY 2007 VL 72 IS 8-9 BP 773 EP 785 DI 10.2298/JSC0709773B PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 214WJ UT WOS:000249768600005 ER PT J AU Thrall, KD Gies, RA Cartmell, AM Wu, H Soelberg, JJ Klein, JA AF Thrall, Karla D. Gies, Richard A. Cartmell, Allison M. Wu, Hong Soelberg, Jolen J. Klein, Joel A. TI A liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric method to evaluate the distribution kinetics of 1,2-diethylbenzene and its metabolite 1,2-diacetylbenzene in the F344 male rat SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES LA English DT Article ID SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; TOXICOKINETICS; NEUROPATHY; AXONOPATHY AB Diethylbenzene (DEB) is a moderately volatile, colorless liquid found in gasoline, kerosene, and fuel oils. Exposure to DEB has been shown to produce peripheral neuropathy in rats, and the ortho isomer of DEB (1,2-DEB) is generally believed to be the isomer responsible. 1,2-DEB is assumed to be metabolized primarily by direct oxidation of the ethyl side chain to form two enantiomers of 1-(2-ethylphenol) ethanol and their glucuroconjugates, which are the main 1,2-DEB metabolites, and 1,2-diacetylbenzene (1,2-DAB), a minor metabolite. The metabolite 1,2-DAB appears to be a chromogenic neurotoxin. A liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) method using atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) for quantifying 1,2-DEB and 1,2-DAB in blood, urine, and brain tissues from animals treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 1,2-DEB was developed. Calibration curves were prepared using matrix-specific standards with concentrations ranging from 0.068 to 402 mu M. Results indicate that the concentration of 1,2-DEB in blood peaked at 2 h post intraperitoneal injection and rapidly declined thereafter. In contrast, 1,2-DAB levels in blood were fairly constant up to 24 h postinjection. Urine concentrations of 1,2-DEB were highest at the first collection interval (0-12 h postinjection), and dropped rapidly thereafter; concentrations at 24 h were similar to concentrations observed at 48 h postexposure. Urine concentrations of 1,2-DAB, however, showed the reverse, with peak concentrations observed at 24 h postinjection and only a slight decrease in concentration by 48 h. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Biol Monitoring & Modeling Grp, Pacific NW Div, Hlth Effects & Risk Sci Div,Ctr Biol Monitoring &, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Gonzaga Univ, Spokane, WA 99258 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Thrall, KD (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Biol Monitoring & Modeling Grp, Pacific NW Div, Hlth Effects & Risk Sci Div,Ctr Biol Monitoring &, 902 Battelle Blvd,Mail Stop P7-59, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM karla.thrall@pnl.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1-P42-ES10338] NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health Part A PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 70 IS 1 BP 67 EP 72 DI 10.1080/15287390600751173 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 124TG UT WOS:000243392200006 PM 17162499 ER PT J AU Louis, ED Zheng, W Jiang, W Bogen, KT Keating, GA AF Louis, Elan D. Zheng, Wei Jiang, Wendy Bogen, Kenneth T. Keating, Garrett A. TI Quantification of the neurotoxic beta-carboline harmane in barbecued/grilled meat samples and correlation with level of doneness SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES LA English DT Article ID NONPOLAR HETEROCYCLIC AMINES; COOKED FOODS; ESSENTIAL TREMOR; PAN RESIDUES; NORHARMAN; EXPOSURE; ALKALOIDS; PRODUCTS; FISH; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Harmane, one of the heterocyclic amines (HCAs), is a potent neurotoxin linked to human diseases. Dietary exposure, especially in cooked meats, is the major source of exogenous exposure for humans. However, knowledge of harmane concentrations in cooked meat samples is limited. Our goals were to (1) quantify the concentration of harmane in different types of cooked meat samples, (2) compare its concentration to that of other more well-understood HCAs, and (3) examine the relationship between harmane concentration and level of doneness. Thirty barbecued/grilled meat samples (8 beef steak, 12 hamburger, 10 chicken) were analyzed for harmane and four other HCAs (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine [PhIP], amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline [MeIQx], 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline [DiMeIQx], and 2-amino-1,6-dimethylfuro[3,2-elimidazo[4,5b]pyridine [IFP]). Mean (+/- SD) harmane concentration was 5.63 (+/- 6.63) nglg; harmane concentration was highest in chicken (8.48 9.86 ng/g) and lowest in beef steak (3.80 +/- 3.6 ng/g). Harmane concentration was higher than that of the other HCAs and significantly correlated with PhIP concentration. Harmane concentration was associated with meat doneness in samples of cooked beef steak and hamburger, although the correlation between meat doneness and concentration was greater for PhIP than for harmane. Evidence indicates that harmane was detectable in nanograms per gram quantities in cooked meat (especially chicken) and, moreover, was more abundant than other HCAs. There was some correlation between meat doneness and harmane concentration, although this correlation was less robust than that observed for PhIP. Data such as these may be used to improve estimation of human dietary exposure to this neurotoxin. C1 Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Gertrude H Sergievsky Ctr, New York, NY 10027 USA. Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurol, New York, NY 10027 USA. Purdue Univ, Sch Hlth Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, Livermore, CA USA. RP Louis, ED (reprint author), Inst Neurol, Unit 198, 710 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA. EM EDL2@columbia.edu FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P30 ES009089, P30 ES09089]; NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS039422, R01 NS39422] NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health Part A PY 2007 VL 70 IS 11-12 BP 1014 EP 1019 DI 10.1080/15287390601172015 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 169GG UT WOS:000246580100019 PM 17497412 ER PT J AU Teeguarden, JG Dorman, DC Covington, TR Clewell, HJ Andersen, ME AF Teeguarden, Justin G. Dorman, David C. Covington, Tammie R. Clewell, Harvey J., III Andersen, Melvin E. TI Pharmacokinetic Modeling of manganese. I. Dose dependencies of uptake and elimination SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES LA English DT Article ID INHALED MANGANESE; DIETARY MANGANESE; 14-DAY EXPOSURE; IRON-ABSORPTION; CD RATS; METABOLISM; BRAIN; NEUROTOXICITY; EXCRETION; MEMBRANE AB Homeostatic mechanisms controlling uptake, storage, and elimination of dietary manganese (Mn) afford protection against fluctuations in tissue manganese (Mn) levels. Homeostatic control of inhaled Mn is less well understood, but important in assessing likely risks of Mn inhalation. Two compartmental kinetic models were used to characterize the influence of Mn exposure level and route (oral, inhalation) on uptake, elimination, and transport of Mn. The models were fitted to or used to interpret data from five whole-body Mn elimination studies: one dietary Mn balance study, two biliary elimination studies, and one acute and one chronic. As dietary Mn concentrations increased from low sufficiency (1.5 ppm) to sufficiency (20 ppm), control of Mn uptake shifts from the intestine (principally) to more proportional control by both intestinal tissues and liver. Using a two-compartment distribution model, the increased elimination of Mn-54 tracer doses in response to increases in dietary Mn (rats and mice) or inhaled Mn (rats) resulted from elevation in Mn elimination rate constants rather than changes in intercompartmental transfer rate constants between a central compartment and deep compartment. The pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis also indicated differential control of absorption in single gavage oral dose studies versus continuous high oral doses in the feed. The gavage study indicated increased elimination rate constants, and the chronic study showed reduced rate constants for absorption. These dose dependencies in uptake and elimination are necessary inputs for comprehensive PK models guiding human health risk assessments with Mn. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. CIIT Ctr Hlth Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. ENVIRON Hlth Sci Inst, Ruston, LA USA. RP Andersen, ME (reprint author), CIIT Ctr Hlth Res, 6 Davis Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM Mandersen@ciit.org OI Andersen, Melvin/0000-0002-3894-4811; Teeguarden, Justin/0000-0003-3817-4391 NR 31 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health Part A PY 2007 VL 70 IS 18 BP 1493 EP 1504 DI 10.1080/15287390701384601 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 206OK UT WOS:000249192600001 PM 17710610 ER PT J AU Teeguarden, JG Dorman, DC Nong, A Covington, TR Clewell, HJ Andersen, ME AF Teeguarden, Justin G. Dorman, David C. Nong, Andy Covington, Tammie R. Clewell, Harvey J., III Andersen, Melvin E. TI Pharmacokinetic Modeling of manganese. II. hepatic processing after ingestion and inhalation SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES LA English DT Article ID BLOOD-BRAIN-BARRIER; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; INHALED MANGANESE; DIETARY MANGANESE; 14-DAY EXPOSURE; IRON-ABSORPTION; KINETICS; METABOLISM; SULFATE; PLASMA AB Current concerns regarding inhalation exposure to Mn, a component from oxidation of the gasoline antiknock agent MMT, have stimulated interest in developing kinetic tools for describing the inhalation and combined inhalation/oral route kinetics of Mn. Kinetic approaches were integrated kinetic for ( 1) bulk tissue Mn kinetics and ( 2) hepato-intestinal control of oral-route Mn uptake into a integrated model structure connecting systemic and oral Mn. Linkages were developed between the hepato-intestinal and systemic tissues in order to evaluate differences in hepatic processing of orally absorbed Mn and systemic Mn. The integrated, unified model described the uptake, net absorption, and elimination of ingested Mn and the elimination kinetics of iv administered ( systemic) Mn by treating Mn arriving at the liver from systemic versus portal blood differently. Hepatic extraction of orally absorbed Mn in rats predicted through simulation of the oral uptake data was 19, 54, and 78% at dietary exposures of 1.5, 11.2, and 100 ppm, respectively. In contrast, hepatic extraction of systemic Mn predicted through simulation of elimination kinetics iv tracer Mn was much less, 0.004, 0.005, or 0.009% at dietary levels of 2, 10, and 100 ppm, respectively. These differences in hepatic processing of blood Mn derived from different dose routes need to be accounted for in more complete PK models for Mn that are intended to support human health risk assessments. C1 CIIT Ctr Hlth Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. ENVIRON Hlth Sci Inst, Ruston, LA USA. RP Andersen, ME (reprint author), CIIT Ctr Hlth Res, 6 Davis Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM Mandersen@ciit.org OI Teeguarden, Justin/0000-0003-3817-4391; Andersen, Melvin/0000-0002-3894-4811 NR 30 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health Part A PY 2007 VL 70 IS 18 BP 1505 EP 1514 DI 10.1080/15287390701384619 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 206OK UT WOS:000249192600002 PM 17710611 ER PT J AU Teeguarden, JG Gearhart, J Clewell, HJ Covington, TR Nong, A Andersen, ME AF Teeguarden, Justin G. Gearhart, Jeffrey Clewell, Harvey J., III Covington, Tammie R. Nong, Andy Andersen, Melvin E. TI Pharmacokinetic modeling of manganese. III. physiological approaches accounting for background and tracer kinetics SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES LA English DT Article ID GUT ENDOGENOUS LOSSES; INHALED MANGANESE; CD RATS; DIETARY MANGANESE; 14-DAY EXPOSURE; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; VARYING LEVELS; BRAIN; METABOLISM; TRANSPORT AB Manganese (Mn), an essential metal nutrient, produces neurotoxicity in workers exposed chronically to high concentrations of Mn-containing dusts. Our long-term goal was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to support health risk assessments for Mn. A PK model that accounts for Mn-tracer kinetics and steady-state tissue Mn in rats on normal diets ( about 45 ppm Mn) is described. The focus on normal dietary intakes avoids inclusion of dose-dependent processes that maintain Mn homeostasis at higher dose rates. Data used for model development were obtained from published literature. The model represents six tissues: brain, respiratory tract, liver, kidneys, bone, and muscle. Each of these has a shallow tissue pool in rapid equilibration with blood and a deep tissue store, connected to the shallow pool by transfer rate constants. Intraperitoneal (ip) tracer Mn is absorbed into systemic blood and equilibrated with the shallow and deep pools of tissue Mn. The model was calibrated to match steady-state tissue concentrations and radiotracer kinetics following an ip dose of Mn-54. Successful simulations showed uptake of 0.8% of dietary Mn, and estimated tissue partition coefficients and transfer rate constants in the tissues. Inhalation tracer Mn-54 studies could only be adequately modeled by assuming that deposited Mn was absorbed into deep tissue stores in the lung before becoming available to move via blood to other tissues. In summary, this present effort provides the basic structure of a multiroute PBPK model for Mn that should now be easily extended to include homeostatic control and inhalation exposures in order to support risk assessment calculations for Mn. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Wright Patterson AF Base, Dayton, OH USA. ENVIRON Hlth Sci Inst, Ruston, LA USA. RP Andersen, ME (reprint author), CIIT Ctr Hlth Res, Computat Biol Div, 6 Davis Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM Mandersen@ciit.org OI Andersen, Melvin/0000-0002-3894-4811; Teeguarden, Justin/0000-0003-3817-4391 NR 35 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health Part A PY 2007 VL 70 IS 18 BP 1515 EP 1526 DI 10.1080/15287390701384635 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 206OK UT WOS:000249192600003 PM 17710612 ER PT J AU Clark, TT Zhou, Y Zemach, C AF Clark, T. T. Zhou, Y. Zemach, C. TI On fully self-preserving solutions in homogeneous turbulence SO JOURNAL OF TURBULENCE LA English DT Article ID ISOTROPIC TURBULENCE; DECAY; FLOW; SCALE; MODEL AB Mathematical attributes of full self-preserving solutions ('full' meaning self-similar at all scales with non-zero viscosity) for isotropic decay as well as for homogeneous shear flow turbulence are examined from a fundamental theoretical standpoint. Fully self-preserving solutions are those wherein the two-point double and triple velocity correlations are self-similar at all scales. It is shown that the full self-preserving solutions for isotropic decay corresponds to a t(-1) asymptotic power law decay, consistent with earlier studies. Fully self-preserving solutions for homogeneous shear flow correspond to a production-equals-dissipation equilibrium, with bounded turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation. It is then shown that the fully self-preserving solutions of isotropic decay and of homogeneous shear flow both require severe constraints on the behavior of the low-wavenumber energy spectra. These constraints render the full self-preserving solutions as mathematical consistent but having no physical relevance. The implications of the dependence of the full self-preserving solutions on the low-wavenumber spectra for one-point (engineering) turbulence models is discussed. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Zhou, Y (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM zhou3@llnl.gov NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1468-5248 J9 J TURBUL JI J. Turbul. PY 2007 VL 8 IS 24 BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1080/14685240601083251 PG 17 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 179KM UT WOS:000247288400001 ER PT J AU Drikakis, D Fureby, C Grinstein, FF Youngs, D AF Drikakis, Dimitris Fureby, Christer Grinstein, Fernando F. Youngs, David TI Simulation of transition and turbulence decay in the Taylor-Green vortex SO JOURNAL OF TURBULENCE LA English DT Article DE LES; MILES; ILES; transition; turbulence decay ID LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION; CONSERVATIVE DIFFERENCE SCHEME; WALL-BOUNDED FLOWS; ISOTROPIC TURBULENCE; TRANSPORT ALGORITHM; INSTABILITY; CONVECTION; EQUATIONS; VORTICITY; MODEL AB Conventional large-eddy simulation (LES) and monotone integrated LES ( MILES) are tested in emulating the dynamics of transition to turbulence in the Taylor - Green vortex (TGV). A variety of subgrid scale (SGS) models and high-resolution numerical methods are implemented in the framework of both incompressible and compressible fluid flow equations. Comparisons of the evolution of characteristic TGV integral measures are made with previously reported and new direct numerical simulation (DNS) data. The computations demonstrate that the convective numerical diffusion effects in the MILES methods can consistently capture the physics of flow transition and turbulence decay without resorting to an explicit SGS model, while providing accurate prediction of established theoretical findings for the kinetic energy dissipation, energy spectra, enstrophy and kinetic energy decay. All approaches tested provided fairly robust computational frameworks. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Cranfield Univ, Aerosp Sci Dept, Cranfield MK43 0AL, Beds, England. FOI, Swedish Def Res Agcy, SE-17290 Stockholm, Sweden. Atom Weap Estab, Reading RG7 4PR, Berks, England. RP Grinstein, FF (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS-B259, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM fgrinstein@lanl.gov NR 41 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1468-5248 J9 J TURBUL JI J. Turbul. PY 2007 VL 8 IS 20 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1080/14685240701250289 PG 12 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 175YV UT WOS:000247050800001 ER PT J AU Duggleby, A Ball, KS Paul, MR Fischer, PF AF Duggleby, Andrew Ball, Kenneth S. Paul, Mark R. Fischer, Paul F. TI Dynamical eigenfunction decomposition of turbulent pipe flow SO JOURNAL OF TURBULENCE LA English DT Article DE direct numerical simulation; Karhunen-Loeve decomposition; turbulence; pipe flow; mechanism ID COHERENT STRUCTURES; CHANNEL FLOW; INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS; WALL REGION; SIMULATION AB The results of an analysis of turbulent pipe flow based on a Karhunen-Loeve decomposition are presented. The turbulent flow is generated by a direct numerical simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations using a spectral element algorithm at a Reynolds number Re-tau = 150. This simulation yields a set of basis functions that captures 90% of the energy after 2763 modes. The eigenfunctions are categorized into two classes and six subclasses based on their wavenumber and coherent vorticity structure. Of the total energy, 81% is in the propagating class, characterized by constant phase speeds; the remaining energy is found in the non-propagating subclasses, the shear and roll modes. The four subclasses of the propagating modes are the wall, lift, asymmetric and ring modes. The wall modes display coherent vorticity structures near the wall, the lift modes display coherent vorticity structures that lift away from the wall, the asymmetric modes break the symmetry about the axis, and the ring modes display rings of coherent vorticity. Together, the propagating modes form a wave packet, as found from a circular normal speed locus. The energy transfer mechanism in the flow is a four-step process. The process begins with energy being transferred from mean flow to the shear modes, then to the roll modes. Energy is then transferred from the roll modes to the wall modes, and then eventually to the lift modes. The ring and asymmetric modes act as catalysts that aid in this four-step energy transfer. Physically, this mechanism shows how the energy in the flow starts at the wall and then propagates into the outer layer. C1 [Duggleby, Andrew; Ball, Kenneth S.; Paul, Mark R.] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Fischer, Paul F.] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Duggleby, A (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM duggleby@vt.edu RI Paul, Mark/E-3567-2014 OI Paul, Mark/0000-0002-0701-1955 NR 37 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1468-5248 J9 J TURBUL JI J. Turbul. PY 2007 VL 8 IS 43 BP 1 EP 24 DI 10.1080/14685240701376316 PG 24 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 272KA UT WOS:000253857100001 ER PT J AU Lee, T Lin, CL Friehe, CA AF Lee, Taehun Lin, Ching-Long Friehe, Carl A. TI Large-eddy simulation of air flow around a wall-mounted circular cylinder and a tripod tower SO JOURNAL OF TURBULENCE LA English DT Article DE large-eddy simulation; finite element method; circular cylinder; air-sea interaction tower; flow distortion ID TURBULENT CHANNEL FLOW; REYNOLDS-NUMBERS; CUBIC OBSTACLE; HEIGHT; VORTEX AB This paper models the air flow around a wall-mounted tripod platform that mimics a meteorological tripod tower placed in shallow water for air-sea interaction measurements to study the flow distortion by the tower. We adopt large-eddy simulation technique, which is based on the characteristic Galerkin, fractional four-step finite element method. For model validation, we examine flow characteristics around a wall-mounted circular cylinder with two length-to-diameter ratios of 2.5 and 10. The results are in good agreement with existing experimental data and numerical simulations. The tip, von Karman, and horseshoe vortices around the cylinder are properly resolved. Several differences are manifest between the short- and long-cylinder cases. In particular, the downdraft behind the top free end of the long cylinder is much stronger than that of the short cylinder. The vorticity intensity in the wake region of the long cylinder is also stronger than that of the short cylinder. Furthermore, the vortex shedding in the upper region of the long cylinder is not in phase with that of the lower region. We then examine the flow around the tripod tower with three approach wind directions. The results show that the measurements in the wake region of the tower are not generally dependable; hence, for this configuration, data should be measured away from the platform of the tower. A sequence of Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices and an elongated tip vortex in addition to those observed in the cylinder cases are formed due to the presence of the platform of the tower. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Mech & Ind Engn, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Iowa, IIHR Hydrosci & Engn, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. CUNY City Coll, Dept Mech Engn, New York, NY 10031 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Lin, CL (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Mech & Ind Engn, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. EM ching-long-lin@uiowa.edu RI Lin, Ching-Long/D-5488-2009; Lee, Taehun/G-2695-2010 OI Lee, Taehun/0000-0001-9965-5637 NR 33 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1468-5248 J9 J TURBUL JI J. Turbul. PY 2007 VL 8 IS 29 BP 1 EP 28 DI 10.1080/14685240701383122 PG 28 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 183DI UT WOS:000247552500001 ER PT J AU Lunasin, E Kurien, S Taylor, MA Titi, ES AF Lunasin, E. Kurien, S. Taylor, M. A. Titi, E. S. TI A study of the Navier-Stokes-alpha model for two-dimensional turbulence SO JOURNAL OF TURBULENCE LA English DT Article DE turbulence models; sub-grid scale models; large-eddy simulations; two-dimensional Navier-Stokes-alpha model ID CAMASSA-HOLM EQUATIONS; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; CLASSICAL-SOLUTIONS; FLUIDS; FAMILY; FLOW AB The Navier-Stokes-alpha model of turbulence is a mollification of the Navier-Stokes equations, in which the vorticity is advected and stretched by a smoothed velocity field. The smoothing is performed by filtering the velocity field over spatial scales of size smaller than alpha. This is achieved by convolution with a kernel associated with Green's function of the Helmholtz operator scaled by a parameter a. The statistical properties of the smoothed velocity field are expected to match those of Navier-Stokes turbulence for scales larger than alpha, thus providing a more computable model for those scales. For wavenumbers k such that k alpha >> 1, corresponding to spatial scales smaller than alpha, there are three candidate power laws for the energy spectrum, corresponding to three possible characteristic time scales in the model equations: one from the smoothed field, the second from the rough field and the third from a special combination of the two. In two dimensions, the second time scale may be understood to characterize the dynamics of the conserved enstrophy. We measure the scaling of the energy spectra from high-resolution simulations of the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes-alpha model, in the limit as alpha -> infinity. The energy spectrum of the smoothed velocity field scales as k(-7) in the direct enstrophy cascade regime, consistent with dynamics dominated by the timescale associated with the rough velocity field. We are thus able to deduce that the dynamics of the dominant cascading conserved quantity, namely the enstrophy of the rough velocity, governs the scaling of all derived statistical quantities. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Math, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Exploratory Simulat Technol, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Comp Sci & Appl Math, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Lunasin, E (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Math, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM emanalo@math.uci.edu NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1468-5248 J9 J TURBUL JI J. Turbul. PY 2007 VL 8 IS 30 BP 1 EP 21 DI 10.1080/14685240701439403 PG 21 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 183DK UT WOS:000247552700001 ER PT J AU Naso, A Pumir, A Chertkov, M AF Naso, A. Pumir, A. Chertkov, M. TI Statistical geometry in homogeneous and isotropic turbulence SO JOURNAL OF TURBULENCE LA English DT Article DE statistical geometry; stochastic models ID VELOCITY-GRADIENT TENSOR; 3-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENCE; INTENSE VORTICITY; INTERMITTENCY AB We consider a phenomenological model, incorporating the main features of hydrodynamic fluid turbulence, aimed at predicting the structure of the velocity gradient tensor, M, coarse-grained at a spatial scale r. This model (M. Chertkov, A. Pumir and B. I. Shraiman, Phys. Fluids, 11, 2394 (1999)) is formulated as a set of stochastic ordinary differential equations depending on three dimensionless parameters. We solve it with two complementary methods. The joint probability distribution functions of the second and third invariants of M, as well as the scaling laws of the average enstrophy, strain and energy transfer, are first computed by using a semiclassical method of resolution of the model. These results are compared with direct numerical simulations (DNS) data. The semiclassical solutions correctly reproduce the DNS data behaviour provided the parameter that controls nonlinearity reduction induced by the pressure is finely tuned. A hybrid Monte Carlo procedure of resolution of the model is then developed. Our approach consists in fixing the vorticity degrees of freedom, treating all the other degrees of freedom by a straightforward Monte Carlo method and then maximising over vorticity. The preliminary results presented here are promising. The comparison of the solutions calculated through both methods enables us to get insight into the model, by evidencing the role of the fluctuations in the different structures of the flow. C1 [Pumir, A.] Univ Nice Sophia Antipolis, Inst Non Lineaire Nice, UMR6618, CNRS, F-06560 Valbonne, France. [Naso, A.] Univ Twente, Dept Appl Phys, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands. [Chertkov, M.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Pumir, A (reprint author), Univ Nice Sophia Antipolis, Inst Non Lineaire Nice, UMR6618, CNRS, 1361 Rpute Lucioles, F-06560 Valbonne, France. EM alain.pumir@unice.fr RI Chertkov, Michael/O-8828-2015; OI Chertkov, Michael/0000-0002-6758-515X NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1468-5248 J9 J TURBUL JI J. Turbul. PY 2007 VL 8 IS 39 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1080/14685240701615978 PG 13 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 272JR UT WOS:000253856200001 ER PT J AU Orvieto, MA Zorn, KC Lyon, MB Tohurst, SR Rapp, DE Mikhail, AA Oras, JJ Son, H Kasza, KE Brendler, CB Shalhav, AL AF Orvieto, Marcelo A. Zorn, Kevin C. Lyon, Mark B. Tohurst, Stephen R. Rapp, David E. Mikhail, Albert A. Oras, John J. Son, Hyunjin Kasza, Kenneth E. Brendler, Charles B. Shalhav, Arieh L. TI Laparoscopic ice slurry coolant for renal hypothermia SO JOURNAL OF UROLOGY LA English DT Article DE kidney; swine; laparoscopy; cold ischemia; warm ischemia ID NEPHRON SPARING SURGERY; PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY; PORCINE MODEL; ISCHEMIA; PERFUSION; OUTCOMES AB Purpose: We assessed the safety and efficacy of microparticulate ice slurry for laparoscopic hypothermia during renal ischemia in a single kidney porcine model. Materials and Methods: A total of 18 farm pigs were randomized to 3 groups of 6 each. All groups underwent initial right laparoscopic nephrectomy, followed by 1 of 3 procedures on the left kidney. Group 1 underwent 90-minute hilar clamping under warm ischemia, group 2 underwent 90-minute hilar clamping under cold ischemia using laparoscopically delivered microparticulate ice slurry and control group 3 underwent hilar dissection, no clamping and no microparticulate ice slurry. Body and renal cortical temperatures were measured. Serum creatinine and the glomerular filtration rate were assessed preoperatively, and on postoperative days 1, 3, 8 and 15. Results: Average time to achieve a renal temperature of 20C or less was 9.7 minutes and it remained constant during the 90-minute cold ischemia time. Mean serum creatinine was significantly higher in the warm ischemia group than in the cold ischemia and control groups on postoperative days 1 and 3. Additionally, mean serum creatinine in the cold ischemia and control groups was similar at all time points. The mean glomerular filtration rate was significantly lower in the warm ischemia group than in the cold ischemia and control groups on postoperative days 1, 3 and 8. The mean glomerular filtration rate in the cold ischemia group was lower than in the control group on postoperative day 1, while it was similar on postoperative days 3, 8 and 15. Conclusions: In the porcine model laparoscopic renal hypothermia achieved with microparticulate ice slurry was safe and efficient. It significantly decreased renal dysfunction secondary to an ischemic insult with no adverse effects or complications associated with microparticulate ice slurry use. C1 Univ Chicago, Urol Sect, Argonne, IL USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Orvieto, MA (reprint author), Univ Chicago Hosp, Urol Sect, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM marceloorvieto@yahoo.com NR 22 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-5347 J9 J UROLOGY JI J. Urol. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 177 IS 1 BP 382 EP 385 DI 10.1016/j.juro.2006.08.082 PG 4 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 116ZV UT WOS:000242843200107 PM 17162095 ER PT J AU Dahari, H Ribeiro, RM Rice, CM Perelson, AS AF Dahari, Harel Ribeiro, Ruy M. Rice, Charles M. Perelson, Alan S. TI Mathematical modeling of subgenomic hepatitis C virus replication in Huh-7 cells SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEPENDENT RNA-POLYMERASE; ALPHA-INTERFERON; VIRAL-RNA; IN-VITRO; LIVER-TRANSPLANTATION; PROTEASE INHIBITOR; GENOME REPLICATION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; NATURAL-HISTORY; PLUS RIBAVIRIN AB Cell-based hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicon systems have provided a means for understanding HCV replication mechanisms and for testing new antiviral agents. We describe here a mathematical model of HCV replication that assumes that the translation of the HCV polyprotein occurs in the cytoplasm, that HCV RNA synthesis occurs in vesicular-membrane structures, and that the strategy of replication involves a double-stranded RNA intermediate. Our results shed light on the intracellular dynamics of subgenomic HCV RNA replication from transfection to steady state within Huh-7 cells. We predict the following: (i) about 6 x 103 ribosomes are involved in generating millions of HCV NS5B-polymerase molecules in a Huh-7 cell, (ii) the observed 10:1 asymmetry of plus- to minus-strand RNA levels can be explained by a higher-affinity (200-fold) interaction of HCV NS5B polymerase-containing replication complexes with HCV minus-strand RNA over HCV plus-strand RNA in order to initiate synthesis, (iii) the latter higher affinity can also account for the observed similar to 6:1 plus-strand/minus-strand ratio in vesicular-membrane structures, and (iv) the introduction of higher numbers of HCV plus-strand RNA by transfection leads to faster attainment of steady-state but does not change the steady-state HCV RNA level. Fully permissive HCV replication systems have been developed, and the model presented here is a first step toward building a comprehensive model for complete HCV replication. Moreover, the model can serve as an important tool in understanding HCV replication mechanisms and should prove useful in designing and evaluating new antivirals against HCV. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Rockefeller Univ, Ctr Study Hepatitis C, Lab Virol & Infect Dis, New York, NY 10021 USA. RP Perelson, AS (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS-K710,T-10, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM asp@lanl.gov OI Ribeiro, Ruy/0000-0002-3988-8241 FU NCRR NIH HHS [P20 RR018754, P20-RR18754, R01 RR006555, RR06555] NR 65 TC 48 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 81 IS 2 BP 750 EP 760 DI 10.1128/JVI.01304-06 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA 124EK UT WOS:000243350100032 PM 17035310 ER PT B AU Chew, PA Bader, BW Kolda, TG Abdelali, A AF Chew, Peter A. Bader, Brett W. Kolda, Tamara G. Abdelali, Ahmed BE Berkhin, P Caruana, R Wu, X Gaffney, S TI Cross-Language Information Retrieval Using PARAFAC2 SO KDD-2007 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTEENTH ACM SIGKDD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY AND DATA MINING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining CY AUG 12-15, 2007 CL San Jose, CA SP ACM SIGKDD, ACM SIGMOD DE Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA); information retrieval; multilingual; clustering; PARAFAC2 AB A standard approach to cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) uses Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) in conjunction with a multilingual parallel aligned corpus. This approach has been shown to be successful in identifying similar documents across languages - or more precisely, retrieving the most similar document in one language to a query in another language. However, the approach has severe drawbacks when applied to a related task, that of clustering documents 'language-independently', so that documents about similar topics end up closest to one another in the semantic space regardless of their language. The problem is that documents are generally more similar to other documents in the same language than they are to documents in a different language, but on the same topic. As a result, when using multilingual LSA, documents will in practice cluster by language, not by topic. We propose a novel application of PARAFAC2 (which is a variant of PARAFAC, a multi-way generalization of the singular value decomposition [SVD]) to overcome this problem. Instead of forming a single multilingual term-by-document matrix which, under LSA, is subjected to SVD, we form an irregular three-way array, each slice of which is a separate term-by-document matrix for a single language in the parallel corpus. The goal is to compute an SVD for each language such that V (the matrix of right singular vectors) is the same across all languages. Effectively, PARAFAC2 imposes the constraint, not present in standard LSA, that the 'concepts' in all documents in the parallel corpus are the same regardless of language. Intuitively, this constraint makes sense, since the whole purpose of using a parallel corpus is that exactly the same concepts are expressed in the translations. We tested this approach by comparing the performance of PARAFAC2 with standard LSA in solving a particular CLIR problem. From our results, we conclude that PARAFAC2 offers a very promising alternative to LSA not only for multilingual document clustering.. but also for solving other problems in cross-language information retrieval. C1 [Chew, Peter A.] Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Chew, PA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM pchew@sandia.gov; bwbader@sandia.gov; tgkolda@sandia.gov; ahmed@crl.nmsu.edu RI Kolda, Tamara/B-1628-2009; OI Kolda, Tamara/0000-0003-4176-2493; Abdelali, Ahmed/0000-0002-4160-8181 FU Sandia Corporation; Lockheed Martin Company; United States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-AC04-94AL85000] FX Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. NR 23 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036-9998 USA BN 978-1-59593-609-7 PY 2007 BP 143 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BJK16 UT WOS:000266628300015 ER PT B AU Ding, C Jin, R Li, T Simon, HD AF Ding, Chris Jin, Rong Li, Tao Simon, Horst D. BE Berkhin, P Caruana, R Wu, X Gaffney, S TI A Learning Framework using Green's Function and Kernel Regularization with Application to Recommender System SO KDD-2007 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTEENTH ACM SIGKDD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY AND DATA MINING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining CY AUG 12-15, 2007 CL San Jose, CA SP ACM SIGKDD, ACM SIGMOD DE Green's Function; Semi-supervised; Label Propagation AB Green's function for the Laplace operator represents the propagation of influence of point sources and is the foundation for solving many physics problems. On a graph of pairwise similarities, the Green's function is the inverse of the combinatorial Laplacian; we resolve the zero-mode difficulty by showing its physical origin as the consequence of the Von Neumann boundary condition. We propose to use Green's function to propagate label information for both semi-supervised and unsupervised learning. We also derive this learning framework from the kernel regularization using Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space theory at strong regularization limit. Green's function provides a well-defined distance metric on a generic weighted graph, either as the effective distance on the network of electric resistors, or the average commute time in random walks. We show that for unsupervised learning this approach is identical to Ratio Cut and Normalized Cut spectral clustering algorithms. Experiments on newsgroups and six UCI datasets illustrate the effectiveness of this approach. Finally, we propose a novel item-based recommender system using Green's function and show its effectiveness. C1 [Ding, Chris; Simon, Horst D.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Jin, Rong] Michigan State Univ, Dept CSE, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Li, Tao] Florida Int Univ, Sch Comp Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Ding, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM chqding@lbl.gov; rongjin@cse.msu.edu; taoli@cs.fiu.edu; hdsimon@lbl.gov FU US Dept of Energy; Office of Science; LBNL LDRD funding [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; IBM Faculty Research Award; NSF CAREER [IIS-0546280, NIH/NIGMS S06 GM008205] FX We thank Marco Saerens and Hongyuan Zha for pointing out the relationship to random walk and resistor distance. C. Ding and H.D. Simon are supported by the US Dept of Energy, Office of Science, the LBNL LDRD funding, under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. T. Li is partially supported by a IBM Faculty Research Award, NSF CAREER Award IIS-0546280 and NIH/NIGMS S06 GM008205. NR 43 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036-9998 USA BN 978-1-59593-609-7 PY 2007 BP 260 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BJK16 UT WOS:000266628300027 ER PT J AU Srivastava, N Burns, MA AF Srivastava, Nimisha Burns, Mark A. TI Microfluidic pressure sensing using trapped air compression SO LAB ON A CHIP LA English DT Article ID NANOLITER VISCOMETER; DEVICES AB We have developed a microfluidic method for measuring the fluid pressure head experienced at any location inside a microchannel. The principal component is a microfabricated sealed chamber with a single inlet and no exit; the entrance to the single inlet is positioned at the location where pressure is to be measured. The pressure measurement is then based on monitoring the movement of a liquid-air interface as it compresses air trapped inside the microfabricated sealed chamber and calculating the pressure using the ideal gas law. The method has been used to measure the pressure of the air stream and continuous liquid flow inside microfluidic channels (d similar to 50 mm). Further, a pressure drop has also been measured using multiple microfabricated sealed chambers. For air pressure, a resolution of 700 Pa within a full-scale range of 700-100 kPa was obtained. For liquids, pressure drops as low as 70 Pa were obtained in an operating range from 70 Pa to 10 kPa. Since the method primarily uses a microfluidic sealed chamber, it does not require additional fabrication steps and may easily be incorporated in several lab-on-a-chip fluidic applications for laminar as well as turbulent flow conditions. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Biosyst Res Dept, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Biomed Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Burns, MA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Biosyst Res Dept, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM maburns@umich.edu FU NHGRI NIH HHS [P01 HG001984, P01 HG001984-06, P01 HG01984]; NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI049541, R01 AI049541-06, R01 AI49541] NR 10 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 15 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1473-0197 EI 1473-0189 J9 LAB CHIP JI Lab Chip PY 2007 VL 7 IS 5 BP 633 EP 637 DI 10.1039/b617067f PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 163RJ UT WOS:000246180100015 PM 17476384 ER PT J AU Sounart, TL Safier, PA Voigt, JA Hoyt, J Tallant, DR Matzke, CM Michalske, TA AF Sounart, T. L. Safier, P. A. Voigt, J. A. Hoyt, J. Tallant, D. R. Matzke, C. M. Michalske, T. A. TI Spatially-resolved analysis of nanoparticle nucleation and growth in a microfluidic reactor SO LAB ON A CHIP LA English DT Article ID CDSE NANOCRYSTALS; FLOW-REACTOR; T-SENSOR; MICROREACTOR AB Microfluidic systems provide a unique platform for investigation of fundamental reaction processes, which is critical to understanding how to control nanostructure synthesis on a production scale. We have examined the synthesis of cysteine-capped CdS quantum dot nanocrystals ( CdS-Cys) between two interdiffusing reagent streams in a continuous- flow microfluidic reactor. Using spatially resolved photoluminescence imaging and spectroscopy of the microreactor, we have acquired kinetic and mechanistic data on the CdS-Cys nanoparticle nucleation and growth, and observed a binary shift in the particle emission spectrum from a higher ( 2.9 eV) to lower ( 2.5 eV) energy emission peak within the first second of residence time. Several reactor models have been tested against the spatially and spectrally resolved signals, which suggest that homogeneous reaction and particle nucleation are diffusion- limited and occur only at the boundary between the two laminar streams, while a slower activation process occurs on a longer ( seconds) time scale. The results provide direct insight into the rapid processes that occur during crystallization in microfluidic mixing channels, and demonstrate the potential of using controlled microfluidic environments with spatially resolved monitoring to conduct fundamental studies of nanocrystal nucleation and growth. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Sounart, TL (reprint author), Intel Corp, 4500 Dobson Rd, Chandler, AZ 85248 USA. EM thomas.l.sounart@intel.com NR 26 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 5 U2 26 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1473-0197 J9 LAB CHIP JI Lab Chip PY 2007 VL 7 IS 7 BP 908 EP 915 DI 10.1039/b703810k PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 182ZY UT WOS:000247543700026 PM 17594011 ER PT J AU Dutta, P Hill, K Datskos, PG Sepaniak, MJ AF Dutta, Pampa Hill, Kasey Datskos, Panos G. Sepaniak, Michael J. TI Development of a nanomechanical biosensor for analysis of endocrine disrupting chemicals SO LAB ON A CHIP LA English DT Article ID ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR-ALPHA; MICROCANTILEVERS; SENSOR; FILMS; BETA AB A nanomechanical transducer is developed to detect and screen endocrine disrupting chemicals ( EDCs) combining fluidic sample injection and delivery with bioreceptor protein functionalized microcantilevers ( MCs). The adverse affects of EDCs on the endocrine system of humans, livestock, and wildlife provides strong motivation for advances in analytical detection and monitoring techniques. The combination of protein receptors, which include estrogen receptor alpha ( ER-alpha) and estrogen receptor beta ( ER-beta), as well as monoclonal antibodies ( Ab), with MC systems employing modified nanostructured surfaces provides for excellent nanomechanical response sensitivity and the inherent selectivity of biospecific receptor-EDC interactions. The observed ranking of binding interaction of the tested EDCs with ER-beta is diethylstilbestrol ( DES) > 17-beta-estradiol > 17-alpha-estradiol > 2-OH-estrone > bisphenol A > p, p '-dichloro-diphenyldichloroethylene ( p, p '-DDE) with measurements exhibiting intra-day RSDs of about 3%. A comparison of responses of three EDCs, which include 17-beta-estradiol, 17-a-estradiol, and 2-OH-estrone, with ER-beta and ER-alpha illustrates which estrogen receptor subtype provides the greatest sensitivity. Antibodies specific to a particular EDC can also be used for analyte specific screening. Calibration plots for a MC functionalized with anti-17-beta-estradiol Ab show responses in the range of 1 x 10(-11) through 1 x 10(-7) M for 17-beta-estradiol with a linear portion extending over two orders of magnitude in concentration. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Sepaniak, MJ (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, 420 Buehler Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM msepaniak@utk.edu NR 29 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 12 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1473-0197 J9 LAB CHIP JI Lab Chip PY 2007 VL 7 IS 9 BP 1184 EP 1191 DI 10.1039/b704723a PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 202QG UT WOS:000248917500013 PM 17713618 ER PT J AU Douglas, ES Chandra, RA Bertozzi, CR Mathies, RA Francis, MB AF Douglas, Erik S. Chandra, Ravi A. Bertozzi, Carolyn R. Mathies, Richard A. Francis, Matthew B. TI Self-assembled cellular microarrays patterned using DNA barcodes SO LAB ON A CHIP LA English DT Article ID SHEAR-STRESS; CELLS; DISCOVERY; ADHESION; GROWTH AB The successful integration of living cells into synthetic devices requires precise control over cell patterning. Here we describe a versatile platform that can accomplish this goal through DNA hybridization. Living cells functionalized with exogenous cell-surface DNA strands bind to cognate sequences of DNA printed on glass slides. Attachment via these "cell-adhesion barcodes'' is rapid and specific, with close-packed arrays of cells forming within minutes. The biophysical properties of the system are characterized, and the technique is used to form complex cellular patterns with single-cell line widths and self-assembled cellular microarrays. Key advantages of DNA-directed cell binding include the ability to immobilize both adherent and non-adherent cells, to capture cells selectively from a mixed population, to tune the binding properties of the cells, and to reuse substrates prepared with widely available DNA printing technologies. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, UCSF, UC Berkeley Joint Grad Grp Bioengn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Mathies, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, UCSF, UC Berkeley Joint Grad Grp Bioengn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM rich@zinc.cchem.berkeley.edu RI Douglas, Erik/B-4274-2008 NR 23 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 16 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1473-0197 J9 LAB CHIP JI Lab Chip PY 2007 VL 7 IS 11 BP 1442 EP 1448 DI 10.1039/b708666k PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 224DY UT WOS:000250428200015 PM 17960269 ER PT J AU Wallow, TI Morales, AM Simmons, BA Hunter, MC Krafcik, KL Domeier, LA Sickafoose, SM Patel, KD Gardea, A AF Wallow, Thomas I. Morales, Alfredo M. Simmons, Blake A. Hunter, Marion C. Krafcik, Karen Lee Domeier, Linda A. Sickafoose, Shane M. Patel, Kamlesh D. Gardea, Andy TI Low-distortion, high-strength bonding of thermoplastic microfluidic devices employing case-II diffusion-mediated permeant activation SO LAB ON A CHIP LA English DT Article ID POLYMER-FILMS; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); GLASSY POLYBLENDS; POLYSTYRENE; TRANSPORT; SEPARATIONS; DISSOLUTION; FABRICATION; MICROCHIPS; METHANOL AB We demonstrate a new method for joining thermoplastic surfaces to produce microfluidic devices. The method takes advantage of the sharply defined permeation boundary of case-II diffusion to generate dimensionally controlled, activated bonding layers at the surfaces being joined. The technique is capable of producing bonds that exhibit cohesive failure, while preserving the fidelity of fine features in the bonding interface. This approach is uniquely suited to production of layered microfluidic structures, as it allows the bond-forming interface between plastic parts to be precisely manipulated at micrometre length scales. Distortions in microfluidic device channels are limited to the size scale of the permeant-swollen layer; 6 mu m deep channels are routinely produced with no detectable cross-sectional distortions. Conventional thermal diffusion bonding of identical parts yields less strongly bonded microfluidic structures with increasingly severe dimensional compressions as bonding temperatures approach the thermoplastic glass-transition temperature: a preliminary rheological analysis is consistent with the observed compressions. The bond-enhancing procedure is easily integrated in standard process flows, uses inexpensive reagents, and requires no specialized equipment. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Morales, AM (reprint author), Adv Micro Devices Inc, 1 AMD Pl, Sunnyvale, CA 94088 USA. EM amorale@sandia.gov RI Patel, Kamlesh/A-9728-2009; OI Simmons, Blake/0000-0002-1332-1810 NR 36 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 18 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1473-0197 J9 LAB CHIP JI Lab Chip PY 2007 VL 7 IS 12 BP 1825 EP 1831 DI 10.1039/b710175a PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 233WM UT WOS:000251121000036 PM 18030407 ER PT S AU Hehlen, MP Epstein, RI AF Hehlen, Markus P. Epstein, Richard I. BE Epstein, RI SheikBahae, M TI Ultrapure ZBLAN glass for optical refrigerators - art. no. 646103 SO Laser Cooling of Solids SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Cooling of Solids CY JAN 24-25, 2007 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE laser cooling; optical refrigeration; ytterbium; non-radiative relaxation; ZBLAN; ultra-pure fluoride glass AB A quantitative description of optical refrigeration in Yb3+-doped ZBLAN glass in the presence of transition-metal and OH impurities is presented. The model includes the competition of radiative processes with energy migration, energy transfer to transition-metal ions, and multiphonon relaxation. The cooling efficiency is sensitive to the presence of both 3d metal ions 1,with absorption in the near infrared and high-frequency vibrational impurities such as OH. The calculation establishes maximum impurity concentrations for different operating temperatures and finds Cu2+, Fe2+, CO2+, Ni2+, and OH to be the most problematic species. Cu2+ in particular has to be reduced to < 2 ppb, and Fe2+, CO2+, Ni2+, and OH have to be reduced to 10-100 ppb for a practical ZBLAN:Yb3+ optical cryocooler to operate at 100-150 K. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Hehlen, MP (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6574-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6461 BP 46103 EP 46103 AR 646103 DI 10.1117/12.708304 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Optics; Physics GA BGC66 UT WOS:000246048000002 ER PT S AU Negres, RA Burke, MW DeMange, P Sutton, SB Feit, MD Demos, SG AF Negres, R. A. Burke, M. W. DeMange, P. Sutton, S. B. Feit, M. D. Demos, S. G. BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Lewis, KL TI Thermal imaging investigation of modified fused silica at surface damage sites for understanding the underlying mechanisms of damage growth - art. no. 640306 SO Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Boulder Damage Conference on Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials CY SEP 25-27, 2006 CL Boulder, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Laser Zentrum Hannover e V, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electro-Magnet Remote Sensing Defence Technol Ctr, Coll Opt & Photon, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida DE fused silica; thermal and fluorescence imaging; surface irradiation effects of UV radiation; optical absorption coefficients ID VITREOUS SILICA; DEFECTS AB We use an infrared thermal imaging system in combination with a fluorescence microscope to map the dynamics of the local surface temperature and fluorescence intensity under cw, UV excitation of laser-modified fused silica within a damage site. Based on a thermal diffusion model, we estimate the energy deposited via, linear absorption mechanisms and derive the linear absorption coefficient of the modified material. The results indicate that the damage growth mechanism is not entirely based on linear absorption. Specifically, the absorption cross-section derived above would prove insufficient to cause a significant increase in the temperature of the modified material under nanosecond, pulsed excitation (via linear absorption at ICF laser fluences). In addition, irreversible changes in the absorption cross-section following extended cw, UV laser exposure were observed. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Negres, RA (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Feit, Michael/A-4480-2009 NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6501-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6403 BP 40306 EP 40306 AR 640306 DI 10.1117/12.695476 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BGA21 UT WOS:000245760100005 ER PT S AU Martin, PM Olsen, LC Bennett, WD Henager, CH AF Martin, P. M. Olsen, L. C. Bennett, W. D. Henager, C. H. BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Lewis, KL TI Magnetron-sputtered nanolaminate and superlattice coatings - art. no. 640310 SO Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Boulder Damage Conference on Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials CY SEP 25-27, 2006 CL Boulder, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Laser Zentrum Hannover e V, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electro-Magnet Remote Sensing Defence Technol Ctr, Coll Opt & Photon, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida ID THERMOPHOTOVOLTAICS; FILTERS AB Thin film superlattice materials can exhibit physical, optical and mechanical properties very different and superior to those of single layer counterparts. In the past fifteen years, hard coating, optical and electrical device technologies have advanced beyond the use of single layer coatings with the development of nanoscale compositionally modulated coatings, or superlattices and nanocomposites. A typical superlattice consists of hundreds to thousands of nm-scale layers with alternating compositions and/or crystalline phases. It is possible to engineer the electrical and mechanical properties by choice of layer thicknesses and compositions. Typical layer thicknesses are between 2 and 100 nm. We report of three types of superlattice coatings: (1) AlN/Si3N4 optical superlattice for abrasion protection of ZnS IR windows, (2) Al/Cu structural superlattices and (3) advanced thermoelectric superlattices. All superlattice coatings were deposited by DC and RF reactive magnetron sputtering. The AlN/Si3N(4) superlattice had layer thicknesses of 2 nm and exhibited a nanohardness of 35 GPa. The Al/Cu superlattice had layer thicknesses of 1.5 nm and a hardness near 6.5 GPa and is being developed for lightweight optics for space applications. The thermoelectric superlattice demonstrated a figure of merit (ZT) similar to 1.5 and is being developed for power generation from waste heat sources. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Martin, PM (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. OI Henager, Chuck/0000-0002-8600-6803 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6501-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6403 BP 40310 EP 40310 AR 640310 DI 10.1117/12.697296 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BGA21 UT WOS:000245760100031 ER PT S AU Smith, AV Do, B Soderlund, M AF Smith, Arlee V. Do, Binh Soderlund, Mikko BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Lewis, KL TI Nanosecond laser-induced breakdown in pure and Yb3+ doped fused silica - art. no. 640321 SO Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Boulder Damage Conference on Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials CY SEP 25-27, 2006 CL Boulder, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Laser Zentrum Hannover e V, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electro-Magnet Remote Sensing Defence Technol Ctr, Coll Opt & Photon, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida DE optical damage threshold; fused silica; Ytterbium doped fused silica; damage morphology ID GLASSES AB The objective of this work is to understand catastrophic optical damage in nanosecond pulsed fiber amplifiers. We used a pulsed, single longitudinal mode, TEM00 laser at 1.064 mu m, with 7.5-nsec pulse duration, focused to a 7.45-mu m-radius spot inside a fused silica window, to measure the single shot optical breakdown threshold irradiances of 4.7E11 and 6AE11 W/cm(2) respectively for pure fused silica, and for a 1% Yb3+ doped fused silica preform of Liekki's Yb1200 fiber. These irradiances have been corrected for self focusing which reduced the area of the focal spot by 10% relative to its low field value. Pulse to pulse variations in the damage irradiance in pure silica was < 2%. The damage induction time appears to be much less than 1 ns. We found the damage morphology was reproducible from pulse to pulse. To facilitate our morphology study we developed a technique for locating the position of the focal waist based on the third harmonic signal generated at the air-fused silica interface. This gives a precise location of the focal position ( 10 mu m) which is important in interpreting the damage structure. The surface third harmonic method was also used to determine the diameter of the focal waist. Earlier reports have claimed the damage irradiance depends strongly on the size of the focal waist. We varied the waist size to look for evidence of this effect, but to date we have found none. We have also studied the temporal structure of the broadband light emitted upon optical breakdown. We find it consists of two pulses, a short one of 16 ns duration, and a long one of several hundred ns. The brightness, spectra, and time profiles of the white light provide clues to the nature of the material modification. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87123 USA. RP Smith, AV (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87123 USA. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6501-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6403 BP 40321 EP 40321 AR 640321 DI 10.1117/12.696261 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BGA21 UT WOS:000245760100063 ER PT S AU Wolfe, JE Schrauth, SE AF Wolfe, Justin E. Schrauth, Samuel E. BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Lewis, KL TI Automated laser damage test system with real-time damage event imaging and detection - art. no. 640328 SO Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Boulder Damage Conference on Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials CY SEP 25-27, 2006 CL Boulder, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Laser Zentrum Hannover e V, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electro-Magnet Remote Sensing Defence Technol Ctr, Coll Opt & Photon, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida DE laser induced damage; image processing; damage testing AB An automated laser damage test system has been developed by the National Ignition Facility small optics metrology group. The Small Optics Laser Damage (SOLD) system measures the fluence at which laser damage occurs in optical coatings and substrates following the requirements of MEL01-013-OD. Irradiation of the sample is by a 1064nm, 8ns pulse with a 1mm 1/e(2) diameter. The test protocol requires raster scanning of a 1cm(2) area at increasing fluence levels. Real-time high-resolution imaging of the surface during raster scanning enables automated detection and sizing of defects to 10 microns. Improved imaging resolves actual size of damage events while the automated damage detection removes the subjectivity of the human operator in thresholding damage events. In addition, a map is created enabling additional functions such as excluding damage sites on future scans and to returning to the damage site for growth testing. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Wolfe, JE (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave,L-468, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 3 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6501-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6403 BP 40328 EP 40328 AR 640328 DI 10.1117/12.696866 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BGA21 UT WOS:000245760100069 ER PT S AU Ferris, KF Webb-Robertson, BJM Jones, DM AF Ferris, Kim F. Webb-Robertson, Bobbie-Jo M. Jones, Dumont M. BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Lewis, KL TI Materials discovery: Informatic strategies for optical materials - art. no. 64032A SO Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Boulder Damage Conference on Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials CY SEP 25-27, 2006 CL Boulder, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Laser Zentrum Hannover e V, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electro-Magnet Remote Sensing Defence Technol Ctr, Coll Opt & Photon, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida DE materials selection; crystal structure; materials informatics; optical properties AB Information-based materials discovery offers a structured method to evolve materials signatures based upon their physical properties, and to direct searches using performance-based criteria. In this current paper, we focus on the crystal structure aspects of an optical material and construct an information-based model to determine the proclivity of a particular AB composition to exhibit multiple crystal system behavior. Exploratory data methods used both supervised (support-vector machines) and unsupervised (disorder-reduction and pnincipal-component) classification methods for structural signature development; revealing complementary valid signatures. Examination of the relative contributions of the materials chemistry descriptors within these signatures indicates a strong role for Mendeleev number chemistry which must be balanced against the cationic/anionic radius ratio and electronegativity differences of constituents within the unit cell. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Computat & Informat Sci Directorate, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Ferris, KF (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Computat & Informat Sci Directorate, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6501-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6403 BP A4032 EP A4032 AR 64032A DI 10.1117/12.719514 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BGA21 UT WOS:000245760100071 ER PT S AU Luo, SN Zheng, LQ An, Q Wu, HA Xia, KW Ni, SD AF Luo, Sheng-Nian Zheng, Lianqing An, Qi Wu, Heng-An Xia, Kaiwen Ni, Sidao BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Lewis, KL TI Damages to optical silica glass: processes and mechanisms - art. no. 64030C SO Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Boulder Damage Conference on Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials CY SEP 25-27, 2006 CL Boulder, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Laser Zentrum Hannover e V, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electro-Magnet Remote Sensing Defence Technol Ctr, Coll Opt & Photon, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida DE molecular dynamics; silica glass; defect; impurity; impact; densification; void; spall; fragmentation ID LASER-INDUCED DENSIFICATION; VITREOUS SILICA; FUSED-SILICA; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; QUARTZ; COMPACTION; STISHOVITE AB We present recent results of molecular dynamics simulations to illustrate the processes and mechanisms in damages to silica glass, including densification, cavitation, fragmentation and agglomeration via photon, electron, ion and neutron radiations and stresses. Radiation of glass creates point defects (vacancies and interstitials), and subsequent structure relaxation induces densification. Nanovoid below a certain size and rapid-quenching of silica liquid can also densify a glass. Hot spots due to photon-absorbing impurities in glass may cause local densification and cavitation as well. Densification can also be induced by compressional stress, and spall, by tensile stress. The densified glasses, regardless of the exact processes, share similar structural and vibrational properties, for example, the five-fold coordinated Si atoms. Densification is essentially a kinetic frustration during structure relaxation driven by excessive free energy, e.g., due to defects or stresses. The point-defect mechanism is dominant for densification without compression and complemented by thermal spike mechanism in thermal processes. Defects, thermal effects and stresses may interplay in a general damage process in silica glass. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Luo, SN (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI An, Qi/G-4517-2011 NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6501-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6403 BP C4030 EP C4030 AR 64030C DI 10.1117/12.694797 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BGA21 UT WOS:000245760100009 ER PT S AU Carr, CW Matthews, MJ Bude, JD Spaeth, ML AF Carr, C. W. Matthews, M. J. Bude, J. D. Spaeth, M. L. BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Lewis, KL TI The effect of laser pulse duration on laser-induced damage in KDP and SiO2 - art. no. 64030K SO Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Boulder Damage Conference on Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials CY SEP 25-27, 2006 CL Boulder, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Laser Zentrum Hannover e V, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electro-Magnet Remote Sensing Defence Technol Ctr, Coll Opt & Photon, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida DE KDP; SiO2; pulse duration; laser-induced damage ID BRITTLE SOLIDS; FRACTURE; SCALE AB We examine the effect of pulse duration on both density and morphology of laser-induced damage in KDP and SiO2. In both materials the density of damage sites scales with pulse duration to the similar to 0.4 power for 351-nm pulses between 1 and 10 ns. In SiO2 three types of damage sites are observed. The sizes of the largest of these sites as well as the size of KDP damage sites scale approximately linearly with pulse duration. Similarities of damage in very different materials points to properties of laser-induced damage which are material independent and give insight to the underlying physics of laser-induced damage. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Carr, CW (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave,Mail Stop L-592, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Carr, Chris/F-7163-2013 NR 11 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 11 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6501-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6403 BP K4030 EP K4030 AR 64030K DI 10.1117/12.696079 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BGA21 UT WOS:000245760100017 ER PT S AU Norton, MA Donohue, EE Feit, MD Hackel, RP Hollingsworth, WG Rubenchik, AM Spaeth, ML AF Norton, Mary A. Donohue, Eugene E. Feit, Michael D. Hackel, Richard P. Hollingsworth, William G. Rubenchik, Alexander M. Spaeth, Mary L. BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Lewis, KL TI Growth of laser damage on the input surface of SiO2 at 351 nm - art. no. 64030L SO Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Boulder Damage Conference on Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials CY SEP 25-27, 2006 CL Boulder, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Laser Zentrum Hannover e V, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electro-Magnet Remote Sensing Defence Technol Ctr, Coll Opt & Photon, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida DE laser damage; laser damage growth; laser damage growth threshold; UV fused silica ID INITIATED DAMAGE; FUSED-SILICA AB Growth of laser initiated damage is a potential lifetime limiter of laser optics. While laser initiated damage occurs most often on the exit surface of optical components, some damage sites can occur on the input surface. We have investigated the growth of laser initiated damage in fused silica when the damage occurs on the input surface of the optic. We have measured both the threshold for growth as well as the lateral growth rate at 351 nm. The lateral growth of damage on the input surface is best described as having a linear dependence on shot number. The rate of growth has a linear dependence on fluence, with an extrapolated threshold of approximately 6 J/cm(2). This behavior will be contrasted to growth of damage when located on the exit surface. The behavior will be compared to growth of input surface damage when the irradiation wavelength is 1053 nm or 527 nm. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Norton, MA (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Feit, Michael/A-4480-2009 NR 6 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6501-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6403 BP L4030 EP L4030 AR 64030L DI 10.1117/12.696085 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BGA21 UT WOS:000245760100018 ER PT S AU Adams, JJ Jarboe, JA Carr, CW Feit, MD Hackel, RP Halpin, JM Honig, J Lane, LA Luthi, RL Peterson, JE Ravizza, DL Ravizza, F Rubenchik, AM Sell, WD Vickers, JL Weiland, TL Wennberg, TJ Willard, DA Yeoman, MF AF Adams, J. J. Jarboe, J. A. Carr, C. W. Feit, M. D. Hackel, R. P. Halpin, J. M. Honig, J. Lane, L. A. Luthi, R. L. Peterson, J. E. Ravizza, D. L. Ravizza, F. Rubenchik, A. M. Sell, W. D. Vickers, J. L. Weiland, T. L. Wennberg, T. J. Willard, D. A. Yeoman, M. F. BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Lewis, KL TI Results of sub-nanosecond laser-conditioning of KD2PO4 crystals - art. no. 64031M SO Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Boulder Damage Conference on Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials CY SEP 25-27, 2006 CL Boulder, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Laser Zentrum Hannover e V, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electro-Magnet Remote Sensing Defence Technol Ctr, Coll Opt & Photon, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida DE KDP; DKDP; laser-conditioning; bulk damage; pulse length; sub-nanosecond laser; damage density AB Previous work [1] has shown the optimum pulse length range for laser-conditioning tripler-cut DKDP with 3 5 5 nm (3 omega) light lies between 200 ps and 900 ps for damage initiated at 3 ns. A 3 omega, 500 ps (500 ps) table-top laser system has been built at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) [2] to take advantage of this optimal conditioning pulse length range. This study evaluates parameters important for practically utilizing this laser as a raster-scan conditioning laser and for determining the effectiveness of various conditioning protocols. Damage density vs. test fluence (p(phi)) was measured for unconditioned and 500-ps laser-conditioned (conditioned) DKDP with R omega, 3 ns (3 ns) test pulses. We find a 2.5X improvement in fluence in the 3 ns p(phi) after conditioning with 500 ps pulses to 5 J/cm(2). We further determine that the rate of improvement in p(phi) decreases at the higher conditioning fluences (i.e. 3.5 - 5 J/cm(2)). Single-shot damage threshold experiments at 500 ps were used to determine the starting fluence for our 500 ps conditioning ramps. We find 0%, 70%, and 100% single-shot damage probability fluences of 4, 4.5, and 5 J/cm(2), respectively at 500 ps. Bulk damage size distributions created at 3 ns are presented for unconditioned and conditioned DKDP. The range of diameters of bulk damage sites (pinpoints) in unconditioned DKDP is found to be 4.6 +/- 4.4 mu m in agreement with previous results. Also, we observe no apparent difference in the bulk damage size distributions between unconditioned and conditioned DKDP for testing at 3 ns. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Adams, JJ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave,L-592, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Feit, Michael/A-4480-2009; Carr, Chris/F-7163-2013 NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6501-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6403 BP M4031 EP M4031 AR 64031M DI 10.1117/12.696086 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BGA21 UT WOS:000245760100051 ER PT S AU Guss, G Bassa, I Draggoo, V Hackel, R Payne, S Lancaster, M Mak, P AF Guss, Gabe Bassa, Isaac Draggoo, Vaughn Hackel, Richard Payne, Steve Lancaster, Mark Mak, Paul BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Lewis, KL TI Mitigation of growth of laser initiated surface damage in fused silica using a 4.6 mu m wavelength laser - art. no. 64030M SO Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Boulder Damage Conference on Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials CY SEP 25-27, 2006 CL Boulder, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Laser Zentrum Hannover e V, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electro-Magnet Remote Sensing Defence Technol Ctr, Coll Opt & Photon, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida DE mitigation; fused silica; laser damage; 4.6 mu m wavelength ID 351 NM; REGION; OPTICS AB Surface damage caused by high fluence, 351 nm light to fused silica optics can adversely affect the performance of fusion class laser systems like that of the National Ignition Facility (NIF). It is typically initiated as a small pit and grows in both diameter and depth during normal operation with cracks that extend into the bulk. Mitigation of this growth has been previously reported using a 10.6 mu m CO2 laser. Here, we report growth mitigation with the 4.6 mu m light from a frequency-doubled, 9.2 mu m CO2 laser. The motivation for using 4.6 mu m is >25 times longer absorption length in fused silica at room temperature compared to that at 10.6 mu m. Mitigation of subsurface cracks at 10.6 mu m required ablation of material to the depth of the cracks. In contrast, it was possible to mitigate the subsurface cracks using 4.6 mu m light without significant ablation of material. Damage sites as large as 500 mu m in diameter with cracks extending to 200 mu m in depth were successfully mitigated with 4.6 mu m. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Guss, G (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 9 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6501-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6403 BP M4030 EP M4030 AR 64030M DI 10.1117/12.696084 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BGA21 UT WOS:000245760100019 ER PT S AU Menapace, JA Davis, PJ Steele, WA Hachkowski, MR Nelson, A Xin, K AF Menapace, Joseph A. Davis, Pete J. Steele, William A. Hachkowski, M. Roman Nelson, Andrew Xin, Kai BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Lewis, KL TI MRF applications: On the road to making large-aperture ultraviolet laser resistant continuous phase plates for high-power lasers - art. no. 64030N SO Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Boulder Damage Conference on Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials CY SEP 25-27, 2006 CL Boulder, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Laser Zentrum Hannover e V, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electro-Magnet Remote Sensing Defence Technol Ctr, Coll Opt & Photon, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida DE subsurface damage; MRF; surface imperfections; laser-induced damage; continuous phase plates; diffractive optics; phase screens; far-field characteristics; speckle ID FUSED-SILICA; SUBSURFACE DAMAGE; OPTICS AB Over the past two years we have developed MRF tools and procedures to manufacture large-aperture (430 X 430 mm) continuous phase plates (CPPs) that are capable of operating in the infrared portion (1053 nm) of high-power laser systems. This is accomplished by polishing prescribed patterns of continuously varying topographical features onto finished plano optics using MRF imprinting techniques. We have been successful in making, testing, and using large-aperture CPPs whose topography possesses spatial periods as low as 4 mm and surface peak-to-valleys as high as 8.6 mu m. Combining this application of MRF technology with advanced MRF finishing techniques that focus on ultraviolet laser damage resistance makes it potentially feasible to manufacture large-aperture CPPs that can operate in the ultraviolet (351 nm) without sustaining laser-induced damage. In this paper, we will discuss the CPP manufacturing process and the results of 351-nm/3-nsec equivalent laser performance experiments conducted on large-aperture CPPs manufactured using advanced MRF protocols. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Menapace, JA (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,7000 East Ave,L-491, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6501-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6403 BP N4030 EP N4030 AR 64030N DI 10.1117/12.696329 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BGA21 UT WOS:000245760100020 ER PT S AU Geraghty, P Carr, W Draggoo, V Hackel, R Mailhiot, C Norton, M AF Geraghty, Paul Carr, W. Draggoo, V. Hackel, R. Mailhiot, C. Norton, M. BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Lewis, KL TI Surface damage growth mitigation on KDP/DKDP optics using single-crystal diamond micro-machining ball end mill contouring - art. no. 64030Q SO Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Boulder Damage Conference on Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials CY SEP 25-27, 2006 CL Boulder, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Laser Zentrum Hannover e V, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electro-Magnet Remote Sensing Defence Technol Ctr, Coll Opt & Photon, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida DE KDP; DKDP; laser damage; surface damage; mitigation; micro-machining; ball end milling; contouring AB A process to stabilize laser-initiated surface damage on KDP/DKDP optics by micromachine contouring using a single-crystal diamond ball nose end mill is shown to mitigate damage growth for subsequent laser shots. Our tests show that machined circular contours on output surfaces of uncoated doubler (KDP) and tripler (DKDP) crystals are stable for laser exposures at 351nm, similar to 8ns pulses at similar to 12J/cm(2) fluences. Other tests also confirmed that the machined contours on the output surface of an uncoated tripler are stable for combined 1053nm and 351nm, similar to 8ns pulses at similar to 12J/cm(2) total fluences (similar to 6J/cm(2) each wavelength) for greater than 100 shots. Laser damage tests have also been conducted on an array of machined contours on the output surface of an AR coated tripler at 351nm, similar to 1ns pulses up to similar to 8J/cm(2) fluences. The machined shapes have been as large as 1.5 mm in diameter and 0.25 mm deep, and as small as 250 microns in diameter and 25 microns deep. Both Gaussian and conical shaped contours have been successfully tested. Computer modeling and measurement of laser beam propagation through the actual contoured shapes have been conducted to confirm downstream intensification is manageable. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Geraghty, P (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-792, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 12 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6501-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6403 BP Q4030 EP Q4030 AR 64030Q DI 10.1117/12.696076 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BGA21 UT WOS:000245760100023 ER PT S AU Negres, RA Zaitseva, NP DeMange, P Demos, SG AF Negres, R. A. Zaitseva, N. P. DeMange, P. Demos, S. G. BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Lewis, KL TI An expedited approach to evaluate the importance of different crystal growth parameters on laser damage performance in KDP and DKDP - art. no. 64031S SO Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Boulder Damage Conference on Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials CY SEP 25-27, 2006 CL Boulder, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Laser Zentrum Hannover e V, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electro-Magnet Remote Sensing Defence Technol Ctr, Coll Opt & Photon, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida DE laser-induced damage; KDP and DKDP crystals; crystal growth AB We investigate the laser-induced damage resistance at 355 nm in DKDP crystals grown with varying growth parameters, including temperature, speed of growth and impurity concentration. In order to perform this work, a DKDP crystal was grown over 34 days by the rapid-growth technique with varied growth conditions. By using the same crystal, we are able to isolate growth-related parameters affecting LID from raw material or other variations that are encountered when testing in different crystals. The objective is to find correlations of damage performance to growth conditions and reveal the key parameters for achieving DKDP material in which the number of damage initiating defects is minimized. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Negres, RA (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6501-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6403 BP S4031 EP S4031 AR 64031S DI 10.1117/12.695473 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BGA21 UT WOS:000245760100056 ER PT S AU Cross, DA Braunstein, MR Carr, CW AF Cross, D. A. Braunstein, M. R. Carr, C. W. BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Lewis, KL TI The effect of pulse duration on laser-induced damage by 1053-nm light in potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals - art. no. 64031U SO Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Boulder Damage Conference on Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials CY SEP 25-27, 2006 CL Boulder, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Laser Zentrum Hannover e V, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electro-Magnet Remote Sensing Defence Technol Ctr, Coll Opt & Photon, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida DE KDP; KH2PO4; crystals; laser; damage; pulse scaling ID FREQUENCY-CONVERSION; INDUCED BREAKDOWN; RADIATION AB Laser induced damage in potassium dihydogen phosphate (KDP) has previously been shown to depend significantly on pulse duration for 351-nm Gaussian pulses. In this work we studied the properties of damage initiated by 1053-tim temporally Gaussian pulses with 10ns and 3ns FWHM durations. Our results indicate that the number of damage sites induced by 1053-nm light scales with pulse duration (tau) as (tau(1)/tau(2))(0.17) in contrast to the previously reported results for 351-nm light as (tau(1)/tau(2))(0.15). This indicates that damage site formation is significantly less probable at longer wavelengths for a given fluence. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Carr, CW (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave,Mail Stop L-592, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Carr, Chris/F-7163-2013 NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6501-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6403 BP U4031 EP U4031 AR 64031U DI 10.1117/12.696078 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BGA21 UT WOS:000245760100057 ER PT S AU Liao, ZM Adams, JJ Jarboe, J Menapace, J Nielsen, N Schrauth, S Wolfe, J Erlandson, A Schaffers, K Stolz, C Bayramian, A Carid, J Livermore, L AF Liao, Zhi M. Adams, John J. Jarboe, Jeff Menapace, Joe Nielsen, Norm Schrauth, Sam Wolfe, Justin Erlandson, Al Schaffers, Kathleen Stolz, Christopher Bayramian, Andy Carid, John Livermore, Lawrence BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Lewis, KL TI Laser induced bulk damage in Yb : S-FAP crystals - art. no. 64031X SO Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Boulder Damage Conference on Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials CY SEP 25-27, 2006 CL Boulder, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Laser Zentrum Hannover e V, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electro-Magnet Remote Sensing Defence Technol Ctr, Coll Opt & Photon, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida DE laser induced damage; Yb : S-FAP; S-FAP; bulk precursors; diode-pumped solid state laser AB The Mercury laser uses ytterbium-doped strontium fluorapatite (Yb:S-FAP) crystals as the gain medium with a nominal clear aperture of 4 x 6 cm. Recent damage test data have indicated the existence of bulk precursors in Yb:S-FAP that initiate damage starting at approximately 10 J/cm(2) at 9 ns under 1064 nm irradiation. In this paper, we report on preliminary results on bulk damage studies on Yb:S-FAP crystals. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Liao, ZM (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave,L-470, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Liao, Zhi/G-3729-2013 NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6501-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6403 BP X4031 EP X4031 AR 64031X DI 10.1117/12.696218 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BGA21 UT WOS:000245760100060 ER PT S AU Shinn, M Behre, C Benson, S Douglas, D Dylla, F Gould, C Gubeli, J Hardy, D Jordan, K Neil, G Zhang, S AF Shinn, Michelle Behre, Christopher Benson, Stephen Douglas, David Dylla, Fred Gould, Christopher Gubeli, Joseph Hardy, David Jordan, Kevin Neil, George Zhang, Shukui BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Lewis, KL TI Xtreme optics - The behavior of cavity optics for the Jefferson lab free-electron laser - art. no. 64030Y SO Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Boulder Damage Conference on Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials CY SEP 25-27, 2006 CL Boulder, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Laser Zentrum Hannover e V, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electro-Magnet Remote Sensing Defence Technol Ctr, Coll Opt & Photon, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida DE free-electron lasers; high average power lasers; ultrafast lasers; resonators AB The cavity optics within high power free-electron lasers based on energy-recovering accelerators are subjected to extreme conditions associated with illumination from a broad spectrum of radiation, often at high irradiances. This is especially true for the output coupler, where absorption of radiation by both the mirror substrate and coating places significant design restrictions to properly manage heat load and prevent mirror distortion. Besides the fundamental lasing wavelength, the mirrors are irradiated with light at harmonics of the fundamental, THz radiation generated by the bending magnets downstream of the wiggler, and x-rays produced when the electron beam strikes accelerator diagnostic components (e.g., wire scanners and view screens) or from inadvertent beam loss. The optics must reside within high vacuum at similar to 10(-8) Toff and this requirement introduces its own set of complications. This talk discusses the performance of numerous high reflector and output coupler optics assemblies and provides a detailed list of lessons learned gleaned from years of experience operating the Upgrade IR FEL, a 10 kW-class, sub-ps laser with output wavelength from I to 6 microns. C1 Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Shinn, M (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6501-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6403 BP Y4030 EP Y4030 AR 64030Y DI 10.1117/12.696816 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BGA21 UT WOS:000245760100030 ER PT S AU Feit, MD Rubenchik, AM AF Feit, M. D. Rubenchik, A. M. BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Lewis, KL TI Importance of free surfaces for damage crater formation SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2006 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Boulder Damage Conference on Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials CY SEP 25-27, 2006 CL Boulder, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Laser Zentrum Hannover e V, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electro-Magnet Remote Sensing Defence Technol Ctr, Coll Opt & Photon, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida DE laser damage; laser damage growth; UV fused silica; spallation ID SPALLATION AB The presence of a nearby free surface means the morphology of surface damage sites is inevitably different from that of bulk damage sites. In both, the material is subject to compressive stress waves from the initial release of laser energy. However, reflection at the free surface leads to a tensile stress wave. Because material strength is much less against tension than compression, surface sites will be more extensive than bulk sites, all else being equal. We analyze the extent of damage as a function of the amount and position of energy released and compare to experimental results. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Feit, MD (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave,Mail Stop L-463, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM feit1@llnl.gov RI Feit, Michael/A-4480-2009 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6501-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2007 VL 6403 AR 64030A DI 10.1117/12.696343 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BGA21 UT WOS:000245760100008 ER PT S AU Yamamoto, RM Parker, JM Allen, KL Allmon, RW Alviso, KF Barty, CPJ Bhachu, BS Boley, CD Burnham, AK Combs, RL Cutter, KP Fochs, SN Gonzales, SA Hurd, RL LaFortune, KN Manning, WJ McClelland, MA Merrill, RD Molina, L Parks, CW Pax, PH Posey, AS Rotter, MD Roy, BM Rubenchik, AM Soules, TF Webb, DE AF Yamamoto, R. M. Parker, J. M. Allen, K. L. Allmon, R. W. Alviso, K. F. Barty, C. P. J. Bhachu, B. S. Boley, C. D. Burnham, A. K. Combs, R. L. Cutter, K. P. Fochs, S. N. Gonzales, S. A. Hurd, R. L. LaFortune, K. N. Manning, W. J. McClelland, M. A. Merrill, R. D. Molina, L. Parks, C. W. Pax, P. H. Posey, A. S. Rotter, M. D. Roy, B. M. Rubenchik, A. M. Soules, T. F. Webb, D. E. BE Wood, GL Dubindkii, MA TI Evolution of a solid state laser - art. no. 655205 SO Laser Source Technology for Defense and Security III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Source Technology for Defense and Security CY APR 09-10, 2007 CL Orissa, FL SP SPIE AB Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has been developing compact solid state lasers since the 1990's. One of the first lasers to be developed utilized flashlamp pumped architecture and neodymium glass as the laser gain media. In the early 2000's, a diode pumped version of the original flashlamp pumped laser was designed and built, responding to the requirements that a laser system for the military be compact in both size and weight while creating significant power (similar to 100 kW) for the missions envisioned. This paper will discuss the evolution of solid state lasers at LLNL and provide a glimpse into the types of capabilities that could be achieved in the near future. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. RP Yamamoto, RM (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. NR 5 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6674-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6552 BP 55205 EP 55205 AR 655205 DI 10.1117/12.720965 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BGL71 UT WOS:000248223100002 ER PT S AU Floro, JA Hull, R Gray, JL AF Floro, Jerrold A. Hull, Robert Gray, Jennifer L. BE Schmidt, OG TI Short-Range Lateral Ordering of GeSi Quantum Dots Due to Elastic Interactions SO LATERAL ALIGMENT OF EPITAXIAL QUANTUM DOTS SE Nanoscience and Technology LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SIGE/SI(100) EPITAXIAL-FILMS; IN-SITU; SURFACE-MORPHOLOGY; STRAINED ISLANDS; LIGHT-SCATTERING; GROWTH; EVOLUTION; NUCLEATION; RELAXATION; SI(001) C1 [Floro, Jerrold A.] Sandia Natl Labs, Surface & Interface Sci Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Hull, Robert; Gray, Jennifer L.] Univ Virginia, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. RP Floro, JA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Surface & Interface Sci Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 39 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1434-4904 BN 978-3-540-46936-0 J9 NANOSCI TECHNOL PY 2007 BP 79 EP 101 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-46936-0 PG 23 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BLP73 UT WOS:000270736000004 ER PT S AU Dubon, OD Robinson, JT Itoh, KM AF Dubon, Oscar D. Robinson, Jeremy T. Itoh, Kohei M. BE Schmidt, OG TI Metallization and Oxidation Templating of Surfaces for Directed Island Assembly SO LATERAL ALIGMENT OF EPITAXIAL QUANTUM DOTS SE Nanoscience and Technology LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SINGLE-ELECTRON TRANSISTOR; STRANSKI-KRASTANOV GROWTH; SCANNED PROBE OXIDATION; AU-PATTERNED SI; GE QUANTUM DOTS; NANO-OXIDATION; CAPILLARY CONDENSATION; EQUILIBRIUM SHAPE; SPACE-CHARGE; SI(001) C1 [Dubon, Oscar D.; Robinson, Jeremy T.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Dubon, Oscar D.; Robinson, Jeremy T.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Itoh, Kohei M.] Keio Univ, Kouhoku Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan. RP Dubon, OD (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Robinson, Jeremy/F-2748-2010; Itoh, Kohei/C-5738-2014 NR 48 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1434-4904 BN 978-3-540-46936-0 J9 NANOSCI TECHNOL PY 2007 BP 441 EP 460 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-46936-0 PG 20 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BLP73 UT WOS:000270736000017 ER PT S AU Vescan, L Stoica, T Sutter, E AF Vescan, Lili Stoica, Toma Sutter, Eli BE Schmidt, OG TI Structural and Luminescence Properties of Ordered Ge Islands on Patterned Substrates SO LATERAL ALIGMENT OF EPITAXIAL QUANTUM DOTS SE Nanoscience and Technology LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SELF-ASSEMBLED GE; SELECTIVE EPITAXIAL-GROWTH; CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; SIO2/SI(001) SURFACES; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; STRAINED ISLANDS; QUANTUM DOTS; SI(001); SIGE C1 [Stoica, Toma] KFA Julich GmbH, Forschungszentrum, IBN 1, D-52425 Julich, Germany. [Stoica, Toma] KFA Julich GmbH, Forschungszentrum, Cni, D-52425 Julich, Germany. [Stoica, Toma] INCDFM, Bucharest, Romania. [Sutter, Eli] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Ctr Funct Nanomat, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Vescan, L (reprint author), Richtericher Str 86, D-52072 Aachen, Germany. NR 49 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1434-4904 BN 978-3-540-46936-0 J9 NANOSCI TECHNOL PY 2007 BP 543 EP 567 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-46936-0 PG 25 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BLP73 UT WOS:000270736000022 ER PT S AU List, N Hush, D Scovel, C Steinwart, I AF List, Nikolas Hush, Don Scovel, Clint Steinwart, Ingo BE Bshouty, NH Gentile, C TI Gaps in support vector optimization SO LEARNING THEORY, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual Conference on Learning Theory CY JUN 13-15, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP Google, Machine Learning, IBM ID MACHINES; CONVERGENCE; ALGORITHMS; TIME AB We show that the stepping criteria used in many support vector machine (SVM) algorithms working on the dual can be interpreted as primal optimality bounds which in turn are known to be important for the statistical analysis of SVMs. To this end we revisit the duality theory underlying the derivation of the dual and show that in many interesting cases primal optimality bounds are the same as known dual optimality bounds. C1 [List, Nikolas] Ruhr Univ Bochum, Lehrstuhl Math & Informat, Bochum, Germany. [Hush, Don; Scovel, Clint; Steinwart, Ingo] CCS3, Informat Grp, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP List, N (reprint author), Ruhr Univ Bochum, Lehrstuhl Math & Informat, Bochum, Germany. EM nlist@lmi.rub.de; dhush@lanl.gov; jcs@lanl.gov; ingo@lanl.gov OI Steinwart, Ingo/0000-0002-4436-7109 FU IST Programme of the European Community, under the PASCAL Network of Excellence [IST-2002-506778] FX This work was supported in part by the IST Programme of the European Community, under the PASCAL Network of Excellence, IST-2002-506778. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-72925-9 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2007 VL 4539 BP 336 EP + DI 10.1007/978-3-540-72927-3_25 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BGI46 UT WOS:000247339600025 ER PT J AU Collins, LM Hussell, JAT Hettinga, RK Powell, JE Mane, KK Martinez, MLB AF Collins, Linn Marks Hussell, Jeremy A. T. Hettinga, Robert K. Powell, James E. Mane, Ketan K. Martinez, Mark L. B. TI Information visualization and large-scale repositories SO LIBRARY HI TECH LA English DT Article DE information; visual media; digital libraries AB Purpose - To describe how information visualization can be used in the design of interface tools for large-scale repositories. Design/methodology/approach - One challenge for designers in the context of large-scale repositories is to create interface tools that help users find specific information of interest. In order to be most effective, these tools need to leverage the cognitive characteristics of the target users. At the Los Alamos National Laboratory, the authors' target users are scientists and engineers who can be characterized as higher-order, analytical thinkers. In this paper, the authors describe a visualization tool they have created for making the authors' large-scale digital object repositories more usable for them: SearchGraph, which facilitates data set analysis by displaying search results in the form of a two- or three-dimensional interactive scatter plot. Findings - Using SearchGraph, users can view a condensed, abstract visualization of search results. They can view the same dataset from multiple perspectives by manipulating several display, sort, and filter options. Doing so allows them to see different patterns in the dataset. For example, they can apply a logarithmic transformation in order to create more scatter in a dense cluster of data points or they can apply filters in order to focus on a specific subset of data points. Originality/value - SearchGraph is a creative solution to the problem of how to design interface tools for large-scale repositories. It is particularly appropriate for the authors' target users, who are scientists and engineers. It extends the work of the first two authors on ActiveGraph, a read-write digital library visualization tool. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Comp Sci, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Collins, LM (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Powell, James/A-6118-2012 OI Powell, James/0000-0002-3517-7485 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LIMITED PI BRADFORD PA 60/62 TOLLER LANE, BRADFORD BD8 9BY, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0737-8831 J9 LIBR HI TECH JI Libr. Hi Tech PY 2007 VL 25 IS 3 BP 366 EP 378 DI 10.1108/07378830710820943 PG 13 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 221SY UT WOS:000250248800006 ER PT S AU Yang, JH Graczyk, DG Wunsch, C Hryn, JN AF Yang, Jianhong Graczyk, Donald G. Wunsch, Catherine Hryn, John N. BE Sorlie, M TI Alumina solubility in KF-AIF(3)-based low-temperature electrolyte system SO LIGHT METALS 2007 SE LIGHT METALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Light Metals held at the 2007 TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition CY FEB 25-MAR 01, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc DE alumina solubility; low-temperature electrolyte; aluminum production AB The solubility of alumina in a molten KF-AlF(3)-based low-temperature electrolyte was determined as a function of the melt composition and temperature by measuring the weight loss of a rotating, sintered alumina disc and by using a LECO oxygen analyzer. The investigated temperature range was 650 to 800 degrees C. The solubility of alumina increases with the mole ratio (CR), n degrees(KF)/n degrees(AlF3) from 0.9 mol% (CR=1.0) to 4.1 mol% Al(2)O(3) (CR=1.5) at 700 degrees C. The results suggest that a KF-AlF(3)-Al(2)O(3) based system can be used as a low-temperature electrolyte in primary aluminum production. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Yang, JH (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 15 TC 25 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 2 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA SN 0147-0809 BN 978-0-87339-659-2 J9 LIGHT MET PY 2007 BP 537 EP 541 PG 5 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BGJ39 UT WOS:000247423900090 ER PT S AU Liu, S AF Liu, Shan BE Sorlie, M TI Dendrite fragmentation and its role in formation of grain structure of a casting SO LIGHT METALS 2007 SE LIGHT METALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Light Metals held at the 2007 TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition CY FEB 25-MAR 01, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc DE dendrite fragmentation; grain structure; decelerated growth ID EQUIAXED TRANSITION; DETACHMENT; COLUMNAR; ALLOYS AB An equiaxed crystal zone is generally observed in the central region of a casting. These equiaxed crystals may originate fi7om heterogeneous nucleation on the existing particles or epitaxial growth on dendrite fragments transported out of the mushy zone. Fragmentation of side arms from a primary arm is considered to be crucial to generate the dendrite fragments, but the detailed mechanism remains unclear. By gradually reducing the cooling rate, the in-situ fragmentation process of side anus in a directional solidification process of transparent materials has been studied. It is found that up to 80% side arms may detach from a primary stalk if the cooling rate is significantly decreased. By focusing on the shape evolution of an individual side arm, a model is proposed for dendrite fragmentation and a comparison with the present experimental observations has been made. C1 US DOE, Ames Lab, MEP Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Liu, S (reprint author), US DOE, Ames Lab, MEP Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA SN 0147-0809 BN 978-0-87339-659-2 J9 LIGHT MET PY 2007 BP 759 EP 764 PG 6 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BGJ39 UT WOS:000247423900126 ER PT S AU Pomykala, JA Jody, BJ Daniels, EJ Yang, JH Spangenberger, JS AF Pomykala, Joseph A. Jody, Bassani J. Daniels, Edward J. Yang, Jianhong Spangenberger, Jeffrey S. BE Sorlie, M TI A mechanical separation process to recover metals and polymers from shredder residue SO LIGHT METALS 2007 SE LIGHT METALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Light Metals held at the 2007 TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition CY FEB 25-MAR 01, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc DE shredder residue; mechanical separation; recycling; plastics; polymers; metals AB Shredder residue is a byproduct from the recovering of metals from end of life vehicles, home appliances and other metal containing materials. The four and a half million metric tons of shredder residue produced annually in the United States is presently land filled. Shredder residue contains about 5-10% by weight metal pieces that are larger than 6 mm in size. It also contains about 5-10% by weight metal and metal oxide fines smaller than 6mm. To meet the challenges of automotive materials recycling, the U.S. Department of Energy is supporting research at Argonne in cooperation with the Vehicle Recycling Partnership of the United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) and the American Plastics Council. Argonne National Laboratory has developed a mechanical separation process for separating and recovering the metals as well as other materials such as polymers from the shredder residue. Argonne also tested a process to produce reduced iron from the fines. This paper describes the Argonne processes. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Pomykala, JA (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA SN 0147-0809 BN 978-0-87339-659-2 J9 LIGHT MET PY 2007 BP 1095 EP 1098 PG 4 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BGJ39 UT WOS:000247423900183 ER PT S AU Reis, DA Lindenberg, AM AF Reis, David A. Lindenberg, Aaron M. BE Cardona, M Merlin, R TI Ultrafast X-ray scattering in solids SO LIGHT SCATTERING IN SOLIDS IX: NOVEL MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES SE Topics in Applied Physics LA English DT Review ID FEMTOSECOND LASER-PULSES; PICOSECOND LIGHT-PULSES; ELECTRON-HOLE PLASMAS; DEBYE-WALLER FACTOR; COHERENT PHONONS; STREAK-CAMERA; STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS; LATTICE-DYNAMICS; OPTICAL LATTICES; SYNCHROTRON-RADIATION AB X-rays are a valuable probe for studying structural dynamics in solids because of then, short wavelength, long penetration depth and relatively strong interaction with core electrons. Recent advances in accelerator- and laser-based pulsed X-ray sources have opened tip the possibility of probing nonequilibriurn dynamics in real time with atomic-scale spatial resolution. The timescale of interest is a single vibrational period, which can be as fast as a few femtoseconds. To date, almost all such experiments on this timescale have been carried out optically, which only indirectly measure atomic motion through changes in the dielectric function. X-rays have the Advantage that they are a direct probe of the atomic positions. C1 Univ Michigan, FOCUS Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Standord Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Reis, DA (reprint author), Univ Michigan, FOCUS Ctr, 450 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM dreis@umich.edu; aaronl@slac.stanford.edu NR 174 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 12 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0303-4216 BN 978-3-540-34435-3 J9 TOP APPL PHYS JI Top. Appl. Phys. PY 2007 VL 108 BP 371 EP 422 PG 52 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BFQ60 UT WOS:000243862500006 ER PT S AU Price, JR Aykac, D Hunn, JD Kercher, AK AF Price, Jeffery R. Aykac, Deniz Hunn, John D. Kercher, Andrew K. BE Meriaudeau, F Niel, KS TI Automatic characterization of cross-sectional coated particle nuclear fuel using greedy coupled Bayesian snakes - art. no. 650302 SO Machine Vision Applications in Industrial Inspection XV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Machine Vision Applications in Industrial Inspection XV CY JAN 29-30, 2007 CL San Jose, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE DE image segmentation; EdgeFlow; snakes; multiple active contours; coated-particle nuclear fuel; TRISO fuel; image-based metrology ID ACTIVE CONTOUR AB We describe new image analysis developments in support of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) Fuel Development and Qualification Program. We previously reported a non-iterative. Bayesian approach for locating the boundaries of different particle layers in cross-sectional imagery. That method. however, had to be initialized by manual preprocessing, where a user must select two points in each image, one indicating the particle center and the other indicating the first layer interface. Here, we describe a technique designed to eliminate the manual preprocessing and provide full automation. With a low resolution image, we use "EdgeFlow" to approximate the layer boundaries with circular templates. Multiple snakes are initialized to these circles and deformed using a greedy Bayesian strategy that incorporates coupling terms as well as a priori information on the layer thicknesses and relative contrast. We show results indicating the effectiveness of the proposed method. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Price, JR (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Kercher, Andrew/K-1147-2016 OI Kercher, Andrew/0000-0003-1784-5686 NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6616-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6503 BP 50302 EP 50302 AR 650302 DI 10.1117/12.702759 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BGG63 UT WOS:000246688300001 ER PT B AU Han, Q Dinwiddie, R Sklad, P Currie, K Vondra, F Abdelrahman, M Walford, GV Nolan, D Nedkova, T AF Han, Q. Dinwiddie, R. Sklad, P. Currie, K. Vondra, F. Abdelrahman, M. Walford, G. V. Nolan, D. Nedkova, T. BE Beals, RS Luo, AA Neelameggham, NR Pekguleryuz, MO TI Lost foam casting of magnesium alloys SO Magnesium Technology 2007 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Magnesium Technology held at the TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition CY FEB 25-MAR 01, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP TMS, Light Metals Div, Magnestium Comm DE magnesium alloy; aluminum alloy; lost foam casting; porosity; and castability AB The lost foam casting process has been successfully used for making aluminum and cast iron thin walled castings of complex geometries. Little work has been carried out on cast magnesium alloys using the lost foam process. The article describes the research activities at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Tennessee Technological University on lost foam casting of magnesium alloys. The work was focused on castings of simple geometries such as plate castings and window castings. The plate castings were designed to investigate the mold filling characteristics of magnesium and aluminum alloys using an infrared camera. The plate castings were then characterized for porosity distribution. The window castings were made to test the castability of the alloys under lost foam conditions. Significant differences between lost foam aluminium casting and lost foam magnesium casting have been observed. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Han, Q (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 978-0-87339-663-9 PY 2007 BP 115 EP 119 PG 5 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BGJ38 UT WOS:000247423300018 ER PT S AU Novotny, MA Robb, DT Stinnett, SM Brown, G Rikvold, PA AF Novotny, M. A. Robb, D. T. Stinnett, S. M. Brown, G. Rikvold, P. A. BE Aktas, B Tagirov, L Mikailov, F TI Finite-Temperature Simulations for Magnetic Nanostructures SO MAGNETIC NANOSTRUCTURES SE Springer Series in Materials Science LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID KINETIC ISING-MODEL; DYNAMIC PHASE-TRANSITION; THERMALLY ACTIVATED REVERSAL; MONTE-CARLO-SIMULATION; OSCILLATING FIELD; STOCHASTIC RESONANCE; HALL MAGNETOMETRY; BARKHAUSEN NOISE; HYSTERESIS LOOPS; CURVE DIAGRAMS AB We examine different models and methods for studying finite-temperature magnetic hysteresis in nanoparticles and ultra-thin films. This includes micromagnetic results for the hysteresis of a single magnetic nanoparticle which is misaligned with respect to the magnetic field. We present results from both a representation of the particle as a one-dimensional array of magnetic rotors, and from full micromagnetic simulations. The results are compared with the Stoner-Wohlfarth model. Results of kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of ultra-thin films are also presented. In addition, we discuss other topics of current interest in the modeling of magnetic hysteresis in nanostructures, including kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of dynamic phase transitions and First-Order Reversal Curves. C1 [Novotny, M. A.; Robb, D. T.; Stinnett, S. M.] Mississippi State Univ, Ctr Computat Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. [Novotny, M. A.; Robb, D. T.; Stinnett, S. M.] Mississippi State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. [Robb, D. T.; Brown, G.; Rikvold, P. A.] Florida State Univ, Sch Computat Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Stinnett, S. M.] McNeese State Univ, Dept Phys, Lake Charles, LA 70609 USA. [Brown, G.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Computat Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Rikvold, P. A.] Florida State Univ, Ctr Mat Res & Technol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Rikvold, P. A.] Florida State Univ, Dept Phys, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Novotny, MA (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Ctr Computat Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM novotny@erc.msstate.edu; robb@scs.fsu.edu; sstinnett@mcneese.edu; browngrg@scs.fsu.edu; rikvold@scs.fsu.edu RI Brown, Gregory/F-7274-2016 OI Brown, Gregory/0000-0002-7524-8962 NR 93 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0933-033X BN 978-3-540-49336-5 J9 SPRINGER SER MATER S PY 2007 VL 94 BP 97 EP 117 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-49336-5 PG 21 WC Chemistry, Applied; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BME83 UT WOS:000272044700007 ER PT B AU Wyrobek, AJ Schmid, TE Bishop, J Marchetti, F AF Wyrobek, Andrew J. Schmid, Thomas E. Bishop, Jack Marchetti, Francesco BE Anderson, D Brinkworth, MH TI Advances in the direct measurements of partial chromosomal duplication, deletions and breaks in human and murine sperm by sperm FISH SO MALE-MEDIATED DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY SE Issues in Toxicology LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Congress on Male Mediated Developmental Toxicity CY JUL 31-AUG 03, 2005 CL Univ Bradford, Bradford, ENGLAND HO Univ Bradford ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; MULTICOLOR FISH; GERM-CELLS; HUMAN SPERMATOZOA; HEALTHY-MEN; MALE-MICE; ABNORMALITIES; MUTATION; AGE; ANEUPLOIDY C1 [Wyrobek, Andrew J.; Schmid, Thomas E.; Marchetti, Francesco] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biosci Directorate, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Schmid, Thomas E.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA USA. [Bishop, Jack] Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Charlotte, NC USA. RP Wyrobek, AJ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biosci Directorate, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. OI Marchetti, Francesco/0000-0002-9435-4867 FU U.S. DOE; University of California; LLNL [W-7405-ENG-48]; NIEHS IAG [Y01-ES-8016-5]; Superfund [P42ES04705]; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences FX We thank our long standing colleague, Professor Brenda Eskenazi, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley because our collaborative project with her laboratory provided the motivation for developing the human sperm FISH assays for chromosomal aberration detection. We also thank E. Sloter and J Nath for their invaluable contributions in the development of the ACM assay. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. DOE by the University of California, LLNL under contract W-7405-ENG-48 with funding support from NIEHS IAG Y01-ES-8016-5 and from Superfund P42ES04705 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. NR 55 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-85404-847-2 J9 ISSUES TOXICOL PY 2007 BP 210 EP + DI 10.1039/9781847557643-00210 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Reproductive Biology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Reproductive Biology GA BGO26 UT WOS:000248935400018 ER PT S AU Sullivan, T Grebenkov, A Yatsalo, B Linkov, I Kiker, G Kapustka, L AF Sullivan, T. Grebenkov, A. Yatsalo, B. Linkov, I. Kiker, G. Kapustka, L. BE Linkov, I Wenning, RJ Kiker, GA TI Decision evaluation for complex risk networked systems development progress SO MANAGING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE RISKS: DECISION TOOLS AND APPLICATION FOR PORT SECURITY SE NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C-Environmental Security LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Management Tools for Port Security, Critical Infrastructure and Sustainability CY MAR, 2006 CL Venice, ITALY SP NATO AB Environmental management requires decision support tools that are able to integrate heterogeneous technical information with decision maker values and judgment. Decision Evaluation in Complex Risk Networked Systems (DECERNS) is a software system under development that has the objective of providing a methodology, computer models, and software tools to facilitate decision making in the field of sustainable land use and related areas. DECERNS will integrate risk assessment and decision analysis tools from multiple disciplines (e.g., geographical information systems tools for mapping and data analysis, ecological and human health risk models, economic analysis tools for evaluating costs, and tools for incorporating social choices) into a single, user-friendly software package. This paper provides an overview of the approach used in DECERNS followed by a brief overview of multi-criteria decision analysis methods and tools used in the project. Future plans for development and testing of the software tool will be discussed. C1 [Sullivan, T.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Grebenkov, A.] Joint Inst Power Nuclear Res, Sosny, Byelarus. [Yatsalo, B.] Obninsk State Tech Univ Nuclear Power Engn, Obninsk, Russia. [Linkov, I.] Intertox Inc, Brookline, MA USA. [Kiker, G.] Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL USA. [Kapustka, L.] Golder Associates, Calgary, AB, Canada. RP Sullivan, T (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RI Caposaldo, Marica/I-8659-2014 NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1871-4668 BN 978-1-4020-6383-1 J9 NATO SCI PEACE SECUR JI NATO Sci. Peace Secur. Ser. C- Environ. Secur. PY 2007 BP 369 EP + DI 10.1007/978-1-4020-6385-5_20 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Public Administration; Statistics & Probability; Urban Studies SC Computer Science; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Mathematics; Urban Studies GA BGR67 UT WOS:000250109200020 ER PT J AU Ogram, A Castro, H Chauhan, A AF Ogram, Andrew Castro, Hector Chauhan, Ashvini BE Hurst, CJ Crawford, RL Garland, JL Lipson, DA Mills, AL Stetzenbach, LD TI Methods of Soil Microbial Community Analysis SO MANUAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, 3RD ED LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; POLYMORPHIC DNA RAPD; BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES; FLORIDA-EVERGLADES; UNCULTURED MICROORGANISMS; METHANOGENIC ASSEMBLAGES; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; PURE CULTURE C1 [Ogram, Andrew] Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Castro, Hector] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Microbial Ecol & Physiol Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Chauhan, Ashvini] Florida A&M Univ, Inst Environm Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. RP Ogram, A (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, POB 110290,2169 McCarty Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 91 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N STREET NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA BN 978-1-55581-379-6 PY 2007 BP 652 EP 662 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA BOY05 UT WOS:000278001100054 ER PT J AU Kieft, TL Phelps, TJ Fredrickson, JK AF Kieft, Thomas L. Phelps, Tommy J. Fredrickson, James K. BE Hurst, CJ Crawford, RL Garland, JL Lipson, DA Mills, AL Stetzenbach, LD TI Drilling, Coring, and Sampling Subsurface Environments SO MANUAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, 3RD ED LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID DEEP TERRESTRIAL SUBSURFACE; SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; GROUND-WATER; MICROBIOLOGICAL SAMPLES; CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; INDIGENOUS BACTERIA; WASHINGTON-STATE; NATURAL-GRADIENT C1 [Kieft, Thomas L.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Biol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Fredrickson, James K.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Phelps, Tommy J.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Kieft, TL (reprint author), New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Biol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. NR 96 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N STREET NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA BN 978-1-55581-379-6 PY 2007 BP 799 EP 817 PG 19 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA BOY05 UT WOS:000278001100067 ER PT J AU Gentry, TJ Schadt, CW He, ZL Zhou, JZ AF Gentry, Terry J. Schadt, Christopher W. He, Zhili Zhou, Jizhong BE Hurst, CJ Crawford, RL Garland, JL Lipson, DA Mills, AL Stetzenbach, LD TI Functional Gene Arrays for Microbial Community Analysis SO MANUAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, 3RD ED LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; SULFATE-REDUCING PROKARYOTES; PROBE DESIGN CRITERIA; OPTIMAL DNA OLIGOS; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE MICROARRAYS; ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS; EXPRESSION PATTERNS; PCR AMPLIFICATION; COPY NUMBER; HYBRIDIZATION C1 [Gentry, Terry J.; Schadt, Christopher W.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [He, Zhili; Zhou, Jizhong] Univ Oklahoma, Dept Bot & Microbiol, Inst Environm Genom, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Gentry, TJ (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI He, Zhili/C-2879-2012; Schadt, Christopher/B-7143-2008 OI Schadt, Christopher/0000-0001-8759-2448 NR 77 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N STREET NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA BN 978-1-55581-379-6 PY 2007 BP 1052 EP 1062 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA BOY05 UT WOS:000278001100084 ER PT J AU Kemner, KM Kelly, SD AF Kemner, Kenneth M. Kelly, Shelly D. BE Hurst, CJ Crawford, RL Garland, JL Lipson, DA Mills, AL Stetzenbach, LD TI Synchrotron-Based Techniques for Monitoring Metal Transformations SO MANUAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, 3RD ED LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID X-RAY-ABSORPTION; FINE-STRUCTURE; FLUORESCENCE MICROPROBE; ENVIRONMENTAL-RESEARCH; XANES SPECTROSCOPY; EDGE STRUCTURE; REDUCTION; SPECIATION; SPECTRA; URANIUM C1 [Kemner, Kenneth M.; Kelly, Shelly D.] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Kemner, KM (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 48 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N STREET NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA BN 978-1-55581-379-6 PY 2007 BP 1183 EP 1194 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA BOY05 UT WOS:000278001100098 ER PT J AU Andrews, AH Kerr, LA Cailliet, GM Brown, TA Lundstrom, CC Stanley, RD AF Andrews, Allen H. Kerr, Lisa A. Cailliet, Gregor M. Brown, Thomas A. Lundstrom, Craig C. Stanley, Richard D. TI Age validation of canary rockfish (Sebastes pinniger) using two independent otolith techniques: lead-radium and bomb radiocarbon dating SO MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE accelerator mass spectrometry; age estimation; alpha-spectrometry; carbon-14; lead-210; radiometry; radium-226; Scorpaenidae ID LONG-LIVED FISHES; GULF-OF-MEXICO; PRE-BOMB; LONGEVITY; GROWTH; CONFIRMATION; RUBERRIMUS; PRECISION; OREGON; RN-222 AB Canary rockfish (Sebastes pinniger) have long been an important part of recreational and commercial rockfish fishing from south-east Alaska to southern California, but localised stock abundances have declined considerably. Based on age estimates from otoliths and other structures, lifespan estimates vary from similar to 20 years to over 80 years. For the purpose of monitoring stocks, age composition is routinely estimated by counting growth zones in otoliths; however, age estimation procedures and lifespan estimates remain largely unvalidated. Typical age validation techniques have limited application for canary rockfish because they are deep-dwelling and may be long-lived. In this study, the unaged otolith of the pair from fish aged at the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada was used in one of two age validation techniques: (1) lead-radium dating and (2) bomb radiocarbon (C-14) dating. Age estimate accuracy and the validity of age estimation procedures were validated based on the results from each technique. Lead-radium dating proved successful in determining that a minimum estimate of lifespan was 53 years and provided support for age estimation procedures up to similar to 50-60 years. These findings were further supported by Delta C-14 data, which indicated that a minimum estimate of lifespan was 44 +/- 3 years. Both techniques validate, to differing degrees, age estimation procedures and provide support for inferring that canary rockfish can live more than 80 years. C1 Calif State Univ, Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 93940 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Univ Illinois, Urbana Champaign, Dept Geol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacific Biol Stn, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada. RP Andrews, AH (reprint author), Calif State Univ, Moss Landing Marine Labs, 8272 Moss Landing Rd, Moss Landing, CA 93940 USA. EM andrews@mlml.calstate.edu RI Andrews, Allen/G-3686-2016 OI Andrews, Allen/0000-0002-9001-8305 NR 46 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 15 U2 26 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1323-1650 J9 MAR FRESHWATER RES JI Mar. Freshw. Res. PY 2007 VL 58 IS 6 BP 531 EP 541 DI 10.1071/MF07074 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 184AG UT WOS:000247612900004 ER PT J AU Peterson, DS AF Peterson, Dominic S. TI Matrix-free methods for laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry SO MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE MALDI; DIOS; laser desorption/ionization; mass spectrometry; matrix free ID ATMOSPHERIC-PRESSURE DESORPTION/IONIZATION; THIN-LAYER-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SMALL-MOLECULE ANALYSIS; POROUS SILICON; DESORPTION-IONIZATION; CARBON NANOTUBES; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; ENANTIOMERIC EXCESS; ACTIVATED CARBON; ETCHED SILICON AB Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is a soft ionization mass spectrometric method that has become a preeminent technique in the analysis of a wide variety of compounds including polymers and proteins. The main drawback of MALDI is that it is difficult to analyze low molecular weight compounds (< 1,000 m/z) because the matrix that allows MALDI to work interferes in this mass range. In recent years there has been considerable interest in developing laser desorption/ ionization (LDI) techniques for the analysis of small molecules. This review examines the approaches to matrix-free LDI mass spectrometry including desorption/ionization on silicon (DIOS), sol-gels, and carbon-based microstructures. For the purposes of this review matrix-free methods are defined as those that do not require matrix to be mixed with the analyte and therefore does not require co-crystallization. The review will also examine mechanisms of ionization and applications of matrix-free LDI-MS. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Peterson, DS (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Mailstop K484, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM DominicP@lanl.gov OI Peterson, Dominic/0000-0001-8244-565X NR 74 TC 174 Z9 178 U1 3 U2 83 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0277-7037 J9 MASS SPECTROM REV JI Mass Spectrom. Rev. PD JAN-FEB PY 2007 VL 26 IS 1 BP 19 EP 34 DI 10.1002/mas.20104 PG 16 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 120UY UT WOS:000243112900002 PM 16967450 ER PT B AU Pittard, JM Dougherty, SM Coker, RF AF Pittard, J. M. Dougherty, S. M. Coker, R. F. BE StLouis, N Moffat, AFJ TI Models of the radio emission from colliding-wind binaries SO MASSIVE STARS IN INTERACTING BINARIES SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Massive Stars in Interacting Binaries CY AUG 16-20, 2004 CL Mauricie, CANADA SP Observatoire Mt Megant, Canadian Inst Theoret Phys ID WOLF-RAYET STARS; X-RAY; NONTHERMAL EMISSION; SHOCK ACCELERATION AB The collision of the hypersonic winds in early-type binaries is a natural site for particle acceleration via the first-order Fermi mechanism. Non-thermal radio emission is detected in many such systems, and is spatially resolved in several nearby binaries. These objects allow us to probe the nature of particle acceleration at significantly higher mass, radiation, and magnetic field energy densities than similar observations of supernova remnants allow. We present recently developed theoretical models of the radio emission from colliding-wind binaries (CWBs). Comparison with observations reveals that, of order 1 per cent of the total shock energy is used to accelerate electrons to relativistic energies in WR 147. Such an unexpectedly high value has consequences for the thermal Xray emission from CWBs. Our latest work incorporates inverse-Compton cooling of the relativistic electrons, and should yield deeper insight into the mechanisms responsible for the observed radio emission in WR 140. C1 [Pittard, J. M.] Univ Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Dougherty, S. M.] Natl Res Council Canada, Penticton, BC, Canada. [Coker, R. F.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Pittard, JM (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-235-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 367 BP 225 EP + PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGU15 UT WOS:000250543100025 ER PT J AU Zhang, F Huang, Y Hwang, KC Qu, S Liu, C AF Zhang, F. Huang, Y. Hwang, K. C. Qu, S. Liu, C. TI A three-dimensional strain gradient plasticity analysis of particle size effect in composite materials SO MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE composite material; FEM; strain gradient; three-dimension ID FINITE DEFORMATION-THEORY; METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITE; CRACK-TIP FIELD; DISCRETE DISLOCATION; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; INDENTATION EXPERIMENTS; POLYCRYSTAL PLASTICITY; DEPENDENT DEFORMATION; MECHANICAL THRESHOLD; CONVENTIONAL THEORY AB Recent experiments on particle-reinforced metal-matrix composite materials have shown particle size effects. Small particles tend to give larger plastic work hardening than large particles at the same particle volume fraction. Prior models used to study the particle size effect are based on the strain gradient plasticity theories, and these models are mainly axisymmetric models with vanishing lateral stress tractions in order to represent the uniaxial tension condition. However, the prior results fall short to agree with the experimental data. A three-dimensional (3D) unit-cell model is adopted in the present study. The periodic boundary conditions are imposed for the 3D unit cell to ensure the compatibility of the unit cell before and after the deformation. The particles are elastic, while the metal matrix is elastic-plastic and is characterized by the conventional theory of mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity, which is established from the Taylor dislocation model but does not involve the higher-order stress. It is shown that the 3D unit-cell model with the periodic boundary conditions gives better agreements with the experimental data than the unit-cell model with the traction-free boundary conditions on the lateral surfaces. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Mech & Ind Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Tsinghua Univ, Dept Engn Mech, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Huang, Y (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Mech & Ind Engn, 1206 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM Huang9@uiuc.edu RI Qu, Shaoxing/C-2318-2008; HWANG, Keh-Chih/A-9989-2014; Huang, Yonggang/B-6998-2009 NR 79 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 15 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1042-6914 EI 1532-2475 J9 MATER MANUF PROCESS JI Mater. Manuf. Process. PY 2007 VL 22 IS 2 BP 140 EP 148 DI 10.1080/10426910601062032 PG 9 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 167VA UT WOS:000246479400002 ER PT J AU Stevens, KJ Ingham, B Toney, MF Brown, SA Lassesson, A van Lith, J Hendy, SC AF Stevens, K. J. Ingham, B. Toney, M. F. Brown, S. A. Lassesson, A. van Lith, J. Hendy, S. C. TI Structure of palladium nanoclusters for hydrogen gas sensors SO MATERIALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Materials Issues Governing the Performance of Advanced 21st Century Energy Systems CY FEB-MAR -, 2006 CL Wellington, NEW ZEALAND SP Connell Wagner, Cranfield Univ, Elect Power Res Inst, Ind Res Ltd, Inst Energy, CEC JRC, Mat Performance Technologies, Oak Ridge Natl Lab DE palladium nanoclusters; hydrogen gas sensors ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; PD-H SYSTEM; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; CLUSTERS; TRANSITION; PARTICLES; HYDRIDE; TRANSFORMATION; SIMULATIONS; SCATTERING AB Palladium nanoclusters produced in an inert gas aggregation/magnetron sputtering source are being used as building blocks for the construction of nano electronic devices with large surface to volume ratios that can be used as sensitive hydrogen gas sensors in fuel cells and in petrochemical plants. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) have been used to characterise the structure, lattice constant, particle diameter and oxide thickness of the palladium nanoclusters in order to understand the operation of these sensors. C1 [Stevens, K. J.; Ingham, B.; Hendy, S. C.] Ind Res Ltd, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. [Stevens, K. J.; Brown, S. A.; Hendy, S. C.] MacDiarmid Inst Adv Mat & Nanotechnol, Wellington, New Zealand. [Ingham, B.; Toney, M. F.] Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Brown, S. A.; Lassesson, A.; van Lith, J.] Univ Canterbury, Nano Cluster Devices Ltd, Christchurch 1, New Zealand. RP Stevens, KJ (reprint author), Ind Res Ltd, POB 31-310, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. RI Hendy, Shaun/A-9776-2008; Brown, Simon/C-1014-2008 OI Hendy, Shaun/0000-0003-3468-6517; Brown, Simon/0000-0002-6041-4331 NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS PI ST ALBANS PA PO BOX 314, ST ALBANS AL1 4ZG, HERTS, ENGLAND SN 0960-3409 J9 MATER HIGH TEMP JI Mater. High Temp. PY 2007 VL 24 IS 3 BP 211 EP 216 DI 10.3184/096034007X267367 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 294MQ UT WOS:000255410500010 ER PT J AU Wright, IG Schutze, M Tortorelli, PF Dooley, RB AF Wright, I. G. Schutze, M. Tortorelli, P. F. Dooley, R. B. TI Towards improved prediction of scale exfoliation from steam tubes SO MATERIALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Materials Issues Governing the Performance of Advanced 21st Century Energy Systems CY FEB-MAR -, 2006 CL Wellington, NEW ZEALAND SP Connell Wagner, Cranfield Univ, Elect Power Res Inst, Ind Res Ltd, Inst Energy, CEC JRC, Mat Performance Technologies, Oak Ridge Natl Lab DE scale exfoliation; steam tubes ID OXIDATION RESISTANCE; STEELS; BEHAVIOR; ALLOYS AB Available mechanistic understanding suggests that thermally-grown oxide scales will detach (exfoliate) from the metal surfaces on which they were grown when they are strained beyond a critical limit. Such strain accumulation occurs largely on cooling from service temperature, due to the mismatch in coefficients of thermal expansion between the oxide and the alloy substrate, and increases with increasing scale thickness and increasing rate of temperature change. Also important is the amount of scale that detaches in an exfoliation event, as well as the size and shape of the oxide flakes, since these influence the ultimate destination of the debris in the steam circuit. Mechanistic understanding of the oxidation process allows these issues to be addressed analytically, and this approach has been used to map the regimes where various forms of exfoliation are expected, as a function of oxide thickness (time at temperature) and accumulated strain (oxide type, oxide and alloy properties). Limited use of this approach has provided quite accurate (post-event) predictions, albeit for only two classes of alloys for which sufficient data are available. The program from which this paper was drawn is aimed at extension of this approach to develop a tool for predicting the conditions under which an exfoliation event will occur, and its consequences. Progress depends on the ability to accurately predict oxide thicknesses and to develop mechanistic descriptions of the evolution of scale morphologies for a wider range of alloys and at temperatures and steam pressures higher that those accommodated in the original mapping approach. Of particular concern are the 9-12%Cr ferritic - martensitic steels which do not appear to follow the behavior established for the lower-Cr steels, since the oxidation behavior of these newer steels appears to be significantly affected by small changes in, for instance, alloy composition, making mechanistic description of the evolution of scale morphologies very difficult. C1 [Wright, I. G.; Tortorelli, P. F.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. [Schutze, M.] DECHEMA, Frankfurt, Germany. [Dooley, R. B.] EPRI, Charlotte, NC USA. RP Wright, IG (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RI Tortorelli, Peter/E-2433-2011 NR 32 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS PI ST ALBANS PA PO BOX 314, ST ALBANS AL1 4ZG, HERTS, ENGLAND SN 0960-3409 J9 MATER HIGH TEMP JI Mater. High Temp. PY 2007 VL 24 IS 4 BP 265 EP 274 DI 10.3184/096034007X277933 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 372FV UT WOS:000260888400003 ER PT S AU Labbe, N Rials, TG Kelley, SS Martin, MZ AF Labbe, Nicole Rials, Timothy G. Kelley, Stephen S. Martin, Madhavi Z. BE Argyropoulos, DS TI High-Throughput Material Characterization Techniques: Near Infrared and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy SO MATERIALS, CHEMICALS, AND ENERGY FROM FOREST BIOMASS SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID DEPENDENT SPECTRAL VARIATIONS; NIR SPECTROSCOPY; REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; EXTRUSION PROCESS; TREATED WOOD; FT-IR; CLASSIFICATION; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSFORM AB High throughput technologies such as near infrared, mid infrared and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy are very powerful techniques that can be used to characterize heterogeneous materials. They have been developed in various fields to investigate properties and processes and to control the quality of manufactured products. This chapter gives a brief description of these technologies and some examples of their applications in the forest industry. Rapid methods to measure chemical composition and properties of materials and manufactured products are indispensable to control their quality and to optimize their processes. Analytical spectroscopy such as near infrared, mid infrared and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy are useful methods that can be developed as high throughput technologies and can be implemented as quality and process control tools in an industrial environment. These methods become outstandingly effective when coupled with statistic analysis to classify materials and predict their properties. C1 [Labbe, Nicole; Rials, Timothy G.] Univ Tennessee, Forest Prod Ctr, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Kelley, Stephen S.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forest Biomat Sci & Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Martin, Madhavi Z.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Labbe, N (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Forest Prod Ctr, 2506 Jacob Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. OI Martin, Madhavi/0000-0002-6677-2180 NR 46 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 978-0-8412-3981-4 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 2007 VL 954 BP 495 EP 512 D2 10.1021/bk-2007-0954 PG 18 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Applied; Energy & Fuels SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Energy & Fuels GA BAY23 UT WOS:000306023800031 ER PT J AU Zhang, H Duan, RG Li, F Tang, Q Li, WC AF Zhang, Hui Duan, Ren-guan Li, Fan Tang, Qing Li, Wen-chao TI Microscopy evidence of the face-centered cubic arrangement of monodisperse polystyrene nanospheres SO MATERIALS & DESIGN LA English DT Article DE polystyrene opal; FCC structure; SEM; photonic crystal ID PHOTONIC CRYSTALS; CRYSTALLIZATION; ARRAYS AB This paper reports a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation of polystyrene artificial opal achieved through self-assembly of monodisperse polystyrene nanospheres with a diameter of 250 nm from colloidal suspension after being ambient dried. A detailed analysis of the SEM images verifies that the face-centered cubic (fee) phase is the most stable one for the polystyrene opal prepared. This finding provides a strong support for, by using polystyrene opal as template, fabricating a photonic crystal with inverse fee structure of full band gap if the refractive index contrast is higher than 2.8 and the filling fraction of the high index materials is between 0.2 and 0.3. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Sci, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Sci & Technol Beijing, Dept Phys Chem, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Proc Engn, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. RP Zhang, H (reprint author), Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Sci, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China. EM zhanghui14305@sohu.com RI Duan, Ren-Guan/D-5190-2011 NR 15 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-3069 J9 MATER DESIGN JI Mater. Des. PY 2007 VL 28 IS 3 BP 1045 EP 1049 DI 10.1016/j.matdes.2005.09.024 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 129MK UT WOS:000243733400041 ER PT J AU Masanet, E Horvath, A AF Masanet, Eric Horvath, Arpad TI Assessing the benefits of design for recycling for plastics in electronics: A case study of computer enclosures SO MATERIALS & DESIGN LA English DT Article DE thermoplastics (A); recycling (C); performance indices (H) ID RECYCLABILITY; MODEL AB With the emergence of extended producer responsibility regulations for electronic devices, it is becoming increasingly important for electronics manufacturers to apply design for recycling (DFR) methods in the design of plastic enclosures. This paper presents an analytical framework for quantifying the environmental and economic benefits of DFR for plastic computer enclosures during the design process, using straightforward metrics that can be aligned with corporate environmental and financial performance goals. The analytical framework is demonstrated via a case study of a generic desktop computer enclosure design, which is recycled using a typical US "takeback" system for plastics from waste electronics. The case study illustrates how the analytical framework can be used by the enclosure designer to quantify the environmental and economic benefits of two important DFR strategies: choosing high-value resins and minimizing enclosure disassembly time. Uncertainty analysis is performed to quantify the uncertainty surrounding economic conditions in the future when the enclosure is ultimately recycled. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Masanet, E (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, 1 Cyclotron Rd,Bldg 90R4000, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM ermasanet@lbl.gov RI Masanet, Eric /I-5649-2012 NR 41 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-1275 EI 1873-4197 J9 MATER DESIGN JI Mater. Des. PY 2007 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1801 EP 1811 DI 10.1016/j.matdes.2007.02.009 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 186NT UT WOS:000247786100008 ER PT J AU Anderson, MT Cumblidge, SE Doctor, SR AF Anderson, M. T. Cumblidge, S. E. Doctor, S. R. TI Low frequency phased array techniques for crack detection in cast austenitic piping welds: A feasibility study SO MATERIALS EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE cast stainless steel; phased array; low frequency AB Studies conducted at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Richland, Washington, have focused on developing and evaluating the reliability of nondestructive testing (NDT) approaches for coarse-grained stainless steel reactor components. The objective of this work is to provide information to the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) on the utility, effectiveness and limitations of NDT techniques as related to inservice testing of primary system piping components in pressurized water reactors. We examined cast stainless steel pipe specimens containing thermal and mechanical fatigue cracks located close to the weld roots and having inner and enter diameter surface geometrical conditions that simulate several water reactor primary piping configurations. In addition, segments of vintage centrifugally cast piping were examined to characterize the inherent acoustic noise and scattering caused by grain structures and to determine the consistency of ultrasonic responses when propagating through differing microstructures. Advanced ultrasonic phased array techniques were applied from the outside surface of these specimens rising automated scanning devices and water coupling. The phased array approach was implemented with a modified instrument operating at low frequencies, and composite volumetric images of the specimens were generated. Results from laboratory studies for assessing crack detection effectiveness in cast stainless steel as a function of frequency are discussed in this paper. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Appl Phys & Mat Characterizat Sci Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Anderson, MT (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Appl Phys & Mat Characterizat Sci Grp, POB 999,MSIN K5-26, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM michael.anderson@pnl.gov NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC NONDESTRUCTIVE TEST PI COLUMBUS PA 1711 ARLINGATE LANE PO BOX 28518, COLUMBUS, OH 43228-0518 USA SN 0025-5327 J9 MATER EVAL JI Mater. Eval. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 65 IS 1 BP 55 EP 61 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 122NB UT WOS:000243232600006 ER PT J AU Glatfelter, A Dybowski, C Bai, S Peny, DL AF Glatfelter, Alicia Dybowski, Cecil Bai, Shi Peny, Dale L. TI Syntheses of photo-active lead(II)-1,10-phenanthroline materials SO MATERIALS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE synthesis; lead(II); lead(II) bromide; lead(II) iodide; 1,10-phenanthroline; photo-active; photo-sensitive; X-ray diffraction; light-sensitive; materials ID SENSOR; COMPLEX AB A facile synthetic technique for the formation of high-purity, stoichiometric 1: 1 and 1:2 molecular ratio photo-active materials of lead(II) bromide and lead(II) iodide with 1,10-phenanthroline is described. The method results in the formation of analytically high-purity crystalline materials which are light-sensitive but air-stable. Elemental analyses and X-ray powder diffraction were used to characterize the materials. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Chem & Biochem, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RP Peny, DL (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM dlperry@lbl.gov NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-577X J9 MATER LETT JI Mater. Lett. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 61 IS 2 BP 437 EP 439 DI 10.1016/j.matlet.2006.04.076 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 122UY UT WOS:000243253800031 ER PT B AU Ludtka, GM Klose, F Kisner, R Femandez-Baca, J Mackiewicz-Ludtka, G Wilgen, J Jaramillo, R Santodonato, L Wang, XL Hubbard, CR Tang, F AF Ludtka, Gerard M. Klose, Frank Kisner, Roger Femandez-Baca, Jaime Mackiewicz-Ludtka, Gail Wilgen, John Jaramillo, Roger Santodonato, Louis Wang, Xun-Li Hubbard, Camden R. Tang, Fei BE Han, Q Ludtka, G Zhai, Q TI Time-resolved analyses of microstructure in advanced materials under magnetic fields at elevated temperatures using neutrons SO Materials Processing Under the Influence of External Fields LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials Processing Under the Influence of External Fields held at the 2007 TMS Annual Meeting CY FEB 25-MAR 01, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP Minerals, Met & Mat Soc DE time-resolved; microstructure; materials; magnetic fields; magnetic processing; neutron science; neutron scattering; temperature; phase transformations; ferrous alloys; in-situ analyses; quantitative ID PHASE-TRANSFORMATION; STEEL; KINETICS AB Fundamental science breakthroughs are being facilitated by high magnetic field studies in a broad spectrum of research disciplines. Furthermore, processing of materials under high magnetic fields is a novel technique with very high science and technological potential. However, currently the capability does not exist to do in-situ time-resolved quantitative analyses at high magnetic field strengths and elevated temperatures. Therefore, most measurements are performed ex situ and do not capture the microstructural evolution of the samples during high field exposure. To address this deficiency, we are developing high field magnet processing and analyses systems at the High Flux lsotope Reactor and the Spallation Neutron Source at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory which will link the analytical capabilities inherent in neutron science to the needs of magnetic processing research. Our goal is to apply advanced neutron scattering techniques to explore time-resolved characterizations of magnetically driven alloy phase transformations under transient conditions. This paper will provide an overview of the current status of this research endeavor with preliminary results obtained on ferrous alloys. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Ludtka, GM (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Wang, Xun-Li/C-9636-2010 OI Wang, Xun-Li/0000-0003-4060-8777 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 978-0-87339-664-6 PY 2007 BP 3 EP 8 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Ceramics; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BGJ26 UT WOS:000247398100001 ER PT B AU Ludtka, GM Jaramillo, RA Mackiewicz-Ludtka, G Kisner, RA Wilgen, JB AF Ludtka, Gerard M. Jaramillo, Roger A. Mackiewicz-Ludtka, Gail Kisner, Roger A. Wilgen, John B. BE Han, Q Ludtka, G Zhai, Q TI Isothermal phase transformation cycling in steel by application of a high magnetic field SO Materials Processing Under the Influence of External Fields LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials Processing Under the Influence of External Fields held at the 2007 TMS Annual Meeting CY FEB 25-MAR 01, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP Minerals, Met & Mat Soc DE magnetic field cycling; 5160 steel; transformation reversal; isothermal transformations; austenite; ferrite; spheriodized cementite ID KINETICS AB A phase transformation reversal via the application and removal of a large magnetic field was investigated. Because a large magnetic field can alter the phase equilibrium between paramagnetic austenite and ferromagnetic ferrite, volume fractions for each phase constituent can be modified at constant temperature by changing the magnetic field strength. In this research elevated temperature isothermal hold experiments were performed for 5160 steel. During the isothermal hold, the magnetic field was cycled between 0 and 30 Tesla. As companion experiments, temperature cycling and isothermal holds were performed without magnetic fields. The resulting microstructures were examined using optical and SEM metallography. These microstructures indicate that a portion of the microstructure experiences isothermal transformation cycling between austenite and ferrite due to the application and removal of the 30T (Tesla) magnetic field. RP Ludtka, GM (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 978-0-87339-664-6 PY 2007 BP 9 EP 14 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Ceramics; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BGJ26 UT WOS:000247398100002 ER PT B AU Han, Q AF Han, Qingyou BE Han, Q Ludtka, G Zhai, Q TI The use of power ultrasound for material processing SO Materials Processing Under the Influence of External Fields LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials Processing Under the Influence of External Fields held at the 2007 TMS Annual Meeting CY FEB 25-MAR 01, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP Minerals, Met & Mat Soc DE ultrasonic vibration; degassing; grain refinement; welding; and solidification ID ALUMINUM A356 ALLOY; SOLIDIFICATION; VIBRATION AB The U.S. Department of Energy and Oak Ridge National laboratory have been sponsoring a number of projects investigating the use of high intensity ultrasonic vibrations for material processing. High intensity ultrasonic vibrations have been tested for degassing of molten aluminum, grain refinement of alloys of industrial importance, and modification of welding structure. The project results have indicated that power ultrasound can be used for fast degassing of molten metal, for significant grain refinement of alloys during their solidification processes, and for improving the microstructure in the weldment of steels. This article describes the project results and outlines the limits of using ultrasonic vibrations for material processing. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Han, Q (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 978-0-87339-664-6 PY 2007 BP 97 EP 106 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Ceramics; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BGJ26 UT WOS:000247398100013 ER PT B AU Wilgen, JB Kisner, RA Jaramillo, RA Ludtka, GM Mackiewicz-Ludtka, G AF Wilgen, John B. Kisner, Roger A. Jaramillo, Roger A. Ludtka, Gerard M. Mackiewicz-Ludtka, Gail BE Han, Q Ludtka, G Zhai, Q TI Non-contact ultrasonic treatment of metals in a magnetic field SO Materials Processing Under the Influence of External Fields LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials Processing Under the Influence of External Fields held at the 2007 TMS Annual Meeting CY FEB 25-MAR 01, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP Minerals, Met & Mat Soc DE ultrasonic; EMAT; magnetic; field; non-contact; aluminum; A356 ID STEEL AB A high-field EMAT (Electromagnetic Acoustical Transducer) has been used for non-contact ultrasonic processing of aluminum samples during solidification. The magnetic field for the EMAT is supplied by a high-field (20 Tesla) resistive magnet, and the current is provided by an induction coil. This resulted in a highly efficient EMAT that delivered 0.5 MPa of acoustic drive to the surface of the sample while coupling less than 100 watts of incidental induction heating. The exceptionally high energy efficiency of the electromagnetic transducer is due to the use of high magnetic field, which reduces the current needed to achieve the same acoustic pressure. In the initial experiments, aluminum samples of A356 alloy were heated to the liquid state and allowed to solidify at a controlled cooling rate while subjected to the non-contact ultrasonic stimulation (0.5 MPa @ 165 kHz) provided by an induction coil located within the bore of a 20-T resistive magnet. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Wilgen, JB (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI 苏, 日亮/D-4386-2009 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 978-0-87339-664-6 PY 2007 BP 145 EP 150 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Ceramics; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BGJ26 UT WOS:000247398100019 ER PT S AU Crowhurst, J Goncharov, A Sadigh, B Zaug, JM Meng, Y Prakapenka, V AF Crowhurst, Jonathan Goncharov, Alexander Sadigh, Babak Zaug, Joseph M. Meng, Yue Prakapenka, Vitali BE Manaa, MR Goncharov, AF Hemley, RJ Bini, R TI Synthesis and characterization of nitrides of iridium and palladium SO MATERIALS RESEARCH AT HIGH PRESSURE SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials Research at High Pressure held at the 2006 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 27-28, 2006 CL Boston, MA ID GOLD NITRIDE; ENERGY AB We describe the synthesis of nitrides of iridium, and palladium using the laser-heated diamond anvil cell. We have used the in-situ techniques of x-ray powder diffraction and Raman scattering to characterize these compounds and have compared our experimental findings where possible to the results of first-principles theoretical calculations. We suggest that palladium nitride is isostructural with pyrite while iridium nitride has a monoclinic symmetry and may be isostructural with baddeleyite. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Crowhurst, J (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 700 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 978-1-55899-944-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2007 VL 987 BP 3 EP 9 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BGF50 UT WOS:000246444000001 ER PT S AU Martin, LP Nguyen, JH Patterson, JR Orlikowski, D Asoka-Kumar, PP Holmes, NC AF Martin, L. Peter Nguyen, Jeffrey H. Patterson, Jeremy R. Orlikowski, Daniel Asoka-Kumar, Palakkal P. Holmes, Neil C. BE Manaa, MR Goncharov, AF Hemley, RJ Bini, R TI Tape casting technique for fabrication of graded-density impactors for tailored dynamic compression SO Materials Research at High Pressure SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials Research at High Pressure held at the 2006 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 27-28, 2006 CL Boston, MA ID ISENTROPIC COMPRESSION; THERMODYNAMIC PATHS AB Recently, the use of graded density impactors for dynamic compression experiments has received increasing interest. These gas gun experiments have demonstrated complex loading paths which can last microseconds, and may be capable of bridging the timescales of existing static and dynamic compression experiments. A tape casting technique has been developed for fabrication of the impactors. In the technique, a series of tapes were prepared in the Mg-Cu system with compositions ranging from 100% Mg to 100% Cu. The tapes were characterized for their density and sound wave velocity. Impactors were fabricated by punching individual layers from the tapes, stacking and laminating them, removing the organic matrix, and hot-pressing the laminated structure. The density profile is determined by the order in which the tapes, are stacked in the laminate and is therefore highly flexible. The resultant thickness and average density of the impactors are consistent with the data for the individual layers. Impactors were characterized for uniformity by ultrasonic C-scan and white light interferometry. Dynamic compression experiments were performed on a two-stage helium gas gun using the graded density impactors. Results will be presented and discussed. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Martin, LP (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 978-1-55899-944-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2007 VL 987 BP 45 EP 50 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BGF50 UT WOS:000246444000006 ER PT S AU Zhao, YS He, DW Qian, J Zhang, JZ AF Zhao, Yusheng He, Duanwei Qian, Jiang Zhang, Jianzhong BE Manaa, MR Goncharov, AF Hemley, RJ Bini, R TI Synthesis and characterization of nano-composite superhard materials SO Materials Research at High Pressure SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials Research at High Pressure held at the 2006 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 27-28, 2006 CL Boston, MA ID CUBIC BORON-NITRIDE; HIGH-PRESSURE; FRACTURE-TOUGHNESS; 7.7 GPA; DIAMOND; CARBON; BC2N; CRYSTALLIZATION; CRYSTALS; HARDNESS AB We have developed a novel method of reactive sintering under high pressure and high temperature conditions and have successfully synthesized bulk and nanostructured BC2N, BC4N, and diamond-SiC composites. The keys to this success are the careful preparation of precursor materials through high energy ball-milling and sensible tuning of the sintering conditions (pressure, temperature, and sintering time), leading to the formation of nano-scale features in the final synthesis products. The indentation measurements indicate that BC2N and BC4N have the Vickers hardness of 62 and 68 GPa, respectively making them the second hardest materials known, second only to diamond. The high P-T reactive sintering results in a nanostructured diamond-SiC composite of high uniformity, low porosity, minimum residual silicon, and minimal quantities of graphite. It tunes subtle interplays of P-T-t to have fine control of thermodynamics and kinetics in the formation of diamond-SiC nanocomposites with nanocrystalline SiC matrix. ne surface defects of micron/nano-diamonds are consumed by amorphous/molten silicon in the formation of nanocrystalline SiC matrix. It in turn greatly reduces the forming/mobility of microcracks thus leads to significant enhancement of fracture toughness (by as much as 50%) of the nano-composites without much compromising of hardness. The present study shows how to design/proceed a well controlled nano-synthesis so as to achieve great improvement in nano-mechanics for advance technological applications. C1 Los Alamos Neutron Sci Ctr, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Zhao, YS (reprint author), Los Alamos Neutron Sci Ctr, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 NR 38 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 978-1-55899-944-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2007 VL 987 BP 57 EP 70 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BGF50 UT WOS:000246444000008 ER PT S AU Wu, CJ Manaa, MR Fried, LE AF Wu, Christine J. Manaa, M. Ridd Fried, Laurence E. BE Manaa, MR Goncharov, AF Hemley, RJ Bini, R TI Tight binding molecular dynamic simulation of PETN decomposition at an extreme condition SO Materials Research at High Pressure SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials Research at High Pressure held at the 2006 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 27-28, 2006 CL Boston, MA ID PENTAERYTHRITOL TETRANITRATE; THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; NITRATE ESTERS; SENSITIVITY; PRESSURE AB We performed a tight binding (TB) molecular dynamics (MD) study of thermal decomposition of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) near Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) condition. At this highly compressed and heated state, PETN dissociates primarily via homolysis of the O-NO2 bond. However, a small amount of C-ONO3 ionic bond raptures were also observed, signaling a possible start of mechanistic change. In addition, our simulation reveals that H2O forms via a simple three-steps pathway, which results in a fast H2O formation and an early energy release. We found many reaction intermediates that are partially ionized, such as OH, H3O, H, HCO3 and HCN. In particular, NO and HO play important roles in generating the final products of H2O, CO, and CO2. Furthermore, we have compared the final concentrations of our simulation with those obtained from a chemical-thermodynarnic equilibrium calculation. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Wu, CJ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Fried, Laurence/L-8714-2014 OI Fried, Laurence/0000-0002-9437-7700 NR 18 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 978-1-55899-944-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2007 VL 987 BP 139 EP 144 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BGF50 UT WOS:000246444000019 ER PT J AU Sjogreen, B Gustavsson, K Gudmundsson, RL AF Sjoegreen, Bjoern Gustavsson, Katarina Gudmundsson, Reynir Levi TI A model for peak formation in the two-phase equations SO MATHEMATICS OF COMPUTATION LA English DT Article AB We present a hyperbolic-elliptic model problem related to the equations of two-phase fluid flow. The model problem is solved numerically, and properties of its solution are presented. The model equation is well-posed when linearized around a constant state, but there is a strong focusing effect, and very large solutions exist at certain times. We prove that the model problem has a smooth solution for bounded times. C1 Royal Inst Technol, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. Royal Inst Technol, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Sjogreen, B (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Appl Sci Comput, POB 808,L-550, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM sjogreen2@llnl.gov; katarina@nada.kth.se; rlg@nada.kth.se NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MATHEMATICAL SOC PI PROVIDENCE PA 201 CHARLES ST, PROVIDENCE, RI 02940-2213 USA SN 0025-5718 J9 MATH COMPUT JI Math. Comput. PY 2007 VL 76 IS 260 BP 1925 EP 1940 DI 10.1090/S0025-5718-07-01992-8 PG 16 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 209VI UT WOS:000249415700011 ER PT S AU Peter, WH Wang, GY Liaw, PK Buchanan, RA Liu, CT Morrison, ML Brooks, CR AF Peter, W. H. Wang, G. Y. Liaw, P. K. Buchanan, R. A. Liu, C. T. Morrison, M. L. Brooks, C. R. BE Nam, SW Chang, YW Lee, SB Kim, NJ TI Variability in fatigue behavior of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) as a result of average surface roughness and pronounced surface defects SO MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS X, PTS 1AND 2 SE Key Engineering Materials LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Mechanical Behavior of Materials CY MAY 27-31, 2007 CL Busan, SOUTH KOREA SP Korean Inst Metals, Korean Soc Mech Engineers DE amorphous alloys; bulk-metallic glass; fatigue behavior; surface roughness AB Recent interest in bulk-metallic glasses (BMGs) has led to the development of amorphous alloys designed for structural applications in various fields as aircraft frames, rotating equipment, automobiles, and medical implants. Although the mechanical behavior of BMGs is being studied extensively, little attention has been paid to their fatigue behavior. Moreover, early fatigue characteristics have exhibited contradictory results. In the current research, uniaxial tension-tension fatigue experiments were performed on notched Zr52.5Cu17.9Al10Ni14.6Ti5 button-head fatigue specimens with various surface finishes. The fatigue studies were designed to better understand the influence of the average surface roughness and/or critical surface defects on the fatigue behavior of glassy alloys. It was hypothesized that geometric surface flaws would lower the observed life of a BMG sample by shortening the crack initiation phase and providing local stress concentrators. The cur-rent studies of surface conditions indicate that fatigue-endurance limits are greatly impacted by the average surface roughness with possible reductions of greater than fifty percent. C1 [Peter, W. H.; Wang, G. Y.; Liaw, P. K.; Buchanan, R. A.; Liu, C. T.; Morrison, M. L.; Brooks, C. R.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Peter, W. H.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Peter, WH (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM peterwh@ornl.gov; bgwang@utk.edu; pliaw@utk.edu; liuct@ornl.gov OI Morrison, Mark/0000-0003-1956-0932 FU National Science Foundation; Integrative Graduate Education and Research Training (IGERT); Division of the Design, Manufacture, and Industrial Innovation Program; Combined Research-Curriculum Development (CRCD); International Materials Institutes (IMI) Program; Major Research Instrumentation (MRI) Program FX We would like to acknowledge the financial support of the National Science Foundation: (1) the Integrative Graduate Education and Research Training (IGERT) Program, (2) the Division of the Design, Manufacture, and Industrial Innovation Program, (3) the Combined Research-Curriculum Development (CRCD) Programs, (4) the International Materials Institutes (IMI) Program, and (5) the Major Research Instrumentation (MRI) Program NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI DURNTEN-ZURICH PA KREUZSTRASSE 10, 8635 DURNTEN-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 1013-9826 J9 KEY ENG MATER PY 2007 VL 345-346 BP 217 EP + PN 1-2 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BGI97 UT WOS:000247370400052 ER PT S AU Woo, W Feng, Z Wang, XL Brown, DW Clausen, B Hubbard, CR Choo, H David, SA AF Woo, W. Feng, Z. Wang, X-L. Brown, D. W. Clausen, B. Hubbard, C. R. Choo, H. David, S. A. BE Nam, SW Chang, YW Lee, SB Kim, NJ TI Quasi-steady state principle and in-situ real-time investigation of transient strains in 6061-T6 Al alloy using neutron diffraction SO MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS X, PTS 1AND 2 SE Key Engineering Materials LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Mechanical Behavior of Materials CY MAY 27-31, 2007 CL Busan, SOUTH KOREA SP Korean Inst Metals, Korean Soc Mech Engineers DE quasi-steady state; neutron diffraction; transient strain; Al alloys; friction stir welding AB Neutron diffraction research has been limited to the "static" behavior of materials since the number of collected neutrons is insufficient to reach the adequate neutron counts in rapid changes of material state. In order to achieve the desired precision for the study of the transient material behavior, we propose an in-situ neutron-diffraction measurement method based on the quasi-steady state (QSS) phenomenon. The QSS principle was applied for the measurement of transient lattice spacing changes in a 6061-T6 aluminum alloy plate during thermo-mechanical processing. C1 [Woo, W.; Feng, Z.; Hubbard, C. R.; Choo, H.; David, S. A.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Choo, H.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Wang, X-L.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Spallat Neutron Source, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. [Brown, D. W.; Clausen, B.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Woo, W (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM woowc@ornl.gov; fengz@ornl.gov; wangxl@ornl.gov; dbrown@lanl.gov; eclausen@lanl.gov; 'hubbardcr@ornl.gov; ghchoo@utk.edu RI Wang, Xun-Li/C-9636-2010; Choo, Hahn/A-5494-2009; Feng, Zhili/H-9382-2012; Clausen, Bjorn/B-3618-2015; OI Wang, Xun-Li/0000-0003-4060-8777; Choo, Hahn/0000-0002-8006-8907; Feng, Zhili/0000-0001-6573-7933; Clausen, Bjorn/0000-0003-3906-846X; WOO, Wanchuck/0000-0003-0350-5357 FU Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); UT-Battelle; LLC; U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; NSF International Materials Institutes program [DMR-0231320] FX Research is primary sponsored by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), managed by UT-Battelle, LLC for the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725. ORNL is managed by UT-Battle, LLC, for the U.S. DOE under contract number DE-AC05-00OR22725. W. Woo is supported by the NSF International Materials Institutes program under contract DMR-0231320. Thanks to A. Frederick and Mr. T. Sisneros for their help. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI DURNTEN-ZURICH PA KREUZSTRASSE 10, 8635 DURNTEN-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 1013-9826 J9 KEY ENG MATER PY 2007 VL 345-346 BP 797 EP + PN 1-2 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BGI97 UT WOS:000247370400190 ER PT S AU Huang, EW Wang, YD Clausen, B Benson, ML Choo, H Liaw, PK Pike, LM AF Huang, E-Wen Wang, Yandong Clausen, Bjorn Benson, Michael L. Choo, Hahn Liaw, Peter K. Pike, Lee M. BE Nam, SW Chang, YW Lee, SB Kim, NJ TI A nondestructive HKL-planes analysis of a nano-precipitate-strengthening alloy study SO MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS X, PTS 1AND 2 SE Key Engineering Materials LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Mechanical Behavior of Materials CY MAY 27-31, 2007 CL Busan, SOUTH KOREA SP Korean Inst Metals, Korean Soc Mech Engineers DE in-situ neutron-diffraction experiments; nano-precipitates; alloy; strengthening mechanism ID REFINEMENT AB The HASTELLOY((R)) C-22HS (TM) alloy is a corrosion-resistant nickel-based alloy in a faced-center-cubic (FCC) crystal structure. The heat-treated aging process produces the nano precipitates in the matrix and the yield strength of the aged alloy is doubled at both room temperature and 595 degrees C. In the present study, the tensile behavior of the alloy was examined by in-situ neutron-diffraction at room temperature. The peak-width of the hk1 plane from both the nanoprecipitates and the matrix were determined as a function of the different applied stress. The different evolutions of the peak-widths from the matrix to the precipitates during the monotonic-tension-loading experiments clearly demonstrated that the particle-shearing mechanism. The effect of the nano-precipitate strengthening mechanism has been examined by this in-situ neutron experiments under tensile tests in this study. It reflects clearly the importance of the nondestructive in-situ neutron experiments examining the diffraction profile evolutions coupled with the mechanical measurements. C1 [Huang, E-Wen; Wang, Yandong; Benson, Michael L.; Choo, Hahn; Liaw, Peter K.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Wang, Yandong] Northeastern Univ, Sch Met & Mat, Shenyang, Peoples R China. [Clausen, Bjorn] Los Alamos Neutron Sci Ctr, Los Alamos Nat Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. [Pike, Lee M.] Haynes Int, Kokomo, IN 46901 USA. RP Huang, EW (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM ehuang1@utk.edu; ydwang@mail.neu.edu.cn; cclausen@lanl.gov; mbenson@utk.edu; hchoo@utk.edu; liaw@utkux.utcc.utk.edu; ipike@haynesintl.com RI wang, yandong/G-9404-2013; Choo, Hahn/A-5494-2009; Huang, E-Wen/A-5717-2015; Clausen, Bjorn/B-3618-2015 OI Choo, Hahn/0000-0002-8006-8907; Huang, E-Wen/0000-0003-4986-0661; Clausen, Bjorn/0000-0003-3906-846X FU National Science Foundation (NSF) [DMR-0231320]; Department of Energy's Office of the Basic Energy Science; Los Alamos National Security LLC under DOE [DE-AC52-06NA25396]; Haynes International, Inc FX This research is supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF), International Materials Institutes (IMI) Program (DMR-0231320). Dr. Carmen Huber is the NSF director of the IMI program. The Lujan Neutron Scattering Center at LANSCE is funded by the Department of Energys Office of the Basic Energy Science. The Los Alamos National Laboratory is operated by the Los Alamos National Security LLC under the DOE Contract DE-AC52-06NA25396. We appreciate Dr. Dwaine L. Klarstroms great support on the materials from Haynes International, Inc. We are thankful for the discussions with Dr. Donald W. Brown and Dr. Tarik Saleh at LANSCE and we are grateful for Mr. Soo-Yoel Lees kind help. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI DURNTEN-ZURICH PA KREUZSTRASSE 10, 8635 DURNTEN-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 1013-9826 J9 KEY ENG MATER PY 2007 VL 345-346 BP 1311 EP + PN 1-2 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BGI97 UT WOS:000247370400310 ER PT B AU Sobolik, SR Ehgartner, BL AF Sobolik, S. R. Ehgartner, B. L. BE Wallner, M Lux, KH Minkley, W Hardy, HR TI Effects of cavern shapes on cavern and well integrity for the strategic petroleum reserve SO MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF SALT - UNDERSTANDING OF THMC PROCESSES IN SALT SE Proceedings and Monographs in Engineering, Water and Earth Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Conference on the Mechanical Behavior of Salt CY MAY 22-25, 2007 CL Fed Inst Geosci & Nat Resources, Hannover, GERMANY SP Akzo Nobel Base Chem, DBE Technol GmbH, DEEP Underground Engn GmbH, European Salt Co GmbH & Co KG, Forschungzentrum Umwelt & Gesundheit, GTS, Gesteinslabor Dr Eberhard Jahns e K, K & S Aktiengesell, KBB Underground Technol GmbH, SOCON Sonor Control Kavernenvermenss GmbH, Verbundnetz Gas AG HO Fed Inst Geosci & Nat Resources AB This report presents computational analyses to determine the structural integrity of different salt cavern shapes. Three simple characteristic shapes (caverns with enlarged tops, bottoms, and mid-sections) are evaluated for increasing cavern volumes and compared to the baseline shape of a cylindrical cavern. The intent of these calculations is to develop some guidelines to predict cavern performance and damage in salt, utilizing the three-dimensional modeling capabilities of high-performance analytical codes and sophisticated material models. C1 [Sobolik, S. R.; Ehgartner, B. L.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Sobolik, SR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND BN 978-0-415-44398-2 J9 PROC MONOGR ENG WATE PY 2007 BP 353 EP 361 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Mineralogy GA BHC97 UT WOS:000252241200041 ER PT S AU Shyam, A Lara-Curzio, E Lin, HT Parten, RJ AF Shyam, Amit Lara-Curzio, Edgar Lin, Hua-Tay Parten, Randy J. BE Tandon, R TI FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF POROUS CORDIERITE SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES II SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 22-27, 2006 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc,Engn Ceram Div ID CERAMICS AB A procedure was developed to prepare test specimens of porous cordierite to determine the fracture toughness of this material by the double-torsion test method. 300-mu m thick test specimens were obtained from the walls of diesel particulate filters through a sequence of dry cutting/grinding operations using diamond-impregnated wheels. The fracture toughness of porous cordierite was found to be 0.46 +/- 0.03 MPa root m and it was found that the fracture process was strongly influenced by the microstructure of the material. The procedures for test specimen preparation and fracture toughness testing are discussed in detail. C1 [Shyam, Amit; Lara-Curzio, Edgar; Lin, Hua-Tay; Parten, Randy J.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Shyam, A (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. OI Shyam, Amit/0000-0002-6722-4709 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-0-470-08052-8 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 75 EP 81 PG 7 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Ceramics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BSM90 UT WOS:000284977900008 ER PT S AU Susan, DF Van den Avyle, JA Monroe, SL Sorensen, NR McKenzie, BB Michael, JR Christensen, JE Walker, CA AF Susan, D. F. Van den Avyle, J. A. Monroe, S. L. Sorensen, N. R. McKenzie, B. B. Michael, J. R. Christensen, J. E. Walker, C. A. BE Tandon, R TI THE EFFECTS OF 304L STAINLESS STEEL PRE-OXIDATION ON BONDING TO ALKALI BARIUM SILICATE GLASS SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES II SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 22-27, 2006 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc,Engn Ceram Div ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE OXIDATION; RESISTANCE; ALLOYS; ADDITIONS AB An oxidation treatment, often termed "pre-oxidation", is performed on austenitic stainless steel prior to joining to alkali barium silicate glass to produce hermetic seals. The resulting thin oxide acts as a transitional layer and a source of Cr and other elements which diffuse into the glass during the subsequent bonding process. Pre-oxidation is performed in a low pO(2) atmosphere to avoid iron oxide formation and the final oxide is composed of Cr(2)O(3), MnCr(2)O(4) spinel, and SiO(2). Significant heat-to-heat variations in the oxidation behavior of 304L stainless steel have been observed, which result in inconsistent glass-to-metal (GTM) seal behavior. The objectives of this work were to characterize the stainless steel pre-oxidized layer and the glass/oxide/304L. interface region after glass sealing. The 304L oxidation kinetics were determined by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and the glass/metal seals characteristics were studied using sessile drop tests, in which wetting angles were measured and glass adhesion was analyzed. The pre-oxidized layers and glass/metal interface regions were characterized using metallography, focused ion beam (FIB) sectioning, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The results show that poor glass sealing behavior is associated with a more continuous layer of SiO(2) at the metal/oxide interface. C1 [Susan, D. F.; Van den Avyle, J. A.; Monroe, S. L.; Sorensen, N. R.; McKenzie, B. B.; Michael, J. R.; Christensen, J. E.; Walker, C. A.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Susan, DF (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-0-470-08052-8 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 145 EP 157 PG 13 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Ceramics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BSM90 UT WOS:000284977900015 ER PT S AU Qu, J Blau, PJ AF Qu, Jun Blau, Peter J. BE Tandon, R TI SCANNING ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF COATINGS AND NEAR-SURFACE FEATURES OF CERAMICS SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES II SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 22-27, 2006 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc,Engn Ceram Div AB Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAcM) has been widely used for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) in various fields such as material characterization, electronics, and biomedicine. SAcM uses high-frequency acoustic waves (60 MHz to 2.0 GHz) providing much higher resolution (up to 0.5 mu m) compared to conventional ultrasonic NDE, which is typically about 500 mu m. SAcM offers the ability to non-destructively image subsurface features and visualize the variations in elastic properties. These attributes make SAcM a valuable tool for characterizing near-surface material properties and detecting fine-scale flaws. This paper presents some recent applications of SAcM in detecting subsurface damage, assessing coatings, and visualizing residual stress for ceramic and semiconductor materials. C1 [Qu, Jun; Blau, Peter J.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Qu, J (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, POB 2008,MS 6063, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-0-470-08052-8 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 267 EP 274 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Ceramics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BSM90 UT WOS:000284977900026 ER PT S AU Sun, JG Zhang, JM Trethewey, JS AF Sun, J. G. Zhang, J. M. Trethewey, J. S. BE Tandon, R TI NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF MACHINING DAMAGE IN SILICON-NITRIDE CERAMIC VALVES SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES II SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 22-27, 2006 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc,Engn Ceram Div AB In this study, we investigated machining-induced damage in silicon-nitride ceramic valves intended for use in diesel and natural-gas engines. A high-speed automated laser-scattering system was developed for the nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of several SN235P valves that were subjected to a coarse and a finish machining process. The valves were then tested in a bench rig. The NDE system scans the entire valve surface and generates a two-dimensional scattering image that is used to identify the location, size, and relative severity of subsurface damage from the machining process and from the rig tests. Machining damage in coarse-machined valves was significant. In particular, severe damage at the edge of the keeper groove caused premature failure of a valve under the rig test. After finish machining, it was found that most of the initial damage in the valves was removed. The data were analyzed and compared with surface photomicrographs. C1 [Sun, J. G.; Zhang, J. M.] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Sun, JG (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-0-470-08052-8 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 275 EP 280 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Ceramics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BSM90 UT WOS:000284977900027 ER PT S AU Wereszczak, AA Wang, W Jadaan, OM Lance, MJ Lin, HT AF Wereszczak, A. A. Wang, W. Jadaan, O. M. Lance, M. J. Lin, H. -T. BE Tandon, R TI STRENGTH OF A C-SPHERE FLEXURE SPECIMEN SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES II SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 22-27, 2006 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc (ACerS), Engn Ceram Div (ECD) ID SILICON-NITRIDE; PERFORMANCE AB A "C-Sphere" flexure strength specimen geometry was conceived and developed to measure a relevant strength of hearing-grade Si3N4 balls and to relate that to surface-located strength-limiting flaws and to ultimately link those flaw populations to rolling contact fatigue performance. A slot was machined into the balls to a set depth to produce the C-sphere geometry. C-sphere specimens were then diametrally compressed to produce a monotonically increasing flexure or hoop tensile stress at their surface that caused their fracture. The strength was determined using the combination of failure load. C-sphere geometry, and FEA, and the stress field was used to determine C-sphere effective areas and effective volumes as a function of Weibull modulus. A description of the specimen and the aforementioned analysis are provided and a comparison of C-sphere flexure strength distributions of two bearing grade Si3N4 materials (NBD200 and SN101C) is given. C1 [Wereszczak, A. A.; Lance, M. J.; Lin, H. -T.] Ceram Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Wang, W.] Bournemouth Univ, Poole BH12 5BB, Dorset, England. [Jadaan, O. M.] Univ Wisconsin, Platteville, WI 53818 USA. RP Wereszczak, AA (reprint author), Ceram Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Wereszczak, Andrew/I-7310-2016; Lance, Michael/I-8417-2016 OI Wereszczak, Andrew/0000-0002-8344-092X; Lance, Michael/0000-0001-5167-5452 FU US Department of Energy, Office of FreedomCar and Vehicle Technologies; Heavy Vehicle Propulsion System Materials Program with UT-Battelle, LLC [DE-AC-00OR22725] FX Research sponsored by the US Department of Energy, Office of FreedomCar and Vehicle Technologies, as part of the Heavy Vehicle Propulsion System Materials Program, under contract DE-AC-00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-0-470-08052-8 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 281 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Ceramics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BSM90 UT WOS:000284977900028 ER PT S AU Weil, KS Darsell, JT AF Weil, K. Scott Darsell, Jens T. BE Tandon, R TI DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH-TEMPERATURE CERAMIC BRAZE: ANALYSIS OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN THE Pd-Ag-CuO(x) SYSTEM SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES II SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 22-27, 2006 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc,Engn Ceram Div ID SILVER; OXYGEN; DIAGRAM; SOFCS AB This paper describes the effects of small palladium additions on the phase equilibria in the Ag-CuO(x) system. Below a concentration of 5 mol%, palladium was found to increase the temperature of the eutectic reaction present in the pseudobinary system, but have little effect on a higher temperature monotectic reaction. However once enough palladium was added to increase the pseudoternary solidus temperature to that of the lower boundary for this three-phase field (similar to 970 degrees C), the lower boundary begins to increase in temperature as well. The addition of palladium also causes the original eutectic point to move to lower silver concentrations, which also causes a convergence of the two new three-phase fields, CuO(x) + L(1) + L(2) and CuO(x) + alpha + L(1). This suggests that with higher palladium concentrations, a peritectic reaction, alpha + L(1) + L(2) -> CuO(x), may eventually be observed in the system. C1 [Weil, K. Scott] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Weil, KS (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-0-470-08052-8 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 483 EP 490 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Ceramics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BSM90 UT WOS:000284977900047 ER PT S AU Lin, HT Ferber, MK Waters, SB Kirkland, TP AF Lin, H-T. Ferber, M. K. Waters, S. B. Kirkland, T. P. BE Tandon, R TI CHARACTERIZATION OF MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF NT154 SILICON NITRIDE MICROTRUBINE ROTORS SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES II SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 22-27, 2006 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc (ACerS), Engn Ceram Div (ECD) AB This paper summarizes the results on recent component characterization efforts carried out to verify the mechanical reliability of NT154 silicon nitride microturbine rotors manufactured by Saint-Gobain. Mechanical properties of biaxial discs machined from airfoil as well as hub region of microturbine rotors were evaluated by a ball-on-ring test technique. Results showed that the mechanical properties of specimens from airfoils with as-processed surfaces exhibited lower characteristic strength than those machined from the hub region with as-machined surfaces. The differences in mechanical performance and reliability between as-processed components and simple-shaped test coupons appear to arise mainly from differences in strength limiting flaw type and microstructure verified by detailed electron microscopy analysis. C1 [Lin, H-T.; Ferber, M. K.; Waters, S. B.; Kirkland, T. P.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Lin, HT (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-0-470-08052-8 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 569 EP 579 PG 11 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Ceramics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BSM90 UT WOS:000284977900055 ER PT S AU Wereszczak, AA Kirkland, TP AF Wereszczak, A. A. Kirkland, T. P. BE Tandon, R TI EXCLUSIVITY OF STRENGTH-LIMITING EXTRINSIC SURFACE AND HYBRID FLAWS SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES II SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 22-27, 2006 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc,Engn Ceram Div ID FRACTURE AB Flexure strength-limiting flaw populations were examined in a sintered alpha-SiC having similar to 6 vol% porosity comprised of homogenously distributed monosized (similar to 60-70 mu m) pores. Bend bars were coarse-, medium-, and fine-finish ground with the intent to produce concurrent activity of intrinsic strength-limiting flaws (pores) and extrinsic strength-limiting flaws (machining damage) populations. However, this was not achieved as fractography showed that strength was always limited by a pore independent of the depth of machining damage in this material. The effects of strength-limiting flaw hybridization on 2-Parameter Weibull were then examined by positioning Knoop indents either directly on a pore present at the ground surface of the bend bars or away from them, and flexure loading those specimens to fracture. Fractography confirmed the suggestion in this case that a negative curvature in the Weibull distribution curve was associated with exclusive strength-limiting flaw populations (hybrid and surface flaw types). The interpretation of intrinsic and extrinsic exclusive flaw distributions is discussed in reference to the prospective selection of a ceramic for structural applications. C1 [Wereszczak, A. A.; Kirkland, T. P.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Ceram Sci & Technol Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Wereszczak, AA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Ceram Sci & Technol Grp, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Wereszczak, Andrew/I-7310-2016 OI Wereszczak, Andrew/0000-0002-8344-092X NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-0-470-08052-8 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 593 EP 601 PG 9 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Ceramics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BSM90 UT WOS:000284977900057 ER PT S AU Tandon, R Newton, CS Monroe, SL Glass, SJ AF Tandon, Rajan Newton, Clay S. Monroe, Saundra L. Glass, S. Jill BE Tandon, R TI SUB-CRITICAL CRACK GROWTH PARAMETERS FOR LOW TEMPERATURE CO-FIRED CERAMIC (LTCC) SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES II SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 22-27, 2006 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc, Engn Ceram Div ID LIFETIME PREDICTION AB Strength values or a sintered low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) tape system were measured over four orders of magnitude of stressing rate in dry (<2% relative humidity (RH)) and in wet (98% RH) conditions using a ring-on-ring biaxial-flexure test. As expected, the strength of the material increases with increasing stressing rate, and with decreasing RH. These data are analyzed to obtain the empirical sub-critical crack growth (SCG) exponent, n. It was found that the n value in high RH environment was higher than that in the low RH environment. Fractographic examination was used to identify failure origins, which ranged from surface and sub-surface pores, partially densified surface regions, inclusions, surface damage and unidentified surface defects. The implications of our results for design with this novel material system are outlined. C1 [Tandon, Rajan; Newton, Clay S.; Monroe, Saundra L.; Glass, S. Jill] Sandia Natl Labs, Mat Reliabil Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Tandon, R (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Mat Reliabil Dept, MS 0889,POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-0-470-08052-8 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 603 EP 614 PG 12 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Ceramics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BSM90 UT WOS:000284977900058 ER PT S AU Tiegs, TN Montgomery, FC Harper, DC Kiggans, JO AF Tiegs, T. N. Montgomery, F. C. Harper, D. C. Kiggans, J. O. BE Tandon, R TI CERAMIC-BASED COATINGS ON METALS BONDED BY HIGH INTENSITY INFRARED HEATING SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES II SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 22-27, 2006 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc,Engn Ceram Div AB Wear and corrosion resistant coatings onto metal parts are of interest for improving performance. Slurries of WC or Tic with Ni, Ni(3)Al or Co-based binders were applied onto substrates of cast iron, alloy steel, or tool steel. The coatings were bonded to the substrates using high intensity infrared (IR) heating. The coatings were well-bonded with some chemical interaction with the base metal evident. Improved hardnesses were observed which were found to be a function of the substrate composition and distance from the surface. Initial wear testing showed improved performance for the IR bonded coatings and especially for ones using Ni(3)Al as the binder phase. C1 [Tiegs, T. N.; Montgomery, F. C.; Harper, D. C.; Kiggans, J. O.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Tiegs, TN (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-0-470-08052-8 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 677 EP 686 PG 10 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Ceramics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BSM90 UT WOS:000284977900064 ER PT S AU Ajayi, OO Fenske, GR Shareef, I AF Ajayi, O. O. Fenske, G. R. Shareef, I. BE Tandon, R TI EFFECT OF MICROSTRUCTURE ON SLIDING CONTACT DAMAGE AND WEAR OF CERAMIC COATINGS SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES II SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 22-27, 2006 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc (ACerS), Engn Ceram Div (ECD) AB Hard and wear resistant ceramics coatings are often applied to metallic surfaces to enhance their tribological performance. Using the scratch and twin roller tests, we evaluated the surface contact damage and the mechanism of wear in different ceramic coating. In amorphous diamond-like carbon coating, the damage and eventual material removal occurred by straight cracking that follows the trajectory of the tensile stresses. Damage in a crystalline titanium nitride (TiN) coating with a columnar grain structure occurred primarily by inter-columnar cracking perpendicular to the surface. For crystalline chromium nitride (CrN) coating with equiaxed grains, contact damage consisted primarily of grain boundary cracking and wear is due to surface-layer grain pullout. Results of the present study showed the dominant effect of ceramic coating microstructure on the contact damage and wear mechanism. C1 [Ajayi, O. O.; Fenske, G. R.] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Shareef, I.] Bradley Univ, Dept Mfg Engn, Peoria, IL 61625 USA. RP Ajayi, OO (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM ajayi@anl.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-0-470-08052-8 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 687 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Ceramics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BSM90 UT WOS:000284977900065 ER PT S AU Qu, J Blau, PJ Klett, J Jolly, BC AF Qu, Jun Blau, Peter J. Klett, James Jolly, Brian C. BE Tandon, R TI HIGH-THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY DENSIFIED GRAPHITIC FOAMS AS NOVEL BEARING MATERIALS SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES II SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 22-27, 2006 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc,Engn Ceram Div ID WEAR; FRICTION AB The high-thermal-conductivity graphitic foams (foam-reinforced carbon-carbon composites) developed at ORNL have been mainly used for thermal management, as in heat sinks for electronic circuit boards and highly-efficient automotive radiators. However, recent studies in our laboratory have rather unexpectedly revealed their potential as novel bearing materials. In addition to their low density and potential for weight savings, there are three primary tribological advantages of the graphitic foam materials: (I) their graphitic structures provide self-lubricating qualities, (2) their extraordinarily high thermal conductivity aids in the efficient removal of frictionally-generated heat, and (3) the pores in the foam serve both as wear debris traps and lubricant reservoirs. Previous studies on the densified graphitic foam (DGF) sliding against steel and alumina at relatively low speed (1 m/s) and low load (10 N), revealed their encouraging self-lubricating behavior, comparable to solid graphite while much better than bronze and poly-tetrafluoroethylene (Teflon(TM)). In this study, pin-on-disk tests with higher speeds (2, 6, and 10 m/s) and higher loads (322 N) were conducted on DGF and graphite disks sliding against a DGF pin. The surface temperature on the graphite disk increased rapidly due to frictional heating and the friction coefficient increased proportionally with surface temperature when it was higher than 40 degrees C. The DGF disk, however, ran much cooler due to the higher thermal conductivity, and more impressively, the friction coefficient remained low and constant even at elevated disk temperatures. This suggests high potential for the graphitic foam material in weight-sensitive, high-speed, and elevated temperature bearing applications. C1 [Qu, Jun; Blau, Peter J.; Klett, James] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Qu, J (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, POB 2008,MS 6063, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Klett, James/E-6860-2017 OI Klett, James/0000-0002-2553-9649 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-0-470-08052-8 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 711 EP 718 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Ceramics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BSM90 UT WOS:000284977900067 ER PT S AU Goretta, KC Singh, D Cunningham, AJ Chen, N Routbort, JL Rateick, RG AF Goretta, K. C. Singh, D. Cunningham, A. J. Chen, Nan Routbort, J. L. Rateick, R. G., Jr. BE Tandon, R TI SOLID-PARTICLE EROSION OF MgO AND A HARDENED Mg ALLOY SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES II SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 22-27, 2006 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc (ACerS), Engn Ceram Div (ECD) ID BRITTLE MATERIALS; DUCTILE METALS; DAMAGE; GLASS; ANODIZATION; COATINGS; IMPACT; STEEL; SIZE AB Solid-particle erosion studies were conducted on polycrystalline MgO, a hardened Mg alloy (WE43A-T6). and the same alloy that had been anodized to produce a surface layer of Mg-based oxides. Angular alumina particles of nominal diameter 63 mu m traveling at 60 m/s impacted the targets at 20 or 90 degrees. Steady-state erosion rates were determined as weight lost from a sample per weight of impacting particles. Under these conditions, the oxide coating on the WE43A-T6 alloy was removed quickly. The erosion rates of the three base materials were similar for impact at 20 degrees. but the rates of the MgO were substantially higher for impact at normal incidence. The anodized alloy eroded measurably faster than the as-heat-treated alloy. The data and observations by scanning electron microscopy indicated that, for all conditions, the MgO eroded primarily by brittle fracture and the alloys eroded by ductile mechanisms. C1 [Goretta, K. C.; Singh, D.; Cunningham, A. J.; Chen, Nan; Routbort, J. L.] Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Rateick, R. G., Jr.] Honeywell, South Bend, IN 46620 USA. RP Goretta, KC (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. FU Office of Heavy Vehicle Systems of the U S . Department of Energy [W-31-109-Eng-38]; Argonne's Division of Educational Programs FX We thank Dr. K. R. Karasek for help with the experimental design and James Emerson and Sulav Singh for help with some of the erosion experiments. The work at Argonne National Laboratory was performed under a Technical Service Agreement funded by Honeywell Internal Research and Development. Financial support was also provided by the Office of Heavy Vehicle Systems of the U S . Department of Energy, under Contract W-31-109-Eng-38. A.J.C. was partially supported by Argonnes Division of Educational Programs. The electron microscopy was performed in the Electron Microscopy Collaborative Research Center of Argonne National Laboratory NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-0-470-08052-8 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 719 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Ceramics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BSM90 UT WOS:000284977900068 ER PT S AU Lorenzo-Martin, C Ajayi, OO Singh, D Routbort, JL AF Lorenzo-Martin, C. Ajayi, O. O. Singh, D. Routbort, J. L. BE Tandon, R TI FRICTIONAL RESPONSE OF CERAMICS IN SCUFFING SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES II SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 22-27, 2006 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc,Engn Ceram Div AB Scuffing, described as a sudden catastrophic failure of sliding surfaces under severe contact conditions, is usually indicated by a sudden rise in friction, contact temperature and noise. In metals, scuffing occurs by a severe plastic deformation process. In the present study, we evaluated the occurrence of scuffing in four single crystal ceramic materials namely, MgO, YAG, sapphire and cubic zirconia. Scuffing tests were conducted with standard block-on-ring test rig and lubricated with basestock Poly-alpha-olefin (PAO) synthetic lubricant. Single event scuffing analogous to that observed in most metals was observed in MgO and YAG, while the sapphire and cubic zirconia exhibited micro scuffing prior to scuffing failure. Scuffing in ceramics involves both plasticity and fracture. C1 [Lorenzo-Martin, C.; Ajayi, O. O.; Singh, D.; Routbort, J. L.] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Lorenzo-Martin, C (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM Lorenzo-martin@anl.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-0-470-08052-8 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 739 EP 747 PG 9 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Ceramics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BSM90 UT WOS:000284977900070 ER PT S AU Qu, J Blau, PJ Shelton, JE Tiegs, TN Liao, TW AF Qu, Jun Blau, Peter J. Shelton, James E. Tiegs, Terry N. Liao, T. W. BE Tandon, R TI GRINDABILITY OF TiC-Ni3Al METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES II SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 22-27, 2006 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc (ACerS), Engn Ceram Div (ECD) ID WEAR AB TiC-Ni3Al metal matrix composites with 40-60 vol% hard phase concentration have been developed as candidate materials for diesel fuel injector plungers. They possess good mechanical properties and similar thermal expansion rate to the steels used for the injector bores. Previous studies have confirmed their high scuffing resistance in fuel-lubricated environment. However, machining of these composites has been quite challenging, especially when high material removal rate (MRR) or precision surface finish are required, due to their relatively high toughness and non-uniform distribution of hard phases in the microstructure. This paper presents a grindability study on TiC(50 vol%)-Ni3Al using different diamond grinding wheels at a variety of grinding conditions. Alumina and silicon nitride were used as baseline materials for comparison. The maximum material removal rate (constrained by machine power) of this composite material was slightly higher for conventional grinding than for creep feed grinding, while much lower compared to alumina in either case. While comparable average surface finish was generated by creep feed and conventional grinding, more severe surface damage was observed for creep feed grinding. The lower abrasive concentration wheel generated lower tangential force and consumed less power, but produced a rougher surface. Lower wheel speed may increase grinding efficiency but would sacrifice the surface finish. A worn-out wheel generally consumes much more grinding power while produces smoother surfaces. C1 [Qu, Jun; Blau, Peter J.; Shelton, James E.; Tiegs, Terry N.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Liao, T. W.] Louisiana State Univ, Ind & Mfg Syst Engn Dept, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Qu, J (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. FU US. Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency; Renewable Energy, Office of FreedomCAR; Heavy Vehicle Technologies, UT-Battelle LLC [DE-AC05-000R22725] FX Research sponsored by the US. Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of FreedomCAR and Heavy Vehicle Technologies, under contract DE-AC05-000R22725 with UT-Battelle LLC.; Research sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of FreedomCAR and Heavy Vehicle Technologies, under contract DE-AC05-000R22725 with UTBattelle LLC. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-0-470-08052-8 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 749 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Ceramics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BSM90 UT WOS:000284977900071 ER PT S AU Wang, H Wereszczak, AA Lance, MJ AF Wang, Hong Wereszczak, Andrew A. Lance, Michael J. BE Tandon, R TI EFFECT OF GRAIN SIZE ON DYNAMIC SCRATCH RESPONSE IN ALUMINA SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES II SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 22-27, 2006 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc,Engn Ceram Div ID CONICAL TOOL AB The machining and wear of ceramics and ceramic components are influenced by abrasive damage. One parameter that can affect the abrasion process is the grain size of the ceramic material. To investigate this, a single-grit pendulum scratch tester was used to study the dynamic scratch response in three 99.9% aluminas that each had a tight size distribution about mean grain sizes of 2, 15, or 25 mu m, respectively. The scratch speeds generated had an order of magnitude of similar to 1,000 mm/s and the maximum scratch depths were similar to 45 mu m. Tangential and normal scratch forces were monitored during each test and interpreted in conjunction with postmortem SEM (scanning electronic microscopy) and profilometry results. It was observed that both plastic deformation and brittle fracture participated in the scratching process and the relative activity of each was dependent on the depth of penetration. At a given depth, the material removal of alumina prevailingly relies on the generation and interaction of oblique radial and lateral cracks. Chip formation is greatly enhanced when the cracks interact and that interaction depends on grain size. Larger grain size gives rise to larger lateral cracks, more severe fracture at the groove bottom, and larger amplitude of scratch force oscillation. Lastly, the instantaneous specific energy (cutting pressure) and scratch hardness of alumina exhibited various sensitivities to the grain size and groove depth. C1 [Wang, Hong; Wereszczak, Andrew A.; Lance, Michael J.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Wang, H (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Wereszczak, Andrew/I-7310-2016; Lance, Michael/I-8417-2016; Wang, Hong/O-1987-2016 OI Wereszczak, Andrew/0000-0002-8344-092X; Lance, Michael/0000-0001-5167-5452; Wang, Hong/0000-0002-0173-0545 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-0-470-08052-8 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2007 VL 27 IS 2 BP 767 EP 779 PG 13 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Ceramics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BSM90 UT WOS:000284977900073 ER PT J AU Edwards, TS AF Edwards, Timothy S. TI Effects of aliasing on numerical integration SO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE aliasing; cubic spline; integration; zero shift; interpolation; Runge-Kutta; Matlab AB During the course of processing acceleration data from mechanical systems it is often desirable to integrate the data to obtain velocity or displacement waveforms. However, those who have attempted these operations may be painfully aware that the integrated records often yield unrealistic residual values. This is true whether the data has been obtained experimentally or through numerical simulation such as Runge-Kutta integration or the explicit finite element method. In the case of experimentally obtained data, the integration errors are usually blamed on accelerometer zero shift or amplifier saturation. In the case of simulation data, incorrect integrations are often incorrectly blamed on the integration algorithm itself. This work demonstrates that seemingly small aliased content can cause appreciable errors in the integrated waveforms and explores the unavoidable source of aliasing in both experiment and simulation-the sampling operation. Numerical analysts are often puzzled as to why the integrated acceleration from their simulation does not match the displacement output from the same simulation. This work shows that these strange results can be caused by aliasing induced by interpolation of the model output during sampling regularisation. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Edwards, TS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS0557, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM tsedwar@sandia.gov NR 11 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0888-3270 J9 MECH SYST SIGNAL PR JI Mech. Syst. Signal Proc. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 21 IS 1 BP 165 EP 176 DI 10.1016/j.ymssp.2005.08.009 PG 12 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 109XZ UT WOS:000242344200011 ER PT J AU Rutherford, AC Park, G Farrar, CR AF Rutherford, Amanda C. Park, Gyuhae Farrar, Charles R. TI Non-linear feature identifications based on self-sensing impedance measurements for structural health assessment SO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE structural health monitoring; nonlinearity; active-sensing; impedance-based structural health monitoring ID DIAGNOSIS; ACTUATOR; SENSOR AB This paper presents the application of a non-linear feature identification technique for structural damage detection. This method is coupled with the impedance-based structural health monitoring (SHM) method, which utilises electromechanical coupling properties of piezoelectric materials. The non-linear feature examined in this study is in the form of autoregressive coefficients in the frequency domain autoregressive model with exogenous (ARX) inputs, which explicitly considers non-linear system input/output relationships. The applicability of this non-linear feature for damage identification is investigated in various frequency ranges using impedance signals measured from a laboratory-test structure. The performance of the non-linear feature is also compared with those of linear features typically used in impedance methods. This paper reinforces the utility of non-linear features in SHM and suggests that their sensitivity in different frequency ranges may be leveraged for certain applications. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Engn Inst, Weapon Response Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Park, G (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Engn Inst, Weapon Response Grp, Mail Stop T001, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM gpark@lanl.gov RI Farrar, Charles/C-6954-2012; OI Farrar, Charles/0000-0001-6533-6996 NR 16 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0888-3270 J9 MECH SYST SIGNAL PR JI Mech. Syst. Signal Proc. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 21 IS 1 BP 322 EP 333 DI 10.1016/j.ymssp.2005.10.002 PG 12 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 109XZ UT WOS:000242344200022 ER PT J AU Hammerand, DC Seidel, GD Lagoudas, DC AF Hammerand, Daniel C. Seidel, Gary D. Lagoudas, Dimitris C. TI Computational micromechanics of clustering and interphase effects in carbon nanotube composites SO MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Article DE polymer-matrix composites (PMCs); interphase; clustering; elastic properties; finite element analysis (FEA); nanostructures ID EPOXY COMPOSITES; FUNCTIONALIZATION; INTEGRATION; POLYMER AB Computational micromechanical analysis of high-stiffness holl ow fiber nanocomposites is performed using the finite element method. The high-stiffness hollow fibers are modeled either dir ectly as isotropic hollow tubes or equivalent transversely isotropic effective solid cylinders with properties computed using a micromec hanics based composite cylinders method. Using a representative volume element for clustered high-stiffness hollow fibers embedded in a compliant matrix with the appropriate periodic boundary cond itions, the effective elastic properties are obtained from the finite element results. These effective elastic properties are compared to approximate analytical results found using micromechanics metho ds. The effects of an interphase layer between the high-stiffness hollow fibers and matrix to simulate imperfect load transfer and/or functionalization of the hollow fibers is also investigated and comp ared to a multi-layer composite cylinders approach. Finally the combined effects of clustering with fiber-matrix interphase regions are studied. The parametric studies performed herein were motiv ated by and used properties for single-walled carbon nanotubes embedded in an epoxy matrix, and as such are intended to serve as a guide for continuum level representations of such nanocomposites in a multi-scale modelling approach. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Hammerand, DC (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS 0372, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM dchamme@sandia.gov RI Seidel, Gary/C-8492-2012; OI Seidel, Gary/0000-0002-1156-5010; Lagoudas, Dimitris/0000-0002-0194-5933 NR 25 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1537-6494 EI 1537-6532 J9 MECH ADV MATER STRUC JI Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct. PY 2007 VL 14 IS 4 BP 277 EP 294 DI 10.1080/15376490600817370 PG 18 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 171VW UT WOS:000246764500005 ER PT J AU Sartorius, A Henn, FA AF Sartorius, Alexander Henn, Fritz A. TI Deep brain stimulation of the lateral habenula in treatment resistant major depression SO MEDICAL HYPOTHESES LA English DT Article ID MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX; ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION; NORADRENALINE RELEASE; RAT; MICRODIALYSIS; NUCLEUS; NEURONS; COMPLEX; SYSTEM; GABA AB The burden of depression as a severe illness with high suicidality and prevalence is immense. Despite substantial advancement in psychopharmacology and psychotherapy over the last decades a residual group of very it[ patients with a chronic disease and high suicidal risk remains. Modern theories about the pathophysiology of depression are derived from studies examining the mechanism of antidepressants influencing the serotonergic (5-HT) and noradrenergic (NE) systems. Serotonergic fibers originate from the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN), noradrenergic fibers from the locus coeruleus (LC). Both nuclei represent relatively small brain regions and both are controlled to some extent by the habenular complex. We propose the hypothesis of an overactivation of the habenula in human major depressive episodes (MDE's). Increased activation of the Lateral habenular nucleus leads to the down regulation of the serotonergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic systems and stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Functional inhibition of the lateral habenula via deep brain stimulation (DBS) has antidepressive properties. The hypothesis is based on the findings of a clinical imaging study examining the habenular after tryptophan depletion and on several animal studies which are discussed. Providing that our hypothesis will be validated by an analogous. tyrosine depletion study and additional preclinical studies, the next logical step would be to directly test our hypothesis in patients. Possible criteria for patient selection, ethical issues and locus of DBS are carefully discussed. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Cent Inst Mental Hlth, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Life Sci Directorate, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Sartorius, A (reprint author), Cent Inst Mental Hlth, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany. EM alexander.sartorius@zi-mannheim.de RI Sartorius, Alexander/E-3061-2012 NR 22 TC 104 Z9 108 U1 0 U2 7 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 0306-9877 J9 MED HYPOTHESES JI Med. Hypotheses PY 2007 VL 69 IS 6 BP 1305 EP 1308 DI 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.03.021 PG 4 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 238ZO UT WOS:000251487400030 PM 17498883 ER PT J AU Chen, HT Kaminski, MD Liu, XQ Mertz, CJ Xie, YM Torno, MD Rosengart, AJ AF Chen, Haitao Kaminski, Michael D. Liu, Xianqiao Mertz, Carol J. Xie, Yumei Torno, Michael D. Rosengart, Axel J. TI A novel human detoxification system based on nanoscale bioengineering and magnetic separation techniques SO MEDICAL HYPOTHESES LA English DT Article ID EXTRACORPOREAL BLOOD-CIRCULATION; PLGA NANOPARTICLES; DRUG-DELIVERY; NANOSPHERES; CELLS; PHARMACOKINETICS; BIODISTRIBUTION; DECORPORATION; OPSONIZATION; MICROSPHERES AB We describe the conceptual approach, theoretical background and preliminary experimental data of a proposed platform technology for specific and rapid decorporation of blood-borne toxins from humans. The technology is designed for future emergent in-field or in-hospital detoxification of large numbers of biohazard-exposed victims; for example, after radiological attacks. The proposed systems is based on nanoscale technology employing biocompatible, superparamagnetic nanospheres, which are functionalized with target-specific antitoxin receptors, and freely circulate within the human blood stream after simple intravenous injection. Sequestration of the blood-borne toxins onto the nanosphere receptors generates circulating nanosphere-toxin complexes within a short time interval; mathematical modeling indicates prevailing of unbound nanosphere receptors over target toxin concentrations at most therapeutic injection dosages. After a toxin-specific time interval nanosphere-toxin complexes are generated within the blood stream and, after simple arterial or venous access, the blood is subsequently circulated via a small catheter through a portable high gradient magnetic separator device. In this device, the magnetic toxin complexes are retained by a high gradient magnetic field and the detoxified blood is then returned back to the blood circulation (extracorporeal circulation). Our preliminary in vitro experiments demonstrate >95% first pass capture efficiency of magnetic spheres within a prototype high gradient magnetic separation device. Further, based on the synthesis of novel hydrophobic magnetite nanophases with high magnetization (similar to 55 emu/g), the first biodegradable magnetic nanospheres at a size range of similar to 280 nm and functionalized with PEG-maleimide surface groups for specific antibody attachment are described here. In future applications, we envision this technology to be suitable for emergent, in-field usage for acutely biohazard exposed victims as both the injectable toxin-binding magnetic spheres and the separator device are made to be portable, light-weight, zero-power, and self- or helper-employed. Details of the technology are presented and the state-of-knowledge and research is discussed. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Engn, Nanoscale Engn Grp, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Chicago, Pritzker Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Neurocrit Care & Acutr Strole Program, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Pritzker Sch Med, Dept Surg Neurosurg, Neurocrit Care & Acutr Strole Program, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Rosengart, AJ (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Engn, Nanoscale Engn Grp, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM arosenga@neurology.bsd.uchicago.edu NR 55 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 10 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 0306-9877 EI 1532-2777 J9 MED HYPOTHESES JI Med. Hypotheses PY 2007 VL 68 IS 5 BP 1071 EP 1079 DI 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.04.047 PG 9 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 157EL UT WOS:000245701300026 PM 17123743 ER PT S AU Price, JR Aykac, D Wall, J AF Price, Jeffery R. Aykac, Deniz Wall, Jonathan BE Pluim, JPW Reinhardt, JM TI Improvements in level set segmentation of 3D small animal imagery - art. no. 651233 SO Medical Imaging 2007: Image Processing, Pts 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Medical Imaging 2007 Conference CY FEB 18-20, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Assoc Physicists, Amer Physiol Soc, Comp Assisted Radiol & Surg, Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Med Image Percept Soc, Radiol Soc N Amer, Soc Imaging Informat Med, Soc Mole Imaging, DICOM Standards Comm DE level sets; active contours; segmentation; topology preserving level sets ID MODELS AB In this paper, we investigate several improvements to region-based level set algorithms in the context of segmenting x-ray CT data from pre-clinical imaging of small animal models. We incorporate a recently introduced signed distance preserving term into a region-based level set model and provide formulas for a semi-implicit finite difference implementation. We illustrate some pitfalls of topology preserving level sets and introduce the concept of connectivity preservation as a potential alternative. We illustrate the benefits of these improvements on phantom and real data. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Price, JR (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6630-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6512 BP 51233 EP 51233 AR 651233 DI 10.1117/12.709662 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Biomedical; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Computer Science; Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BGE24 UT WOS:000246288500108 ER PT S AU Connor, D Dilmanian, FA Parham, C Kao, T Zhong, Z AF Connor, Dean Dilmanian, F. Avraham Parham, Christopher Kao, Teresa Zhong, Zhong BE Hsieh, J Flynn, MJ TI Energy and dose considerations for diffraction enhanced CT in small animal studies SO Medical Imaging 2007: Physics of Medical Imaging, Pts 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Medical Imaging 2007 Conference CY FEB 18-20, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Assoc Physicists, Amer Physiol Soc, Comp Assisted Radiol & Surg, Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Med Image Percept Soc, Radiol Soc N Amer, Soc Imaging Informat Med, Soc Mole Imaging, DICOM Standards Comm DE imaging small animals; micro CT; diffraction enhanced imaging; CT; x-ray refraction; image contrast to; noise ratio ID TOMOGRAPHY AB Diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) uses monochromatic x-rays coupled to an analyzer crystal to extract information about the refraction of x-rays within the object. Studies of excised biological tissues show that DEI has significant contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) advantages for soft tissue when compared to standard radiography. DEI differs from conventional CT in that its refraction contrast depends on x-ray energy as 1/E, thus the energy and dose considerations for conventional CT will be inappropriate. The goal of this study was to assess the optimal energy for in vivo CT imaging of a mouse head to obtain the largest soft tissue refraction CNR. Through a theoretical model, optimum refraction CNR for mouse brain imaging was found to be about 20 keV. The findings were tested experimentally using the DEI system at the X15A beamline of the National Synchrotron Light Source. Using the parameters for optimized refraction CNR (20 keV, silicon [333] reflection), large image artifacts were caused by DEI's scatter-rejection properties. By increasing the x-ray energy and using a lower order diffraction, silicon [111], soft tissue features within the brain, including the hippocampus, could be resolved. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source & Med Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Connor, D (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source & Med Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6628-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6510 BP U1502 EP U1510 DI 10.1117/12.710309 PN 1-3 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BGI21 UT WOS:000247292100120 ER PT S AU Schweizer, S Lubinsky, AR Johnson, JA AF Schweizer, Stefan Lubinsky, Anthony R. Johnson, Jacqueline A. BE Hsieh, J Flynn, MJ TI Fluorozirconate-based glass-ceramic storage phosphors for digital mammography SO Medical Imaging 2007: Physics of Medical Imaging, Pts 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Medical Imaging 2007 Conference CY FEB 18-20, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Assoc Physicists, Amer Physiol Soc, Comp Assisted Radiol & Surg, Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Med Image Percept Soc, Radiol Soc N Amer, Soc Imaging Informat Med, Soc Mole Imaging, DICOM Standards Comm DE DX; DET; METR; MG; OPT; x-ray storage phosphor; fluorozirconate glass ceramic; digital mammography ID PHOTOSTIMULATED LUMINESCENCE; COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY; PHASE AB We developed a class of (semi-) transparent glass-ceramic storage phosphors for digital mammography. The glass ceramics are based on europium-doped fluorozirconate glasses, which were additionally doped with chlorine to initiate the nucleation of barium chloride nanoparticles therein. The glass ceramic is able to convert ionizing radiation into stable electron-hole pairs, which can be read out afterwards with a scanning laser beam in a so-called "photostimulated luminescence" (PSL) process. A number of experiments were done to measure materials and engineering parameters relevant to a point scanning readout system, and to allow projection of the Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) for the proposed x-ray storage phosphor system. These included measurement of the required stimulating exposure (laser power density times pixel dwell time), and integrated PSL signal (or "gain", expressed as the number of detected electrons per absorbed x-ray). Measurements of optical light spreading of the stimulating laser light were also done, since this effect determines the MTF of the scanning system. Calculations of x-ray absorption vs. imaging plate composition and thickness, and x-ray beam spectrum, were also completed. Finally, the measured parameters were used to project DQE vs. spatial frequency for the proposed detector, and to compare with commercially available electronic mammography systems. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Schweizer, S (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Schweizer, Stefan/H-3518-2011; Johnson, Jacqueline/P-4844-2014 OI Johnson, Jacqueline/0000-0003-0830-9275 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6628-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6510 BP U1678 EP U1685 DI 10.1117/12.708758 PN 1-3 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BGI21 UT WOS:000247292100139 ER PT S AU Huang, LJ Quan, YL AF Huang, Lianjie Quan, Youli BE Emelianov, SY McAleavey, SA TI Ultrasound pulse-echo imaging using the split-step Fourier propagator - art. no. 651305 SO Medical Imaging 2007: Ultrasonic Imaging and Signal Processing SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Medical Imaging 2007 Conference CY FEB 18-20, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Assoc Physicists, Amer Physiol Soc, Comp Assisted Radiol & Surg, Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Med Image Percept Soc, Radiol Soc N Amer, Soc Imaging Informat Med, Soc Mole Imaging, DICOM Standards Comm DE image reconstruction; pulse-echo imaging; ring array; sampling criterion; split-step Fourier; transmission tomography; ultrasound breast imaging ID DIFFRACTION TOMOGRAPHY; TRANSDUCER ARRAYS; MIGRATION; SYSTEM; BREAST; RECONSTRUCTION; TRANSMISSION AB Ultrasonic reflection imaging has the potential to produce higher image resolution than transmission tomography, but imaging resolution and quality still need to be further improved for early cancer detection and diagnosis. We present an ultrasound reflection image reconstruction method using the split-step Fourier propagator. It is based on recursive inward continuation of ultrasonic wavefields in the frequency-space and frequency-wavenumber domains. The inward continuation within each extrapolation interval consists of two steps. In the first step, a phase-shift term is applied to the data in the frequency-wavenumber domain for propagation in a reference medium. The second step consists of applying another phase-shift term to data in the frequency-space domain to approximately compensate for ultrasonic scattering effects of heterogeneities within the breast. We use synthetic ultrasound pulse-echo data recorded around a ring for heterogeneous, computer-generated, numerical breast phantoms to study the imaging capability of the method. The phantoms are derived from an experimental breast phantom and a sound-speed tomography image of an in-vivo ultrasound breast data collected using a ring array. The heterogeneous sound-speed models used for pulse-echo imaging are obtained using a computationally efficient, first-arrival-time (time-of-flight) transmission tomography method. Our studies demonstrate that reflection image reconstruction using the split-step Fourier propagator with heterogeneous sound-speed models significantly improves image quality and resolution. We also numerically verify the spatial sampling criterion of wavefields for a ring transducer array. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Huang, LJ (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mail Stop D44, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6631-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6513 BP 51305 EP 51305 AR 651305 DI 10.1117/12.709998 PG 12 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BGJ04 UT WOS:000247373000004 ER PT S AU Paquit, V Price, JR Meriaudeau, F Tobin, KW Ferrell, TL AF Paquit, Vincent Price, Jeffery R. Meriaudeau, Fabrice Tobin, Kenneth W. Ferrell, Thomas L. BE Cleary, KR Miga, MI TI Combining near-infrared illuminants to optimize venous imaging - art. no. 65090H SO Medical Imaging 2007: Visualization and Image-Guided Procedures, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Medical Imaging 2007 Conference CY FEB 18-20, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Assoc Physicists, Amer Physiol Soc, Comp Assisted Radiol & Surg, Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Med Image Percept Soc, Radiol Soc N Amer, Soc Imaging Informat Med, Soc Mole Imaging, DICOM Standards Comm DE NIR venous imaging; medical robotics; segmentation and rendering; image-guided therapy AB The first and perhaps most important phase of a surgical procedure is the insertion of an intravenous (IV) catheter. Currently, this is performed manually by trained personnel. In some visions of future operating rooms, however, this process is to be replaced by an automated system. We previously presented work for localizing near-surface veins via near-infrared (NIR) imaging in combination with structured light ranging for surface mapping and robotic guidance. In this paper, we describe experiments to determine the best NIR wavelengths to optimize vein contrast for physiological differences such as skin tone and/or the presence of hair on the arm or wrist surface. For illumination, we employ an array of NIR LEDs comprising six different wavelength centers from 740nm to 910nm. We capture imagery of each subject under every possible combination of illuminants and determine the optimal combination of wavelengths for a given subject to maximize vein contrast using linear discriminant analysis. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Paquit, V (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Paquit, Vincent/K-9541-2013 OI Paquit, Vincent/0000-0003-0331-2598 NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6627-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6509 BP H5090 EP H5090 AR 65090H DI 10.1117/12.712576 PN 1-2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BGI23 UT WOS:000247294800016 ER PT J AU Wittman, RS Fisher, DR AF Wittman, Richard S. Fisher, Darrell R. TI Multiple-estimate Monte Carlo calculation of the dose rate constant for a cesium-131 interstitial brachytherapy seed SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE cesium-131 seed; dosimetry; brachytherapy; Monte Carlo; MCNP ID CROSS-SECTIONS; I-125; DOSIMETRY AB The purpose of this study was to calculate a more accurate dose rate constant for the Cs-131 (model CS-1, IsoRay Medical, Inc., Richland, WA) interstitial brachytherapy seed. Previous measurements of the dose rate constant for this seed have been reported by others with incongruity. Recent direct measurements by thermoluminescence dosimetry and by gamma-ray spectroscopy were about 15% a greater than earlier thermoluminescence dosimetry measurements. Therefore, we set about to calculate independent values by a Monte Carlo approach that combined three estimates as a consistency check, and to quantify the computational uncertainty. The calculated dose rate constant for the (CS)-C-131 seed was 1.040 cGy h(-1) U-1 for an ionization chamber model and 1.032 cGy h(-1) U-1 for a circular ring model. A formal value of 2.2% uncertainty was calculated for both values. The range of our multiestimate values were from 1.032 to 1.061 cGyh(-1) U-1. We also modeled three I-125 seeds with known dose rate constants to test the accuracy of this study's approach. (c) 2007 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Radioisotopes Program, Richland, WA 99354 USA. RP Wittman, RS (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Radioisotopes Program, Richland, WA 99354 USA. EM richard.wittman@pnl.gov; dr.fisher@pnl.gov NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 34 IS 1 BP 49 EP 54 DI 10.1118/1.2401653 PG 6 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 127GW UT WOS:000243574500006 PM 17278489 ER PT B AU Turchi, PJ AF Turchi, Peter J. BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI Issues of liner-plasma compression SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm AB For several decades, the notion of compression of plasma to fusion conditions by liner implosion has been pursued by several groups. This quest has often achieved success with some form of liner implosion technology, but not in the actual compression of plasma. Several plasma targets have been proposed, ranging from plasma magnetized to reduce heat transfer, but mechanically-supported by the liner, to plasmas confined and supported by magnetic field, in some configuration of open and closed field-lines. In all cases, the principal issue remains one of preventing the high atomic-number material of the liner from penetrating the plasma and countering the gain in plasma temperature sought by compression. Two factors foster development of such deleterious penetration: the creation of a liquid/vapor layer at the liner surface at high magnetic fields, and disruption of this layer by Rayleigh-Taylor instability in the final stages of plasma compression. The latter factor, of course, depends on the desired efficiency of energy transfer from liner kinetic energy to the plasma. In reactor concepts, the efficiency needs to be high in order to reduce the total system energy and size to attractive values. Within a general review of issues of liner compression of plasma, we discuss reactor cost optimization by use of plasma at pressures intermediate between the values of conventional magnetically- or inertially-confined fusion concepts. We also describe the development of an equilibrium layer of vapor adjacent to the liner surface at high magnetic fields, and the consequences of liner deceleration and rebound for reactor concepts and research progress. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Turchi, PJ (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 47 EP 56 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300005 ER PT B AU Atchison, WL Turchi, PJ Lemons, DS AF Atchison, Walter L. Turchi, Peter J. Lemons, Don S. BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI The quest for the wholly stable liner SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm AB For several decades many have studied or conducted experiments to drive magnetic fields into metallic conducting materials. Examples include designs for electrically exploded fuses, exploding wires to generate high energy plasmas, and of course heavy metal liners as kinetic drivers for hydrodynamic experiments. When the material melts the surface can develop highly unstable dynamics. One of the most common results is the onset and growth of spatial perturbations taking on the form of spike and bubble like structures. This is usually identified as Magneto-Raleigh-Taylor (MRT) instability. A clear example is when excessive current is applied to accelerate a near normal density thick metal liner to velocities approaching 1.0 cm/mu sec or greater. Yet we have observed several experiments where melting of the liner was present but the outside liner surface was observed to remained stable (B similar to 0.5 to 1.3 MG). Analysis of this and other cases compared to MHD simulations enabled us to examine this phenomenon under a variety of conditions. While the majority of the cases still are fundamentally acceleration driven instability of a fluid interface, other phenomenon have been observed to play a significant role such as the effect of liquid/vapor phase change at the surface. Additionally, this suggests there may be drive conditions that can maintain the aluminum at conditions well away from the saturated liquid line until the conditions are well above the triple point in aluminum. There are some indications that this may reduce or delay the MRT like instabilities. However excessive drive that pressurizes the melted layer too much produces unfavorable gradients in the material that grossly aggravate the traditional MRT instabilities. In this talk we will examine in detail the effects of EOS structure, conductivity dependence on state properties (e.g. density and temperature), and the magnitude and time dependence of the driving magnetic field on the evolution of surface conditions. Based on these observations we propose that controlling the surface stability may depend on careful adjustment of time scales associated with the driving waveform and kinetics of the liner in order to control the path in phase space (EOS) the material follows. C1 [Atchison, Walter L.; Turchi, Peter J.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Lemons, Don S.] Bethel Coll, North Newton, KS USA. RP Atchison, WL (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 57 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300006 ER PT B AU Egorychev, BT Avdeev, DV Avdoshin, VV Buyko, AM Volkov, GI Glybin, AM Ivanovsky, AV Ivanov, VA Ivanov, YI Krayev, AI Kudelkin, VB Kuzyayev, AI Morozov, IV Pak, SV Polyushko, SM Petrukhin, AA Savosin, AA Skobelev, AN Chernyshev, VK Shpagin, VI Zimenkov, AA Atchison, WL Faehl, RJ AF Egorychev, Boris T. Avdeev, Dmitry V. Avdoshin, Viktor V. Buyko, Anatoly M. Volkov, Gennady I. Glybin, Aleksey M. Ivanovsky, Andrey V. Ivanov, Vitaly A. Ivanov, Yevgeny I. Krayev, Andrey I. Kudelkin, Valery B. Kuzyayev, Anatoly I. Morozov, Ivan V. Pak, Semen V. Polyushko, Sergey M. Petrukhin, Aleksandr A. Savosin, Anatoly A. Skobelev, Aleksandr N. Chernyshev, Vladimir K. Shpagin, Vladimir I. Zimenkov, Aleksey A. Atchison, Walter L. Faehl, Rickey J. BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI Investigation of solid quasi-spherical liner implosion using diagnostic test stand and helical explosive magnetic generator as a pulsed power source SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm C1 [Egorychev, Boris T.; Avdeev, Dmitry V.; Avdoshin, Viktor V.; Buyko, Anatoly M.; Volkov, Gennady I.; Glybin, Aleksey M.; Ivanovsky, Andrey V.; Ivanov, Vitaly A.; Ivanov, Yevgeny I.; Krayev, Andrey I.; Kudelkin, Valery B.; Kuzyayev, Anatoly I.; Morozov, Ivan V.; Pak, Semen V.; Polyushko, Sergey M.; Petrukhin, Aleksandr A.; Savosin, Anatoly A.; Skobelev, Aleksandr N.; Chernyshev, Vladimir K.; Shpagin, Vladimir I.; Zimenkov, Aleksey A.] All Russian Sci Res Inst Expt Phys RFNC VNIIEF, Russian Fed Nucl Ctr, Sarov, Russia. [Atchison, Walter L.; Faehl, Rickey J.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Egorychev, BT (reprint author), All Russian Sci Res Inst Expt Phys RFNC VNIIEF, Russian Fed Nucl Ctr, Sarov, Russia. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 103 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300011 ER PT B AU Holtkamp, DB AF Holtkamp, David B. BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI Survey of optical velocimetry experiments - Applications of PDV, a heterodyne velocimeter SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm ID FLOW AB Optical velocimetry has been an important experimental diagnostic for many experiments. Recent improvements to heterodyne techniques have resulted in compact, inexpensive and high performance velocimetry measurement systems. We report on developments and improvements in this area and illustrate the performance of Photon Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) by showing several experimental examples. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Holtkamp, DB (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 119 EP 128 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300013 ER PT B AU Siemon, RE Bauer, BS Awe, TJ Angelova, MA Fuelling, S Goodrich, T Lindemuth, IR Makhin, V Ivanov, V Presura, R Atchison, WL Faehl, RJ Reinovsky, RE Scudder, DW Turchi, PJ Degnan, JH Ruden, EL Frese, MH Garanin, SF Mokhov, VN AF Siemon, R. E. Bauer, B. S. Awe, T. J. Angelova, M. A. Fuelling, S. Goodrich, T. Lindemuth, I. R. Makhin, V. Ivanov, V. Presura, R. Atchison, W. L. Faehl, R. J. Reinovsky, R. E. Scudder, D. W. Turchi, P. J. Degnan, J. H. Ruden, E. L. Frese, M. H. Garanin, S. F. Mokhov, V. N. BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI The challenge of wall-plasma interaction with pulsed MG fields parallel to the wall SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm AB Experiments suitable for a variety of pulsed power facilities are being developed to study plasma formation and stability on the surface of typical liner materials in the megagauss (MG) regime. Understanding the plasma properties near the surface is likely to be critical for the design of Magnetized Target Fusion experiments, where the plasma density in the region near the wall can play an important role in setting the transport from hot fuel to the cold boundary. From the perspective of diagnostic access and simplicity, the surface of a stationary conductor with large enough current to generate MG surface field offers advantages compared with studying the surface of a moving liner. This paper reports on recent experiments at UNR that have generated magnetic fields in the range of about 0.2 to 3 MG, which confirm the viability of future experiments planned at Atlas and/or Shiva Star. Diagnostics reported here involve electrical measurements, streak camera photography, and surface luminosity. Additional diagnostic measurements and numerical modeling will be reported in the future. C1 [Siemon, R. E.; Bauer, B. S.; Awe, T. J.; Angelova, M. A.; Fuelling, S.; Goodrich, T.; Lindemuth, I. R.; Makhin, V.; Ivanov, V.; Presura, R.] Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Atchison, W. L.; Faehl, R. J.; Reinovsky, R. E.; Scudder, D. W.; Turchi, P. J.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. [Degnan, J. H.; Ruden, E. L.] Air Force Res Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87117 USA. [Frese, M. H.] NumerEx, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. [Garanin, S. F.; Mokhov, V. N.] VNIIEF, Sarov, Russia. RP Siemon, RE (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. FU DOE OFES [DE FG02-04ER54752, DE-FG02- 06ER54892] FX This work was supported by DOE OFES grants DE FG02-04ER54752, and DE-FG02- 06ER54892. The streak camera was made available by George Rodriguez and Peter Goodwin at Los Alamos National Laboratory NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 155 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300017 ER PT B AU Fuelling, S Awe, TJ Bauer, BS Goodrich, T Makhin, V Ivanov, VV Presura, R Siemon, RE Reinovsky, RE Turchi, PJ Degnan, JH Ruden, EL AF Fuelling, Stephan Awe, Tom J. Bauer, Bruno S. Goodrich, Tasha Makhin, Volodymyr Ivanov, Vladimir V. Presura, Radu Siemon, Richard E. Reinovsky, Robert E. Turchi, Peter J. Degnan, James H. Ruden, Edward L. BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI Development of an experiment to study plasma formation by megagauss fields SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm AB Load hardware and diagnostics have been developed to study metal vapor and plasma formed from aluminum surfaces by pulsed MG fields on Zebra. Radiation MHD modeling(1) indicates plasma formation should occur between 3-5 MG, but such modeling depends on assumed material properties, which are a topic of ongoing research. The experiment is designed to learn about this interesting threshold for plasma formation. A current of I MA is pulsed along a stationary, central wire, to generate magnetic fields of 3-5 MG. The goal is to observe and diagnose the formation of metal vapor and plasma in the vicinity of the wire. The simple geometry enables easy access by diagnostics, which include magnetic sensors, filtered photodiode measurements, optical imaging, and laser schlieren, shadowgraphy, interferometry and Faraday rotation. From these measurements the magnetic field, the density and temperature of the surface metal plasma, the radiation field, and the growth of instabilities will be inferred. Predictions of experimental data will be calculated from numerical simulations and compared with experimental results. The diagnostics are time resolved, so as to examine individually the distinct phases of compression, plasma formation, radiation-magnetohydrodynamic evolution, and instability. Diagnostics have being developed using a small HV pulser. C1 [Fuelling, Stephan; Awe, Tom J.; Bauer, Bruno S.; Goodrich, Tasha; Makhin, Volodymyr; Ivanov, Vladimir V.; Presura, Radu; Siemon, Richard E.] Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Reinovsky, Robert E.; Turchi, Peter J.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. [Degnan, James H.; Ruden, Edward L.] Air Force Res Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87117 USA. RP Fuelling, S (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. FU DOE OFES [DE FG02 04ER54752, DE-FG02- 06ER54892] FX This work was supported by DOE OFES grant DE FG02 04ER54752 and DE-FG02- 06ER54892. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 167 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300019 ER PT B AU Swenson, CA Sims, JR Rickel, DG AF Swenson, Charles A. Sims, James R. Rickel, Dwight G. BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI Performance of first 90 T insert magnet for US-DOE 100 T Multi-shot Pulsed Magnet Program SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm DE high magnetic fields; magnet design; pulsed magnetic fields; solenoid magnet ID REINFORCEMENT; POLYHELIX; FIELDS; MP35N; NHMFL; COIL AB The first phase of the US-DOE 100 T Multi-shot Pulsed Magnet Program has now been completed. The initial program goals were a non-destructive millisecond-scale 90 T pulse magnet system to support scientific research in high magnetic fields. Two magnet subsystems comprise the magnet: a nested array of seven generator-driven coils that produce 41.6 T in a 225 mm bore; and a capacitor-driven 15 mm bore "insert" magnet that produces 50.9 T inside the outer coil set. The US-DOE 100 T Multi-shot (MS) Pulsed Magnet Program is collaboration between US-DOE engineering teams at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the US-NSF engineering team at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory located in Tallahassee Florida. The US-DOE is responsible for the systems integration and the development of the generator driven outer coil set. The US-NSF is responsible for the development and production of the capacitor driven insert magnet. The 90 T MS system is now in the commissioning phase of operations. This paper presents a review of the magnet design, operational performance data, and the developments required for the 50.9 T insert magnet. Technology for the 90 T insert evolved from a series of prototype magnets build to access engineering concepts and materials, and gain experience operating insert-like coils at the same temperature, stress, and strain regime as will ultimately be encountered at 100 T. We will access the performance of the 90 T insert in the context of the prototype development program and the requirements for future 100 T operations on the millisecond time scale. C1 [Swenson, Charles A.; Sims, James R.; Rickel, Dwight G.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Swenson, CA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 207 EP 215 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300025 ER PT B AU Mielke, CH McDonald, RD AF Mielke, Charles H. McDonald, Ross D. BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI Single turn multi-megagauss system at the NHMFL-Los Alamos to study plutonium SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm ID COILS; FIELDS AB By utilizing a fast capacitor bank and the single-turn coil technique, a new megagauss system has been commissioned at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The system is specially designed for condensed matter physics experimentation on metallic plutonium and other actinides in extremely high magnetic fields. In addition to special conditions required for handling hazardous samples, the system features 24 synchronous switches at a maximum voltage of 60 kV and a maximum current approaching 4MA. Peak magnetic fields approaching 300 tesla are predicted for the system. System design and issues related to condensed matter physics experimentation are discussed. C1 [Mielke, Charles H.; McDonald, Ross D.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Mielke, CH (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 227 EP 231 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300027 ER PT B AU Sims, JR Schillig, J Coe, H Ammerman, CN AF Sims, James R. Schillig, JosefB. Coe, Hideyoshi Ammerman, Curtt N. BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI Investigation of reinforced, magnet-coil support shells for the NHMFL 100 Tesla non-destructive magnet SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm AB The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) at Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Tallahassee, Florida has undertaken an effort to design and build a 100 T nondestructive magnet. The magnet will be located in Los Alamos and will be used for studying properties of materials at high magnetic fields. The goal for the 100 T magnet is a duration of 15 ms above 80 T in a 24-mm bore. The pulsed magnet will be cooled to 80K prior to each shot. The magnet will consist of a relatively small, capacitor-driven magnet at the center (called the 'insert') specifically designed to operate within a large "platform" magnetic field. Located around the small capacitor-driven magnet is an outer set of seven nested coils (called the 'outsert') driven by energy stored in a motor/generator. Each of these seven coils in the outsert is supported by a cylindrical reinforcing shell. The reinforcing shells for the inner four coils of the outsert have a unique design. These four shells are constructed of Nitronic 40 'bobbins' that are over-wrapped with high-strength 301SS. This paper describes the design, analysis, and testing of these reinforced, magnet-coil support shells. C1 [Sims, James R.; Schillig, JosefB.; Coe, Hideyoshi; Ammerman, Curtt N.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Sims, JR (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 233 EP 238 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300028 ER PT B AU Goforth, J Oona, H Herrera, D Meyer, R Tasker, D Torres, D AF Goforth, Jim Oona, Hank Herrera, Dennis Meyer, Ross Tasker, Doug Torres, Dave BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI Modernization of the MK-IX generator SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm AB The design and performance of the MK-IX generator was originally published by Fowler and others in the 1989 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference in Monterey, CA(1). This was a versatile generator that was used for many experiments during the 1980s and 1990s. During that period, we delivered up to 30 MA current to a 35 nH load, and routinely delivered 21 MA to 72 nH inductive stores (16 MJ) for Procyon tests. New research efforts now need the output of a generator of this size, or larger. Our first step is to fabricate generators and demonstrate that we can reproduce old results. We have shown that we can still deliver 460 kA to the generator (7.2 mu H) as before. We intend to modernize the MK-IX after establishing baseline performance. Castable explosives have become an efficient driver for generator armatures, but these explosives have reduced performance. To obtain the same output, we will have to modify the generator armature. For example, an aluminum armature could help compensate for explosive performance, and improve both cost and manufacturability. Calculations can compare the baseline design with more practical ones for future use. In this paper we present proposed changes, the pros and cons, and the status of our baseline fabrication and testing efforts. C1 [Goforth, Jim; Oona, Hank; Herrera, Dennis; Meyer, Ross; Tasker, Doug; Torres, Dave] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Goforth, J (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 275 EP 280 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300033 ER PT B AU Tasker, DG Goforth, JH Oona, H Kiultu, G Domonkos, M AF Tasker, Douglas G. Goforth, James H. Oona, Henn Kiultu, Gerald Domonkos, Matthew BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI Experimental and theoretical analyses of explosively-formed fuse (EFF) opening switches SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm AB The EFF is used at Los Alamos as the primary opening switch for high current applications. it has interrupted currents from similar to 10 kA to 25 MA, thus diverting the current into low inductance loads. To understand and optimize the performance of full-scale experiments, many parameters were studied in a series of small-scale experiments, including: electrical conduction through the explosive products; current density; explosive initiation; insulator type; conductor thickness; conductor metal; metal temper; and on. The results show a marked inverse correlation of peak EFF resistance with current density. In this paper we postulate and refute a simple extrusion mechanism of EFF operation; demonstrate that the EFF switch has a near-ideal profile for producing flat-topped voltage profiles; and explore possible mechanisms for the degradation of small scale switch performance. C1 [Tasker, Douglas G.; Goforth, James H.; Oona, Henn] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Kiultu, Gerald; Domonkos, Matthew] Air Force Res Lab, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Tasker, DG (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. FU US De partment of Energy [LA-UR- 06-6087]; US Air Force Research Laboratory FX We wish to acknowledge Dennis Herrera, Dave Torres, and Jim King for their excellent experimental work. This study was funded by the US De partment of Energy (LA-UR- 06-6087) and the US Air Force Research Laboratory. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 301 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300037 ER PT B AU Nite, DA Rieben, RN Wallin, BK AF Nite, Daniel A. Rieben, Robert N. Wallin, Brad K. BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI Coupling magnetic fields and ALE hydrodynamics for 3D simulations of MFCGs SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm AB We review the development of a full 3D multiphysics code for the simulation of explosively driven Magnetic Flux Compression Generators (MFCG) and related pulse power devices. In a typical MFCG the device is seeded with an initial electric current and the device is then detonated. The detonation compresses the magnetic field and amplifies the current. This is a multiphysics problem in that detonation kinetics, electromagnetic diffusion and induction, material deformation, and thermal effects are all important. This is a tightly coupled problem in that the different physical quantities have comparable spatial and temporal variation, and hence should be solved simultaneously on the same computational mesh. C1 [Nite, Daniel A.; Rieben, Robert N.; Wallin, Brad K.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Nite, DA (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 371 EP 376 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300049 ER PT B AU Tasker, DG Goforth, JH Oona, H AF Tasker, Douglas G. Goforth, James H. Oona, Henn BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI Summary of isentropic compression experiments performed with high explosive pulsed power SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm AB One-dimensional isentropic compression experiments (ICE) have been performed over the last few years at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) using a High Explosive Pulsed Power (HEPP) system. Accurate, high pressure, isentropic Equations of State (EOS) data have been obtained for copper and tungsten. A number of important issues have been identified, such as: magnetic field (B-field) uniformity; sample-to-sample B-field uniformity; sample size constraints; the maximum stress before shock-up; and accuracy. The results for tungsten show non-ideal elastic to plastic transition features, but an experimental isentrope that is close to theoretical values. C1 [Tasker, Douglas G.; Goforth, James H.; Oona, Henn] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Tasker, DG (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. FU US Department of Energy [LA-UR-06-7730] FX This work was funded by the US Department of Energy, LA-UR-06-7730. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 413 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300055 ER PT B AU Reinovsky, RE Atchison, WL Dimonte, G Kaul, A Rodriguez, G Rousculp, C Reardon, PT AF Reinovsky, R. E. Atchison, W. L. Dimonte, G. Kaul, A. Rodriguez, G. Rousculp, C. Reardon, P. T. BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI Pulsed power hydrodynamics: An application of pulsed power and high magnetic fields to the exploration of material properties and problems in experimental hydrodynamics SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm AB Pulsed Power Hydrodynamics (PPH) is an evolving application of low-impedance pulsed power technology to the study of problems in advanced hydrodynamics, instabilities, turbulence, and material properties in a highly precise, controllable environment at the currently achievable extremes of pressure and material velocity. The Atlas facility, designed and built by Los Alamos, is the world's first, and only, laboratory pulsed power system designed specifically for this relatively new family of pulsed power applications and joins an ensemble of low impedance, high current drivers, around the world, that contribute to advancing the field of Pulsed Power Hydrodynamics. The high-precision, cylindrically imploding liner is the tool most frequently used to convert electromagnetic energy into the hydrodynamic (particle kinetic) energy needed to drive strong shocks, quasi-isentropic compression, or large volume adiabatic compression for the experiments. At typical parameters, a 30-gr, 1-mm-thick liner with an initial radius of 5-cm, and a moderate current of 20 MA can be accelerated to 7.5 km/sec producing megabar shocks in medium density targets. Velocities up to 20 km/sec and pressures >20 Mbar in high density targets are possible. The first Atlas liner implosion experiments were conducted in Los Alamos in September 2001 and 16 experiments were conducted in the first year of operation before Atlas was disassembled, moved to the Nevada Test Site, and recommissioned. The experimental program resumed in July 2005. The first Atlas experiments at the Nevada Test Site included two implosion dynamics experiments, two experiments exploring damage and material failure, a new advanced hydrodynamics series aimed at studying the behavior of damaged material ejected into a gas, and a series exploring friction at sliding interfaces at high normal pressure and high relative velocities. Longer term applications include the study of material interfaces subjected to multi-megagauss magnetic fields, material strength at high strain rate, the properties of strongly coupled plasmas and the equation of state of materials at pressures approaching 10 Mbar. C1 [Reinovsky, R. E.; Atchison, W. L.; Dimonte, G.; Kaul, A.; Rodriguez, G.; Rousculp, C.; Reardon, P. T.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Reinovsky, RE (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Rodriguez, George/G-7571-2012 OI Rodriguez, George/0000-0002-6044-9462 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 431 EP 440 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300058 ER PT B AU Rousculp, CL Hammerberg, JE Oro, DM Rodriguez, G Goodwin, PM Salazar, MA Reinovsky, RE Faehl, RJ Becker, JR Berglin, RA Delzer, KW Gomez, GH Malone, RM Morgan, DV Pate, TV Theuer, KE Rigney, DA Kim, HJ AF Rousculp, C. L. Hammerberg, J. E. Oro, D. M. Rodriguez, G. Goodwin, P. M. Salazar, M. A. Reinovsky, R. E. Faehl, R. J. Becker, J. R. Berglin, R. A. Delzer, K. W. Gomez, G. H. Malone, R. M. Morgan, D. V. Pate, T. V. Theuer, K. E. Rigney, D. A. Kim, H. J. BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI Dynamic friction experiments at the Atlas Pulsed Power Facility SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm AB A Series of dynamic friction experiments has been conducted at the Atlas Pulsed Power Facility. Pulsed currents in excess of 21 MAmps were delivered to a cylindrical liner in about 15 mu s. The liner was accelerated to km/s velocities and symmetrically impacted a hollow Ta/Al/Ta target. Due to the shock speed difference in Ta and Al, sliding velocities of almost a km/s were achieved at the Ta/Al interfaces. Initial analysis indicates that the machine performed to within a few percent of the design specifications. The primary diagnostic for these experiments was three radiographic lines-of-sight to look at thin gold wires embedded within the Al piece of the target. The magnitude of the displacement and the amount of distortion of the wires near the material interface is used as a measure of the dynamic frictional forces occurring there. Other diagnostics included a single-point VISAR and line-ORVIS to measure the breakout time and velocity on the inside of the target. Also, the Faraday rotation of a laser beam through a circular loop of optical fiber located in the power-flow channel of the experiment is used to measure the total current delivered to the experimental load. Data are being compared to a theoretical dynamic friction model for high sliding velocities. The model is based on molecular dynamics simulations and predicts an inverse power law dependence of frictional forces at very high sliding velocities. C1 [Rousculp, C. L.; Hammerberg, J. E.; Oro, D. M.; Rodriguez, G.; Goodwin, P. M.; Salazar, M. A.; Reinovsky, R. E.; Faehl, R. J.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Becker, J. R.; Berglin, R. A.; Delzer, K. W.; Gomez, G. H.; Malone, R. M.; Morgan, D. V.; Pate, T. V.; Theuer, K. E.] NSTec, Las Vegas, NV USA. [Rigney, D. A.; Kim, H. J.] Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Rousculp, CL (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Rodriguez, George/G-7571-2012 OI Rodriguez, George/0000-0002-6044-9462 FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC52-06NA25396] FX This work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 441 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300059 ER PT B AU Kaul, AM Rodriguez, G AF Kaul, Ann M. Rodriguez, George BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI Spall and damage in convergent geometry using pulsed power SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm AB The ability of pulsed-power to magnetically accelerate and drive high-precision liner-target implosions facilitates studies of material properties such as damage in cylindrically convergent geometry. Spallation damage experiments are usually conducted in a planar geometry, allowing for one-dimensional analysis of evolution of failure characteristics. Cylindrical experiments allow for a careful analysis of the effect of convergence and two-dimensional strains and shear stresses on the spallation profile of a material. This paper reports on a series of recent experiments to provide data describing the onset of failure of a well-characterized material (aluminum) in a cylindrically convergent geometry. Experimental data includes post-shot collection of the damaged target for subsequent metallographic analysis, dynamic VISAR velocimetry to infer the target material spallation strength and damage model parameters, and transverse radial radiography to assess drive and impact symmetry. This data is used to develop and validate damage and failure models. The theoretical basis, designs and results are presented for these experiments using explosively-driven pulsed power facilities. C1 [Kaul, Ann M.; Rodriguez, George] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Kaul, AM (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Rodriguez, George/G-7571-2012 OI Rodriguez, George/0000-0002-6044-9462 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 447 EP 452 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300060 ER PT B AU Balashov, SV Duday, PV Egorychev, BT Glybin, AM Gorbachev, YN Ivanov, VA Ivanovsky, AV Ilyushkina, NY Karpov, GV Kolomyitsev, VE Krayev, AI Kudel'kin, VB Kuzyayev, AI Morozov, IV Nadezhin, SS Pak, SV Petrukhin, AA Savtsova, YV Sitnikova, NI Skobelev, AN Tyupanova, OA Vasyukov, VA Volkov, GI Zubayerova, RR Anderson, BG Atchison, WL Kaul, AM Salazar, M Rodriguez, G Reinovsky, RE Tabaka, L Westley, DT AF Balashov, S. V. Duday, P. V. Egorychev, B. T. Glybin, A. M. Gorbachev, Yu. N. Ivanov, V. A. Ivanovsky, A. V. Ilyushkina, N. Yu. Karpov, G. V. Kolomyitsev, V. E. Krayev, A. I. Kudel'kin, V. B. Kuzyayev, A. I. Morozov, I. V. Nadezhin, S. S. Pak, S. V. Petrukhin, A. A. Savtsova, Yu. V. Sitnikova, N. I. Skobelev, A. N. Tyupanova, O. A. Vasyukov, V. A. Volkov, G. I. Zubayerova, R. R. Anderson, B. G. Atchison, W. L. Kaul, A. M. Salazar, M. Rodriguez, G. Reinovsky, R. E. Tabaka, L. Westley, D. T. BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI Experimental test bench on the basis of helical EMG to study spallation mechanisms in cylindrical geometry SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm AB The paper presents the results of application of the explosive magnetic pulsed power source (EMPPS), in the first experiments studying the spallation mechanisms of the solid substances damage under conditions of converging axisymmetric geometry of loading of samples by the impact of the cylindrical liner driven to a velocity of 0,2-1 km/s. C1 [Balashov, S. V.; Duday, P. V.; Egorychev, B. T.; Glybin, A. M.; Gorbachev, Yu. N.; Ivanov, V. A.; Ivanovsky, A. V.; Ilyushkina, N. Yu.; Karpov, G. V.; Kolomyitsev, V. E.; Krayev, A. I.; Kudel'kin, V. B.; Kuzyayev, A. I.; Morozov, I. V.; Nadezhin, S. S.; Pak, S. V.; Petrukhin, A. A.; Savtsova, Yu. V.; Sitnikova, N. I.; Skobelev, A. N.; Tyupanova, O. A.; Vasyukov, V. A.; Volkov, G. I.; Zubayerova, R. R.] All Russia Sci Res Inst Expt Phys, Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. [Anderson, B. G.; Atchison, W. L.; Kaul, A. M.; Salazar, M.; Rodriguez, G.; Reinovsky, R. E.; Tabaka, L.; Westley, D. T.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Balashov, SV (reprint author), All Russia Sci Res Inst Expt Phys, Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 453 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300061 ER PT B AU Coverdale, CA Deeney, C Jones, B LePell, PD Velikovich, AL Thornhill, JW Apruzese, JP Whitney, KG Clark, RW Davis, J Levine, J Sze, H Banister, J Failor, BH Qi, N Maron, Y AF Coverdale, C. A. Deeney, C. Jones, B. LePell, P. D. Velikovich, A. L. Thornhill, J. W. Apruzese, J. P. Whitney, K. G. Clark, R. W. Davis, J. Levine, J. S. Sze, H. M. Banister, J. W. Failor, B. H. Qi, N. Maron, Y. BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI High current wire array and gas puff implosions on the Z accelerator to produce intense K-shell x-ray emissions SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm ID Z-PINCH IMPLOSIONS; ENERGY DENSITY PHYSICS; HIGH-VELOCITY; RADIATION; ALUMINUM; NUMBER; SIMULATIONS; INSTABILITY; TITANIUM; PLASMAS AB Over the last several years, the Z Accelerator has been engaged in research on near-Planckian x-ray sources for inertial confinement fusion and on K-shell emitting sources for radiation-material interaction studies. These radiating z pinches exhibit complex dynamics that have been, and continue to be, studied over a wide range of configurations. In this paper, the progress to date for the production of tens to hundreds of kilojoules of K-shell emission from 8 keV to 3 keV will be presented. Nested wire arrays and multi-shell gas puffs have been employed to help mitigate implosion instabilities and asymmetries to produce x-ray powers of tens of terawatts with emitted x-ray risetimes of a few nanoseconds. Spectroscopy and modeling of these pinches are providing insight into the role of temperature and density gradients and other plasma phenomena in the production of the radiation. Future directions will also be discussed. C1 [Coverdale, C. A.; Deeney, C.; Jones, B.; LePell, P. D.] Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Velikovich, A. L.; Thornhill, J. W.; Apruzese, J. P.; Whitney, K. G.; Clark, R. W.; Davis, J.] Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. [Levine, J. S.; Sze, H. M.; Banister, J. W.; Failor, B. H.; Qi, N.] Pulse Sci L3, San Leandro, CA USA. [Maron, Y.] Weizmann Inst Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. RP Coverdale, CA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RI Velikovich, Alexander/B-1113-2009 FU Sandia National Laboratories; Sandia Corporation; Lockheed Martin Company; United States Department of Energy [DE-AC0494AL85000] FX The authors would like to acknowledge additional computational and theoretical support from J. Chittenden and M. Haines of Imperial College, S. Rosenthal of Sandia National Laboratories, and S. Chantrenne of Ktech. In addition, the authors would like to acknowledge useful conversations with J.E. Bailey, C. Hall, D.B. Sinars, E. Waisman, and E. Yu of Sandia National Laboratories. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy under contract DE-AC0494AL85000. NR 39 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 489 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300067 ER PT B AU Colgate, SA AF Colgate, Stirling A. BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI Equilibrium ignition, a minimum energy route to fusion via multiple mass shell collisions SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm AB It is suggested that the minimum energy route to inertial fusion ignition is where the density of fuel and confining material is sufficiently high that the heat of the thermonuclear fuel can be contained at equilibrium conditions at ignition temperature with negligible penalty of thermal heat loss. Naturally the period of this confinement is established by the "inertial" conditions, but it is found that the scaling of reaction rate and thermal confinement time strongly favors thermal equilibrium conditions within the fuel rather than the standard model where higher temperatures allow the energy production reaction rate to exceed the radiation (bremstralhung) loss rate. Because of the high penalty of the energy within the confinement medium, the "pusher", (similar to x5 that of the fuel), there is a high premium in maintaining the "adiabat" of the high density confining material as close to Fermi degeneracy, i.e., cold, as possible. Furthermore, because of this requirement for a cold adiabat, an efficient route from stored electrical energy, i.e., capacitors, to ignition is suggested. The stable and efficient acceleration of a thin metal shell, a "liner" to modest velocities, similar to 0.5 cm/mu s by the magnetic field of the current of capacitor discharge, has been well documented for relatively modest rise times of the current, similar to 5 mu s. Multiple high density cylindrical mass shells, e.g., gold, with inner and outer plastic layers, "elastic cushions" have been calculated to produce by sequential collisions and decreasing mass, an efficient mechanism to accelerate each concentric, smaller mass, a dense metal shell, to a high velocity efficiently while maintaining a cold adiabat. This efficiency is predicted, for a shell to shell mass ratio of similar to 0.65 to be surprisingly large, E(ff) similar to V(n)/V(0), or similar to 0.025 for a 40:1 velocity ratio.. Hence, for a desired final pusher velocity for equilibrium ignition of V(n) similar to 20 cm/mu s, we predict a minimum liner energy of similar to 2 kJ. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Colgate, SA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, T-6,MS B227, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM colgate@lanl.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 501 EP 506 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300068 ER PT B AU Lemke, RW Vesey, RA Cuneo, ME Desjarlais, MP Mehlhorn, TA AF Lemke, Raymond W. Vesey, Roger A. Cuneo, Michael E. Desjarlais, Michael P. Mehlhorn, Thomas A. BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI Z-pinch requirements for achieving high yield fusion via a z-pinch driven, double ended hohlraum concept SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm AB Using two-dimensional (21)), radiation magnetohydrodynamics (RMHD) numerical simulations, we have designed a feasible z-pinch radiation source that ignites a high yield fuel capsule in a z-pinch driven, double ended hohlraum concept. The z-pinch is composed of nested beryllium (Be) shells and a coaxial, cylindrical foam converter. The z-pinch is designed to produce a shaped radiation pulse that compresses a capsule by a sequence of three shocks without significant entropy increase. We present results of simulations pertaining to the z-pinch design, and discuss conditions that must be achieved in the z-pinch to ensure production of the required radiation pulse. C1 [Lemke, Raymond W.; Vesey, Roger A.; Cuneo, Michael E.; Desjarlais, Michael P.; Mehlhorn, Thomas A.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Lemke, RW (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 507 EP 512 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300069 ER PT B AU Peterson, RR Peterson, DL Watt, RG Tierney, HE Tierney, TE Idzorek, GC Magelssen, GR Kanzleiter, RJ Bailey, JE Jones, M Lopez, M Rochau, GA Sanford, TWL AF Peterson, Robert R. Peterson, Darrell L. Watt, Robert G. Tierney, Heidi E. Tierney, Thomas E. Idzorek, George C. Magelssen, Glenn R. Kanzleiter, Randall J. Bailey, James E. Jones, Michael Lopez, Michael Rochau, Gregory A. Sanford, Thomas W. L. BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI Dynamic hohlraum Z-pinches as radiation sources for high energy density experiments SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm AB Dynamic bohlraum (DH) z-pinches on the Z machine at Sandia National Laboratories have proven to be an excellent radiation source for driving high energy density experiments. The Z DH source produces as much as 100 W with powers up to 17 TW into a 4-mm diameter, axially-located radiation exit hole above the source. The Sandia Laboratories' ZR upgrade of Z may be able to similarly produce 200 U. The complex Z DH radiation source varies in spectral power and timing from shot-to-shot. We are characterizing the source physics through simulation and experiment in order to minimize this variability. We are studying how the complex spatially and temporally-dependent behavior of the DH source affects the performance of a number of axially-locatcd experiments. Using the Z DH as a source, we developed the new blast wave diagnostic, and applied it in a number of novel experiments. A large number of physics issues can be addressed by the Z DH and blast wave diagnostic, including experiments to study opacity, radiation transport and hydrodynamics. We will show how some experiments are quite sensitive to the source details while others are much less so. A synopsis and analysis of recently completed experiments as well as proposals for future work are presented. C1 [Peterson, Robert R.; Peterson, Darrell L.; Watt, Robert G.; Tierney, Heidi E.; Tierney, Thomas E.; Idzorek, George C.; Magelssen, Glenn R.; Kanzleiter, Randall J.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Bailey, James E.; Jones, Michael; Lopez, Michael; Rochau, Gregory A.; Sanford, Thomas W. L.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Peterson, RR (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. FU US DOE [W7405-ENG-36] FX This work is supported by US DOE (Contract #W7405-ENG-36). NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 513 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300070 ER PT B AU Mazarakis, MG Fowler, WE McDaniel, DH Olson, CL Rogowski, ST Sharpe, RA Struve, KW Kim, AA AF Mazarakis, Michael G. Fowler, William E. McDaniel, Daniel H. Olson, Craig L. Rogowski, Sonarisa T. Sharpe, Robin A. Struve, Kenneth W. Kim, Alexander A. BE Kiuttu, GF Turchi, PJ Reinovsky, RE TI A 1-MA Ltd cavities building blocks for next generation ICF/IFE SO MEGAGAUSS MAGNETIC FIELDS AND HIGH ENERGY LINER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics/International Workshop on High Energy Liners and High Energy Density Applications CY NOV 05-10, 2006 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Megagauss Inst, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Pulsed Power Sci & Technol comm AB We are actively pursuing the development of new accelerators based on the novice technology of Linear Transformer Driver (LTD). LTD based drivers are considered for many applications including future very high current Z-pinch drivers like ZX and Z-pinch IFE (Inertial Fusion Energy). The salient feature of the approach is switching and inductively adding the pulses at low voltage straight out of the capacitors through low inductance transfer and soft iron core isolation. Utilizing the presently available capacitors and switches we can envision building the next generation of fast z-pinch drivers without the usage of large deionized-water and oil tanks as it is the case with the present technology drivers. The most significant advantage of all is that the LTD drivers can be rep-rated. The later makes LTD the driver of choice for z-pinch IFE where the required repetition rate is of the order of 0.1 Hz. Presently we have in rep rated operation in Sandia a one 500-kA, 100-kV LTD cavity. The compact fast (<100 ns) LTD was suggested and its development is funded by Sandia at the High Current Electronic Institute (HCEI) in Tomsk, Russia, where a number of larger and stackable 1-MA cavities are under construction. C1 [Mazarakis, Michael G.; Fowler, William E.; McDaniel, Daniel H.; Olson, Craig L.; Rogowski, Sonarisa T.; Sharpe, Robin A.; Struve, Kenneth W.] Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Kim, Alexander A.] HCEI, Tomsk, Russia. RP Mazarakis, MG (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2061-2 PY 2007 BP 523 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Engineering; Physics GA BHT64 UT WOS:000256285300071 ER PT S AU Bagwell, BE Wick, DV Cowan, WD Spahn, OB Sweatt, WC Martinez, T Restaino, SR Andrews, JR Wilcox, CC Payne, DM Romeo, R AF Bagwell, Brett E. Wick, David V. Cowan, William D. Spahn, Olga Blum Sweatt, William C. Martinez, Ty Restaino, Sergio R. Andrews, Jonathan R. Wilcox, Christopher C. Payne, Don M. Romeo, Robert BE Olivier, SS Bifano, TG Kubby, JA TI Active zoom imaging for operationally responsive space - art. no. 64670D SO MEMS Adaptive Optics SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on MEMS Adaptive Optics CY JAN 24-25, 2007 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE active optics; deformable mirrors; MEMS; zoom lenses ID OPTICAL ZOOM; CRYSTAL; MODULATOR; LENS AB Deployment costs of large aperture systems in space or near-space are directly related to the weight of the system. In order to minimize the weight of conventional primary mirrors and simultaneously achieve an agile system that is capable of a wider field-of-view (FOV) and true optical zoom without macroscopic moving parts, we are proposing a revolutionary alternative to conventional zoom systems where moving lenses/mirrors and gimbals are replaced with lightweight carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) variable radius-of-curvature mirrors (VRMs) and MEMS deformable mirrors (DMs). CFRP and MEMS DMs can provide a variable effective focal length, generating the flexibility in system magnification that is normally accomplished with mechanical motion. By adjusting the actuation of the CFRP VRM and MEMS DM in concert, the focal lengths of these adjustable elements, and thus the magnification of the whole system, can be changed without macroscopic moving parts on a millisecond time scale. In addition, adding optical tilt and higher order aberration correction will allow us to image off-axis, providing additional flexibility. Sandia National Laboratories, the Naval Research Laboratory, Narrascape, Inc., and Composite Mirror Applications, Inc. are at the forefront of active optics research, leading the development of active systems for foveated imaging, active optical zoom, phase diversity, and actively enhanced multi-spectral imaging. Integrating active elements into an imaging system can simultaneously reduce the size and weight of the system, while increasing capability and flexibility. In this paper, we present recent progress in developing active optical (aka nonmechanical) zoom and MEMS based foveated imaging for active imaging with a focus on the operationally responsive space application. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Bagwell, BE (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6580-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6467 BP D4670 EP D4670 AR 64670D DI 10.1117/12.706820 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BGC82 UT WOS:000246079300011 ER PT S AU Jones, SM Olivier, S Chen, D Joeres, S Sadda, S Zawadzki, RJ Werner, JS Miller, DT AF Jones, S. M. Olivier, S. Chen, D. Joeres, S. Sadda, S. Zawadzki, R. J. Werner, J. S. Miller, D. T. BE Olivier, SS Bifano, TG Kubby, JA TI Adaptive Optics Ophthalmologic Systems using dual deformable mirrors - art. no. 64670H SO MEMS Adaptive Optics SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on MEMS Adaptive Optics CY JAN 24-25, 2007 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE Adaptive Optics; AO; dual deformable mirrors; retinal focus ID SCANNING LASER OPHTHALMOSCOPE; SPATIAL LIGHT-MODULATOR; COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; HIGH-RESOLUTION; VISION SCIENCE; IMAGE QUALITY; HUMAN EYE; ABERRATIONS; IMPROVEMENT; POPULATION AB Adaptive Optics (AO) have been increasingly combined with a variety of ophthalmic instruments over the last decade to provide cellular-level, in-vivo images of the eye. The use of MEMS deformable mirrors in these instruments has recently been demonstrated to reduce system size and cost while improving performance. However, currently available MEMS mirrors lack the required range of motion for correcting large ocular aberrations, such as defocus and astigmatism. In order to address this problem, we have developed an AO system architecture that uses two deformable mirrors, in a woofer / tweeter arrangement, with a bimorph mirror as the woofer and a MEMS mirror as the tweeter. This setup provides several advantages, including extended aberration correction range, due to the large stroke of the bimorph mirror, high order aberration correction using the MEMS mirror, and additionally, the ability to 'focus' through the retina. This AO system architecture is currently being used in four instruments, including an Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) system and a retinal flood-illuminated imaging system at the UC Davis Medical Center, a Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (SLO) at the Doheny Eye Institute, and an OCT system at Indiana University. The design, operation and evaluation of this type of AO system architecture will be presented. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94539 USA. RP Jones, SM (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 6000 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94539 USA. RI Zawadzki, Robert/E-7534-2011 OI Zawadzki, Robert/0000-0002-9574-156X NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6580-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6467 BP H4670 EP H4670 AR 64670H DI 10.1117/12.711189 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BGC82 UT WOS:000246079300015 ER PT S AU Carr, E Olivier, S Solgaard, O AF Carr, Emily Olivier, Scot Solgaard, Olav BE Olivier, SS Bifano, TG Kubby, JA TI Large-stroke self-aligned vertical comb drive actuated micromirror arrays for adaptive optics applications SO MEMS ADAPTIVE OPTICS SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on MEMS Adaptive Optics CY JAN 24-25, 2007 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE adaptive optics; wavefront correction; micromechanical mirror device; piston-type mirror elements; comb drive actuators; large displacement micromirrors; spatial light modulator; surface micromachining; MOEMS ID ELECTROSTATIC COMBDRIVES; SOI WAFER; FABRICATION; ROTATION; MIRRORS AB A high-stroke micromirror array was designed, modeled, fabricated and tested. Each pixel in the 4x4 array consists of a self-aligned vertical comb drive actuator that has had a single-crystal silicon mirror successfully bonded to it. Two different bonding technologies were used, photoresist bonding and fusion bonding. The results of each of these bonding methods will be presented. Analytical models combined with CoventorWare (R) simulations were used to design these elements that would move up to 10 microns in piston motion with 200V applied. Devices were fabricated according to this design and difference measurements performed with a white-light interferometer demonstrated a displacement of 0.18 microns with 200V applied. Further investigation revealed that fabrication process inaccuracy led to significantly stiffer mechanical springs in the fabricated devices. The increased stiffness of the springs was shown to account for the reduced displacement that was observed. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Carr, E (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6580-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2007 VL 6467 AR 64670U DI 10.1117/12.710894 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BGC82 UT WOS:000246079300025 ER PT J AU Mayeux, L Underwood, MK Risser, SD AF Mayeux, Lara Underwood, Marion K. Risser, Scott D. TI Perspectives on the ethics of sociometric research with children - How children, peers, and teachers help to inform the debate SO MERRILL-PALMER QUARTERLY-JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PSYCHOLOGICAL-RESEARCH; PARTICIPATION; BEHAVIOR; CAPACITY; CONSENT; ASSENT; ISSUES; RISK AB Perceptions of children and teachers were examined to address concerns regarding children's welfare following sociometric testing. Third-graders (N = 91) were interviewed; teachers also reported on each child's responses to the testing. Results indicate that children were not hurt or upset by the testing, most enjoyed the procedures, did not feel that their peers treated them any differently following the testing, and understood their research rights. There were no relations between social preference as determined by peer nominations and teacher- and self-reported responses to sociometric testing. The implications of these results for the design and implementation of careful, ethical sociometric research with children are discussed. C1 Univ Texas, Sch Behav & Brain Sci, Dallas, TX 75230 USA. Oak Ridge Associated Univ, Dept Psychol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Underwood, MK (reprint author), Univ Texas, Sch Behav & Brain Sci, POB 830688, Dallas, TX 75230 USA. EM lmayeux@ou.edu; undrwd@utdallas.edu NR 20 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 7 PU WAYNE STATE UNIV PRESS PI DETROIT PA 4809 WOODWARD AVE, DETROIT, MI 48201-1309 USA SN 0272-930X J9 MERRILL PALMER QUART JI Merrill-Palmer Q.-J. Dev. Psychol. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 53 IS 1 BP 53 EP 78 PG 26 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 174YD UT WOS:000246977900003 ER PT J AU Pfleger, BF Pitera, DJ Newman, JD Martin, VJJ Keasling, JD AF Pfleger, Brian F. Pitera, Douglas J. Newman, Jack D. Martin, Vincent J. J. Keasling, Jay D. TI Microbial sensors for small molecules: Development of a mevalonate biosensor SO METABOLIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE mevalonate; biosensor; DXP pathway; isoprenoid; mevalonate pathway; high-throughput screening ID 1-DEOXY-D-XYLULOSE 5-PHOSPHATE REDUCTOISOMERASE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BIOSYNTHESIS; PATHWAY; EXPRESSION; GENES; ACID; DNA AB We describe a novel biosensor strain for detection and quantification of a small molecule, mevalonate. The biosensor strain is an Escherichia coli mevalonate auxotroph that expresses the green fluorescent protein and reports on the mevalonate concentration in the growth medium through a change in growth rate. A model describing the growth rate dependence on mevalonate was developed in order to use the biosensor strain for high-throughput screening (HTS) and quantitative measurement of mevalonate in the extracellular environment. In general, this method should be applicable to the quantification of any small molecule for which an auxotroph can be developed and will be useful for HTS of evolved metabolic pathways for which there is no readily available screen or selection. (C) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Ctr Synthet Biol, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Bioengn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Synthet Biol Dept, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Keasling, JD (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Ctr Synthet Biol, Dept Chem Engn, 717 Potter St,Bldg 977,Mail Code 3224, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM keasling@berkeley.edu RI Keasling, Jay/J-9162-2012 OI Keasling, Jay/0000-0003-4170-6088 NR 23 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 21 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1096-7176 J9 METAB ENG JI Metab. Eng. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 9 IS 1 BP 30 EP 38 DI 10.1016/j.ymben.2006.08.002 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 130XJ UT WOS:000243832000004 PM 17002894 ER PT J AU Woo, W Choo, H Brown, DW Feng, ZL AF Woo, Wanchuck Choo, Hahn Brown, Donald W. Feng, Zhili TI Influence of the tool pin and shoulder on microstructure and natural aging kinetics in a friction-stir-processed 6061-T6 aluminum alloy SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RESIDUAL-STRESS MEASUREMENTS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; PRECIPITATION SEQUENCE; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; WELDS; BEHAVIOR; DEFORMATION AB The influence of the stirring pin and pressing toot shoulder on the microstructural softening during friction-stir processing (FSP) and subsequent natural aging behavior was investigated for a 6061-T6 aluminum alloy. The evolution of hardness profiles in various characteristic regions of the FSP plates was investigated as a function of time from 4 to 5760 hours after the FSP through the thickness of the plates and correlated to the microstructure and residual strain profiles measured by a neutron-diffraction technique. The results show that the microstructral softening and the natural aging observed in the dynamic recrystallized zone and thermomechanically affected zone are mainly caused by the frictional heating from the tool shoulder, resulting in dissolution and reprecipitation of strengthening precipitates. On the other hand, the softening in the heat-affected zone is due to the dissolution/growth of the precipitates and is not followed by the natural aging under the current processing condition. The kinetics of the natural aging behavior is also discussed. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Woo, W (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM hchoo@utk.edu RI Choo, Hahn/A-5494-2009; Feng, Zhili/H-9382-2012; OI Choo, Hahn/0000-0002-8006-8907; Feng, Zhili/0000-0001-6573-7933; WOO, Wanchuck/0000-0003-0350-5357 NR 35 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 15 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 38A IS 1 BP 69 EP 76 DI 10.1007/s11661-006-9034-0 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 157EV UT WOS:000245702300009 ER PT J AU Anderson, TD Dupont, JN Perricone, MJ Marder, AR AF Anderson, T. D. Dupont, J. N. Perricone, M. J. Marder, A. R. TI Phase transformations and microstructural evolution of Mo-bearing stainless steels SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ALLOYS; SOLIDIFICATION; WELDS; DILUTION AB The good corrosion resistance of superaustenitic stainless steel (SASS) alloys has been shown to be a direct consequence of high concentrations of Mo, which can have a significant effect on the microstructural development of welds in these alloys. In this research, the microstructural development of welds in the Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo system was analyzed over a wide variety of Cr/Ni ratios and Mo contents. The system was first simulated by construction of multicomponent phase diagrams using the CALPHAD technique. Data from vertical sections of these diagrams are presented over a wide compositional range to produce diagrams that can be used as a guide to understand the influence of composition on microstructural development. A large number of experimental alloys were then prepared via arc-button melting for comparison with the diagrams. Each alloy was characterized using various microscopy techniques. The expected delta-ferrite and gamma-austenite phases were accompanied by martensite at low Cr/Ni ratios and by sigma phase at high Mo contents. A total of 20 possible phase transformation sequences are proposed, resulting in various amounts and morphologies of the gamma, delta, sigma, and martensite phases. The results were used to construct a map of expected phase transformation sequence and resultant microstructure as a function of composition. The results of this work provide a working guideline for future base metal and filler metal development of this class of materials. C1 Lehigh Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Joining & Coatings Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Anderson, TD (reprint author), Lehigh Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. EM tda2@lehigh.edu NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 38A IS 1 BP 86 EP 99 DI 10.1007/s11661-006-9010-8 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 157EV UT WOS:000245702300011 ER PT S AU Koschny, T Zhou, J Soukoulis, CM AF Koschny, Th. Zhou, J. Soukoulis, C. M. BE Kuzmiak, V Markos, P TI Magnetic response and negative refractive index of metamaterials SO METAMATERIALS II SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metamaterials II CY APR 16-18, 2007 CL Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC SP SPIE DE SRR; THz; LHM; metamaterial; magnetic response; negative index ID SPLIT-RING RESONATORS; OPTICAL FREQUENCIES; TRANSMISSION AB We study the scaling of negative magnetic response of the SRR from microwave to upper THz frequencies. We show, that the linear scaling breaks down for SRR sizes below the order of lpm. This breakdown is due to the contribution of the finite electron mass to the inductance of the effective LC oscillator. While at microwave frequencies metals can be treated as near-perfect conductors, close to optical frequencies they rather constitute lossy negative dielectrics. We also study the scaling of the losses in SRR as well as the higher order excitations or plasmon modes and their magnetic response. We discuss the non-resonant diamagnetic response of the SRR and the corresponding corrections to the shape of the frequency dependent effective permeability of the metarnaterial. We discuss the connection of recently suggested alternative negative index metarnaterial designs in a unified picture. C1 Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Koschny, T (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. EM koschny@ameslab.gov NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6709-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2007 VL 6581 AR 658103 DI 10.1117/12.724176 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Optics; Physics GA BGS82 UT WOS:000250370100002 ER PT S AU Kemme, SA Cruz-Cabrera, AA Nandy, P Boye, RR Wendt, JR Carter, TR Samora, S AF Kemme, S. A. Cruz-Cabrera, A. A. Nandy, P. Boye, R. R. Wendt, J. R. Carter, T. R. Samora, S. BE George, T Cheng, Z TI Micropolarizer alerrays in the MWIR for snapshot polarimetric Imaging - art. no. 655604 SO Micro (MEMS) and Nanotechnologies for Defense and Security SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Micro (MEMS) and Nanotechnologies for Defense and Security CY APR 10-12, 2007 CL Orlando, FL DE polarimetry; polarizers; waveplates; arrays; infrared ID COMPLETE STOKES POLARIMETER; WIRE GRID POLARIZERS; OPTIMIZATION; FABRICATION; ELEMENT; ARRAYS AB We report on the design, fabrication, and simulation of a four-state pixelated subwavelength optical device that enables mid-wave infrared (MWIR) or long-wave infrared (LWIR) snapshot polarimetric imaging. The polarization information can help to classify imaged materials and identify objects of interest for remote sensing and military applications. The fabricated pixelated polarizers have measured extinction ratios larger than 100:1 for pixel sizes greater than 9 microns by 9 microns, with transmitted signals greater than 50%. That exceeds, by 7 times, previously reported device extinction ratios for 15 micron by 15 micron pixels. Traditionally, sequential polarimetric imaging sensors produce scenes with polarization information through a series of assembled images. Snapshot polarimetric imaging collects the spatial distribution of all four Stokes' parameters simultaneously. In this way any noise due to scene movement from one frame to the next is eliminated. In this paper, we will quantify near-field and diffractive effects of the finite pixel apertures upon detection. We have designed and built an experimental setup that models a pixel within a focal plane array (FPA) to measure crosstalk from adjacent gold wiregrid micropolarizers. This configuration simulates a snapshot polarization imaging device where the two substrates are stacked; micropolarizer array substrate on top of an FPA. Modeling and measured data indicate crosstalk between the adjacent pixels up to a few microns behind the polarizer plane. Crosstalk between adjacent pixels increases uncertainty in the measured polarization states in a scene of interest. Measured and simulated data confirm that the extinction ratio of a micropolarizer pixel in a super-cell will be reduced by 17% when moving the FPA from 0.5 microns to 1.0 microns away from the polarizer. These changes in extinction ratio are significant since typical glue separation is on the order of 10 microns. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Kemme, SA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6678-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6556 BP 55604 EP 55604 AR 655604 DI 10.1117/12.720036 PG 11 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BGK10 UT WOS:000247873700002 ER PT S AU Garcia, EJ Polosky, MA AF Garcia, Ernest J. Polosky, Marc A. BE George, T Cheng, Z TI Reliability shortcomings for micro nano technology-based systems - art. no. 655615 SO Micro (MEMS) and Nanotechnologies for Defense and Security SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Micro (MEMS) and Nanotechnologies for Defense and Security CY APR 10-12, 2007 CL Orlando, FL DE microsystems; reliability; design; product engineering; modeling and simulation AB Micro Nano Technology-Based Systems (MNT-Based Systems) are expected to provide unprecedented capabilities for aerospace applications. However we have not sufficiently addressed the reliability of such systems for a number of reasons. For example, our foundational understanding of such systems is incomplete at the basic physics level and our understanding of how individual subsystems interact is much less than we originally assumed. In addition the manner in which we operate during the product realization cycle has large implications for the ultimate reliability we can expect to achieve. Currently it is quite difficult to determine the reliability of MNT-Based Systems and is in fact borne out by a number of estimates we have seen that are unsatisfactory. We shall discuss a number of issues that at present have slowed our progress in developing NMT-Based Systems and have deter-red us from effectively ascertaining the true "reliability" of such systems. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Electromech Engn Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Garcia, EJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Electromech Engn Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6678-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6556 BP 55615 EP 55615 AR 655615 DI 10.1117/12.721251 PG 10 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BGK10 UT WOS:000247873700025 ER PT J AU Lopez-Gomollon, S Hernandez, JA Wolk, CP Peleato, ML Fillat, MF AF Lopez-Gomollon, S. Hernandez, J. A. Wolk, C. P. Peleato, M. L. Fillat, M. F. TI Expression of furA is modulated by NtcA and strongly enhanced in heterocysts of Anabaena sp PCC 7120 SO MICROBIOLOGY-SGM LA English DT Article ID SP STRAIN PCC-7120; UPTAKE REGULATION PROTEIN; PCC 7120; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; NITROGEN DEPRIVATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; BINDING; IRON; DNA; TRANSCRIPTION AB Fur (ferric uptake regulator) proteins are principally responsible for maintaining iron homeostasis in prokaryotes. Iron is usually a scarce resource. Its limitation reduces photosynthetic rates and cell growth in cyanobacteria in general and especially in cyanobacteria that are fixing dinitrogen, a process that requires the synthesis of numerous proteins with a high content of iron. This paper shows that in the diazotrophic cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120, levels of furA mRNA and FurA protein increase significantly in response to nitrogen deprivation, and that furA up-regulation takes place specifically in proheterocysts and mature heterocysts. Great differences in a Northern blot, probed with furA, of RNA from an ntcA mutant relative to wild-type Anabaena sp. were attributable to binding of NtcA, a global regulator of nitrogen metabolism, to the promoter of furA and to the promoter of the furA antisense transcript alr1690-alpha-furA. C1 Univ Zaragoza, Dept Biochem & Mol Cell Biol, Zaragoza, Spain. Univ Zaragoza, Biocomputat & Complex Syst Phys Inst, Zaragoza, Spain. Michigan State Univ, MSU DOE, Plant Res Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Fillat, MF (reprint author), Univ Zaragoza, Dept Biochem & Mol Cell Biol, Zaragoza, Spain. EM fillat@unizar.es RI Lopez-Gomollon, Sara/C-6610-2013 OI Lopez-Gomollon, Sara/0000-0001-8504-0340 NR 47 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1350-0872 J9 MICROBIOL-SGM JI Microbiology-(UK) PD JAN PY 2007 VL 153 BP 42 EP 50 DI 10.1099/mic.0.2006/000091-0 PN 1 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 126WD UT WOS:000243545300005 PM 17185533 ER PT J AU Tamirisa, PA Levitin, G Kulkarni, NS Hess, DW AF Tamirisa, P. A. Levitin, G. Kulkarni, N. S. Hess, D. W. TI Plasma etching of copper films at low temperature SO MICROELECTRONIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE copper etching; copper plasma etching ID GRAIN-GROWTH; METALLIZATION; RESISTIVITY; TECHNOLOGY; SCATTERING; CHLORINE; SURFACE; LINES; NM AB Experimental verification of a low temperature (< 20 degrees C), reactive plasma etch process for copper films is presented. The plasma etch process, proposed previously from a thermochemical analysis of the Cu-Cl-H system, is executed in two steps. In the first step, copper films are exposed to a Cl-2 plasma to preferentially form CuCl2, which is volatilized as Cu3Cl3 by exposure to a H-2 plasma in the second step. Plasma etching of thin films (9 nm) and thicker films (400 nm) of copper has been performed; chemical composition of sample surfaces before and after etching has been determined by X-ray photoelectron and flame atomic absorption spectroscopies. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biomol Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Hess, DW (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biomol Engn, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM dennis.hess@chbe.gatech.edu NR 25 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-9317 J9 MICROELECTRON ENG JI Microelectron. Eng. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 84 IS 1 BP 105 EP 108 DI 10.1016/j.mee.2006.08.012 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics; Physics GA 136FT UT WOS:000244208700016 ER PT S AU Olynick, DL Liddle, JA Harteneck, BD Cabrini, S Rangelow, IW AF Olynick, Deirdre L. Liddle, J. Alexander Harteneck, Bruce D. Cabrini, Stefano Rangelow, Ivo W. BE Maher, MA Stewart, HD Chiao, JC Suleski, TJ Jonhson, EG Nordin, GP TI Nanoscale pattern transfer for templates, NEMs, and nano-optics - art. no. 64620J SO Micromachining Technology for Micro-Optics and Nano-Optics V and Microfabrication Process Technology XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Micromachining Technology For Micro-Optics and Nano-Optics V and Microfabrication Process Technology XII CY JAN 22-24, 2007 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE ID INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED CL-2; PROFILE EVOLUTION; HBR DISCHARGES; POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON; SIDEWALL ROUGHNESS; PLASMAS; POLYSILICON; FEATURES; LITHOGRAPHY; SI AB Plasma etching is an enabling technology in nano optic, nanoelectronic devices, nano electro mechanical systems (NEMS) and nanoresolution templates for nano imprint lithography (NIL). With shrinkage, one must overcome significant challenges to meet the stringent profile and CD goals necessary for nanoscale applications. Using the example of Si nanoimprint template fabrication, we show how ion/s-idewall/mask interactions can dominate feature profile evolution at the nanoscale and what to look for successful pattern transfer. Gas chopping or multiplexed etching, generally used for deep silicon etching, is often avoided at the nanoscale due to unacceptable undercut and sidewall scalloping. We demonstrate a multiplexed etching process in silicon with sub-5 mn amplitude scallops which is well suited for NEMS and nano optics applications and which reduces the deleterious role of ion/sidewall/mask interactions at the nanoscale. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Olynick, DL (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Mol Foundry One Cyclotron Rd Mail Stop 67-2206, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Liddle, James/A-4867-2013 OI Liddle, James/0000-0002-2508-7910 NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6575-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6462 BP J4620 EP J4620 AR 64620J DI 10.1117/12.705033 PG 8 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BGC68 UT WOS:000246049500014 ER PT S AU Naulleau, PP Salmassi, F Gullikson, EM Anderson, EH AF Naulleau, Patrick P. Salmassi, Farhad Gullikson, Eric M. Anderson, Erik H. BE Maher, MA Stewart, HD Chiao, JC Suleski, TJ Jonhson, EG Nordin, GP TI Holographic optical elements for the extreme-ultraviolet regime - art. no. 64620S SO Micromachining Technology for Micro-Optics and Nano-Optics V and Microfabrication Process Technology XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Micromachining Technology For Micro-Optics and Nano-Optics V and Microfabrication Process Technology XII CY JAN 22-24, 2007 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE extreme ultraviolet; holography; diffraction; holographic-optical element ID PHASE GRATINGS; LITHOGRAPHY; FABRICATION; ILLUMINATION; DESIGN AB As the development of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography progresses, interest grows in the extension of traditional optical components to the EUV regime. The strong absorption of EUV by most materials and its extremely short wavelength, however, makes it very difficult to implement many components that are commonplace in the longer wavelength regimes. One such component is the diffractive optical element used, for example, in illumination systems to efficiently generate modified pupil fills. Here we demonstrate the fabrication and characterization of EUV binary phase-only computer-generated holograms allowing arbitrary far-field diffraction patterns to be generated. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Ctr Xray Opt, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Naulleau, PP (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Ctr Xray Opt, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6575-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6462 BP S4620 EP S4620 AR 64620S DI 10.1117/12.712345 PG 6 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BGC68 UT WOS:000246049500022 ER PT S AU Cabrini, S Dhuey, S Cojoc, D Carpentiero, A Tormen, M Di Fabrizio, E AF Cabrini, Stefano Dhuey, Scott Cojoc, Dan Carpentiero, Alessandro Tormen, Massimo Di Fabrizio, Enzo BE Maher, MA Stewart, HD Chiao, JC Suleski, TJ Jonhson, EG Nordin, GP TI Focused ion beam lithography applied to photonic and imprinting SO MICROMACHINING TECHNOLOGY FOR MICRO-OPTICS AND NANO-OPTICS V AND MICROFABRICATION PROCESS TECHNOLOGY XII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Micromachining Technology For Micro-Optics and Nano-Optics V and Microfabrication Process Technology XII CY JAN 22-24, 2007 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE focus ion beam lithography; photonic crystal; nanoimprint lithography; micro-lens ID OPTICAL-FIBER; WAVE-GUIDES; FABRICATION; DEPOSITION; CAVITIES AB In this paper we will discuss the use of the crossbeam ZEISS XB1540 applied to photonic structures and to obtain nano-imprinting templates. Some ID Photonic Crystals (PhC) on silica based optical waveguides are shown as well as the realization of 3D optical structures curved directly on silica and used subsequently as a master for imprinting. Focused ion beam lithography (FIB) is a technique for direct writing of patterns; it means is substantially slow, but its versatility and the combination with other "faster" techniques make it an interesting method to produce prototypes and special devices. The resolution and the perturbation of the samples are perfectly compatible with the photonic applications. In fact, the contamination due to the gallium ion implantation as well as the roughness of the vertical and horizontal surface doesn't affect the performance of the devices shown in this paper. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Cabrini, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM scabrini@lbl.gov OI Carpentiero, Alessandro/0000-0002-5556-9187; Tormen, Massimo/0000-0001-7919-0692 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6575-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2007 VL 6462 AR 64620L DI 10.1117/12.704814 PG 8 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BGC68 UT WOS:000246049500016 ER PT J AU Nalla, RK Porter, AE Dariao, C Minor, AM Radmilovic, V Stach, EA Tomsia, AP Ritchie, RO AF Nalla, R. K. Porter, A. E. Dariao, C. Minor, A. M. Radmilovic, V. Stach, E. A. Tomsia, A. P. Ritchie, R. O. TI Ultrastructural examination of dentin using focused ion-beam cross-sectioning and transmission electron microscopy (vol 36, pg 672, 2005) SO MICRON LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Porter, AE (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci, New Museum Site,Pembroke St, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, England. EM aep30@cam.ac.uk RI Stach, Eric/D-8545-2011; Ritchie, Robert/A-8066-2008 OI Stach, Eric/0000-0002-3366-2153; Ritchie, Robert/0000-0002-0501-6998 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0968-4328 J9 MICRON JI Micron PY 2007 VL 38 IS 7 BP 771 EP 771 DI 10.1016/j.micron.2007.05.004 PG 1 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 208LH UT WOS:000249320300010 ER PT J AU Anderson-Cook, CM Graves, T Hamada, M Hengartner, N Johnson, VE Reese, CS Wilson, AG AF Anderson-Cook, Christine M. Graves, Todd Hamada, Michael Hengartner, Nicholas Johnson, Valen E. Reese, C. Shane Wilson, Alyson G. TI Bayesian stockpile reliability methodology for complex systems SO MILITARY OPERATIONS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BINOMIAL SUBSYSTEMS; SERIES SYSTEMS; COMPONENTS AB Bayesian reliability modeling of complex systems, such as a missile system, can allow considerable flexibility to incorporate component and subsystem level data, expert knowledge and full system tests. In this paper we present a unified method for developing a model that is able to consistently estimate reliability parameters for all elements of the model, from system level through to subsystem and component levels. The model can be adapted to model the various components of the system at different levels of granularity, depending on where data are available. In addition, this paper presents some direction about how Bayesian priors can be selected to incorporate expert knowledge of the system in a variety of ways. An example of a complex system based on a missile is used to illustrate the methods. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. Brigham Young Univ, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Anderson-Cook, CM (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. EM c-and-cook@lanl.gov; tgraves@lanl.gov; hamada@lanl.gov; nickh@lanl.gov; vejohnson@mdanderson.org; reese@hannibal.byu.edu; agw@lanl.gov OI Wilson, Alyson/0000-0003-1461-6212 NR 26 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU MILITARY OPERATIONS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1703 N BEAUREGARD ST, STE 450, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22311-1717 USA SN 0275-5823 J9 MIL OPER RES JI Mil. Oper. Res. PY 2007 VL 12 IS 2 BP 25 EP 37 PG 13 WC Operations Research & Management Science SC Operations Research & Management Science GA 180PI UT WOS:000247377600002 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI Science, Consciousness and Human Values SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 1 EP 10 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 10 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900002 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI MINDFUL UNIVERSE Quantum Mechanics and the Participating Observer With 9 Figures Preface SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter ID BRAIN INTERACTION; PHYSICAL REALITY; CONSCIOUSNESS; INEQUALITIES; PSYCHOLOGY C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP VII EP + D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 10 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900001 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI Human Knowledge as the Foundation of Science SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 11 EP 15 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 5 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900003 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI Actions, Knowledge, and Information SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 17 EP 27 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 11 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900004 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI Nerve Terminals and the Need to Use Quantum Theory SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB Many neuroscientists who study the relationship of consciousness to brain processes want to believe that classical physics will provide an adequate rational foundation for that task. But classical physics has bottom-up causation, and the direct rational basis for the claim that classical physics is applicable to the full workings of the brain rests on the basic presumption that it is applicable at the microscopic level. However, empirical evidence about what is actually happening at the trillions of synapses on the billions of neurons in a conscious brain is virtually nonexistent, and, according to the uncertainty principle, empirical evidence is in principle unable to justify the claim that deterministic behavior actually holds in the brain at the microscopic (ionic) scale. Thus the claim that classical determinism holds in living brains is empirically indefensible: sufficient evidence neither does, nor can in principle, exist. Whether the classical approximation is applicable to macroscopic brain dynamics can, therefore, only be determined by examining the details of the physical situation within the framework of the more general quantum theory, to see, from a rational perspective, to what extent use of the classical approximation can be theoretically justified. The technical questions are: How important quantitatively are the effects of the uncertainty principle at the microscopic (ionic) level; and if they are important at the microscopic level, then why can this microscopic indeterminacy never propagate up to the macro-level? Classical physical theory is adequate, in principle, precisely to the extent that the smear of potentialities generated at the microscopic level by the uncertainty principle leads via the purely physically described aspects of quantum dynamics to a macroscopic brain state that is essentially one single classically describable state, rather than a cloud of such states representing a set of alternative possible conscious experiences. In this latter case the quantum mechanical state of the brain needs to be reduced, somehow, to the state corresponding to the experienced phenomenal reality. To answer the physics question of the extent of the micro-level uncertainties we turn first to an examination of the quantum dynamics of nerve terminals. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 29 EP 32 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 4 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900005 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI Templates for Action SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 33 EP 34 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 2 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900006 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI The Physical Effectiveness of Conscious Will and the Quantum Zeno Effect SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB A crucial question now arises: How does this dynamical psychoneurological connection via process 1, which can merely pose a question, but not answer it, allow a person's effort to influence his or her physical actions? Take an example. Suppose you are in a situation that calls for you to raise your arm. Associations via stored memories should elicit a brain activity having a component that when active on former occasions resulted in your experiencing your arm rise, and in which the template for arm-raising is active. According to the theory, this component of brain activity will, if sufficiently strong, cause an associated process 1 action to occur. This process 1 action will partition the quantum state of your brain in such a way that one component, labeled 'Yes', will be this component in which the arm-raising template is active. If the 'Yes' option is selected by nature then you will experience yourself causing your arm to rise, and the state of your brain will be such that the arm-raising template is active. But the only dynamical freedom offered by the quantum formalism in this situation is the freedom to perform at a selected time some process 1 action. Whether or not the 'Yes' component is actualized is determined by 'nature' on the basis of a statistical law. So the effectiveness of the 'free choice' of this process 1 in achieving the desired end would generally be quite limited. The net effect of this 'free choice' would tend to be nullified by the randomness in nature's choice between 'Yes' and its negation 'No'. A well-known non-classical feature of quantum theory provides, however, a way to overcome this problem, and convert the available 'free choices' into effective mental causation. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 35 EP 39 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 5 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900007 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI Support from Contemporary Psychology SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 41 EP 45 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 5 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900008 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI Application to Neuropsychology SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 47 EP 50 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 4 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900009 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI Roger Penrose's Theory and Quantum Decoherence SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 51 EP 53 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 3 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900010 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI Non-Orthodox Versions of Quantum Theory and the Need for Process 1 SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB Eugene Wigner introduced the term 'orthodox' to describe von Neumann's formulation of quantum theory. I use the term more broadly to include, at the pragmatic level, also the Copenhagen formulation. But at the ontological level I mean the von Neumann-Tomonaga-Schwinger description that includes the entire physical universe in the physically described quantum world, and that accepts the occurrence of the process 1 interventions in the process 2 evolution of the physically described state of the universe. This conventional formulation of quantum theory - with experimenter-induced interventions - is the one used in practice by experimental physicists who need to compare the predictions of the theory to empirical data. It is consequently the form of the theory that is actually supported by the empirical facts. It might seem odd, therefore, that any quantum physicist would want to promote an alternative formulation. It seems particularly strange that there could be physicists who now seek to remove the effects of consciousness from the basic dynamics; physicists who want to reverse the great twentieth century achievement of rescuing consciousness from the passive limbo to which it had been consigned by classical physical principles. It seems strange that there could be physicists who seek to retreat from the idea of giving consciousness a causal role that: 1) accords with our deep intuitions; 2) meshes neatly with empirical practice; 3) explains naturally the effortful learning of new tasks; and that 4) allows consciousness to evolve by natural selection, by virtue of its capacity to aid our bodily survival. Yet theoretical physicists who favor such a reversion do in fact exist. The feature of quantum theory that precipitates the disagreements among physicists is that it is exceedingly difficult to detect directly by physical measurements whether a large physical system that is strongly interacting with its environment is, or is not, acting as a quantum agent: it is virtually impossible to determine, directly by measurements, whether reduction events are occurring in such a system. Given such empirical latitude it is natural that theorists should tend to build alternative theories. And from the perspective of a theoretical physicist it is of course desirable to have a causal structure that is completely fixed in terms of the purely physical descriptions with which he or she is familiar, in spite of the deep problems that such a restriction eventually generates, both mathematically and philosophically. There are three main non-orthodox approaches to the problem of imbedding pragmatically validated quantum theory in some coherent conception of reality itself. These are the many-worlds approach initiated by Everett (1957), the pilot-wave approach of Bohm (1952, 1993) and the spontaneous-reductions approach of Ghirardi, Rimini, and Weber (1986). The many-worlds approach is the most radical and sweeping. It asserts that the quantum state of the physical universe exists and evolves always under the exclusive control of the local deterministic process 2. In this scheme no reduction events occur at the level of objective reality itself. The fact that we seem to choose particular experiments that seem to have outcomes that conform to the predictions of quantum theory then needs to be explained as essentially some kind of persisting subjective illusion that produces coherent long-term streams of human conscious events that somehow conform over long times to the statistical predictions of the orthodox theory, even though the physical reduction events that logically entail these properties in the orthodox approach are now asserted not to occur. The consciously perceived experiences that conform to the statistical rules of pragmatic quantum theory then need to be explained as intricate properties of the purely mental by-products of a continuous physical process that eschews the interventions and reductions that provide the mathematical foundation of the orthodox understanding of the empirical facts. The pilot-wave approach claims that there really is both a world of the kind specified in classical physics - a world that determines the content of our human streams of conscious experience - and also a real state of the universe of the kind specified in quantum theory. It asserts that this latter world always evolves via process 2, with no collapses or interventions, and that the real classical world is buffeted around by the real quantum world in a way that accounts for the validity of the empirical predictions of pragmatic quantum theory. The spontaneous-reductions approach maintains that the evolution via the local mechanical process 2 is interrupted from time to time by a sudden spontaneous and random reduction event that keeps the physical universe, at the visible level, roughly in accord with the precepts of classical physics, while allowing quantum processes to work, virtually undisturbed, at the microscopic level of atomic physics. All three of these approaches differ fundamentally from the orthodox Heisenberg-von Neumann approach described above in that they adhere to the principle of the causal closure of the physical, apart perhaps from the entry of some purely random elements. In particular, they exclude any causal effects of our conscious minds. However, all three run into serious technical difficulties. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 55 EP 63 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 9 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900011 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI The Basis Problem in Many-Worlds Theories SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB To fully appreciate the significance of the basis problem mentioned by Zurek, and of the impact of quantum decoherence on fundamental issues, one needs to understand certain subtle aspects of the connection between classical and quantum mechanics. This chapter, which is more technical than the others, explains these aspects, and, with the aid of some pictures, their relevance to the basis and decoherence problems. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 65 EP 77 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 13 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900012 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI Despised Dualism SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB Scientists in different fields are free, to some extent, to use concepts that appear to work for them, without regard to other scientific disciplines. However, many of the greatest advances in science have come from unifying the treatments of neighboring realms of phenomena. We are now engaged a great scientific endeavor to rationally connect the neurophysiological and psychological aspects of the conscious brain. The problem is to understand, explain, or describe the connections between two realms that are conceived of - and are described in two very different ways. What seems pertinent is that basic physics was forced by the character of empirical phenomena to an incredibly successful way to link these same two realms. It seems reasonable to at least try to apply the solution discovered by physicists to the parallel problem in neuropsychology. Why should there be such scorn in brain science for this natural and reasonable idea of bringing mind into neuropsychology in the same way that it was brought into physics in connection with the relationship between the empirically described and physically described aspects of scientific practice? Contemporary physics is essentially psychophysical, hence dualistic. Dualism is seen as a bete noire by many philosophers. Hence the quantum approach tends to be peremptorily rejected because it belongs to this despised category. But why are dualistic theories held in such contempt? There is an historical reason. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 79 EP 84 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 6 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900013 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI Whiteheadian Quantum Ontology SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 85 EP 98 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 14 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900014 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI Interview SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 99 EP 117 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 19 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900015 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI Consciousness and the Anthropic Questions SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 119 EP 137 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 19 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900016 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI Impact of Quantum Mechanics on Human Values SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 139 EP 143 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 5 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900017 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI MINDFUL UNIVERSE Quantum Mechanics and the Participating Observer With 9 Figures Conclusions SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 145 EP 145 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 1 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900018 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI Gazzaniga's The Ethical Brain SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 147 EP 151 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 5 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900019 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI Von Neumann: Knowledge, Information, and Entropy SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 153 EP 159 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 7 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900020 ER PT S AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, Henry P. BA Stapp, HP BF Stapp, HP TI Wigner's Friend and Consciousness in Quantum Theory SO MINDFUL UNIVERSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE PARTICIPATING OBSERVER SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hpstapp@lbl.gov; hpstapp@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-540-72414-8 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2007 BP 161 EP 163 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-72414-8 PG 3 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BLJ73 UT WOS:000270319900021 ER EF