FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT S AU Parsa, Z Zenkevich, P AF Parsa, Z Zenkevich, P BE Parsa, Z TI Kinetics of muon longitudinal cooling SO BEAM STABILITY AND NONLINEAR DYNAMICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Beam Stability and Nonlinear Dynamics CY DEC 03-05, 1996 CL INST THEORET PHYS, SANTA BARBARA, CA HO INST THEORET PHYS AB Kinetics of longitudinal ionization cooling is analysed by use of method of moments. Special attention is given to ''supercooling'' situation when longitudinal damping coefficient is much more than synchrotron frequency. It is shown that in this case the emittance damping becomes slower, and it should be taken into account in designing of the ionization cooling system. RP Parsa, Z (reprint author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT PHYS,BLDG 901A,POB 5000,UPTON,NY 11973, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-731-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 405 BP 165 EP 172 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BJ69W UT WOS:A1997BJ69W00012 ER PT S AU Wang, CX Irwin, J AF Wang, CX Irwin, J BE Parsa, Z TI Decoherence and wakefield effects in one-turn map measurement SO BEAM STABILITY AND NONLINEAR DYNAMICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Beam Stability and Nonlinear Dynamics CY DEC 03-05, 1996 CL INST THEORET PHYS, SANTA BARBARA, CA HO INST THEORET PHYS AB To measure the one-turn map of a storage ring, a particle beam is used to explore the single particle dynamics. Since the behavior of a beam is quite different from that of a single particle, it is important to evaluate the differences and their effects on measurements. In this paper, we discuss two major physical effects: decoherence and wakefield effects. Our purpose is to explore the criteria, under which these effects are negligible in map measurements. RP Wang, CX (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR,STANFORD,CA 94309, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-731-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 405 BP 173 EP 182 PG 10 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BJ69W UT WOS:A1997BJ69W00013 ER PT S AU Parsa, Z Zenkevich, P AF Parsa, Z Zenkevich, P BE Parsa, Z TI Application of moments method to dynamics of muon cooling system SO BEAM STABILITY AND NONLINEAR DYNAMICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Beam Stability and Nonlinear Dynamics CY DEC 03-05, 1996 CL INST THEORET PHYS, SANTA BARBARA, CA HO INST THEORET PHYS AB Application of moments method to study dynamics of muon cooling system is presented. The muon cooling channel has specific features such as damping due to ionization cooling, heating due to multiple scattering and energy struggling. Our method (in a case of transverse motion) is correct in absence of longitudinal magnetic fields such as solenoids. RP Parsa, Z (reprint author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT PHYS,BLDG 901A,POB 5000,UPTON,NY 11973, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-731-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 405 BP 183 EP 188 PG 6 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BJ69W UT WOS:A1997BJ69W00014 ER PT S AU Lysenko, W Parsa, Z AF Lysenko, W Parsa, Z BE Parsa, Z TI Halo control, beam matching, and new dynamical variables for beam distributions SO BEAM STABILITY AND NONLINEAR DYNAMICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Beam Stability and Nonlinear Dynamics CY DEC 03-05, 1996 CL INST THEORET PHYS, SANTA BARBARA, CA HO INST THEORET PHYS AB We present the status of our work on physics models that relate to the understanding and control of beam halo, which is a cause of particle loss in high power ion linear accelerators. We can minimize these particle losses, even in the presence of nonlinearities, by ensuring the beam is matched to high order. Our goal is to determine new dynamical variables that enable us to more directly solve for the evolution of the halo. We considered moments and several new variables, using a Lie-Poisson formulation whenever possible. Using symbolic techniques, we computed high-order matches and mode invariants (analogs of moment invariants) in the new variables. A promising new developments that of the variables we call weighted moments, which allow us to compute high.-order nonlinear effects (like halos) while making use of well-developed existing results and computational techniques developed for studying first order effects. RP Lysenko, W (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,MS H808,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-731-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 405 BP 211 EP 222 PG 12 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BJ69W UT WOS:A1997BJ69W00017 ER PT S AU Pierce, DM Erler, J AF Pierce, DM Erler, J BE Eigen, G Osland, P Stugu, B TI Constraining supersymmetry with precision data SO BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL V. FIFTH CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Conference on Beyond the Standard Model CY APR 29-MAY 04, 1997 CL BALHOLM, NORWAY SP Res Council Norway, Nordic Project Fundamental Constituents Matter, Univ Bergen, Dept Phys AB We discuss the results of a global st to precision data in supersymmetric models. We consider both gravity-and gauge-mediated models.,As the superpartner spectrum becomes light, the global fit to the data typically results in larger values of chi(2). We indicate the regions of parameter space which are excluded by the data. We discuss the additional effect of the B(B --> X-s gamma) measurement. Our analysis excludes chargino masses below M-Z in the simplest gauge-mediated model with mu > 0, with Stronger constraints for larger values of tan beta. C1 SLAC, Stanford, CA 94039 USA. RP Pierce, DM (reprint author), SLAC, Bin 81,POB 4349, Stanford, CA 94039 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-735-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 415 BP 16 EP 27 PG 12 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BK19H UT WOS:000071455300002 ER PT S AU Wagner, RG AF Wagner, RG CA CDF DO Collaborations BE Eigen, G Osland, P Stugu, B TI Recent electroweak measurements from the Tevatron SO BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL V. FIFTH CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Conference on Beyond the Standard Model CY APR 29-MAY 04, 1997 CL BALHOLM, NORWAY SP Res Council Norway, Nordic Project Fundamental Constituents Matter, Univ Bergen, Dept Phys AB Preliminary electroweak results are discussed from the Fermilab experiments, CDF and DO, based on Tevatron run Ib data. These include an updated precision measurement of the W mass which when combined with previous Tevatron! CERN , and LEP-II results gives a combined world average M-W = 80.40 +/- 0.08 GeV/c(2). Also presented are new limits on anomalous gauge boson self-couplings, measurement of the W charge asymmetry, sigma.B(W --> tau nu(tau)), and limits on quark/lepton compositeness from high mass Drell-Yan production. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div High Energy Phys, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Wagner, RG (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div High Energy Phys, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-735-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 415 BP 28 EP 38 PG 11 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BK19H UT WOS:000071455300003 ER PT S AU Czarnecki, A AF Czarnecki, A BE Eigen, G Osland, P Stugu, B TI Using muons to probe for new physics SO BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL V. FIFTH CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Conference on Beyond the Standard Model CY APR 29-MAY 04, 1997 CL BALHOLM, NORWAY SP Res Council Norway, Nordic Project Fundamental Constituents Matter, Univ Bergen, Dept Phys AB Searches for new physics using muons are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to muon number non-conserving processes, like the decay mu --> e gamma and muon-electron conversion in muonic atoms. Also, experimental determinations and theoretical predictions for the muon anomalous magnetic moment are reviewed. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Czarnecki, A (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-735-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 415 BP 252 EP 262 PG 11 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BK19H UT WOS:000071455300022 ER PT J AU Chen, G Palmer, RJ White, DC AF Chen, G Palmer, RJ White, DC TI Instrumental analysis of microbiologically influenced corrosion SO BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article DE electrochemical techniques; microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC); microelectrode; microscopy; piezoelectricity; spectroscopy ID QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE; SCANNING VIBRATING ELECTRODE; THIN COPPER FILM; IN-SITU XANES; ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES; MICROBIAL BIOFILMS; PITTING CORROSION; STAINLESS-STEELS; NATURAL SEAWATER; PASSIVE FILM AB Appropriate application of techniques for detection and monitoring of microbiologically influenced corrosion is essential for understanding the mechanistic nature of the interactions and for obtaining control methods. This paper reviews techniques and methods applied to microbiologically influenced corrosion in recent years. The techniques presented in this paper include electrochemical noise measurement, concentric electrodes, scanning vibrating electrode mapping, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, confocal laser microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, extended x-ray absorption fine structure and utilization of piezoelectric materials. These techniques are reviewed regarding the heterogeneous characteristics of microbial consortia and their possible influences on metal substrata. We hope this review will motivate application and combination of new techniques for practical detection and on-line monitoring of the impact of biofilms on engineering alloys. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,CTR ENVIRONM BIOTECHNOL,OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,KNOXVILLE,TN 37932. NR 58 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0923-9820 J9 BIODEGRADATION JI Biodegradation PY 1997 VL 8 IS 3 BP 189 EP 200 DI 10.1023/A:1008229419434 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA YG816 UT WOS:A1997YG81600007 ER PT J AU Selvaraj, PT Little, MH Kaufman, EN AF Selvaraj, PT Little, MH Kaufman, EN TI Analysis of immobilized cell bioreactors for desulfurization of flue gases and sulfite/sulfate-laden wastewater SO BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article DE sulfur dioxide; sulfate-reducing bacteria; sewage digest; immobilization; flue gas desulfurization ID SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; CARBON SOURCE; MICROBIAL REDUCTION; ELECTRON-DONORS; HYDROGEN; ENERGY; REMOVAL; SULFIDE; GROWTH AB Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of the major pollutants in the atmosphere that cause acid rain. Microbial processes for reducing SO2 to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) have previously been demonstrated by utilizing mixed cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) with municipal sewage digest as the carbon and energy source. To maximize the productivity of the SO2-reducing bioreactor in this study, various immobilized cell bioreactors were investigated: a stirred tank with SRB flocs and columnar reactors with cells immobilized in either kappa-carrageenan gel matrix or polymeric porous BIO-SEP(TM) beads. The maximum volumetric productivity for SO2 reduction in the continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) with SRB flocs was 2.1 mmol SO2/h.l. The kappa-carrageenan gel matrix used for cell immobilization was not durable at feed sulfite concentrations greater than 2000 mg/l or at sulfite feed rate of 1.7 mmol/h.l. A columnar reactor with mixed SRB cells that had been allowed to grow into highly stable BIO-SEP polymeric beads exhibited the highest sulfite conversion rates in the range of 16.5 mmol/h.l (with 100% conversion) to 20 mmol/h.l(with 95% conversion). In addition to flue gas desulfurization, potential applications of this microbial process include the treatment of sulfate/sulfite-laden wastewater from the pulp and paper, petroleum, mining, and chemical industries. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Bioproc Res & Dev Ctr, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Selvaraj, PT (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Bioproc Res & Dev Ctr, Bldg 4505,MS 6226, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0923-9820 J9 BIODEGRADATION JI Biodegradation PY 1997 VL 8 IS 4 BP 227 EP 236 DI 10.1023/A:1008200411998 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA ZA210 UT WOS:000072340400002 ER PT J AU Uraizee, FA Venosa, AD Suidan, MT AF Uraizee, FA Venosa, AD Suidan, MT TI A Model for diffusion controlled bioavailability of crude oil components SO BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article DE asphaltene; bioavailability; biodegradation; crude oil; diffusivity; modeling ID MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; HYDROCARBONS; BIODEGRADABILITY; BIOREMEDIATION; GROWTH; SEA AB Crude oil is a complex mixture of several different structural classes of compounds including alkanes, aromatics, heterocyclic polar compounds, and asphaltenes. The rate and extent of microbial degradation of crude oil depends on the interaction between the physical and biochemical properties of the biodegradable compounds and their interactions with the non-biodegradable fraction. In this study we have systematically altered the concentration of non-biodegradable material in the crude oil and analyzed its impact on transport of the biodegradable components of crude oil to the microorganisms. We have also developed a mathematical model that explains and accounts for the dependence of biodegradation of crude oil through a putative bioavailability parameter. Experimental results indicate that as the asphaltene concentration in oil increases, the maximum oxygen uptake in respirometers decreases. The mathematically fitted bioavailability parameter of degradable components of oil also decreases as the asphaltene concentration increases. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Uraizee, FA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0923-9820 J9 BIODEGRADATION JI Biodegradation PY 1997 VL 8 IS 5 BP 287 EP 296 DI 10.1023/A:1008293024768 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA ZU061 UT WOS:000074157300001 PM 15765608 ER PT J AU Zhang, J Nair, I Morgan, MG AF Zhang, J Nair, I Morgan, MG TI Effects function simulation of residential appliance field exposures SO BIOELECTROMAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE magnetic fields; appliances; exposure; effects functions ID MAGNETIC-FIELDS; LEUKEMIA; RISK; HOME AB This paper demonstrates the application of effects function analysis to residential magnetic field exposure, focusing on appliance sources and mitigation choices. Residential field exposure time series were synthesized by using a sample of background household field measurements, a model of average daily appliance use, and a small sample of EMDEX data of held exposure from 12 household appliances. Four alternative effects functions (average field strength with or without a threshold, field strength window. sudden field changes) were simulated by using the synthesized time series data far different exposure situations, such as high and low levels of appliance use, simple avoidance, and use of a set of hypothetical ''low field'' appliances (50% lower fields). In particular. field exposure from the use of bedside clocks and electric blankets was examined. Results demonstrate that the choice of effects function is critical for the ranks of field sources and exposure reduction choices. For the effects function of average field strength with or without a threshold, exposure from background fields dominated exposure from all appliances except for bedside clocks and electric blankets. In the case of the field strength window effects function, the dominant field sources changed with the width of the window. For the effects function based on rapid field changes, appliance use was the major source of exposure. Because of the small sample size of our data set and other simplifications, specific results should be viewed as illustrative. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 CARNEGIE MELLON UNIV,DEPT ENGN & PUBL POLICY,PITTSBURGH,PA 15213. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0197-8462 J9 BIOELECTROMAGNETICS JI Bioelectromagnetics PY 1997 VL 18 IS 2 BP 116 EP 124 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1997)18:2<116::AID-BEM4>3.0.CO;2-5 PG 9 WC Biology; Biophysics SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics GA WR024 UT WOS:A1997WR02400004 PM 9084862 ER PT J AU Miller, DL Creim, JA AF Miller, DL Creim, JA TI Comparison of cardiac and 60 Hz magnetically induced electric fields measured in anesthetized rats SO BIOELECTROMAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE ELF magnetic fields; dosimetry; electrocardiogram; endogenous fields; in vivo fields ID PROBE MEASUREMENTS; XYLAZINE AB Extremely low frequency magnetic fields interact with an animal by inducing internal electric fields, which are in addition to the normal endogenous fields present in living animals. Male rats weighing about 560 g each were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine. Small incisions were made in the ventral body wall at the chest and upper abdomen to position a miniature probe for measuring internal electric fields. The calibration constant for the probe size was 5.7 mm, with a flat response from at least 12 Hz to 20 kHz. A cardiac signal, similar to the normal electrocardiogram with a heart rate of about 250 bpm, was readily obtained at the chest. Upon analysis of its spectrum, the cardiac field detected by the probe had a broad maximum at 32-95 Hz. When the rats were exposed to a 1 mT, 60 Hz magnetic field, a spike appeared in the spectrum at 60 Hz. The peak-to-peak magnitudes of electric fields associated with normal heart function were comparable to fields induced by a 1 mT magnetic field at 60 Hz for those positions measured on the body surface (where induced fields were maximal). Within the body, or in different directions relative to the applied field, the induced fields were reduced (reaching zero at the center of the animal). The cardiac field increased near the heart, becoming much larger than the induced field. Thus, the cardiac electric field, together with the other endogenous fields, combine with induced electric fields and help to provide reference levels for the induced-field dosimetry of ELF magnetic field exposures of living animals. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. RP Miller, DL (reprint author), PACIFIC NW NATL LAB, POB 999, MAIL STOP P7-53, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0197-8462 J9 BIOELECTROMAGNETICS JI Bioelectromagnetics PY 1997 VL 18 IS 4 BP 317 EP 323 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1997)18:4<317::AID-BEM4>3.0.CO;2-5 PG 7 WC Biology; Biophysics SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics GA WW558 UT WOS:A1997WW55800004 PM 9140662 ER PT J AU Zhang, J Nair, I Sahl, J AF Zhang, J Nair, I Sahl, J TI Effects function analysis of ELF magnetic field exposure in the electric utility work environment SO BIOELECTROMAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE ELF; EMF; effects functions; exposure assessment; occupational exposure ID ELECTROMAGNETIC-FIELDS; CANCER; FREQUENCY; LEUKEMIA; INDEXES; RISK AB The incomplete understanding of the relation between power-frequency fields and biological responses raises problems in defining an appropriate metric for exposure assessment and epidemiological studies. Based on evidence from biological experiments, one can define alternative metrics or effects functions that embody the relationship between field exposure patterns and hypothetical health effects. In this paper, we explore the application of the ''effects function'' approach to occupational exposure data. Our analysis provides examples of exposure assessments based on a range of plausible effects functions. An EMDEX time series data set of ELF frequency (40-800 Hz) magnetic field exposure measurements for electric utility workers was analyzed with several statistical measures and effects functions: average field strength, combination of threshold and exposure duration, and field strength changes. Results were compared for eight job categories: electrician, substation operator, machinist. welder, plant operator, lineman/splicer, meter reader, and clerical. Average field strength yields a different ranking for these job categories than the ranks obtained using other biologically plausible effects functions. Whereas the group of electricians has the highest exposure by average field strength, the group of substation operators has the highest ranking for most of the other effects functions. Plant operators rank highest in the total number of field strength changes greater than 1 mu T per hour. The clerical group remains at the lowest end for all of these effects functions. Our analysis suggests that, although average field strength could be used as a surrogate of field exposure for simply classifying exposure into ''low'' and ''high,'' this summary measure may be misleading in the relative ranking of job categories in which workers are in ''high'' fields. These results indicate the relevance of metrics other than average field strength in occupational exposure assessment and in the design and analysis of epidemiological studies. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 CARNEGIE MELLON UNIV,DEPT ENGN & PUBL POLICY,PITTSBURGH,PA 15213. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN. SO CALIF EDISON CO,ROSEMEAD,CA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0197-8462 J9 BIOELECTROMAGNETICS JI Bioelectromagnetics PY 1997 VL 18 IS 5 BP 365 EP 375 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1997)18:5<365::AID-BEM4>3.0.CO;2-0 PG 11 WC Biology; Biophysics SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics GA XG557 UT WOS:A1997XG55700004 PM 9209718 ER PT J AU Harland, JD Liburdy, RP AF Harland, JD Liburdy, RP TI Environmental magnetic fields inhibit the antiproliferative action of tamoxifen and melatonin in a human breast cancer cell line SO BIOELECTROMAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE MCF-7; tamoxifen; melatonin; magnetic fields; cell proliferation; human breast cancer cells ID PINEAL HORMONE MELATONIN; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; EXPOSURE; CULTURE; 60-HZ; RAT; ANTIESTROGENS; SYSTEMS; GLAND AB We have previously reported that environmental-level magnetic fields (1.2 mu T [12 milligauss], 60 Hz) block the growth inhibition of the hormone melatonin (10(-9) M) on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in vitro. We now report that the same 1.2 mu T, 60 HZ magnetic fields significantly block the growth inhibitory action of pharmacological levels of tamoxifen (10(-7) M). In biophysical studies we have taken advantage of Faraday's Law of Current Induction and tested whether the 1.2 mu T magnetic field or the associated induced electric field is responsible for this field effect on melatonin and tamoxifen. We observe that the magnetic field component is associated with the field blocking effect on melatonin and tamoxifen function. To our knowledge the tamoxifen studies represent the first experimental evidence for an environmental-level magnetic field modification of drug interaction with human breast cancer cells. Together, these findings provide support to the theory that environmental-level magnetic fields can act to modify the action of a drug or hormone on regulation of cell proliferation. Melatonin and tamoxifen may act through different biological pathways to down-regulate cell growth, and further studies are required to identify a specific biological site of interaction for the 1.2 mu T magnetic field. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, DIV LIFE SCI, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA07279] NR 61 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0197-8462 J9 BIOELECTROMAGNETICS JI Bioelectromagnetics PY 1997 VL 18 IS 8 BP 555 EP 562 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1997)18:8<555::AID-BEM4>3.0.CO;2-1 PG 8 WC Biology; Biophysics SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics GA YD725 UT WOS:A1997YD72500004 PM 9383244 ER PT S AU Beiu, V de Pauw, T AF Beiu, V de Pauw, T BE Mira, J MorenoDiaz, R Cabestany, J TI Tight bounds on the size of neural networks for classification problems SO BIOLOGICAL AND ARTIFICIAL COMPUTATION: FROM NEUROSCIENCE TO TECHNOLOGY SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Work-Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (IWANN 97) CY JUN 04-06, 1997 CL LANZAROTE, SPAIN SP Univ Nacl Educ Distancia, Univ Palmas Gran Canaria, Univ Politecn Catalunya, Asociac Espanola Redes Neuroanles, IFIP Working Grp Neural Comp Syst, Spanish RIG AERN, IEEE Neural Networks Council, IEEE UK&RI Commun Chapter DE neural networks; size complexity; entropy; classification problems; Boolean functions ID NUMBER AB This paper relies on the entropy of a data-set (i.e., number-of-bits) to prove tight bounds on the size of neural networks solving a classification problem. First, based on a sequence of geometrical steps, we constructively compute an upper bound of O(mn) on the number-of-bits for a given dataset-here In is the number of examples and n is the number of dimensions (i.e., IRn). This result is used further in a nonconstructive way to bound the size of neural networks which correctly classify that data-set. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div NIS 1, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Beiu, V (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div NIS 1, Mail Stop D466, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Beiu, Valeriu/F-7799-2015 OI Beiu, Valeriu/0000-0001-8185-956X NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN 33 PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, W-1000 BERLIN 33, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-63047-3 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1997 VL 1240 BP 743 EP 752 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Neurosciences SC Computer Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Neurosciences & Neurology GA BK96U UT WOS:000073947300076 ER PT J AU Lee, JD Allen, MJ Balhorn, R AF Lee, JD Allen, MJ Balhorn, R TI Atomic force microscope analysis of chromatin volumes in human sperm with head-shape abnormalities SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID COMPUTER-ASSISTED ASSESSMENT; MOUSE SPERM; NUCLEAR CHROMATIN; HUMAN SPERMATOZOA; MORPHOLOGY; DNA; HYBRIDIZATION; STABILITY; MURINE; SEMEN AB We used the atomic force microscope to perform volume measurements on individual human sperm nuclei under ambient conditions. Data obtained for normal sperm and for sperm from seven of the nine classes of head-shape abnormality revealed that the nuclear volumes were essentially identical for sperm in each headshape class, even though the projected areas and shapes of the nuclei have were shown to vary widely. These results indicate that the abnormal sperm head morphologies found at a rate of 25-40% in fertile males are not caused by factors that affect the volume of sperm chromatin, such as the DNA content of the sperm nucleus, differences in chromatin organization, or the extent of DNA compaction. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,BIOL & BIOTECHNOL RES PROGRAM,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93103. NR 39 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 56 IS 1 BP 42 EP 49 DI 10.1095/biolreprod56.1.42 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA WB270 UT WOS:A1997WB27000005 PM 9002631 ER PT B AU Thompson, MA AF Thompson, MA BE Ornstein, RL TI Study of molecular recognition using QM/MM methods: The potential of mean force for the association of K+ with 1,2-dimethoxyethane in aqueous solution SO BIOMACROMOLECULES: FROM 3-D STRUCTURE TO APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 34th Hanford Symposium on Health and the Environment - Biomacromolecules: From 3-D to Applications CY OCT 23-26, 1995 CL PASCO, WA DE quantum mechanical molecular mechanical; molecular recognition AB We present results of a molecular dynamics study of the potential of mean force (pmf) free-energy profile for the association of K+ with the bidentate ligand 1,2-dimethoxyethane (12DME) in H2O. We use a hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) approach that utilizes the QM semiempirical TAM1 method to describe 12DME, the MM parameterization of Dang for K+, and the SPC/E model for H2O. The total simulation time required to generate the pmf profile was 1.87 ns. At large K+/12DME COM separation, 12DME is ''preorganized'' for cation binding; the central OCCO dihedral angle is predominantly gauche, being stabilized by 1 water having a bifurcated hydrogen bond to both oxygens of 12DME. KC begins to interact primarily with one of the oxygens of 12DME, at 4.7 Angstrom separation, which breaks the solvent-induced preorganization of 12DME and causes 12DME to undergo significant conformational changes. The first of two minima in the pmf occurs at 4.15-Angstrom separation. At shorter distances, the second oxygen of 12DME interacts significantly with the cation, giving an inner minimum at 2.65-Angstrom separation. At the inner minimum, the gauche OCCO configuration of 12DME is again observed, due to both oxygens of 12DME interacting with the cation. The integrated free energy of association is calculated to be +0.5 +/- 0.1 kcal/mol, indicating that K+/12DME is not a strongly bound species in aqueous solution. These results are useful for understanding the effects of guest species on solvent-induced preorganization and complexation by multidentate ligands, such as the crown-ethers. RP Thompson, MA (reprint author), BATTELLE MEM INST,PACIFIC NW LABS,EVNIRONM MOL SCI LAB,POB 999,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-019-5 PY 1997 BP 37 EP 52 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BH23Z UT WOS:A1997BH23Z00004 ER PT B AU Kennedy, MA McAteer, K Lingbeck, JM Thrall, BD Springer, DL Kubinec, MG Ellis, PD AF Kennedy, MA McAteer, K Lingbeck, JM Thrall, BD Springer, DL Kubinec, MG Ellis, PD BE Ornstein, RL TI 750-MHz NMR studies of chemically modified DNA structure/dynamics: Sequence context effects and protein recognition SO BIOMACROMOLECULES: FROM 3-D STRUCTURE TO APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 34th Hanford Symposium on Health and the Environment - Biomacromolecules: From 3-D to Applications CY OCT 23-26, 1995 CL PASCO, WA DE DNA repair; sequence context effects; NMR spectroscopy water of hydration AB Our interest is in the structural basis for protein recognition of DNA damage. We are using solution-state NMR to study protein structure as well as sequence context effects on DNA secondary structure and dynamics. We are using this information to understand how DNA sequence context modulates the topological presentation of DNA lesions and how this is in turn affects damage recognition by DNA repair proteins. In one example, we have observed that the minor groove widths in poly:G DNA are remarkably similar to those typically associated with B'DNA in poly:A regions. Based on a screening of several sequences containing G inserts into poly:A segments, we find that guanine can be accommodated into a narrow minor groove structure. We will report on the structural details that allow this to occur. Narrow minor grooves in poly:G DNA explain binding patterns of the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide to DNA. Another intriguing observation of how sequence context bears on DNA secondary structure and dynamics is the occurrence of slow, large-amplitude base motion at many TpA steps in DNA. We are systematically studying DNA sequence context to determine if ''rules'' can be established for when large-amplitude, slow motion can be expected at TpA steps in DNA. We will also report on our preliminary studies on the structure of zinc-finger DNA binding domains that are involved in human DNA repair proteins. RP Kennedy, MA (reprint author), BATTELLE MEM INST,PACIFIC NW LABS,POB 999,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-019-5 PY 1997 BP 85 EP 93 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BH23Z UT WOS:A1997BH23Z00007 ER PT B AU Skinner, MM Terwilliger, TC AF Skinner, MM Terwilliger, TC BE Ornstein, RL TI An atomic view of additive mutational effects in a protein structure SO BIOMACROMOLECULES: FROM 3-D STRUCTURE TO APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 34th Hanford Symposium on Health and the Environment - Biomacromolecules: From 3-D to Applications CY OCT 23-26, 1995 CL PASCO, WA DE protein crystallography; protein structure; protein engineering; protein-nucleic acid interactions AB Substitution of a single amino acid in a protein will often lead to substantial changes in properties. If these properties could be altered in a rational way, then proteins could be readily generated with functions tailored to specific uses. When amino acid substitutions are made at well-separated locations in a single protein, their effects are generally additive. Additivity of effects of amino acid substitutions is very useful, because the properties of proteins with any combination of substitutions can be inferred directly from those of the proteins with single changes. It would therefore be of considerable interest to have a means of knowing whether substitutions at a particular pair of sites in a protein are likely to lead to additive effects. The structural basis for additivity of effects of mutations on protein function was examined by determining crystal structures of single and double mutants in the hydrophobic core of gene V protein. Structural effects of mutations were found to be cumulative when two mutations were made in a single protein. Additivity occurs in this case because the regions structurally affected by mutations at the two sites do not overlap, even though the sites are separated by only 9 Angstrom. Structural distortions induced by mutations in gene V protein decrease rapidly, but not isotropically, with distance from the site of mutation. It is anticipated that cases where structural and functional effects of mutations will be additive could be identified simply by examining whether the regions structurally affected by each component mutation overlap. RP Skinner, MM (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,STRUCT BIOL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. RI Terwilliger, Thomas/K-4109-2012 OI Terwilliger, Thomas/0000-0001-6384-0320 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-019-5 PY 1997 BP 111 EP 121 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BH23Z UT WOS:A1997BH23Z00009 ER PT B AU Miaskiewicz, K Ornstein, RL AF Miaskiewicz, K Ornstein, RL BE Ornstein, RL TI Hinge-bending closure of the hydrophobic-binding surface of a TATA-binding protein monomer SO BIOMACROMOLECULES: FROM 3-D STRUCTURE TO APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 34th Hanford Symposium on Health and the Environment - Biomacromolecules: From 3-D to Applications CY OCT 23-26, 1995 CL PASCO, WA DE TBP; TATA-box; protein dynamics hinge-bending; domain motions; protein-DNA interactions AB The TATA-box binding protein (TBP) is a universal transcription factor that initiates binding to TATA-box DNA sequence promoters. TBP homo- or hetero-dimer (TBP-DNA) complex crystal structures have been reported. The structure of the protein in these complexes is very similar and resembles a molecular saddle. Although TBP may prefer to form homodimers, the dimer must dissociate into monomers prior to binding DNA. We present the results of AMBER molecular dynamics simulations on a TBP monomer. Three similar trajectories were computed; each simulation shows large-scale hinge-bending that brings the two domains of TBP close to each other and results in closure of the DNA binding site. RP Miaskiewicz, K (reprint author), BATTELLE MEM INST,PACIFIC NW LABS,ENVIRONM MOL SCI LAB,POB 999,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-019-5 PY 1997 BP 133 EP 144 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BH23Z UT WOS:A1997BH23Z00011 ER PT B AU Cooney, MG Miaskiewicz, K Shibata, M Miller, JH AF Cooney, MG Miaskiewicz, K Shibata, M Miller, JH BE Ornstein, RL TI Molecular dynamics simulations on a zinc-finger protein: DNA complex SO BIOMACROMOLECULES: FROM 3-D STRUCTURE TO APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 34th Hanford Symposium on Health and the Environment - Biomacromolecules: From 3-D to Applications CY OCT 23-26, 1995 CL PASCO, WA DE molecular dynamics simulation; protein hydration; transcription factor-DNA binding; zinc finger proteins AB We have performed 500 picoseconds of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation on an aqueous complex of the erythroid chicken transcription factor GATA-1 with an 8-base-pair segment of its cognate DNA, with nucleotide sequence 5'-AGATAAAC-3', using the AMBER 4.0 package. We began the simulation with the NMR-derived structure in which localized water molecules have been identified near hydrophobic sidechain groups. The terminal base pairs of the DNA were restrained to prevent strand separation. In the course of the simulation the N-terminal arm became more extended, while the beta-turn region (amino acids 1-12) expanded and shifted away from the alpha-helix (amino acids 28-39) of the zinc finger, leaving the cysteines that coordinate the zinc ion more exposed to solvent by the 400th picosecond. The alpha-helix moved away from its initial close contact with the DNA major groove, leaving new solvent-accessible surfaces and creating a potential space for additional water. The carboxyl terminal arm remained in the DNA minor groove but migrated along the helix, probably reflecting a change in the shape of the minor groove. Most of the methyl groups identified in the literature as near localized water had at least one water molecule within 3.5 Angstrom during most of the MD simulation. Solute-solvent hydrogen bonds persisted to varying degrees during the simulation, and only a few direct protein-DNA hydrogen bonds were found. Our results show the large range of possible conformations that MD may reveal in such complexes that can be difficult to discern from NMR data alone. RP Cooney, MG (reprint author), BATTELLE MEM INST,PACIFIC NW LABS,POB 999,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-019-5 PY 1997 BP 145 EP 152 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BH23Z UT WOS:A1997BH23Z00012 ER PT B AU Ornstein, R Zheng, YJ AF Ornstein, R Zheng, YJ BE Ornstein, RL TI Impact of carbon tetrachloride and other solvents on enzyme intramolecular hydrogen bonding: Subtilisin SO BIOMACROMOLECULES: FROM 3-D STRUCTURE TO APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 34th Hanford Symposium on Health and the Environment - Biomacromolecules: From 3-D to Applications CY OCT 23-26, 1995 CL PASCO, WA DE carbon tetrachloride; hydrogen bonding; subtilisin AB Remediation and monitoring of subsurface contamination has proven to be problematic, thus cost-effective, enzyme-based alternatives may prove useful in dealing with heavily halogenated substances in the deep subsurface. At the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Reservation in the State of Washington, carbon tetrachloride (CC1(4)) is the most serious recalcitrant, subsurface, chlorinated hydrocarbon. A hallmark of enzyme structure is the detailed pattern of intramolecular hydrogen bonding. We compare the hydrogen bonding pattern obtained from molecular dynamics simulation on the enzyme Carlsberg subtilisin in CC1(4), in water, and in two other solvents. RP Ornstein, R (reprint author), PACIFIC NW LABS,ENVIRONM MOL SCI LAB,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-019-5 PY 1997 BP 175 EP 182 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BH23Z UT WOS:A1997BH23Z00015 ER PT B AU Paulsen, MD AF Paulsen, MD BE Ornstein, RL TI Using free-energy calculations to optimize chloroalkane force-field parameters SO BIOMACROMOLECULES: FROM 3-D STRUCTURE TO APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 34th Hanford Symposium on Health and the Environment - Biomacromolecules: From 3-D to Applications CY OCT 23-26, 1995 CL PASCO, WA DE molecular dynamics; free energy of solvation; biodehalogenation; chloroalkanes; force field parameterization AB Lennard-Jones parameters for chloroalkanes were optimized in order to reproduce experimental absolute-hydration free-energy data. Absolute-solvation free energies were calculated using the recently developed separation-shifted scaling method in conjunction with thermodynamic integration calculations. Coefficients for the repulsive interaction of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine with extended simple point charge water were optimized to simultaneously improve the agreement between calculated and experimental absolute-hydration free energies for both substituted and unsubstituted short-chain alkanes. RP Paulsen, MD (reprint author), PACIFIC NW LABS,ENVIRONM MOL SCI LAB,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-019-5 PY 1997 BP 183 EP 192 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BH23Z UT WOS:A1997BH23Z00016 ER PT B AU Arnold, GE Ornstein, RL AF Arnold, GE Ornstein, RL BE Ornstein, RL TI Molecular dynamics study of haloalkane dehalogenase; Implications for solvent channel access to the active site SO BIOMACROMOLECULES: FROM 3-D STRUCTURE TO APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 34th Hanford Symposium on Health and the Environment - Biomacromolecules: From 3-D to Applications CY OCT 23-26, 1995 CL PASCO, WA DE protein dynamics; crystal packing forces; aqueous simulation; dehalogenation AB Xanthobacter grows on 1,2-dichloroethane as a sole carbon and energy source. The haloalkane dehalogenase enzyme catalyzes the first metabolic step in the 1,2-dichloroethane Xanthobacter degradation pathway. The enzyme mechanism is very similar to that of a serine protease except that an aspartic acid has replaced the nucleophilic serine in the catalytic triad. Several crystal structures of this 310 amino acid enzyme have been solved. The x-ray structures where either the substrate is bound or a covalent alkyl intermediate has been trapped indicate that the active site pocket is occluded from the surface of the enzyme. The underlying dynamics operative in controlling the access and exit channel(s), for substrate and product, are not well understood. To better understand this process, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the fully solvated enzyme were calculated using the following three crystal structures as starting points: (1) substrate free simulation, using PDB entry 2HAD (HAD); (2) substrate bound simulation, using PDB entry 2DHC (DHC); and (3) the trapped covalent intermediate alkyl intermediate simulation, using PDB entry 2DHD (DHD). Temporal analysis of the trajectories versus potential energy, hydrogen bond stability, root mean square deviation from the starting crystal structure, atomic fluctuations, and protein radius of gyration indicated that the simulations were both stable and representative of the average experimental observables. However, significant differences were found between the experimental B factor values and those calculated from the MD trajectories for active site residues Glu 56, Phe 164, Trp 175 and Asp 260. It has been suggest that the dynamic motions of Glu 56 may possibly control access of the hydrolytic water to the active site in the final enzymatic step. The simulations indicated a heterogeneity in sidechain position of this residue and approaching that of two equal pop ulations. Asp 260 is located near the entrance of the substrate binding pocket and, in all three trajectories, its sidechain atoms rotated out from the binding pocket to the surface of the protein. These dynamic motions may be part of the mechanism facilitating access of substrate to the active site and need to be studied further. RP Arnold, GE (reprint author), PACIFIC NW LABS,ENVIRONM MOL SCI LAB,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-019-5 PY 1997 BP 215 EP 229 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BH23Z UT WOS:A1997BH23Z00019 ER PT B AU Fredrickson, JK Fry, NK Fishbain, S Stahl, DA AF Fredrickson, JK Fry, NK Fishbain, S Stahl, DA BE Ornstein, RL TI Microbial diversity in subsurface environments as revealed by small subunit (16S) ribosomal RNA gene sequence analyses SO BIOMACROMOLECULES: FROM 3-D STRUCTURE TO APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 34th Hanford Symposium on Health and the Environment - Biomacromolecules: From 3-D to Applications CY OCT 23-26, 1995 CL PASCO, WA DE aquifer; anaerobic; alkaline; DNA; RNA; methanogenic; sulfate-reducing; metal-reducing AB The microbial community structure of two deep (1270 and 316 m), alkaline (pH 1 0.2 and 9.7), anaerobic (Eh = -400 and -305 mV) aquifers within the Columbia River Basalt Group in southeastern Washington State was characterized using rRNA-based analyses. Previous studies indicated that ground water from these aquifers (wells designated DC-06 and DB-II) was dominated by a sulfidogenic (DC-06) and methanogenic (DB-11) microbial metabolism, respectively. RNA was extracted from microorganisms collected from ground water by ultrafiltration, using hollow-fiber membranes, and hybridized to RNA-targeted, taxon-specific oligonucleotide probes. This revealed that each aquifer has a distinct and diverse community. Of the three domains (Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea), Bacteria dominated both communities, comprising 92.0% of the total rRNA from the sulfidogenic well and 64.4% from the methanogenic well. Eukarya comprised 5.7% and 14.4%, and Archaea, 1.8% and 2.5%, respectively. Gram-positive organisms were found in both wells: 11.71% in the sulfidogenic well and 7.6% in the methanogenic well. Two probes were used to target sulfate-reducing bacteria within the delta subdivision of the Proteobacteria, the Desulfobacter group and the Desulfovibrio/metal-reducing group. The Desulfobacter group was present (0.3%) only in the ground water with the high sulfate concentrations. However, comparable hybridization to a probe selective for the Desulfovibrio and some metal-reducing bacteria was found in both groundwater samples; 2.53% from the sulfidogenic ground water and 2.86% in the methanogenic ground water. These results indicate that these deep aquifer microbial communities are phylogenetically diverse and are composed of Gram-positive bacteria, sulfate and metal-reducing bacteria, Archaea, and eukaryotes. RP Fredrickson, JK (reprint author), BATTELLE MEM INST,PACIFIC NW LABS,POB 999,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-019-5 PY 1997 BP 249 EP 263 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BH23Z UT WOS:A1997BH23Z00022 ER PT J AU Graham, RL Liu, W Downing, M Noon, CE Daly, M Moore, A AF Graham, RL Liu, W Downing, M Noon, CE Daly, M Moore, A TI The effect of location and facility demand on the marginal cost of delivered wood chips from energy crops: A case study of the state of Tennessee SO BIOMASS & BIOENERGY LA English DT Article DE biomass feedstock; short rotation woody crops; delivered feedstock price; geographic variation ID BIOMASS AB Cost-supply curves for delivered wood chips from short rotation woody crops were calculated for 21 regularly spaced locations spanning the state of Tennessee. These curves were used to systematically evaluate the combined effects of location and facility demand on wood chip feedstock costs in Tennessee. The cost-supply curves were developed using BRAVO, a GIS-based decision support system which calculates marginal cost of delivering wood chips to a specific location given road network maps and maps of farm-gate prices and supplies of wood chips from short, relation energy crops. Marginal costs of delivered chips varied by both facility location in the state and facility demand. Marginal costs were lowest in central Tennessee, unless the facility demand was greater than 2 700 000 dry Mg/y (3 000 000 dry t/y) in which case west Tennessee was the lowest cost region. Marginal costs rose rapidly with increasing facility demand in the mountainous eastern portion of the state. Transportation costs accounted for 18-29% of the delivered cost and ranged between $8 and 18/dry Mg ($7 and 16/dry I). Reducing the expected farmer participation rate from 100 to 50 or 25% dramatically raised the marginal costs of feedstock supply in the east and central regions of the state. The analysis demonstrates the need to use geographically-specific information when projecting the potential costs and supplies of biomass feedstock. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Biofuels Feedstock Dev Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Management Sci Program, Knoxville, TN 37966 USA. Dept Trade & Ind, Energy Technol Support Unit, Didcot OX11 0RA, Oxon, England. RP Graham, RL (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Biofuels Feedstock Dev Program, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 6 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0961-9534 J9 BIOMASS BIOENERG JI Biomass Bioenerg. PY 1997 VL 13 IS 3 BP 117 EP 123 DI 10.1016/S0961-9534(97)00022-6 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA YQ703 UT WOS:000071414800001 ER PT J AU Schlamadinger, B Apps, M Bohlin, F Gustavsson, L Jungmeier, G Marland, G Pingoud, K Savolainen, I AF Schlamadinger, B Apps, M Bohlin, F Gustavsson, L Jungmeier, G Marland, G Pingoud, K Savolainen, I TI Towards a standard methodology for greenhouse gas balances of bioenergy systems in comparison with fossil energy systems SO BIOMASS & BIOENERGY LA English DT Article DE carbon balance; CO2; bioenergy; methodology; greenhouse gases ID CARBON STORAGE; FOREST-MANAGEMENT; WOOD PRODUCTS; CO2 EMISSIONS; BIOMASS; STRATEGIES; TREES; CYCLE; FUELS AB In this paper, which was prepared as part of IEA Bioenergy Task XV ("Greenhouse Gas Balances of Bioenergy Systems"), we outline a standard methodology for comparing the greenhouse gas balances of bioenergy systems with those of fossil energy systems. Emphasis is on a careful definition of system boundaries. The following issues are dealt with in detail: time interval analysed and changes of carbon stocks; reference energy systems; energy inputs required to produce, process and transport fuels; mass and energy losses along the entire fuel chain; energy embodied in facility infrastructure; distribution systems; cogeneration systems; by-products; waste wood and other biomass waste for energy; reference land use; and other environmental issues. For each of these areas recommendations are given on how analyses of greenhouse gas balances should be performed. In some cases we also point out alternative ways of doing the greenhouse gas accounting. Finally, the paper gives some recommendations on how bioenergy systems should be optimized from a greenhouse-gas-emissions point of view. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Joanneum Res, A-8010 Graz, Austria. Canadian Forestry Serv, Dept Nat Resources Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forestry Ind Market Studies, Uppsala, Sweden. Univ Lund, Dept Environm & Energy Syst Studies, Lund, Sweden. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Tech Res Ctr Finland, VTT Energy, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland. RP Schlamadinger, B (reprint author), Joanneum Res, Elisabethstr 11, A-8010 Graz, Austria. NR 49 TC 121 Z9 122 U1 1 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0961-9534 J9 BIOMASS BIOENERG JI Biomass Bioenerg. PY 1997 VL 13 IS 6 BP 359 EP 375 DI 10.1016/S0961-9534(97)10032-0 PG 17 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA ZF629 UT WOS:000072916200004 ER PT J AU Marland, G Schlamadinger, B AF Marland, G Schlamadinger, B TI Forests for carbon sequestration or fossil fuel substitution? A sensitivity analysis SO BIOMASS & BIOENERGY LA English DT Article DE carbon sequestration; afforestation; bioenergy; forests; growth rate; efficiency ID MANAGED FORESTS; STORAGE; BIOMASS; PRODUCTS; TREES; STRATEGIES; EMISSIONS; SOILS; WOODY; CROPS AB Among the proposals for mitigating the increase of atmospheric CO, are the possibility of reforesting degraded lands to sequester C or of using sustainable forest harvests to displace fossil fuels. Storing C on-site in forests and harvesting forests for a sustainable flow of forest products are not necessarily conflicting options if we recognize that their relative merits in mitigating net emissions of C will depend on site-specific factors, such as forest productivity and the efficiency with which harvested material is used. Since the land available for reforestation or development of forest plantations is limited, the relative merits of the different mitigation strategies need to be considered. We use a mathematical model of C stocks and flows to compare the net effect on C emissions to the atmosphere for the two approaches over a range of values of forest productivity and the efficiency of product use. When sustainably-produced forest products are used inefficiently to displace fossil fuels, the greater C benefit is achieved through reforestation and protection of standing forests, and increasing the rate of stand growth yields little gain. However, when forest products are used efficiently to displace fossil fuels, sustainable harvest produces the greater net C benefits, and the benefit increases rapidly with increasing productivity. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Joanneum Res, A-8010 Graz, Austria. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Marland, G (reprint author), Joanneum Res, Elisabethstr 11, A-8010 Graz, Austria. NR 27 TC 103 Z9 109 U1 0 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0961-9534 J9 BIOMASS BIOENERG JI Biomass Bioenerg. PY 1997 VL 13 IS 6 BP 389 EP 397 DI 10.1016/S0961-9534(97)00027-5 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA ZF629 UT WOS:000072916200006 ER PT J AU Sanderson, MA Egg, RP Wiselogel, AE AF Sanderson, MA Egg, RP Wiselogel, AE TI Biomass losses during harvest and storage of switchgrass SO BIOMASS & BIOENERGY LA English DT Article DE storage losses; large round bales; storage methods; bioenergy crops ID LARGE ROUND BALES; HAY; QUALITY AB Estimates of dry matter losses during harvest and storage of herbaceous biomass are needed to determine harvest efficiency and net biomass yield. Losses of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) biomass stored in large round bales as affected by protected and unprotected conditions in three experiments during 1992 to 1995. We also measured the losses of dry matter (DM) during the harvesting operation each year and determined the quantity and quality of runoff water from stored bales during one year. In Experiment 1, ''Alamo'' switchgrass was harvested in August 1992 and stored in 275 kg bales unprotected outside on a grass sod for six months. In Experiments 2 and 3, switchgrass was harvested in November of 1993 and 1994, respectively, and stored in 370 kg bales for one year inside on concrete, outside on a grass sod unprotected from the elements, or outside on a gravel pad. In each experiment, the biomass was field dried to 11 to 19% moisture and baled. The bales were weighed at the beginning and end of the storage period to determine DM losses. In Experiment 1, DM losses during six months of storage were 13% of the original bale dry weight. In Experiments 2 and 3, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in DM losses (average of 5%) among outside treatments during the 12 months of storage. There were no biomass Losses for bales stored inside in Experiment 2; however, there was a 2% loss in Experiment 3. Losses of DM during baling ranged from 1 to 5% depending on moisture concentration in the biomass at baling. Larger losses were associated with drier biomass, presumably because of more shattering. Quality and quantity of runoff water from bales were not different (P > 0.05) from runoff water of control plots. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT AGR ENGN,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. NATL RENEWABLE ENERGY LAB,GOLDEN,CO 80401. RP Sanderson, MA (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,CTR AGR RES & EXTENS,STEPHENVILLE,TX 76401, USA. NR 18 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0961-9534 J9 BIOMASS BIOENERG JI Biomass Bioenerg. PY 1997 VL 12 IS 2 BP 107 EP 114 DI 10.1016/S0961-9534(96)00068-2 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA WV922 UT WOS:A1997WV92200004 ER PT J AU Jenkins, BM Kayhanian, M Baxter, LL Salour, D AF Jenkins, BM Kayhanian, M Baxter, LL Salour, D TI Combustion of residual biosolids from a high solids anaerobic digestion aerobic composting process SO BIOMASS & BIOENERGY LA English DT Article DE anaerobic digestion; composting; humus; combustion; fouling; agglomeration; fluidized bed; biomass boilers ID 2-STAGE PROCESS AB A humus consisting of aerobically stabilized anaerobic digester effluent was burned in two laboratory test facilities to evaluate possible problems in using the humus as Fuel in boilers. An atmospheric circulating fluidized-bed combustor (FBC) was used to assess possible bed agglomeration when using alumina-silicate bed media. A multi-fuel capable entrained flow combustor (MFC) with electrically heated walls simulating a boiler was used with air-cooled tubular probes to evaluate potential ash deposition on heat exchangers. Low heating value of the humus led to poor temperature control in the FBC when burned alone. Tests of the humus blended 50% by weight with wood were also carried out in the FBC. No evidence of bed agglomeration was found in the FBC with tither humus alone or blended with wood at temperatures up to 900 degrees C: the maximum tested. Bed-drain rate was nearly equal to fuel-ash feed rare to maintain constant bed pressure drop due to the high sand fraction in the humus. Deposits collected on the probes in the MFC experiment were enriched in alkali-sulfate, as were the fine fractions of fly-ash samples. Deposition rates were not established due to particle-induced abrasion of deposits from the heavy sand fraction of the fuel, but at least moderate alkali-sulfate deposition can be anticipated if humus is burned in commercial units. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,DAVIS,CA 95616. SANDIA NATL LABS,COMBUST RES FACIL,LIVERMORE,CA. CALIF ENERGY COMMISS,SACRAMENTO,CA. RP Jenkins, BM (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT AGR & BIOL ENGN,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. RI Baxter, Larry/C-8567-2009 OI Baxter, Larry/0000-0002-0453-2659 NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0961-9534 J9 BIOMASS BIOENERG JI Biomass Bioenerg. PY 1997 VL 12 IS 5 BP 367 EP 381 DI 10.1016/S0961-9534(97)00086-X PG 15 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA XY448 UT WOS:A1997XY44800006 ER PT B AU Mourant, JR Johnson, TM Jack, DS AF Mourant, JR Johnson, TM Jack, DS BE VoDinh, T Lieberman, RA Vurek, GG Katzir, A TI Physiological monitoring of brain function with a broadband, multifiber, continuous-wave optical system SO BIOMEDICAL SENSING, IMAGING, AND TRACKING TECHNOLOGIES II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Biomedical Sensing, Imaging, and Tracking Technologies II CY FEB 11-13, 1997 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Int Biomed Opt Soc, Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Amer Soc Laser Med & Surg Inc DE physiological monitoring; brain function; NIR spectroscopy; blood oxygenation; hemoglobin saturation AB An instrument designed for physiological monitoring should be relatively inexpensive, take readings rapidly and be able to discriminate optical signals due to specific chromophores. A cw, broadband, multifiber system can potentially meet these requirements. The use of a steady-state Light source rather than making time-resolved or frequency-domain measurements means that the system is relatively inexpensive. Simultaneous detection of signals from multiple optical fibers means that multiple measurements can be made simultaneously. By making broadband measurements (675 - 925 nm) it is possible to discriminate amongst the many chromophores which contribute the optical signal. We have developed a cw, broadband, multifiber system and are testing it in vivo. A possible application is noninvasive, optical monitoring of the brain which has the potential to be a real-time, noninvasive method for clinical monitoring as well as being a technique for studying fundamental aspects of brain function. RP Mourant, JR (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,BIOSCI & BIOTECHNOL GRP,MS E535,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2387-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 2976 BP 32 EP 39 DI 10.1117/12.275551 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Optics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Engineering; Optics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BJ12R UT WOS:A1997BJ12R00004 ER PT B AU Grant, SA Glass, RS AF Grant, SA Glass, RS BE VoDinh, T Lieberman, RA Vurek, GG Katzir, A TI Sol-gel based fiber optic pH sensor SO BIOMEDICAL SENSING, IMAGING, AND TRACKING TECHNOLOGIES II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Biomedical Sensing, Imaging, and Tracking Technologies II CY FEB 11-13, 1997 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Int Biomed Opt Soc, Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Amer Soc Laser Med & Surg Inc DE sensor; fiber optic; sol-gel; pH AB We report here on the development of a sol-gel based fiber optic sensor to monitor local blood pH. These sensors are being developed for invasive medical applications; that is, they will be coaxially threaded through a catheter beyond an occlusion in the vascular system. The fiber optic pH sensor design was based on the immobilization of a pH sensitive dye, seminaphthorhodamine-1 carboxylate (SNARF-1C), onto the tip or surface of an optical fiber using the sol-gel method. The fiber optic pH sensor was tested in phosphate buffer saline and human whole blood using a miniature fluorimeter system. Linear responses were obtained in blood in the FH range 6.7 to 8.0, which demonstrates potential for use for in vivo sensing. RP Grant, SA (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,CHEM & MAT SCI DIRECTORATE,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2387-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 2976 BP 64 EP 70 DI 10.1117/12.275514 PG 7 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Optics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Engineering; Optics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BJ12R UT WOS:A1997BJ12R00008 ER PT B AU Hielscher, AH Eick, AA Mourant, JR Freyer, JP Bigio, IJ AF Hielscher, AH Eick, AA Mourant, JR Freyer, JP Bigio, IJ BE VoDinh, T Lieberman, RA Vurek, GG Katzir, A TI Biomedical diagnostic with diffusely backscattered linearly and circularly polarized light SO BIOMEDICAL SENSING, IMAGING, AND TRACKING TECHNOLOGIES II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Biomedical Sensing, Imaging, and Tracking Technologies II CY FEB 11-13, 1997 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Int Biomed Opt Soc, Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Amer Soc Laser Med & Surg Inc DE mueller matrix; Stokes vector polarization; backscattering; polystyrene spheres; biological-cell suspensions; fibroblasts; cancer AB We report on the development of a method that records spatially dependent intensity patterns of polarized Light that is diffusely backscattered from turbid materials. It is demonstrated that these intensity patterns can be used to differentiate between suspensions of cancerous and noncancerous cells and to observe different metabolic cell processes. Our technique employs polarized light from a He-Ne laser (lambda = 513 nm), which is focused onto the surface of the scattering medium. A surface area of approximately 4 x 4 cm around the light input point is imaged through polarization-analysis optics onto a CCD camera One can observe a manifold of intensity patterns by varying the polarization state of the incident laser light and changing the analyzer configuration to detect different polarization components of the backscattered light Introducing the Mueller-matrix concept for diffusely backscattered light, a framework is provided to select a subset of measurements which comprehensively describe the optical properties of backscattering media. RP Hielscher, AH (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,CST-4,MS E535,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2387-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 2976 BP 298 EP 305 DI 10.1117/12.275538 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Optics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Engineering; Optics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BJ12R UT WOS:A1997BJ12R00033 ER PT J AU Buck, DR Savikhin, S Struve, WS AF Buck, DR Savikhin, S Struve, WS TI Ultrafast absorption difference spectra of the Fenna-Matthews-Olson protein at 19 K: Experiment and simulations SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL-A-PROTEIN; BACTERIUM CHLOROFLEXUS-AURANTIACUS; PROSTHECOCHLORIS-AESTUARII; ENERGY-TRANSFER; EXCITON INTERACTION; CHLOROBIUM-TEPIDUM; ANTENNA COMPLEX; OPTICAL-SPECTRA; SPECTROSCOPY; TRANSITION AB We describe simulations of absorption difference spectra in strongly coupled photosynthetic antennas. In the presence of large resonance couplings, distinctive features arise from excited-state absorption transitions between one- and two-exciton levels. We first outline the theory for the heterodimer and for the general N-pigment system, and we demonstrate the transition between the strong and weak coupling regimes. The theory is applied to Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) bacteriochlorophyll a protein trimers from the green photosynthetic bacterium Prosthecochloris aestuarii and then compared with experimental low-temperature absorption difference spectra of FMO trimers from the green bacterium Chlorobium tepidum. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT CHEM,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,US DOE,AMES LAB,AMES,IA 50011. NR 32 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 72 IS 1 BP 24 EP 36 PG 13 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA WC529 UT WOS:A1997WC52900004 PM 8994590 ER PT J AU Holbrook, SR Kim, SH AF Holbrook, SR Kim, SH TI RNA crystallography SO BIOPOLYMERS LA English DT Article DE RNA; x-ray crystallography; crystal structure; transfer RNA; ribozyme; catalytic RNA; internal loop; review ID PHENYLALANINE TRANSFER-RNA; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; DOUBLE-HELICAL FRAGMENTS; YEAST ASPARTIC-ACID; 5S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; B-FORM DNA; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE; HAMMERHEAD RIBOZYME; BASE-PAIRS AB The current state of three-dimensional structure analysis of RNA bl x-ray crystallography is summarized. The methods of sample preparation, crystallization, data collection, and structure solution are discussed, followed by a review of the RNA structures that have been determined and of common structural features, and finally, an appraisal of future prospects for x-ray crystal structure analysis of RNA. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. RP Holbrook, SR (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,STRUCT BIOL DIV,MELVIN CALVIN BLDG,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 4921501] NR 100 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0006-3525 J9 BIOPOLYMERS JI Biopolymers PY 1997 VL 44 IS 1 BP 3 EP 21 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA WR247 UT WOS:A1997WR24700004 PM 9097731 ER PT S AU Lynch, NJ Gering, KL Cherry, RS AF Lynch, NJ Gering, KL Cherry, RS BE Bajpai, RK Zappi, ME TI Composting as a reactor design problem - Modeling and experiment SO BIOREMEDIATION OF SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE CONTAMINATION SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Bioremediation of Surface and Subsurface Contamination CY JAN 21-26, 1996 CL PALM COAST, FLORIDA C1 Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Cherry, RS (reprint author), Idaho Natl Engn Lab, POB 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-064-6 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1997 VL 829 BP 290 EP 301 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48583.x PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BK42N UT WOS:000072113200024 ER PT J AU Arakawa, ET Tuminello, PS Khare, BN Milham, ME AF Arakawa, ET Tuminello, PS Khare, BN Milham, ME TI Optical properties of horseradish peroxidase from 0.13 to 2.5 mu m SO BIOSPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article AB Measurements of optical characteristics such as light scattering and fluorescence of components in bacterial cells have been used to sort cells and to identify different classes of bacteria in a mixed suspension. More detailed studies require a knowledge of the optical properties of individual components of the cells. Because cells are composed largely of proteins, a measurement of the optical constants of horseradish peroxidase, a globular protein, would permit modeling of the refractive index profiles of complex inhomogeneous structures such as a bacterial spore. Spectral reflectance and transmittance measurements combined with Kramers-Kronig analyses have been used to obtain the real (n) and imaginary (k) parts of the complex refractive index N = n + ik of horseradish peroxidase over the wavelength interval from 0.13 to 2.5 mu m. Samples were in the form of thin solid films, pressed pellets, and solutions in water. For wavelengths less than 0.6 mu m, good agreement was obtained between the optical constants of the material derived from measurements made on the solid films and on the solutions in water. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 CORNELL UNIV,PLANETARY STUDIES LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. USAMCCOM,EDGEWOOD RES DEV & ENGN CTR,ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND,MD 21010. RP Arakawa, ET (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,HLTH SCI RES DIV,POB 2008,4500S,MS-6123,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 1075-4261 J9 BIOSPECTROSCOPY JI Biospectroscopy PY 1997 VL 3 IS 1 BP 73 EP 80 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6343(1997)3:1<73::AID-BSPY6>3.0.CO;2-T PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biophysics; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Spectroscopy GA WD706 UT WOS:A1997WD70600006 ER PT J AU Mecklenburg, SL Mason, AB Woodworth, RC Donohoe, RJ AF Mecklenburg, SL Mason, AB Woodworth, RC Donohoe, RJ TI Distinction of the two binding sites of serum transferrin by resonance Raman spectroscopy SO BIOSPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE transferrin; Raman; absorption; mutants ID TERMINAL HALF-MOLECULE; IRON RELEASE; X-RAY; RECEPTOR; IRON(III); COMPLEXES; PROTEINS; MODEL; RESOLUTION; EXPRESSION AB The resonance Raman (RR) data for a variety of transferrin samples were investigated to explore differences between the two active sites. The excitation wavelength dependence of the RR data in the low energy shift region (<900 cm(-1)) for diferric transferrin (Fe2Tf) reveals extensive changes in the relative intensities for some of the peaks, indicating that the visible and near ultraviolet absorption of the Fe2Tf protein is composed of several distinct transitions. The identity of the low-energy vibrations was explored by comparison of the data from Fe2Tf, two different binding site mutants of the N-terminal site half transferrin molecule, Tf/2N, and Fe2Tf in which the normal binding site carbonate was replaced with (CO32-)-O-18. The higher energy RR spectra of the various samples are quite similar, whereas the low-energy band patterns are strongly influenced by the mutations and isotopic substitution. Comparison of the RR data obtained from Fe2Tf, Tf/2N, and C-terminal monoferric transferrin reveals that the intensities and energies of the modes below 900 cm(-1) are different for the two binding sites. This result helps reveal an isolated electronic transition for the N-terminal active site near 365 nm, where laser excitation yields selective enhancement of the low-energy N-terminal modes. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,BIOCHEM & BIOTECHNOL GRP,CST4,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. UNIV VERMONT,COLL MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,BURLINGTON,VT 05405. RI Mecklenburg, Sandra/F-4571-2010 NR 30 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 4 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 1075-4261 J9 BIOSPECTROSCOPY JI Biospectroscopy PY 1997 VL 3 IS 6 BP 435 EP 444 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6343(1997)3:6<435::AID-BSPY2>3.0.CO;2-# PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biophysics; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Spectroscopy GA YH207 UT WOS:A1997YH20700002 ER PT J AU Elston, TC Bulsara, AR AF Elston, TC Bulsara, AR TI First passage statistics of periodically driven models for neural dynamics SO BIOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Neuronal Coding CY SEP 11-14, 1995 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Charles Univ, Ctr Theoret Study, Acad Sci Czech Republic DE neural dynamics; periodic stimuli; first passage studies ID STOCHASTIC RESONANCE; NOISE AB The dynamics of two simple neuron models subjected to periodic stimuli is studied at the level of the first passage time probability density. The results from analytic treatments of these models are presented, and a discussion of the important properties displayed by these models is given. Specifically, both models possess resonans phenomena in the first passage probability distribution, arising from of the interplay of characteristic time-scales in the system. C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,CTR NONLINEAR STUDIES,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DIV THEORET,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. USN,COMMAND CONTROL & OCEAN SURVEILLANCE CTR,RES DEV TEST & EVALUAT DIV,SAN DIEGO,CA 92152. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0303-2647 J9 BIOSYSTEMS JI Biosystems PY 1997 VL 40 IS 1-2 BP 37 EP 43 DI 10.1016/0303-2647(96)01628-0 PG 7 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA VU215 UT WOS:A1997VU21500006 PM 8971194 ER PT B AU Francis, AJ AF Francis, AJ BE Ronneau, C Bitchaeva, O TI Biotechnology of radioactive wastes: A general overview SO BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT AND SITE RESTORATION: TECHNOLOGICAL, EDUCATIONAL, BUSINESS, POLITICAL ASPECTS SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SUB-SER 2, ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Biotechnology for Waste Management and Site Restoration CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 1994 CL MOL, BELGIUM SP NATO, Russian Natl Ctr Biotechn Nucl & Ind Power, Catholic Univ Louvain, Belgian Nucl Res Ctr C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Appl Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Francis, AJ (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Appl Sci, Bldg 315, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-4769-2 J9 NATO ASI 2 PY 1997 VL 34 BP 19 EP 28 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK73K UT WOS:000073247400004 ER PT B AU Rogers, RD Hamilton, MA McConnell, JW AF Rogers, RD Hamilton, MA McConnell, JW BE Ronneau, C Bitchaeva, O TI The possibility for microbially-influenced degradation of cement solidified low-level radioactive waste forms SO BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT AND SITE RESTORATION: TECHNOLOGICAL, EDUCATIONAL, BUSINESS, POLITICAL ASPECTS SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SUB-SER 2, ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Biotechnology for Waste Management and Site Restoration CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 1994 CL MOL, BELGIUM SP NATO, Russian Natl Ctr Biotechn Nucl & Ind Power, Catholic Univ Louvain, Belgian Nucl Res Ctr AB The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulations 10 CFR Part 61, "Licensing Requirements for Land Disposal of Radioactive Waste", regulate the disposal of radioactive waste and provide, among other stipulations, that class B and C low-level radioactive waste (LLW) must be stabilised. This is intended to ensure that solidified waste does not structurally degrade and cause subsidence in the disposal unit's cover system. It is reasoned that deterioration of the waste form could adversely affect the stability of the burial site and lead to the release of radionuclides to the environment. Because of its apparent structural integrity, cement has been widely used as a binder to solidify LLW. However, the resulting preparations called pozzolanic cements are susceptible to failure due to the actions of stress and environment. This paper presents data from the literature that documents the significance of biologically mediated chemical attack on concrete, in general. Concrete is susceptible to aggressive reaction with acids (both mineral and organic) of natural and anthropogenic origin. If persistent, such reactions ultimately lead to structural failure. Groups of microorganisms have been identified that are capable of metabolically converting organic and inorganic substrates into organic and mineral acids. The literature supports the conclusions that acid-producing bacteria of one type or another could be prevalent in all soils, even at depths expected for burial of LLW. Given the appropriate conditions of micro-environment and suitable substrate for growth, these bacteria will create conditions conducive to concrete deterioration. Growth substrates used by acid-producing bacteria (i.e., ammonia compounds, other reduced nitrogen compounds, sulfur and reduced sulfur compounds, reduced iron compounds, as well as organic carbon) could be naturally present in the disposal environment or be provided by the contents of the waste form. Sufficient evidence is presented which demonstrates the potential for microbially-influenced deterioration of cement-solidified LLW. These data are the basis for the NRC initiating the development of appropriate tests to determine the resistance of cement-solidified LLW to microbiologically induced degradation. C1 EG&G Idaho Inc, Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Rogers, RD (reprint author), EG&G Idaho Inc, Idaho Natl Engn Lab, POB 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-4769-2 J9 NATO ASI 2 PY 1997 VL 34 BP 61 EP 67 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK73K UT WOS:000073247400014 ER PT B AU Ragaini, RC AF Ragaini, RC BE Ronneau, C Bitchaeva, O TI Biotechnologies for remediation of organic pollution SO BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT AND SITE RESTORATION: TECHNOLOGICAL, EDUCATIONAL, BUSINESS, POLITICAL ASPECTS SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SUB-SER 2, ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Biotechnology for Waste Management and Site Restoration CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 1994 CL MOL, BELGIUM SP NATO, Russian Natl Ctr Biotechn Nucl & Ind Power, Catholic Univ Louvain, Belgian Nucl Res Ctr C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Environm Protect Dept, Environm Restorat Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Ragaini, RC (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Environm Protect Dept, Environm Restorat Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-4769-2 J9 NATO ASI 2 PY 1997 VL 34 BP 161 EP 170 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK73K UT WOS:000073247400026 ER PT B AU Grimes, DJ AF Grimes, DJ BE Sayler, GS Sanseverino, J Davis, KL TI Environmental biotechnology issues in the federal government SO BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT SE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Biotechnology in the Sustainable Environment CY APR 14-17, 1996 CL KNOXVILLE, TN SP Eastman Chem Co, E I DuPont De Nemours & Co Inc, Procter & Gamble, IT Corp, Dow Chem Co, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Oak Ridge Natl Labs, GE, Univ Tennessee, Waste Management Res & Educ Inst, Bio Cleanup Report C1 US DOE, Off Energy Res, Germantown, MD 20874 USA. RP Grimes, DJ (reprint author), US DOE, Off Energy Res, ER-74,19901 Germantown Rd, Germantown, MD 20874 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45717-2 J9 ENVIR SCI R PY 1997 VL 54 BP 147 EP 152 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK14P UT WOS:000071321600014 ER PT B AU Beattie, KL AF Beattie, KL BE Sayler, GS Sanseverino, J Davis, KL TI Analytical microsystems - Emerging technologies for environmental biomonitoring SO BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT SE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Biotechnology in the Sustainable Environment CY APR 14-17, 1996 CL KNOXVILLE, TN SP Eastman Chem Co, E I DuPont De Nemours & Co Inc, Procter & Gamble, IT Corp, Dow Chem Co, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Oak Ridge Natl Labs, GE, Univ Tennessee, Waste Management Res & Educ Inst, Bio Cleanup Report C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Res, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Beattie, KL (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Res, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45717-2 J9 ENVIR SCI R PY 1997 VL 54 BP 249 EP 260 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK14P UT WOS:000071321600023 ER PT B AU Burlage, RS Strong-Gunderson, J Steward, C Matrubutham, U AF Burlage, RS Strong-Gunderson, J Steward, C Matrubutham, U BE Sayler, GS Sanseverino, J Davis, KL TI Bioreporters and biosensors for environmental analysis SO BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT SE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Biotechnology in the Sustainable Environment CY APR 14-17, 1996 CL KNOXVILLE, TN SP Eastman Chem Co, E I DuPont De Nemours & Co Inc, Procter & Gamble, IT Corp, Dow Chem Co, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Oak Ridge Natl Labs, GE, Univ Tennessee, Waste Management Res & Educ Inst, Bio Cleanup Report C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Burlage, RS (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45717-2 J9 ENVIR SCI R PY 1997 VL 54 BP 261 EP 268 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK14P UT WOS:000071321600024 ER PT J AU Hu, MZC Reeves, M AF Hu, MZC Reeves, M TI Biosorption of uranium by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CSU immobilized in a novel matrix SO BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS LA English DT Article ID HEAVY-METALS; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; BIOMASS BIOSORPTION; CITROBACTER SP; AQUEOUS FLOWS; RECOVERY; ACCUMULATION; REMOVAL; MODEL; BIOACCUMULATION AB Pseudomonas aeruginosa CSU, a nongenetically engineered bacterial strain previously shown to bind dissolved hexavalent uranium (as UO22+ and/or its cationic hydroxy complexes), shows promise as the basis of an immobilized-cell process for removal of dissolved uranium from contaminated wastewaters. A number of polymeric materials, including calcium alginate, polyacrylamide, polysulfone, and polyurethane, were evaluated as possible immobilization matrices for lyophilized biomass of P. aeruginosa CSU. Polyurethane-based materials such as hydrogel were identified as superior candidates for biomass immobilization. A novel polyurethane gel-bead fabrication technique was developed and successfully demonstrated at pilot-plant scale for producing mass quantities of spherical, uniform-size beads. The immobilized bacterial biomass was evaluated via the measurement of sorption isotherms and dynamics within a batch, stirred-tank reactor; and loading and elution behavior within a continuous, upflow, packed-bed columnar reactor. Sorption equilibrium and dynamics in a batch stirred tank were modeled with a pore-diffusion mass transfer model, by which a pore-diffusion coefficient was determined to be approximately 2.0 x 10(-6) cm(2)/s for uranyl ion transport through the polyurethane gel matrix. The biosorbent beads were regenerable with dilute (0.01-0.1 M) sodium carbonate solutions. Preliminary column breakthrough-elution studies indicated that P. aeruginosa CSU biomass immobilized within polyurethane gel beads was effective for removal of uranium from low-concentration, acidic wastewaters. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM TECHNOL,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. OI Hu, Michael/0000-0001-8461-9684 NR 35 TC 81 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 8756-7938 J9 BIOTECHNOL PROGR JI Biotechnol. Prog. PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 13 IS 1 BP 60 EP 70 DI 10.1021/bp9600849 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA WG571 UT WOS:A1997WG57100010 ER PT J AU Pallavicini, MG Redfearn, W Necas, E Brecher, G AF Pallavicini, MG Redfearn, W Necas, E Brecher, G TI Rescue from lethal irradiation correlates with transplantation of 10-20 CFU-S-day 12 SO BLOOD CELLS MOLECULES AND DISEASES LA English DT Article DE stem cells; CFU-S; progenitor cells; radioprotection; 5-fluorouracil; flow cytometry ID HEMATOPOIETIC STEM-CELLS; COLONY-FORMING CELLS; MURINE BONE-MARROW; RADIOPROTECTIVE ABILITY; SUBSETS; SPLEEN; TERM; ENRICHMENT; MICE; MEGAKARYOCYTE AB Repopulation by donor cells of a bone marrow ablated by irradiation is now recognized to proceed in two phases: initial repopulation that may be temporary followed by permanent engraftment of long-term repopulating cells (LTRC). While a single LTRC has been shown to be capable of restoring the entire lymph-hemopoietic system of an irradiated animal, the identity of the temporary repopulating cells has not been established unequivocally. We used the results of transplantation of subpopulations successively enriched for LTRC and containing varying numbers of CFU-S-12 (colony-forming units in the spleen at day 12 post transplantation) and progenitors to determine the likely cell type and number of cells needed for initial survival after radiation, Subpopulations from untreated and 5-fluorouracil-treated mice were discriminated on the basis of antibody reactivity, Hoechst 33342 and rhodamine 123 fluorescence intensity and light scattering properties. The minimum rescue inocula varied greatly in CFU-GEMM, BFU-E and CFU-GM content. One to two CFU-S-12 were uniformly present in all isolated suspensions that rescued 50% of lethally irradiated animals. In view of the known average seeding efficiency of CFU-S, our studies suggest that transfusion of 10-20 CFU-S day 12/13 is responsible for radioprotection. Evidence that multiple CFU-S day 12/13 are needed for initial repopulation is also supported by quantitative estimates of the number of mature cells that can be produced by CFU-S, Transfusion of a single CFU-S day 12/13 can be shown to be grossly inadequate to provide the number of peripheral blood cells needed to ameliorate the severe pancytopenia following lethal irradiation by day 12-14. Our data also indicate that 5-fluorouracil-treated marrow subpopulations appear inferior to untreated subpopulations in their ability to contribute to initial repopulation when transfused at low cell doses into lethally irradiated recipients. C1 LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,DIV LIFE SCI,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. CHARLES UNIV,FAC MED 1,PRAGUE,CZECH REPUBLIC. RP Pallavicini, MG (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,CTR CANC,BOX 0808,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLOOD CELLS FOUNDATION PI LA JOLLA PA C/O ERNEST BEUTLER SCRIPPS RES INST, DEPT MOLECULAR EXP MEDICINE, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 SN 1079-9796 J9 BLOOD CELL MOL DIS JI Blood Cells Mol. Dis. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 9 BP 157 EP 168 DI 10.1006/bcmd.1997.0133 PG 12 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA XC387 UT WOS:A1997XC38700001 PM 9236154 ER PT B AU Gray, LJ AF Gray, LJ BE Frankel, JI Brebbia, CA Aliabadi, MAH TI Boundary element simulation of electromigration SO BOUNDARY ELEMENT TECHNOLOGY XII LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Boundary Element Technology (BETECH 97) CY 1997 CL KNOXVILLE, TN SP Univ Tennessee, Wessex Inst Technol, Univ Tennessee, Res Adm, Univ Tennessee, Coll Engn, ALCOA, Allied Signal, Maryville, Allied Signal, Knoxville, Automated Anal Corp, Dynaflow Inc, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Int Soc Boundary Elements AB A primary cause of failure in microelectronic devices is void growth and movement in aluminum wire interconnects. In addition to thermal and mechanical stress, void evolution is driven by the electric field in the wire. Two new boundary element techniques, approximate Green's functions and Galerkin surface derivative evaluation, have been developed to assist in modeling the electromigration problem. These methods improve the efficiency of the simulations, and comparison with finite element calculations shows that they are highly accurate. RP Gray, LJ (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV MATH & COMP SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS PUBLICATIONS LTD PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON, HANTS, ENGLAND S04 2AA BN 1-85312-460-5 PY 1997 BP 207 EP 216 PG 10 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Acoustics; Engineering; Mechanics GA BJ03D UT WOS:A1997BJ03D00020 ER PT J AU Singer, SF Boe, BA Decker, FW Frank, N Gold, T Gray, W Linden, HR Lindzen, R Michaels, PJ Nierenberg, WA Porch, W Stevenson, R AF Singer, SF Boe, BA Decker, FW Frank, N Gold, T Gray, W Linden, HR Lindzen, R Michaels, PJ Nierenberg, WA Porch, W Stevenson, R TI Comments on ''Open letter to Ben Santer'' SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Letter C1 ND ATMOSPHER RESOURCE BOARD,BISMARCK,ND. OREGON STATE UNIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. KHOU TV,HOUSTON,TX. CORNELL UNIV,ITHACA,NY. COLORADO STATE UNIV,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. IIT,CHICAGO,IL 60616. MIT,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. UNIV VIRGINIA,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA. UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093. LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM. INT ASSOC PHYS SCI OCEANS,DEL MAR,CA. RP Singer, SF (reprint author), SCI & ENVIRONM POLICY PROJECT,FAIRFAX,VA, USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 78 IS 1 BP 81 EP 82 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA WJ825 UT WOS:A1997WJ82500007 ER PT J AU Kellman, B Tanzman, EA AF Kellman, B Tanzman, EA TI Chemical treaty deserves ratification SO BULLETIN OF THE ATOMIC SCIENTISTS LA English DT Article C1 ARGONNE NATL LAB,ECON & LAW SECT,ARGONNE,IL 60439. RP Kellman, B (reprint author), DEPAUL UNIV,CHICAGO,IL 60604, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDUC FOUNDATION NUCLEAR SCI PI CHICAGO PA 6042 SOUTH KIMBARK, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0096-3402 J9 B ATOM SCI JI Bull. Atom. Scient. PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 53 IS 1 BP 15 EP 17 PG 3 WC International Relations; Social Issues SC International Relations; Social Issues GA WA336 UT WOS:A1997WA33600011 ER PT B AU Knauer, JB Martin, RC AF Knauer, JB Martin, RC BE Wierzbicki, JG TI Californium-252 production and neutron source fabrication SO CALIFORNIUM-252: ISOTOPE FOR 21ST CENTURY RADIOTHERAPY SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTE SERIES, SUB-SERIES 3, HIGH TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Californium-252 - Isotope for 21st-Century Radiotherapy CY APR 24-27, 1996 CL DETROIT, MI SP NATO RP Knauer, JB (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM TECHNOL,POB 2008,MS-6384,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-4543-6 J9 NATO ASI 3 HIGH TECH PY 1997 VL 29 BP 7 EP 24 PG 18 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BJ38Z UT WOS:A1997BJ38Z00001 ER PT J AU Burchell, TD Judkins, RR Rogers, MR Williams, AM AF Burchell, TD Judkins, RR Rogers, MR Williams, AM TI A novel process and material for the separation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide gas mixtures SO CARBON LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Carbon Materials for the Environment CY JUN 09-12, 1996 CL CHARLESTON, SC SP Amer Carbon Soc, Westvaco Corp, Calgon Carbon Corp, NORIT Americas, Univ Kentucky, Ctr Appl Energy Res, Gilson Co, Oak Ridge Natl Lab DE activated carbon; carbon/carbon composites; adsorption; thermal conductivity; electrical properties ID ACTIVATED CARBON; ADSORPTION; FIBER; SYSTEMS; HEAT AB Carbon fiber composite molecular sieve (CFCMS) synthesis and characterization of the macro-, meso- and micropore structure are reported. CFCMS physical properties, including strength, thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity, are reported and the thermal conductivity of CFCMS compared with literature data for granular activated carbon (GAC) and packed beds of GAC. Adsorption studies, including isotherms for CO2 and CH4 at temperatures of 30, 60 and 100 degrees C on CFCMS samples activated to different burn-offs, are reported. High pressure adsorption data for CO2 and CH4 show that the CFCMS material has sufficient selectivity for CO2 over CH4 for a commercial separation. Breakthrough experiments were conducted for CO2/CH4 and H2S/H-2 gas mixtures and the selective separation of CO2 and H2S was demonstrated. The electrical conductivity of our novel monolith was exploited to effect the rapid desorption of adsorbed gases. Desorption at low applied voltage was accompanied by a heating of the CFCMS to temperatures <100 degrees C. The passage of greater electrical current (similar to 14 A at 3.25 V) caused the CFCMS temperature to exceed 300 degrees C. During desorption, the release of adsorbed gas was noted to occur prior to a rise in CFCMS bulk temperature. It is demonstrated that the heat of adsorption is responsible fbr this phenomenon. The relationship between the carbon fiber structure, electrical behavior, and the desorption characteristics of CFCMS are discussed. A preliminary design of an ''electrical swing adsorption'' (ESA) system is outlined. Potential uses of the CFCMS/ESA technology are suggested. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Burchell, TD (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV MET & CERAM,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. RI Burchell, Tim/E-6566-2017 OI Burchell, Tim/0000-0003-1436-1192 NR 33 TC 94 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 25 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0008-6223 J9 CARBON JI Carbon PY 1997 VL 35 IS 9 BP 1279 EP 1294 DI 10.1016/S0008-6223(97)00077-8 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA YC558 UT WOS:A1997YC55800010 ER PT J AU Kopp, OC Fuller, EL Sparks, CR Rogers, MR McKinney, ML AF Kopp, OC Fuller, EL Sparks, CR Rogers, MR McKinney, ML TI Coal properties and their influence on air activation SO CARBON LA English DT Article DE activated carbon; carbon precursor; activation; adsorption; surface areas ID CARBON AB This research sought to determine how the properties of a raw coal influence the degree to which it may be activated. Twelve coals were analyzed using thermogravimetry, mass spectroscopy, mercury porosimetry, nitrogen sorption and infrared spectroscopy, and activated in air, water-saturated helium and carbon dioxide. The greatest amounts of surface area using air activation were generated for bituminous coals. To investigate possible reasons for the sample-to-sample variation in the amount of surface area generated, a spline-fitting program was used to generate a curve that encloses the surface areas generated for all samples. The differences between measured surface areas and surface areas predicted by the spline-fitting program were determined. Statistical analyses of twenty-two predictor variables suggest that the percent vitrinite present accounts for nearly 73% of the deviation from predicted surface area. The % liptinite + % ash predicts 86% of the deviation and the inclusion of two additional variables, the % pyrite and % organic S, appear capable of predicting nearly 99% of the difference between measured and predicted surface areas. Increasing amounts of vitrinite and pyrite appear to increase the surface area generated, while increasing amounts of liptinite, ash and organic S appear to decrease the surface area generated. Pyrite may act as a catalyst during activation. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Geol Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Carbon & Insulat Mat Technol Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Kopp, OC (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Geol Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-6223 J9 CARBON JI Carbon PY 1997 VL 35 IS 12 BP 1765 EP 1779 DI 10.1016/S0008-6223(97)00136-X PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA YR758 UT WOS:000071527300010 ER PT J AU Lambert, SJ AF Lambert, SJ TI Geochemical evidence for transient karstic water/rock interaction in evaporites of the northern Delaware basin, New Mexico, USA SO CARBONATES AND EVAPORITES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Evaporite Karst: Origins, Processes, Landforms, Examples, and Impacts at the Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY OCT 30, 1996 CL DENVER, CO SP Geol Soc Amer, Geol Soc Amer, Hydrogeol Div, Geol Soc Amer, Engn Geol Div ID AQUIFER AB Permian evaporites in the northern Delaware Basin (southeastern New Mexico) have experienced varying degrees of water/rock interaction, locally resulting in karstic landforms such as topographic depressions, sinkholes, and blind valleys. Meteoric groundwaters and the rocks with which they have interacted bear geochemical signatures that delineate such interactions even in the absence of surficial indicators. Based on fresh-water potentiometric heads alone, hydraulically confined groundwater appears to flow north to south at steady state across the site of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), but freshens from an ionic strength of 0.3-1.6 to <0.1 molal south of the site. This abrupt change in hydrochemical facies is not caused by younger vertical recharge preferentially occurring in the south; residence times based on radiocarbon (similar to 14 ka) of less saline Ca-SO4 waters in the south are no shorter than those of more saline Na-Cl waters in the north. U-234/U-238 activity ratios (A.R.'s) monotonically increase from west to east correlative with a 10(4) decrease in fracture-permeability, but normal to the thar of inferred modern now. Preservation of high A.R.'s argues against rapid oxic recharge from shallower units. These geochemical constraints suggest that modem groundwater now is transient, and that the original paleoflow direction at the time of recharge in the late Pleistocene had a significant west-to-east component. The geochemical record of paleoflow has not yet been obliterated by Darcian now, whereas the potentiometric contours have responded to post-Pleistocene potentiometric changes. The records of interactions between these groundwaters and adjacent evaporite rocks are preserved in the characteristic Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios of gypsum altered from anhydrite and the O-18/O-16 ratios of calcite altered from dolomite. These zones of alteration occurring at less than 300 m depth are interbedded with less altered zones bearing geochemical signatures more characteristic of marine evaporites, suggesting stratabound rather than vertical flow. Combinations of these geochemical parameters provide the basis for distinguishing hydrologic regimes in which the water/rock ratios have been higher (karstic) from those where evaporite dissolution has been less active. RP Lambert, SJ (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,MS0662,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 39 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU NORTHEASTERN SCIENCE FOUNDATION INC PI TROY PA PO BOX 746, TROY, NY 12181-0746 SN 0891-2556 J9 CARBONATE EVAPORITE JI Carbonates Evaporites PY 1997 VL 12 IS 1 BP 32 EP 42 PG 11 WC Geology SC Geology GA XH997 UT WOS:A1997XH99700005 ER PT J AU Huesman, RH Klein, GJ Reutter, BW Coxson, PG Botvinick, EH Budinger, TF AF Huesman, RH Klein, GJ Reutter, BW Coxson, PG Botvinick, EH Budinger, TF TI Strategies for extraction of quantitative data from volumetric dynamic cardiac positron emission tomography data SO CARDIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Nuclear-Medicine CY JUN 11-16, 1995 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MN SP Soc Nucl Med DE positron emission tomography; kinetic modeling and analysis; volume of interest; rubidium-82; dynamic emission data; two-dimensional reconstruction; three-dimensional reconstruction AB The ability of positron emission tomography (PET) to serve as a useful myocardial perfusion indicator is well established. We describe a methodology for obtaining reliable quantitative kinetic parameters from dynamic cardiac PET data, Reconstructed images of the myocardium are subdivided into three-dimensional volumes of interest which are used to obtain quantitative measures of myocardial perfusion over physiologically meaningful anatomical regions, The quantitation technique rigorously models the uncertainty of estimated parameters while compensating for effects such as patient motion and partial volumes to arrive at model parameters with well-established confidence intervals. C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA. RP Huesman, RH (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, CTR FUNCT IMAGING, 1 CYCLOTRON RD, MAILSTOP 55-121, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL25840-12A1] NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0008-6312 J9 CARDIOLOGY JI Cardiology PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 88 IS 1 BP 54 EP 61 DI 10.1159/000177311 PG 8 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VW614 UT WOS:A1997VW61400011 PM 8960627 ER PT J AU Rupprechter, G Somorjai, GA AF Rupprechter, G Somorjai, GA TI Palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation without hydrogen: the hydrodechlorination of chlorofluorocarbons with solid state hydrogen over the palladium(111) crystal surface and its implications SO CATALYSIS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE hydrodechlorination; solid state hydrogen; Pd(111); 1,1-dichlorotetrafluoroethane; CFC 114a ID INSTRUMENTATION; ABSORPTION AB The hydrogenation of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's, 1,1-dichlorotetrafluoroethane, CCl2F-CF3) was found to be positive 1/2 order in hydrogen pressure over palladium foil while it was zero order in hydrogen pressure over palladium single crystals regardless of their orientation ((111), (100)). When hydrogen was completely removed from the gas phase, hydrogenation continued for about 10(4) turnovers over palladium single crystals which were pre-exposed to hydrogen. Solid state hydrogen, stored in the bulk of a palladium single crystal, was found to be responsible for the hydrodechlorination of CCl2 F-CF3 in the absence of gas phase hydrogen. Lower reaction rates and increased selectivity for overhydrogenation to produce CH3-CF3 indicate that the nature of hydrogenation with solid state hydrogen in palladium is different from hydrogenation with gas phase hydrogen. The use of solid state hydrogen for various chemical processes instead of gas phase hydrogen has advantages that are enumerated. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,CTR ADV MAT,DIV SCI MAT,EO LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATL LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Rupprechter, G (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT CHEM,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 16 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 4 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI AMSTERDAM PA ASTERWEG 1A, 1031 HL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1011-372X J9 CATAL LETT JI Catal. Lett. PY 1997 VL 48 IS 1-2 BP 17 EP 20 DI 10.1023/A:1019079121238 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA YH140 UT WOS:A1997YH14000003 ER PT J AU Perry, WL Cooke, DW Katz, JD Datye, AK AF Perry, WL Cooke, DW Katz, JD Datye, AK TI On the possibility of a significant temperature gradient in supported metal catalysts subjected to microwave heating SO CATALYSIS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE microwave catalysis; selective heating; temperature gradients AB A simple model is presented which estimates the temperature gradients in microwave-irradiated 1 and 100 nn metallic particles which are typically found in a supported metal catalyst structure. The two particle sizes allow limiting case calculations of the temperature rise over the range of typical particle sizes. The model, based on a simple steady-state energy balance, uses the assumption that the particles only lose heat to the gas-phase, and not the support matrix. This represents a best-case scenario for a temperature gradient relative to the surroundings. The model indicates that the temperature gradient is insignificant and this conclusion is supported by an experiment in which the microwave-driven carbon monoxide reaction acts as an in situ temperature probe. C1 UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT CHEM & NUCL ENGN,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DIV MAT SCI & TECHNOL,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87544. RP Perry, WL (reprint author), UNIV NEW MEXICO,CTR MICROENGINEERED MAT,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131, USA. OI Datye, Abhaya/0000-0002-7126-8659 NR 16 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI AMSTERDAM PA ASTERWEG 1A, 1031 HL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1011-372X J9 CATAL LETT JI Catal. Lett. PY 1997 VL 47 IS 1 BP 1 EP 4 DI 10.1023/A:1019020013544 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA XV654 UT WOS:A1997XV65400001 ER PT J AU Permana, H Ng, KYS Peden, CHF Schmieg, SJ Lambert, DK Belton, DN AF Permana, H Ng, KYS Peden, CHF Schmieg, SJ Lambert, DK Belton, DN TI Adsorbed species and reaction rates for NO-CO-O-2 over Rh(111) SO CATALYSIS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE NO; CO; O-2; Rh; kinetics; RAIRS ID SUPPORTED RHODIUM CATALYSTS; CO OXIDATION; NITRIC-OXIDE; NO; KINETICS; OXYGEN; SELECTIVITY; ADSORPTION; REDUCTION; PRESSURE AB We have studied the NO-CO-O-2 reaction over a Rh(111) catalyst by monitoring the reaction products (CO2, N2O, and N-2) and the infrared (IR) intensity of surface CO and NO at various partial pressures of NO, CO and O-2, and sample temperatures. The selectivity for N2O formation, apparent activation energy for product formation, and NO consumption rate during NO-CO-O-2 are identical to those measured during the NO-CO reaction. The IR measurements show that during NO-CO-O-2 the same two adsorbed species, NO at 1640 cm(-1) and linear CO at similar to 2040 cm(-1), are present in the same surface concentrations as during NO-CO. For this reason the NO-CO-O-2 kinetics are dominated by the NO-CO kinetics, the NO consumption is rate limited by dissociation of adsorbed NO, and the N2O selectivity is dominated by surface NO coverage. In contrast, O-2 consumption is adsorption rate limited with the NO-CO adsorption-desorption equilibrium controlling the vacant sites required to dissociatively adsorb O-2. These kinetic and IR data of the CO-NO-O-2 reaction and our interpretation of them agree with previous studies over supported Rh catalysts and thus confirm the previously proposed explanation. From RAIRS and kinetic data we estimate the rate constant for the CO + O --> CO2 elementary step. The pre-exponential factor for this rate is 2 x 10(10) s(-1), a factor of 50 smaller than previous estimates. This rate constant is important to the NO-CO-O-2 kinetics because it affects O coverage, which, under certain conditions, inhibits NO consumption. C1 GM CORP, CTR RES & DEV, PHYS & PHYS CHEM DEPT, WARREN, MI 48090 USA. WAYNE STATE UNIV, DEPT CHEM ENGN, DETROIT, MI 48202 USA. PACIFIC NW NATL LAB, ENVIRONM MOL SCI LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. NR 36 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 7 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1011-372X J9 CATAL LETT JI Catal. Lett. PY 1997 VL 47 IS 1 BP 5 EP 15 DI 10.1023/A:1019024114452 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA XV654 UT WOS:A1997XV65400002 ER PT J AU Yoon, CH Yang, MX Somorjai, GA AF Yoon, CH Yang, MX Somorjai, GA TI Hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene on platinum surfaces of different structures SO CATALYSIS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE hydrogenation; isomerization; 1,3-butadiene; platinum AB 1,3-butadiene hydrogenation is studied on platinum foil and Pt(111), Pt(100), Pt(755) single-crystal surfaces at 300-375 K. The results are compared with the data of alkene hydrogenation reactions. Similar to the hydrogenation kinetics of butenes, 1,3-butadiene hydrogenation exhibits near zeroth-order dependence on hydrocarbon and near first-order dependence on hydrogen pressure. With the same hydrocarbon (3.5-70 Torr) and hydrogen (14-140 Torr) pressure, the rate of 1,3-butadiene hydrogenation is one order of magnitude lower than for the rates for n-butenes. The hydrogenation products include l-butene, trans- and cis-2-butene, and n-butane. The reaction selectivity is independent of reactant mixture and platinum surface structure, but changes slightly as a function of reaction temperature. The butene product distribution is determined by surface reaction kinetics. While 1-butene is thermodynamically less stable than trans- and cis-2-butene, it is the major butene product in 1,3-butadiene hydrogenation. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,DIV MAT SCI,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT CHEM,BERKELEY,CA 94720. NR 5 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 17 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI AMSTERDAM PA ASTERWEG 1A, 1031 HL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1011-372X J9 CATAL LETT JI Catal. Lett. PY 1997 VL 46 IS 1-2 BP 37 EP 41 DI 10.1023/A:1019093813118 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA XM513 UT WOS:A1997XM51300007 ER PT J AU Yang, MX Jacobs, PW Yoon, C Muray, L Anderson, E Attwood, D Somorjai, GA AF Yang, MX Jacobs, PW Yoon, C Muray, L Anderson, E Attwood, D Somorjai, GA TI Thermal stability of uniform silver clusters prepared on oxidized silicon and aluminum surfaces by electron beam lithography in oxidizing and reducing ambients SO CATALYSIS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE catalyst stability; silver; cluster; electron beam lithography AB 100 and 750 nm silver nanoclusters are fabricated on oxidized silicon and aluminum surfaces by electron beam lithography. Silver nanoclusters are characterized by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, scanning Auger electron microscopy and high-resolution optical microscopy. The ordered structure of silver nanoclusters facilitates a thermal stability study in both reducing and oxidizing conditions. In reducing conditions, silver clusters are stable on the surfaces up to similar to 700 degrees C before evaporation. The thermal stability of silver clusters is significantly lower in oxidizing conditions. In the presence of oxygen, the silver cluster surface is oxidized and roughened < 300 degrees C. Heating above 350-400 degrees C in oxidizing conditions induces a migration of silver clusters. Micron-size and submicron-size amorphous silver clusters are formed, which spread over the oxide support. On oxidized silicon substrate, annealing treatment at 300 degrees C induces silver silicate formation or spreading of oxidized silicon support onto the silver clusters, causing a buildup of silicon on the silver cluster surface. On the oxidized aluminum surface, by contrast, no spreading or reaction of the oxide substrate with the silver clusters was detected. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,DIV MAT SCI,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT CHEM,BERKELEY,CA 94720. NR 7 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI AMSTERDAM PA ASTERWEG 1A, 1031 HL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1011-372X J9 CATAL LETT JI Catal. Lett. PY 1997 VL 45 IS 1-2 BP 5 EP 13 DI 10.1023/A:1019090823171 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA XE469 UT WOS:A1997XE46900002 ER PT J AU Ribeiro, FH Gerken, CA Somorjai, GA Kellner, CS Coulston, GW Manzer, LE Abrams, L AF Ribeiro, FH Gerken, CA Somorjai, GA Kellner, CS Coulston, GW Manzer, LE Abrams, L TI Turnover rate and kinetic mechanism for the reaction of hydrodechlorination of 1,1-dichlorotetrafluoroethane (CF3-CFCl2) over a polycrystalline Pd foil SO CATALYSIS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE hydrodechlorination rates and mechanism; Pd model catalysts; 1,1-dichlorotetrafluoroethane; CFC114a ID HYDROGENOLYSIS; CONVERSION; PALLADIUM; CATALYSTS; METALS AB The kinetics (turnover rate, activation energy, reaction order) of catalytic hydrodechlorination of 1,1-dichlorotetrafluoroethane or CFC 114a (CF3-CFCl2) were determined on a similar to 0.5 cm(2) palladium polycrystalline foil as a catalyst. The reaction rates were measured in the temperature range of 80-200 degrees C at a total pressure of 770 Torr. Using a reaction cell that was connected to an ultrahigh vacuum surface characterization chamber the composition of the metal surface was monitored before and after reaction. The products formed in a parallel reaction network and the turnover rates at 150 degrees C, 50 Torr CFC 114a, 100 Torr H-2, and 0.1 Torr HCl were 2.1 s(-1) for CF3-CFH2, 3.0 x 10(-1) s(-1) for CF3-CFClH, and 6.4 x 10(-2) s(-1) for CF3-CH3. For the two most abundant products, the reaction order is 1 in CF3-CFCl2, 0.5 in H-2 and -1 in the reaction product HCl. These results suggest that the rate determining step for the reaction is the associative chemisorption of CF3-CFCl2 on the palladium surface. The palladium surface was free of adsorbates after the reaction with the exception of sulfur impurity that may accumulate during reaction. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT CHEM,BERKELEY,CA 94720. DUPONT CO INC,EXPT STN,CENT RES & DEV,CORPORATE CATALYSIS CTR,WILMINGTON,DE 19880. OI Ribeiro, Fabio/0000-0001-7752-461X NR 16 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 2 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI AMSTERDAM PA ASTERWEG 1A, 1031 HL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1011-372X J9 CATAL LETT JI Catal. Lett. PY 1997 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 149 EP 153 DI 10.1023/A:1019036200398 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA XG386 UT WOS:A1997XG38600002 ER PT J AU Hanprasopwattana, A Rieker, T Sault, AG Datye, AK AF Hanprasopwattana, A Rieker, T Sault, AG Datye, AK TI Morphology of titania coatings on silica gel SO CATALYSIS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE preparation of titania/silica; isopropanol dehydration as a probe of titania/silica; transmission electron microscopy of titania/silica; small angle X-ray scattering of titania/silica; thermal stability of supported titania; nanostructured titania/silica ID OXIDE; MONOLAYER; CATALYSTS AB Control of the hydrolysis and condensation of soluble precursors of titanium is shown to yield oxide coatings of well-defined morphology. A ''smooth'' coating, consisting of patches of titania on silica, causes only a small increase in the surface area, from 130 m(2)/g for the uncoated silica gel to 154 m(2)/g. On the other hand, the ''rough'' coating, which consists of 3 nm diameter titania particles dispersed over the silica surface, results in an increase in the BET surface area to 350 m(2)/g. The specific titania surface area was determined via isopropanol dehydration activity and was found to be comparable to the BET surface area indicating that the titania phase is responsible for the increase in surface area. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provide definitive evidence for the coating morphology while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine the dispersion of the titania. The supported titania maintains its surface area upon calcination at temperatures up to 873 K while unsupported titania looses much of its surface area. Also demonstrated in this work is a novel preparation method using titanium bis-ammonium lactate dihydroxide (TALH), a water soluble precursor. C1 UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT CHEM & NUCL ENGN,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. UNIV NEW MEXICO,CTR MICROENGINEERED CERAM,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT CHEM,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. SANDIA NATL LABS,CATALYSIS & CHEM TECHNOL DEPT,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185. OI Datye, Abhaya/0000-0002-7126-8659 NR 25 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 6 U2 18 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI AMSTERDAM PA ASTERWEG 1A, 1031 HL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1011-372X J9 CATAL LETT JI Catal. Lett. PY 1997 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 165 EP 175 DI 10.1023/A:1019096419053 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA XG386 UT WOS:A1997XG38600004 ER PT J AU Werst, DW Han, P AF Werst, DW Han, P TI Zeolite catalysis studied by radiolysis/EPR. Transformations of cyclic olefins SO CATALYSIS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE radiolysis; EPR; zeolite; catalysis; HZSM5; H-mordenite; in situ spectroscopy ID ELECTRON-SPIN-RESONANCE; H-MORDENITE; RADICAL FORMATION; PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE; SATURATED-HYDROCARBONS; SYNTHETIC ZEOLITES; CATION RADICALS; ADSORPTION; CYCLOPENTENE; BENZENE AB The Bronsted acid-catalyzed transformations of cyclic olefins in zeolites HZSM5 and H-mordenite were elucidated by the radiolysis/EPR method. Products of catalytic reactions were spin-labeled by radiolytic means and identified by using EPR spectroscopy. Comparison of reactions on HZSM5 and H-mordenite reveals strong shape selectivity on reactions in these catalysts. The radiolysis/EPR method is a new in situ spectroscopy with excellent sensitivity and structural specificity for the study of reaction mechanisms in zeolite catalysts. RP Werst, DW (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 41 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI AMSTERDAM PA ASTERWEG 1A, 1031 HL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1011-372X J9 CATAL LETT JI Catal. Lett. PY 1997 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 253 EP 258 DI 10.1023/A:1019075814510 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA XG386 UT WOS:A1997XG38600018 ER PT J AU Fisher, IA Woo, HC Bell, AT AF Fisher, IA Woo, HC Bell, AT TI Effects of zirconia promotion on the activity of Cu/SiO2 for methanol synthesis from CO/H-2 and CO2/H-2 SO CATALYSIS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE zirconia promotion for hydrogenation; Cu/SiO2 activity in hydrogenation; methanol synthesis from CO/H-2; methanol synthesis from CO2/H-2; CO and CO2 hydrogenation ID SUPPORTED COPPER-CATALYSTS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CU-ZRO2 CATALYSTS; HYDROGENATION; CO2; OXIDE; ADSORPTION; MIXTURES; MONOXIDE; FORMATE AB The effect of zirconia promotion on Cu/SiO2 for the hydrogenation of CO and CO2 at 0.65 MPa has been investigated at temperatures between 473 and 573 K. With increasing zirconia loading, the rate of methanol synthesis is greatly enhanced for both CO and CO2 hydrogenation, but more significantly for CO hydrogenation. For example, at 533 K the methanol synthesis activity of 30.5 wt% zirconia-promoted Cu/SiO2 is 84 and 25 times that of unpromoted Cu/SiO2 for CO and CO2 hydrogenation, respectively. For all catalysts, the rate of methanol synthesis from CO2/H-2 is higher than that from CO/H-2. The apparent activation energy for methanol synthesis from CO decreases from 22.5 to 17.5 kcal/mol with zirconia addition, suggesting that zirconia alters the reaction pathway. For CO2 hydrogenation, the apparent activation energies (similar to 12 kcal/mol) for methanol synthesis and the reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction are not significantly affected by zirconia addition. While zirconia addition greatly increases the methanol synthesis rate for CO2 hydrogenation, the effect on the RWGS reaction activity is comparatively small. The observed effects of zirconia are interpreted in terms of a mechanism, in which zirconia serves to adsorb either CO or CO2, whereas Cu serves to adsorb H-2. It is proposed that methanol is formed by the hydrogenation of the species adsorbed on zirconia. C1 PUSAN NATL UNIV,DEPT CHEM ENGN,PUSAN 608739,SOUTH KOREA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,DIV CHEM SCI,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT CHEM ENGN,BERKELEY,CA 94720. OI Bell, Alexis/0000-0002-5738-4645 NR 27 TC 71 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 50 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI AMSTERDAM PA ASTERWEG 1A, 1031 HL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1011-372X J9 CATAL LETT JI Catal. Lett. PY 1997 VL 44 IS 1-2 BP 11 EP 17 DI 10.1023/A:1018916806816 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA WV502 UT WOS:A1997WV50200003 ER PT J AU Sun, H Blatter, F Frei, H AF Sun, H Blatter, F Frei, H TI Oxidation of propane to acetone and of ethane to acetaldehyde by O-2 in zeolites with complete selectivity SO CATALYSIS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE selective oxidation of ethane; selective oxidation of propane; photooxidation; zeolite BaY and CaY; alkane-oxygen charge-transfer ID ACRYLIC-ACID; OXIDE CATALYSTS; OXYGEN; ACTIVATION; KINETICS; METHANE; ALKANE; LIGHT AB Oxidation of propane by O-2 to acetone was observed in solvent-free BaY and CaY under irradiation with visible light as well as under dark thermal conditions. The reaction was monitored in situ by FT-infrared spectroscopy. In the case of the photochemical oxidation, isopropyl hydroperoxide was detected as reaction intermediate. No byproduct was observed even upon > 50% conversion of the alkane. Ethane was oxidized completely selectively to acetaldehyde in CaY under irradiation with blue light. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,CHEM BIODYNAM LAB,MS CALVIN LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720. NR 46 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 5 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI AMSTERDAM PA ASTERWEG 1A, 1031 HL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1011-372X J9 CATAL LETT JI Catal. Lett. PY 1997 VL 44 IS 3-4 BP 247 EP 253 DI 10.1023/A:1018957915902 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA WY729 UT WOS:A1997WY72900017 ER PT J AU Szanyi, J Paffett, MT AF Szanyi, J Paffett, MT TI Co-adsorption of acetone and CO on Cu-ZSM-5: An in situ FTIR study SO CATALYSIS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Cu-ZSM-5; CO; acetone; adsorption; infrared spectroscopy ID NOX REDUCTION; NITRIC-OXIDE; GASEOUS CUCL; ZEOLITE; IR; PROPYLENE; CATALYSTS; MONOXIDE; OXYGEN; IONS AB The adsorption of acetone and its co-adsorption with CO were studied on a solid state ion exchanged Cu-ZSM-5 catalyst using in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The C-O stretching vibrational band of adsorbed acetone at Cu1+ is centered at 1671 cm(-1), red-shifted by 48 cm(-1) in comparison to that in the gas phase. Adsorbed acetone at the Cu1+ site does not eliminate the adsorption of CO onto the same cationic center (and vice-versa); however, the strength of the CO binding is suggested to be weaker to the {Cu[(CH3)(2)CO]}(+) center than to the adsorbate free Cu1+ site and is manifested by a 28 cm(-1) red-shift in the C-O stretching frequency of adsorbed CO in the former complex in comparison to the latter complex. The position of the C-O stretching vibrational band of adsorbed acetone blue-shifts by about 20 cm(-1) as a result of the presence of CO on the cationic center. The changes in the C-O stretching vibrational frequencies of the absorption features of the two adsorbate molecules can be rationalized by the changes in the electronic environment at the Cu1+ adsorption center. RP Szanyi, J (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,CST-18,MS J565,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87544, USA. NR 22 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 8 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI AMSTERDAM PA ASTERWEG 1A, 1031 HL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1011-372X J9 CATAL LETT JI Catal. Lett. PY 1997 VL 43 IS 1-2 BP 37 EP 44 DI 10.1023/A:1018970001848 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA WG956 UT WOS:A1997WG95600007 ER PT J AU Markovic, NM Widelov, A Ross, PN Monteiro, OR Brown, IG AF Markovic, NM Widelov, A Ross, PN Monteiro, OR Brown, IG TI Electrooxidation of CO and CO/H-2 mixtures on a Pt-Sn catalyst prepared by an implantation method SO CATALYSIS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE electrocatalysis; carbon monoxide; platinum-tin alloy; implantation; electrooxidation ID SINGLE-CRYSTAL SURFACES; SMALL ORGANIC-MOLECULES; SOURCE ION-IMPLANTATION; ORDERED ALLOY PT3SN; BINARY-ALLOYS; SULFURIC-ACID; RU ALLOYS; AD-ATOMS; OXIDATION; ELECTROCATALYSIS AB A new type of ion implantation technique is used to create a non-equilibrium Pt-Sn(IMP) near-surface alloy with ca. 8.6 at% Sn. The surface composition was determined by low-energy ion-scattering (LEIS). The kinetics of the electrooxidation of CO and 2% CO/H-2 mixtures on Pt-Sn(IMP) is essentially identical to that of Pt3Sn(110). The fact that any non-equilibrium composition can be easily prepared by this implantation method opens an interesting practical opportunity to create a new Pt-Sn alloy fuel cell catalyst having an otherwise unobtainable surface composition of Sn. This method also appears to have general utility in alloy catalysis as a means of exploring compositions in thermodynamically unfavorable regions of the bulk phase diagram. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATL LAB,DIV ACCELERATOR & FUS RES,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Markovic, NM (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATL LAB,DIV MAT SCI,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 33 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 10 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI AMSTERDAM PA ASTERWEG 1A, 1031 HL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1011-372X J9 CATAL LETT JI Catal. Lett. PY 1997 VL 43 IS 3-4 BP 161 EP 166 DI 10.1023/A:1018907110025 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA WL364 UT WOS:A1997WL36400001 ER PT J AU Ribeiro, FH VonWittenau, AES Bartholomew, CH Somorjai, GA AF Ribeiro, FH VonWittenau, AES Bartholomew, CH Somorjai, GA TI Reproducibility of turnover rates in heterogeneous metal catalysis: Compilation of data and guidelines for data analysis SO CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Review DE compilation of turnover rates for hydrocarbon reactions; on metals; guidelines for turnover rate measurement ID FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS; ACTIVITY SELECTIVITY PROPERTIES; SINGLE-CRYSTAL SURFACES; CO HYDROGENATION; STRUCTURE SENSITIVITY; SUPPORTED PLATINUM; INTRINSIC KINETICS; CARBON-MONOXIDE; OXIDATION; COBALT AB The combination of turnover rate measurements and surface science techniques allows a firm quantification of rates in heterogeneous catalysis by metals. There are many examples of reactions where the turnover rates from different laboratories are the same. However, there are still problems, as in the isomerization and hydrogenolysis of hydrocarbons over noble metals, where the turnovers rates from different laboratories differ by many orders of magnitude. An explanation for this discrepancy is discussed. Guidelines for experimental work in heterogeneous catalysis that will help to minimize this wide scatter of turnover rates in the future are presented. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, DIV MAT SCI, CTR ADV MAT, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT CHEM, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, LIVERMORE, CA 94550 USA. BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT CHEM ENGN, PROVO, UT 84602 USA. OI Ribeiro, Fabio/0000-0001-7752-461X NR 91 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 2 U2 48 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0161-4940 EI 1520-5703 J9 CATAL REV JI Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng. PY 1997 VL 39 IS 1-2 BP 49 EP 76 DI 10.1080/01614949708006468 PG 28 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA WX252 UT WOS:A1997WX25200003 ER PT J AU Gunter, PLJ Niemantsverdriet, JW Ribeiro, FH Somorjai, GA AF Gunter, PLJ Niemantsverdriet, JW Ribeiro, FH Somorjai, GA TI Surface science approach to modeling supported catalysts SO CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Review DE catalysis; heterogeneous catalyst; model catalyst; model support ID SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; SINGLE-CRYSTAL SURFACES; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; TEMPERATURE-PROGRAMMED DESORPTION; ION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; RAY PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; SMALL GOLD PARTICLES; SMALL PD PARTICLES; OXIDE THIN-FILMS; ANISOTROPIC STRUCTURE-ANALYSIS AB Nanoscale structural information underlies research aimed at fabricating catalysts in a more controlled way. Surface science methods can provide that information, but the complexity of heterogeneous systems in general hinders the application of these methods to their full potential. In the last decades, a solution to this problem has been found in the use of model systems, ranging from well-defined single crystals of the supported phase to films or particles of that phase on flat or spherical model supports. In this paper, we review the literature on the latter model systems, that is, particles on a model support. Attention is payed to both preparation and use of such model systems. C1 EINDHOVEN UNIV TECHNOL, SCHUIT INST CATALYSIS, NL-5600 MB EINDHOVEN, NETHERLANDS. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, DIV MAT SCI, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT CHEM, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. OI Niemantsverdriet, Hans/0000-0002-0743-0850; Ribeiro, Fabio/0000-0001-7752-461X NR 422 TC 306 Z9 309 U1 7 U2 102 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0161-4940 EI 1520-5703 J9 CATAL REV JI Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng. PY 1997 VL 39 IS 1-2 BP 77 EP 168 DI 10.1080/01614949708006469 PG 92 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA WX252 UT WOS:A1997WX25200004 ER PT S AU Jackson, NB Datye, AK Mansker, L O'Brien, RJ Davis, BH AF Jackson, NB Datye, AK Mansker, L O'Brien, RJ Davis, BH BE Bartholomew, CH Fuentes, GA TI Deactivation and attrition of iron catalysts in synthesis gas SO CATALYST DEACTIVATION 1997 SE STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Catalyst Deactivation CY OCT 05-08, 1997 CL CANCUN, MEXICO ID FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS AB A number of different iron Fischer-Tropsch catalysts were characterized with an emphasis on the study of morphological changes of the iron and iron carbide phases as well as the growth and morphology of carbon species during reaction. The effects of catalyst composition, reaction temperature, and pretreatment were investigated. Temperature programmed surface reaction of H-2 with a number of used catalysts revealed the formation of more than one carbide under certain circumstances. This paper considers deactivation and catalyst attrition for catalysts reacted in a slurry phase autoclave reactor. Several similar catalysts were tested for activity for long periods of time (1000-3000 h), and it was found that when operated properly, these iron Fischer-Tropsch catalysts can be run in slurry reactors with only modest deactivation during the time periods tested. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Chem & Nucl Engn, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ Kentucky, Ctr Appl Energy Res, Lexington, KY 40511 USA. RP Jackson, NB (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS 0710, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. OI Datye, Abhaya/0000-0002-7126-8659 NR 15 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL B V PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2991 BN 0-444-82603-3 J9 STUD SURF SCI CATAL PY 1997 VL 111 BP 501 EP 516 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Physical; Classics SC Chemistry; Classics GA BK18P UT WOS:000071441600057 ER PT S AU Paffett, MT Szanyi, J Jacubinas, RM Ott, KC VonDreele, R Hughes, CD Earl, WL AF Paffett, MT Szanyi, J Jacubinas, RM Ott, KC VonDreele, R Hughes, CD Earl, WL BE Bartholomew, CH Fuentes, GA TI Characterizing the framework demetallation of environmentally relevant zeolites using IR, NMR and neutron diffraction techniques SO CATALYST DEACTIVATION 1997 SE STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Catalyst Deactivation CY OCT 05-08, 1997 CL CANCUN, MEXICO ID SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; TITANIUM SILICALITE; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; CARBON-MONOXIDE; HZSM-5 ZEOLITES; ADSORPTION; OXIDE AB Results of characterization studies monitoring the sequential chemical bond breaking events, local site symmetry, and long range structural modifications of specific zeolites (H-ZSM-5, TS-1) during hydrothermal treatment of these catalyst materials are described. These characterization techniques include infrared spectroscopy of selected probe molecules, magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy, and powder neutron diffraction. Information regarding selected examples from each of these techniques is presented and the inherent strengths of each is discussed. The experimental insight into the chemical and structural modifications of high surface area microporous catalyst materials as a function of deactivation conditions (hydrothermal conditioning) is highlighted. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Paffett, MT (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL B V PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2991 BN 0-444-82603-3 J9 STUD SURF SCI CATAL PY 1997 VL 111 BP 639 EP 646 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Classics SC Chemistry; Classics GA BK18P UT WOS:000071441600072 ER PT J AU Locatelli, MR Dalgleish, BJ Nakashima, K Tomsia, AP Glaeser, AM AF Locatelli, MR Dalgleish, BJ Nakashima, K Tomsia, AP Glaeser, AM TI New approaches to joining ceramics for high-temperature applications SO CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID ALUMINA; INTERLAYERS; METALS AB Micro-designed multilayer interlayers have been used to join both oxide and non-oxide ceramics. The approach allows the formation of ceramic-ceramic joints with high melting point metals at temperatures that are typically several hundred degrees lower than those required for more conventional joining methods. The new joining approach employs a thin transient liquid phase (TLP) layer to allow joining by a brazing-like process. Several distinct interlayers have been used to join alumina ceramics successfully; work using Ni-based interlayers has demonstrated the potentially beneficial impact of ''reactive'' metal additions to the TLP. The method has also been applied to the joining of silicon-based ceramics, and has led to the fabrication of joints with reproducibly high strengths. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Limited. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,CTR ADV MAT,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT MAT SCI & MINERAL ENGN,BERKELEY,CA 94720. NR 23 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0272-8842 J9 CERAM INT JI Ceram. Int. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 4 BP 313 EP 322 DI 10.1016/S0272-8842(96)00024-7 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA WY912 UT WOS:A1997WY91200006 ER PT J AU Mika, M Piepel, GF AF Mika, M Piepel, GF TI Relating the temperature dependence of viscosity to the chemical composition of container glass SO CERAMICS-SILIKATY LA English DT Article AB A new approach is developed for modeling the temperature and composition dependence of glass viscosity in the system Na2O-CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2. The temperature dependence is described using the equation log(log eta) = A + B log T. The dependence of the coefficients A and B on chemical composition of the glass is expressed using reduced full-cubic mixture polynomials. The new approach is much simpler to develop and use than the previous approach, and it has the potential to yield better property composition models. The new approach yields an improved model for the dependence of viscosity on composition in the Na2O-CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass system studied. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Mika, M (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, DEPT GLASS CERAMICS PI PRAGUE PA TECHNICKA 5, PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC 166 28 SN 0862-5468 J9 CERAM-SILIKATY JI Ceram.-Silik. PY 1997 VL 41 IS 4 BP 141 EP 146 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA YY994 UT WOS:000072209300004 ER PT S AU Jagust, WJ Eberling, JL Reed, BR Mathis, CA Budinger, TF AF Jagust, WJ Eberling, JL Reed, BR Mathis, CA Budinger, TF BE delaTorre, JC Hachinski, V TI Clinical studies of cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer's disease SO CEREBROVASCULAR PATHOLOGY IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE SE Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cerebrovascular Pathology in Alzheimers Disease CY NOV 12-15, 1996 CL E RUTHERFORD, NJ SP New York Acad Sci, Hoechst Marion Roussel, Astra Arcus AB, NIH, NIA, Amer Heart Assoc, Bayer Corp, Britton Fund, Genentech Inc, Merck Res Labs, Parke Davis Pharm, Pfizer Inc, Wyeth Ayerst Res ID POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY; DEMENTIA; PERFORMANCE; MEMORY; BRAIN AB Studies of Alzheimer's disease using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) have found reductions in blood Bow and glucose metabolism in temporal and parietal cortex. In 50 AD patients who underwent neuropsychological testing and SPECT perfusion imaging, we found significant correlations between perfusion and performance on the Mini-Mental Status Examination in the frontal and parietal lobes, In addition, specific correlations between perfusion in the frontal lobes and performance on tests of frontal lobe ability were noted. These findings, while suggesting the importance of perfusion measures in determining clinical features of the disease, do not clearly define perfusion changes as primary, since similar findings have been seen when metabolism is studied. In a separate group of 5 AD patients and 16 controls, we used PET with the perfusion tracer HIPDM and examined cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide inhalation, We found that in multiple brain regions, including the temporal lobes, AD patients showed robust and significant increases in perfusion in response to carbon dioxide that did not differ from the response seen in the controls. Taken together, these results show that while perfusion changes are important in AD, they are not clearly either primary or limiting. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS, DEPT NEUROL, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. UNIV CALIF DAVIS, ALZHEIMERS DIS CTR, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. VET ADM MED CTR, NEUROL SERV, MARTINEZ, CA 94553 USA. UNIV PITTSBURGH, DEPT RADIOL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15260 USA. RP Jagust, WJ (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, CTR FUNCT IMAGING, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. RI Mathis, Chester/A-8607-2009 NR 31 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 3 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-087-5 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1997 VL 826 BP 254 EP 262 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48477.x PG 9 WC Behavioral Sciences; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pathology SC Behavioral Sciences; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Neurosciences & Neurology; Pathology GA BJ67X UT WOS:A1997BJ67X00022 PM 9329697 ER PT B AU Chen, JH Im, HG AF Chen, JH Im, HG GP COMBUSTION INST, E STATES SECT COMBUSTION INST, E STATES SECT COMBUSTION INST, E STATES SECT TI Correlation of flame speed with stretch in turbulent premixed methane/air flames SO CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN COMBUSTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1997 Fall Technical Meeting of the Eastern-States-Section of the Combustion-Institute on Chemical and Physical Processes in Combustion CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL HARTFORD, CT SP Combust Inst, E States Sect C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Combust Res Facil, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Chen, JH (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Combust Res Facil, Mail Stop 9051, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Im, Hong/J-4317-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMBUSTION INSTITUTE EASTERN STATES SECTION PI HARTFORD PA HARTFORD, CT 00000 USA PY 1997 BP 95 EP 98 PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BK13J UT WOS:000071292500020 ER PT B AU Milne, B Devine, K Kempka, S Najm, H AF Milne, B Devine, K Kempka, S Najm, H GP COMBUSTION INST, E STATES SECT COMBUSTION INST, E STATES SECT COMBUSTION INST, E STATES SECT TI Structure and evolution of the stabilization point of a lifted reacting jet SO CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN COMBUSTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1997 Fall Technical Meeting of the Eastern-States-Section of the Combustion-Institute on Chemical and Physical Processes in Combustion CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL HARTFORD, CT SP Combust Inst, E States Sect C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Milne, B (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMBUSTION INSTITUTE EASTERN STATES SECTION PI HARTFORD PA HARTFORD, CT 00000 USA PY 1997 BP 195 EP 198 PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BK13J UT WOS:000071292500045 ER PT B AU Najm, HN Wyckoff, PS Knio, OM AF Najm, HN Wyckoff, PS Knio, OM GP COMBUSTION INST, E STATES SECT COMBUSTION INST, E STATES SECT COMBUSTION INST, E STATES SECT TI Effect of equivalence ratio on premixed flame response to unsteady strain-rate and curvature SO CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN COMBUSTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1997 Fall Technical Meeting of the Eastern-States-Section of the Combustion-Institute on Chemical and Physical Processes in Combustion CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL HARTFORD, CT SP Combust Inst, E States Sect C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Najm, HN (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMBUSTION INSTITUTE EASTERN STATES SECTION PI HARTFORD PA HARTFORD, CT 00000 USA PY 1997 BP 285 EP 288 PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BK13J UT WOS:000071292500067 ER PT B AU Pollina, RJ Himka, RL Saini, DP McGibbon, A Klainer, SM AF Pollina, RJ Himka, RL Saini, DP McGibbon, A Klainer, SM BE Lieberman, RA TI A field-hardened, optical waveguide hybrid integrated-circuit, multi-sensor chemical probe and its chemistry SO CHEMICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FIBER SENSORS IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Fiber Sensors IX CY JUN 16-18, 1997 CL MUNICH, GERMANY SP Deut Forschungsanstalt Luftfahrt & Raumfahrt, European Opt Soc, Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commiss European Communities, Directorate Gen Sci Res & Dev DE hybrid sensor; optical waveguide sensor; optical chemical sensor; optical biochemical sensor; sensor AB A single probe containing three hybrid integrated-circuit, optical waveguide, chemical-biochemical sensors (chip sensors) has been developed. Each chip sensor contains two hybrid waveguides - one for sensing and one for reference. The sense waveguide is coated with a species-specific or group-specific chemistry or biochemistry. The reference waveguide is coated with a version of the sense chemistry or biochemistry, which is not sensitive to the analyte. The integrated structure is encapsulated and contains a single fixed light source, two detectors (reference and sense), and an optical train. The design is amenable to fluorescence, absorption, and refraction measurements. The three chip sensors are individually mounted in a probe that contains all of the electronics and computing capability necessary to collect and process the output information from each chip sensor. Only the surface of the individual chips are exposed to the target analytes. The probe is rugged, intrinsically safe, and can operate under 75 m (250 ft) of water. RP Pollina, RJ (reprint author), US DOE,REMOTE SENSING LAB,4600 N HOLLYWOOD RD,BLDG 2211,LAS VEGAS,NV 89191, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2526-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3105 BP 71 EP 78 DI 10.1117/12.276136 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BH98F UT WOS:A1997BH98F00008 ER PT J AU Hylton, TD Cummins, RL AF Hylton, TD Cummins, RL TI Mobilization of sludge in horizontal cylindrical tanks with submerged nozzles SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE sludge; mobilization; submerged; nozzle; horizontal; tank AB Over 378,000 m(3) (100 million gal) of radioactive waste is being stored in hundreds of tanks at several U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sites. The environment within the tanks is highly radioactive and chemically harsh. The waste typically consists of a heterogeneous sludge layer covered by a layer of supernatant. A few of the tanks have leaked to the environment, while others are corroding. Removing the waste from the tanks and processing it to a stable final form are desired to prevent any additional contamination of the environment. The tanks vary in size and geometric shape and do not have systems for removing the sludge waste. Mobilization and mixing studies were conducted with a surrogate sludge (e.g., kaolin clay) using submerged jets in two sizes of horizontal tanks with nominal capacities of 0.87 m(3) (230 gal) and 95 m(3) (25,000 gal). Mobilization efficiencies and mixing times were determined for single and bidirectional jets in both tanks with the discharge nozzles positioned at various locations in the tanks. Approximately 80% of the surrogate sludge was mobilized in the 95-m(3) tank using a fixed bidirectional jet (inside diameter = 0.035 m) and a jet velocity of 6.4 m/s (21 ft/s). The effective cleaning length, which is defined as the distance between the jet and the edge of the remaining sludge bank, was approximately 3.2 m (10 ft) on each side of the bidirectional jet. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Hylton, TD (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0098-6445 J9 CHEM ENG COMMUN JI Chem. Eng. Commun. PY 1997 VL 161 BP 89 EP 102 DI 10.1080/00986449708936621 PG 14 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA ZC084 UT WOS:000072538200006 ER PT J AU Tsouris, C Neal, SH Shah, VM Spurrier, MA Lee, MK AF Tsouris, C Neal, SH Shah, VM Spurrier, MA Lee, MK TI Comparison of liquid-liquid dispersions formed by a stirred tank and electrostatic spraying SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE stirred tank contactor; electrostatic spraying; liquid-liquid dispersions ID CONE-JET MODE; EMULSION-PHASE CONTACTOR; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; MASS-TRANSFER; DROPLETS; DROPS; ELECTROSPRAYS; GENERATION; BREAKAGE; VESSELS AB Two methods of producing liquid-liquid dispersions are compared in terms of the dispersed phase drop-size, energy requirements, and other properties. In the first method, a stirred-tank contactor, used for laboratory bioprocessing studies, was employed. Experiments were conducted using a 10cm-diameter cylindrical tank, stirred by one or two 5cm-diameter 6-blade Rushton-turbine impellers. The transient drop-size distribution of kerosene in water was measured by a video technique. It was found that (i) the drop-size had not reached steady state even after 10 hrs of agitation, and (ii) the drop-size produced by one impeller was smaller than that produced by two impellers. In the second method aqueous droplets were electrohydrodynamically generated at the tip of a metal capillary under the influence of a pulsed, direct-current (de) voltage. The capillary tube was located co-axially at the center of another tube made of a dielectric (teflon) wall. Kerosene was pumped between the capillary and the outer tube. An electric field was formed between the electrically-grounded capillary tube and an electrified electrode mounted on the external surface of the outer dielectric tube. Positive, sinusoidal-type voltage pulses in the range of 10-25 kV at frequency between 3.4 and 3.7 kHz were applied and the electric current was measured. The size of the drops ejected from the capillary was measured by a laser light scattering facility and found to be in the range 1 to 100 mu m. Single and multiple spraying cones were observed depending on the aqueous-phase flow-rate. Smaller drop-size was obtained when multiple-cone spraying occurred. Energy calculations showed that dilute dispersions can be produced more efficiently by electrostatic spraying than by mechanical agitation. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Wright State Univ, Inst Environm Qual, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. Exxon Res & Engn Co, Annandale, NJ 08801 USA. RP Tsouris, C (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Tsouris, Costas/C-2544-2016 OI Tsouris, Costas/0000-0002-0522-1027 NR 41 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 5 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0098-6445 J9 CHEM ENG COMMUN JI Chem. Eng. Commun. PY 1997 VL 160 BP 175 EP 197 DI 10.1080/00986449708936612 PG 23 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA YY486 UT WOS:000072151400010 ER PT J AU Soong, Y Gamwo, IK Blackwell, AG Harke, FW Schehl, RR Zarochak, MF AF Soong, Y Gamwo, IK Blackwell, AG Harke, FW Schehl, RR Zarochak, MF TI Ultrasonic characterizations of gas holdup in a bubble column reactor SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE ultrasonic characterizations; gas holdup; bubble column reactor ID SUSPENSIONS AB An indirect method of measuring gas holdup in-gas-liquid bubble column reactors has been developed. This technique is based on the analysis of the ultrasonic wave transmitted through the two-phase flow. Gas holdup measurements: have been made on water-nitrogen bubble system at ambient conditions. The data clearly show that the attenuation of the sound is a well-defined function of the gas holdup in the bubble column for homogeneous flow regime only (i.e., the superficial gas velocity is 4 cm/sec or less). C1 US DOE, Pittsburgh Energy Technol Ctr, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. RP Soong, Y (reprint author), US DOE, Pittsburgh Energy Technol Ctr, POB 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0098-6445 J9 CHEM ENG COMMUN JI Chem. Eng. Commun. PY 1997 VL 158 BP 181 EP 192 DI 10.1080/00986449708936587 PG 12 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA YY484 UT WOS:000072151200010 ER PT J AU Soong, Y Gamwo, IK Harke, FW Blackwell, AG Schehl, RR Zarochak, MF AF Soong, Y Gamwo, IK Harke, FW Blackwell, AG Schehl, RR Zarochak, MF TI Measurement of solids concentration by an ultrasonic transmission technique SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 3-PHASE FLUIDIZED-BED; HOLDUP; SUSPENSIONS AB An ultrasonic transmission technique is under development to determine the concentration of solids in a three-phase slurry reactor by measuring the velocity of ultrasound in slurries. Preliminary measurements have been made on slurries consisting of water, glass beads, and air bubbles. The data show that both the sound speed and attenuation are well-defined functions of both the solid and gas concentrations in the slurries. A simple model is proposed to correlate the concentration of solids with the measured ultrasonic signals. RP Soong, Y (reprint author), US DOE,FED ENERGY TECHNOL CTR,POB 10940,PITTSBURGH,PA 15236, USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 4 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA POSTFACH 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0930-7516 J9 CHEM ENG TECHNOL JI Chem. Eng. Technol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 20 IS 1 BP 47 EP 52 DI 10.1002/ceat.270200110 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA WM949 UT WOS:A1997WM94900009 ER PT J AU Ishchenko, AA Barashkov, NN Pla-Dalmau, A AF Ishchenko, AA Barashkov, NN Pla-Dalmau, A TI Temperature effect on fluorescence ability of cationic symmetric polymethine dyes SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS REPORTS LA English DT Article ID PHOTOCHEMISTRY; ASSOCIATION; SOLVENTS AB A temperature dependence of fluorescence of cationic polymethine dyes DODC and HIDC in methanol, water, toluene, and styrene is studied. An increase with temperature even within a narrow range (from 20 to 60 degrees C) is shown to significantly reduce the fluorescence intensity for all the dyes investigated. This reduction is the most prominent (threefold) in styrene and the least significant (1.8-fold), in methanol. The reason of this discrepancy is discussed. Based on quantum-mechanical calculations of the electronic structure of DODC and HIDC in the ground and excited states the observed temperature effect is accounted for by an increase in the probability of rotation about the polymethine chain bonds due to reduction of their order upon excitation. C1 Natl Acad Sci Ukraine, Inst Organ Chem, Kiev, Ukraine. LY Karpov Phys Chem Res Inst, Moscow 103064, Russia. Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Ishchenko, AA (reprint author), Natl Acad Sci Ukraine, Inst Organ Chem, Kiev, Ukraine. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1074-1550 J9 CHEM PHYS REP+ JI Chem. Phys. Rep. PY 1997 VL 16 IS 8 BP 1389 EP 1398 PG 10 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA YQ850 UT WOS:000071430100003 ER PT S AU Baumert, T Helbing, J Gerber, G Woste, L Zewail, AH Troe, J Manz, J Kobayashi, T Letokhov, VS Even, U Chergui, M Neumark, DM Rice, SA AF Baumert, T Helbing, J Gerber, G Woste, L Zewail, AH Troe, J Manz, J Kobayashi, T Letokhov, VS Even, U Chergui, M Neumark, DM Rice, SA BE Gaspard, P Burghardt, I TI Coherent control with femtosecond laser pulses SO CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND THEIR CONTROL ON THE FEMTOSECOND TIME SCALE XXTH SOLVAY CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY SE Advances in Chemical Physics LA English DT Review CT XXth Solvay Conference on Chemistry CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 1995 CL FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM HO FREE UNIV BRUSSELS ID SELECTIVE VIBRATIONAL-EXCITATION; MOLECULAR MULTIPHOTON IONIZATION; WAVE-PACKET EVOLUTION; ORGANOMETALLIC MOLECULES; UNIMOLECULAR REACTIONS; CHEMICAL-REACTION; OPTICAL PULSES; KINETIC-ENERGY; GROUND-STATE; PUMP-PROBE C1 FREE UNIV BERLIN, INST PHYS EXPT, D-1000 BERLIN, GERMANY. UNIV GOTTINGEN, INST PHYS CHEM, D-3400 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT CHEM, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, DIV CHEM SCI, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. RUSSIAN ACAD SCI, INST SPECT, TROITSK 142092, MOSCOW REGION, RUSSIA. FREE UNIV BERLIN, INST THEORET & PHYS CHEM, D-1000 BERLIN, GERMANY. UNIV LAUSANNE, BSP, FAC SCI, INST PHYS EXPT, LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND. TEL AVIV UNIV, IL-69978 TEL AVIV, ISRAEL. UNIV TOKYO, TOKYO, JAPAN. RP Baumert, T (reprint author), UNIV WURZBURG, INST PHYS, D-8700 WURZBURG, GERMANY. RI Baumert, Thomas/D-3962-2009; Helbing, Jan/A-5609-2013; Neumark, Daniel/B-9551-2009 OI Baumert, Thomas/0000-0003-1760-7493; Neumark, Daniel/0000-0002-3762-9473 NR 67 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 18 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 3RD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0065-2385 BN 0-471-18048-3 J9 ADV CHEM PHYS JI Adv. Chem. Phys. PY 1997 VL 101 BP 47 EP 82 DI 10.1002/9780470141601.ch2 PG 36 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA BJ51W UT WOS:A1997BJ51W00002 ER PT S AU Rice, SA Fleming, GR Okada, T Marcus, RA Troe, J Levine, RD Zewail, AH Neumark, DM deVivieRiedle, R Manz, J Kobayashi, T Letokhov, VS Hass, BA Mukamel, S Quack, M Tannor, DJ Child, MS Kohler, B Martin, JL Gaspard, P AF Rice, SA Fleming, GR Okada, T Marcus, RA Troe, J Levine, RD Zewail, AH Neumark, DM deVivieRiedle, R Manz, J Kobayashi, T Letokhov, VS Hass, BA Mukamel, S Quack, M Tannor, DJ Child, MS Kohler, B Martin, JL Gaspard, P BE Gaspard, P Burghardt, I TI General discussion on femtochemistry: From clusters to solutions SO CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND THEIR CONTROL ON THE FEMTOSECOND TIME SCALE XXTH SOLVAY CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY SE Advances in Chemical Physics LA English DT Review CT XXth Solvay Conference on Chemistry CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 1995 CL FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM HO FREE UNIV BRUSSELS ID MULTIPHOTON IONIZATION PROCESSES; COHERENT VIBRATIONAL MOTION; CONSISTENT-FIELD APPROACH; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; PUMP-PROBE; IMPULSIVE EXCITATION; SCHRODINGER-EQUATION; DISSIPATIVE DYNAMICS; ENERGY LEVELS; FEMTOSECOND C1 CALTECH, NOYES LAB CHEM PHYS, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA. UNIV GOTTINGEN, INST PHYS CHEM, D-3400 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY. HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM, FRITZ HABER RES CTR MOL DYNAM, IL-91904 JERUSALEM, ISRAEL. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, LOS ANGELES, CA 90024 USA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT CHEM, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, DIV CHEM SCI, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. FREE UNIV BERLIN, INST PHYS & THEORET CHEM, D-1000 BERLIN, GERMANY. RP Rice, SA (reprint author), UNIV CHICAGO, JAMES FRANCK INST, DEPT CHEM, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA. RI Quack, Martin/H-4457-2016; Neumark, Daniel/B-9551-2009 OI Neumark, Daniel/0000-0002-3762-9473 NR 49 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 3RD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0065-2385 BN 0-471-18048-3 J9 ADV CHEM PHYS JI Adv. Chem. Phys. PY 1997 VL 101 BP 193 EP 210 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA BJ51W UT WOS:A1997BJ51W00007 ER PT S AU Tannor, DJ Kosloff, R Bartana, A Neumark, DM Manz, J AF Tannor, DJ Kosloff, R Bartana, A Neumark, DM Manz, J BE Gaspard, P Burghardt, I TI Laser heating, cooling, and transparency of internal degrees of freedom of molecules SO CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND THEIR CONTROL ON THE FEMTOSECOND TIME SCALE XXTH SOLVAY CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY SE Advances in Chemical Physics LA English DT Review CT XXth Solvay Conference on Chemistry CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 1995 CL FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM HO FREE UNIV BRUSSELS ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; PULSES C1 HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM, DEPT PHYS CHEM, IL-91904 JERUSALEM, ISRAEL. HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM, FRITZ HABER RES CTR, IL-91904 JERUSALEM, ISRAEL. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT CHEM, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, DIV CHEM SCI, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. FREE UNIV BERLIN, INST PHYS & THEORET CHEM, D-1000 BERLIN, GERMANY. RP Tannor, DJ (reprint author), WEIZMANN INST SCI, DEPT CHEM PHYS, IL-76100 REHOVOT, ISRAEL. RI Neumark, Daniel/B-9551-2009; Kosloff, Ronnie/D-2388-2013 OI Neumark, Daniel/0000-0002-3762-9473; Kosloff, Ronnie/0000-0001-6201-2523 NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 3RD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0065-2385 BN 0-471-18048-3 J9 ADV CHEM PHYS JI Adv. Chem. Phys. PY 1997 VL 101 BP 301 EP 314 DI 10.1002/9780470141601.ch11 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA BJ51W UT WOS:A1997BJ51W00011 ER PT S AU Softley, TP MacKenzie, SR Merkt, F Rolland, D Neumark, DM Levine, RD Kohler, B Child, MS AF Softley, TP MacKenzie, SR Merkt, F Rolland, D Neumark, DM Levine, RD Kohler, B Child, MS BE Gaspard, P Burghardt, I TI From Rydberg state dynamics to ion-molecule reactions using ZEKE spectroscopy SO CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND THEIR CONTROL ON THE FEMTOSECOND TIME SCALE XXTH SOLVAY CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY SE Advances in Chemical Physics LA English DT Review CT XXth Solvay Conference on Chemistry CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 1995 CL FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM HO FREE UNIV BRUSSELS ID PULSED-FIELD IONIZATION; QUANTUM-DEFECT-THEORY; ENERGY PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; ROTATIONAL AUTOIONIZATION; COLLISIONAL ENHANCEMENT; MULTIPHOTON IONIZATION; NITRIC-OXIDE; THRESHOLD; LIFETIMES; JET C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT CHEM, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, DIV CHEM SCI, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM, FRITZ HABER RES CTR MOL DYNAM, IL-91904 JERUSALEM, ISRAEL. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, LOS ANGELES, CA 90024 USA. RP PHYS & THEORET CHEM LAB, OXFORD, ENGLAND. RI Neumark, Daniel/B-9551-2009; OI Neumark, Daniel/0000-0002-3762-9473; Mackenzie, Stuart/0000-0002-3166-8631 NR 50 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0065-2385 BN 0-471-18048-3 J9 ADV CHEM PHYS JI Adv. Chem. Phys. PY 1997 VL 101 BP 667 EP 699 DI 10.1002/9780470141601.ch25 PG 33 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA BJ51W UT WOS:A1997BJ51W00025 ER PT S AU Levine, RD Jungen, C Miller, WH Cederbaum, LS Hess, BA Softley, TP Field, RW Kohler, B Child, MS Jain, SR Lombardi, M AF Levine, RD Jungen, C Miller, WH Cederbaum, LS Hess, BA Softley, TP Field, RW Kohler, B Child, MS Jain, SR Lombardi, M BE Gaspard, P Burghardt, I TI General discussion on molecular Rydberg states and ZEKE spectroscopy .2. SO CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND THEIR CONTROL ON THE FEMTOSECOND TIME SCALE XXTH SOLVAY CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY SE Advances in Chemical Physics LA English DT Review CT XXth Solvay Conference on Chemistry CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 1995 CL FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM HO FREE UNIV BRUSSELS ID DYNAMICS C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, LOS ANGELES, CA 90024 USA. UNIV PARIS 11, CNRS, AIME COTTON LAB, ORSAY, FRANCE. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT CHEM, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, DIV CHEM SCI, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. PHYS & THEORET CHEM LAB, OXFORD, ENGLAND. MIT, DEPT CHEM, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA. RP Levine, RD (reprint author), HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM, FRITZ HABER RES CTR MOL DYNAM, IL-91904 JERUSALEM, ISRAEL. RI Kohler, Bern/A-1728-2011 OI Kohler, Bern/0000-0001-5353-1655 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 3RD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0065-2385 BN 0-471-18048-3 J9 ADV CHEM PHYS JI Adv. Chem. Phys. PY 1997 VL 101 BP 719 EP 726 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA BJ51W UT WOS:A1997BJ51W00028 ER PT S AU Osborn, DL Choi, H Neumark, DM Shapiro, M Troe, J Softley, TP Yamanouchi, K Marcus, RA Yamashita, K AF Osborn, DL Choi, H Neumark, DM Shapiro, M Troe, J Softley, TP Yamanouchi, K Marcus, RA Yamashita, K BE Gaspard, P Burghardt, I TI Photodissociation spectroscopy and dynamics of the vinoxy (CH2CHO) radical SO CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND THEIR CONTROL ON THE FEMTOSECOND TIME SCALE XXTH SOLVAY CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY SE Advances in Chemical Physics LA English DT Review CT XXth Solvay Conference on Chemistry CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 1995 CL FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM HO FREE UNIV BRUSSELS ID LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; SUPERSONIC FREE JET; ACETYL-CHLORIDE; DISSOCIATION; STATE; BEAM C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, DIV CHEM SCI, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. WEIZMANN INST SCI, DEPT CHEM PHYS, IL-76100 REHOVOT, ISRAEL. UNIV GOTTINGEN, INST PHYS CHEM, D-3400 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY. PHYS & THEORET CHEM LAB, OXFORD, ENGLAND. UNIV TOKYO, DEPT PURE & APPL SCI, TOKYO, JAPAN. CALTECH, NOYES LAB CHEM PHYS, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA. RP Osborn, DL (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT CHEM, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. RI Osborn, David/A-2627-2009; Neumark, Daniel/B-9551-2009 OI Neumark, Daniel/0000-0002-3762-9473 NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 3RD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0065-2385 BN 0-471-18048-3 J9 ADV CHEM PHYS JI Adv. Chem. Phys. PY 1997 VL 101 BP 729 EP 744 DI 10.1002/9780470141601.ch29 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA BJ51W UT WOS:A1997BJ51W00029 ER PT S AU Schinke, R Keller, HM Flothmann, H Stumpf, M Beck, C Mordaunt, DH Dobbyn, AJ Rice, SA Marcus, RA Troe, J Neumark, DM Kellman, ME AF Schinke, R Keller, HM Flothmann, H Stumpf, M Beck, C Mordaunt, DH Dobbyn, AJ Rice, SA Marcus, RA Troe, J Neumark, DM Kellman, ME BE Gaspard, P Burghardt, I TI Resonances in unimolecular dissociation: From mode-specific to statistical behavior SO CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND THEIR CONTROL ON THE FEMTOSECOND TIME SCALE XXTH SOLVAY CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY SE Advances in Chemical Physics LA English DT Review CT XXth Solvay Conference on Chemistry CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 1995 CL FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM HO FREE UNIV BRUSSELS ID PRODUCT STATE DISTRIBUTIONS; POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACE; ADIABATIC CHANNEL MODEL; QUASI-BOUND LEVELS; TRANSITION-STATE; OVERLAPPING RESONANCES; WAVE-FUNCTIONS; RATE CONSTANTS; QUANTUM STATES; GROUND-STATE C1 UNIV ILLINOIS, JAMES FRANCK INST, DEPT CHEM, CHICAGO, IL USA. CALTECH, NOYES LAB CHEM PHYS, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA. UNIV GOTTINGEN, INST PHYS CHEM, D-37073 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT CHEM, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, DIV CHEM SCI, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. RP Schinke, R (reprint author), MAX PLANCK INST STROMUNGSFORSCH, BUNSENSTR 10, D-37073 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY. RI Neumark, Daniel/B-9551-2009 OI Neumark, Daniel/0000-0002-3762-9473 NR 79 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 3RD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0065-2385 BN 0-471-18048-3 J9 ADV CHEM PHYS JI Adv. Chem. Phys. PY 1997 VL 101 BP 745 EP 787 DI 10.1002/9780470141601.ch30 PG 43 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA BJ51W UT WOS:A1997BJ51W00030 ER PT S AU Yamanouchi, K Ohde, K Hishikawa, A Neumark, DM AF Yamanouchi, K Ohde, K Hishikawa, A Neumark, DM BE Gaspard, P Burghardt, I TI Photodissociating small polyatomic molecules in the VUV region: Resonances in the (1)Sigma(+)-(1)Sigma(+) band of OCS SO CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND THEIR CONTROL ON THE FEMTOSECOND TIME SCALE XXTH SOLVAY CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY SE Advances in Chemical Physics LA English DT Review CT XXth Solvay Conference on Chemistry CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 1995 CL FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM HO FREE UNIV BRUSSELS ID TRANSITION-STATE; PREDISSOCIATION; SPECTROSCOPY; COMPLEX; DYNAMICS; O-3; CS2; FNO C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT CHEM, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, DIV CHEM SCI, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. RP Yamanouchi, K (reprint author), UNIV TOKYO, DEPT PURE & APPL SCI, COLL ARTS & SCI, 4-6-1 KOMABA, TOKYO, JAPAN. RI Neumark, Daniel/B-9551-2009; Hishikawa, Akiyoshi/C-2251-2011 OI Neumark, Daniel/0000-0002-3762-9473; Hishikawa, Akiyoshi/0000-0002-4147-294X NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 3RD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0065-2385 BN 0-471-18048-3 J9 ADV CHEM PHYS JI Adv. Chem. Phys. PY 1997 VL 101 BP 789 EP 797 DI 10.1002/9780470141601.ch31 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA BJ51W UT WOS:A1997BJ51W00031 ER PT S AU Miller, WH Manz, J Jost, R Troe, J Gaspard, P Marcus, RA AF Miller, WH Manz, J Jost, R Troe, J Gaspard, P Marcus, RA BE Gaspard, P Burghardt, I TI Quantum and semiclassical theories of chemical reaction rates SO CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND THEIR CONTROL ON THE FEMTOSECOND TIME SCALE XXTH SOLVAY CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY SE Advances in Chemical Physics LA English DT Review CT XXth Solvay Conference on Chemistry CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 1995 CL FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM HO FREE UNIV BRUSSELS ID TRANSITION-STATE THEORY; DISCRETE VARIABLE REPRESENTATION; CUMULATIVE REACTION PROBABILITY; ABSORBING BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; PATH-INTEGRAL TREATMENT; MANY-ATOM SYSTEMS; RATE CONSTANTS; REAL-TIME; BIMOLECULAR REACTIONS; POLYATOMIC SYSTEMS C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, DIV CHEM SCI, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. FREE UNIV BERLIN, INST PHYS & THEORET CHEM, D-1000 BERLIN, GERMANY. UNIV GOTTINGEN, INST PHYS CHEM, D-3400 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY. FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, SERV CHIM PHYS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM. FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, CTR NONLINEAR PHENOMENA & COMPLEX SYST, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM. CALTECH, ARTHUR AMOS NOYES LAB CHEM PHYS, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA. RP Miller, WH (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT CHEM, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. NR 63 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 3RD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0065-2385 BN 0-471-18048-3 J9 ADV CHEM PHYS JI Adv. Chem. Phys. PY 1997 VL 101 BP 853 EP 871 DI 10.1002/9780470141601.ch35 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA BJ51W UT WOS:A1997BJ51W00035 ER PT B AU Clemmer, RG Kelly, JF Martin, SW Mong, GM Sharpe, SW AF Clemmer, RG Kelly, JF Martin, SW Mong, GM Sharpe, SW BE Pilon, P Burmeister, S TI Laser based detection of chemical contraband SO CHEMISTRY- AND BIOLOGY-BASED TECHNOLOGIES FOR CONTRABAND DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Chemistry-Based and Biology-Based Technologies for Contraband Detection CY NOV 20-21, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, NIST, Off Natl Drug Control Policy, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Harris Corp, MITRE Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Natl Inst Justice, US Customs, Fed Bur Investigat, Amer Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, Calif Peace Officers Assoc, Natl Forens Sci Technol Ctr DE infrared spectroscopy; laser; optical; contraband detection AB The goal of our work is two fold; 1) develop a portable and rapid laser based air sampler for detection of specific chemical contraband and 2) compile a spectral data base in both the near- and mid-infrared of sufficiently high quality to be useful for gas phase spectroscopic identification of chemical contraband. During the synthesis or ''cooking'' of many illicit chemical substances, relatively high concentrations of volatile solvents, chemical precursors and byproducts are unavoidably released to the atmosphere. In some instances, the final product (e.g., methamphetamine) may have sufficient vapor pressure to be detectable in the surrounding air. The detection of a single high-value effluent or the simultaneous detection of two or more low-value effluents can be used as reliable indicators of a nearby clandestine cooking operation. The designation of high- versus low-value effluent reflects both the commercial availability and legitimate usage of a specific chemical. This paper will describe PMNL's progress and efforts towards the development of a portable laser based air sampling system for the detection of clandestine manufacturing of methamphetamine. Although our current efforts are focused on methamphetamine, we see no fundamental limitations on detection of other forms of chemical contraband manufacturing. This also includes the synthesis of certain classes of chemical weapons that have recently been deployed by terrorist groups. RP Clemmer, RG (reprint author), BATTELLE MEM INST,PACIFIC NW LABS,POB 999,BATTELLE BLVD,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2339-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 2937 BP 46 EP 56 DI 10.1117/12.266786 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BH32K UT WOS:A1997BH32K00006 ER PT B AU Eastman, JA Choudry, H Rittner, MN Youngdahl, CJ Dollar, M Weertman, JR DiMelfi, RJ Thompson, LJ AF Eastman, JA Choudry, H Rittner, MN Youngdahl, CJ Dollar, M Weertman, JR DiMelfi, RJ Thompson, LJ BE Ma, E Fultz, B Shull, R Morral, J Nash, P TI Mechanical properties of nanocrystalline metals, intermetallics and multiphase materials determined by tension, compression, and disk-bend techniques SO CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF NANOSTRUCTURES AND RELATED NON-EQUILIBRIUM MATERIALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Chemistry and Physics of Nanostructures and Related Non-Equilibrium Materials, at the 1997 TMS Annual Meeting CY FEB 09-13, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc, Chem & Phys Mat Comm, Minerals Met & Mat Soc, Thermodynam & Phase Equilibria Comm AB The mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline metallic, intermetallic, and multiphase materials has been investigated using tension, compression, and disk-bend techniques. Nanocrystalline NiAl, Al-Al3Zr, and Cu were synthesized by the gas condensation technique using either resistive or electron beam heating followed by elevated temperature vacuum compaction. Disk-bend tests or nanocrystalline NiAl show evidence of improved ductility at room temperature in this normally extremely brittle material. In contrast, tension tests of multiphase nanocrystalline Al-Al3Zr samples show significant increases in strength but substantial reductions in ductility with decreasing grain size. Compression tests of nanocrystalline copper result in values of yield stress and total elongation that are substantially larger than those measured in tensile tests. Implications for the operable deformation mechanisms in these materials are discussed. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Eastman, JA (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave,Bldg 212, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. OI Eastman, Jeff/0000-0002-0847-4265 NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-353-8 PY 1997 BP 173 EP 182 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA BK35R UT WOS:000071896200019 ER PT B AU Jankowski, AF Hayes, JP Musket, R Cosandey, F Gorla, CE Besser, RS Westerlind, V Cobai, G AF Jankowski, AF Hayes, JP Musket, R Cosandey, F Gorla, CE Besser, RS Westerlind, V Cobai, G BE Ma, E Fultz, B Shull, R Morral, J Nash, P TI Resistance behavior of Cr-Si-O thin films SO CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF NANOSTRUCTURES AND RELATED NON-EQUILIBRIUM MATERIALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Chemistry and Physics of Nanostructures and Related Non-Equilibrium Materials, at the 1997 TMS Annual Meeting CY FEB 09-13, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc, Chem & Phys Mat Comm, Minerals Met & Mat Soc, Thermodynam & Phase Equilibria Comm AB Thin coatings of Cr-Si-O are assessed for use as a resistor. The submicron thick films are sputter deposited using a (l-x)Ar-(x)O-2 working gas. Several compacts of metal and oxide powders are commercially prepared for use as the sputter targets. The deposit-on process yields film compositions which range from 2 to 30 at.% Cr and 20 to 45 at.% Si as measured using Rutherford backscattering. A broad range of resistivities from 10(1) to 10(14) Omega cm are found as measured through the film thickness between metal pads deposited onto the Cr-Si-O surface. The film structure and morphology are characterized using transmission electron microscopy from which the resistance behavior can be correlated to the distribution of metallic particles. Thermal aging reveals the metastability of tile Cr-Si-O film morphology and resistance behavior. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Jankowski, AF (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-353-8 PY 1997 BP 211 EP 219 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA BK35R UT WOS:000071896200023 ER PT J AU Stewart, FF Peterson, ES Busse, SC Orme, CJ AF Stewart, FF Peterson, ES Busse, SC Orme, CJ TI Polymer-solvent interactions in phosphazene materials as observed by solid- and liquid-state NMR spectroscopy SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; MEMBRANES; SEPARATION; POLYPHOSPHAZENE; RELAXATION; DIFFUSION; COMPOSITE; INTERFACE; MOTIONS; CO AB The chemical nature of the interactions between materials and occluded small molecules have been the subject of intense study. In this paper, we demonstrate the utility of NMR spectroscopy for examining dynamic systems. Phosphazenes are inorganic polymers with an alternating nitrogen-phosphorus; backbone that may be tailored by substitution of differing organic pendant groups, thus assuming a variety of physical and chemical characteristics. We examine two examples of phosphazenes and determine that solvents that penetrate and swell will influence the material at the molecular level. It has been determined that solvation in swollen materials is complete and can be observed by NMR spectroscopy. Variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy and nuclear relaxation phenomena demonstrate motional dynamics within the polymer matrix. In addition, reorientation rates are enhanced and the free volume within the matrix is increased with the inclusion of solvent. Additional evidence for solvation is observed through the use of heterogeneous-phase NOE difference spectroscopy where a dipolar interaction between solvent and substrate yields internuclear distances of less than 5 Angstrom. These data lend support to the solution-diffusion model as a mechanism for permeation and transport of small molecules within a polymer matrix. C1 MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. RP Stewart, FF (reprint author), LOCKHEED MARTIN IDAHO TECHNOL CO,IDAHO NATL ENGN LAB,POB 1625,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83415, USA. RI Peterson, Eric/B-9127-2017 OI Peterson, Eric/0000-0002-2292-4939 NR 42 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 9 IS 1 BP 155 EP 163 DI 10.1021/cm960266y PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA WC941 UT WOS:A1997WC94100026 ER PT J AU Zhu, SJ Wang, MG Hamilton, JH Ramayya, AV Babu, BRS Ma, WC Long, GL Deng, JK Zhu, LY Li, M Ginter, TN Komicki, J Cole, JD Aryaeinejad, R Dardenne, YK Drigert, MW Rasmussen, JO Oganessian, YT Stoyer, MA Chu, SY Gregorich, KE Mohar, MF Prussin, SG Lee, IY Johnson, NR McGowan, FK AF Zhu, SJ Wang, MG Hamilton, JH Ramayya, AV Babu, BRS Ma, WC Long, GL Deng, JK Zhu, LY Li, M Ginter, TN Komicki, J Cole, JD Aryaeinejad, R Dardenne, YK Drigert, MW Rasmussen, JO Oganessian, YT Stoyer, MA Chu, SY Gregorich, KE Mohar, MF Prussin, SG Lee, IY Johnson, NR McGowan, FK TI Reflection asymmetric shapes in the neutron-rich Ba-140,Ba-143 isotopes SO CHINESE PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OCTUPOLE DEFORMATION; NUCLEI; CONSEQUENCES AB Level schemes for the neutron-rich Ba-140,Ba-143 nuclei have been determined by study of prompt gamma-rays in spontaneous fission of Cf-252. The level pattern and enhanced E1 transitions between pi = + and pi = - bands show reflection asymmetric shapes with simplex quantum number s = +1 in Ba-140 and s = +/-i in Ba-143, respectively. The octupole deformation stability with spin variation has been discussed. C1 VANDERBILT UNIV,DEPT PHYS,NASHVILLE,TN 37235. MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,DEPT PHYS,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. IDAHO NATL ENGN LAB,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83415. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Zhu, SJ (reprint author), TSING HUA UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BEIJING 100084,PEOPLES R CHINA. RI Long, Gui Lu/B-1170-2008; Long, Gui Lu/B-8988-2014 OI Long, Gui Lu/0000-0002-9023-1579 NR 11 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU ALLERTON PRESS INC PI NEW YORK PA 150 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10011 SN 0256-307X J9 CHINESE PHYS LETT JI Chin. Phys. Lett. PY 1997 VL 14 IS 8 BP 569 EP 572 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA XW510 UT WOS:A1997XW51000003 ER PT J AU Zhong, G Yun, T Khattabi, Y Guiochon, G AF Zhong, G Yun, T Khattabi, Y Guiochon, G TI Simulated moving bed chromatography under linear conditions SO CHROMATOGRAPHIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 21st International Symposium on Chromatography CY SEP 15-20, 1996 CL STUTTGART, GERMANY SP UK Inst Petr DE simulated moving bed chromatography (SMB); ideal model of SMB; nonideal models of SMB; subdivision of SMB sections AB The authors review their recent contributions to the theory of Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) chromatography. SMB is an implementation of preparative chromatography which is attracting much interest in the pharmaceutical industry, especially (but not only) for the purification of enantiomers. This process is more complex than those conventionally used for preparative applications. Its operation under linear conditions is illustrated using the numerical solutions derived from different simple models (ideal, equilibrium-dispersive). The influence of nonideal effects (e.g., dispersion and mass transfer resistances), of section subdivision into several columns are discussed. The importance of the differences between the flow rates in the different sections of the SMB is also illustrated. Experimental results are well explained by theoretical considerations. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM & ANALYT SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. RP Zhong, G (reprint author), UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT CHEM,KNOXVILLE,TN 37996, USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU VIEWEG PI WIESBADEN PA ABRAHAM-LINCOLN-STRABE 46, POSTFACH 15 47, D-65005 WIESBADEN, GERMANY SN 0009-5893 J9 CHROMATOGRAPHIA JI Chromatographia PY 1997 VL 45 SU S BP 109 EP 115 DI 10.1007/BF02505546 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA XA099 UT WOS:A1997XA09900018 ER PT J AU Kacholia, K Reck, RA AF Kacholia, K Reck, RA TI Comparison of global climate change simulations for 2 x CO2-induced warming - An intercomparison of 108 temperature change projections published between 1980 and 1995 SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Review ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; ICE-ALBEDO FEEDBACK; SEA-ICE; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; TRACE GASES; CO2 CONCENTRATION; CONVECTIVE MODEL; CLOUD FEEDBACK; OCEAN MODEL AB In this article we compile 108 national and international studies on global climate change, each projecting a quantitative impact on global surface-air temperature due to a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. These predictions, documented between 1980 and 1995, are based primarily on climate-modeling research, including radiative-convective, energy-balance, and general circulation models. Collectively over the past 15 years, the average (mean) temperature change projection due to doubled CO2 is +2.62 degrees C, with a range of 0.1-8.7 degrees C. General circulation models tend to estimate slightly higher values (2.98 degrees C), compared with radiative-convective models (1.98 degrees C) and energy-balance models (2.54 degrees C). During the years 1980 through 1995, an increasing trend in predictions is noticed, although the mean temperature change prediction each year has remained fairly consistent near 2-3 degrees C. These findings suggest that the estimated sensitivity of the climate system continues to remain comparable to the range calculated in earlier studies. However, tremendous advancements in the capacity of climate models continue to reveal important uncertainties in the dynamic nature of global atmospheric interactions. The predictions continue to validate the need for a global policy relating to human influence on global climate change. RP Kacholia, K (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV ENVIRONM RES,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 120 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD JAN PY 1997 VL 35 IS 1 BP 53 EP 69 DI 10.1023/A:1005372618899 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA WN555 UT WOS:A1997WN55500004 ER PT J AU DeNardo, GL Kukis, DL Shen, S Mausner, LF Meares, CF Srivastava, SC Miers, LA DeNardo, SJ AF DeNardo, GL Kukis, DL Shen, S Mausner, LF Meares, CF Srivastava, SC Miers, LA DeNardo, SJ TI Efficacy and toxicity of Cu-67-2IT-BAT-Lym-1 radioimmunoconjugate in mice implanted with human Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji) SO CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LABELED MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; NON-HODGKINS-LYMPHOMA; B-CELL LYMPHOMA; NUDE-MICE; RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY; THERAPY; CANCER; LYM-1; PHARMACOKINETICS; BIODISTRIBUTION AB Radioimmunotherapy has shown promising results for treatment of radiosensitive malignancies such as lymphoma. Positive responses have been reported in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with I-131-radiolabeled Lym-1, a mouse anti-lymphoma monoclonal antibody, In this study, the efficacy of Cu-67-radiolabeled Lym-1 was examined, Nude mice bearing human Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji) tumors (20-524 mm(3)) were treated with 12.4, 14.8, 18.5, and 23.3 MBq of Cu-67-2IT-BAT-Lym-1. Tumor size was measured to assess efficacy, and mouse weight, blood counts, and mortality were monitored to assess toxicity, In mice treated with 12,4, 14.8, and 18.5 MBq of Cu-67-2IT-BAT-Lym-1, 50% (9 of 18), 42% (5 of 12), and 50% (3 of 6) of tumors achieved remission or cure; 33% of tumors were cured overall; and significant regrowth delay was observed, The 23.3 MBq dose group did not yield meaningful efficacy data because of high mortality, In control groups receiving 14.8 and 18.5 MBq of the isotype-matched nonspecific monoclonal antibody radioimmunoconjugate, Cu-67-2IT-BAT-L6, 0% (0 of 15) and 17% (2 of 12) of tumors achieved a response; hence, targeted delivery of radiation was the dominant antitumor mechanism of Cu-67-2IT-BAT-Lym-1. LD50/30 for mice treated with Cu-67-2IT-BAT-Lym-1 and -L6 were 21.6 and 20.6 MBq, respectively, In conclusion, Cu-67-2IT-BAT-Lym-1 provided a therapeutic and frequently curative dose of radiation to tumored mice with modest toxicity. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,MED CTR,DEPT INTERNAL MED,SACRAMENTO,CA 95816. BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT MED,UPTON,NY 11973. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT CHEM,DAVIS,CA 95616. RI Meares, Claude/A-8345-2011 FU NCI NIH HHS [P01-CA47829] NR 69 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI PHILADELPHIA PA PUBLIC LEDGER BLDG, SUITE 816, 150 S. INDEPENDENCE MALL W., PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1078-0432 J9 CLIN CANCER RES JI Clin. Cancer Res. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 3 IS 1 BP 71 EP 79 PG 9 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA WY363 UT WOS:A1997WY36300011 PM 9815540 ER PT S AU Loehman, RE Ewsuk, KG Fahrenholtz, WF Lakshman, BB AF Loehman, RE Ewsuk, KG Fahrenholtz, WF Lakshman, BB BE Fuentes, M MartinezEsnaola, JM Daniel, AM TI Ceramic-metal composite formation by reactive metal penetration SO CMMC 96 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CERAMIC AND METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Key Engineering Materials LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Ceramic and Metal Matrix Composites (CMMC 96) CY SEP 09-12, 1996 CL SAN SEBASTIAN, SPAIN SP Ctr Estudios & Investigac Tecn Gipuzkoa, Univ Navarra, Escuela Super Ingenieros, Diputac Foral Gipuzkoa, Dept Ind Agr & Pesca, Gobierno Vasco, Dept Educ Univ & Investigac, Gobierno Vasco, Comis Interminist Cien & Tecnol, Madrid, European Commiss, Directorate Gen XII DE ceramic-metal composites; mullite; in-situ reaction; alumina AB Ceramic-metal composites can be made to near-net-shape by reactive penetration of dense ceramic preforms by molten metals. Reactive metal penetration is driven by a strongly negative Gibbs energy for reaction. For Al, the general form of the reaction is (x+2) Al + (3/y) MO(y) --> Al2O3 + M(3)/yAl(x), where MO(y) is an oxide that is wet by molten Al. In low PO2 atmospheres and at temperatures above about 900 degrees C, molten Al reduces mullite to produce Al2O3 and Si. The Al/mullite reaction has a Delta G(r) degrees(927 degrees C) of -338 per mole of mullite and, for fully dense mullite, the theoretical volume change on reaction is less than 1%. Experiments with commercial mullite containing a silicate grain boundary phase average less than 2% volume change on reaction. In the Al/mullite system, reactive metal penetration produces a fine-grained alumina skeleton with an interspersed metal phase, With greater than or equal to 15 vol.% excess aluminum, mutually interpenetrating ceramic-metal composites are produced. Properties measurements show that ceramic-metal composites produced by reactive metal penetration of mullite by Al have a Young's modulus and hardness similar to that of Al2O3, with improved fracture toughness ranging from 4.5 to 10.5 MPa . m(1/2). Other compositions also are candidates for in-situ reaction synthesis, but they exhibit differences in reaction kinetics, most probably due to different wetting behavior. For example, Mg reacts with mullite to form multi-phase composites. These reactions occur at lower temperatures (675 degrees-750 degrees C) than those for Al/mullite (1100 degrees-1500 degrees C). In addition, Mg wets mullite more readily than does Al, and Mg more readily infiltrates porous ceramic preforms. The absence of a passivating oxide layer on Mg can account for this behavior. C1 UNIV NEW MEXICO, ADV MAT LAB, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87106 USA. RP Loehman, RE (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS, ADV MAT LAB, POB 5800, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87106 USA. OI Fahrenholtz, William/0000-0002-8497-0092 NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS PI CLAUSTHAL ZELLERFE PA EINERSBERGER BLICK 28, PO BOX 266, W-3392 CLAUSTHAL ZELLERFE, GERMANY SN 1013-9826 BN 0-87849-753-6 J9 KEY ENG MATER PY 1997 VL 127-3 BP 431 EP 438 PN 1 & 2 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BH18K UT WOS:A1997BH18K00046 ER PT S AU Moreno, JMC Elizalde, MR LaraCurzio, E AF Moreno, JMC Elizalde, MR LaraCurzio, E BE Fuentes, M MartinezEsnaola, JM Daniel, AM TI Push-out tests on small fibres and interfacial properties of a fibre-reinforced ceramic matrix composite (SiCf/SiC) SO CMMC 96 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CERAMIC AND METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Key Engineering Materials LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Ceramic and Metal Matrix Composites (CMMC 96) CY SEP 09-12, 1996 CL SAN SEBASTIAN, SPAIN SP Ctr Estudios & Investigac Tecn Gipuzkoa, Univ Navarra, Escuela Super Ingenieros, Diputac Foral Gipuzkoa, Dept Ind Agr & Pesca, Gobierno Vasco, Dept Educ Univ & Investigac, Gobierno Vasco, Comis Interminist Cien & Tecnol, Madrid, European Commiss, Directorate Gen XII DE single fibres pushout; fibre reinforced ceramic composite; fibre residual stresses; interfacial properties ID ROUGHNESS AB The interfacial properties of a fibre-reinforced ceramic matrix composite (SiCf/SiC) have been determined from single-fibre push-out tests on small fibres (10-15 mu m diameter). The coefficient of friction mu and the residual clamping stress sigma(c) have been extracted from the experimental stress against the fibre-end displacement curve using the Hsueh model. The intrinsic interfacial frictional stresses (tau= mu sigma(C)) have been calculated from the values of the former parameters. C1 CEIT, E-20009 SAN SEBASTIAN, SPAIN. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB, OAK RIDGE, TN 37831 USA. RP Moreno, JMC (reprint author), UNIV LONDON, DEPT MAT, QMW, LONDON E1 4NS, ENGLAND. RI Calderon Moreno, Jose/B-2867-2008 OI Calderon Moreno, Jose/0000-0001-8376-9082 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS PI CLAUSTHAL ZELLERFE PA EINERSBERGER BLICK 28, PO BOX 266, W-3392 CLAUSTHAL ZELLERFE, GERMANY SN 1013-9826 BN 0-87849-753-6 J9 KEY ENG MATER PY 1997 VL 127-3 BP 617 EP 622 PN 1 & 2 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BH18K UT WOS:A1997BH18K00069 ER PT S AU LaraCurzio, E Ferber, MK Tortorelli, PF AF LaraCurzio, E Ferber, MK Tortorelli, PF BE Fuentes, M MartinezEsnaola, JM Daniel, AM TI Interface oxidation and stress-rupture of Nicalon(TM)/SiC CFCCs at intermediate temperatures SO CMMC 96 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CERAMIC AND METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Key Engineering Materials LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Ceramic and Metal Matrix Composites (CMMC 96) CY SEP 09-12, 1996 CL SAN SEBASTIAN, SPAIN SP Ctr Estudios & Investigac Tecn Gipuzkoa, Univ Navarra, Escuela Super Ingenieros, Diputac Foral Gipuzkoa, Dept Ind Agr & Pesca, Gobierno Vasco, Dept Educ Univ & Investigac, Gobierno Vasco, Comis Interminist Cien & Tecnol, Madrid, European Commiss, Directorate Gen XII DE interface; oxidation; Nicalon(TM); stress-rupture; intermediate temperature; fiber failure ID MATRIX COMPOSITES; CREEP-RUPTURE; FIBERS AB The effect of oxidation of the carbonaceous fiber coating on the intermediate temperature stress-rupture behavior of a Nicalon(TM)/C/SiC continuous fiber composite was modeled. The model, that was reduced to the analysis of a general ideal bundle composed of classical fibers subjected to constant loading, predicts that the oxidation of the fiber coating triggers a sequence of processes that can lead, under certain conditions, to composite failure. These processes involve loss of stress transfer between the fiber and the matrix, fiber overloading, and fiber failure. The implications of the model predictions are discussed in relation to experimental measurements at 425 degrees C in air that show that Nicalon(TM)/C/SiC exhibits time-dependent loss of strength. RP LaraCurzio, E (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB, DIV MET & CERAM, POB 2008, OAK RIDGE, TN 37831 USA. RI Tortorelli, Peter/E-2433-2011 NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS PI CLAUSTHAL ZELLERFE PA EINERSBERGER BLICK 28, PO BOX 266, W-3392 CLAUSTHAL ZELLERFE, GERMANY SN 1013-9826 BN 0-87849-753-6 J9 KEY ENG MATER PY 1997 VL 127-3 BP 1069 EP 1082 PN 1 & 2 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BH18K UT WOS:A1997BH18K00124 ER PT B AU Veligdan, J Beiser, L Biscardi, C Brewster, C DeSanto, L AF Veligdan, J Beiser, L Biscardi, C Brewster, C DeSanto, L BE Hopper, DG TI Polyplanar optic display SO COCKPIT DISPLAYS IV: FLAT PANEL DISPLAYS FOR DEFENSE APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Conference on Cockpit Displays - Flat Panel Displays for Defense Applications CY APR 23-25, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE DMD; POD; laser; display; optical; waveguide AB The Polyplanar Optical Display (POD) is a unique display screen which can be used with any projection source. This display screen is 2 inches thick and has a matte black face which allows for high contrast images. The prototype being developed is a form, fit and functional replacement display for the B-52 aircraft which uses a monochrome ten-inch display. The new display uses a 100 milliwatt green solid state laser (532 nm) as its optical source. In order to produce real-time video, the laser light is being modulated by a Digital Light Processing (DLPTM) chip manufactured by Texas Instruments, Inc. A variable astigmatic focusing system is used to produce a stigmatic image on the viewing face of the POD. Ln addition to the optical design, we discuss the electronic interfacing to the DLPTM chip, the opto-mechanical design and viewing angle characteristics. RP Veligdan, J (reprint author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT ADV TECHNOL,UPTON,NY 11973, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2472-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3057 BP 320 EP 330 DI 10.1117/12.277012 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BJ23L UT WOS:A1997BJ23L00034 ER PT B AU DeSanto, L Biscardi, C AF DeSanto, L Biscardi, C BE Hopper, DG TI Polyplanar optical display electronics SO COCKPIT DISPLAYS IV: FLAT PANEL DISPLAYS FOR DEFENSE APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Conference on Cockpit Displays - Flat Panel Displays for Defense Applications CY APR 23-25, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE DMD(TM); POD; interface; laser; video AB The Polyplanar Optical Display (POD) is a unique display screen which can be used with any projection source. The prototype ten inch display is two inches thick and has a matte black face which allows for high contrast images. The prototype being developed is a form, fit and functional replacement display for the B-52 aircraft which uses a monochrome ten-inch display. In order to achieve a long lifetime, the new display uses a 100 milliwatt green solid-state laser (10,000 ht. life) at 532 MI as its light source. To produce real-time video, the laser light is being modulated by a Digital Light Processing (DLPTM) chip manufactured by Texas Instruments. In order to use the solid-state laser as the light source and also fit within the constraints of the B-52 display, the Digital Micromirror Device (DMDTM) circuit board is removed from the Texas Instruments DLP light engine assembly. Due to the compact architecture of the projection system within the display chassis, the DMDTM chip is operated remotely from the Texas Instruments circuit board. We discuss the operation of the DMDTM divorced from the light engine and the interfacing of the DMDTM board with various video formats (CVBS, Y/C or S-video and RGB) including the format specific to the B-52 aircraft. A brief discussion of the electronics required to drive the laser is also presented. RP DeSanto, L (reprint author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT ADV TECHNOL,UPTON,NY 11973, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2472-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3057 BP 331 EP 342 DI 10.1117/12.276994 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BJ23L UT WOS:A1997BJ23L00035 ER PT S AU Hartemann, FV AF Hartemann, FV BE Freund, AK Freund, HP Howells, MR TI Nonlinear electron-photon scattering processes in vacuum SO COHERENT ELECTRON-BEAM X-RAY SOURCES: TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Coherent Electron-Beam X-Ray Sources - Techniques and Applications CY JUL 31-AUG 01, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE free-electron lasers; nonlinear optics; radiation by moving charges; Compton scattering; nonlinear Doppler effect; optical chaos AB High field classical and quantum electrodynamical phenomena can now be studied experimentally, as new techniques to produce ultrahigh intensity laser pulses and synchronized relativistic electron beams are becoming more readily available. These techniques include chirped pulse amplification and photoelectron bunch acceleration in a high gradient rf gun. Applications range from X-ray free-electron lasers and next generation light sources to advanced laser acceleration concepts and gamma-gamma collider physics. The basic physics of nonlinear electron-photon scattering processes in vacuum is reviewed, within the framework of classical electrodynamics, Three-dimensional vacuum propagation and diffraction effects and their relation to the paraxial approximation are first considered, and the axial electromagnetic field components required to Satisfy the gauge condition are derived. The nonlinear Lorentz dynamics and ultrahigh intensity Compton scattering, as well as radiative corrections described by the Dirac-Lorentz equation, are then discussed in detail. The nonlinear Doppler shift induced by laser radiation pressure during Compton scattering is analyzed and shown to yield chaotic optical spectra at ultrahigh intensities for linearly polarized light; a correction scheme, relying on temporal laser pulse shaping, is also briefly outlined. For circularly polarized light, an exact expression for the nonlinear Compton backscattered spectrum is derived. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Laser Sci & Applicat, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Hartemann, FV (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Laser Sci & Applicat, POB 5508, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2576-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3154 BP 2 EP 13 DI 10.1117/12.279387 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BK08U UT WOS:000071156600001 ER PT S AU Sandy, AR Lurio, LB Mochrie, SGJ Malik, A Stephenson, GB Sutton, M AF Sandy, AR Lurio, LB Mochrie, SGJ Malik, A Stephenson, GB Sutton, M BE Freund, AK Freund, HP Howells, MR TI Production and characterization of x-ray speckle at sector 8 of the advanced photon source SO COHERENT ELECTRON-BEAM X-RAY SOURCES: TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Coherent Electron-Beam X-Ray Sources - Techniques and Applications CY JUL 31-AUG 01, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE coherent x-ray diffraction; speckle; small-angle x-ray-scattering; aerogel AB We have implemented in the undulator first-optics enclosure of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology-McGill University-IBM Corporation Collaborative Access Team Sector at the Advanced Photon Source an x-ray beamline and a spectrometer optimized; for performing small-angle, wide-bandpass, coherent-x-ray-scattering experiments. We describe the novel features of this set-up. The performance of the beamline and the spectrometer has been characterized by measuring static x-ray speckle patterns from isotropically-disordered aerogels. Statistical analysis of the speckle patterns has been performed from which we extract the speckle widths and contrast versus wavevector transfer and sample thickness. The measured speckle widths and contrast are compared to direct numerical evaluations of the intensity correlation function. The calculated widths are in poor agreement with the measurements but the calculated contrast agrees well with the measured contrast. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Sandy, AR (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Sector 8,Bldg 400,9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2576-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3154 BP 27 EP 38 DI 10.1117/12.293368 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BK08U UT WOS:000071156600003 ER PT S AU Nguyen, DC Sheffield, RL Fortgang, CM Kinross-Wright, JM Ebrahim, NA Goldstein, JC Goldstein, DJ Hayes, KL Volz, SK Warren, RW Weber, ME AF Nguyen, DC Sheffield, RL Fortgang, CM Kinross-Wright, JM Ebrahim, NA Goldstein, JC Goldstein, DJ Hayes, KL Volz, SK Warren, RW Weber, ME BE Freund, AK Freund, HP Howells, MR TI Initial results of the infrared Regenerative Amplifier Free-Electron Laser experiment SO COHERENT ELECTRON-BEAM X-RAY SOURCES: TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Coherent Electron-Beam X-Ray Sources - Techniques and Applications CY JUL 31-AUG 01, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE free-electron laser; regenerative amplifier; infrared; high-gain FEL; SASE; compact FEL; RF linac; photoinjector; high-brightness electron beam; high-power lasers AB The Regenerative Amplifier Free-Electron Laser (RAFEL) is a new FEL approach aimed at achieving the highest optical power from a compact RF-linac FEL. The key idea is to re-inject a small fraction (<10%) of the optical power into a high-gain wiggler (>10(3) in a single pass) to enable the FEL to reach saturation in a few passes. The use of large outcoupling increases the FEL output efficiency and reduces the risk of optical damage to the feedback mirrors. This paper summarizes the design of the high-power infrared Regenerative Amplifier FEL and describes the initial experimental results. The highest optical energy achieved thus far at 15.5 mu m is 0.5 J over a train of 1000 micropulses. We infer a pulse energy of 0.5 mi in each 10 ps micropulse, corresponding to a peak power of 50 MW. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Nguyen, DC (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS H851, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2576-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3154 BP 39 EP 50 DI 10.1117/12.293369 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BK08U UT WOS:000071156600004 ER PT S AU Moler, EJ Duarte, RM Howells, MR Hussain, Z Oh, C Spring, J AF Moler, EJ Duarte, RM Howells, MR Hussain, Z Oh, C Spring, J BE Freund, AK Freund, HP Howells, MR TI First measurements using the ALS soft x-ray Fourier transform spectrometer SO COHERENT ELECTRON-BEAM X-RAY SOURCES: TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Coherent Electron-Beam X-Ray Sources - Techniques and Applications CY JUL 31-AUG 01, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE Fourier transform; interferometry; soft x-ray; synchrotron radiation; spectroscopy; helium double-excitations AB Commissioning of a Fourier Transform Soft X-ray spectrometer (FT-SX) is under way at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, as a branch of beamline 9.3.2. The spectrometer is a novel soft x-ray interferometer designed for ultra-high resolution spectroscopy in the photon energy region of 60-120 eV with a theoretical resolving power E/Delta E similar to 10(6). This instrument is expected to provide experimental results which sensitively test models of correlated electron processes in atomic and molecular physics. The design criteria and consequent technical challenges posed by the short wavelengths of x-rays and desired resolving power are discussed. The fundamental and practical aspects of soft x-ray interferometry are also explored. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Moler, EJ (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2576-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3154 BP 117 EP 122 DI 10.1117/12.293367 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BK08U UT WOS:000071156600012 ER PT S AU Thode, LE Schmitt, MJ Elliott, CJ AF Thode, LE Schmitt, MJ Elliott, CJ BE Freund, AK Freund, HP Howells, MR TI Accurate and efficient free electron laser performance model including nonideal effects SO COHERENT ELECTRON-BEAM X-RAY SOURCES: TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Coherent Electron-Beam X-Ray Sources - Techniques and Applications CY JUL 31-AUG 01, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE free electron laser; preliminary design; reduced model; gain; efficiency AB There are a number of codes that; can calculate the performance of a free-electron laser (FET) in three;dimensions with nonideal electron beams, wigglers, and optics. Unfortunately, these codes can be very computationally intensive. So, given the large number oi parameters associated with an FEL, it is often impractical to utilize such. a large-scale code to develop a preliminary design, To overcome this problem, we developed a reduced FEL model that is sufficiently accurate to provide a realistic performance estimate, while, at tile same time, the algorithm is sufficiently efficient to investigate a large number of parameter variations. The low-level algorithms design the wiggler, determine the effective energy distribution of the electron beam inside the wiggler, determine the small-signal gain, determine the saturation gain and efficiency, and design the optics. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Thode, LE (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS B218, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2576-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3154 BP 132 EP 143 DI 10.1117/12.279383 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BK08U UT WOS:000071156600014 ER PT S AU Lewellen, JW Milton, S AF Lewellen, JW Milton, S BE Freund, AK Freund, HP Howells, MR TI Preliminary calculations of ballistic bunch compression with thermionic cathode rf guns SO COHERENT ELECTRON-BEAM X-RAY SOURCES: TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Coherent Electron-Beam X-Ray Sources - Techniques and Applications CY JUL 31-AUG 01, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE bunch compression; emittance; rf gun; thermionic cathode AB Preliminary calculations using the computer code PARMELA indicate that it is possible to achieve peak currents on the order of 1 kA using a thermionic-cathode rf gun and ballistic bunch compression, In contrast to traditional magnetic bunching schemes, ballistic bunch compression uses a series of rf cavities to modify the energy profile of the beam and properly chosen drifts to allow the bunching to occur naturally, The method suitably modified should also be directly applicable to photoinjector rf guns. Present work is focusing on simultaneously compressing the bunch while reducing the emittance of the electron beam, At present, the calculated normalized rms emittance is in the neighborhood of 6.8 pi mm mrad with a peak current of 0.88 kA, and a peak bunch charge of 0.28 nC from a thermionic-cathode gun. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Lewellen, JW (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2576-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3154 BP 162 EP 171 DI 10.1117/12.293362 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BK08U UT WOS:000071156600017 ER PT S AU Tatchyn, R Arthur, J Boyce, R Cremer, T Fasso, A Montgomery, J Vylet, V Walz, D Yotam, R Freund, AK Howells, MR AF Tatchyn, R Arthur, J Boyce, R Cremer, T Fasso, A Montgomery, J Vylet, V Walz, D Yotam, R Freund, AK Howells, MR BE Freund, AK Freund, HP Howells, MR TI X-ray optics design studies for the 1.5-15 angstrom Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) SO COHERENT ELECTRON-BEAM X-RAY SOURCES: TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Coherent Electron-Beam X-Ray Sources - Techniques and Applications CY JUL 31-AUG 01, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE Free-Electron Laser (FEL); X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (XRFEL); laser; Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE); Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS); spontaneous synchrotron radiation; phase space; emittance; beam compression; coherence; brightness; degeneracy parameter; ultra-short pulse; multi-photon process; index of refraction; fluorescence; harmonics; spectral-angular filter; mirror; multilayer; crystal; diffraction; grating; monochromator; spectrometer; interferometer; calorimeter; differential pumping section; Ultra High Vacuum (UHV); CAMAC; VME; VXI AB In recent years, comprehensive design studies have been initiated on Angstrom-wavelength Free-Electron Laser (FEL) schemes based on driving highly compressed electron bunches from a multi-GeV linac through long (30 m -100+ m) undulators. The output parameters of these sources, when operated in the so-called Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) mode, include lasing powers in the 10-100 GW range,full transverse and low-to-moderate longitudinal coherence, pulse durations in the 50-500 fs range, broad spontaneous spectra with total power comparable to the coherent output, and flexible polarization parameters. In this paper we summarize the status of design studies of the X-ray optics system and components to be utilized in the SLAG Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), a 1.5-15 Angstrom FEL driven by the last kilometer of the SLAG three kilometer S-band linac, Various aspects of the overall optical system, selected instrumentation and individual components, radiation modeling, and issues related to the interaction of intense sub-picosecond X-ray pulses with matter, are discussed. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Tatchyn, R (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2576-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3154 BP 174 EP 222 DI 10.1117/12.293363 PG 49 WC Optics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BK08U UT WOS:000071156600018 ER PT S AU Li, R Bohn, CL Bisognano, JJ AF Li, R Bohn, CL Bisognano, JJ BE Freund, AK Freund, HP Howells, MR TI Shielded transient self-interaction of a bunch entering a circle from a straight path SO COHERENT ELECTRON-BEAM X-RAY SOURCES: TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Coherent Electron-Beam X-Ray Sources - Techniques and Applications CY JUL 31-AUG 01, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE coherent synchrotron radiation; space charge; free-electron laser; accelerator physics; Lienard-Wiechert potential; emittance; beam dynamics; wakefield; boundary problem AB Recent developments in electron-gun and injector technologies enable production of short (mm-length), high-charge (nC-regime) bunches. In this parameter regime, the curvature effect on the bunch self-interaction, by way of coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) and space-charge forces as the beam traverses magnet bends, may cause serious emittance degradation. In this paper, we study an electron bunch orbiting between two infinite, parallel conducting plates. The bunch moves on a trajectory from a straight path to a circular orbit and begins radiating. Transient effects, arising from CSR and space-charge forces generated from source particles both on the bend and on the straight path prior to the bend, are analysed using Lienard-Wiechert fields, and their overall net effect is obtained. The influence of the plates on the transients is contrasted to their shielding of the steady-state radiated power. Results for emittance degradation induced by this self-interaction are also presented. C1 Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Li, R (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2576-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3154 BP 223 EP 236 DI 10.1117/12.293364 PG 14 WC Optics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BK08U UT WOS:000071156600019 ER PT S AU Cryan, M Goldberg, LA Phillips, CA AF Cryan, M Goldberg, LA Phillips, CA BE Apostolico, A Hein, J TI Approximation algorithms for the fixed-topology phylogenetic number problem SO COMBINATORIAL PATTERN MATCHING, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 97) CY JUN 30-JUL 02, 1997 CL UNIV AARHUS, AARHUS, DENMARK HO UNIV AARHUS ID COMPLEXITY AB In the l-phylogeny problem, one wishes to construct an evolutionary tree for a. set of species represented by characters, in which each state of each character induces no more than l connected components. We consider the fixed-topology version of this problem for fixed-topologies of arbitrary degree. This version of the problem is known to be NP-complete for l greater than or equal to 3 even for degree-3 trees in which no state labels more than l + 1 leaves (and therefore there is a trivial l + 1 phylogeny) We give a 2-approximation algorithm for all l greater than or equal to 3 for arbitrary input topologies and we give an optimal approximation algorithm that constructs a 4-phylogeny when a 3-phylogeny exists. Dynamic programming techniques, which are typically used in fixed-toplogy problems, cannot be applied to l-phylogeny problems. Our 2-approximation algorithm is the first application of linear programming to approximation algorithms for phylogeny problems. We extend our results to a related problem in which characters are polymorphic. C1 Univ Warwick, Dept Comp Sci, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Cryan, M (reprint author), Univ Warwick, Dept Comp Sci, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-63220-4 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1997 VL 1264 BP 130 EP 149 PG 20 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BS63A UT WOS:000170637300012 ER PT J AU Clemens, NT Paul, PH Mungal, MG AF Clemens, NT Paul, PH Mungal, MG TI The structure of OH fields in high Reynolds number turbulent jet diffusion flames SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE flame; turbulent; diffusion ID DAMKOHLER NUMBER; SHEAR-LAYER; TEMPERATURE AB Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging of the OH radical is used to investigate the structure of the OH fields in turbulent H-2/Ar jet diffusion flames. Flames are investigated at moderate to high Reynolds number (Re-d=3x10(4), 7.5x10(4), 1.5x10(5)), and PLIF images are obtained over the full length of the flames. For the lowest Re-d case, in agreement with previous studies, the images reveal OH zones that appear as thin filaments connected by diffuse regios. For the highest Re-d cases, over the entire length of the flame, the OH zones are broader and appear to be more influenced by small-scale turbulence. The images also show that for the highest Re-d cases the large-scale turbulent structure, as defined by OH, appears to be less prevalent upstream of the flame tip, but after the flame tip a clear large-scale apparently helical instability is present. Statistics generated from the OH PLIF signals show clear changes with increasing Reynolds number. RMS OH signal radial profiles show that over the entire extent of the flame, fluctuations are largest for the low Re-d case, owing to large fluctuations in the thin OH zones. At high Re-d for the lower half of the flame, the RMS profiles exhibit a double peak which results from the distributed OH zones combined with small-scale mixing on the rich and lean sides of the reaction zone. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Aerosp Engn & Engn Mech, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Combust Res Facil, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Clemens, NT (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Aerosp Engn & Engn Mech, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM clemens@cfdlab.ae.utexas.edu NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 129 IS 1-6 BP 165 EP 184 DI 10.1080/00102209708935724 PG 20 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA ZF099 UT WOS:000072862500008 ER PT J AU Ciccarelli, G Ginsberg, TG Boccio, JL AF Ciccarelli, G Ginsberg, TG Boccio, JL TI The influence of initial temperature on the detonability characteristics of hydrogen-air-steam mixtures SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE detonation wave; shock wave ID CONTAINMENT LOADS; DETONATIONS AB The influence of initial mixture temperature on the detonability of hydrogen-air-steam mixtures at 0.1 MPa has been investigated experimentally. The detonability of the mixture has been characterized by its cell size. The detonation cell size has been measured in a heated detonation tube using the well-established smoked foil technique. It has been shown that for all the hydrogen-air-steam mixtures tested, increasing the initial temperature decreases the detonation cell size and thus increases the mixture 'sensitivity' to undergo detonation. It has also been shown that the mitigating effect of steam dilution, manifested by an increase in cell size, decreases with increasing initial temperature. A one-dimensional ZND model with full chemical kinetics was used to calculate reaction zone lengths for the mixture conditions tested. A comparison of the measured detonation cell size with the calculated reaction zone lengths indicated that a simple linear relationship between the two does not exist. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Adv Technol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Ciccarelli, G (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Adv Technol, Bldg 130, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 128 IS 1-6 BP 181 EP 196 DI 10.1080/00102209708935708 PG 16 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA YT473 UT WOS:000071607400007 ER PT J AU Marinov, NM Castaldi, MJ Melius, CF Tsang, W AF Marinov, NM Castaldi, MJ Melius, CF Tsang, W TI Aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in a premixed propane flame SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE air toxics; aromatics; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; premixed flames ID FINE ORGANIC AEROSOL; BOND-DISSOCIATION-ENERGIES; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; RADICAL REACTIONS; URBAN SOURCES; SHOCK-TUBE; NEW-JERSEY; PYROLYSIS; OXIDATION AB Experimental and detailed chemical kinetic modeling has been performed to investigate aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation pathways in a premixed, rich,sooting, propane-oxygen-argon burner stabilized flame. An atmospheric pressure, laminar Rat flame operated at an equivalence ratio of 2.6 was used to acquire experimental data for model validation. Gas composition analysis was conducted by an on-line gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) technique. Measurements were made in the main reaction and post-reaction zones for a number of low molecular weight species, aliphatics, aromatics, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ranging from two to five-fused aromatic rings. Reaction flux and sensitivity analysis were used to help identify the important reaction sequences leading to aromatic and PAH growth and destruction in the propane flame. Benzene formation was shown to be dominated by the propargyl recombination reaction. A secondary benzene formation pathway occurred from the reaction sequence of allyl plus propargyl leading to fulvene and H-atoms whereupon the fulvene is converted to benzene by H-atom catalysis. Large negative sensitivity coefficients were calculated for the H2CCCH + H <----> C3H2 + H-2 reaction in the propargyl, benzene, and naphthalene sensitivity analysis study. This result implicates propargyl consumption by H-atoms as an important reaction step that limits aromatic and PAH growth. Naphthalene formation through the reaction step of cyclopentadienyl self-combination and phenanthrene formation from indenyl and cyclopentadienyl combination were shown to be plausible global reaction steps for PAH production. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Marinov, NM (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 106 TC 118 Z9 120 U1 4 U2 36 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 128 IS 1-6 BP 295 EP 342 DI 10.1080/00102209708935714 PG 48 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA YT473 UT WOS:000071607400013 ER PT J AU Niemeyer, JC Kerstein, AR AF Niemeyer, JC Kerstein, AR TI Numerical investigation of scaling properties of turbulent premixed flames SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE turbulent combustion; premixed combustion; flame propagation; modeling AB Gibson scaling and related properties of flame-surface geometry in turbulent premixed combustion are demonstrated using a novel computational model, Deterministic Turbulent Mixing (DTM). In DTM turbulent advection is represented by a sequence of maps applied to the computational domain. The structure of the mapping sequence incorporates pertinent scaling properties of the turbulent cascade, Here, combustion in Kolmogorov turbulence (kinetic-energy cascade) and in Bolgiano-Obukhov convective turbulence (potential-energy cascade) is simulated. Implications with regard to chemical flames and astrophysical (thermonuclear) flames are noted. C1 Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85740 Garching, Germany. Sandia Natl Labs, Combust Res Facil, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Niemeyer, JC (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Astrophys, Karl Schwarzschild Str 1, D-85740 Garching, Germany. OI Niemeyer, Jens/0000-0002-3063-4325 NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 128 IS 1-6 BP 343 EP 358 DI 10.1080/00102209708935715 PG 16 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA YT473 UT WOS:000071607400014 ER PT J AU Hahn, DW BuiPham, MN Meeks, E AF Hahn, DW BuiPham, MN Meeks, E TI Modeling analysis for the optimization of diamond deposition in a stagnation-flow flame reactor SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diamond deposition; stagnation-flow; optimization ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; REACTION H; GROWTH; COMBUSTION; CHEMISTRY; FILMS; MECHANISM; METHANOL; METHYL AB The successful utilization of premixed oxygen/acetylene flames in the chemical vapor deposition of diamond has led to an interest in scaleable configurations, realized in this work using a stagnation-flow reactor. Through a computational model that incorporates detailed gas-phase kinetics, molecular transport, and surface chemistry, the roles of process variables such as flame stoichiometry, rate of strain, and the use of flow diluents are explored. For parameterization, we have characterized diamond deposition using the surface fluxes of atomic hydrogen and methyl radical, and have correlated the modeling results with experimental data from a scaled-up stagnation-flow reactor. Flame temperature, stoichiometry, and diluent addition were found to have a strong effect on diamond deposition, enabling optimization of the diamond deposition rates with a constraint on diamond film quality. Modeling results are presented, and the utility of the flame model in conjuction with an experimental diamond deposition study is demonstrated. RP Hahn, DW (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 37 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 126 IS 1-6 BP 175 EP 199 DI 10.1080/00102209708935673 PG 25 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA YE864 UT WOS:A1997YE86400008 ER PT J AU Schefer, RW AF Schefer, RW TI Flame sheet imaging using CH chemiluminescence SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE combustion; flame structure; turbulent flames ID 3-DIMENSIONAL CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS; SCALE STRUCTURE; JET; COMBUSTION AB The detection of CH chemiluminescence is demonstrated as a viable technique to obtain data on the falme sheet topology in turbulent reacting flows. Since the CH chemiluminescence signal originates in the flame zone near the stoichiometric surface, the technique also provides a good visualization of the instantaneous isoconcentration contour corresponding to near stoichiometric mixtures of Fuel and air. The technique uses two intensified CCD cameras that are gated to provide images of the instantaneous CH chemiluminescence distribution. Advantages of this technique are that no lasers are needed and that it is straightforward to apply, typically requiring only suitable collection optics and a sufficiently sensitive detector. The primary disadvantage is that it provides a line-of-sight measurement so that, in highly turbulent flows where the flame sheet is significantly convoluted, interpretation of the flame sheet structure is difficult. Images are presented in turbulent CH4-jet flames at Reynolds numbers of 7,000 and 12,100. Results in the lower Reynolds number flame show interactions between turbulence structures and the flame leading to local flame quenching and extinction. As the turbulence structures interact with the flame, regions of high strain are formed that lead to the eventual quenching of the flame. These extinctions are localized and very three dimensional. Interactions in the higher Reynold's number flame are characterized by larger turbulence structures and more intense interactions with the flame zone that lead to larger areas of flame extinction. The temporal development of these turbulence/flame interactions is also studied using a two camera configuration with appropriate time delays between images. RP Schefer, RW (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,COMBUST RES FACIL,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. RI Schefer, Jurg/G-3960-2012 NR 20 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 6 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 126 IS 1-6 BP 255 EP 270 DI 10.1080/00102209708935676 PG 16 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA YE864 UT WOS:A1997YE86400011 ER PT J AU Ilincic, N Margolis, SB AF Ilincic, N Margolis, SB TI Eigenvalue analysis and calculations for the deflagration of porous energetic materials in the merged-flame regime SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE porous energetic materials; burning-rate eigenvalue; deflagration; two-phase flow ID BOUNDARY-VALUE-PROBLEMS; ITERATED DEFERRED CORRECTIONS; 2-PHASE FLOW; NITRAMINE DEFLAGRATION; NUMERICAL-INTEGRATION; IMPLEMENTATION; STABILITY; FORMULAS AB Analytical and numerical calculations of the structure and burning rate of a deflagrating porous energetic material are presented for the limiting case of merged condensed and gas-phase reaction zones. The reaction scheme is modeled by a global two-step mechanism, applicable to certain types of degraded nitramine propellants and consisting of sequential condensed and gaseous steps. Taking into account important effects due to multiphase flow and exploiting the limit of large activation energies, a theoretical analysis may be developed based on activation-energy asymptotics. For steady, planar deflagration, this leads to an eigenvalue problem for the inner reaction-zone, the solution of which determines the burning rate. Numerical solutions give a reasonably complete description of the dependence of the structure and burning rate on the various parameters in the problem, and show excellent agreement with analytical results that are obtained in a more limited parameter regime in which most of the heat release is produced by the condensed-phase reaction and the porosity of the solid is small. These calculations indicate the significant influences of two-phase flow and the multiphase, multi-step chemistry on the deflagration structure and the burning rate, and thus serve to define an important parameter regime that supports the intrusion of the primary gas flame into the two-phase condensed decomposition region at the propellant surface. C1 SANDIA NATL LABS, COMBUST RES FACIL, LIVERMORE, CA 94551 USA. RP Ilincic, N (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT APPL MECH & ENGN SCI, CTR ENERGY & COMBUST RES, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 125 IS 1-6 BP 201 EP 241 DI 10.1080/00102209708935660 PG 41 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA YH995 UT WOS:A1997YH99500008 ER PT J AU Schefer, RW AF Schefer, RW TI Three-dimensional structure of lifted, turbulent-jet flames SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE flame structure; lifted flames; flame extinction ID 3-DIMENSIONAL CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS; DIFFUSION FLAME AB Previous planar imaging measurements in lifted, turbulent jet names provide evidence for the three-dimensionality of these flows and the importance of flame propagation in the azimuthal direction normal to the image plane. The primary objective of the present paper is to obtain data in a plane normal to the how direction that will provide a better understanding of the three-dimensional features of the flow. In addition, the results of the previous measurements were limited to a Reynolds number of 7,000. Imaging data at a Reynolds number of 12,100 will be presented to extend the previous findings to a higher Reynolds number regime. Images of the radial cross section in the low Reynolds number flame show that considerable asymmetry and structure exist. At upstream locations, the name is typically not continuous around the circumference of the jet but consists of multiple flame segments. Farther downstream, the name extends over a larger percentage of the circumference with breaks confined to smaller lengths along the circumference. The CH chemiluminescence images show numerous breaks in the flame sheet. These breaks coincide with outward bulges in the flame sheet that result from the formation of vortical structures in the jet shear layer. The images clearly show the three-dimensionality of the flow, since the breaks in the flame are localized to the area of the bulges and do not extend around the circumference of the central jet. Many of the same features found in the lower Reynolds number flame are also seen at the higher Reynolds number. Consistent with the larger turbulence scales existing farther downstream where this flame is stabilized, the flame surface is more convoluted and breaks in the flame surface is more extensive. Rapid discontinuous jumps upstream by the name are seen considerably more often than in the lower Reynolds number flame, which is indicative of the higher turbulence levels and greater three dimensionality of this flame. RP Schefer, RW (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,COMBUST RES FACIL,DIV 8351,7011 EAST AVE,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. RI Schefer, Jurg/G-3960-2012 NR 18 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 7 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 125 IS 1-6 BP 371 EP & DI 10.1080/00102209708935664 PG 31 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA YH995 UT WOS:A1997YH99500012 ER PT J AU Ashurst, WT Shepherd, IG AF Ashurst, WT Shepherd, IG TI Flame front curvature distributions in a turbulent premixed flame zone SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE flame front curvature; Navier-Stokes turbulence; scaling factor ID LAMINAR BURNING VELOCITIES; MARKSTEIN NUMBERS; STRAIN-RATE; AIR FLAMES; PROPAGATION; FLOW AB Distributions of flame front curvature obtained by laser sheet tomography agree with those derived from numerical simulations of passive flame propagation within three-dimensional Navier-Stokes turbulence. The experimental configuration is that of grid turbulence impinging upon a plate which stabilizes a premixed methane/air flame, planar images of the flame allow construction of flame curvature as a function of flame location within the spatial zone that contains products and reactants. In the simulations the flame burning velocity is twice the turbulence intensity and the Reynolds number based on the computed Taylor length scale is approximately 55. The computed flame geometry and flame strain rate are obtained as a function of location based on the mean progress variable (defined by the passive surface displacement or by the scalar fluctuations defined over transverse planes). The shape of the mean progress variable profile compares well with experiment and with two reaction-diffusion models of propagation (KPP and an independent Gaussian model). From the simulations planar slices are created in order to provide curvature information which is directly comparable to the experimental data. Distributions of curvature, based on planar information, exhibit a change with location in the turbulent flame zone: an overall positive curvature (convex to the reactants) at the front to a negative value at the rear. however, this behavior is composed of positive curvature (which by itself has an average value with no spatial variation) and negative curvature (which increases in magnitude with distance from the front). A single length scale allows a good match between experimental and computed curvature throughout;he flame zone. The passive flame simulations show the most probable flame shape to be cylindrical, and this feature, allows the planar information to be scaled in order to match the curvature distributions based on three dimensional information. The scaling factor is obtained by observing a cylinder with planar slices at all possible angles. C1 LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,DIV ENERGY & ENVIRONM,COMBUST GRP,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Ashurst, WT (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,COMBUST RES FACIL,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 24 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 124 IS 1-6 BP 115 EP 144 DI 10.1080/00102209708935642 PG 30 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA XZ069 UT WOS:A1997XZ06900005 ER PT B AU Crutcher, RI Emery, ES Falter, KG Nowlin, CH Rochelle, JM Clonts, LG AF Crutcher, RI Emery, ES Falter, KG Nowlin, CH Rochelle, JM Clonts, LG BE Carapezza, EM Spector, D TI Micro-miniature radio-frequency transmitter for communication and tracking applications SO COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS, AND INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence Systems for Law Enforcement CY NOV 19-21, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, NIST, Off Natl Drug Control Policy, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Harris Corp, MITRE Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Natl Inst Justice, US Customs, Fed Bureau Investigat, Amer Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, Calif Peace Officers Assoc, Natl Forens Sci Technol Ctr DE beacon; transmitter; microwave; MMIC; ASIC; GaAs AB micro-miniature radio frequency (rf) transmitter has been developed and demonstrated by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The objective of the rf transmitter development was to maximize the transmission distance while drastically shrinking the overall transmitter size, including antenna. Based on analysis and testing, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) with a 16-GHz gallium arsenide (GaAs) oscillator and integrated on-chip antenna was designed and fabricated using microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC) technology. Details of the development and the results of various field tests will be discussed. The rf transmitter is applicable to covert surveillance and tracking scenarios due to its small size of 2.2 x 2.2 mm, including the antenna. Additionally, the 16-GHz frequency is well above the operational range of consumer-grade radio scanners, providing a degree of protection from unauthorized interception. Variations of the transmitter design have been demonstrated for tracking and tagging beacons, transmission of digital data, and transmission of real-time analog video from a surveillance camera. Preliminary laboratory measurements indicate adaptability to direct-sequence spread-spectrum transmission, providing a low probability of intercept and/or detection. Concepts related to law enforcement applications will be presented. RP Crutcher, RI (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2340-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 2938 BP 192 EP 197 DI 10.1117/12.266740 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA BH32L UT WOS:A1997BH32L00023 ER PT B AU Crutcher, RI Jones, RW Moore, MR Smith, SF Tolley, AL Rochelle, RW AF Crutcher, RI Jones, RW Moore, MR Smith, SF Tolley, AL Rochelle, RW BE Carapezza, EM Spector, D TI Smart repeater system for communications interoperability during multi-agency law enforcement operations SO COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS, AND INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence Systems for Law Enforcement CY NOV 19-21, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, NIST, Off Natl Drug Control Policy, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Harris Corp, MITRE Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Natl Inst Justice, US Customs, Fed Bureau Investigat, Amer Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, Calif Peace Officers Assoc, Natl Forens Sci Technol Ctr DE repeater; communications; interoperability AB A prototype ''smart'' repeater that provides interoperability capabilities for radio communication systems in multiagency and multi-user scenarios is being developed by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The smart repeater functions as a deployable communications platform that can be dynamically reconfigured to cross-link the radios of participating federal, state, and local government agencies. This interconnection capability improves the coordination and execution of multi-agency operations, including coordinated law enforcement activities and general emergency or disaster response scenarios. The repeater provides multiple channels of operation in the 30-50, 118-136, 138-174, and 403-512 MHz land mobile communications and aircraft bands while providing the ability to cross-connect among multiple frequencies, bands, modulation types, and encryption formats. Additionally, two telephone interconnects provide links to the fixed and cellular telephone networks. The 800- and 900-MHz bands are not supported by the prototype, but the modular design of the system accommodates future retrofits to extend frequency capabilities with minimal impact to the system. Configuration of the repeater is through a portable personal computer with a Windows-based graphical interface control screen that provides dynamic reconfiguration of network interconnections and formats. RP Crutcher, RI (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2340-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 2938 BP 198 EP 204 DI 10.1117/12.266741 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA BH32L UT WOS:A1997BH32L00024 ER PT J AU Sutin, N Creutz, C Fujita, E AF Sutin, N Creutz, C Fujita, E TI Photo-induced generation of dihydrogen and reduction of carbon dioxide using transition metal complexes SO COMMENTS ON INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE electron transfer; photoconversion; catalysis; metal complexes; metal hydrides; dihydrogen; carbon dioxide; carbon monoxide; formate; reduction ID VISIBLE-LIGHT IRRADIATION; PHOTOCHEMICAL CO2 REDUCTION; ELECTRON-TRANSFER REACTIONS; BPY = 2,2'-BIPYRIDINE; GAS SHIFT REACTION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSTS; ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION; HYDROGEN EVOLUTION; HYDRIDE BOND AB Homogeneous and microheterogeneous transition-metal-based systems that generate dihydrogen and/or reduce carbon dioxide upon irradiation with visible light are considered. Most of the systems involve polypyridine complexes of the d(6) centers cobalt(III), rhodium(III), iridium(III), ruthenium(II) and rhenium(I). Complexes with diimine ligands serve as photosensitizers and/or catalyst precursors. The corresponding d(8) metal centers and d(6) hydrides are important intermediates: bimolecular reactions of the hydrides or their reactions with H2O/H3O+ are responsible for formation of dihydrogen. When carbon dioxide is also present, it may insert into the metal-hydride bond to yield formate. Mechanistic schemes for some dual-acting photoconversion systems that generate both dihydrogen and carbon monoxide or formate are considered. RP Sutin, N (reprint author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT CHEM,UPTON,NY 11973, USA. RI Fujita, Etsuko/D-8814-2013 NR 112 TC 104 Z9 105 U1 8 U2 95 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0260-3594 J9 COMMENT INORG CHEM JI Comments Inorganic Chem. PY 1997 VL 19 IS 2 BP 67 EP 92 DI 10.1080/02603599708032729 PN A PG 26 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA WM605 UT WOS:A1997WM60500001 ER PT J AU Dubois, DL AF Dubois, DL TI Development of transition metal phosphine complexes as electrocatalysts for CO2 and CO reduction SO COMMENTS ON INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE carbon dioxide reduction; electrocatalysis; metal phosphine complexes; cooperative effects; formyl complexes ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ACTIVATION; AQUEOUS HYDROGENCARBONATE SOLUTION; VISIBLE-LIGHT IRRADIATION; ABINITIO MO/SD-CI; ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION; FORMYL COMPLEXES; PHOTOCHEMICAL REDUCTION; ELECTRON-TRANSFER; COPPER ELECTRODE; (BF4)(2) COMPLEXES AB [Pd(triphosphine)(solvent)](BF4)(2) complexes have been developed as catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. A variety of structural features of these complexes have been varied to determine their effects on the mechanism, rates, and decomposition products of these catalysts. The structural features varied included substituents on the biphosphine ligand, the size of the chelate bite, and donor atoms of the tridentate ligand. Bimetallic catalysts containing two [Pd(triphosphine)(solvent)] units have been prepared and characterized that exhibit a cooperative interaction during CO2 reduction with large rate enhancements compared to their monomeric analogs. As a first step in developing electrocatalysts capable of reducing CO, electrochemically generated hydrides of Ni and Pd have been shown to transfer their hydride ligands to coordinated CO to form formyl complexes. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Dubois, DL (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 121 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 7 U2 53 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0260-3594 J9 COMMENT INORG CHEM JI Comments Inorganic Chem. PY 1997 VL 19 IS 5 BP 307 EP 325 DI 10.1080/02603599708032743 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA YR219 UT WOS:000071472900003 ER PT J AU Bowman, KO Shenton, LR AF Bowman, KO Shenton, LR TI The Cornish-Fisher expansion for estimating percentage points: A numerical perspective SO COMMUNICATIONS IN STATISTICS-SIMULATION AND COMPUTATION LA English DT Article DE beta density; cumulants; Fisher's z; Johnson translation system; Johnson's S-B; Johnson's S-U; Levin algorithm; means of Type I; Pade algorithm; Pearson density cumulants; Pearson system; Pearson's Type II; percentage point algorithm ID PEARSON DISTRIBUTIONS; APPROXIMATE AB The expansion, in standard form, consists of some 66 terms involving polynomials in a normal deviate, and cumulants and cumulant products to order ten. An assumed order of magnitude reduces these terms to eight groups. Sign patterns in the terms are not obvious. We take a number of Pearson densities and assess from the expansions a set of standard percentiles (1%, 5%, 95%, 99%). Validity of the assessments is pivoted on two alternative models: (i) the Bowman-Shenton algorithm for percentage points of Pearson densities, (ii) the 4-moment Johnson translation model. This approach has wide application since the models have proved to be remarkably reliable when compared, and also when compared with simulation assessments. A brief account is given of acceleration of convergence for the series, but there seems to be no analogue of the Pade or Levin algorithms. The Cornish-Fisher application to the Fisher z-statistic is studied and the cumulants defined in general. Irwin's expression for the density of means from Pearson Type II is recalled. There is an error in the Cornish-Fisher treatment of the z-statistic but this is one which has its source in the write-up. Again the Irwin density in the general case has a factor missing. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV MATH & COMP SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT STAT,ATHENS,GA 30602. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0361-0918 J9 COMMUN STAT-SIMUL C JI Commun. Stat.-Simul. Comput. PY 1997 VL 26 IS 1 BP 355 EP 373 DI 10.1080/03610919708813384 PG 19 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA WK373 UT WOS:A1997WK37300023 ER PT B AU Panchal, CB Vega, L Bell, KJ AF Panchal, CB Vega, L Bell, KJ BE Shah, RK TI Plate-fin condenser for condensation of low pressure steam in the presence of noncondensable gases SO COMPACT HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Compact Heat Exchangers for the Process Industries CY JUN 22-27, 1997 CL SNOWBIRD, UT AB Condensation of steam in the presence of noncondensable gases was carried out in a plate-fin condenser. A three-water pass test unit was designed for the ocean-thermal energy conversion system in Hawaii. A point-wise calculation method was used for the cross-flow arrangement and the local heat- and mass-flux calculation was carried out on the basis of the Colburn-Hougen analysis. The test unit consisted of extruded water passages and finned surface on the steam side. The core unit was bonded with a thermally conductive epoxy (Loctite(R)) with welded joints along seam lines. The present investigation provides a design basis for the development of plate-fin condensers for condensation of multicomponent vapor mixtures in the process industry. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Panchal, CB (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU BEGELL HOUSE, INC PI NEW YORK PA 145 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA BN 1-56700-090-8 PY 1997 BP 213 EP 220 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA BM99M UT WOS:000080376900018 ER PT B AU Panchal, CB Vega, L Bell, KJ AF Panchal, CB Vega, L Bell, KJ BE Shah, RK TI Plate-fin condenser for condensation of low pressure steam in the presence of noncondensable gases SO COMPACT HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT International Conference on Compact Heat Exchangers for the Process Industries CY JUN 22-27, 1997 CL SNOWBIRD, UT C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BEGELL HOUSE, INC PI NEW YORK PA 145 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA BN 1-56700-090-8 PY 1997 BP 221 EP 221 PG 1 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA BM99M UT WOS:000080376900019 ER PT B AU Kasza, KE Didascalou, T Wambsganss, MW AF Kasza, KE Didascalou, T Wambsganss, MW BE Shah, RK TI Microscale flow visualization of nucleate boiling in small channels: Mechanisms influencing heat transfer SO COMPACT HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Compact Heat Exchangers for the Process Industries CY JUN 22-27, 1997 CL SNOWBIRD, UT ID RECTANGULAR-CHANNEL AB This paper describes the use of a new test apparatus employing flow visualization via ultrahigh-speed video and microscope optics to study microscale nucleate boiling in a small, rectangular, heated channel. The results presented are for water. Because of confinement effects produced because the channel cross section is of the same nominal size as the individual vapor bubbles nucleating at discrete wall sites, flow regimes and heat transfer mechanisms that occur in small channels are shown to be considerably different than those in large channels. Flow visualization data are presented to depict discrete bubble/bubble and bubble/wall interactions for moderate and high heat flux. Quantitative data are also presented on nucleate bubble growth behavior for a single nucleation site in the form of growth rates, bubble sizes, and frequency of generation in the presence and absence of a thin liquid-wall layer. The observed mechanistic boiling behavior and trends support the use of this type of research as a powerful means to gain fundamental insights into why, under certain conditions, nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients are considerably higher in small channels than in large channels. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Kasza, KE (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Bldg 335,9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BEGELL HOUSE, INC PI NEW YORK PA 145 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA BN 1-56700-090-8 PY 1997 BP 343 EP 352 PG 10 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA BM99M UT WOS:000080376900034 ER PT J AU Schultze, AE Schaeffer, DO Potter, MD Johnson, DK AF Schultze, AE Schaeffer, DO Potter, MD Johnson, DK TI Alterations in growth, haematopoiesis and serum chemistry profiles in fitness 1(4226SB) mutant mice SO COMPARATIVE HAEMATOLOGY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE animal model; fitness 1 locus; growth retardation; microcytic hypochromic anaemia; mouse ID LINKED SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA; MOUSE CHROMOSOME-7; RED-CELL; MICROCYTIC ANEMIA; BETA-THALASSEMIA; IRON; RAT; GENE; REGION; FAMILY AB We investigated patterns of growth, haematopoiesis and alterations in serum chemistry profiles that were associated with an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mutation in the fitness I locus in chromosome 7 in mice. Mice hemizygous for the fit 1 mutation [c fit 1(4226SB)/Df(c Mod2 sh1)(26DVT)] had growth retardation characterised by decreased body weights, shorter body lengths and tail lengths at 40 and 60 days of age compared to normal homozygous control, mice [c(ch)+/c(ch)+]. Haemograms revealed that mice hemizygous for the fit 1(4226SB) mutation that were killed 40 days had microcytic, hypochromic anaemia that was mildly regenerative in nature. No significant differences were detected in total leucocyte counts, differential leucocyte counts and platelets counts between hemizygous mutant mice and control mice. Haemograms from the surviving mice hemizygous for the fit 1(4226SB) mutation that were killed at 60 days indicated that the haemoglobin concentrations, mean corpuscular volumes and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations were significantly decreased compared to normal controls. The reticulocyte counts and the platelet counts from the mice hemizygous for the fit 1(4226SB) mutation were mildly increased were compared to normal controls killed at 60 days. Serum chemistry analyses at 40 days of age indicated that the hemizygous fit I mutant mice had hypoproteinaemia characterised by hypoalbuminaemia and hypoglobulinaemia. They also developed hypoglycaemia, mild hyperphosphataemia and moderate elevation in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in serum. Quantitative isozyme analysis indicated that the increase in total serum alkaline phosphatase activity in the hemizygous mutant mice was due to an increase in the bone isozyme. In addition to those alterations in the serum chemistry profile noted above, hemizygous mutant mice killed at 60 days had an extremely mild increase in urea nitrogen concentration and mildly increased activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum. From these data, it was concluded that the fit 1(4226SB) mutation in mice causes growth retardation, microcytic, hypochromic anaemia, and alterations in serum chemistry profiles that suggest lesions in one or more organ systems. The exact mechanism(s) by which the fit 1(4226SB) mutation mediates these lesions remains to be elucidated. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,COLL VET MED,DEPT COMPARAT MED,KNOXVILLE,TN 37901. MT SINAI HOSP,SAMUEL LUNENFELD RES INST,DIV MOL & DEV BIOL,TORONTO,ON M5G 1X5,CANADA. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV BIOL,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. RP Schultze, AE (reprint author), UNIV TENNESSEE,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOL,POB 1071,KNOXVILLE,TN 37901, USA. NR 35 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0938-7714 J9 COMP HAEMATOL INT JI Comp. Haematol. Int. PY 1997 VL 7 IS 3 BP 143 EP 151 DI 10.1007/BF02652592 PG 9 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA YA361 UT WOS:A1997YA36100003 ER PT J AU Lin, HT Becher, PF AF Lin, HT Becher, PF TI Stress-temperature-lifetime working envelope of Nicalon fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites in air SO COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article DE Nicalon fiber; Nicalon/SiC composite; time-to-failure ID CARBON CARBON COMPOSITES; OXIDATION MECHANISMS; BEHAVIOR; KINETICS AB Time-to-failure tests as a function of stress level were conducted in four-point bending at temperatures of 600, 950 and 1150 degrees C in air to develop the stress-temperature-lifetime envelope for various commercially-available Nicalon fiber-reinforced SiC (Nicalon/SiC) composites with a carbon fiber coating. All the Nicalon/SiC composites exhibit a similar stress-dependent lifetime at applied stresses greater than the fatigue limit with the lifetimes decreasing as applied stress level or test temperature increase. The lifetimes of the Nicalon/SiC composites investigated were also increased when the carbon coating thickness decreased or when B4C particulates were incorporated. Electron microscopy studies indicated that the lifetimes at 600 degrees C were dictated by the progressive oxidation of the carbon coating along the fiber and loss of stress transfer to the matrix. On the other hand, at 950 and 1150 degrees C, formation of the glass(es) due to oxidation of the fiber and matrix and B4C particulates leads to a strong interfacial bonding between the fiber and matrix and an embrittlement of the composites. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Limited. RP Lin, HT (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV MET & CERAM,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1359-835X J9 COMPOS PART A-APPL S JI Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. PY 1997 VL 28 IS 11 BP 935 EP 942 DI 10.1016/S1359-835X(97)00062-6 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA YG755 UT WOS:A1997YG75500003 ER PT J AU Glaeser, AM AF Glaeser, AM TI The use of transient FGM interlayers for joining advanced ceramics SO COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT FGM Symposium at the 2nd International Conference on Composites Engineerings (ICCE/2) CY AUG 21-24, 1995 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA DE ceramics; joining; transient liquid; microdesigned interlayers; wetting ID ALUMINA; METALS; WETTABILITY; STATE; GOLD AB Functionally graded materials are designed to exhibit a desirable gradient in a property, due either to a gradient in composition, or microstructure, or both. In this paper, progress in the use of multilayer interlayers with microdesigned gradient structures for the purpose of joining is summarized. In contrast to conventional FGMs, the gradient structures of specific interest are not designed to be permanent, but are instead designed to facilitate processing by forming a thin layer of a transient liquid phase (TLP). This allows joining by a process that resembles brazing, but allows the formation of refractory joints al reduced processing temperatures, and provides access to joining chemistries that are not accessible by conventional joining methods. The method has been applied to the joining of Al2O3, Si3N4, and SiC, and is now being applied to the joining of SiC-SiC composites. Prior work is reviewed and recent progress in joining of these materials is described. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Limited. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,CTR ADV MAT,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Glaeser, AM (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT MAT SCI & MINERAL ENGN,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 48 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1359-8368 J9 COMPOS PART B-ENG JI Compos. Pt. B-Eng. PY 1997 VL 28 IS 1-2 BP 71 EP 84 DI 10.1016/S1359-8368(97)00039-5 PG 14 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA WK899 UT WOS:A1997WK89900011 ER PT J AU Kakegawa, K Glaeser, AM AF Kakegawa, K Glaeser, AM TI Transient FGM joining of silicon carbide ceramics: A feasibility study SO COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT FGM Symposium at the 2nd International Conference on Composites Engineerings (ICCE/2) CY AUG 21-24, 1995 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA DE SiC; SiC/SiC composites; joining; transient liquid; Si-Ge alloys; wetting ID NITRIDE CERAMICS; INTERLAYERS; ALUMINA; INTERFACE; STRENGTH; METALS; JOINTS AB The feasibility of joining SiC and SiC/SiC composites using Ge-based transient liquid phases was examined by measuring the contact angles of Ge and Ge-rich Ge-Si alloys on both SiC and reaction bonded SiC (RB-SiC). The contact angle decreased with increasing anneal time and with increasing anneal temperature. The contact angle of molten Ge on SiC at 1150 degrees C after 180 min was approximate to 80 degrees; contact angles on RB-SiC under the same conditions were greater than those on SiC. The addition of small amounts of Si to the Ge resulted in a significant decrease in the contact angle. This beneficial change was observed when experiments were conducted using SiC, RB-SiC, and even C. A powder of Ge or of a mechanical mixture of Ge and Si powders was applied to the interface between polished SIC blocks and the assembly was heated to 1150 degrees C to form a bond via a Ge-based interlayer. While the blocks were joined and exhibited some strength, the resulting strengths were low, and further research is required to produce the level and reproducibility of strength required for practical applications. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Limited. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT MAT SCI & MINERAL ENGN,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,CTR ADV MAT,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Kakegawa, K (reprint author), CHIBA UNIV,DEPT APPL CHEM,INAGE KU,1-33 YAYOI CHO,CHIBA 263,JAPAN. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1359-8368 J9 COMPOS PART B-ENG JI Compos. Pt. B-Eng. PY 1997 VL 28 IS 1-2 BP 85 EP 91 DI 10.1016/S1359-8368(96)00038-8 PG 7 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA WK899 UT WOS:A1997WK89900012 ER PT J AU Williams, TO AF Williams, TO TI Inelastic axial shear response of metal-matrix composites with functionally graded isotropic interfacial layers SO COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT FGM Symposium at the 2nd International Conference on Composites Engineerings (ICCE/2) CY AUG 21-24, 1995 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA DE inelastic axial shear; metal matrix composites; functionally graded interfaces AB The influence of isotropic interfacial microstructures on the effective axial shear response of a SiC/Ti composite system is considered using a recently developed analytical model. The analytical formulation is based on the multiple concentric cylinder assemblage consisting of an arbitrary number of elastic or elastoplastic layers. The ability of the model to consider any possible morphology changes allows the investigation of the influence of a wide variety of interfacial microstructures to be carried out in an efficient fashion. It will be shown that the introduction of graded interfacial microstructures can be used to control the evolution and magnitude of the inelastic deformations and stresses in the Ti alloy matrix. Published by Elsevier Science Limited. RP Williams, TO (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DIV THEORET,T-3,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1359-8368 J9 COMPOS PART B-ENG JI Compos. Pt. B-Eng. PY 1997 VL 28 IS 1-2 BP 153 EP 166 DI 10.1016/S1359-8368(96)00019-4 PG 14 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA WK899 UT WOS:A1997WK89900018 ER PT J AU Ruggles, MB AF Ruggles, MB TI Experimental investigation of uniaxial and biaxial rate-dependent behavior of a discontinuous metal-matrix composite at 538 degrees C SO COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE metal-matrix composite; uniaxial and biaxial tests; mechanical behavior ID VISCOPLASTICITY; OVERSTRESS; CREEP; STRESS AB Uniaxial and biaxial exploratory tests were performed to determine the mechanical behavior and to guide constitutive modeling efforts for a Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy reinforced with TiC particles at 538 degrees C. Experiments included strain-controlled monotonic and cyclic tests at different strain rates. Uniaxial monotonic tests were combined with relaxation and creep. Biaxial tests used both proportional and out-of-phase lending. The experimental results demonstrate that the present composite may be idealized as an isotropic, pseudo homogeneous continuum, and may be modeled with the unified viscoplasticity theories developed for engineering alloys. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Limited. RP Ruggles, MB (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,POB 2009,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. RI Ruggles-Wrenn, Marina/J-6103-2014 NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0266-3538 J9 COMPOS SCI TECHNOL JI Compos. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 57 IS 3 BP 307 EP 318 DI 10.1016/S0266-3538(96)00120-0 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA WQ726 UT WOS:A1997WQ72600005 ER PT S AU Olson, JM Kurtz, SR Friedman, DJ Bertness, K AF Olson, JM Kurtz, SR Friedman, DJ Bertness, K BE Shur, MS Suris, RA TI High efficiency, multijunction GaInP/GaAs solar cells SO COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS 1996 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors CY SEP 23-27, 1996 CL ST PETERSBURG, RUSSIA SP Govt Russian Federat, Russian Acad Sci, Minist Sci & Tech Policy, Russia, Russian Fdn Basic Res, AIXTRON Semiconductor Technol GmbH, Compound Semiconductor Magazine, IEEE Electron Devices Soc, IEEE Lasers & Electro Opt Soc, RESTEC Exhibit Co ID TANDEM; GROWTH AB For most of the last two decades the energy conversion efficiency of monolithic, two-terminal, two-junction solar cells has steadily increased The current leader in this field is the GaInP/GaAs tandem cell with an efficiency of 30%.. In this paper, we briefly review the technology of tandem cells with an emphasis on the GaInP/GaAs device structure and its near-term potential for powering communication satellites and far-term potential for large scale terrestrial concentrator applications. We then review key aspects of this device, focusing on some of the interesting problems that have been encountered over the years in the development of this device structure, e.g. spontaneous ordering of GaInP, heterointerface quality, dopant diffusion/memory effects, and large scale production efforts. RP Olson, JM (reprint author), NATL RENEWABLE ENERGY LAB, GOLDEN, CO 80401 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0452-9 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1997 IS 155 BP 419 EP 424 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BJ12N UT WOS:A1997BJ12N00096 ER PT S AU Powell, GL Janke, CJ Barber, E AF Powell, GL Janke, CJ Barber, E BE Green, JE Beckwith, SW Strong, AB TI Nondestructive inspection of heat damage to graphite-epoxy laminates using diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) SO COMPPOSITES FOR THE REAL WORLD SE INTERNATIONAL SAMPE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th International SAMPE Technical Conference on Composites for the Real World CY OCT 28-NOV 01, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Soc Adv Mat & Proc Engn, Composite Fabricators Assoc DE composites; epoxy resins; graphite; non-destructive evaluation; degradation; delamination resistance; testing equipment AB Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) has been used as a nondestructive inspection (NDI) technique to spatially map heat damage to AS4/3501-6 graphite-epoxy laminate specimens. Specimens were furnished in the heat damaged condition by the Great Lakes Composites Consortium as part of a program to evaluate nondestructive methods for detecting oxidative embrittlement (i.e., the loss of resin strength without delamination due to heat in air). In this study, 3846 individual spectra, all of high quality, were obtained from 64 AS4/3501-6 panels (12-in. x 12-in., 16-ply) having their as-prepared central region damaged by radiant heat or by contact with a heated aluminum disc over a wide range of times (0 to 120 min) and temperatures (178-302 degrees C), Facilities and techniques for mapping surfaces using infrared spectra are described. The thrust of these experiments was to obtain spectra at 6.25-mm intervals across these panels along a line through the center of the panels at right angles to the long axis of short beam sheer specimens to be fabricated after NDI measurements were made. Other data collected included data lines at right angles to the main line, data lines at spatial resolutions as high as 2.5 mm., and area maps. In all cases, the effect of heating was detected by DRIFTS and reported in a spatially accurate format, panels having quasiisometric layups designed to fail in the resin when tested by short-beam shear, good correlation between failure load and DRIFTS measurements were obtained. Algorithms for converting DRIFTS spectra to simple numbers to evaluate heat damage and deduce mechanical property loss are described. C1 Oak Ridge Y12 Plant, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Powell, GL (reprint author), Oak Ridge Y12 Plant, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Janke, Christopher/E-1598-2017 OI Janke, Christopher/0000-0002-6076-7188 NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC ADVANCEMENT MATERIAL & PROCESS ENGINEERING PI COVINA PA 1161 PARKVIEW DR,, COVINA, CA 91724-3748 USA SN 0892-2624 BN 0-938994-78-6 J9 INT SAMPE TECH CONF PY 1997 VL 29 BP 766 EP 775 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BK24J UT WOS:000071607300072 ER PT S AU Cai, YH Irwin, J Nosochkov, Y Yan, Y AF Cai, YH Irwin, J Nosochkov, Y Yan, Y BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI Computational tools and lattice design for the PEP-II B-factory SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB Several accelerator codes were used to design the PEP-II lattices, ranging from matrix-based codes, such as MAD and DIMAD, to symplectic-integrator codes, such as TRACY and DESPOT. In addition to element-by-element tracking, we constructed maps to determine aberration strengths. Furthermore, we have developed a fast and reliable method(nPB tracking) to track particles with a one-turn map. This new technique allows us to evaluate performance of the lattices on the entire tune-plane. Recently, we designed and implemented an object-oriented code in CSS called LEGO which integrates and expands upon TRACY and DESPOT. RP Cai, YH (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR,STANFORD,CA 94309, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 3 EP 8 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00001 ER PT S AU Ng, CK Ko, K Li, Z Lin, XE AF Ng, CK Ko, K Li, Z Lin, XE BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI Numerical modeling of beam-environment interactions in the PEP-II B-factory SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res RP Ng, CK (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR,STANFORD,CA 94309, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 9 EP 14 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00002 ER PT S AU Robin, D Laskar, J AF Robin, D Laskar, J BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI Understanding the nonlinear beam dynamics of the advanced light source SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB Frequency map analysis is used to study the single particle transverse beam dynamics in the Advanced Light Source. The maps, which provide details about the diffusion of orbits and limits on long term stability, are generated by a postprocessor attached to a tracking code. In this paper we describe the method and show how the map is changed when the 12-fold symmetry of the linear lattice is perturbed by including measured magnetic field imperfections. Also the long term stability of orbits that reside in regions of large diffusion is studied. RP Robin, D (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 15 EP 20 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00003 ER PT S AU Sharp, WM Callahan, DA Friedman, A Grote, DP AF Sharp, WM Callahan, DA Friedman, A Grote, DP BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI Manipulation of high-current pulses for heavy-ion fusion SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB For efficient induction-driven heavy-ion fusion, the current profile along a pulse must be modified in a non-selfsimilar manner between the accelerator and the target. In the accelerator, the pulse should have a duration of at least 50 ns in order to make efficient use of the induction cores, and the current should by nearly uniform along the pulse to minimize the aperture. In contrast, the optimal current profile on target consists of a main pulse of about 10 ns preceded by a longer low-current ''foot.'' This pulse-shape manipulation must be carried out at the final pulse energy (5-10 GeV for 200 amu ions) in the presence of a large nonlinear longitudinal space-charge field. A straightforward method is presented here for doing the required pulse shaping. Induction-cell voltages are generated using idealized beam profiles both in the accelerator and on target, and they are verified and checked for error sensitivity using the fluid/envelope code CIRCE. RP Sharp, WM (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 27 EP 35 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00005 ER PT S AU Li, ZH Ko, K Srinivas, V Higo, T AF Li, ZH Ko, K Srinivas, V Higo, T BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI Modeling large heterogeneous RF structures SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB Large heterogeneous structures are difficult to model on a numerical grid because of the limitations on computing resources, so that alternate approaches such as equivalent circuits and mode-matching have been developed to treat this problem. This paper will describe the three methods and will analyze a structure representative of the SLAG and JLC detuned structures to compare the efficacy of each approach. RP Li, ZH (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR,STANFORD,CA 94309, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 39 EP 44 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00006 ER PT S AU Colby, ER AF Colby, ER BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI Simulation of high-brightness electron photoinjectors SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB The problem of accurately modeling RF photoinjector electron sources in three dimensions with reasonable computational power remains a challenge. Development work on extensions to the Los Alamos particle tracking code PARAMELA (Phase and Radial Motion in Electron Linear Accelerators) to handle fully 3-D problems including non-rotationally symmetric RF cavity and space-charge fields is discussed. Algorithms for computing the space charge forces in a point-to-point fashion including the effects of image charges on the cathode and retardation effects will be presented. A SIMD implementation of the code using the PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) routines to perform far-reaching optimization studies is also discussed. RP Colby, ER (reprint author), FERMILAB NATL ACCELERATOR LAB,POB 500,MAIL STOP 308,BATAVIA,IL 60510, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 45 EP 50 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00007 ER PT S AU Grote, DP Friedman, A Haber, I AF Grote, DP Friedman, A Haber, I BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI Methods used in WARP3d, a three-dimensional PIC/accelerator code SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB WARP3d(1,2), a three-dimensional PIC/accelerator code, has been developed over several years and has played a major role in the design and analysis of space-charge dominated beam experiments being carried out by the heavy-ion fusion programs at LLNL and LBNL. Major features of the code will be reviewed, including: residence corrections which allow large timesteps to be taken, electrostatic field solution with subgrid scale resolution of internal conductor boundaries, and a bent beam algorithm. Emphasis will be placed on new features and capabilities of the code, which include: a port to parallel processing environments, space-charge limited injection, and the linking of runs covering different sections of an accelerator. Representative applications in which the new features and capabilities are used will be presented along with the important results. RP Grote, DP (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,POB 5508,L-440,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 51 EP 58 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00008 ER PT S AU Seidel, DB Coats, RS Johnson, WA Kiefer, ML Mix, LP Pasik, MF Pointon, TD Quintenz, JP Riley, DJ Turner, CD AF Seidel, DB Coats, RS Johnson, WA Kiefer, ML Mix, LP Pasik, MF Pointon, TD Quintenz, JP Riley, DJ Turner, CD BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI QUICKSILVER - A general tool for electromagnetic PIC simulation SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB The dramatic increase in computational capability that has occurred over the last ten years has allowed fully electromagnetic simulations of large, complex, three-dimensional systems to move progressively from impractical, to expensive, and recently, to routine and widespread. This is particularly true for systems that require the motion of free charge to be self-consistently treated. The QUICKSILVER electromagnetic Particle-In-Cell (EM-PIC) code has been developed at Sandia National Laboratories to provide a general tool to simulate a wide variety of such systems. This tool has found widespread use for many diverse applications, including high-current electron and ion diodes, magnetically insulated power transmission systems, high-power microwave oscillators, high-frequency digital and analog integrated circuit packages, microwave integrated circuit components, antenna systems, radar cross-section applications, and electromagnetic interaction with biological material. This paper will give a brief overview of QUICKSILVER and provide some thoughts on its future development. RP Seidel, DB (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,INFORMAT & PULSED POWER RES & DEV DIV,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 71 EP 76 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00011 ER PT S AU Nelson, EM AF Nelson, EM BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI High accuracy 3D electromagnetic finite element analysis SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB A high accuracy 3D electromagnetic finite element field solver employing quadratic hexahedral elements and quadratic mixed-order one-form basis functions will be described. The solver is based on an object-oriented C++ class library. Test cases demonstrate that frequency errors less than 10 ppm can be achieved using modest workstations, and that the solutions have no contamination from spurious modes. The role of differential geometry and geometrical physics in finite element analysis will also be discussed. RP Nelson, EM (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 77 EP 82 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00012 ER PT S AU Friedman, A Grote, DP AF Friedman, A Grote, DP BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI Large-timestep techniques for particle-in-cell simulation of systems with applied fields that vary rapidly in space SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB Under conditions which arise commonly in space-charge-dominated beam applications, the applied focusing, bending, and accelerating fields vary rapidly with axial position, while the self-fields (which are, on average, comparable in strength to the applied fields) vary smoothly. In such cases it is desirable to employ timesteps which advance the particles over distances greater than the characteristic scales over which the applied fields vary. Several related concepts are potentially applicable: sub-cycling of the particle advance relative to the field solution, a higher-order time-advance algorithm, force-averaging by integration along approximate orbits, and orbit-averaging. We report on our investigations into the utility of such techniques for systems typical of those encountered in accelerator studies for heavy-ion beam-driven inertial fusion. RP Friedman, A (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,POB 5508,L-440,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 149 EP 154 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00024 ER PT S AU Poole, BR Caporaso, GJ Ng, WC Shang, CC Steich, D AF Poole, BR Caporaso, GJ Ng, WC Shang, CC Steich, D BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI 3-D electromagnetic modeling of wakefields in accelerator components SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB We discuss the use of 3-D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) electromagnetic codes for the modeling of accelerator components. Computational modeling of cylindrically symmetric structures such as induction accelerator cells has been extremely successful in predicting the wake potential and wake impedances of these structures, but fully 3-D modeling of complex structures has been limited due to the substantial computer resources required for a fully 3-D model. New massively parallel 3-D time domain electromagnetic codes now under development using conforming unstructured meshes allow a substantial increase in the geometric fidelity of the structures being modeled. Development of these new codes will be discussed in the context of their applicability to accelerator problems. A variety of 3-D structures are tested with an existing cubical cell FDTD code and the wake impedances are compared with simple analytic models for the structures. These results will provide a set of benchmarks for testing the new time domain codes. Structures under consideration include a stripline beam position monitor as well as circular and elliptical apertures in circular waveguides. Excellent agreement for the monopole and dipole impedances with the models are found for these structures below the cutoff frequency of the beam line. RP Poole, BR (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 155 EP 160 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00025 ER PT S AU Lessner, E Symon, K AF Lessner, E Symon, K BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI A tracking code for injection and acceleration studies in synchrotrons SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB CAPTURE SPC is a Monte-Carlo-based tracking program that simulates the injection and acceleration processes in proton synchrotrons. The time evolution of a distribution of charged particles is implemented by a symplectic, second-order-accurate integration algorithm. The recurrence relations follow a time-stepping leapfrog method. The time-step can be varied optionally to reduce computer time. Space-charge forces are calculated by binning the phase-projected particle distribution. The statistical fluctuations introduced by the binning process are reduced by presmoothing the data by the cloud-in-cell method and by filtering. Both the bin size and amount of filtering can be varied during the acceleration cycle so that the bunch fine structure is retained while the short wavelength noise is attenuated. The initial coordinates of each macro particle together with its time of injection are retained throughout the calculations. This information is useful in determining low-loss injection schemes. RP Lessner, E (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 185 EP 190 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00030 ER PT S AU Liu, HX AF Liu, HX BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI Space-charge-dominated beam dynamics simulations using the massively parallel processors (MPPs) of the gray T3D SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB Computer simulations using the multi-particle code PARMELA with a three-dimensional point-by-point space charge algorithm have turned out to be very helpful in supporting injector commissioning and operations at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab, formerly called CEBAF). However, this algorithm, which defines a typical N-2 problem in CPU time scaling, is very time-consuming when N, the number of macro-particles, is large. Therefore, it is attractive to use massively parallel processors (MPPs) to speed up the simulations. Motivated by this, we modified the space charge subroutine for using the MPPs of the Gray T3D. The techniques used to parallelize and optimize the code on the T3D are discussed in this paper. The performance of the code on the T3D is examined in comparison with a Parallel Vector Processing supercomputer of the Gray C90 and an HP 735/125 high-end workstation. RP Liu, HX (reprint author), THOMAS JEFFERSON NATL ACCELERATOR FACIL,1200 JEFFERSON AVE,NEWPORT NEWS,VA 23606, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 203 EP 211 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00033 ER PT S AU Symon, KR AF Symon, KR BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI Longitudinal wake field corrections in circular machines SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB In computations of longitudinal particle motions in accelerators and storage rings, the fields produced by the interactions of the beam with the cavity in which it circulates are usually calculated by multiplying Fourier components of the beam current by the appropriate impedances. This procedure neglects the slow variation with time of the Fourier coefficients and of the beam revolution frequency. When there are cavity elements with decay times that are comparable with or larger than the time during which changes in the beam parameters occur, these changes can not be neglected. Corrections for this effect have been worked out in terms of the response functions of elements in the ring. The result is expressed as a correction to the impedance which depends on the way in which the beam parameters are changing. A method is presented for correcting a numerical simulation by keeping track of the steady state and transient terms in the response of a cavity. RP Symon, KR (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 229 EP 234 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00036 ER PT S AU Michelotti, L AF Michelotti, L BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI MXYZPTLK and BEAMLINE: Status and future SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB MXYZPTLK and BEAMLINE resulted from early attempts to write C++ class libraries for accelerator analysis and modeling. We will describe a few features of their more recent, and possibly final, versions. RP Michelotti, L (reprint author), FERMILAB NATL ACCELERATOR LAB,POB 500,BATAVIA,IL 60510, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 241 EP 246 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00038 ER PT S AU Lysenko, WP Rusthoi, DP Chan, KCD Gillespie, GH Hill, BW AF Lysenko, WP Rusthoi, DP Chan, KCD Gillespie, GH Hill, BW BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI TRACE 3-D code improvements SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB TRACE 3-D is an interactive beam-transport code for bunched beams that includes accelerating elements and linear space-charge forces. It has been integrated with an improved GUI (graphic user interface) based on the Shell for Particle Accelerator Related Codes. Recent modifications to the code include centroid tracking and an improved beam description consisting of a set of beam slices, each having its own 6D centroid and sigma matrix. This allows us to study some nonlinear effects, such as wakefields, that are related to the variation of the beam bunch along the longitudinal direction. RP Lysenko, WP (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,MS H808,AOT-1,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 247 EP 252 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00039 ER PT S AU Yan, YT AF Yan, YT BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI Zlib: A numerical library for optimal design of truncated power series algebra and map parameterization routines SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB A brief review of the Zlib development is given. Emphasized is the Zlib nerve system which uses the One-Step Index Pointers (OSIP's) for efficient computation and flexible use of the Truncated Power Series Algebra (TPSA). Also emphasized is the treatment of parameterized maps with an object-oriented language (e.g. CS++). A parameterized map can be a Vector Power Series (Vps) or a Lie generator represented by an exponent of a Truncated Power Series (Tps) of which each coefficient is an object of truncated power series. RP Yan, YT (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR,STANFORD,CA 94309, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 259 EP 263 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00041 ER PT S AU Ostiguy, JF Michelotti, L Holt, JA AF Ostiguy, JF Michelotti, L Holt, JA BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI Automatic differentiation and lattice function matching SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB Although popularized in accelerator physics for the calculation of the Taylor coefficients of phase space maps, automatic differentiation is a generic and powerful technique applicable to any problem where fast and accurate evaluation of (usually first order) derivatives is needed. Problems requiring the evaluation of sensitivities with respect to parameters of a model or the minimization of an error function permeate applications in accelerator physics. The advent of languages with built-in support for operator overloading - such as C++ - results in greatly simplified syntax and highly maintainable software. To illustrate this point in practice, we apply automatic differentiation techniques to linear lattice function matching, an important problem encountered in the context of designing insertions or transfer lines between accelerators. RP Ostiguy, JF (reprint author), FERMILAB NATL ACCELERATOR LAB,POB 500,BATAVIA,IL 60510, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 270 EP 275 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00043 ER PT S AU Bowling, BA Akers, W Shoaee, H Watson, W vanZeijts, J Witherspoon, S AF Bowling, BA Akers, W Shoaee, H Watson, W vanZeijts, J Witherspoon, S BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI Evaluation of a server-client architecture for accelerator modeling and simulation SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB Traditional approaches to computational modeling and simulation often utilize a batch method for code execution using file-formatted input/output. This method of code implementation was generally chosen for several factors, including CPU throughput and availability, complexity of the required modeling problem, and presentation of computation results. With the advent of faster computer hardware and the advances in networking and software techniques, other program architectures for accelerator modeling have recently been employed. Jefferson Laboratory has implemented a client/server solution for accelerator beam transport modeling utilizing a query-based I/O. The goal of this code is to provide modeling information for control system applications and to serve as a computation engine for general modeling tasks, such as machine studies. This paper performs a comparison between the batch execution and server/client architectures, focusing on design and implementation issues, performance, and general utility towards accelerator modeling demands. RP Bowling, BA (reprint author), THOMAS JEFFERSON NATL ACCELERATOR FACIL,NEWPORT NEWS,VA 23606, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 291 EP 296 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00046 ER PT S AU Holt, JA Braun, A Michelotti, L Martens, M AF Holt, JA Braun, A Michelotti, L Martens, M BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI Accelerator physics computing in a control system environment SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB Connecting accelerator physics models to a control system to interactively simulate an operating accelerator presents software architectural and algorithm development challenges to produce results in a timely and effective manner. Using the C++ class libraries BEAMLINE and MXYZPTLK (differential algebra) on-line models of the Tevatron and several of the beam transfer lines are under development and are being embedded into the Fermilab control system. These models interact with the real machines and the control system in two modes. The first mode is by running as a pseudo hardware frontend where all control system application's input and output are redirected to the model. In the second mode, the model can read all parameters of the real machine but the user interacts with the model via a separate application which enables the user to do special calculations not neccesarily associated with current machine operation. RP Holt, JA (reprint author), FERMILAB NATL ACCELERATOR LAB,POB 500,BATAVIA,IL 60510, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 297 EP 302 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00047 ER PT S AU Chowdhary, M Chao, YC Witherspoon, S AF Chowdhary, M Chao, YC Witherspoon, S BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI Comparison between various beam steering algorithms for the CEBAF lattice SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB In this paper we describe a comparative study performed to evaluate various beam steering algorithms for CEBAF lattice. The first approach that was evaluated used a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) based algorithm to determine the corrector magnet setting for various regions of the CEBAF lattice. The second studied algorithm is known as PROSAC (Projective RMS Orbit Subtraction And Correction). This algorithm was developed at TJNAF to support the commissioning activity. The third set of algorithms tested are known as COCU (CERN Orbit Correction Utility) which is a production steering package used at CERN. A program simulating a variety of errors such as misalignment, BPM offset, etc. was used to generate test inputs for these three sets of algorithms. Conclusions of this study are presented in this paper. RP Chowdhary, M (reprint author), THOMAS JEFFERSON NATL ACCELERATOR FACIL,NEWPORT NEWS,VA 23606, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 317 EP 322 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00050 ER PT S AU Ryne, R Habib, S AF Ryne, R Habib, S BE Bisognano, JJ Mondelli, AA TI Parallel beam dynamics calculations on high performance computers SO COMPUTATIONAL ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computational Accelerator Physics Conference (CAP 96) CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP US DOE, Off Energy Res, USN, Off Naval Res AB Faced with a backlog of nuclear waste and weapons plutonium, as well as an ever-increasing public concern about safety and environmental issues associated with conventional nuclear reactors, many countries are studying new, accelerator-driven technologies that hold the promise of providing safe and effective solutions to these problems. Proposed projects include accelerator transmutation of waste (ATW), accelerator-based conversion of plutonium (ABC), accelerator-driven energy production (ADEP), and accelerator production of tritium (APT). Also, next-generation spallation neutron sources based on similar technology will play a major role in materials science and biological science research. The design of accelerators for these projects will require a major advance in numerical modeling capability. For example, beam dynamics simulations with approximately 100 million particles will be needed to ensure that extremely stringent beam loss requirements (less than a nanoampere per meter) can be met. Compared with typical present-day modeling using 10,000-100,000 particles, this represents an increase of 3-4 orders of magnitude. High performance computing (HPC) platforms make it possible to perform such large scale simulations, which require 10's of GBytes of memory. They also make it possible to perform smaller simulations in a matter of hours that would require months to run on a single processor workstation. This paper will describe how HPC platforms can be used to perform the numerically intensive beam dynamics simulations required for development of these new accelerator-driven technologies. RP Ryne, R (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,ACCELERATOR OPERAT & TECHNOL DIV,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-671-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 391 BP 377 EP 388 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Physics GA BH51S UT WOS:A1997BH51S00060 ER PT J AU Tokarski, JS Hopfinger, AJ Hobbs, JD Ford, DM Faulon, JLM AF Tokarski, JS Hopfinger, AJ Hobbs, JD Ford, DM Faulon, JLM TI Molecular modelling of polymers 17. Simulation and QSPR analyses of transport behavior in amorphous polymeric materials SO COMPUTATIONAL AND THEORETICAL POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE QSPR; molecular simulation; transport; amorphous polymer ID DYNAMICS SIMULATION; DIFFUSION; ENERGY AB Quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs) were constructed to predict O-2, N-2 and CO2 diffusion in amorphous polymers. The major polymer property governing diffusion in these QSPR models is bulk modulus. Oxygen permeation and solubility QSPR models were also constructed. Cohesive energy of the polymer matrix is the polymer property most highly correlated to permeation. Oxygen solubility appears to be about equally dependent on polymer density, bulk modulus or cohesive energy. A limited QSPR exploration of aqueous diffusion in polymer matrices indicates that cohesive energy of the polymeric material governs aqueous diffusion. The QSPR models can be used to efficiently predict transport properties from molecular dynamics simulations since only bulk modulus and/or cohesive energy need to be determined from a simulation in order to estimate a transport property using the appropriate QSPR model. An original computational technique to generate close-to-equilibrium dense polymeric structures is proposed. Diffusion of small gases are studied on the equilibrated structures using massively parallel molecular dynamics simulations running on the Intel Teraflops (9200 Pentium Pro processors) and Intel Paragon (1840 processors). Compared to the current state-of-the-art equilibration methods, the new technique appears to be faster by some orders of magnitude. The main advantage of the technique is that one can circumvent the bottlenecks in configuration space that inhibit relaxation in molecular dynamics simulations. The technique is based on the fact that tetravalent atoms (such as carbon and silicon) fit in the centre of a regular tetrahedron and that regular tetrahedrons can be used to mesh three-dimensional space. Thus, the problem of polymer equilibration described by continuous equations in molecular dynamics is reduced to a discrete representation where solutions are approximated by simple algorithms. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Illinois, Coll Pharm, Lab Mol Modeling & Design, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Univ Montana, Dept Chem & Geochem, Butte, MT 59001 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Computat Mat Sci Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RI Ford, David/C-4027-2008 NR 23 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1089-3156 J9 COMPUT THEOR POLYM S JI Comput. Theor. Polym. Sci. PY 1997 VL 7 IS 3-4 BP 199 EP 214 DI 10.1016/S1089-3156(98)00007-5 PN 1 PG 16 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA ZZ274 UT WOS:000074713000011 ER PT S AU Hielscher, AH AF Hielscher, AH BE Barbour, RL Carvlin, MJ Fiddy, MA TI Model-based iterative image reconstruction for photon migration tomography SO COMPUTATIONAL, EXPERIMENTAL, AND NUMERICAL METHODS FOR SOLVING ILL-POSED INVERSE IMAGING PROBLEMS: MEDICAL AND NONMEDICAL APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Computational, Experimental, and Numerical Methods for Solving Ill-Posed Inverse Imaging Problems - Medical and Nonmedical Applications CY JUL 30-31, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE image reconstruction; photon migration; tomography; diffusion AB Currently available tomographic image reconstruction schemes for photon migration tomography (PMT) are mostly based on the limiting assumptions of small perturbations and apriori knowledge of the optical properties of a reference medium. In this work a model-based iterative image reconstruction (MOBIIR) method is presented, which does not require the knowledge of a reference medium or that the encountered heterogeneities are small perturbations. The code consists of three major parts: (1) A finite-difference, time-resolved, diffusion forward model is used to predict detector readings based. on the spatial distribution of optical properties; (2) An objective function that describes the difference between predicted and measured data; (3) An updating scheme that uses the gradient of the objective function to provide subsequent guesses of the spatial distribution of the optical properties for the forward model. The reconstruction of these properties is completed, once a minimum of this objective function is found After a review of the previously published mathematical background, the clinically relevant examples of breast cancer detection and brain imaging are discussed, it is shown that cysts and tumors can be distinguished using the MOBIIR technique, even in a heterogenous background. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Hielscher, AH (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, CST-4,MS E535, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2593-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3171 BP 106 EP 117 DI 10.1117/12.294239 PG 12 WC Optics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Optics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BK18Z UT WOS:000071451200011 ER PT J AU Mitchell, SA AF Mitchell, SA TI Approximating the maxmin-angle covering triangulation SO COMPUTATIONAL GEOMETRY-THEORY AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Canadian Conference on Computational Geometry CY AUG 05-09, 1993 CL WATERLOO, CANADA AB Given a planar straight-line graph or polygon with holes, we seek a covering triangulation whose minimum angle is as large as possible. A covering triangulation is a Steiner triangulation with the following restriction: no Steiner vertices may be added on an input edge. We give an explicit upper bound on the largest possible minimum angle in any covering triangulation of a given input. This upper bound depends on local geometric features of the input. We then show that our covering triangulation has minimum angle at least a constant factor times this upper bound. This is the first known algorithm for generating a covering triangulation of an arbitrary input with a provable bound on triangle shape. Covering triangulations can be used to triangulate intersecting regions independently, and so solve several subproblems of mesh generation. C1 SANDIA NATL LABS,APPL & NUMER MATH DEPT,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-7721 J9 COMP GEOM-THEOR APPL JI Comput. Geom.-Theory Appl. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 7 IS 1-2 BP 93 EP 111 DI 10.1016/0925-7721(95)00046-1 PG 19 WC Mathematics, Applied; Mathematics SC Mathematics GA WE041 UT WOS:A1997WE04100008 ER PT J AU Wang, CZ Qiu, SY Ho, KM AF Wang, CZ Qiu, SY Ho, KM TI O(N) tight-binding molecular dynamics study of amorphous carbon SO COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE CALCULATIONS; SYSTEM-SIZE; DENSITY-MATRIX; DIAMOND; MODEL; SIMULATIONS AB We have carried out molecular dynamics simulations of amorphous carbon using the recently developed density-matrix order N tight-binding molecular dynamics scheme. Structures and properties of amorphous carbon at three different regimes (i.e., porous, graphite-like, and diamond-like) have been studied. The simulation results demonstrate that the order N tight-binding molecular dynamics scheme is accurate and efficient for atomistic simulation of large and complex systems. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT PHYS,AMES,IA 50011. RP Wang, CZ (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV,AMES LAB,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-0256 J9 COMP MATER SCI JI Comput. Mater. Sci. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 7 IS 3 BP 315 EP 323 DI 10.1016/S0927-0256(96)00043-2 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA WH510 UT WOS:A1997WH51000007 ER PT J AU Bouaricha, A More, JJ AF Bouaricha, A More, JJ TI Impact of partial separability on large-scale optimization SO COMPUTATIONAL OPTIMIZATION AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High Performance Software for Nonlinear Optimization - Status and Perspectives CY JUN 22-23, 1995 CL CAPRI, ITALY SP Ctr Res Parallel Comp & Supercomp, CRAY Res Inc, Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Matemat & Applicaz R Caccioppoli, Gruppo Nazl Informat Matemat, IBM Semea, SIAM Activ Grp Optimizat DE large-scale optimization; partial separability; automatic differentiation ID NONLINEAR NETWORK OPTIMIZATION; SPARSE JACOBIAN MATRICES AB ELSO is an environment for the solution of large-scale optimization problems. With ELSO the user is required to provide only code for the evaluation of a partially separable function. ELSO exploits the partial separability structure of the function to compute the gradient efficiently using automatic differentiation. We demonstrate ELSO's efficiency by comparing the various options available in ELSO. Our conclusion is that the hybrid option in ELSO provides performance comparable to the hand-coded option, while having the significant advantage of not requiring a hand-coded gradient or the sparsity pattern of the partially separable function. In our test problems, which have carefully coded gradients, the computing time for the hybrid AD option is within a factor of two of the hand-coded option. RP Bouaricha, A (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB, 9700 S CASS AVE, ARGONNE, IL 60439 USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0926-6003 J9 COMPUT OPTIM APPL JI Comput. Optim. Appl. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 7 IS 1 BP 27 EP 40 DI 10.1023/A:1008628114432 PG 14 WC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied SC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA XT390 UT WOS:A1997XT39000003 ER PT B AU Plaskacz, EJ AF Plaskacz, EJ BE Owen, DRJ Onate, E Hinton, E TI Industrial applications of parallel computing and virtual reality technologies in the context of nonlinear explicit transient finite element analysis SO COMPUTATIONAL PLASTICITY: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS, PTS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Computational Plasticity (COMPLAS V) CY MAR 17-20, 1997 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN AB An ubiquity of high-performance computer architectures, visualization, virtual reality and advanced telecommunications is currently underway, promising to radically alter the way designers, manufacturers, engineers and scientists will do their work. These technologies permit the construction of environments where computer models can be studied in a manner analogous to experimental prototypes. This paper win summarize our application of these new technologies to finite element models, reflecting challenges currently faced by the manufacturing industry. Our current implementation of parallel finite element analysis is. built upon a foundation consisting of geometric domain decomposition, a portable message-passing library (MPI) and the SPMD (single-program multiple-data) programming paradigm. The use of the CAVE (CAVE Automatic Virtual Environment) for the interactive virtual reality visualization of finite element results will also be described. Finally, our use of the CAVE as a collaborative tool through the use of the CAVE-to-CAVE software library will be summarized. RP Plaskacz, EJ (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,REACTOR ENGN DIV,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT CENTER NUMERICAL METHODS ENGINEERING PI 08034 BARCELONA PA GRAN CAPITAN, S-N, CAMPUS NORTE UPC, MODULO C1, 08034 BARCELONA, SPAIN BN 84-87867-71-5 PY 1997 BP 1835 EP 1842 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Applied SC Engineering; Mathematics GA BJ04K UT WOS:A1997BJ04K00233 ER PT J AU Karp, AH Geist, A Bailey, D AF Karp, AH Geist, A Bailey, D TI 1996 Gordon Bell prize winners SO COMPUTER LA English DT Article C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. NASA,AMES RES CTR,NUMER AERODYNAM SIMULAT PROGRAM,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035. RP Karp, AH (reprint author), HEWLETT PACKARD CORP,1501 PAGE MILL RD,PALO ALTO,CA 94304, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 SN 0018-9162 J9 COMPUTER JI Computer PD JAN PY 1997 VL 30 IS 1 BP 80 EP 85 DI 10.1109/MC.1997.562930 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA WA538 UT WOS:A1997WA53800014 ER PT B AU Tsang, CF Rutqvist, J AF Tsang, CF Rutqvist, J BE Yuan, JX TI Progress in coupled analysis of a thermo-hydro-mechanical experiment in fractured rock SO COMPUTER METHODS AND ADVANCES IN GEOMECHANICS, VOL 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics CY NOV 02-07, 1997 CL WUHAN, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China AB A field experiment to study coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical effects in fractured rock is currently being performed at Kamaishi Mine in Japan (Fujita et al., 1996a, b, c). The experiment is being conducted in an alcove of 5x8 meters drilled off an existing tunnel about 250 meters below ground surface. A test pit of 1.7 meters in diameter and 5 meters depth was drilled, in which a heater was placed and surrounded by bentonite. The rock is highly fractured. However, there are three major sub-vertical fractures intersecting the test pit. A large number of boreholes were drilled to monitor rock hydraulic and mechanical responses prior, during and post heater turn-on over the next two years. We use the code ROCMAS (Noorsihad et al., 1992) to simulate the Kamaishi experiment and analyze rock behavior at the site. In the first stage of the work reported in this paper, the hydromechanical effects are studied and compared with available data. The results show the importance of the three fractures and certain parameter data sets. This provides the insight for a fully 3D coupled modeling analysis of the experiment currently underway. C1 Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Tsang, CF (reprint author), Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-906-8 PY 1997 BP 1187 EP 1192 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BK71G UT WOS:000073164600071 ER PT J AU Velgakis, MJ Baker, GA Oitmaa, J AF Velgakis, MJ Baker, GA Oitmaa, J TI Integral approximants SO COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE monodromy; Riemann's theorem; Hermite-Pade approximants; Riemann sheet; series expansions; confluent singularity ID SERIES AB The approximation problem for multivalued functions on the complex plane is discussed. A sub-class of Hermite-Pade approximants is defined and the supporting theory is developed, inspired by the Riemann monodromy theorem. It is plausibly shown that the method can resolve confluent singularities. The application of the method tested on realistic series gives promises for the method. C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DIV THEORET,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. UNIV NEW S WALES,SCH PHYS,SYDNEY,NSW 2052,AUSTRALIA. RP Velgakis, MJ (reprint author), UNIV PATRAS,SCH ENGN,DEPT ENGN SCI,PATRAS 26110,GREECE. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0010-4655 J9 COMPUT PHYS COMMUN JI Comput. Phys. Commun. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 99 IS 2-3 BP 307 EP 322 DI 10.1016/S0010-4655(96)00111-7 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA WD794 UT WOS:A1997WD79400009 ER PT J AU Bramble, JH Pasciak, JE AF Bramble, JH Pasciak, JE TI Iterative techniques for time dependent Stokes problems SO COMPUTERS & MATHEMATICS WITH APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Stokes problems; preconditioned iteration; mixed approximation; pressure operator ID MULTIGRID ALGORITHMS; EQUATIONS; SYSTEMS AB In this paper, we consider solving the coupled systems of discrete equations which arise from implicit time stepping procedures for the time dependent Stokes equations using a mixed finite element spatial discretization. At each time step, a two by two block system corresponding to a perturbed Stokes problem must be solved. Although there are a number of techniques for iteratively solving this type of block system, to be effective, they require a good preconditioner for the resulting pressure operator (Schur complement). In contrast to the time independent Stokes equations where the pressure operator is well conditioned, the pressure operator for the perturbed system becomes more ill conditioned as the time step is reduced (and/or the Reynolds number is increased). In this paper, we shall describe and analyze preconditioners for the resulting pressure systems. These preconditioners give rise to iterative rates of convergence which are independent of both the mesh size h as well as the time step and Reynolds number parameter k. C1 BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT APPL SCI,UPTON,NY 11973. RP Bramble, JH (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,DEPT MATH,WHITE HALL,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 22 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0898-1221 J9 COMPUT MATH APPL JI Comput. Math. Appl. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 33 IS 1-2 BP 13 EP 30 DI 10.1016/S0898-1221(96)00216-7 PG 18 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA WF746 UT WOS:A1997WF74600003 ER PT J AU Cohen, F AF Cohen, F TI Information system attacks: A preliminary classification scheme SO COMPUTERS & SECURITY LA English DT Article AB This paper describes almost a hundred different classes of attack methods gathered from many different sources. Where a single source fora single item is available, it is cited in the text. The most comprehensive sources used are not cited throughout the text but rather listed here (Cohen, 1995 and Neumann, 1995). Other major sources not identified by specific citation are listed here (Bellovin, 1989, 1992; Bishop, 1996; Cheswick, 1994; Cohen, 1991, 1994b; Denning, 1982; Feustal, 1973; Hoffman, 1990; Knight, 1978; Lampson, 1973; Landwehr, 1983; Linde, 1975; Neumann, 1989; Spafford, 1992). RP Cohen, F (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 969,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 61 TC 20 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PI OXFORD PA OXFORD FULFILLMENT CENTRE THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0167-4048 J9 COMPUT SECUR JI Comput. Secur. PY 1997 VL 16 IS 1 BP 29 EP 46 DI 10.1016/S0167-4048(97)85785-9 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA XD944 UT WOS:A1997XD94400005 ER PT J AU Cohen, F AF Cohen, F TI Information system defences: A preliminary classification scheme SO COMPUTERS & SECURITY LA English DT Article AB This paper describes 140 different classes of protective methods gathered from many different sources. Where a single source for a single item is available, it is cited in the text. The most comprehensive sources used are not cited throughout the text but rather listed here (Cohen, 1995 and Neumann, 1995). Other major sources not identified by specific citation are listed here (Bellovin, 1989, 1992; Bishop, 1996; Cheswick, 1994; Cohen, 1991, 1994a; Denning, 1982; Feustal, 1973; Hoffman, 1990; Knight, 1978; Lampson, 1973; Landwehr, 1983; Linde, 1975; Neumann, 1989; Spafford, 1992). RP Cohen, F (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,7011 EAST AVE,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 59 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PI OXFORD PA OXFORD FULFILLMENT CENTRE THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0167-4048 J9 COMPUT SECUR JI Comput. Secur. PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 94 EP 114 DI 10.1016/S0167-4048(97)88289-2 PG 21 WC Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA XK322 UT WOS:A1997XK32200007 ER PT S AU Sopori, B Symko, MI Reedy, R Jones, K Matson, R AF Sopori, B Symko, MI Reedy, R Jones, K Matson, R GP IEEE TI Mechanism(s) of hydrogen diffusion in silicon solar cells during forming gas anneal SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Surface damage in a silicon wafer, produced by mechanical polishing or ion implantation, is shown to mediate diffusion of hydrogen from a molecular ambient such as a forming gas. Experimental results show that the formation of a N+ region of a solar cell can produce significant surface stress similar to mechanical polishing. Results of hydrogen diffusion produced by forming gas annealing of various commercial photovoltaic silicon substrates and cells are discussed. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Sopori, B (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 25 EP 30 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.653916 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700005 ER PT S AU Ruby, DS Yang, P Roy, M Narayanan, S AF Ruby, DS Yang, P Roy, M Narayanan, S GP IEEE TI Recent progress on the self-aligned, selective-emitter silicon solar cell SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB We developed a self-aligned emitter etchback technique that requires only a single emitter diffusion and no alignments to form self-aligned, patterned-emitter profiles. Standard, commercial, screen-printed gridlines mask a plasma-etchback of the emitter. A subsequent PECVD-nitride deposition provides good surface and bulk passivation and an antireflection coating. We succeeded in finding a set of parameters which resulted in good emitter uniformity and improved cell performance. We used full-size multicrystalline silicon (mo-Si) cells processed in a commercial production line and performed a statistically designed, multiparameter experiment to optimize the use of a hydrogenation treatment to increase performance. Our initial results found a statistically significant improvement of half an absolute percentage point in cell efficiency when the self-aligned emitter etchback was combined with a 3-step PECVD-nitride surface passivation and hydrogenation treatment. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Ruby, DS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 39 EP 42 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.653919 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700008 ER PT S AU Wang, TH Ciszek, TF AF Wang, TH Ciszek, TF GP IEEE TI Numerical simulations of transient photoconductance decay SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Transient photoconductance decay (PCD) in ingots or wafers has been numerically simulated by a finite-element method (FEM). We examined two types of light sources for carrier injection in transient PCD measurements. Large discrepancies between the widely used asymptotic approximation and the FEM simulations of wafers were seen, and an empirical fitting of the FEM results suggests that the effect of surface recombination velocity on wafer lifetime may be much smaller, although the diffusion-limited surface lifetime remains the same. A single-exponential decay representing overall quality of a multicrystalline wafer is obtained even though the wafer comprises of grains with different lifetimes. If the grain sizes are much smaller than the carrier diffusion length, and if no surface or grain boundary recombination is present, then the inverse effective lifetime is found to be the volume-weighted sum of the inverse local lifetimes. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Wang, TH (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 55 EP 58 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.653923 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700012 ER PT S AU Ciszek, TF Wang, TH Doolittle, WA Rohatgi, A AF Ciszek, TF Wang, TH Doolittle, WA Rohatgi, A GP IEEE TI Minority-carrier lifetime degradation in silicon co-doped with iron and gallium SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB The effect of Fe-Ga pair defects on minority-carrier lifetime tau in high-purity, dislocation-free float-zoned Si is presented, and their properties are documented by deep-level transient spectroscopy and annealing studies. The typical tau of Fe-Ga co-doped crystals (0.4 mu s) was dramatically lower than tau of crystals doped with similar amounts of either Fe alone (12 mu s) or Ga alone (1,400 mu s), contrary to the tau behavior at low injection of Fe-B pair defects. Thermal dissociation of Fe-Ga pairs increased tau, confirming a stronger carrier-recombination activity at Fe-Ga pairs than at interstitial Fe. Defect energies (relative to the valance band) equal to 0.10 and 0.21 eV were observed for Fe-Ga co-doped samples, and the corresponding hole-capture cross sections ( at T = infinity) were 3 x 10(-16) and 6 x 10(-15) cm(2). An estimation of the binding energies resulted in much lower values than expected (0.09eV and 0.15 eV, respectively). C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Ciszek, TF (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 59 EP 62 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700013 ER PT S AU Ciszek, TF Wang, TH AF Ciszek, TF Wang, TH GP IEEE TI Growth and properties of silicon filaments for photovoltaic applications SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Thin silicon filaments were grown from the melt by three different methods: (a) RF-heated float-zone pedestal growth of high-purity, dislocation-free, single-crystal filaments, (b) growth of [(1) over bar<(1)over bar 2>] axis, (111) face dendrite filaments at high pulling rates from a supercooled melt in a quartz crucible, and (c) capillary die growth of thin-walled, small-diameter Si tube-filaments with high ratio of surface area to volume and concomitant device structure advantages. Minority-carrier lifetime tau was used to assess the filaments. For the three growth methods listed above, values as high as 660 mu sec, 53 mu sec, and 42 mu sec were observed, respectively. Thin silicon filaments with good crystallographic perfection, grown at high speeds, may be useful as active semiconductor elements in multiple linear-concentrator-array PV systems and in other optoelectronic applications. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Ciszek, TF (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 103 EP 106 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.653935 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700024 ER PT S AU Ahrenkiel, RK Johnston, S AF Ahrenkiel, RK Johnston, S GP IEEE TI Contactless measurement of recombination lifetime in photovoltaic materials SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Contactless measurement of important semiconductor parameters has become a popular trend of current semiconductor technology. Here we will describe an improved version of radio frequency photoconductive decay (RFPCD) operating in the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region. This work will show that the improved technique is capable of measuring samples ranging in size from submicron thin films to large silicon ingots. The UHF region is an ideal compromise for volume penetration and lifetime resolution with system response of 10 ns or less. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Ahrenkiel, RK (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 119 EP 122 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.653939 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700028 ER PT S AU Gee, JM Sopori, BL AF Gee, JM Sopori, BL GP IEEE TI The effect of gettering on areal inhomogeneities in large-area multicrystalline-silicon solar cells SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Multicrystalline-silicon (me-Si) materials and cells feature large areal variations in material and junction quality. The regions with poor device quality have been predicted to have more recombination current at forward bias than a simple area-weighted average due to the parallel interconnection of the good and bad regions by the front junction. We have examined the effect of gettering on areal inhomogeneities in large-area me-Si cells. Cells with large areal inhomogeneities were found to have increased non-ideal recombination current, which is in line with theoretical predictions. Phosphorus-diffusion and aluminum-alloy gettering of me-Si was found to reduce the areal inhomogeneities and improve large-area me-Si device performance. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Gee, JM (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 155 EP 158 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654052 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700037 ER PT S AU Gee, JM Bode, MD Silva, BL AF Gee, JM Bode, MD Silva, BL GP IEEE TI Boron-doped back-surface fields using an aluminum-alloy process SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Boron-doped back-surface fields (BSF's) have potentially superior performance compared to aluminum-doped BSF's due to the higher solid solubility of boron compared to aluminum. However, conventional boron diffusions require a long, high temperature step that is both costly and incompatible with many photovoltaic-grade crystalline-silicon materials. We examined a process that uses a relatively low-temperature aluminum-alloy process to obtain a boron-doped BSF by doping the aluminum with boron. In agreement with theoretical expectations, we found that thicker aluminum layers and higher boron doping levels improved the performance of aluminum-alloyed BSF's. C1 Sandia Corp, Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Gee, JM (reprint author), Sandia Corp, Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 275 EP 278 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654082 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700067 ER PT S AU Ullal, HS Zweibel, K von Roedern, B AF Ullal, HS Zweibel, K von Roedern, B GP IEEE TI Current status of polycrystalline thin-film PV technologies SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB In the past 18 months, thin-film solar cell technologies based on CdTe and CIS have made significant technical progress. Most of the improvements have occurred at the level of solar cells, modules, systems, and reliability testing in both CdTe and CIS. Total-area efficiencies of 14.7% for a thin-film CdTe solar cell deposited on a low-cost, sodalime glass fabricated by Golden Photon, Inc; was verified by NREL. Siemens Solar Industries has fabricated a world-record, aperture-area efficiency of 11.1% and a power output of 40.6 W for a thin-film CIGSS module. Solar Cells, Inc. has fabricated a large-area, thin-film CdTe module with an aperture-area efficiency of 9.1% and power output of 61.3 W; Golden Photon, inc., has also fabricated a power module with an aperture-area efficiency of 9.2% and power output of 31.0 W. Key research issues for CdTe and CIS are discussed in this paper. Several polycrystalline thin-film arrays based on CdTe and one based on CIGSS have been deployed worldwide. Stability data indicated by both thin-film CIS and thin-film CdTe modules and systems are encouraging. Many companies worldwide are actively pursuing early commercialization efforts based on both speciality products and power modules. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Ullal, HS (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 301 EP 305 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654089 PG 5 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700073 ER PT S AU Zunger, A Zhang, SB Wei, SH AF Zunger, A Zhang, SB Wei, SH GP IEEE TI Revisiting the defect physics in CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Using first-principles self-consistent electronic structure theory, we have calculated defect formation energies and defect energy levels in CuInSe2. Contrary to previously accepted assumptions in the analysis of defects in CuInSe2 we find that (i) it is much easier to form Cu vacancy in CuInSe2 than to form cation vacancies in II-VI's. (ii) Defect formation energies vary considerably both with the Fermi energy and the chemical potential of the atomic species, and (iii) Defect pairs such as (2V(Cu) + In-Cu) have a remarkably low formation enthalpy. This explains the massive non-stoichiometry of CuInSe2 and the appearance of ordered defect compounds CuIn5Se8, CuIn3Se5, Cu2In4Se7 and Cu3In5Se9. The fact that CuInSe2 has good electrical properties despite this off-stoichiometry reflects the mutual passivation of In-Cu by V-Cu, Similar results are found for CuGaSe2, except that (iv) it is more difficult to form (2V(Cu)(-)+Ca-Cu(2+)) in CuGaSe2 than to from (2V(Cu)(-)+In-Cu(2+)) in CuInSe2, and (v) the Ga-Cu donor levels are much deeper than the In-Cu donor levels. Thus, it is more difficult to dope CuGaSe2 n-type. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Zunger, A (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Krausnick, Jennifer/D-6291-2013; Zhang, Shengbai/D-4885-2013 OI Zhang, Shengbai/0000-0003-0833-5860 NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 11 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 313 EP 318 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654091 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700075 ER PT S AU Ramanathan, K Bhattacharya, RN Granata, J Webb, J Niles, D Contreras, MA Wiesner, H Hasoon, FS Noufi, R AF Ramanathan, K Bhattacharya, RN Granata, J Webb, J Niles, D Contreras, MA Wiesner, H Hasoon, FS Noufi, R GP IEEE TI Advances in the CIS research at NREL SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB This paper summarizes the research of the CIS Team at NREL in three major areas: absorber deposition; understanding the role of chemical bath deposited (CBD) CdS in CIS junctions; and in the development of devices without CdS. Low cost, scaleable processes chosen for absorber fabrication include sputtering, electrodeposition (ED), and close spaced sublimation (CSS). The interaction between the CBD and the CIS has been investigated and the results show that Cd might be instrumental in shaping the interface. We have also developed a process to fabricate a 13.5% efficiency ZnO/CulnGaSe(2) device without CdS or other buffer layers. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Ramanathan, K (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 319 EP 322 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654092 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700076 ER PT S AU Wu, X Sheldon, P Coutts, TJ Rose, DH Moutinho, HR AF Wu, X Sheldon, P Coutts, TJ Rose, DH Moutinho, HR GP IEEE TI Application of Cd(2)SnO(4) transparent conducting oxides in CdS/CdTe thin-film devices SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB An unusual processing scheme has been developed for preparing single-phase cadmium stannate (Cd(2)SnO(4) or CTO) films. Cd(2)SnO(4) transparent conducting oxide (TCO) films have several significant advantages over conventional TCOs when applied to CdS/CdTe thin-film devices. They are more conductive, more transparent, have lower surface roughness, are patternable, and are exceptionally stable. Cd(2)SnO(4)-based CdS/CdTe polycrystalline thin-film solar cells with efficiencies of 14% have been fabricated. Preliminary cell results have demonstrated that device performance can be enhanced by replacing the SnO(2) layer with a Cd(2)SnO(4) TCO film. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Wu, X (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM xwu@nrel.nrel.gov; peter_sheldon@nrel.gov; tim_coutts@nrel.nrel.gov; helio_moutinho@nrel.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 347 EP 350 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654099 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700083 ER PT S AU Levi, DH Woods, LM Albin, DS Gessert, TA Niles, DW Swartzlander, A Rose, DH Ahrenkiel, RK Sheldon, P AF Levi, DH Woods, LM Albin, DS Gessert, TA Niles, DW Swartzlander, A Rose, DH Ahrenkiel, RK Sheldon, P GP IEEE TI Back contact effects on junction photoluminescence in CdTe/CdS solar cells SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Studies of junction photoluminescence in CdTe/CdS solar cells reveal that back-contact application produces a dramatic qualitative change in the junction PL spectrum. Prior to contact application, the spectrum has two peaks at energies of 1.508 eV and 1.45 eV, corresponding to recombination in bulk CdTe, and in a CdTeS alloy with 9% sulfur content, respectively. After contact application, the spectrum consists of a single broad peak at 1.48 eV. Previous studies have shown that the nitric-phosphoric (NP) etch used in the contact procedure produces a layer of elemental Tellurium (Te) on the CdTe surface. Our measurements utilizing Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) show that this Te layer penetrates grain boundaries down to the CdTe/CdS interface. It appears that the change in the near-junction PL spectrum is caused by a "grain boundary field effect" due to perturbations of the grain boundary conductivity and Fermi level. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Levi, DH (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 351 EP 354 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654100 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700084 ER PT S AU Contreras, MA Egaas, B Dippo, P Webb, J Granata, J Ramanathan, K Asher, S Swartzlander, A Noufi, R AF Contreras, MA Egaas, B Dippo, P Webb, J Granata, J Ramanathan, K Asher, S Swartzlander, A Noufi, R GP IEEE TI On the role of Na and modifications to Cu(In,Ga)Se-2 absorber materials using thin-MF (M=Na, K, Cs) precursor layers SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB The growth and characterization of Cu(In,Ga)Se-2 polycrystalline thin films under the presence of thin-MF (M=Na, K, Cs) precursor layers is presented. Some electrical, structural, and electronic absorber properties due to the presence of such Group la impurities are quantified along with their influence in device performance. We present a growth model for the role of Na in Cu(ln,Ga)Se-2 that attributes the enhancements in electrical conductivity and photovoltaic device performance to the extinction of a finite number of donor states (i.e., In-cu) at the bulk and grain-boundary regions. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Contreras, MA (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 8 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 359 EP 362 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654102 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700086 ER PT S AU Albin, D Rose, D Dhere, R Levi, D Woods, L Swartzlander, A Sheldon, P AF Albin, D Rose, D Dhere, R Levi, D Woods, L Swartzlander, A Sheldon, P GP IEEE TI Comparison study of close-spaced sublimated and chemical bath deposited CdS films: Effects on CdTe solar cells SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Close-spaced-sublimated (CSS) CdS films exhibit strong fundamental edge luminescence, high optical absorption, and a bandgap of similar to 2.41 eV. Structurally, these films show good crystallinity with thickness-dependent grain sizes that vary between 100-400 nm. In contrast, chemical-bath-deposited (CBD) CdS exhibits subband luminescence, lower absorption, and a thickness-dependent bandgap. These films have CdS grains typically less than 50 nm in size and poorer crystallinity. However, CdTe devices fabricated with these lower "quality" CBD CdS films yield higher V-oc's and fill factors. Carrier lifetimes in finished CSS CdS devices measured between 100 and 200 ps while lifetimes in CBD CdS devices were much higher (>500 ps). Compositional differences in the Cd/(S+Te) ratio at the interface suggest the possibility of lower CdS doping and higher CdTe compensation as one reason for lower V-oc's in CSS CdS devices. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Albin, D (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 367 EP 370 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654104 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700088 ER PT S AU McMahon, TJ von Roedern, B AF McMahon, TJ von Roedern, B GP IEEE TI Effect of light intensity on current collection in thin-film solar cells SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB We have measured the current-voltage curves of thin-film solar cells using focused laser spots (30 - 500 mu m) using DC and modulated (AC) photocurrent techniques. The AC short-circuit current response (I-SC) and the AC fill factors (FF) decrease for small spot sizes corresponding to several 100 sun light intensities. Laser line scans across the devices produced significant but reproducible spatial fluctuations in AC I-SC These spatial variations depend on spot size and are reduced by scanning with lower light intensity. The reduction of AC FF and AC I-SC was largest in a-Si:H, intermediate in CdTe and CuInSe2 (CIS), barely noticeable in some Cu(Ga,In)Se-2 (CIGS) cells and absent in a silicon cells. The observations on CIGS and some CIS cells can be explained by internal series resistance, but field dependent collection and recombination effects must be invoked to explain results on most thin-film solar cell materials. Such field modification is not accounted for in standard exponential diode equation models. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP McMahon, TJ (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 375 EP 378 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654106 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700090 ER PT S AU Webb, JD Rose, DH Niles, DW Swartzlander, A Al-Jassim, MM AF Webb, JD Rose, DH Niles, DW Swartzlander, A Al-Jassim, MM GP IEEE TI FTIR, EPMA, Auger, and XPS analysis of impurity precipitates in CdS films SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Impurities in cadmium sulfide (CdS) films are a concern in the fabrication of copper (indium, gallium) diselenide (CIGS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic devices. Films of CdS grown using chemical bath deposition (CBD) generally yield better devices than purer CdS films grown using vacuum deposition techniques, despite the higher impurity concentrations typically observed in the CBD CdS films. In this work, we present Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Auger, electron microprobe (EPMA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS), and secondary ion mass spectroscopic (SIMS) analyses of the impurities in CBD CdS films, and show that these differ as a function of substrate type and film deposition conditions. We also show that some of these impurities exist as 10(2) micron-scale precipitates. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Webb, JD (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 10 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 399 EP 402 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654112 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700096 ER PT S AU Gessert, TA Sheldon, P Li, X Dunlavy, D Niles, D Sasala, R Albright, S Zadler, B AF Gessert, TA Sheldon, P Li, X Dunlavy, D Niles, D Sasala, R Albright, S Zadler, B GP IEEE TI Studies of ZnTe back contacts to CdS/CdTe solar cells SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Ongoing research topics in CdS/CdTe photovoltaic (PV) device technology include development of a back contact demonstrating low resistance and stability, while using processes consistent with large-area manufacturing. In efforts toward this goal, we have developed a sequence of dry, high-temperature processes to provide this contact . The process eliminates the need for chemical etching, and is performed at similar to 300 degrees C to aid in contact stability and adhesion. Applying this contact process to NREL-grown CdS/CdTe device material has resulted in efficiencies >12%. Devices with efficiencies similar to 10% have also been produced using material supplied by Solar Cells, Inc., and by Golden Photon, Inc. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Gessert, TA (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 419 EP 422 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654117 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700101 ER PT S AU Moutinho, HR Al-Jassim, MM Abulfotuh, FA Levi, DH Dippo, PC Dhere, RG Kazmerski, LL AF Moutinho, HR Al-Jassim, MM Abulfotuh, FA Levi, DH Dippo, PC Dhere, RG Kazmerski, LL GP IEEE TI Studies of recrystallization of CdTe thin films after CdCl2 treatment SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB CdTe thin films deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD) and close-spaced sublimation (CSS) have been treated with CdCl2, at 350 degrees and 400 degrees C. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis showed that the films started recrystallizing during the 350 degrees C CdCl2 treatment. These results were confirmed by the presence of two lattice parameters, detected in X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The PVD films treated at 400 degrees C were completely recrystallized and grain growth was observed. The formation of Cd(S1-xTex) alloy in these films was evidenced by the appearance of extra peaks close to the CdTe peaks in the diffraction patterns. No major changes were observed in the structural properties of CSS CdTe films treated at the same conditions. It was concluded that the effect of the CdCl2, treatment in the CdTe films is to promote recrystallization and grain growth, but only if enough lattice-strain energy is available (as is the case for PVD films). Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) analysis showed, for PVD and CSS films, an increase in minority-carrier lifetime with the treatment, mainly at 400 degrees C, probably due to elimination of deep levels within the band gap. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Moutinho, HR (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 431 EP 434 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654120 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700104 ER PT S AU Dhere, R Rose, D Albin, D Asher, S Al-Jassim, M Cheong, H Swartzlander, A Moutinho, H Coutts, T Ribelin, R Sheldon, P AF Dhere, R Rose, D Albin, D Asher, S Al-Jassim, M Cheong, H Swartzlander, A Moutinho, H Coutts, T Ribelin, R Sheldon, P GP IEEE TI Influence of CdS/CdTe interface properties on the device properties SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB In this paper, we have focused on the formation and the role of the CdS/CdTe interface on CdTe solar cells. The devices were made using chemical bath deposited (CBD) CdS on SnO2/glass substrates and the CdTe was deposited by close spaced sublimation (CSS) and subsequently CdCl2 treated and annealed. Compositional analysis showed considerable interdiffusion of Te and S as well as CI accumulation at the interface. Micro-photoluminescence (PL) analysis reveals sulfur accumulation at the grain boundaries and a graded CdSxTe1-x alloy at the interface. Our analysis leads us to conclude that CI accumulation and anion vacancies result in a one sided n(+)-p junction. This model could explain the collection loss in the CdS layer, seen in the spectral response of CdS/CdTe devices. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Dhere, R (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Cheong, Hyeonsik/D-7424-2012 OI Cheong, Hyeonsik/0000-0002-2347-4044 NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 435 EP 438 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654121 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700105 ER PT S AU Abulfotuh, FA Balcioglu, A Wangensteen, T Moutinho, HR Hassoon, F Al-Douri, A Alnajjar, A Kazmerski, LL AF Abulfotuh, FA Balcioglu, A Wangensteen, T Moutinho, HR Hassoon, F Al-Douri, A Alnajjar, A Kazmerski, LL GP IEEE TI Study of the defect levels, electrooptics, and interface properties of polycrystalline CdTe and CdS thin films and their junction SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB In this study, the electrical behavior of CdS/CdTe junctions was investigated using deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and capacitance-voltage (c-v) measurements. The results were then correlated to chemical composition and optical properties (measured by wavelength-scanning ellipsometery) of the CdTe film and the dominant defect states were determined by photoluminescence (PL) emission measured before and after post-deposition CdCl2, treatments. CdTe films used in this study were prepared by electrochemical deposition (ED), close-spaced sublimation (CSS), and physical vapor deposition (PVD). The chemical and heat treatments are shown to decrease Cd-vacancy levels (PL measurements) and quench majority-carrier deep traps. These treatments, which determine various parameters crucial to the device performance such as the type and concentration of the dominant defects and deep levels, greatly affect the device performance by controlling open-circuit voltage. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Abulfotuh, FA (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 451 EP 454 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654125 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700109 ER PT S AU Field, H AF Field, H GP IEEE TI Solar cell spectral response measurement errors related to spectral band width and chopped light waveform SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB An error in a spectral response measurement of a solar cell can occur when the response of the solar cell varies over the spectral range of the beam but is assumed to be the response at a single wavelength. It depends on the spectral shape and width of the beam that is incident on the solar cell. This analysis predicts the magnitude of the error for a variety of solar photovoltaic cells measured with monochromatic light sources of approximately 10-nm bandwidth. It also shows that, although these errors can be substantial at certain wavelengths, their consequences are relatively small for performance measurements that use the spectral response information to set solar simulator intensity. The error caused by use of too few monochromatic beams to characterize a cell's spectral response is illustrated. Bias errors related to the waveform of the chopped, monochromatic light are also discussed. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Field, H (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 471 EP 474 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654130 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700114 ER PT S AU Keyes, BM Hasoon, F Dippo, P Balcioglu, A Abulfotuh, F AF Keyes, BM Hasoon, F Dippo, P Balcioglu, A Abulfotuh, F GP IEEE TI Influence of Na on the electro-optical properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se-2 SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Polycrystalline Cu(ln,Ga)Se-2 (CIGS) thin films, grown by coevaporation of the constituent elements with different amounts of sodium (Na), were investigated. In some devices, an increased Na content was achieved through the incorporation of a thin layer of NaF deposited on the substrate prior to the growth of CIGS. The effect of Na on the electro-optical properties was addressed through characterization of the finished devices using photoluminescence (PL) and capacitance techniques. Results indicate the beneficial effect of Na as evidenced by increases in the device efficiency, open-circuit voltage, and PL intensity. Furthermore, these measurements provide evidence that Na 1) increases the net carrier concentration, and 2) reduces the number of gap states including those that act as minority-carrier traps. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Keyes, BM (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 479 EP 482 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654132 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700116 ER PT S AU Schulz, DL Curtis, CJ Cram, A Alleman, JL Mason, A Matson, RJ Perkins, JD Ginley, DS AF Schulz, DL Curtis, CJ Cram, A Alleman, JL Mason, A Matson, RJ Perkins, JD Ginley, DS GP IEEE TI CIGS films via nanoparticle spray deposition: Attempts at densifying a porous precursor SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB This report summarizes our recent efforts to produce large-grained CIGS materials from porous nanoparticle precursor films. In our approach, a nanoparticle colloid is first prepared via low-temperature solution synthesis. Next, a thin precursor film is prepared by spray deposition of this colloid onto a heated substrate. Post-processing of these precursors is performed to induce phase formation and grain growth. Various colloids have been sprayed onto substrates such as molybdenum/glass and CdS/SnO2/glass. Post-processing treatments under controlled gas ambients have been performed according to both standard and rapid-thermal annealing (RTA) approaches. Morphology, phase formation, and chemical composition of these nanoparticle-derived films have been characterized using SEM, XRD, Raman, and AES. Although the majority of the approaches employed did not produce large-grained materials, CIGS colloid sprayed onto CdS/SnO2/glass substrates heated at 225 degrees C produced films with a dense morphology as-deposited. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Schulz, DL (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 483 EP 486 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654133 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700117 ER PT S AU Deb, SK Ferrere, S Frank, AJ Gregg, BA Huang, SY Nozik, AJ Schlichthorl, G Zaban, A AF Deb, SK Ferrere, S Frank, AJ Gregg, BA Huang, SY Nozik, AJ Schlichthorl, G Zaban, A GP IEEE TI Photochemical solar cells based on dye-sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB A new type of photovoltaic cell is described. It is a photoelectrochemical device that is based on the dye-sensitization of thin (10-20 mu m) nanocrystalline films of TiO2 nanoparticles in contact with a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte. The cell is very simple to fabricate and, in principle, its color can be tuned through the visible spectrum, ranging from being completely transparent to black opaque by changing the absorption characteristics of the dye. The highest present efficiency of the dye-sensitized photochemical solar cell is about 11%. The cell has the potential to be a low-cost photovoltaic option. Unique applications include photovoltaic power windows and photoelectrochromic windows. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Deb, SK (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 507 EP 510 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654139 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700123 ER PT S AU Ahrenkiel, RK Ahrenkiel, SP Al-Jassim, MM Venkatasubramanian, R AF Ahrenkiel, RK Ahrenkiel, SP Al-Jassim, MM Venkatasubramanian, R GP IEEE TI Electronic and mechanical properties of Ge films grown on glass substrates SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB As germanium is closed lattice matched to GaAs, it a suitable substrate for epitaxial growth. In the quest for inexpensive substrates, thin-film Ge grown on glass is an attractive candidate if suitable grain growth can be achieved. Here we will describe Ge films that are deposited by an e-beam evaporator on glass and are approximately 2000 Angstrom thick. The films were annealed at 500 degrees C and 600 degrees C to improve the quality of the material. The growth was done in three steps with 1000 Angstrom of Ge, 70 Angstrom of Sb, and followed by another 1000 Angstrom angstroms of Ge. Sb is an n-type dopant in Ge and is included to enhance grain growth. The best films contained the Sb layer and hole concentrations between 1.4x10(15) to 1.6x10(17) cm(-3). The largest hole mobility measured was 30.6 cm(2)/Vs in the 1.4x10(15) p-type sample. The electron lifetime was measured by ultra-high frequency photoconductive decay and the best lifetimes were in the 30- to 40-ns range. Scanning-electron microscope and transmission-electron microscope studies indicated a polycrystalline grain structure with grain size comparable to the film thickness. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Ahrenkiel, RK (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 527 EP 529 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654144 PG 3 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700128 ER PT S AU Ahrenkiel, RK Levi, DH Johnston, S Song, W Mao, D Fischer, A AF Ahrenkiel, RK Levi, DH Johnston, S Song, W Mao, D Fischer, A GP IEEE TI Photoconductive lifetime of CdS used in thin-film solar cells SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Thin-film CdS is used as a window layer in most of the current thin-film polycrystalline device technologies including absorbers based on cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium selenide (CIS) and copper indium gallium selenide(CIGS). Device performance has been linked to the deposition technique and posttreatment of the CdS layer. Here we used the radio frequency photoconductive decay (RFPCD) technique to measure the photoconductive lifetime of CdS that had been deposited by various techniques. This includes chemical bath deposition (CBD) and laser deposition. CdCl2 treatment increases the photoconductive response and reduces shallow trapping effects. In addition, tellurium doping was found to significantly decrease the photoconductive response, as well as the hole lifetime, below that of the undoped material. The impact of these CdS properties on device performance will be discussed. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Ahrenkiel, RK (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 535 EP 538 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654146 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700130 ER PT S AU Hasoon, FS Al-Jassim, MM Swartzlander, A Sheldon, P Al-Douri, AAJ Alnajjar, AA AF Hasoon, FS Al-Jassim, MM Swartzlander, A Sheldon, P Al-Douri, AAJ Alnajjar, AA GP IEEE TI The morphology of CdS thin films deposited on SnO2-coated glass substrates SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB The morphology and microstructure of cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films are a major concern in the fabrication process of CdTe solar cells. In this work, we investigate the morphology and microstructure of chemical-bath-deposited CBD CdS in order to better understand the growth conditions that give rise to films for optimum device performance. The film morphology was investigated by field-emission, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The film microstructure was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while the film's chemistry was investigated by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). All films examined exhibited pinholes and discontinuities varying in size and density. This may have a significant impact on cell performance by providing shunt paths between the CdTe and the SnO2. Additionally, the CdS films are heavily faulted, which may partially explain why a high density of planar defects is observed in the CdTe/CdS interface region. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Hasoon, FS (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 543 EP 546 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654148 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700132 ER PT S AU Moore, JT Wang, TH Heben, MJ Douglas, K Ciszek, TF AF Moore, JT Wang, TH Heben, MJ Douglas, K Ciszek, TF GP IEEE TI Fused-salt electrodeposition of thin-layer silicon SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Electrodeposition has been employed to produce crystalline silicon layers 5-50 mu m thick on heavily doped p-type (111) Czochralski Si and polished silver. Growth was also demonstrated for the first time on metallurgical-grade Si. A 50/50 mixture of KF and LiF was used as the solvent and K2SiF6 was the solute. The chemicals were used as received and were only similar to 99% pure. Nonetheless, films were obtained with relatively low impurity levels, demonstrating the self-purification effects of electrodeposition. Films were grown at temperatures ranging from 750 degrees to 850 degrees C, and the best film quality and deposition rates were obtained at 850 degrees C. The film quality was also improved when a dissolving Si anode was used to replenish the Si concentration in the solution. Deposition rates onto (111) Si were higher than those previously reported and were achieved with the use of very low resistivity (0.013 Omega-cm) Si electrodes. The films in this report were deposited at current densities between 10 and 150 mA/cm(2) and as-grown layers were n-type. only -99% pure. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Moore, JT (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 775 EP 778 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654204 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700188 ER PT S AU Kurtz, SR Olson, JM Friedman, DJ Reedy, R AF Kurtz, SR Olson, JM Friedman, DJ Reedy, R GP IEEE TI Effect of front-surface doping on back-surface passivation in Ga0.5In0.5P cells SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB The emitter doping of a solar cell usually affects tt-ie blue response of the cell because the blue light is strongly absorbed at the front of the cell in the emitter layer. However, we show here that changing the identity of the dopant at the front of the cell affects the performance of the back of the cell, sometimes more than tf-ie performance of the front of the cell. Specifically, a highly Zn-doped Ga0.5In0.5P layer makes a good back-surface field in an n-on-p Ga0.5In0.5P cell with Se doping but not when Si doping is used, consistent with the results of Takamoto, et al. During growth of the n-type layers, Zn diffuses up through the cell, piling up at the junction. When Si doping is used, the diffusion is enhanced. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO USA. RP Kurtz, SR (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 819 EP 822 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654213 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700197 ER PT S AU Kurtz, SR Myers, D Olson, JM AF Kurtz, SR Myers, D Olson, JM GP IEEE TI Projected performance of three- and four-junction devices using GaAs and GaInP SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB This paper explores the efficiencies expected for three-and four-junction devices for both space and terrestrial applications. For space applications, the effects of temperature and low concentration are investigated. For terrestrial applications, a concentration of 500 suns is assumed and the theoretical efficiencies are calculated as a function of spectral variations including the effects of air mass, turbidity, and water-vapor content. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Kurtz, SR (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 875 EP 878 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654226 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700210 ER PT S AU Wangensteen, TL Wanlass, MW Carapella, JJ Moutinho, HR Mason, AR Webb, JD Abulfotuh, FA AF Wangensteen, TL Wanlass, MW Carapella, JJ Moutinho, HR Mason, AR Webb, JD Abulfotuh, FA GP IEEE TI Optical characterization of epitaxial GaxIn1-x suitable for thermophotovoltaic (TPV) converters SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB A preliminary investigation of the optical characteristics of GaxIn1-xAs epilayers is presented. GaxIn1-xAs epilayers with x=0.465, 0.400, and 0.277 were prepared by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE) to represent a wide spectrum of TPV converter applications. Ellipsometric measurements, combined with various characterization techniques and multi-layer modeling, are used to extract n(lambda) and k(lambda) for these epilayers. The validity of the results was checked by using the experimentally determined optical constants to calculate expected reflectance, and then comparing this result against measured reflectance. Good agreement was obtained in all cases; larger differences were observed for samples having greater surface roughness. Suggestions for improving the optical constant determination procedure are given. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Wangensteen, TL (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd,MS 3512, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 967 EP 970 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654249 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700233 ER PT S AU Maish, AB Atcitty, C Hester, S Greenberg, D Osborn, D Collier, D Brine, M AF Maish, AB Atcitty, C Hester, S Greenberg, D Osborn, D Collier, D Brine, M GP IEEE TI Photovoltaic system reliability SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB This paper discusses the reliability of several photovoltaic projects including SMUD's PV Pioneer project, various projects monitored by Ascension Technology, and the Colorado Parks project. System times-to-failure range from 1 to 16 years, and maintenance costs range from 1 to 16 cents per kilowatt-hour. Factors contributing to the reliability of these systems are discussed, and practices are recommended that can be applied to future projects. This paper also discusses the methodology used to collect and analyze PV system reliability data. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Maish, AB (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 1049 EP 1054 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654269 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700253 ER PT S AU Rannels, JE AF Rannels, JE GP IEEE TI Market impact of a large-scale PV buildings program SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB This paper explores the rapidly changing solar technologies market and the potential impact of a new Federally sponsored Million Solar Roofs Initiative (MSRI) designed to encourage the domestic market for solar building technologies. Photovoltaic (PV) technology has reached a critical point in its development. Over the course of this decade, the PV industry has experienced tremendous growth through greater technology efficiency, the introduction of new solar technology applications (PV shingles, facades, etc.), and lower production costs. In order to achieve its full commercial potential, significant improvements are still needed along with the removal of existing market barriers. DOE's analysis of the impact of the MSRI indicates that it could significantly reduce the cost of PV technology and improve efficiencies through manufacturing economies of scale, market experience, and industry competition. C1 US DOE, Photovolta & Wind Energy Technol Div, Washington, DC 20585 USA. RP Rannels, JE (reprint author), US DOE, Photovolta & Wind Energy Technol Div, 1000 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20585 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 1061 EP 1065 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654271 PG 5 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700255 ER PT S AU Mitchell, RL Witt, CE Thomas, HP Ruby, DS King, R Aldrich, CC AF Mitchell, RL Witt, CE Thomas, HP Ruby, DS King, R Aldrich, CC GP IEEE TI Progress update on the US photovoltaic manufacturing technology project SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB The Photovoltaic Manufacturing Technology (PVMaT) project is helping the U.S. photovoltaic (PV) industry extend its world leadership role in manufacturing and stimulate the commercial development of PV modules and systems. Initiated in 1990, PVMaT is being carried out in several directed and staggered phases to support industry's continued progress. Thirteen subcontracts awarded in FY 1996 under Phase 4A emphasize improvement; and cost reduction in the manufacture of full-system PV products. Areas of work in Phase 4A included, but were not limited to, issues such as improving module-manufacturing processes; system and system-component packaging, integration, manufacturing, and assembly; product manufacturing flexibility; and balance-of-system development with the goal of product manufacturing improvements. These Phase 4A, product-driven manufacturing research and development (R&D) activities are now completing their second phase. Progress under these Phase 4A and remaining Phase 2B subcontracts from the earlier PVMaT solicitation are summarized in this paper. Evaluations of the success of this project have been carried out in FY 1995 and late FY 1996. This paper examines the 1997 cost/capacity data that have been collected from active PVMaT manufacturers. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Mitchell, RL (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 1073 EP 1076 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654273 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700257 ER PT S AU Gee, JM Garrett, SE Morgan, WP AF Gee, JM Garrett, SE Morgan, WP GP IEEE TI Simplified module assembly using back-contact crystalline-silicon solar cells SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB We are developing new module concepts that encapsulate and electrically connect all the crystalline-silicon (c-Si) photovoltaic (PV) cells in a module in a single step. The new assembly process (1) uses back-contact c-Si cells, (2) uses a module backplane that has both the electrical circuit, encapsulant, and backsheet in a single piece, and (3) uses a single-step process for assembly of these components into a module. This new process reduces module assembly cost by using planar processes that are easy to automate, by reducing the number of steps, and by eliminating low-throughput (e.g., individual cell tabbing, cell stringing, etc.) steps. We refer to this process as "monolithic module assembly" since it translates many of the advantages of monolithic module construction of thin-film PV modules to wafered c-Si PV modules. Preliminary development of the new module assembly process, and some estimations of the cost potential of the new process, are presented. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Photovolta Syst Components Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Gee, JM (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Photovolta Syst Components Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 1085 EP 1088 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654276 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700260 ER PT S AU Pern, FJ Glick, SH AF Pern, FJ Glick, SH GP IEEE TI Improved photostability of NREL-developed EVA pottant formulations for PV module encapsulation SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Several new formulations of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)-based encapsulant have been developed at NREL and have greatly improved photostability against UV-induced discoloration. The new EVA formulations use stabilizers and a curing agent entirely different from any of those used in existing formulations known to us. No discoloration was observed for the laminated and cured samples that were exposed to a similar to 5-sun UV light (300-400 nm) from a solar simulator at a black panel temperature (BPT) of 44 degrees+/-2 degrees C for similar to 3250 h followed by at 85 degrees C for similar to 850 h, an equivalent of approximately similar to 9.4 years for an average 6-h daily, 1-sun solar exposure in Golden, Colorado. Under the same conditions, substantial discoloration and premature delamination were observed for two commercial EVA formulations. Encapsulation with the new EVA formulations should extend the longterm stability for PV modules in the field, especially when coupled with UV-filtering, Ce-containing glass superstrates. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Ctr Performance Engn & Reliabil, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Pern, FJ (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Ctr Performance Engn & Reliabil, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 1089 EP 1092 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654277 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700261 ER PT S AU Bower, W Thomas, H Kroposki, B Bonn, R Hund, T AF Bower, W Thomas, H Kroposki, B Bonn, R Hund, T GP IEEE TI Balance-of-system improvements for photovoltaic applications resulting from the PVMaT phase 4A1 program SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB The Photovoltaic Manufacturing Technology Program (PVMaT) began in 1990 as a cost-shared partnership among the photovoltaic industry and the Unites States National Photovoltaic Program. It has been conducted in several phases that were staggered to support technology evolution in the industry. Phase 4A goals broadened the scope of PVMaT resulting in a proposal solicitation that was divided into two parts: (1) Phase 4A1- Product-Driven System and Component Technology - with goals to improve system integration, improve component efficiency, and support manufacturing and system or component integration to bring together all elements for a PV product and (2) Phase 4A2- Product-Driven PV Module Manufacturing Technology - which addressed PV ii cell and module manufacturing to maximize the flexibility of applications and to reduce costs for PV products. Of the thirteen awards made in Phase 4A, eight were in 4A1 Developments through these subcontracts include advanced system integration, new and innovative inverter products for a broad range of PV applications, and product modifications intended to result in improved reliability and reduced manufacturing costs. This paper summarizes the research, development and progress under phase 4A1. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Bower, W (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 1093 EP 1096 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654278 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700262 ER PT S AU King, DL Kratochvil, JA Boyson, WE AF King, DL Kratochvil, JA Boyson, WE GP IEEE TI Measuring solar spectral and angle-of-incidence effects on photovoltaic modules and solar irradiance sensors SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Historically, two time-of-day dependent factors have complicated the characterization of photovoltaic module and array performance; namely, changes in the solar spectrum over the day and optical effects in the module that vary with the solar angle-of-incidence. This paper describes straightforward methods for directly measuring the effects of these two factors. Measured results for commercial modules, as well as for typical solar irradiance sensors (pyranometers) are provided. The empirical relationships obtained from the measurements can be used to improve the methods used for system design, verification of performance after installation, and diagnostic monitoring of performance during operation. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87123 USA. RP King, DL (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87123 USA. NR 0 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 1113 EP 1116 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654283 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700267 ER PT S AU King, DE Pern, FJ Pitts, JR Bingham, CE Czanderna, AW AF King, DE Pern, FJ Pitts, JR Bingham, CE Czanderna, AW GP IEEE TI Optical changes in cerium-containing glass as a result of accelerated exposure testing SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB The purpose of this paper is to report changes in the optical transmission spectrum (solarization) of commercial low-iron cerium containing glass (CG). UV absorption by CG has been shown to reduce yellowing rates of EVA polymeric pottants in PV modules resulting from UV radiation. Absorption and fluorescence spectra of CG change with exposure to UV light in the glass matrix. Solarization of CG could cause changes in the glass transmission that may result in changes in the UV protection and the efficiency of the module. We are studying the solarization of glasses in a variety of accelerated light exposure chambers at intensities ranging from 1 to more than 1000 suns. Measurements made at various stages of the accelerated exposure tests are presented. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Ctr Performance Engn & Reliabil, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP King, DE (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Ctr Performance Engn & Reliabil, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 1117 EP 1120 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654284 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700268 ER PT S AU King, DL Hansen, BR Kratochvil, JA Quintana, MA AF King, DL Hansen, BR Kratochvil, JA Quintana, MA GP IEEE TI Dark current-voltage measurements on photovoltaic modules as a diagnostic or manufacturing tool SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Dark current-voltage (dark I-V) measurements are commonly used to analyze the electrical characteristics of solar cells, providing an effective way to determine fundamental performance parameters without the need for a solar simulator. The dark I-V measurement procedure does not provide information regarding short-circuit current, but is more sensitive than light I-V measurements in determining the other parameters (series resistance, shunt resistance, diode factor, and diode saturation currents) that dictate the electrical performance of a photovoltaic device. The work documented here extends the use of dark I-V measurements to photovoltaic modules, illustrates their use in diagnosing module performance losses, and proposes their use for process monitoring during manufacturing. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87123 USA. RP King, DL (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87123 USA. NR 0 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 1125 EP 1128 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654286 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700270 ER PT S AU King, DL Kratochvil, JA Boyson, WE AF King, DL Kratochvil, JA Boyson, WE GP IEEE TI Temperature coefficients for PV modules and arrays: Measurement methods, difficulties, and results SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB The term "temperature coefficient" has been applied to several different photovoltaic performance parameters, including voltage, current, and power. The procedures for measuring the coefficient(s) for modules and arrays are not yet standardized, and systematic influences are common in the test methods used to measure them. There are also misconceptions regarding their application. Yet, temperature coefficients, however obtained, play an important role in PV system design and sizing, where often the worst case operating condition dictates the array size. This paper describes effective methods for determining temperature coefficients for cells, modules, and arrays; identifies sources of systematic errors in measurements; gives typical measured values for modules; and provides guidance for their application in system engineering. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP King, DL (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 1183 EP 1186 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654300 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700284 ER PT S AU del Cueto, JA McMahon, TJ AF del Cueto, JA McMahon, TJ GP IEEE TI Performance of single-junction a-Si modules under varying conditions in the field SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB We report on the actual performance of large-area photovoltaic (PV) modules deployed outdoors, which are representative of single-junction amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin-film technology. They are part of the performance and energy-ratings testbed (PERT) at the Outdoor Test Facility (OTF) and are under continuous measurement and load conditions, as executed by a data acquisition system (DAS). The goals are to analyze and compare energy production and performance for various PV technologies deployed in actual field conditions and to validate the PV energy-ratings methodology being developed for modules. For single-junction a-Si, we found the effective efficiency is very similar to that measured at standard conditions. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP del Cueto, JA (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 1205 EP 1208 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654305 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700289 ER PT S AU Osterwald, CR Anevsky, S Barua, AK Chaudhuri, P Dubard, J Emery, K Hansen, B King, D Metzdorf, J Nagamine, F Shimokawa, R Wang, YX Wittchen, T Zaaiman, W Zastrow, A Zhang, J AF Osterwald, CR Anevsky, S Barua, AK Chaudhuri, P Dubard, J Emery, K Hansen, B King, D Metzdorf, J Nagamine, F Shimokawa, R Wang, YX Wittchen, T Zaaiman, W Zastrow, A Zhang, J GP IEEE TI The World Photovoltaic Scale: An international reference cell calibration program SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB This paper presents an overview of the World Photovoltaic Scale (WPVS) international reference cell calibration program. The WPVS provides a scale for PV performance measurements that has been established through round-robin calibration of a group of primary reference cells and is traceable to Systeme International (SI) units. Procedures for recalibration of the reference cell group have been recently devised, along with procedures for admittance and calibration of new reference cells. A reference cell package has been designed that meets the unique needs of the WPVS. It is hoped that the existing WPVS group will eventually be replaced with cells of the new design that have passed an acceptance test procedure. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Osterwald, CR (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 1209 EP 1212 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654306 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700290 ER PT S AU Bower, W Wiles, JC AF Bower, W Wiles, JC GP IEEE TI Photovoltaic industry proposed changes for the 1999 National Electrical Code for PV Applications SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB An industry supported task group has recently written and submitted proposals for changes to bring Article 690 of the 1999 National Electrical Code(R) (NEC(R)) UP to the state-of-the-art in photovoltaic (PV) device and system technology [1]. This paper summarizes the proposed code changes, discusses background on bath new and changed code text, and presents examples and analysis of three proposed changes. Topics such as the proposed new temperature compensation table for calculating maximum system voltage are analyzed. Requirements for calculating PV array currents used to size conductors using the proposed changes are presented. Impacts on PV installations, building integrated systems, and AC module installations are reviewed and coordination with other standards writing is discussed. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Bower, W (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 1237 EP 1242 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654312 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700296 ER PT S AU Stone, JL Ullal, HS Sastry, EVR AF Stone, JL Ullal, HS Sastry, EVR GP IEEE TI The Indo-US cooperative photovoltaic project SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB A cooperative program was established in 1993 by the governments of India and the United States. The 50-50 cost share project funded $500,000 of PV systems for home lighting, water pumping, battery charging, and vaccine refrigeration systems in the Sundarbans region of West Bengal, India. The project was designed as a sustainable rural economic development initiative with the Ramakrishna Mission, a well-respected humanitarian non-government organization (NGO) in this remote area of India. Special attention was paid to building an infrastructure for financing, installing, and maintaining the PV systems. A before-and-after impact study on the beneficiaries is being done. Lessons learned to date are presented along with details of the installed systems. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Stone, JL (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 1273 EP 1275 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654320 PG 3 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700304 ER PT S AU Wallace, WL Tsuo, YS AF Wallace, WL Tsuo, YS GP IEEE TI Photovoltaics for rural electrification in the People's Republic of China SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Rapid growth in economic development, coupled with the absence of an electric grid in large areas of the rural countryside, has created a need for new energy sources both in urban centers and rural areas in China. The most critical need for rural electrification exists in northern and western China, where 80 million people had no access to grid electricity at the end of 1995. In February 1995, the U.S. Department of Energy signed an Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Protocol Agreement with the Chinese State Science and Technology Commission in Beijing. Under this agreement, NREL is providing assistance to several central government and provincial government agencies in China to develop photovoltaic and photovoltaic hybrid applications for rural electrification. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Wallace, WL (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 1277 EP 1280 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654321 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700305 ER PT S AU Hund, TD Thompson, B AF Hund, TD Thompson, B GP IEEE TI AMP-hour counting charge control for photovoltaic hybrid power systems SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB An amp-hour counting battery charge control algorithm has been defined and tested using the Digital Solar Technologies MPR-9400 microprocessor based photovoltaic hybrid charge controller. This work included extensive laboratory and field testing of the charge algorithm on vented lead-antimony and valve regulated lead-acid batteries. The test results have shown that with proper setup amp-hour counting charge control is more effective than conventional voltage regulated sub-array shedding in returning the lead-acid battery to a high state of charge. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Hund, TD (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 1281 EP 1284 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654322 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700306 ER PT S AU King, DL Myers, DR AF King, DL Myers, DR GP IEEE TI Silicon-photodiode pyranometers: Operational characteristics, historical experiences, and new calibration procedures SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Small, low-cost, silicon-photodiode pyranometers are now widely used for solar irradiance measurements associated with solar thermal and photovoltaic power systems, as well as for agricultural applications, Without correction, the irradiance values indicated by these pyranometers may differ from the "true" broadband solar irradiance by over 10%. This paper identifies the time-of-day dependent factors responsible for these systematic errors, and describes new procedures that effectively compensate for the systematic influences. Application of the procedures should improve calibration methods and the accuracy of field measurements. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP King, DL (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 1285 EP 1288 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654323 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700307 ER PT S AU Kroposki, B Hansen, R AF Kroposki, B Hansen, R GP IEEE TI Technical evaluation of four amorphous silicon systems at NREL SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE TWENTY SIXTH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 1997 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has been studying the performance of small grid-tied systems since 1992. These 1 to 2 kW(ac) systems are designed to conduct in-situ technical evaluations of the PV arrays in a high voltage configuration. This paper will concentrate on the performance and reliability of four amorphous silicon systems currently being tested in Golden, Colorado. TI-le four systems include arrays from United Solar Systems Corp., Solarex, and Advanced Photovoltaic Systems. Each of these systems is tied to the grid with an Omnion inverter. The data show that most systems employing amorphous silicon exhibit stable performance over time and are viable for commercial scale up to larger systems. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Kroposki, B (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-3767-0 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 1997 BP 1357 EP 1360 DI 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654342 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK48M UT WOS:000072313700325 ER PT S AU Hui, FYC Eres, G AF Hui, FYC Eres, G BE Prokes, SM Glembocki, OJ Brierley, SK Gibson, JM Woodall, JM TI Advanced lithography for nanofabrication SO CONTROL OF SEMICONDUCTOR SURFACES AND INTERFACES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Control of Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces, at the 1996 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-05, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB A novel method for generating lateral features by patterning the naturally forming surface hydride layer on Si is described. Because of the relatively strong chemical bonding between silicon and hydrogen, the hydride layer acts as a robust passivation layer with essentially zero surface mobility at ordinary temperatures. A focused electron beam from a scanning electron microscope was used for patterning. Upon losing the hydrogen passivation the silicon surface sites become highly reactive. Ideally, the lifetime of such a pattern in a clean environment should be infinite. Deliberate exposure of the entire wafer to a suitable gas phase precursor results in selective area film growth on the depassivated pattern. Linewidths and feature sizes of silicon dioxide on silicon below 100 nm were achieved upon exposure to air. The silicon dioxide is robust and allows effective pattern transfer by anisotropic wet-chemical etching. In this paper, the mechanism of hydrogen desorption and subsequent pattern formation, and the factors that govern the ultimate pattern resolution will be discussed. RP Hui, FYC (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV SOLID STATE,POB 2008,BLDG 3150,MS 6056,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. RI Eres, Gyula/C-4656-2017 OI Eres, Gyula/0000-0003-2690-5214 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-352-5 J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 448 BP 57 EP 62 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BJ32K UT WOS:A1997BJ32K00009 ER PT S AU Ashby, CIH Sullivan, JP Newcomer, PP Missert, NA Hou, HQ Hammons, BE Hafich, MJ Baca, AG AF Ashby, CIH Sullivan, JP Newcomer, PP Missert, NA Hou, HQ Hammons, BE Hafich, MJ Baca, AG BE Prokes, SM Glembocki, OJ Brierley, SK Gibson, JM Woodall, JM TI Interfacial arsenic from wet oxidation of AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs: Its effects on electronic properties and new approaches to MIS device fabrication SO CONTROL OF SEMICONDUCTOR SURFACES AND INTERFACES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Control of Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces, at the 1996 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-05, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Three important oxidation regimes have been identified in the temporal evolution of the wet thermal oxidation of AlxGa1-xAs (1 greater than or equal to x greater than or equal to 0.90) on GaAs: 1) oxidation of Al and Ga in the Al,Gal.,As alloy to form an amorphous oxide layer, 2) oxidative formation and elimination of elemental As (both crystalline and amorphous) and of amorphous As2O3, and 3) crystallization of the oxide film. Residual As can result in up to a 100-fold increase in leakage current and a 30% increase in the dielectric constant and produce strong Fermi-level pinning and high leakage currents at the oxidized AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs interface. The presence of thermodynamically-favored interfacial As may impose a fundamental limitation on the application of AlGaAs wet oxidation for achieving MIS devices in the GaAs material system. RP Ashby, CIH (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-352-5 J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 448 BP 285 EP 290 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BJ32K UT WOS:A1997BJ32K00043 ER PT S AU Twesten, RD Follstaedt, DM Choquette, KD AF Twesten, RD Follstaedt, DM Choquette, KD BE Prokes, SM Glembocki, OJ Brierley, SK Gibson, JM Woodall, JM TI Microstructure and interfacial properties of laterally oxidized AlxGa1-xAs SO CONTROL OF SEMICONDUCTOR SURFACES AND INTERFACES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Control of Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces, at the 1996 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-05, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB The oxidation of high Al content AlxGa1-xAs has received much attention due to its use in oxide-aperture, vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) and for passivating AlAs against environmental degradation. We have recently identified the spinel, gamma phase of Al2O3 in layers laterally oxidized in steam at 450 degrees C for x=0.98 & 0.92 and have seen evidence for an amorphous precursor to the gamma phase. At the interface with the unoxidized AlxGa1-xAs, an similar to 17nm amorphous phase remains which could account for the excellent electrical properties of oxide-confined VCSELs and help reduce stress concentrations at the oxide terminus. RP Twesten, RD (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-352-5 J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 448 BP 291 EP 296 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BJ32K UT WOS:A1997BJ32K00044 ER PT S AU Yala, S Montano, PA AF Yala, S Montano, PA BE Prokes, SM Glembocki, OJ Brierley, SK Gibson, JM Woodall, JM TI HRLEED and STM study of misoriented Si(100) with and without a Te overlayer SO CONTROL OF SEMICONDUCTOR SURFACES AND INTERFACES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Control of Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces, at the 1996 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-05, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB The growth of high quality Te on misoriented Si(100) is important as an intermediate phase for epitaxial growth of CdTe. The misorientation angle plays a key role in the growth quality of CdTe/Si(100); this incited our curiosity to investigate the effect of the misorientation angle on the topography of the surface structure of Si(100). Our main goal is to show the relation between the misorientation angle, the terrace width and the step height distributions. HRLEED (High Resolution Low Energy Electron Diffraction) provides information in reciprocal space while STM gives real space topographic images of the surface structure. STM and HRLEED measurements were performed on Si(100) with misorientation angle theta = 0.5 degrees, 1.5 degrees and 8 degrees towards the [110] direction and theta = 4 degrees towards the [130] direction. Except for the 8 degrees misorientation in which case a regular step array with diatomic step height was observed, for the other misorientations the terrace width was variable. The average terrace width decreased with increasing misorientation angle. A mixture of diatomic and monatomic step heights was observed on the 0.5 degrees and 1.5 degrees misoriented Si(100) samples. It proves that one can not assume purely monatomic step height for low misorientation angles. Our results do not agree with the belief that at low miscut angle A and B terraces are equal and that as the misorientation angle increases the B terrace tends to be wider than the A terrace. In fact, pairing of terraces was not observed at all. Te was deposited at a substrate temperature of 200 C. We observed a significant reduction in the terrace widths for all miscut angles. RP Yala, S (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV MAT SCI,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-352-5 J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 448 BP 353 EP 358 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BJ32K UT WOS:A1997BJ32K00054 ER PT S AU Wampler, WR AF Wampler, WR BE Prokes, SM Glembocki, OJ Brierley, SK Gibson, JM Woodall, JM TI Segregation of copper to (100) and (111) silicon surfaces in equilibrium with internal Cu3Si precipitates SO CONTROL OF SEMICONDUCTOR SURFACES AND INTERFACES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Control of Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces, at the 1996 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-05, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB The energetics of copper segregation to silicon surfaces were examined by measuring the Cu coverage after equilibration between Cu on the surface and internal Cu3Si, for which the Cu chemical potential is known. For oxide-free surfaces the Cu coverage was close to one monolayer on (111) surfaces but was much smaller on (100) surfaces. The Cu coverage was greatly reduced by oxide passivation of the surface. LEED showed the 7x7 structure of the clean (111) silicon surface converted to a quasiperiodic 5x5 structure after equilibrating with Cu3Si. The 2x1 LEED patterns for (100) surfaces indicated no change in surface structure due to the Cu3Si. These results show that the free energy of copper in Cu3Si is higher than that of copper on (111) surfaces but lower than that of copper on (100) surfaces. RP Wampler, WR (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-352-5 J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 448 BP 371 EP 376 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BJ32K UT WOS:A1997BJ32K00057 ER PT B AU Cummings, MA Coogan, J AF Cummings, MA Coogan, J GP INST CHEM ENGINEERS INST CHEM ENGINEERS TI Cost effectiveness of silent discharge plasma for point-of-use voc emissions control in semiconductor fabrication SO CONTROLLING INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS - PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE SE INSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Controlling Industrial Emissions - Practical Experience CY NOV 03-04, 1997 CL COMMONWEALTH INST, LONDON, ENGLAND SP Inst Chem Engineers, Inst Mech Engineers, Inst Energy, Inst Phys, Natl Soc Clean Air HO COMMONWEALTH INST DE non-thermal plasma; free radical; semiconductor manufacturing; VOCs; point-of-use AB Extensive research into the treatment and control of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from semiconductor industry manufacturing processes has identified the need for alternatives to existing combustion devices. The Silent Discharge Plasma (SDP) developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory is a nonthermal plasma technology designed to destroy gas-phase pollutants for specific point-of-use (POU) waste streams associated with a particular semiconductor component or manufacturing tool. The potential application of SDP equipment was explored during a pilot test at a Texas instruments chip fabrication plant. Based on cost and performance data from the test results SDP could easily be installed in niche circumstances for point-of-use (POU) emissions control of VOCs from lithotrack tools. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Cummings, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663,MS F604, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI RUGBY PA GEORGE E DAVIS BLDG, 165-171 RAILWAY TERRACE, RUGBY CV21 3HQ, ENGLAND BN 0-85295-397-6 J9 INST CHEM E PY 1997 IS 143 BP 179 EP 186 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA BK29H UT WOS:000071683100019 ER PT S AU Koch, V AF Koch, V BE Harakeh, MN Koch, JH Scholten, O TI Chiral symmetry and its restoration in relativistic heavy-ion collisions SO CORRELATIONS AND CLUSTERING PHENOMENA IN SUBATOMIC PHYSICS SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES B, PHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Study Institute on Correlations and Clustering Phenomena in Subatomic Physics CY AUG 05-16, 1996 CL DRONTEN, NETHERLANDS SP NATO RP Koch, V (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0258-1221 BN 0-306-45612-5 J9 NATO ADV SCI I B-PHY PY 1997 VL 359 BP 179 EP 211 PG 33 WC Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BJ39Y UT WOS:A1997BJ39Y00008 ER PT S AU Smoot, GF AF Smoot, GF BE Lineweaver, CH Bartlett, JG Blanchard, A Signore, M Silk, J TI The CMB anisotropy experiments - Cosmic microwave background SO COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES C, MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Cosmological Background Radiation CY MAY 27-JUN 07, 1996 CL STRASBOURG, FRANCE SP NATO Adv Study Inst, NATO Sci Comm AB Anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) encode information about the evolution and development of the Universe. It is understood that quality observations of the CMB anisotropies can provide a very strong test of cosmological models and provide high precision measurements of major cosmological parameters. This paper provides a review of the COBE DMR results, the current status of the measurements of the CMB anisotropy power spectrum and then focuses on the programs that are likely to provide additional results including both suborbital observations and the two selected satellite missions: the NASA MidEX mission MAP and the ESA M3 mission Max Planck Surveyor (formerly COBRAS/SAMBA). This review includes both a description of the experimental programs and the expected quality level of results. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Smoot, GF (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0258-2023 BN 0-7923-4815-X J9 NATO ADV SCI I C-MAT PY 1997 VL 502 BP 185 EP 240 PG 56 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BL41J UT WOS:000075434900006 ER PT S AU Smoot, GF AF Smoot, GF BE Lineweaver, CH Bartlett, JG Blanchard, A Signore, M Silk, J TI The CMB spectrum - Cosmic microwave background SO COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES C, MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Cosmological Background Radiation CY MAY 27-JUN 07, 1996 CL STRASBOURG, FRANCE SP NATO Adv Study Inst, NATO Sci Comm C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Smoot, GF (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0258-2023 BN 0-7923-4815-X J9 NATO ADV SCI I C-MAT PY 1997 VL 502 BP 271 EP 308 PG 38 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BL41J UT WOS:000075434900008 ER PT B AU Kueck, JD AF Kueck, JD BE Pusey, HC Pusey, SC TI Motor systems management SO CRITICAL LINK: DIAGNOSIS TO PROGNOSIS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference of the 51st Meeting of the SMFPT / 12th Biennial Conference on Reliability, Stress Analysis and Failure Prevention (RSAFP Committe of ASME) CY APR 14-18, 1997 CL VIRGINIA BEACH, VA SP Soc Machinery Failure Prevent Technol, ASME, RSAFP Comm DE condition monitoring; diagnostics; efficiency; failure; motors AB Motor efficiency and lifetime are often compromised when motors are applied without an understanding of motor rating and the requirements of the driven equipment. Simple measurements may be used to estimate a motor's efficiency and to perform cost benefit analysis for motor replacement. Motor Master Plus is an invaluable tool for this estimation and analysis. Variable speed drives can provide truly remarkable energy savings, and their application and some potential concerns are discussed. A study of a data base of motor failures has provided some interesting trends. Motor failures tend to be predominantly bearing related, with stator failure second, and other failures relatively insignificant. Incipient bearing failures are generally best detected with vibration analysis, but there are some very interesting new technologies for detecting stator condition on line. Some of the conventional stator checks, such as a megger test, are sometimes of little value. An electrical distribution system tune up can pay big dividends in ensuring optimum motor performance and reliability. Measurements can be made with relatively inexpensive instruments, and major problems are often lurking undetected. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Kueck, JD (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2009, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOCIETY MACHINERY FAILURE PREVENTION TECHNOLOGY PI HAYMARKET PA 4193 SUDLEY RD, HAYMARKET, VA 20169-2420 USA PY 1997 BP 683 EP 692 PG 10 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BK29G UT WOS:000071682900068 ER PT J AU Jepma, CJ Nilsson, S Amano, M Bonduki, Y Lonnstedt, L Sathaye, J Wilson, T AF Jepma, CJ Nilsson, S Amano, M Bonduki, Y Lonnstedt, L Sathaye, J Wilson, T TI Carbon sequestration and sustainable forest management: Common aspects and assessment procedures SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Economics of Carbon Sequestration in Forestry CY MAY 15-19, 1995 CL BERGENDAL, SWEDEN C1 Univ Groningen, Dept Econ, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands. Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, Forest Resources Project, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst, Ibaraki, Osaka 305, Japan. Torre Oeste Parque Cent, Venezuelan Case Study Address Climate Change, Caracas, Venezuela. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Econ, S-90183 Umea, Sweden. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Elect Power Res Inst, Palo Alto, CA 94333 USA. RP Jepma, CJ (reprint author), Univ Groningen, Dept Econ, WSN Bldg POB 800, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1064-3389 J9 CRIT REV ENV SCI TEC JI Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 27 SI SI BP S83 EP S96 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YT299 UT WOS:000071586800006 ER PT J AU Marland, G Schlamadinger, B Leiby, P AF Marland, G Schlamadinger, B Leiby, P TI Forest/biomass based mitigation strategies: Does the timing of carbon reductions matter? SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Economics of Carbon Sequestration in Forestry CY MAY 15-19, 1995 CL BERGENDAL, SWEDEN DE forest management; carbon reductions; emissions reduction ID ENERGY; FORESTS AB Many of the strategies proposed for using forest managememt to mitigate the increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2 are characterized by C emissions reductions which are not uniform over time. A simple model of the carbon budgets of different forest management schemes illustrates the possibilities and poses the question whether the timing of emissions reductions matters. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Joanneum Res, A-8010 Grar, Austria. RP Marland, G (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1064-3389 J9 CRIT REV ENV SCI TEC JI Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 27 SI SI BP S213 EP S226 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YT299 UT WOS:000071586800016 ER PT J AU Richards, K AF Richards, K TI Coercion and enterprise in the provision of environmental public goods: The case of carbon sequestration in the united states SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Economics of Carbon Sequestration in Forestry CY MAY 15-19, 1995 CL BERGENDAL, SWEDEN DE climate change; carbon sequestration; policy instruments; taxes; marketable allowances; regulation; contracts; subsidies; government production AB Current discussions of greenhouse gas abatement strategies have focussed on the use of carbon taxes and marketable allowance schemes. Implementation of a large-scale carbon sequestration program in the United States will require broadening the scope of the instruments under consideration to include contracts, subsidies, command and control regulation and direct government production. This paper develops a taxonomy for these instruments, examines the factors that affect their relative attractiveness, and applies that analysis to carbon sequestration in the United States. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Washington, DC 20024 USA. RP Richards, K (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, 901 D St SW, Washington, DC 20024 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1064-3389 J9 CRIT REV ENV SCI TEC JI Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 27 SI SI BP S293 EP S307 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YT299 UT WOS:000071586800022 ER PT J AU Richards, KR AF Richards, KR TI The time value of carbon in bottom-up studies SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Economics of Carbon Sequestration in Forestry CY MAY 15-19, 1995 CL BERGENDAL, SWEDEN DE carbon dioxide; cost-effectiveness; discounting; dynamic optimization; sequestration AB In many climate change mitigation cost-effectiveness studies that do not develop endogenous shadow prices for the value of carbon it is necessary to determine the time value of reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. This paper examines the implications for the time value of carbon of exogenously specifying (2) the path of marginal damages over time, (2) the path of emissions over time, and (3) that the emissions path follow an optimal trajectory over time. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Washington, DC 20024 USA. RP Richards, KR (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, 901 D St SW, Washington, DC 20024 USA. NR 3 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1064-3389 J9 CRIT REV ENV SCI TEC JI Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 27 SI SI BP S279 EP S292 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YT299 UT WOS:000071586800021 ER PT J AU Richards, KR Alig, R Kinsman, JD Palo, M Sohngen, B AF Richards, KR Alig, R Kinsman, JD Palo, M Sohngen, B TI Consideration of country and forestry/land-use characteristics in choosing forestry instruments to achieve climate mitigation goals SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Economics of Carbon Sequestration in Forestry CY MAY 15-19, 1995 CL BERGENDAL, SWEDEN DE carbon sequestration; policy instruments; land use; forestry ID CARBON AB To implement effective carbon sequestration policies policymakers must analyze key characteristics of the country (geographic, institutional, economic, and infrastructural factors) and forestry and land-use practices (the degree of risk associated with investment, the relative difficulty in measuring Sequestration, and the degree of discretion allowed). Without careful analysis of this type, policies may have unintended negative effects. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Washington, DC USA. US Forest Serv, Dept Agr, Corvallis, OR USA. Edison Elect Inst, Washington, DC USA. Yale Univ, New Haven, CT USA. RP Richards, KR (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, Washington, DC USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1064-3389 J9 CRIT REV ENV SCI TEC JI Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 27 SI SI BP S47 EP S64 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YT299 UT WOS:000071586800004 ER PT J AU van Kooten, GC Grainger, A Ley, E Marland, G Solberg, B AF van Kooten, GC Grainger, A Ley, E Marland, G Solberg, B TI Conceptual issues related to carbon sequestration: Uncertainty and time SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Economics of Carbon Sequestration in Forestry CY MAY 15-19, 1995 CL BERGENDAL, SWEDEN DE optimal control of carbon sequestration; forest economics; nonmarket values; political and distributional aspects of climate change. ID CO2 AB Global climate change is about uncertainty related to ecological and economic processes, and political responses. It is about fairness and income distribution among nations, both now and in the future. It is a dynamic problem that involves national carbon transition functions, damage functions and discount rates. These issues form the basis of the current paper, which examines them from a conceptual point of view. C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Agr Econ, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Fac Forestry, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada. Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Resources Future Inc, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Oakridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. European Forest Inst, Joensuu, Finland. RP van Kooten, GC (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Agr Econ, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. NR 24 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1064-3389 J9 CRIT REV ENV SCI TEC JI Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 27 SI SI BP S65 EP S82 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YT299 UT WOS:000071586800005 ER PT J AU Chason, E Mayer, TM AF Chason, E Mayer, TM TI Thin film and surface characterization by specular X-ray reflectivity SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN SOLID STATE AND MATERIALS SCIENCES LA English DT Review DE thin film; specular X-ray reflectivity; electron density profiles; surface morphology ID LIQUID-VAPOR INTERFACE; SPECTROSCOPIC IMMERSION ELLIPSOMETRY; LAYERED SYNTHETIC MICROSTRUCTURES; PERPENDICULAR MAGNETIC-ANISOTROPY; GROWTH TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPE; GIANT-MAGNETORESISTANCE; ION-BOMBARDMENT; EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET; MULTILAYER MIRRORS AB We review the use of specular X-ray reflectivity (XRR) for the characterization of thin-film and surface structures. Specular X-ray scattering at small scattering vectors allows characterization of electron density profiles perpendicular to the surface on the length scale of 0.1 to 100 nm. This allows measurement of surface morphology, thin films, multilayer structures, and buried interfaces. The technique is nondestructive and can be applied in situ in a variety of processing environments. In the first half of the article, we review the theory and methods of XRR, including analysis of XRR spectra by a multilayer optical approach and a discussion of surface roughness measurements by XRR and other techniques. In the second half, we present a wide range of examples of XRR applications in thin-film structures, dynamic processes, liquid surfaces, and macromolecular structures. RP SANDIA NATL LABS, DEPT 1112, M51415, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87185 USA. NR 205 TC 141 Z9 142 U1 11 U2 97 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1040-8436 EI 1547-6561 J9 CRIT REV SOLID STATE JI Crit. Rev. Solid State Mat. Sci. PY 1997 VL 22 IS 1 BP 1 EP 67 DI 10.1080/10408439708241258 PG 67 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA WR066 UT WOS:A1997WR06600001 ER PT B AU Pecharsky, VK Gschneidner, KA McCallum, RW Dennis, KW AF Pecharsky, VK Gschneidner, KA McCallum, RW Dennis, KW BE Ross, RG TI Influence of allaying on the behavior and properties of Er3Ni SO CRYOCOOLERS 9 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Cryocooler Conference CY JUN 25-27, 1996 CL WATERVILLE VALLEY, NH SP Int Cryocooler Conf Board AB A study on processing and alloying of the passive magnetic regenerator material Er3Ni revealed that the cooling rates of the order of 10(6) K/sec are insufficient to quench it into a glassy state. Small additions of Ti (as low as 0.5 at.%) make it possible to quench the alloys into a partially amorphous state, which leads to an improved ductility and the possibility of being able to process this brittle low temperature regenerator material into ribbons and/or wire mesh. Even though the crystalline Er-3(Ni1-xTix) shows practically no improvement nor deterioration in the low temperature volumetric heat capacity, the partially amorphous alloys are inferior to that of the crystalline alloy. RP Pecharsky, VK (reprint author), US DOE,AMES LAB,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45511-0 PY 1997 BP 663 EP 668 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering; Thermodynamics GA BJ05L UT WOS:A1997BJ05L00075 ER PT B AU Gschneidner, KA Pecharsky, VK Osborne, MG Moorman, JO Anderson, IE Pasker, D Eastwood, ML AF Gschneidner, KA Pecharsky, VK Osborne, MG Moorman, JO Anderson, IE Pasker, D Eastwood, ML BE Ross, RG TI Processing and testing of the low-temperature stage Er6Ni2Sn cryogenic regenerator alloy SO CRYOCOOLERS 9 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Cryocooler Conference CY JUN 25-27, 1996 CL WATERVILLE VALLEY, NH SP Int Cryocooler Conf Board AB Low temperature heat capacity measurements have shown that Er6Ni2Sn might be a useful low temperature, <20 K, cryocooler regenerator material. Here we report on (1) our efforts to prepare small particles for use in Gifford-McMahon (GM) cryocoolers, and (2) the initial test results using Er6Ni2Sn in the low temperature stage of a GM displacer. Replacement of some of the Nd spheres by Er6Ni2Sn in the second stage achieved a modest improvement in the no load temperature of similar to 0.5 K over the all-Nd second stage. RP Gschneidner, KA (reprint author), US DOE,AMES LAB,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45511-0 PY 1997 BP 669 EP 674 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering; Thermodynamics GA BJ05L UT WOS:A1997BJ05L00076 ER PT B AU Epstein, RI Edwards, BC Mungan, CE Buchwald, MI AF Epstein, RI Edwards, BC Mungan, CE Buchwald, MI BE Ross, RG TI The Los Alamos solid-state optical refrigerator SO CRYOCOOLERS 9 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Cryocooler Conference CY JUN 25-27, 1996 CL WATERVILLE VALLEY, NH SP Int Cryocooler Conf Board AB Optical refrigeration may provide the physical basis for solid-state cryocooling. Devices based on this physics would be vibrationless, compact, and free of electromagnetic interference. Having no moving parts and being pumped by a diode lasers, optical refrigerators would be rugged with operating lifetimes of years. Experiments at Los Alamos National Laboratory have demonstrated the basic physical principles of optical refrigeration.(1) Design studies suggest that optical refrigerators with efficiencies comparable to other small cryocoolers should be realizable with existing technologies.(2) RP Epstein, RI (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45511-0 PY 1997 BP 681 EP 686 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering; Thermodynamics GA BJ05L UT WOS:A1997BJ05L00078 ER PT B AU Prenger, FC Hill, DD Daney, DE Daugherty, MA Green, GF Chafe, J Heiberger, M Langhorn, A AF Prenger, FC Hill, DD Daney, DE Daugherty, MA Green, GF Chafe, J Heiberger, M Langhorn, A BE Ross, RG TI Heat pipes for enhanced cooldown of cryogenic systems SO CRYOCOOLERS 9 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Cryocooler Conference CY JUN 25-27, 1996 CL WATERVILLE VALLEY, NH SP Int Cryocooler Conf Board AB In many important cryogenic applications the use of liquid cryogens for system cooling are either not feasible or are unsuitable. In such cases a cryogenic refrigeration system or multi stage cryocooler must be employed to provide the necessary cooling. To shorten cooldown time for such a system, especially if the thermal mass is large, a thermal shunt directly connecting the first stage of the cryocooler to the load during cooldown is desirable. This thermal shunt allows effective utilization of the greater cooling power available from the first stage of the cryocooler early in the cooldown. Upon reaching operating temperature, the thermal shunt must exhibit a high resistance to thermally isolate the first stage of the cryocooler from the load. Heat pipes are well suited to achieve these objectives. The Advanced Lightweight Influence Sweep System (ALISS), under development by the U. S. Navy for shallow water magnetic mine countermeasures, employs a large, conductively cooled, superconducting magnet that must be cooled from 300 to 4.2 K. Cryogenic heat pipes acting as cryocooler thermal shunts are used to shorten the cooldown time. Ethane, nitrogen and oxygen were evaluated as possible working fluids. A thermal model of the ALISS was developed to evaluate the cooldown performance of various heat pipe combinations. In conjunction with heat pipe performance tests, this model was used to select a suitable design for the heat pipe thermal shunts. RP Prenger, FC (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45511-0 PY 1997 BP 831 EP 839 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering; Thermodynamics GA BJ05L UT WOS:A1997BJ05L00094 ER PT B AU Holm, D AF Holm, D BE Alber, M Hu, B Rosenthal, J TI Infomercial for applied mathematics SO CURRENT AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Current and Future Directions in Applied Mathematics CY APR, 1996 CL UNIV NOTRE DAME, NOTRE DAME, IN SP Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Appl Math, Univ Notre Dame, Coll Sci, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Math, BRIMS Hewlett Packard Res Lab, CNLS Los Alamos Natl Lab, Natl Sci Fdn HO UNIV NOTRE DAME RP Holm, D (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,MATH MODELING & ANAL THEORET DIV,MAIL STOP B284,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIRKHAUSER BOSTON PI CAMBRIDGE PA 675 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139-2333 BN 0-8176-3956-X PY 1997 BP 15 EP 20 PG 6 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA BH42B UT WOS:A1997BH42B00005 ER PT B AU Kolb, EW AF Kolb, EW BE Sanchez, N Zichichi, A TI Inflation in the postmodern era SO CURRENT TOPICS IN ASTROFUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS, 5TH COURSE SE SCIENCE AND CULTURE SERIES: ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Course of the International School of Astrophysics (D Chalonge) on Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics CY SEP 07-15, 1996 CL ERICE, ITALY SP Italian Minist Educ, Univ & Sci Res, Italian Minist, Sicilian Reg Govt, European Phys Soc, French Minist Foreign Affairs, French Minist Higher Educ & Res AB In this lecture I will review some recent progress in improving the accuracy of the calculation of density perturbations resulting from inflation. C1 NASA, Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Fermi Theoret Astrophys Grp, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Kolb, EW (reprint author), NASA, Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Fermi Theoret Astrophys Grp, Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-02-3122-9 J9 SCI CULT SER ASTROPH PY 1997 BP 162 EP 182 PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BK21M UT WOS:000071549000006 ER PT B AU Smoot, GF AF Smoot, GF BE Sanchez, N Zichichi, A TI Cosmic microwave background spectrum SO CURRENT TOPICS IN ASTROFUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS, 5TH COURSE SE SCIENCE AND CULTURE SERIES: ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Course of the International School of Astrophysics (D Chalonge) on Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics CY SEP 07-15, 1996 CL ERICE, ITALY SP Italian Minist Educ, Univ & Sci Res, Italian Minist, Sicilian Reg Govt, European Phys Soc, French Minist Foreign Affairs, French Minist Higher Educ & Res AB Observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Radiation have put the standard model of cosmology, the Big Bang, on firm footing and provide tests of various ideas of large scale structure formation and the beginning of the Universe. CMB observations now let us test the role of gravity and General Relativity in cosmology including the geometry, topology, and dynamics of the Universe. The usefulness and power of the CMB as a probe rests on the precision measurements bf its frequency and angular power spectra. This lecture reviews the CMB frequency spectrum, the precision of the observations, and what can be expected in the future. The COBE FIRAS measurements are central. The review ends with a discussion of how the spectrum affects the anisotropy measurements. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Smoot, GF (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-02-3122-9 J9 SCI CULT SER ASTROPH PY 1997 BP 407 EP 440 PG 34 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BK21M UT WOS:000071549000013 ER PT B AU Smoot, GF AF Smoot, GF BE Sanchez, N Zichichi, A TI Cosmic microwave background anisotropy - Current & future experiments SO CURRENT TOPICS IN ASTROFUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS, 5TH COURSE SE SCIENCE AND CULTURE SERIES: ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Course of the International School of Astrophysics (D Chalonge) on Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics CY SEP 07-15, 1996 CL ERICE, ITALY SP Italian Minist Educ, Univ & Sci Res, Italian Minist, Sicilian Reg Govt, European Phys Soc, French Minist Foreign Affairs, French Minist Higher Educ & Res AB The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation provides a very powerful probe of cosmology. Following the COBE DMR detection of anisotropy a large number of groups have reported observations of anisotropy and the power spectrum on angular scales varying from arcseconds to 180 degrees is being studied. Ground-based measurements of the cosmic background radiation are hampered by emission from atmospheric O-2 and H2O molecules. This has forced precision experiments to high altitudes and balloon-borne instrumentation. Ultimately space has proven to be the most reliable venue for these observations. However, the foreground galactic emissions, in particular dust thermal emission as well as emission from energetic electrons, provide a serious limit to observations. This paper reviews the current state of the art and planned future experiments with particular emphasis on the balloon-borne programs and the two satellite missions MAP and COBRAS/SAMBA, What could be learned from these observations is a key issue. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Particle Astrophys, Space Sci Lab, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Smoot, GF (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Particle Astrophys, Space Sci Lab, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-02-3122-9 J9 SCI CULT SER ASTROPH PY 1997 BP 441 EP 484 PG 44 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BK21M UT WOS:000071549000014 ER PT B AU Sadoulet, B AF Sadoulet, B BE Sanchez, N Zichichi, A TI Deciphering the nature of dark matter SO CURRENT TOPICS IN ASTROFUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS, 5TH COURSE SE SCIENCE AND CULTURE SERIES: ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Course of the International School of Astrophysics (D Chalonge) on Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics CY SEP 07-15, 1996 CL ERICE, ITALY SP Italian Minist Educ, Univ & Sci Res, Italian Minist, Sicilian Reg Govt, European Phys Soc, French Minist Foreign Affairs, French Minist Higher Educ & Res C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Particle Astrophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Sadoulet, B (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Particle Astrophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-02-3122-9 J9 SCI CULT SER ASTROPH PY 1997 BP 560 EP 564 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BK21M UT WOS:000071549000018 ER PT B AU Post, RF Ryutov, DD AF Post, RF Ryutov, DD BE Panarella, E TI Open-ended magnetic confinement systems for fusion SO CURRENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL FUSION RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Evaluation of Current Trends in Fusion Research CY NOV 14-18, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Inst Laser Engn, Osaka AB Magnetic confinement systems that use externally generated magnetic fields can be divided topologically into two classes: ''closed'' and ''open''. The tokamak, the stellarator, and the reversed-field-pinch approaches are representatives of the first category, while mirror-based systems and their variants are of the second category. While the recent thrust of magnetic fusion research, with its emphasis on the tokamak, has been concentrated on closed geometry, there are significant reasons for the continued pursuit of research into open-ended systems. The paper discusses these reasons, reviews the history and the present status of open-ended systems, and suggests some future directions for the research. RP Post, RF (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45513-7 PY 1997 BP 153 EP 177 PG 25 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ16C UT WOS:A1997BJ16C00011 ER PT B AU Bangerter, RO Fessenden, TJ AF Bangerter, RO Fessenden, TJ BE Panarella, E TI Heavy-ion driven inertial fusion energy SO CURRENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL FUSION RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Evaluation of Current Trends in Fusion Research CY NOV 14-18, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Inst Laser Engn, Osaka AB Heavy ion driven inertial fusion energy is an approach to controlled fusion energy that appears to satisfy the scientific, economic, and environmental criteria for a desirable, long-term solution to mankind's energy needs. Because of projected reliability, efficiency, and cost advantages the U.S. inertial fusion energy program is concentrating on the heavy ion induction accelerator as the inertial fusion driver. This paper describes scaled experiments that have demonstrated many important elements required by induction accelerator/drivers. These include: adequate heavy ion sources; high voltage ion injectors; transport and acceleration of multiple intense ion beams; and beam current amplification with acceleration. Plans for the ILSE accelerator are described. This facility would permit the study of driver beam manipulations at full beam size and intensity but at energies much less than required by a driver. RP Bangerter, RO (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45513-7 PY 1997 BP 279 EP 294 PG 16 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ16C UT WOS:A1997BJ16C00016 ER PT B AU Kilkenny, JD AF Kilkenny, JD BE Panarella, E TI X-ray driven implosions on the Nova laser SO CURRENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL FUSION RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Evaluation of Current Trends in Fusion Research CY NOV 14-18, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Inst Laser Engn, Osaka RP Kilkenny, JD (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,POB 808,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45513-7 PY 1997 BP 295 EP 296 PG 2 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ16C UT WOS:A1997BJ16C00017 ER PT B AU Kirkpatrick, RC Lindemuth, IR AF Kirkpatrick, RC Lindemuth, IR BE Panarella, E TI Magnetized target fusion - An overview of the concept SO CURRENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL FUSION RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Evaluation of Current Trends in Fusion Research CY NOV 14-18, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Inst Laser Engn, Osaka AB Magnetized target fusion (MTF) seeks to take advantage of the reduction of thermal conductivity through the application of a strong magnetic field and thereby ease the requirements for reaching fusion conditions in a thermonuclear (TN) fusion fuel. A potentially important benefit of the strong field is the partial trapping of energetic charged particles to enhance energy deposition by the TN fusion reaction products. The essential physics is described. MTF appears to lead to fusion targets that require orders of magnitude less power and intensity fdr fusion ignition than currently proposed (unmagnetized) inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets do, making some very energetic pulsed power drivers attractive for realizing controlled fusion. RP Kirkpatrick, RC (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,NIS-9,MS B229,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45513-7 PY 1997 BP 319 EP 332 PG 14 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ16C UT WOS:A1997BJ16C00019 ER PT B AU Perkins, LJ Hammer, JH Drake, RP AF Perkins, LJ Hammer, JH Drake, RP BE Panarella, E TI Fusion, the competition, and the prospects for alternative fusion concepts SO CURRENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL FUSION RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Evaluation of Current Trends in Fusion Research CY NOV 14-18, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Inst Laser Engn, Osaka AB Although we have achieved great progress in the scientific understanding of fusion, there is some question whether our present, mainline approach to a fusion reactor will lead to a sufficiently attractive commercial product able to compete in the energy market place of the 21st century. This is a result of the projected low power density, high complexity, large unit sizes, and very high development costs. We assess these attributes relative to other future competitive energy sources and offer the thesis that any step change in the reactor product may lie in the exploration of novel, relatively unexplored or revisited physics concepts rather than in refined engineering for the present single approach. We then provide an overview of potential alternative fusion concepts under the following classification system: (1) Low density magnetic confinement, (2) Inertial confinement concepts, (3) High density magnetic confinement schemes, (4) Non-thermonuclear concepts, and (5) Coulomb barrier reduction concepts. To be considered a serious contender, any new candidate fusion scheme must point the way to an engineering realization that is a stepchange in reactor attractiveness from our present approach. Specifically, this means we must clearly identify the potential for significantly lower capital costs, complexity, and development costs relative to those projected for the conventional tokamak. RP Perkins, LJ (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,POB 5511,L-644,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. RI Drake, R Paul/I-9218-2012 OI Drake, R Paul/0000-0002-5450-9844 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45513-7 PY 1997 BP 365 EP 373 PG 9 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ16C UT WOS:A1997BJ16C00022 ER PT B AU Phillips, JA Baker, DA Gribble, RF AF Phillips, JA Baker, DA Gribble, RF BE Panarella, E TI Ideas for future RFP experiments SO CURRENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL FUSION RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Evaluation of Current Trends in Fusion Research CY NOV 14-18, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Inst Laser Engn, Osaka AB This note discusses the future of the Reversed Field Pinch, RFP, in the USA controlled fusion research program. In the late 1980's the RFP was a strong alternate approach to the tokamak. Starting at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) with the small ZT-l experiment, passing through ZT-S, ZT-4O, and ZT-40M, the results led to the approval and initiation of the $70M experiment, ZTH. With favorable reports by review committees and support by the reactor Titan-RFP reactor study, the construction of the experiment was well on its way to completion. ''Budget'' reasons stopped the RFP program at LANL in late 1990. As the RFP remains one of the more developed alternate approaches to controlled fusion research; it deserves serious attention. We propose improvements in the RFP design based on recent analysis of the ZT-40M data. RP Phillips, JA (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,P-4 MS E554,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45513-7 PY 1997 BP 375 EP 383 PG 9 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ16C UT WOS:A1997BJ16C00023 ER PT B AU Scudder, D Shlachter, J AF Scudder, D Shlachter, J BE Panarella, E TI Dense Z-pinches for fusion SO CURRENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL FUSION RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Evaluation of Current Trends in Fusion Research CY NOV 14-18, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Inst Laser Engn, Osaka RP Scudder, D (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,P-1 E-526,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45513-7 PY 1997 BP 385 EP 386 PG 2 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ16C UT WOS:A1997BJ16C00024 ER PT B AU Siemon, RE AF Siemon, RE BE Panarella, E TI Assessment of field-reversed-configuration stability SO CURRENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL FUSION RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Evaluation of Current Trends in Fusion Research CY NOV 14-18, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Inst Laser Engn, Osaka RP Siemon, RE (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,MS H854,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45513-7 PY 1997 BP 387 EP 388 PG 2 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ16C UT WOS:A1997BJ16C00025 ER PT B AU Logan, BG AF Logan, BG BE Panarella, E TI Inertial fusion energy - An approach to low maintenance and cost of electricity, and the role of the national ignition facility testing the target physics SO CURRENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL FUSION RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Evaluation of Current Trends in Fusion Research CY NOV 14-18, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Inst Laser Engn, Osaka RP Logan, BG (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,POB 5508,L-481,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45513-7 PY 1997 BP 541 EP 542 PG 2 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ16C UT WOS:A1997BJ16C00033 ER PT B AU Kirkpatrick, RC Lindemuth, IR Reinovsky, RE Sheehey, PT AF Kirkpatrick, RC Lindemuth, IR Reinovsky, RE Sheehey, PT BE Panarella, E TI Magnetized target fusion - An ultrahigh energy approach in an unexplored parameter space SO CURRENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL FUSION RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Evaluation of Current Trends in Fusion Research CY NOV 14-18, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Inst Laser Engn, Osaka AB Magnetized target fusion is a concept that may lead to practical fusion applications in a variety of settings. However, the crucial first step is to demonstrate that fusion ignition can be achieved by this method. Among the possibilities for doing this is an ultrahigh energy approach to magnetized target fusion, one powered by explosive pulsed power generators that have become available for application to thermonuclear fusion research. In addition to providing a target implosion driver, explosive pulsed power sources can also be used to provide the preheated and magnetized plasma required within the target prior to implosion. In a collaborative effort between Los AIamos and the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Experimental Physics (VNIIEF) a very powerful helical generator with explosive power switching has been used to produce an energetic magnetized plasma. Several diagnostics have been fielded to ascertain the properties of this plasma. We are intensively studying the results of the experiments and calculationally analyzing the performance of this experiment. RP Kirkpatrick, RC (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,MS-B229,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45513-7 PY 1997 BP 543 EP 559 PG 17 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ16C UT WOS:A1997BJ16C00034 ER PT J AU Smith, DJ Stevens, ME Cheng, JF Rubin, EM AF Smith, DJ Stevens, ME Cheng, JF Rubin, EM TI Identification of genes affecting learning and memory in chromosome 21 YAC transgenic mice SO CYTOGENETICS AND CELL GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Human Genome, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0301-0171 J9 CYTOGENET CELL GENET JI Cytogenet. Cell Genet. PY 1997 VL 79 IS 1-2 BP 49 EP 49 PG 1 WC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA ZC293 UT WOS:000072562300054 ER PT J AU Duell, T Nielsen, LB Jones, A Young, SG Weier, HUG AF Duell, T Nielsen, LB Jones, A Young, SG Weier, HUG TI Construction of two near-kilobase resolution restriction maps of the 5 ' regulatory region of the human apolipoprotein B gene by quantitative DNA fiber mapping (QDFM) SO CYTOGENETICS AND CELL GENETICS LA English DT Article ID YEAST ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOMES; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; FISH; MICROSCOPY; CHROMATIN AB Quantitative DNA fiber mapping (QDFM) is a high-resolution technique for physical mapping of DNA, The method is based on hybridization of fluorescently labeled DNA probes to individual DNA molecules stretched on a chemically modified glass surface. We now demonstrate and validate a rapid QDFM-based approach for the mapping of multiple restriction sites and precise localization of restriction fragments in large genomic clones. Restriction fragments of a 70-kb P1 clone (P1-70) containing the 5' region of the human apolipoprotein B gene (APOB) were subcloned and mapped along straightened P1-70 DNA molecules, Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and digital image analysis allowed us to rapidly position 29 restriction fragments, ranging in size from 0.5 kb to 8 kb, and to map 43 restriction sites. The restriction map obtained by QDFM was in excellent agreement with information obtained by RecA-assisted restriction endonuclease (RARE) cleavage, long-range PCR, and DNA sequence analyses of the P1-70 clone. These data demonstrate that QDFM is a rapid, reliable method for detailed restriction site-mapping of large DNA clones. C1 Univ Munich, Med Klin 3, Munich, Germany. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, Inst Cardiovasc Res, Gladstone Inst Cardiovasc Dis, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Weier, HUG (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, 1 Cyclotron Rd,MS 74-157, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL47660] NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0301-0171 J9 CYTOGENET CELL GENET JI Cytogenet. Cell Genet. PY 1997 VL 79 IS 1-2 BP 64 EP 70 DI 10.1159/000134685 PG 7 WC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA ZC293 UT WOS:000072562300068 PM 9533015 ER PT J AU Polikoff, D Kuo, WL Cochran, JF Wernick, M Kowbel, D Myambo, K Collins, CC AF Polikoff, D Kuo, WL Cochran, JF Wernick, M Kowbel, D Myambo, K Collins, CC TI Assignment of Protease, Serine-Like 1 (PRSSL1) to human chromosome 19q13 by in situ hybridization and radiation hybrid mapping SO CYTOGENETICS AND CELL GENETICS LA English DT Article ID DNA C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Mt Zion Med Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94120 USA. RP Collins, CC (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Mailstop 74-157,1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0301-0171 J9 CYTOGENET CELL GENET JI Cytogenet. Cell Genet. PY 1997 VL 79 IS 1-2 BP 147 EP 148 DI 10.1159/000134705 PG 2 WC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA ZC293 UT WOS:000072562300088 PM 9533035 ER PT J AU Gersh, M Grady, D Rojas, K Lovett, M Moyzis, R Overhauser, J AF Gersh, M Grady, D Rojas, K Lovett, M Moyzis, R Overhauser, J TI Development of diagnostic tools for the analysis of 5p deletions using interphase FISH SO CYTOGENETICS AND CELL GENETICS LA English DT Article ID DU-CHAT-SYNDROME; SHORT ARM; CRITICAL REGION; HUMAN GENES; CHROMOSOME-5; LIBRARY; CRI; CONSTRUCTION; FEATURES; CLONES AB Cri-du-chat syndrome is associated with a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5. Through the phenotypic and molecular analyses of individuals with a subset of the features associated with the syndrome, the genes involved in the syndrome have been mapped to two distinct critical regions. Deletion of a critical region in 5p15.2 results in the distinct facial features associated with the syndrome as well as the severe mental and developmental delay, while a deletion of 5p15.3 is associated only with the characteristic cat-like cry, the key diagnostic feature of the syndrome. Therefore, subtle differences in the extent of the 5p deletion can have a profound affect on the prognosis of the patient. In order to more easily differentiate between deletions that lead to the cri-du-chat syndrome phenotype and deletions that lead only to the isolated cat-like cry, we have constructed YAC contigs that span both critical regions. The YAC clones have been used to isolate cosmids mapping to each critical region and cosmids that lie just within the two critical region boundaries have been identified. We report here on the use of these cosmids as probes for fluorescent in situ hybridization experiments on interphase nuclei as a means of more accurately differentiating between small 5p deletions that coincide with a complete cri-du-chat syndrome phenotype and the severe mental and developmental delay that is associated with it and deletions that only delete the distal critical region that coincide with the isolated cat-like cry and a much improved prognosis. C1 THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL PHARMACOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19107. LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,CTR HUMAN GENOME STUDIES,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,DALLAS,TX 75235. UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,MCDERMOTT CTR,DALLAS,TX 75235. FU NCI NIH HHS [T32-CA09678]; NHGRI NIH HHS [HG00236] NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0301-0171 J9 CYTOGENET CELL GENET JI Cytogenet. Cell Genet. PY 1997 VL 77 IS 3-4 BP 246 EP 251 DI 10.1159/000134586 PG 6 WC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA XQ680 UT WOS:A1997XQ68000022 PM 9284926 ER PT J AU Pierluigi, M Parmeggiani, A Perfumo, C Cali, A Gordon, LA Fraticelli, E Rossi, RG Bricarelli, FD AF Pierluigi, M Parmeggiani, A Perfumo, C Cali, A Gordon, LA Fraticelli, E Rossi, RG Bricarelli, FD TI Supernumerary mosaic ring chromosomes 19 in a patient with epilepsy SO CYTOGENETICS AND CELL GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 GALLIERA HOSP,DEPT HUMAN GENET,GENOA,ITALY. UNIV BOLOGNA,NEUROL INST,DEPT CHILD NEUROL & PSYCHIAT,I-40126 BOLOGNA,ITALY. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,CTR HUMAN GENOME,BIOL & BIOTECHNOL RES PROGRAM,LIVERMORE,CA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0301-0171 J9 CYTOGENET CELL GENET JI Cytogenet. Cell Genet. PY 1997 VL 77 IS 1-2 BP P39 EP P39 PG 1 WC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA XG385 UT WOS:A1997XG38500153 ER PT B AU Myer, LR Nihei, KT Nakagawa, S AF Myer, LR Nihei, KT Nakagawa, S BE Rossmanith, HP TI Dynamic properties of interfaces SO DAMAGE AND FAILURE OF INTERFACES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Damage and Failure of Interfaces CY SEP 22-24, 1997 CL VIENNA UNIV TECHNOL, VIENNA, AUSTRIA HO VIENNA UNIV TECHNOL AB Rocks are discontinuous at all scales. from the grain to tectonic scale. Many discontinuities may be characterized as non-welded interfaces, that is parr solid and part void. If the dimensions of the voids are small compared to the wavelength of an elastic wave, the interface can be well represented as a displacement discontinuity, which may be elastic or theologic. Using these models. a number of dynamic properties of compliant interfaces, which are useful for characterization, have been explored. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Myer, LR (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, 90-1116, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-899-1 PY 1997 BP 47 EP 56 PG 10 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA BK78K UT WOS:000073379700003 ER PT B AU Goldman, T McKellar, BHJ Stephenson, GJ AF Goldman, T McKellar, BHJ Stephenson, GJ BE Persic, M Salucci, P TI Neutrino clouds and dark matter SO DARK AND VISIBLE MATTER IN GALAXIES SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Dark and Visible Matter in Galaxies and Cosmological Implications CY JUL 02-05, 1996 CL SESTO PUSTERIA, ITALY SP Int Sch Adv Studies, Trieste Observ, Interdept Consortium Astrophys & Cosmol, Italian Natl Res Council AB We have examined the consequences of assuming the existence of a light scalar boson, weakly coupled to neutrinos, and not coupled to any other light fermions. For a range of parameters, we find that this hypothesis leads to the development of neutrino clusters which form in the early Universe and which provide gravitational fluctuations on scales small compared to a parsec (i.e., the scale of solar systems). Under some conditions, this can produce anomalous gravitational acceleration within solar systems and lead to a vanishing of neutrino mass-squared differences, giving rise to strong neutrino oscillation effects. Finally, we suggest that for different parameters, this hypothesis can lead to neutrino dark matter organized into MACHOs or on the scale of galaxies. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Goldman, T (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-886733-37-6 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 1997 VL 117 BP 302 EP 309 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BK79X UT WOS:000073437700041 ER PT J AU Friedman, JH AF Friedman, JH TI On bias, variance, 0/1 - Loss, and the curse-of-dimensionality SO DATA MINING AND KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY LA English DT Article DE classification; bias; variance; curse-of-dimensionality; bagging; naive Bayes; nearest-neighbors AB The classification problem is considered in which an output variable y assumes discrete values with respective probabilities that depend upon the simultaneous values of a set of input variables x = {x(1),..., x(n)}. At issue is how error in the estimates of these probabilities affects classification error when the estimates are used in a classification rule. These effects are seen to be somewhat counter intuitive in both their strength and nature. In particular the bias and variance components of the estimation error combine to influence classification in a very different way than with squared error on the probabilities themselves. Certain types of (very high) bias can be canceled by low variance to produce accurate classification. This can dramatically mitigate the effect of the bias associated with some simple estimators like "naive" Bayes, and the bias induced by the curse-of-dimensionality on nearest-neighbor procedures. This helps explain why such simple methods are often competitive with and sometimes superior to more sophisticated ones for classification, and why "bagging/aggregating" classifiers can often improve accuracy. These results also suggest simple modifications to these procedures that can (sometimes dramatically) further improve their classification performance. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Stat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Friedman, JH (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Stat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 24 TC 311 Z9 314 U1 3 U2 25 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1384-5810 J9 DATA MIN KNOWL DISC JI Data Min. Knowl. Discov. PY 1997 VL 1 IS 1 BP 55 EP 77 DI 10.1023/A:1009778005914 PG 23 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA ZA826 UT WOS:000072405900004 ER PT B AU Chandra, C AF Chandra, C GP DECIS SCI INST DECIS SCI INST TI Taxonomy of inventory policies for supply-chain effectiveness SO DECISION SCIENCES INSTITUTE, 1997 ANNUAL MEETING, PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1997 Annual Meeting of the Decision-Science-Institute CY NOV 22-25, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Decis Sci Inst AB In this research, the concept of taxonomy is applied to inventory management in a supply-chain. Through classification and standardization of issues related to inventory management problems, it is shown how inventory models and techniques can be generalized across diverse application environments represented by autonomous business entities that form the supply-chain. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Chandra, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU DECISION SCIENCES INST PI ATLANTA PA UNIV PLAZA, ATLANTA, GA 30303 USA PY 1997 BP 1501 EP 1503 PG 3 WC Business, Finance; Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library Science; Management; Operations Research & Management Science SC Business & Economics; Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science; Operations Research & Management Science GA BK29R UT WOS:000071702800504 ER PT S AU Montgomery, HE AF Montgomery, HE BE Repond, J Krakauer, D TI Overview of results from the Fermilab fixed target and collider experiments SO DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AND QCD - 5TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering and QCD (DIS97) CY APR 14-18, 1997 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Argonne Natl Lab AB In this paper we present a review of recent QCD related results from Fermilab fixed target and collider experiments. Topics covered range from structure functions through WIZ production, heavy quark production and jet angular distributions. We also include the current state of knowledge about leptoquark pair production in hadronic collisions. C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Montgomery, HE (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-716-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 407 BP 57 EP 71 PG 15 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BK14G UT WOS:000071312000004 ER PT S AU Chlebana, F AF Chlebana, F CA CDF DO Collaborations BE Repond, J Krakauer, D TI High transverse energy jets at the Tevatron SO DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AND QCD - 5TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering and QCD (DIS97) CY APR 14-18, 1997 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Argonne Natl Lab AB Tevatron results are presented for the inclusive jet cross section and comparisons are made with NLO QCD predictions. New measurements of the di-jet triply differential cross section are presented and compared to NLO QCD predictions using different parton density functions. Di-jet angular distributions are compared to QCD predictions and limits are placed on the quark compositeness scale. C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Chlebana, F (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-716-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 407 BP 335 EP 339 PG 5 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BK14G UT WOS:000071312000026 ER PT S AU Kuhlmann, S Lai, HL Tung, WK AF Kuhlmann, S Lai, HL Tung, WK BE Repond, J Krakauer, D TI HERA events, tevatron jets and uncertainties on quarks at large x SO DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AND QCD - 5TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering and QCD (DIS97) CY APR 14-18, 1997 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Argonne Natl Lab AB The recently reported excess of events at HERA compared to QCD calculations impels us to examine all possible Standard Model explanations before invoking "new physics". We explore the possibility of adding an unusual, but small, component of additional quarks at large x (beyond x > 0.75) as a way to increase the predicted SM cross-section in the HERA kinematic region by the QCD evolution feed-down effect. We describe various scenarios under which this can be achieved while maintaining good global fits to all established data sets. This implies a much larger SM uncertainty than commonly assumed. In addition, the modified parton distributions provide another possible mechanism to account for the CDF high-pt jet excess which occurs at similar 5 and Q(2) values. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Kuhlmann, S (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-716-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 407 BP 360 EP 362 PG 3 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BK14G UT WOS:000071312000032 ER PT S AU White, AR AF White, AR BE Repond, J Krakauer, D TI Excess cross-sections at the electroweak scale in the sextet quark "Standard Model" SO DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AND QCD - 5TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering and QCD (DIS97) CY APR 14-18, 1997 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Argonne Natl Lab AB If dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking is due to a flavor doublet of color sextet quarks, enhanced electroweak scale QCD instanton interactions may produce a large top mass, raise the rls axion mass, and also explain the excesses in the DIS cross-section at HERA and jet cross-sections at the Tevatron. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div High Energy Phys, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP White, AR (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div High Energy Phys, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-716-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 407 BP 363 EP 365 PG 3 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BK14G UT WOS:000071312000033 ER PT S AU Giele, WT AF Giele, WT BE Repond, J Krakauer, D TI Extracting alpha(S) from TEVATRON data SO DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AND QCD - 5TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering and QCD (DIS97) CY APR 14-18, 1997 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Argonne Natl Lab AB In this contribution we explore one of the many possibilities of determining the strong coupling constant as at hadron colliders. The method considered is quite unique compared to other methods in that the value of as is determined by the "evolution rate" of the parton density functions rather than by the "event rate". C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Giele, WT (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-716-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 407 BP 414 EP 417 PG 4 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BK14G UT WOS:000071312000044 ER PT S AU Blair, R AF Blair, R BE Repond, J Krakauer, D TI Photons and diphotons from the Tevatron SO DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AND QCD - 5TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering and QCD (DIS97) CY APR 14-18, 1997 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Argonne Natl Lab AB Photon measurements from the CDF and DO collaboration are described. The subjects touched on are loosely organized around the fact that they all have some bearing on the structure functions and pQCD. The methodology of collider measurements is briefly reviewed, and the results for single photons, photons plus jets, photons plus charm and diphotons are discussed. Finally there is a very brief indication of what is expected from the Tevatron based experiments in the future. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Blair, R (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-716-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 407 BP 431 EP 436 PG 6 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BK14G UT WOS:000071312000048 ER PT S AU Wusthoff, M AF Wusthoff, M BE Repond, J Krakauer, D TI Large rapid gap events in DIS SO DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AND QCD - 5TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering and QCD (DIS97) CY APR 14-18, 1997 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Argonne Natl Lab AB Diffractive scattering in DIS is discussed in terms of the perturbative two-gluon model and numerical results for F-2(D) are presented. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div High Energy Phys, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Wusthoff, M (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div High Energy Phys, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-716-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 407 BP 494 EP 498 PG 5 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BK14G UT WOS:000071312000058 ER PT S AU Brodsky, SJ Hautmann, F Soper, DE AF Brodsky, SJ Hautmann, F Soper, DE BE Repond, J Krakauer, D TI BFKL scattering at LEPII and a next e(+)e(-) collider SO DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AND QCD - 5TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering and QCD (DIS97) CY APR 14-18, 1997 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Argonne Natl Lab AB We discuss virtual photon scattering in the region dominated by BFKL exchange, and report results for the cross sections at present and future e(+)e(-) colliders. C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Brodsky, SJ (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-716-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 407 BP 503 EP 508 PG 6 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BK14G UT WOS:000071312000060 ER PT S AU Brandt, AG AF Brandt, AG BE Repond, J Krakauer, D TI Rapidity gaps in jet events at D0 SO DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AND QCD - 5TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering and QCD (DIS97) CY APR 14-18, 1997 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Argonne Natl Lab AB Preliminary results from the DO experiment on jet production with rapidity gaps in collisions are presented. A class of dijet events with a forward rapidity gap is observed at center-of-mass energies root s = 1800 GeV and 630 GeV. The number of events with rapidity gaps at both center-of-mass energies is significantly greater than the expectation from multiplicity fluctuations and is consistent with a hard diffractive process. A class of events with two forward gaps and central dijets is also observed at 1800 GeV. This topology is consistent with hard double pomeron exchange. C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Brandt, AG (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-716-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 407 BP 613 EP 617 PG 5 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BK14G UT WOS:000071312000081 ER PT S AU Beretvas, A AF Beretvas, A BE Repond, J Krakauer, D TI Kt-jets and jet structure and fragmentation at the Tevatron SO DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AND QCD - 5TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering and QCD (DIS97) CY APR 14-18, 1997 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Argonne Natl Lab AB k(perpendicular to) algorithms are now used by both DO and CDF to study jets. A preliminary study of jet structure for data taken by DO and CDF during run I (92-95) is presented. DO has measured the jet mass as a function of jet p(T). The CDF measurement of inclusive charged particle momentum distributions is in agreement with the Modified Leading Log Approximation (MLLA). C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Beretvas, A (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-716-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 407 BP 742 EP 747 PG 6 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BK14G UT WOS:000071312000107 ER PT S AU Mikunas, D AF Mikunas, D CA ZEUS Collaboration BE Repond, J Krakauer, D TI Measurement of dijets in DIS and comparison to NLO calculations SO DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AND QCD - 5TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering and QCD (DIS97) CY APR 14-18, 1997 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Argonne Natl Lab AB We report a measurement of the dijet production cross section in neutral current deep inelastic scattering with the ZEUS detector at the HERA ep collider. Dijet events are identified with the cone algorithm and the results are compared to next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations. The systematic uncertainties of both the measurement and the calculation we discussed. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Mikunas, D (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-716-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 407 BP 760 EP 765 PG 6 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BK14G UT WOS:000071312000110 ER PT S AU White, AR AF White, AR BE Repond, J Krakauer, D TI The Pomeron beyond BFKL SO DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AND QCD - 5TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering and QCD (DIS97) CY APR 14-18, 1997 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Argonne Natl Lab AB Conformally invariant reggeon interactions derived from t-channel unitarity are discussed and progress towards understanding the "physical Pomeron", via massless quark reggeon interactions, is briefly outlined. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div High Energy Phys, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP White, AR (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div High Energy Phys, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-716-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 407 BP 932 EP 936 PG 5 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BK14G UT WOS:000071312000141 ER PT S AU Berger, EL Contopanagos, H AF Berger, EL Contopanagos, H BE Repond, J Krakauer, D TI Threshold resummation and the total cross section for top quark production SO DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AND QCD - 5TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering and QCD (DIS97) CY APR 14-18, 1997 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Argonne Natl Lab AB We discuss the motivation for resummation of the effects of initial-state soft gluon radiation, to all orders in the strong coupling strength, for processes in which the near-threshold region in the partonic subenergy is important. We summarize our calculation of the total cross section for top quark production at hadron colliders. Comments are included on the differences between our treatment of subleading logarithmic terms and other methods. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div High Energy Phys, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Berger, EL (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div High Energy Phys, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-716-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 407 BP 1028 EP 1034 PG 7 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BK14G UT WOS:000071312000157 ER PT J AU Huh, CA Pisias, NG Kelley, JM Maiti, TC Grantz, A AF Huh, CA Pisias, NG Kelley, JM Maiti, TC Grantz, A TI Natural radionuclides and plutonium in sediments from the western Arctic Ocean: sedimentation rates and pathways of radionuclides SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1996 Ocean Science Meeting CY 1996 CL SAN DIEGO, CA ID AMINO-ACID EPIMERIZATION; ALPHA-RIDGE; SEA; CHRONOLOGY; PROFILES; PB-210; BASIN; BE-10; CORES; FLUX AB Sediment cores collected during R.V. Polar Sea AOS94 expedition from the Chukchi Shelf to the North Pole were analyzed for several decay-series-natural radionuclides and Pu isotopes to study sedimentation rates and pathways of radionuclides in the western Arctic Ocean. The measured sedimentation rates vary by more than three orders of magnitude along the transect, from (210)Pb-based rates of 200-700 cm kyr(-1) over the Chukchi Shelf and 89 cm kyr(-1) at the Chukchi Slope to (230)Th-based rates of 0.02-0.3 cm kyr(-1) at various settings in the deep basin. (230)Th(ex) profiles in the central western Arctic Basin are characterized by a cyclic pattern and a pronounced sub-surface maximum superimposed on an overall decrease with depth. Sediment inventories of excess (210)Pb and (230)Th in the deep basin as a whole cannot account for their in situ production and (210)Pb fall-out. The opposite is true at the slope and shallower waters. We contend that, as with other ocean basins, boundary scavenging also exists in the Arctic Ocean. The broad continental shelves and the slope region may have the potential of removing all or most of the particle-reactive radionuclides unaccounted for in the deep basin. The Pu isotope data are consistent with the notion of boundary scavenging., Sediment inventories and concentrations of Pu decrease rapidly offshore. Isotopic composition of Pu suggests mixing of fall-out Pu, which decreases with increasing latitudes, and fuels reprocessing Pu derived from the Russian and Atlantic sides of the Arctic Ocean. Although fuel reprocessing Pu has impinged on the Chukchi Slope, its existence over the Chukchi Shelf is not evident and probably overshadowed by fall-out Pu. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Acad Sinica, Inst Earth Sci, Taipei 115, Taiwan. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Battelle Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Huh, CA (reprint author), Acad Sinica, Inst Earth Sci, Taipei 115, Taiwan. RI Huh, Chih-An/N-4610-2013 NR 41 TC 42 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1997 VL 44 IS 8 BP 1725 EP + DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00040-4 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA ZE242 UT WOS:000072772400014 ER PT J AU Petri, MC Dayananda, MA AF Petri, MC Dayananda, MA TI Calculation of vacancy wind contributions in ternary diffusion SO DEFECT AND DIFFUSION FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Diffusion in Materials (DIMAT 96) CY AUG 05-09, 1996 CL NORDKIRCHEN, GERMANY SP Nordrhein Westfalen Coll Finances, Germany DE intrinsic diffusion; vacancy wind effect; U-Pu-Zr alloys; atomic mobility AB In the absence of kinetic cross interactions between diffusing components, intrinsic diffusion can be described by a simple atomic mobility model. For systems where the diffusional interactions among components cannot be ignored, the interactions can be related to a vacancy wind effect in which the intrinsic flux of a component is influenced by the net vacancy flux. Atomic mobilities are calculated at selected composition points on the diffusion paths of gamma-phase U-Pu-Zr diffusion couples investigated at 750 degrees C to assess the contribution by the vacancy wind effect to the intrinsic diffusion of the individual components. The results point to the possibility that a large vacancy wind contribution may cause a component to diffuse intrinsically up its own chemical potential gradient. C1 ARGONNE NATL LAB,ARGONNE,IL 60439. PURDUE UNIV,SCH MAT ENGN,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU TRANS TECH-SCITEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI UETIKON A.S. PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 UETIKON A.S., SWITZERLAND SN 1012-0386 J9 DEFECT DIFFUS FORUM PY 1997 VL 143 BP 575 EP 578 PN 1 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA XM076 UT WOS:A1997XM07600086 ER PT J AU Sprengel, W Lograsso, TA Nakajima, H AF Sprengel, W Lograsso, TA Nakajima, H TI Diffusion of Mn-54 and Ge-68 in single grain icosahedral Al70Pd21.5Mn8.5 quasicrystals SO DEFECT AND DIFFUSION FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Diffusion in Materials (DIMAT 96) CY AUG 05-09, 1996 CL NORDKIRCHEN, GERMANY SP Nordrhein Westfalen Coll Finances, Germany DE quasicrystal; icosahedral structure; self-diffusion; impurity diffusion ID AL-PD-MN; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; QUASI-CRYSTALS; SELF-DIFFUSION; RANGE; MANGANESE; ALUMINUM; ALLOYS; ORDER AB The diffusivity of Mn-54 and Ge-68 in single grain icosahedral Al70Pd21.5Mn8.5 quasicrystals has been determined by a precision grinding technique. In the range from 870 to 1100 It the temperature dependence of the Mn and Ge diffusivity can be described by Arrhenius equations with an activation energy Q = (181 +/- 5) kJ mol(-1) and a pre-exponential factor D-0 = 3.4.10(-4) m(2)s(-1) for Mn, and Q = (148+/-7) kJ mol(-1) and D-0 = 1.4.10(-4) m(2)s(-1) for Ge, respectively. The experimental results are discussed together with diffusion mechanisms proposed for quasicrystals from theoretical considerations. C1 IWATE UNIV,DEPT MAT SCI & TECHNOL,MORIOKA,IWATE 020,JAPAN. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,AMES LAB,AMES,IA 50011. RI Sprengel, Wolfgang/L-8694-2016 NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU TRANS TECH-SCITEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI UETIKON A.S. PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 UETIKON A.S., SWITZERLAND SN 1012-0386 J9 DEFECT DIFFUS FORUM PY 1997 VL 143 BP 849 EP 854 PN 1 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA XM076 UT WOS:A1997XM07600130 ER PT J AU Majer, G Kaess, U Stoll, M Barnes, RG Shinar, J AF Majer, G Kaess, U Stoll, M Barnes, RG Shinar, J TI Hydrogen diffusion in the Laves-phase compounds ZrV2Hx SO DEFECT AND DIFFUSION FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Diffusion in Materials (DIMAT 96) CY AUG 05-09, 1996 CL NORDKIRCHEN, GERMANY SP Nordrhein Westfalen Coll Finances, Germany DE metal-hydrides; Laves phase; nuclear magnetic resonance; PFG-NMR ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS; TRANSITIONS; SCATTERING; HYDRIDES; HFV2HX AB Hydrogen diffusivities D in ZrV2Hx (0.5 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 4.1) have been measured by means of pulsed-field-gradient nuclear magnetic resonance in the temperature range between 240 K and 480 K. In the ct phase of ZrV2Hx the diffusivities show an Arrhenius behaviour D = D-0 exp(-H-a/k(B)T). The dependence of the effective activation enthalpy H-a on the hydrogen concentration a has been studied in great detail. For small concentrations (x less than or equal to 2), at which hydrogen atoms occupy only tetrahedral interstitial sites surrounded by two Zr and two V atoms (g sites), H-a increases with the concentration x and thus, the diffusivity D decreases. At higher concentrations hydrogen atoms start to occupy e sites in addition to g sites, which alters the potential wells between adjacent sites in such a way that the effective H-a-values are reduced. The formation of an ordered low-temperature phase (delta phase) results in a substantial decrease in the hydrogen mobility. Supplementary information on the mechanism of hydrogen diffusion has been obtained by comparing D with the hydrogen hopping frequency that can be deduced from the proton spin-lattice relaxation rate Gamma(1). C1 MAX PLANCK INST MET RES,INST PHYS,D-70569 STUTTGART,GERMANY. US DOE,AMES LAB,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT PHYS,AMES,IA 50011. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH-SCITEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI UETIKON A.S. PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 UETIKON A.S., SWITZERLAND SN 1012-0386 J9 DEFECT DIFFUS FORUM PY 1997 VL 143 BP 957 EP 962 PN 2 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA XM077 UT WOS:A1997XM07700009 ER PT J AU Pantelides, ST Ramamoorthy, M Maiti, A Chisholm, M Pennycook, SJ AF Pantelides, ST Ramamoorthy, M Maiti, A Chisholm, M Pennycook, SJ TI Complex diffusive processes in silicon SO DEFECT AND DIFFUSION FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Diffusion in Materials (DIMAT 96) CY AUG 05-09, 1996 CL NORDKIRCHEN, GERMANY SP Nordrhein Westfalen Coll Finances, Germany DE first-principles calculations; Si:O; Si:As; heavy doping; As-vacancy complexes; grain boundary segregation ID DEFECTS AB Diffusion is often viewed as a simple process of atoms in an equilibrium configuration making a jump along some path overcoming an energy barrier. First-principles calculations have revealed that even seemingly simple processes can hide enormous complexity. This paper reviews several such cases that have been recently investigated by the authors. C1 VANDERBILT UNIV,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,NASHVILLE,TN 37064. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV SOLID STATE,OAK RIDGE,TN. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 3 PU TRANS TECH-SCITEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI UETIKON A.S. PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 UETIKON A.S., SWITZERLAND SN 1012-0386 J9 DEFECT DIFFUS FORUM PY 1997 VL 143 BP 971 EP 978 PN 2 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA XM077 UT WOS:A1997XM07700011 ER PT J AU Haller, EE Wang, L AF Haller, EE Wang, L TI Self-diffusion studies using semiconductor isotope heterostructures SO DEFECT AND DIFFUSION FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Diffusion in Materials (DIMAT 96) CY AUG 05-09, 1996 CL NORDKIRCHEN, GERMANY SP Nordrhein Westfalen Coll Finances, Germany DE diffusion; activation enthalpy; entropy; germanium; GaAs; GaP; doping effect; isotope; MBE; point defect; vacancy; interstitial ID GALLIUM-ARSENIDE; DEFECT FORMATION; POINT-DEFECTS; NATIVE-DEFECT; GAAS; INTERDIFFUSION; SUPERLATTICES; DEPENDENCE; ABUNDANCES; GERMANIUM AB We have investigated self-diffusion in germanium and GaAs with secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). The isotope heterostructures consist of epitaxial layers grown with one or more stable isotopes of host crystal elements using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The intermixing of the stable isotopes between the epilayers of various isotopic compositions represents a near ideal self-diffusion process of the constituent atoms in solids, free of complications induced by impurities, strains, electric fields, and surfaces. Germanium self-diffusion was studied with Ge-74/Ge-70 isotope heterostructures. Over temperature range between 550 degrees C and 700 degrees C, we found a self-diffusion activation enthalpy of 3.05 eV and an entropy term of 9k(B). These values agree well with those obtained in previous Ge self-diffusion studies in other groups. Ga self-diffusion in GaAs was investigated with (GaAs)-Ga-69/(GaAs)-Ga-71 isotope heterostructures. The Ga self-diffusion coefficient in intrinsic GaAs under arsenic-rich ambient can be described accurately with D = (43 +/- 25) exp(-4.24 +/- 0.06 eV/k(B)T) over six orders of magnitude between 800 degrees C and 1225 degrees C. This indicates a single defect mechanism for the process. The 4.24-eV activation enthalpy and the accompanying 8k(B)-entropy, which agree with recent calculations, are reasonable values compared to corresponding results in other semiconductors, such as Ge. Effects of arsenic overpressure and of donor and acceptor doping are discussed. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720. NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANS TECH-SCITEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI UETIKON A.S. PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 UETIKON A.S., SWITZERLAND SN 1012-0386 J9 DEFECT DIFFUS FORUM PY 1997 VL 143 BP 1067 EP 1077 PN 2 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA XM077 UT WOS:A1997XM07700026 ER PT J AU Routbort, JL Wolfenstine, J Goretta, KC Cook, RE Armstrong, TR Clauss, C DominguezRodriguez, A AF Routbort, JL Wolfenstine, J Goretta, KC Cook, RE Armstrong, TR Clauss, C DominguezRodriguez, A TI Diffusion-controlled creep in mixed-conducting oxides SO DEFECT AND DIFFUSION FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Diffusion in Materials (DIMAT 96) CY AUG 05-09, 1996 CL NORDKIRCHEN, GERMANY SP Nordrhein Westfalen Coll Finances, Germany DE diffusion; deformation; creep; perovskite; oxides AB The steady-state creep rate of mixed-conducting oxides, La1-xSrxMnO3, for x = 0.1, 0.15, and 0.25, and La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 has been investigated at temperatures between 1150 and 1300 degrees C. Creep parameters and transmission electron microscopy observations indicate that deformation is controlled by lattice diffusion of one of the cations. The dependence of the creep rate on Sr concentration, combined with a point-defect model, confirms this hypothesis; however, the oxygen partial pressure dependence of creep (from 10(-1) to 2 x 10(4) Pa) cannot be accounted for within the framework of the simple point-defect model. C1 ARGONNE NATL LAB, DIV ENERGY TECHNOL, ARGONNE, IL 60439 USA. UNIV CALIF IRVINE, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM ENGN, IRVINE, CA 92717 USA. ARGONNE NATL LAB, DIV MAT SCI, ARGONNE, IL 60439 USA. PACIFIC NW LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. UNIV SEVILLA, DEPT CONDENSED MATTER PHYS, E-41080 SEVILLE, SPAIN. OI Clauss Klamp, Caroline Maria/0000-0003-4425-4814; Dominguez-Rodriguez, Arturo/0000-0003-1598-5669 NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH-SCITEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI UETIKON A.S. PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 UETIKON A.S., SWITZERLAND SN 1012-0386 J9 DEFECT DIFFUS FORUM PY 1997 VL 143 BP 1201 EP 1206 PN 2 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA XM077 UT WOS:A1997XM07700044 ER PT J AU Mitha, S Aziz, MJ Schiferl, D Poker, DB AF Mitha, S Aziz, MJ Schiferl, D Poker, DB TI Effect of pressure on arsenic diffusion in germanium: Evidence against simple vacancy mechanism SO DEFECT AND DIFFUSION FORUM/JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Diffusion in Materials (DIMAT 96) CY AUG 05-09, 1996 CL NORDKIRCHEN, GERMANY SP Nordrhein Westfalen Coll Finances, Germany DE semiconductor; activation volume; pressure; mechanism; vacancy; interstitialcy ID SILICON; LATTICE AB We have measured the effect of pressure on As diffusion in Ge. Diffusion anneals on ion-implanted samples were carried out in a high temperature diamond anvil cell using fluid argon as a clean, hydrostatic pressure medium. At 575 degrees C over the pressure range 0.1 to 4 GPa, pressure slightly enhances the diffusivity, characterized by an activation volume of -1.7 +/- 1.4 cm(3)/mole or -0.12 +/- 0.10 times the atomic volume of Ge. The results call into question the prevailing view that diffusion of group III, IV and V elements is mediated entirely by vacancies. Potential explanations of these results are discussed. C1 HARVARD UNIV, DIV APPL SCI, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA. LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB, LOS ALAMOS, NM 87545 USA. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB, DIV SOLID STATE, OAK RIDGE, TN 37831 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANS TECH-SCITEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI UETIKON A.S. PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 UETIKON A.S., SWITZERLAND SN 1012-0386 J9 DEFECT DIFFUS FOR/JR JI Defect Diffus. Forum PY 1997 VL 143 BP 1041 EP 1046 PN 2 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA XM077 UT WOS:A1997XM07700022 ER PT S AU Bracht, H Schachtrup, AR AF Bracht, H Schachtrup, AR BE delaRubia, TD Coffa, S Stolk, PA Rafferty, CS TI Diffusion of gold into heavily boron-doped silicon SO DEFECTS AND DIFFUSION IN SILICON PROCESSING SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Defects and Diffusion in Silicon Processing CY APR 01-04, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, CNR, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Philips Res Labs, SEMATECH, SGS Thomson Microelectr, Technol Modelling Associates AB Diffusion of Au into dislocation-free and highly dislocated Si with high B-background doping levels has been investigated with the aid of neutron activation analysis in conjunction with mechanical sectioning. The high B-doping level causes extrinsic conditions, i.e., the hole concentration exceeds the intrinsic carrier concentration even at diffusion temperatures between 900 degrees C and 1100 degrees C. All profiles are accurately described on the basis of the kick-out diffusion model and a mechanism which takes into account segregation of Au at dislocations. Our analysis provides solubility data C-Au(eq) of Au in Si and effective diffusion coefficients D-Aui,I(eff) related to interstitial Au and Si self-interstitials I The dependence of these quantities on the B-background doping level is well described by the Fermi-level effect. This analysis supports singly positively charged states in p-type Si of Au on interstitial (Au-i) and substitutional (Au-s) sites and of Si self-interstitials Successful fitting of C-Au(eq) additionally requires an acceptor level of Au-s. The electrical properties deduced for Au-i, Au-s, and I are summarized in Table 2. Au profiles in highly dislocated Si obtained especially after diffusion at 900 degrees C give evidence of Au trapped at dislocations. From our preliminary experimental results we determine an enthalpy difference of 2.7 eV between Au on substitutional sites and Au captured at dislocations. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Bracht, H (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd,MS200-2, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-373-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 469 BP 25 EP 36 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BK19T UT WOS:000071462300003 ER PT S AU Knowlton, WB Walton, JT Wong, YK Mason, IA Haller, EE AF Knowlton, WB Walton, JT Wong, YK Mason, IA Haller, EE BE delaRubia, TD Coffa, S Stolk, PA Rafferty, CS TI High silicon self-interstitial diffusivity as revealed by lithium ion drifting SO DEFECTS AND DIFFUSION IN SILICON PROCESSING SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Defects and Diffusion in Silicon Processing CY APR 01-04, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, CNR, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Philips Res Labs, SEMATECH, SGS Thomson Microelectr, Technol Modelling Associates AB We report on the use of lithium ion (Li+) drifting(1) as a sensitive means to study Si self-interstitial (Si-I) diffusion.(2) Li+ properties in silicon are well known from extensive ion drift studies and Li-interactions with dopants and point defects.(3) We have used this low temperature (similar to 100 degrees C) technique in combination with Si-I injection from oxides to delineate, identify and eliminate D defects(4) in certain p-type floating zone (FZ) Si single crystals.(5-8) Our results suggest Si-I diffusion occurs to a depth of at least 10 mm into the bulk during phosphorus (P) diffusion with oxidation (i.e., POCl3 process) at 950 degrees C for 100 min. Process modeling of this lower bound Si-I diffusion using SUPREM-IV9 results in a Si-I diffusivity of 3.5x10(-6) cm(2)/s at 950 degrees C. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Knowlton, WB (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-373-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 469 BP 77 EP 82 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BK19T UT WOS:000071462300010 ER PT S AU Zhu, J AF Zhu, J BE delaRubia, TD Coffa, S Stolk, PA Rafferty, CS TI Ab initio pseudopotential calculations of dopant diffusion in Si SO DEFECTS AND DIFFUSION IN SILICON PROCESSING SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Defects and Diffusion in Silicon Processing CY APR 01-04, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, CNR, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Philips Res Labs, SEMATECH, SGS Thomson Microelectr, Technol Modelling Associates AB The ab initio pseudopotential method is used to study transient-enhanced-diffusion (TED) related processes. The electronic degrees of freedom are included explicitly. together with the fully self-consistent treatment of the electron charge density. A large supercell and a fine k-point mesh are used to ensure numerical convergence; Such method has been demonstrated to give quantitative description of defect energetics. We will show that boron diffusion is significantly enhanced in the presence of the Si interstitial due to the substantial lowering of the migrational barrier through a kick-out mechanism. The resulting mobile boron can also be trapped by another substitutional boron, forming an immobile and electrically inactive two-boron pair. Similarly, carbon diffusion is also enhanced significantly due to the pairing with Si interstitials. However, carbon binds to Si interstitials much more strongly then boron does, taking away most Si interstitials from boron at sufficiently large carbon concentration, which causes the suppression of the boron TED. We will also show that Fermi level effect plays an important role in both Si intersititial and boron diffusion. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Zhu, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-412, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-373-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 469 BP 151 EP 162 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BK19T UT WOS:000071462300021 ER PT S AU Venezia, VC Haynes, TE Agarwal, A Gossmann, HJ Eaglesham, DJ AF Venezia, VC Haynes, TE Agarwal, A Gossmann, HJ Eaglesham, DJ BE delaRubia, TD Coffa, S Stolk, PA Rafferty, CS TI Enhanced diffusion of dopants in vacancy supersaturation produced by MeV implantation SO DEFECTS AND DIFFUSION IN SILICON PROCESSING SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Defects and Diffusion in Silicon Processing CY APR 01-04, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, CNR, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Philips Res Labs, SEMATECH, SGS Thomson Microelectr, Technol Modelling Associates AB The diffusion of Sb and B markers has been studied in vacancy supersaturations produced by MeV Si implantation in float zone (FZ) silicon and bonded etch-back silicon-on-insulator (BESOI) substrates. MeV Si implantation produces a vacancy supersaturated near-surface region and an interstitial-rich region at the projected ion range. Transient enhanced diffusion (TED) of Sb in the near surface layer was observed as a result of a 2 MeV Si+, 1x10(16)/cm(2), implant. A 4x larger TED of Sb was observed in BESOI than in FZ silicon, demonstrating that the vacancy supersaturation persists longer in BESOI than in FZ. B markers in samples with MeV Si implant showed a factor of 10x smaller diffusion relative to markers without the MeV Sit implant. This data demonstrates that a 2 MeV Si+ implant injects vacancies into the near surface region. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Venezia, VC (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Haynes, Tony/P-8932-2015 OI Haynes, Tony/0000-0003-2871-4745 NR 0 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-373-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 469 BP 303 EP 308 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BK19T UT WOS:000071462300040 ER PT S AU Caturla, MJ de la Rubia, TD Zhu, J Johnson, M AF Caturla, MJ de la Rubia, TD Zhu, J Johnson, M BE delaRubia, TD Coffa, S Stolk, PA Rafferty, CS TI Monte Carlo simulation of Boron diffusion during low energy implantation and high temperature annealing SO DEFECTS AND DIFFUSION IN SILICON PROCESSING SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Defects and Diffusion in Silicon Processing CY APR 01-04, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, CNR, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Philips Res Labs, SEMATECH, SGS Thomson Microelectr, Technol Modelling Associates AB We use a kinetic Monte Carlo model to simulate the implantation of low energy Boron in Silicon, from 0.5 to 1 keV, at high doses, 10(15) ions/cm(2). The damage produced by each ion is calculated using UT-Marlowe, based on a binary collision approximation. During implantation at room temperature,, silicon self-interstitials, vacancies and boron interstitials are allowed to migrate and interact. The diffusion kinetics of these defects and dopants has been obtained by ab initio calculations as well as Stillinger Weber molecular dynamics. Clustering of both self-interstitials, vacancies and boron atoms is included. We also model the diffusion of the implanted dopants after a high temperature annealing in order to understand the transient enhanced diffusion (TED) phenomenon. We observe two different stages of TED During the first stage vacancies are present in the lattice together with interstitials and the diffusion enhancement is small. The second stage starts after all the vacancies disappear and gives rise to most of the final TED. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Caturla, MJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-373-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 469 BP 335 EP 340 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BK19T UT WOS:000071462300045 ER PT S AU Windl, W Kress, JD Voter, AF Menendez, J Sankey, OF AF Windl, W Kress, JD Voter, AF Menendez, J Sankey, OF BE delaRubia, TD Coffa, S Stolk, PA Rafferty, CS TI Influence of the local microstructure on the macroscopic properties of Si1-x-yGexCy alloys SO DEFECTS AND DIFFUSION IN SILICON PROCESSING SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Defects and Diffusion in Silicon Processing CY APR 01-04, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, CNR, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Philips Res Labs, SEMATECH, SGS Thomson Microelectr, Technol Modelling Associates AB We performed a theoretical study of the microscopic arrangement of the C atoms in Si1-x-yGexCy alloys using the Sankey local-orbital density-functional formalism. Our first principles calculations show that in the dilute limit, the lattice constant in Si1-yCy alloys decreases much more (by about 2/3) with concentration than predicted by Vegard's law. We show that this result is consistent with Raman and infrared experiments and with previous empirical calculations. As the C concentration increases, the interactions between the C atoms become important: Interstitial C becomes more abundant and increases the lattice constant, and the substitutional C atoms array under appropriate growth conditions. The effect of this ordering on the lattice constant is small, but it can be seen in the Raman spectra of layer-by-layer grown samples. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Windl, W (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Windl, Wolfgang/C-7255-2012; OI Windl, Wolfgang/0000-0001-5892-0684; Voter, Arthur/0000-0001-9788-7194 NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-373-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 469 BP 443 EP 448 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BK19T UT WOS:000071462300062 ER PT S AU McHugo, SA Imaizumi, M AF McHugo, SA Imaizumi, M BE delaRubia, TD Coffa, S Stolk, PA Rafferty, CS TI Release of impurities from structural defects in polycrystalline silicon solar cells SO DEFECTS AND DIFFUSION IN SILICON PROCESSING SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Defects and Diffusion in Silicon Processing CY APR 01-04, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, CNR, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Philips Res Labs, SEMATECH, SGS Thomson Microelectr, Technol Modelling Associates AB It is critical to understand the behavior of metallic impurities in polycrystalline silicon used for solar cells. These impurities significantly increase the minority carrier recombination rate and, in turn, degrade cell performance. Impurity gettering is a commonly used method to remove these impurities from the material, however, past work has suggested that impurity release from structural defects drastically limits the gettering process. Presently, there is only a limited understanding of impurity release from structural defects. In this work, a correlation between structural defects and the location of metal impurities in as:grown material is established and the release of nickel and copper from structural defects in polycrystalline silicon was studied in as grown material and after sequential thermal treatments which dissolve the impurities into the silicon matrix. Synchrotron-based x-ray fluorescence impurity mapping with spatial resolution of approximate to 1 mu m, was used to determine impurity distributions after each thermal treatment. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP McHugo, SA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-373-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 469 BP 487 EP 492 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BK19T UT WOS:000071462300069 ER PT S AU Maiti, A Chisholm, MF Pennycook, SJ Pantelides, ST AF Maiti, A Chisholm, MF Pennycook, SJ Pantelides, ST BE Michel, J Kennedy, T Wada, K Thonke, K TI Cooperative chemical rebonding in the segregation of impurities in silicon grain boundaries SO DEFECTS IN ELECTRONIC MATERIALS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Defects in Electronic Materials II, at the Combined Meeting of the Materials-Research-Society / International Conference on Electronic Materials CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB With ab initio calculations we show that the experimentally observed large segregation energies of As at Si grain boundaries can be explained by the formation of isolated dimers or ordered chains of dimers of threefold-coordinated As along the cores of grain boundary dislocations. We also find the intriguing possibility that As segregation may drive structural transformation of certain grain boundaries. Recently we have obtained the first atomic-resolution STEM images of As in a Si grain boundary, consistent with the formation of As dimers. Segregation energy of As dimers was found to be significantly higher in isolated dislocation cores, where larger site-variation in strain than in grain boundaries lead to further lowering of the electronic levels of As deep into the bandgap. RP Maiti, A (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV SOLID STATE,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-346-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 442 BP 213 EP 223 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BH80T UT WOS:A1997BH80T00031 ER PT S AU McHugo, SA Hieslmair, H Weber, ER Rosenblum, MD Kalejs, JP AF McHugo, SA Hieslmair, H Weber, ER Rosenblum, MD Kalejs, JP BE Michel, J Kennedy, T Wada, K Thonke, K TI Interactions of structural defects with metallic impurities in multicrystalline silicon SO DEFECTS IN ELECTRONIC MATERIALS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Defects in Electronic Materials II, at the Combined Meeting of the Materials-Research-Society / International Conference on Electronic Materials CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Interactions between structural defects and metallic impurities were studied in multicrystalline silicon for solar cell applications. The objective was to gain insight into the relationship between solar cell processing, metallic impurity behavior and the resultant effect on material/device performance. With an intense synchrotron x-ray source, high sensitivity x-ray fluorescence measurements were utilized to determine impurity distributions with a spatial resolution of approximate to 1 mu m. Diffusion length mapping and final solar cell characteristics gauged material/device performance. The materials were tested in both the as-grown state and after full solar cell processing. Iron and nickel metal impurities were located at structural defects in as-grown material, while after solar cell. processing, both impurities were still observed in low performance regions. These results indicate that multicrystalline silicon solar cell performance is directly related to metal impurities which are not completely removed during typical processing treatments. A discussion of possible mechanisms for this incomplete removal is presented. RP McHugo, SA (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-346-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 442 BP 261 EP 266 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BH80T UT WOS:A1997BH80T00038 ER PT S AU Pajot, B Artacho, E Khirunenko, LI Itoh, K Haller, EE AF Pajot, B Artacho, E Khirunenko, LI Itoh, K Haller, EE BE Davies, G Nazare, MH TI Matrix-induced isotope shift of a vibrational mode of interstitial oxygen in germanium SO DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS - ICDS-19, PTS 1-3 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-19) CY JUL, 1997 CL AVEIRO, PORTUGAL SP European Union DG XII Sci Res & Dev, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Junta Nacl Investigacio Cient & Tecnol, USA Res Off, Trans Tech Publicat Ltd, USN Off Naval Res Grant DE monoisotopic Ge; oxygen; IR spectroscopy; local modes; phonon coupling ID ABSORPTION; CRYSTALS; DISORDER; GE AB Under high-resolution, the asymmetric mode of Ge2O in germanium shows Ge isotope shifts related to Ge mass or to anharmonicity changes. We present here evidence of very small shifts between the position of lines in natural Ge and in quasi-monoisotopic Ge which are related to the change of the average mass of the matrix and we propose an explanation for this. C1 Univ D Diderot, GPS, F-75251 Paris 05, France. Univ Autonoma Madrid, Inst Bicolas Cabrera, E-28049 Madrid, Spain. Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Fis Mat Condensada, E-28049 Madrid, Spain. NASU, Inst Phys, UA-252650 Kiev 22, Ukraine. Keio Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Physicoinformat, Kohoku Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223, Japan. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Pajot, B (reprint author), Univ D Diderot, GPS, Tour 23,2 Pl Jussieu, F-75251 Paris 05, France. RI Artacho, Emilio/G-2616-2015; Itoh, Kohei/C-5738-2014 OI Artacho, Emilio/0000-0001-9357-1547; NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANSTEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-786-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1997 VL 258-2 BP 41 EP 46 PN 1-3 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK61R UT WOS:000072749500006 ER PT S AU Aichele, N Gommel, U Lassmann, K Maier, F Zeller, F Haller, EE Itoh, KM Khirunenko, LI Shakhovtsov, V Pajot, B Fogarassy, E Mussig, H AF Aichele, N Gommel, U Lassmann, K Maier, F Zeller, F Haller, EE Itoh, KM Khirunenko, LI Shakhovtsov, V Pajot, B Fogarassy, E Mussig, H BE Davies, G Nazare, MH TI Isotopic shifts of the rotational states of interstitial oxygen in germanium SO DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS - ICDS-19, PTS 1-3 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-19) CY JUL, 1997 CL AVEIRO, PORTUGAL SP European Union DG XII Sci Res & Dev, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Junta Nacl Investigacio Cient & Tecnol, USA Res Off, Trans Tech Publicat Ltd, USN Off Naval Res Grant DE Ge : O; isotope shift; phonon spectroscopy ID ABSORPTION; CRYSTALS; SILICON AB By phonon spectroscopy we find in isotopically enriched Ge:Oi crystals Ge-isotope associated shifts of the rotational resonances that are larger than compatible with the linewidth in natural Ge if only the rotation of the quasi-free Ge2O molecule is considered. Because of the reduced isotope scattering of the phonons in the enriched Ge the position of higher excited states could be determined. This may improve the estimate of the height of the axial potential barrier. C1 Univ Stuttgart, Inst Phys 1, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Keio Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Physicoinformat, Kohoku Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223, Japan. Natl Acad Sci Ukraine, Inst Phys, UA-252650 Kiev 22, Ukraine. Univ Denis Diderot, Phys Solides Grp, F-75251 Paris 05, France. CNRS, Lab PHASE, F-67037 Strasbourg 2, France. United Monolith Semicond GMBH, D-89081 Ulm, Germany. RP Aichele, N (reprint author), Univ Stuttgart, Inst Phys 1, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany. RI Itoh, Kohei/C-5738-2014 NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANSTEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-786-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1997 VL 258-2 BP 47 EP 52 PN 1-3 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK61R UT WOS:000072749500007 ER PT S AU Itoh, KM Kinoshita, T Walukiewicz, W Beeman, JW Haller, EE Muto, J Farmer, JW Ozhogin, VI AF Itoh, KM Kinoshita, T Walukiewicz, W Beeman, JW Haller, EE Muto, J Farmer, JW Ozhogin, VI BE Davies, G Nazare, MH TI Ionized impurity scattering in isotopically engineered, compensated Ge : Ga,As SO DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS - ICDS-19, PTS 1-3 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-19) CY JUL, 1997 CL AVEIRO, PORTUGAL SP European Union DG XII Sci Res & Dev, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Junta Nacl Investigacio Cient & Tecnol, USA Res Off, Trans Tech Publicat Ltd, USN Off Naval Res Grant DE ionized impurity scattering; mobility; compensated semiconductors ID SEMICONDUCTORS; GE AB Ionized-impurity scattering of holes has been studied in isotopically engineered p-type Ge:Ga,As samples with compensation ratios between 0.08 and 0.61. Experimentally measured Hall mobilities at temperatures between 10 and 300 K are quantitatively compared with existing theories of ionized impurity scattering in highly compensated semiconductors. We find fair agreement with the theory based on the correlated distribution of ionized impurity centers. C1 Keio Univ, Kohoku Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223, Japan. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. IV Kurchatov Atom Energy Inst, Moscow 123182, Russia. RP Itoh, KM (reprint author), Keio Univ, Kohoku Ku, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223, Japan. RI Itoh, Kohei/C-5738-2014 NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANSTEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-786-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1997 VL 258-2 BP 77 EP 82 PN 1-3 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK61R UT WOS:000072749500012 ER PT S AU Symko, MI Sopori, BL Reedy, R Jones, KM AF Symko, MI Sopori, BL Reedy, R Jones, KM BE Davies, G Nazare, MH TI Low temperature hydrogen diffusion in silicon: Influence of substrate quality and the surface damage SO DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS - ICDS-19, PTS 1-3 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-19) CY JUL, 1997 CL AVEIRO, PORTUGAL SP European Union DG XII Sci Res & Dev, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Junta Nacl Investigacio Cient & Tecnol, USA Res Off, Trans Tech Publicat Ltd, USN Off Naval Res Grant DE hydrogen; silicon; passivation; diffusion AB Hydrogen passivation of defects and impurities is becoming a necessary step for achieving high efficiency solar cells on materials from some photovoltaic (PV) vendors[1,2]. Even though hydrogen passivation is a common technology, relatively little is known on the diffusion and passivation mechanisms of hydrogen in silicon. For example, it is not known why solar cells fabricated on the material from some vendors improve considerably more than others. Vendors who utilize this passivation may see a 20% increase in the cell performance, making it a remarkable process for those who benefit. There are other intriguing observations, the degree of passivation for solar cells fabricated on the material from the same vendor vary with the hydrogenation technique. Likewise, if the growth parameters of the material are changed, the degree of passivation can also change. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Symko, MI (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANSTEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-786-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1997 VL 258-2 BP 191 EP 196 PN 1-3 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK61R UT WOS:000072749500030 ER PT S AU Schroth, H Lassmann, K Borgmann, C Bracht, H AF Schroth, H Lassmann, K Borgmann, C Bracht, H BE Davies, G Nazare, MH TI Electric-dipole spin resonance of Be-doped silicon SO DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS - ICDS-19, PTS 1-3 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-19) CY JUL, 1997 CL AVEIRO, PORTUGAL SP European Union DG XII Sci Res & Dev, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Junta Nacl Investigacio Cient & Tecnol, USA Res Off, Trans Tech Publicat Ltd, USN Off Naval Res Grant DE Si : Be; double acceptor; hydrogen; deuterium; electric-dipole spin resonance ID TETRAHEDRAL FIELD; RIGID ROTOR; COMPLEXES; H,BE; D,BE; BERYLLIUM AB Electric-dipole spill resonance (EDSR) spectra of silicon doped with beryllium by diffusion at temperatures between 945 degrees C and 1180 degrees C are presented. Mie find four spectra labelled Be-a to Be-d with trigonal symmetry. The IR spectra of these samples show the well known acceptor effective mass line series of substitutional beryllium (Be-s), beryllium-beryllium pairs (Be-2), beryllium-hydrogen pairs (BeH) and, in a sample heated in deuterium atmosphere, beryllium-deuterium pairs (BeD). It is proposed that Be-a and Be-b originate in BeH and BeD, respectively, while Be-c and Be-d may be spectra of Be paired with contaminants. By illumination of the samples a number of broad absorption lines appear in EDSR, reminiscent of the single acceptor spectrum of indium. However, a Hamiltonian similar to that used for effective mass accepters does not well describe the angular dependence of all the lines. From the doping conditions it is not yet clear whether these absorptions are connected with the single hole state of Be-s(-). C1 Univ Stuttgart, Inst Phys 1, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany. Univ Munster, Inst Met Forsch, D-48149 Munster, Germany. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Schroth, H (reprint author), Univ Stuttgart, Inst Phys 1, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU TRANSTEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-786-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1997 VL 258-2 BP 417 EP 422 PN 1-3 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK61R UT WOS:000072749500067 ER PT S AU Hieslmair, H Istratov, AA McHugo, SA Flink, C Weber, ER AF Hieslmair, H Istratov, AA McHugo, SA Flink, C Weber, ER BE Davies, G Nazare, MH TI Precipitation of iron in FZ and Cz silicon SO DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS - ICDS-19, PTS 1-3 SE Materials Science Forum LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-19) CY JUL, 1997 CL AVEIRO, PORTUGAL SP European Union DG XII Sci Res & Dev, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Junta Nacl Investigacio Cient & Tecnol, USA Res Off, Trans Tech Publicat Ltd, USN Off Naval Res Grant DE iron; precipitation; Ham's law ID CZOCHRALSKI-GROWN SILICON; FE AB Iron was precipitated in FZ silicon and Ct silicon with varying densities of oxygen precipitates, including Ct material with no oxygen precipitates. Computer simulations based on Ham's law were fitted to experimental data to obtain iron precipitation site densities. Iron precipitate densities were found to decrease with increasing precipitation anneal temperatures until approximate to 500 degrees C, yielding a trap energy of 0.49+/-0.14 eV. Above 500 degrees C, the precipitation site density remained approximately constant. Iron precipitate site densities increased with oxygen precipitate densities, and correlated with oxygen precipitate surface areas. Iron precipitate site densities in FZ material were found to be higher than in Ct with no oxygen precipitates. We suggest that vacancy agglomerations may be the dominant trapping defect in FZ. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Hieslmair, H (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. OI Hieslmair, Henry/0000-0002-5842-1882 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI STAFA-ZURICH PA LAUBLSRUTISTR 24, CH-8717 STAFA-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-786-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1997 VL 258-2 BP 449 EP 454 PN 1-3 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK61R UT WOS:000072749500072 ER PT S AU McHugo, SA Heiser, T Hieslmair, H Flink, C Weber, ER Myers, SM Petersen, GA AF McHugo, SA Heiser, T Hieslmair, H Flink, C Weber, ER Myers, SM Petersen, GA BE Davies, G Nazare, MH TI Copper in silicon: Quantitative analysis of internal and proximity gettering SO DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS - ICDS-19, PTS 1-3 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-19) CY JUL, 1997 CL AVEIRO, PORTUGAL SP European Union DG XII Sci Res & Dev, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Junta Nacl Investigacio Cient & Tecnol, USA Res Off, Trans Tech Publicat Ltd, USN Off Naval Res Grant DE copper; silicon; gettering; implantation; oxygen precipitates; transient ion drift ID TRANSITION-METALS; IMPLANTATION; CAVITIES; CARBON AB The behavior of copper in the presence of a proximity gettering mechanism and a standard internal gettering mechanism in silicon was studied. He implantation-induced cavities in the near surface region were used as a proximity gettering mechanism and oxygen precipitates in the bulk of the material provided internal gettering sites. Moderate levels of copper contamination were introduced by ion implantation such that the copper was not supersaturated during the anneals, thus providing realistic copper contamination/gettering conditions. Copper concentrations at cavities and internal gettering sites were quantitatively measured after the annealings. In this manner, the gettering effectiveness of cavities was measured when in direct competition with internal gettering sites. The cavities were found to be the dominant gettering mechanism with only a small amount of copper gettered at the internal gettering sites. These results reveal the benefits of a segregation-type gettering mechanism for typical contamination conditions. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Strasbourg 1, Lab PHASE, CNRS, F-67037 Strasbourg 2, France. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP McHugo, SA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. OI Hieslmair, Henry/0000-0002-5842-1882 NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANSTEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-786-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1997 VL 258-2 BP 461 EP 466 PN 1-3 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK61R UT WOS:000072749500074 ER PT S AU Sopori, BL AF Sopori, BL BE Davies, G Nazare, MH TI Defect clusters in silicon: Impact on the performance of large-area devices SO DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS - ICDS-19, PTS 1-3 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-19) CY JUL, 1997 CL AVEIRO, PORTUGAL SP European Union DG XII Sci Res & Dev, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Junta Nacl Investigacio Cient & Tecnol, USA Res Off, Trans Tech Publicat Ltd, USN Off Naval Res Grant DE defect clusters; dislocations; solar cells ID SOLAR-CELLS AB Defect clusters, consisting of agglomerations of dislocations, stacking faults and grain boundaries in an otherwise low defect density wafer, are caused by thermal stresses during the crystal growth. Defect clusters are ideal sites for impurity precipitation. A phenomenological approach to calculate the characteristics of a device with extended defects shows that a defect cluster can produce extensive shunting. Finally, a network model is used to show that clustering of defects can cause significantly more degradation in the device performance compared to a situation if the total number of defects are uniformly distributed over the entire device. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Sopori, BL (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 7 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANSTEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-786-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1997 VL 258-2 BP 527 EP 534 PN 1-3 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK61R UT WOS:000072749500085 ER PT S AU Wasik, D Dmowski, L Mikucki, J Lusakowski, J Hsu, L Walukiewicz, W Bi, WG Tu, CW AF Wasik, D Dmowski, L Mikucki, J Lusakowski, J Hsu, L Walukiewicz, W Bi, WG Tu, CW BE Davies, G Nazare, MH TI Pressure dependent two-dimensional electron transport in defect doped InGaAs/InP heterostructures SO DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS - ICDS-19, PTS 1-3 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-19) CY JUL, 1997 CL AVEIRO, PORTUGAL SP European Union DG XII Sci Res & Dev, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Junta Nacl Investigacio Cient & Tecnol, USA Res Off, Trans Tech Publicat Ltd, USN Off Naval Res Grant DE pressure; heterostructure; InGaAs; InP ID LOW-TEMPERATURE; INP; MOBILITY; GAAS AB We have measured the transport properties of InGaAs/InP heterostructures where donor-like native defects incorporated in a low temperature grown InP barrier are used as a source of electrons. Conductance of such structures shows comparable contributions from low mobility electrons in the InP barrier and from the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the heterostructure interface. We used high hydrostatic pressure to eliminate the low mobility conductance and were able to determine the parameters of two-dimensional electron gas. We find that the highest two-dimensional electron mobility of 3 x 10(4) cm(2)/Vs is determined by the scattering from the background ionized impurities located in the InGaAs quantum well. C1 Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. PAS, High Pressure Res Ctr Unipress, PL-01142 Warsaw, Poland. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Wasik, D (reprint author), Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, Hoza 69, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANSTEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-786-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1997 VL 258-2 BP 813 EP 818 PN 1-3 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK61R UT WOS:000072749500132 ER PT S AU Leipner, HS Hubner, CG Kruger, J Krause-Rehberg, R AF Leipner, HS Hubner, CG Kruger, J Krause-Rehberg, R BE Davies, G Nazare, MH TI Study of plastically deformed semiconductors by means of positron annihilation SO DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS - ICDS-19, PTS 1-3 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-19) CY JUL, 1997 CL AVEIRO, PORTUGAL SP European Union DG XII Sci Res & Dev, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Junta Nacl Investigacio Cient & Tecnol, USA Res Off, Trans Tech Publicat Ltd, USN Off Naval Res Grant DE plastic deformation; positron annihilation; vacancies; antisites; dislocations ID GAAS; DEFECTS; VACANCIES AB Deformation-induced defects have been studied by means of positron annihilation. Temperature-dependent positron lifetime spectroscopy indicates the presence of dislocations acting as shallow positron traps. The decomposition of the lifetime spectra provides positron lifetime components related to vacancy clusters and mono-or divacancies. The correlation between positron measurements and electron paramagnetic resonance gives evidence that the Ga-As antisite is formed during plastic deformation. The density of point defects is estimated for different deformation conditions. C1 Univ Halle Wittenberg, Fachbereich Phys, D-06108 Halle, Germany. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Adv Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Leipner, HS (reprint author), Univ Halle Wittenberg, Fachbereich Phys, Friedemann Bach Pl 6, D-06108 Halle, Germany. EM leipner@physik.uni-halle.de RI Hubner, Christian/C-9512-2011; OI Leipner, Hartmut/0000-0002-5563-7792 NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANSTEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-786-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1997 VL 258-2 BP 981 EP 986 PN 1-3 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK61R UT WOS:000072749500160 ER PT S AU Desnica-Frankovic, ID Desnica, UV Ivanda, M Gracin, D Haynes, TE AF Desnica-Frankovic, ID Desnica, UV Ivanda, M Gracin, D Haynes, TE BE Davies, G Nazare, MH TI Metastable amorphous structure in ion implanted GaAs SO DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS - ICDS-19, PTS 1-3 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-19) CY JUL, 1997 CL AVEIRO, PORTUGAL SP European Union DG XII Sci Res & Dev, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Junta Nacl Investigacio Cient & Tecnol, USA Res Off, Trans Tech Publicat Ltd, USN Off Naval Res Grant DE GaAs; implantation; amorphous structures; order/disorder; boson peak ID RAMAN-SCATTERING; SPECTRA; PROFILE; DAMAGE; SI AB Disorder was introduced into GaAs by implantation of Si-30(+) ions and studied by Raman scattering, RS. A very wide range of ion doses (8x10(12) - 3x10(16)/cm(2)), dose rates, and implant temperatures was used. RS spectra were deconvoluted in a novel way so that the apparent 'background' signal was also included in the analysis. New arguments are given that: a) this 'background' is in fact a low frequency peak and hence a meaningful signal, equivalent to the analogous 'boson peak' (BP) regularly observed in glassy solids, and b) represents a specific amorphous phase, different than a well known continuous-random-network amorphous phase, a-CRN. A systematic and self-consistent behavior of the BP signal is observed in all studied implantation conditions. The a-BP is the only component of RS spectra whose relative intensity was always proportional to the total disorder, as evaluated by RES, regardless as to whether higher disorder is produced by higher dose, or higher rate or lower implant temperatures. The amorphous phase in GaAs is thus envisioned as a two-phase composite of strained nanometer-size regions within relaxed continuous random network. The a-BP can be converted in a controlled way into a-CRN (by thermal relaxation) and vice versa, a-CRN into a-BP (by additional implantation). This establishes a-BP as a metastable structure of amorphous phase that has higher free energy than the regular a-CRN. C1 Rudjer Boskovic Inst, Dept Phys, Zagreb 10000, Croatia. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Desnica-Frankovic, ID (reprint author), Rudjer Boskovic Inst, Dept Phys, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia. RI Ivanda, Mile/J-3772-2012; Gracin, Davor/J-3756-2012; Haynes, Tony/P-8932-2015 OI Ivanda, Mile/0000-0002-3785-8321; Haynes, Tony/0000-0003-2871-4745 NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU TRANSTEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-786-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1997 VL 258-2 BP 1057 EP 1062 PN 1-3 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK61R UT WOS:000072749500173 ER PT S AU Kruger, J Corlatan, D Kisielowski, C Kim, Y Klockenbrink, R Sudhir, GS Rubin, M Weber, ER AF Kruger, J Corlatan, D Kisielowski, C Kim, Y Klockenbrink, R Sudhir, GS Rubin, M Weber, ER BE Davies, G Nazare, MH TI Photoluminescence of donor acceptor pair transitions in hexagonal and cubic MBE-grown GaN SO DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS - ICDS-19, PTS 1-3 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-19) CY JUL, 1997 CL AVEIRO, PORTUGAL SP European Union DG XII Sci Res & Dev, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Junta Nacl Investigacio Cient & Tecnol, USA Res Off, Trans Tech Publicat Ltd, USN Off Naval Res Grant DE luminescence; hexagonal/cubic GaN; donor acceptor pair transition AB In this report we present photoluminescence results taken on MBE grown GaN. We identify and analyze two donor acceptor pair transitions (DAP) in the predominant hexagonal phase. These defect complexes are proven to involve the same acceptor but to differ in the thermal ionization energy for the donor. Also, we describe PL lines which we ascribe to the donor bound exciton and a donor acceptor pair transition of cubic inclusions within the predominant hexagonal matrix. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Kruger, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANSTEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-786-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1997 VL 258-2 BP 1191 EP 1196 PN 1-3 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK61R UT WOS:000072749500195 ER PT S AU McCluskey, MD Haller, EE Walukiewicz, W Becla, P AF McCluskey, MD Haller, EE Walukiewicz, W Becla, P BE Davies, G Nazare, MH TI Resonant interaction between local vibrational modes and extended lattice phonons in AlSb SO DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS - ICDS-19, PTS 1-3 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-19) CY JUL, 1997 CL AVEIRO, PORTUGAL SP European Union DG XII Sci Res & Dev, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Junta Nacl Investigacio Cient & Tecnol, USA Res Off, Trans Tech Publicat Ltd, USN Off Naval Res Grant DE local vibrational modes (LVM's); AlSb; DX centers; hydrogen ID HYDROGEN COMPLEXES AB Using infrared spectroscopy we have observed Se-H stretch and wag local vibrational modes (LVM's) in AlSb. The frequencies of the wag mode harmonics are explained by perturbation theory. In addition, there is evidence of a resonant interaction between LVM's and multi-phonon modes. This interaction leads to a splitting of the Se-H stretch mode into three peaks at 1606.3, 1608.6, and 1615.7 cm(-1) at liquid-helium temperatures. As the temperature or pressure is increased, the stretch mode and multi-phonon modes show anti-crossing behavior. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP McCluskey, MD (reprint author), Xerox Corp, Palo Alto Res Ctr, 3333 Coyote Hill Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANSTEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-786-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1997 VL 258-2 BP 1247 EP 1252 PN 1-3 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK61R UT WOS:000072749500204 ER PT S AU Liliental-Weber, Z Chen, Y Ruvimov, S Washburn, J AF Liliental-Weber, Z Chen, Y Ruvimov, S Washburn, J BE Davies, G Nazare, MH TI Nanotubes and pinholes in GaN and their formation mechanism SO DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS - ICDS-19, PTS 1-3 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-19) CY JUL, 1997 CL AVEIRO, PORTUGAL SP European Union DG XII Sci Res & Dev, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Junta Nacl Investigacio Cient & Tecnol, USA Res Off, Trans Tech Publicat Ltd, USN Off Naval Res Grant ID STRUCTURAL DEFECTS; FILMS; SAPPHIRE C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Hewlett Packard Co, Palo Alto, CA USA. RP Liliental-Weber, Z (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 62-203, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Liliental-Weber, Zuzanna/H-8006-2012 NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU TRANSTEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-786-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1997 VL 258-2 BP 1659 EP 1664 PN 1-3 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK61R UT WOS:000072749500271 ER PT S AU Hsu, L Walukiewicz, W Haller, EE AF Hsu, L Walukiewicz, W Haller, EE BE Davies, G Nazare, MH TI Defect formation and electronic transport at AlGaN/GaN interfaces SO DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS - ICDS-19, PTS 1-3 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-19) CY JUL, 1997 CL AVEIRO, PORTUGAL SP European Union DG XII Sci Res & Dev, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Junta Nacl Investigacio Cient & Tecnol, USA Res Off, Trans Tech Publicat Ltd, USN Off Naval Res Grant DE heterostructure; modulation doping; two-dimensional electron gas; GaN ID HETEROSTRUCTURES; ALXGA1-XN; MOBILITY; TRANSISTOR; SAPPHIRE; GROWTH; GAS AB We have calculated the effects of charged defects located neat a AlxGa1-xN/GaN heterointerface on the transport properties of the two dimensional electron gas confined at the interface and also determined the distribution of those defects taking into consideration the dependence of the formation energy on the Fermi level. In addition, we have investigated the effects of hydrostatic pressure on such modulation doped heterostructures and find that pressure can be used to make the determination of the properties of the two dimensional electron gas easier by eliminating parallel three dimensional conduction paths. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, MSME Dept, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Hsu, L (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANSTEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-786-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1997 VL 258-2 BP 1749 EP 1754 PN 1-3 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK61R UT WOS:000072749500286 ER PT S AU Bracht, H Schachtrup, AR Yonenaga, I AF Bracht, H Schachtrup, AR Yonenaga, I BE Davies, G Nazare, MH TI Segregation of gold at dislocations confirmed by gold diffusion into highly dislocated silicon SO DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS - ICDS-19, PTS 1-3 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-19) CY JUL, 1997 CL AVEIRO, PORTUGAL SP European Union DG XII Sci Res & Dev, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Junta Nacl Investigacio Cient & Tecnol, USA Res Off, Trans Tech Publicat Ltd, USN Off Naval Res Grant DE silicon; gold; neutron-activation analysis; dislocations; segregation ID SI AB We report on Au-diffusion experiments performed between 850 degrees C and 1100 degrees C into plastically deformed Si monocyrstals, undoped and uniformly doped with a B concentration of 3x10(19) cm(-3). After indiffusion, Au profiles were monitored with neutron activation analysis (NAA) in conjunction with mechanical sectioning. The profiles show Au-diffusion to be faster in heavily B-doped Si than in undoped samples. Fitting of the experimental profiles which are accurately described with complementary error functions yields an effective diffusion coefficient D-Au(eff) and a boundary concentration C-Au(x=0). Data for D-Au(eff) and C-Au(x=0) obtained for diffusion temperatures lower than 1000 degrees C are considerably lower and higher, respectively, than expected from the extrapolation based on the high-temperature results. The unusual temperature dependence of D-Au(eff) and C-Au(x=0) is explained taking into account segregation of Au at dislocations in addition to the kick-out diffusion mechanism which is the generally accepted process for Au diffusion in dislocation-free Si. The segregation of Au at dislocations is found to increase with decreasing temperature with an activation enthalpy of about -1.9 eV. From the influence of doping observed on Au diffusion into dislocated Si, we deduce that interstitial Au is positively charged in p-type Si and introduces a donor level at about 0.47 eV above the valence-band edge. C1 Univ Munster, Inst Met Forsch, D-48149 Munster, Germany. Tohoku Univ, Inst Mat Res, Sendai, Miyagi 980, Japan. RP Bracht, H (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd,MS 2-200, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Yonenaga, Ichiro/A-4852-2011 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANSTEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-786-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1997 VL 258-2 BP 1783 EP 1788 PN 1-3 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK61R UT WOS:000072749500292 ER PT S AU McHugo, SA Thompson, AC Imaizumi, M Hieslmair, H Weber, ER AF McHugo, SA Thompson, AC Imaizumi, M Hieslmair, H Weber, ER BE Davies, G Nazare, MH TI Rate limiting mechanism of transition metal gettering in multicrystalline silicon SO DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS - ICDS-19, PTS 1-3 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-19) CY JUL, 1997 CL AVEIRO, PORTUGAL SP European Union DG XII Sci Res & Dev, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Junta Nacl Investigacio Cient & Tecnol, USA Res Off, Trans Tech Publicat Ltd, USN Off Naval Res Grant DE multicrystalline silicon; dislocations; transition metals; x-ray fluorescence; gettering ID POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON; DIFFUSION LENGTH; DISLOCATIONS; PHOSPHORUS; DEFECTS; IMPROVEMENT; IMPURITIES; SI; AL AB We have performed studies on multicrystalline silicon used for solar cells in the as-grown state and after a series of processing and gettering steps. The principal goal of this work is to determine the rate limiting step for metal impurity gettering from multicrystalline silicon with an emphasis on the release of impurities from structural defects. Synchrotron-based x-ray fluorescence mapping was used to monitor the release process. Copper and nickel impurities were found to reside primarily at dislocations in the as-grown state of the material. Short annealing treatments rapidly dissolved the impurity agglomerates. Based on these results and modeling of the dissolution process, copper and nickel is in the form of small agglomerates (<10nm) clustered together over micron-scale regions in the as-grown material. Aluminum gettering further disintegrated the agglomerates to below the sensitivity of the system, 2-5nm in radii. No significant barrier to release of copper or nickel from dislocations was observed. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Toyota Technol Inst, Nagoya, Aichi 468, Japan. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP McHugo, SA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. OI Hieslmair, Henry/0000-0002-5842-1882 NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU TRANSTEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-786-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1997 VL 258-2 BP 1795 EP 1800 PN 1-3 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK61R UT WOS:000072749500294 ER PT S AU Lindemuth, IR AF Lindemuth, IR BE Pereira, NR Davis, J Pulsifer, PE TI The role of z-pinches and related configurations in magnetized target fusion SO DENSE Z-PINCHES - FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Dense Z-Pinches CY MAY 28-31, 1997 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP US Def Special Weapons Agcy, USN, Naval Res Lab AB As discussed in these proceedings (1), z-pinches were one of the earliest candidates to heat a deuterium-tritium (D-T) plasma to thermonuclear conditions. Unfortunately, violent instabilities prevented the early approaches from achieving the goal of controlled fusion, and fusion in the laboratory has been an elusive goal for more than four decades. As many different approaches have been tried and abandoned, controlled fusion research has evolved into two mainline approaches, magnetic confinement (MFE, or magnetic fusion energy), as now embodied primarily in tokamaks, and inertial confinement fusion (ICF), as now embodied primarily in laser driven targets. With proponents proposing two multi-billion, multi-year next-generation facilities (ITER, or International Toroidal Experimental Reactor, for MFE, and NIF, or National Ignition Facility, for ICF), the conventional approaches have reached a funding crossroads. Although many approaches have been tried in the four decades or so of fusion research, the plasma conditions that must be achieved have remained essentially unchanged. In general, these conditions are stated as an ion temperature, T-i, greater than 4 keV and either a number-density/confinement-time product, n tau, greater than 10(14) s/cm(3) (MFE) or an areal density, rho R, greater than 0.4 g/cm(2). It is the inability of any approach to obtain all of the required conditions simultaneously that has frustrated fusion researchers, and even after forty years of increasing knowledge about the behavior of plasmas, there remains no guarantee that next-generation machines, after a major capital investment, will finally achieve the long sought goal. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Lindemuth, IR (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-610-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 409 BP 11 EP 15 PG 5 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BK50C UT WOS:000072372800002 ER PT S AU Sheehey, P Gerwin, RA Kirkpatrick, R Lindemuth, I Moses, R Wysocki, F AF Sheehey, P Gerwin, RA Kirkpatrick, R Lindemuth, I Moses, R Wysocki, F BE Pereira, NR Davis, J Pulsifer, PE TI Computational modeling of wall-supported dense Z-pinches SO DENSE Z-PINCHES - FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Dense Z-Pinches CY MAY 28-31, 1997 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP US Def Special Weapons Agcy, USN, Naval Res Lab AB In our previous computational modeling of deuterium-fiber-initiated Z-pinches intended for ohmic self-heating to fusion conditions, instability-driven expansion caused densities to drop far below those desired for fusion applications; such behavior has been observed on experiments such as Los Alamos' HDZP-II. A new application for deuterium-fiber-initiated Z-pinches is Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF), in which a preheated and magnetized target plasma is hydrodynamically compressed, by a separately driven liner, to fusion conditions. Although the conditions necessary for a suitable target plasma--density O(10(18) cm(-3)), temperature O(100 eV), magnetic field O(100 ka)--are less extreme than those required for the previous ohmically heated fusion scheme, the plasma must remain magnetically insulated and clean long enough to be compressed by the imploding liner to fusion conditions, e.g., several microseconds. A fiber-initiated Z-pinch in a 2-cm-radius, 2-cm long conducting liner has been built at Los Alamos to investigate its suitability as an MTF target plasma. Two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic modeling of this experiment shows early instability similar to that seen on HDZP-II; however, when plasma finds support and stabilization at the outer radial wall, a relatively stable profile forms and persists. Comparison of experimental results and computations, and computational inclusion of additional experimental details is being done. Analytic and computational investigation is also being done on possible instability-driven cooling of the plasma by Benard-like convective cells adjacent to the cold wall. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Sheehey, P (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-610-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 409 BP 17 EP 20 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BK50C UT WOS:000072372800003 ER PT S AU Spielman, RB Deeney, C Chandler, GA Douglas, MR Fehl, DL Matzen, MK McDaniel, DH Nash, TJ Porter, JL Sanford, TWL Seamen, JF Stygar, WA Struve, KW Breeze, SP McGurn, JS Torres, JA Zagar, DM Gilliland, TL Jobe, DO McKenney, JL Mock, RC Vargas, M Wagoner, T AF Spielman, RB Deeney, C Chandler, GA Douglas, MR Fehl, DL Matzen, MK McDaniel, DH Nash, TJ Porter, JL Sanford, TWL Seamen, JF Stygar, WA Struve, KW Breeze, SP McGurn, JS Torres, JA Zagar, DM Gilliland, TL Jobe, DO McKenney, JL Mock, RC Vargas, M Wagoner, T BE Pereira, NR Davis, J Pulsifer, PE TI PBFA Z: A 60-TW/5-MJ z-pinch driver SO DENSE Z-PINCHES - FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Dense Z-Pinches CY MAY 28-31, 1997 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP US Def Special Weapons Agcy, USN, Naval Res Lab AB PBFA Z, a new 60-TW/5-MJ electrical accelerator located at Sandia National Laboratories, is now the world's most powerful z-pinch driver. PBFA Z stores 11.4 MJ in its 36 Marx generators, couples 5 MJ into a 60-TW/105-ns FWHM pulse to the 120-m Omega water transmission lines, and delivers 3.0 MJ and 50 TW of electrical energy to the z-pinch load. Depending on load parameters, we attain peak load currents of 16-20 MA with a current rise time of similar to 105 ns with wire-array z-pinch loads. We have extended the x-ray performance of tungsten wire-array z pinches from earlier Saturn experiments. Using a 2-cm-radius, 2-cm-long tungsten wire array with 240, 7.5-mu m diameter wires (4.1-mg mass), we achieved an x-ray power of 210 TW and an x-ray energy of 1.9 MJ. Preliminary spectral measurements suggest a mostly optically-thick, Planckian-like radiator below 1000 eV. Data indicate similar to 100 kJ of x rays radiated above 1000 eV. An intense z-pinch x-ray source with an overall coupling efficiency greater than 15% has been demonstrated. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Spielman, RB (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-610-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 409 BP 101 EP 118 PG 18 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BK50C UT WOS:000072372800019 ER PT S AU Nash, TJ Derzon, MS Allshouse, G Deeney, C Seaman, JF McGurn, J Jobe, D Gilliland, T MacFarlane, JJ Wang, P Petersen, DL AF Nash, TJ Derzon, MS Allshouse, G Deeney, C Seaman, JF McGurn, J Jobe, D Gilliland, T MacFarlane, JJ Wang, P Petersen, DL BE Pereira, NR Davis, J Pulsifer, PE TI Dynamic Hohlraum experiments on SATURN SO DENSE Z-PINCHES - FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Dense Z-Pinches CY MAY 28-31, 1997 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP US Def Special Weapons Agcy, USN, Naval Res Lab AB We have imploded a 17.5 mm diameter 120-tungsten-wire array weighing 450 mu g/cm onto a 4 mm diameter silicon aerogel foam weighing 650 mu g/cm, using the pulsed power driver SATURN. A peak current of 7.0 MA drives a 48 ns implosion to strike time followed by 8 ns of foam compression until stagnation. The tungsten strikes the foam with a 50 cm/mu s implosion velocity. Radiation temperatures were measured from the side and along the axis with filtered x-ray diode arrays. There is evidence of radiation trapping by the optically thick tungsten from crystal spectroscopy. The pinch is open to less than a 1 mm diameter as measured by time-resolved x-ray framing cameras. The radiation brightness temperature in the foam reaches 150 eV before the main radiation burst or stagnation. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Nash, TJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-610-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 409 BP 175 EP 182 PG 8 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BK50C UT WOS:000072372800031 ER PT S AU Peterson, DL Bowers, RL Brownell, JH Lund, C Matuska, W McLenithan, K Oona, H Deeney, C Derzon, M Spielman, RB Nash, TJ Chandler, G Mock, RC Sanford, TWL Matzen, MK Roderick, NF AF Peterson, DL Bowers, RL Brownell, JH Lund, C Matuska, W McLenithan, K Oona, H Deeney, C Derzon, M Spielman, RB Nash, TJ Chandler, G Mock, RC Sanford, TWL Matzen, MK Roderick, NF BE Pereira, NR Davis, J Pulsifer, PE TI Application of 2-D simulations to hollow Z-Pinch implosions SO DENSE Z-PINCHES - FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Dense Z-Pinches CY MAY 28-31, 1997 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP US Def Special Weapons Agcy, USN, Naval Res Lab AB The application of simulations of z-pinch implosions should have at least two goals: first, to properly model the most important physical processes occurring in the pinch allowing for a better understanding of the experiments and second, provide a design capability for future experiments. Beginning with experiments fielded at Los Alamos on the Pegasus I and Pegasus II capacitor banks, we have developed a methodology for simulating hollow z-pinches in two dimensions which has reproduced important features of the measured experimental current drive, spectrum, radiation pulse shape, peak power and total radiated energy (1,2,3). This methodology employs essentially one free parameter, the initial level of the random density perturbations imposed at the beginning of the 2-D simulation, but in general no adjustments to other parameters (such as the resistivity) are required (1). Limitations in the use of this approach include the use of the 3-T, gray diffusion treatment of radiation and the fact that the initial perturbation conditions are not known a priori. Nonetheless, the approach has been successful in reproducing important experimental features of such implosions over a wide variety of timescales (tens of nanoseconds to microseconds), current drives (3 to 16 MA), masses (submilligram to tens of milligrams), initial radii (<1 cm to 5 cm), materials (Al and W) and initial configurations (thin foils and wire arrays with 40 to 240 wires). Currently we are applying this capability to the analysis of recent Saturn and PBFA-Z experiments (4,5). The code results provide insight into the nature of the pinch plasma prior to arrival on-axis, during thermalization and development after peak pinch time. Among other things, the simulation results provide an explanation for the production of larger amounts of radiated energy than would be expected from a simple slug-model kinetic energy analysis and the appearance of multiple peaks in the radiation power. The 2-D modeling has also been applied to the analysis of Saturn "dynamic hohlraum" experiments and is being used in the design of this and other Z-Pinch applications on PBFA-Z. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Peterson, DL (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-610-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 409 BP 201 EP 210 PG 10 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BK50C UT WOS:000072372800035 ER PT S AU Hammer, JH De Groot, JS Tabak, M Toor, A Zimmerman, GB AF Hammer, JH De Groot, JS Tabak, M Toor, A Zimmerman, GB BE Pereira, NR Davis, J Pulsifer, PE TI Radiation MHD modeling of a proposed dynamic Hohlraum SO DENSE Z-PINCHES - FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Dense Z-Pinches CY MAY 28-31, 1997 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP US Def Special Weapons Agcy, USN, Naval Res Lab AB In this paper we report 2D radiation magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a dynamic hohlraum target designed to be driven by the Z accelerator (1) at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque New Mexico. Z generates currents up 20 MA with a rise time of 100ns and peak electrical power of 40 TW. In this design we attempt to reduce the effects of magneto-Rayleigh Taylor (RT) modes by using a distributed initial density profile. Earlier work (2,3) showed that "tailoring" the initial density profile could reduce the sheath acceleration and the number of e-foldings that the RT instability grows during the implosion. As the sheath moves in radially, fresh material is swept up or "snow plowed", providing a back pressure that counters the J x B force. A special profile can be found in which the unstable outer surface of the sheath implodes at constant velocity, reducing the classical growth rate to zero, although residual Richtmeyer-Meshkov type instability (instability of the snow-plow shock front) may be present. In practice, it is hard to create tailored initial density profiles due to the difficulty of machining and otherwise manipulating very low density materials. It becomes easier to manufacture these complex targets as the current, energy and load mass increase with large drivers. Z is the first fast pulse power device with enough energy to consider loads of this type. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Hammer, JH (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-610-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 409 BP 247 EP 251 PG 5 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BK50C UT WOS:000072372800044 ER PT S AU Aubrey, JB Bowers, RL Peterson, DL AF Aubrey, JB Bowers, RL Peterson, DL BE Pereira, NR Davis, J Pulsifer, PE TI Simulations of radiatively-driven implosions on the PBFA-Z facility SO DENSE Z-PINCHES - FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Dense Z-Pinches CY MAY 28-31, 1997 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP US Def Special Weapons Agcy, USN, Naval Res Lab AB We have performed two-dimensional calculations of the implosions of thin-walled aluminum cylinders driven by a source of radiation. The source is generated by the stagnation of an imploding plasma liner on to a foam target (dynamic hohlraum or flying radiation case) in the PBFA-Z facility at Sandia National Laboratory in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Both Lagrangian and Eulerian codes are used for the simulations of the compression of the shell by the ablatively-driven main shock. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Theoret Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Aubrey, JB (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Theoret Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-610-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 409 BP 271 EP 275 PG 5 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BK50C UT WOS:000072372800048 ER PT S AU Shlyaptsev, VN Rocca, JJ Nickles, PV Kalachnikov, MP Sandner, W Osterheld, AL Eder, DC AF Shlyaptsev, VN Rocca, JJ Nickles, PV Kalachnikov, MP Sandner, W Osterheld, AL Eder, DC BE Pereira, NR Davis, J Pulsifer, PE TI Capillary and transient inversion table-top X-ray lasers SO DENSE Z-PINCHES - FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Dense Z-Pinches CY MAY 28-31, 1997 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP US Def Special Weapons Agcy, USN, Naval Res Lab AB Three approaches in the development of efficient small-scale X-ray lasers are considered in this paper. The first is based on electrical discharge in the relatively small capillary during fast current rise-time. The second utilizes modern compact and powerful CPA-lasers for excitation of very large transient inversions. Both of these types of X-ray lasers have recently been implemented in table-top configurations. The third approach is intended to combine advantages of electrical discharge plasma preparation with CPA-laser excitation. It will enable a new kind of X-ray lasers to be built with the ultrashort pulse duration and the high efficiency. The transient population inversion combined with the traveling-wave excitation will also enable to achieve much shorter wavelengths. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Shlyaptsev, VN (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-610-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 409 BP 413 EP 416 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BK50C UT WOS:000072372800077 ER PT S AU Sanford, TWL Mock, RC Marder, BM Nash, TJ Spielman, RB Peterson, DL Roderick, NF Hammer, JH De Groot, JS Mosher, D Whitney, KG Apruzese, JP AF Sanford, TWL Mock, RC Marder, BM Nash, TJ Spielman, RB Peterson, DL Roderick, NF Hammer, JH De Groot, JS Mosher, D Whitney, KG Apruzese, JP BE Pereira, NR Davis, J Pulsifer, PE TI Variation of high-power aluminum-wire array z-pinch dynamics with wire number, load mass, and array radius SO DENSE Z-PINCHES - FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Dense Z-Pinches CY MAY 28-31, 1997 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP US Def Special Weapons Agcy, USN, Naval Res Lab AB A systematic study of annular aluminum-wire z-pinches on the Saturn accelerator shows that the quality of the implosion, (as measured by the radial convergence, the radiated energy, pulse width, and power), increases with wire number. Radiation magnetohydrodynamic (RMHC) xy simulations suggest that the implosion transitions from that of individual wire plasmas to that of a continuous plasma shell when the interwire spacing is reduced below similar to 1.4 mm. In this "plasma-shell regime," many of the global radiation and plasma characteristics are in agreement with those simulated by 2D-RMHC rz simulations. In this regime, measured changes in the radiation pulse width with variations in load mass and array radius are consistent with the simulations and are explained by the development of 2D fluid motion in the rz plane. Associated variations in the K-shell yield are qualitatively explained by simple radiation-scaling models. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Sanford, TWL (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-610-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 409 BP 561 EP 573 PG 13 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BK50C UT WOS:000072372800104 ER PT S AU Toor, A Ryutov, D AF Toor, A Ryutov, D BE Pereira, NR Davis, J Pulsifer, PE TI Effect of enhanced thermal dissipation on the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in emulsion-like media SO DENSE Z-PINCHES - FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Dense Z-Pinches CY MAY 28-31, 1997 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP US Def Special Weapons Agcy, USN, Naval Res Lab AB Rayleigh-Taylor instability in a finely structured emulsion-like medium consisting of the two components of different compressibility is considered Although the term "emulsion" is used to describe the structure of the medium, under typical fast Z-pinch conditions both components behave as gases. The two components are chosen in such a way that their densities in the unperturbed state are approximately equal. Specific emphasis has been made on the analysis of perturbations with the scale lambda considerably exceeding the size of the grains a. Averaged equations describing such perturbations are derived. The difference in compressibility of the two components leads to the formation of temperature variations at the scale a, and increases the rate of the thermal dissipation by a factor (lambda/a)(2). The strongest stabilizing effect of the thermal dissipation takes place when the thermal relaxation time is comparable with the instability growth rate. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Toor, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-610-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 409 BP 607 EP 610 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BK50C UT WOS:000072372800112 ER PT S AU Fox, JA Breed, J Bane, R Baker, P Baitinger, M AF Fox, JA Breed, J Bane, R Baker, P Baitinger, M BE Salvendy, G Smith, MJ Koubek, RJ TI Human factors techniques for designing the virtual mission operations center SO DESIGN OF COMPUTING SYSTEMS: COGNITIVE CONSIDERATIONS SE ADVANCES IN HUMAN FACTORS / ERGONOMICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCI International 97) CY AUG 24-29, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Chinese Acad Sci, EEC, European Strateg Programme Res & Dev Informat Technol, ESPRIT, Human Factors & Ergon Soc, IEEE Syst Man & Cybernet Soc, Japan Ergon Soc, Japan Management Assoc C1 Pacific NW Labs, Washington, DC 20024 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2647 BN 0-444-82183-X J9 ADV HUM FACT ERGON PY 1997 VL 21 BP 737 EP 740 PN A PG 4 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Engineering; Information Science & Library Science GA BK42Z UT WOS:000072153000181 ER PT B AU Vianco, PT Hopkins, PL Erickson, KL Frear, DR Davidson, R AF Vianco, PT Hopkins, PL Erickson, KL Frear, DR Davidson, R BE Mahidhara, RK Frear, DR Sastry, SML Murty, KL Liaw, PK Winterbottom, WL TI Modeling non-isothermal intermetallic layer growth in the 63Sn-37Pb/Cu system SO DESIGN & RELIABILITY OF SOLDERS AND SOLDER INTERCONNECTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Design and Reliability of Solders and Solder Interconnections, at the TMS Annual Meeting CY FEB 10-13, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc, ASM MSD Flow & Fracture Comm, TMS SMD Mech Met Comm, TMS EMPMD Electr Magnet Photon Mat Comm AB The reliability of mechanical and electronic systems can be acutely dependent on the integrity of the soldered joints used in the assembly. During product manufacture, intermetallic layers form in reaction zones between the dissimilar materials of solder joints. Thermal cycling during service can cause further growth of the intermetallic layers, which may jeopardize the mechanical integrity of the joints. Models describing such service related changes are essential in predicting the long-term mechanical reliability of these interconnects. Previously (1-3), a model describing the diffusion-controlled growth of multiple intermetallic layers and the displacement of the interfaces between layers was developed and implemented in a one-dimensional computer code based on the method-of-lines. The computer code was applied to the analysis of intermetallic layer growth in isothermal solder aging experiments performed with 100 Sn/Cu and 63Sn-37Pb/Cu solder-substrate systems. The analyses indicated that intermetallic layer growth was consistent with a bulk diffusion mechanism involving Cu and (or) Sn. In this work, nonisothermal solder-aging experiments were done with the 63Sn-37Pb/Cu system using two temperature histories: (1) a low frequency history consisting of 4 cycles per day between 223 K and 443 K and (2) a high frequency history consisting of 72 cycles per day between 223 K and 443 K. Isothermal experiments at 443 K also were done. Thicknesses of both the Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5 intermetallic layers were determined as a function of time for each temperature history. An updated version of the previously developed model and code were used to predict the intermetallic layer growth for both nonisothermal temperature histories. Arrhenius expressions for diffusion coefficients in both the Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5 layers were determined using experimental data from the previous isothermal studies. Agreement between predicted and experimental results was generally good. In some cases, predicted layer growth was less than experimentally observed, but within experimental error. This paper describes the nonisothermal experiments and a comparison of the predicted and observed layer growth as a function of time. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Vianco, PT (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-354-6 PY 1997 BP 161 EP 170 PG 10 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BK32Q UT WOS:000071821500021 ER PT B AU Burchett, SN Neilsen, MK Frear, DR Stephens, JJ AF Burchett, SN Neilsen, MK Frear, DR Stephens, JJ BE Mahidhara, RK Frear, DR Sastry, SML Murty, KL Liaw, PK Winterbottom, WL TI Computational continuum modeling of solder interconnects SO DESIGN & RELIABILITY OF SOLDERS AND SOLDER INTERCONNECTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Design and Reliability of Solders and Solder Interconnections, at the TMS Annual Meeting CY FEB 10-13, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc, ASM MSD Flow & Fracture Comm, TMS SMD Mech Met Comm, TMS EMPMD Electr Magnet Photon Mat Comm AB The most commonly used solder for electrical interconnections in electronic packages is the near eutectic 60Sn-40Pb alloy. This alloy has a number of processing advantages (suitable melting point of 183C and good wetting behavior). However, under conditions of cyclic strain and temperature (thermomechanical fatigue), the microstructure of this alloy undergoes a heterogeneous coarsening and failure process that makes the prediction of solder joint lifetime complex. A viscoplastic, microstructure dependent, constitutive model for solder, which is currently under development, was implemented into a finite element code. With this computational capability, the thermomechanical response of solder interconnects, including microstructural evolution, can be predicted. This capability was applied to predict the thermomechanical response of various leadless chip carrier solder interconnects to determine the effects of variations in geometry and loading. In this paper, the constitutive model will first be briefly discussed. The results of computational studies to determine the effect of geometry and loading variations on leadless chip carrier solder interconnects then will be presented. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Burchett, SN (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-354-6 PY 1997 BP 171 EP 178 PG 8 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BK32Q UT WOS:000071821500022 ER PT B AU Shope, S Lockwood, G Bishop, L Selph, M Jojola, J Wavrik, R Turman, B Wehlburg, J AF Shope, S Lockwood, G Bishop, L Selph, M Jojola, J Wavrik, R Turman, B Wehlburg, J BE Dubey, AC Barnard, RL TI Mobile, scanning x-ray source for mine detection using backscattered x-rays SO DETECTION AND REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MINES AND MINELIKE TARGETS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets II CY APR 21-24, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE landmine detection; x-rays; x-ray backscatter; imaging AB A continuously operating, scanning x-ray machine is being developed for landmine detection using backscattered x-rays, The source operates at 130 kV and 650 mA. The x-rays are formed by electrons striking a high Z target. Target shape is an approximate 5 cm wide by 210 cm long racetrack. The electron beam is scanned across this target with electromagnets. There are 105, 1-cm by 1-cm collimators in each leg of the racetrack for a total of 210 collimators. The source is moved in the forward direction (the direction perpendicular to She 210-cm dimension) at 3 mi/h. The forward velocity and collimator spacing are such that a grid of collimated x-rays cue projected at normal incidence to the soil. The spacing between the collimators and the ground results in a 2-cm by 2-cm x-ray pixel on the ground. A unique detector arrangement of collimated and uncollimated detectors allows surface features to be recognized and removed, leaving an image of a buried landmine. Another detector monitors the uncollimated x-ray output and is used to normalize the source output. The mine detector is being prepared for an Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD). The ATD is scheduled for midyear of 1998. The results of the source performance in pre ATD tests will be presented. RP Shope, S (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,MA 1182,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2494-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3079 BP 400 EP 407 DI 10.1117/12.280914 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BJ34X UT WOS:A1997BJ34X00035 ER PT B AU Lockwood, G Shope, S Bishop, L Selph, M Jojola, J AF Lockwood, G Shope, S Bishop, L Selph, M Jojola, J BE Dubey, AC Barnard, RL TI Mine detection using backscattered X-ray imaging of antitank and antipersonnel mines SO DETECTION AND REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MINES AND MINELIKE TARGETS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets II CY APR 21-24, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE backscattered x-ray; imaging; mine detection; antitank mine; antipersonnel mine; landmine AB The use of backscattered X rays to image buried land mines and distinguish between surface and buried features has been well documented(1). Laboratory imaging experiments, being conducted at Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico (SNL/NM), have been used to develop preliminary data acquisition hardware and software for an upcoming advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD). In addition image processing techniques, developed by the Department of Nuclear Engineering at the University of Florida (UF), are utilized. Previous buried land mine imaging studies focused on antitank mines buried in screened sand and have included well defined surface features such as a board or a small diameter rock. In the present study we have examined imaging under a variety of practical environmental conditions. We have successfully imaged antitank mines (ATM) buried in sand and rocky New Mexico (NM) soil. Images have been obtained for bare surfaces as well as for surfaces covered with limestone road coarse base (gravel), snow, water, and native grass. In addition, we have imaged buried ATM and surface antipersonnel (AP) mines covered with debris consisting of various size rocks, a log, and leaves such that no mine was visible to the eye. Contour plots of the images obtained for the various environmental conditions are presented. RP Lockwood, G (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,MS 1159,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2494-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3079 BP 408 EP 417 DI 10.1117/12.280915 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BJ34X UT WOS:A1997BJ34X00036 ER PT B AU Baker, JE AF Baker, JE BE Dubey, AC Barnard, RL TI Adaptive multi-sensor in integration for mine detection SO DETECTION AND REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MINES AND MINELIKE TARGETS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets II CY APR 21-24, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE multi-sensor integration; sensor fusion; adaptive learning; genetic algorithms; outcome-based processing AB State-of-the-art in multi-sensor integration (MSI) application involves extensive research and development time to understand and characterize the application domain; to determine and define the appropriate sensor suite; to analyze, characterize, and calibrate the individual sensor systems; to recognize and accommodate the various sensor interactions; and to develop and optimize robust merging code. Much of this process can benefit from adaptive learning, i.e., an output-based system can take raw sensor data and desired merged results as input and adaptively develop an effective method of interpretation and merger. This approach significantly reduces the time required to apply MSI to a given application, while increasing the quality of the final result and provides a quantitative measure for comparing competing MSI techniques and sensor suites. The ability to automatically develop and optimize MSI techniques for new sensor suites and operating environments makes this approach well suited to the detection of mines and mine-like targets. Perhaps more than any other, this application domain is characterized by innovative and dynamic sensor suites, whose nature and interactions are not yet well established. This paper presents such art outcome-based multi-image analysis system. An empirical evaluation of its performance, application, and sensor and domain robustness is presented. RP Baker, JE (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,ROBOT & PROC SYST DIV,POB 2008,BLDG 7601,MS-6305,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2494-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3079 BP 452 EP 466 DI 10.1117/12.280870 PG 15 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BJ34X UT WOS:A1997BJ34X00040 ER PT B AU Kercel, SW Burlage, RS Patek, DR Smith, CM Hibbs, AD Rayner, TJ AF Kercel, SW Burlage, RS Patek, DR Smith, CM Hibbs, AD Rayner, TJ BE Dubey, AC Barnard, RL TI Novel methods for detecting buried explosive devices SO DETECTION AND REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MINES AND MINELIKE TARGETS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets II CY APR 21-24, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE quadrupole resonance; bioreporter; semiotic; landmine detection; wavelets; acoustic resonance AB Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Quantum Magnetics, Inc. (QM) are exploring novel landmine detection technologies. Technologies considered here include bioreporter bacteria, swept acoustic resonance, nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR), and semiotic data fusion. Bioreporter bacteria look promising for third-world humanitarian applications; they are inexpensive, and deployment does not require high-tech methods. Swept acoustic resonance may be a useful adjunct to magnetometers in humanitarian demining. For military demining, NQR is a promising method for detecting explosive substances; of 50,000 substances that have been tested, none has an NQR signature that can be mistaken for RDX or TNT. For both military and commercial demining, sensor fusion entails two daunting tasks, identifying fusible features in both present-day and emerging technologies, and devising a fusion algorithm that runs in real-time on cheap hardware. Preliminary research in these areas is encouraging. A bioreporter bacterium for TNT detection is under development. Investigation has just started in swept acoustic resonance as an approach to a cheap mine detector for humanitarian use. Real-time wavelet processing appears to be a key to extending NQR bomb detection into mine detection, including TNT-based mines. Recent discoveries in semiotics may be the breakthrough that will lead to a robust fused detection scheme. RP Kercel, SW (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,POB 2008,MS 6318,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2494-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3079 BP 467 EP 477 DI 10.1117/12.280871 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BJ34X UT WOS:A1997BJ34X00041 ER PT B AU Dilmanian, FA Wu, XY Ren, BR Button, TM Chapman, LD Dobbs, JM Huang, XL Nickoloff, EL Parsons, EC Petersen, MJ Thomlinson, WC Zhong, Z AF Dilmanian, FA Wu, XY Ren, BR Button, TM Chapman, LD Dobbs, JM Huang, XL Nickoloff, EL Parsons, EC Petersen, MJ Thomlinson, WC Zhong, Z BE Bonse, U TI CT with monochromatic synchrotron x rays and its potential in clinical research SO DEVELOPMENTS IN X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Developments in X-Ray Tomography CY JUL 28-29, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE computed tomography; monochromatic x-rays; K-edge imaging; quantitative CT; dual energy quantitative CT AB A monochromatic CT for imaging the human head and neck is being developed at the National Synchrotron Light Source. We compared the performance of this system, multiple energy computed tomography [MECT], with that of a conventional CT [CCT] using phantoms. The advantage in image contrast of MECT, with its beam energy tuned just above the K-edge of contrast element, over CCT carried out at 120 kVp, was approximate to 3.2 fold for iodine and 2.2 fold for gadolinium. Image noise was compared by simulations because this comparison requires matching the spatial resolutions of the two systems. Simulations at a 3-rad dose and 3-mm slice height on an 18-cm-diameter acrylic phantom, with MECT operating at 60.5 keV, showed that image noise for MECT was 1.4 HU vs. 1.8 HU for CCT. Simulations in the dual-energy quantitative CT [DEQCT] mode showed a two-fold advantage for MECT in image noise, as well as its superior quantification. MECT operated in the planar mode revealed fatty tissue in the body of a rat using xenon K-edge subtraction. Our initial plan for clinical application of the system is to image the composition of carotid artery plaques non-invasively, separating the plaques' main constituents: the fatty, fibrous, and calcified tissues. RP Dilmanian, FA (reprint author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT MED,UPTON,NY 11973, USA. RI Chapman, Dean/I-6168-2013 OI Chapman, Dean/0000-0001-6590-4156 NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2571-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3149 BP 25 EP 32 DI 10.1117/12.292724 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BJ95B UT WOS:A1997BJ95B00003 ER PT B AU Kinney, JH Haupt, DL Ladd, AJC AF Kinney, JH Haupt, DL Ladd, AJC BE Bonse, U TI Applications of synchrotron microtomography in osteoporosis research SO DEVELOPMENTS IN X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Developments in X-Ray Tomography CY JUL 28-29, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE osteoporosis; microtomography; synchrotron radiation; biomechanics AB Synchrotron microtomography enables us to visualize trabecular bone microarchitecture in three-dimensions with a spatial resolution of a few microns. With recent developments in finite element modeling, it is possible to incorporate these images voxel by voxel into a finite-element model of the elastic properties of the bone. The ability to calculate mechanical behavior from three-dimensional images will help us to understand the relationships between bone structure and properties. RP Kinney, JH (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2571-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3149 BP 64 EP 68 DI 10.1117/12.292726 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA BJ95B UT WOS:A1997BJ95B00007 ER PT B AU Trebes, JE Dolan, KW Haddad, WS Haskins, JJ Lerche, RA Logan, CM Perkins, DE Schneberk, DJ Rikard, RD AF Trebes, JE Dolan, KW Haddad, WS Haskins, JJ Lerche, RA Logan, CM Perkins, DE Schneberk, DJ Rikard, RD BE Bonse, U TI High resolution, large area, high energy x-ray tomography SO DEVELOPMENTS IN X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Developments in X-Ray Tomography CY JUL 28-29, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE x-ray tomography; glass scintillator; CCD imaging AB An x-ray tomography system is being developed for high resolution inspection of large objects. The goal is to achieve 25 micron resolution over object sizes that are tens of centimeters in extent. Typical objects will be metal in composition and therefore high energy, few MeV x-rays will be required. A proof-of-principle system with a limited field of view has been developed. Preliminary results are presented. RP Trebes, JE (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,POB 808,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2571-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3149 BP 173 EP 176 DI 10.1117/12.292723 PG 4 WC Optics SC Optics GA BJ95B UT WOS:A1997BJ95B00018 ER PT B AU Haddad, WS Trebes, JE AF Haddad, WS Trebes, JE BE Bonse, U TI Developments in limited data image reconstruction techniques for ultrahigh-resolution x-ray tomographic imaging of microchips SO DEVELOPMENTS IN X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Developments in X-Ray Tomography CY JUL 28-29, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE x-ray tomography; image reconstruction; 3-D imaging; microchips; zone plates; iterative optimization AB The use of soft x-ray (similar to 1.8 KeV) nanotomography techniques for the evaluation and failure mode analysis of microchips was investigated. Realistic numerical simulations of the imaging process were performed and a specialized approach to image reconstruction from limited projection data was devised. Prior knowledge of the structure and its component materials was used to eliminate artifacts in the reconstructed images so that defects and deviations from the original design could be visualized. Simulated data sets were generated with a total of 21 projections over three different angular ranges: -50 to +50, -80 to +80 and -90 to +90 degrees. In addition, a low level of illumination was assumed. It was shown that sub-micron defects within one cell of a microchip (< 10 mu m(3)) could be imaged in 3-D using such an approach. RP Haddad, WS (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,POB 808,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2571-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3149 BP 222 EP 231 DI 10.1117/12.292721 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA BJ95B UT WOS:A1997BJ95B00023 ER PT B AU Lee, HR Lai, B Yun, WB Mancini, DC Cai, ZH AF Lee, HR Lai, B Yun, WB Mancini, DC Cai, ZH BE Bonse, U TI X-ray microtomography as a fast three-dimensional imaging technology using a CCD camera coupled with a CdWO4 single-crystal scintillator SO DEVELOPMENTS IN X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Developments in X-Ray Tomography CY JUL 28-29, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE x-ray; three-dimensional image reconstruction; tomography; filtered back-projection; scintillator; CCD AB A high spatial-resolution transmission x-ray tomographic microscope (XTM) has been developed as It three-dimensional (3-D) visualization technique at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory. Using brilliant synchrotron radiation, the XTM can collect a complete set of two-dimensional (2-D) data for a 3-D reconstruction within a fairly short time. The 2-D transmission data were taken with a cryogenically cooled CCD (charged-couple device) camera coupled with an optical microscope with 32x magnification and a single cadmium tungstate (CdWO4) crystal screen with a thickness of similar to 60 mu m. For experiments performed with 20 keV x-ray energy on gold specimens, the XTM produced 2-D transmission data with a resolutions of similar to 1 mu m. A series of 90 projections taken over a range of 180 degree projection angle was taken within a half hour. The reconstruction, with support of a filtered back-projection algorithm, demonstrates the ability of the XTM to provide fast 3-D structural information about a specimen from 2-D projection data with -1 mu m resolution and more than 15% local image contrast. RP Lee, HR (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,ADV PHOTON SOURCE,EXPT FACIL DIV,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2571-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3149 BP 257 EP 264 DI 10.1117/12.279361 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BJ95B UT WOS:A1997BJ95B00026 ER PT B AU Sinclair, MB Butler, MA Ricco, AJ Kravitz, SH Zubrzycki, WJ AF Sinclair, MB Butler, MA Ricco, AJ Kravitz, SH Zubrzycki, WJ BE Cindrich, I Lee, SH TI Diffractive optical elements for the production of synthetic spectra SO DIFFRACTIVE AND HOLOGRAPHIC DEVICE TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Diffractive and Holographic Device Technologies and Applications IV CY FEB 12-13, 1997 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy DE synthetic spectra; correlation spectroscopy; diffractive optics; infrared spectroscopy AB We demonstrate that computer-generated diffractive optical elements can be used to synthesize the infrared spectra of real compounds. In particular, we describe a modified phase-retrieval algorithm that we have used to design diffractive elements of this type and we present experimental results for a diffractive optic which is capable of synthesizing the infrared spectrum of HF between 3600 cm(-1) and 4300 cm(-1) The reflection-mode diffractive optic consists of 4096 lines, each 4.5 mu m wide, at 16 discrete depths relative to the substrate (from 0 to 1.2 mu m), and was fabricated on a silicon wafer using anisotropic reactive ion-beam etching in a four-mask-level process. We propose the use of such elements to replace reference cells in a new type of correlation spectroscopy that we call ''holographic correlation spectroscopy. Storage of a large number of diffractive elements, each producing a synthetic spectrum corresponding to a different target compound, in compact disk-like format will allow a spectrometer of this type to rapidly determine the composition of unknown samples. Further, this approach can be used to perform correlation-based measurements of hazardous or transient species, for which conventional correlation spectroscopy is impractical. RP Sinclair, MB (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. OI Ricco, Antonio/0000-0002-2355-4984 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2421-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3010 BP 2 EP 10 DI 10.1117/12.274400 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BH98A UT WOS:A1997BH98A00001 ER PT B AU Sweatt, WC Setchell, RE Warren, ME Farn, MW AF Sweatt, WC Setchell, RE Warren, ME Farn, MW BE Cindrich, I Lee, SH TI Injecting a pulsed yag laser beam into a fiber SO DIFFRACTIVE AND HOLOGRAPHIC DEVICE TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Diffractive and Holographic Device Technologies and Applications IV CY FEB 12-13, 1997 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy AB A system has been built and is now being tested that can inject a very high power, pulsed yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) laser beam into a multimode fiber without damaging the fiber. This design is quite tolerant to changes in the laser beam quality and alignment errors, thereby making the system largely maintenance free. This beam-injection architecture is expected to be useful for medical and industrial applications. RP Sweatt, WC (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2421-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3010 BP 266 EP 271 DI 10.1117/12.274426 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA BH98A UT WOS:A1997BH98A00030 ER PT B AU Season, HT AF Season, HT BE Schulte, NT TI Status of dismantlement of nuclear weapons - US Department of Energy SO DISMANTLEMENT OF DESTRUCTION OF CHEMICAL, NUCLEAR, AND CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTE SERIES, SUB-SERIES 1: DISARMAMENT TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Dismantlement and Destruction of Chemical, Nuclear and Conventional Weapons CY MAY 19-21, 1996 CL BONN, GERMANY SP NATO, Minist Foreign Affairs, Fed Republic Germany, State Govt N Rhine Westphalia AB During the past five years, the U.S. has safely dismantled over 8,500 nuclear weapons. This effort is accomplished by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) which manages a research and industrial complex consisting of three national laboratories and four plants, with over 30,000 people employed. This Nuclear Weapons Complex (NWC) is responsible for executing the safer and secure dismantlement of nuclear weapons consistent with U.S. national security and arms control policy objectives. RP Season, HT (reprint author), US DOE,WEAPONS PROGRAM DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20585, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-4470-7 J9 NATO SCI S 1 DISARM PY 1997 VL 10 BP 85 EP 87 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; International Relations; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; International Relations; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ55Q UT WOS:A1997BJ55Q00021 ER PT B AU Kane, JW AF Kane, JW BE Schulte, NT TI Storage and safeguarding of fissile materials SO DISMANTLEMENT OF DESTRUCTION OF CHEMICAL, NUCLEAR, AND CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTE SERIES, SUB-SERIES 1: DISARMAMENT TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Dismantlement and Destruction of Chemical, Nuclear and Conventional Weapons CY MAY 19-21, 1996 CL BONN, GERMANY SP NATO, Minist Foreign Affairs, Fed Republic Germany, State Govt N Rhine Westphalia AB The technology used in the United States for protecting the surplus fissile material (Pu) accumulated from nuclear weapon dismantlement involves temporarily storing them in special containers. These containers, and systems to protect and transport them, have been designed and tested to meet very rigid standards. The overall system is an effective combination of security technology and security personnel which is designed to balance the protection level so that it is not totally dependent on the hardware or the security guards. To meet the overall goal of worldwide protection and control of nuclear material and weapons, the Cooperative Assistance Programme is in place. Sandia National Laboratories has worked with several countries of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) in an international security programme to reduce the risk of nuclear weapons proliferation through protection and security of nuclear materials. This programme emphasizes partnerships between the United States and the FSU countries. An overview of the work will be provided with an emphasis on the applicable technology. Funding for this effort is provided by the Department of Defense Cooperative Threat Reduction Program and by the Department of Energy. RP Kane, JW (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,WEAPONS & FSU SECUR PROGRAM,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-4470-7 J9 NATO SCI S 1 DISARM PY 1997 VL 10 BP 169 EP 170 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Applied; International Relations; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; International Relations; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ55Q UT WOS:A1997BJ55Q00038 ER PT B AU Cannon, M Kelly, P Iyengar, SS Brener, N AF Cannon, M Kelly, P Iyengar, SS Brener, N BE Vincent, LM Hull, JJ TI An automated system for numerically rating document image quality SO DOCUMENT RECOGNITION IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Document Recognition IV CY FEB 12-13, 1997 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE image quality; speckle; touching characters; broken characters; OCR error rate AB As part of the Department of Energy document declassification program, we have developed a numerical rating system to predict the OCR error rate that we expect to encounter when processing a particular document. The rating algorithm produces a vector containing scores for different document image attributes such as speckle and touching characters. The OCR error rate for a document is computed from a weighted sum of the elements of the corresponding quality vector. The predicted OCR error rate will be used to screen documents that would not be handled properly with existing document processing products. RP Cannon, M (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2438-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3027 BP 161 EP 167 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA BH60X UT WOS:A1997BH60X00016 ER PT B AU Gatley, SJ Volkow, ND AF Gatley, SJ Volkow, ND BE Nahas, GG Burks, TF TI Studies of the brain cannabinoid system using positron emission tomography SO DRUG ABUSE IN THE DECADE OF THE BRAIN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Drug Abuse in the Decade of the Brain CY SEP 22-23, 1995 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Univ Texas, Houston Hlth Sci Ctr, Houstons Drug Free Business Initiat RP Gatley, SJ (reprint author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT MED,UPTON,NY 11973, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU I O S PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA VAN DIEMENSTRAAT 94, 1013 CN AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5199-305-6 PY 1997 BP 127 EP 138 PG 12 WC Substance Abuse SC Substance Abuse GA BH38Z UT WOS:A1997BH38Z00016 ER PT J AU Bhalgat, MK Roberts, JC MercerSmith, JA Vessella, RL Lavallee, DK AF Bhalgat, MK Roberts, JC MercerSmith, JA Vessella, RL Lavallee, DK TI Effect of chemical modification strategy on the characteristics of copper-67-labeled immunoconjugates .1. Immunoreactivity SO DRUG DELIVERY LA English DT Article DE antibody delivery; antibody fragments; copper-67; F(ab')(2); immunoreactivity; porphyrin chelators; renal cell carcinoma; starburst dendrimers; targeting ID RENAL-CELL CARCINOMA; NEUTRON-CAPTURE THERAPY; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; TUMOR-LOCALIZATION; F(AB')2 FRAGMENTS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN-G; ANTIGEN; BIODISTRIBUTION; POLY(L-LYSINE); DENDRIMERS AB The synthetic porphyrins N-benzyl-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine (N-bzHTCPP) and N-4-nitrobenzyl-5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4-sulfophenyl)porphine (NbzHCS(3)P) represent excellent radiocopper chelating agents that may find utility in antibody-mediated diagnosis and/or therapy. Detailed analyses were performed to explore the effect of the chemical modification strategy on the characteristics of immunoconjugates prepared from the anti-renal cell carcinoma monoclonal antibody A6H and N-bzHCS(3)P. The parameters included in the study were antibody type [intact A6H and two of its fragments, half A6H and A6H-F(ab')(2)], chemical linkage type and site, the presence or absence of intermediate linker molecules, and the nature of the chemical modification steps employed. The immunoconjugate synthesized by directly coupling N-bzHCS(3)P to whole antibody retained 75-85% of the immunoreactivity of the unmodified antibody. In general, however immunoconjugates prepared using the fragments or the intermediate linkers lacked immunoreactivity, This deficiency appeared to be a function of the multistep processes employed and not a function of the tinker molecule. The results emphasize the critical importance of the type and number of antibody modification steps and the caution that must be exercised in the design of immunoconjugates for drug delivery purposes. C1 UNIV UTAH,DEPT MED CHEM,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112. LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,MED RADIOISOTOPES RES PROGRAM,LOS ALAMOS,NM. UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT UROL,SEATTLE,WA 98195. CUNY HUNTER COLL,NEW YORK,NY 10021. NR 53 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 1071-7544 J9 DRUG DELIV JI Drug Deliv. PD JAN-MAR PY 1997 VL 4 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.3109/10717549709033181 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA YJ342 UT WOS:A1997YJ34200001 ER PT J AU Bhalgat, MK Roberts, JC MercerSmith, JA Vessella, RL Lavallee, DK AF Bhalgat, MK Roberts, JC MercerSmith, JA Vessella, RL Lavallee, DK TI Effect of chemical modification strategy on the characteristics of copper-67-labeled immunoconjugates .2. Aggregation SO DRUG DELIVERY LA English DT Article DE aggregation; antibody delivery; antibody fragments; copper-67; F(ab')(2); porphyrin chelators; renal cell carcinoma; starburst dendrimers; targeting ID ANTIBODY-TARGETED PHOTOLYSIS; FRAGMENT AB As outlined in the preceding paper, chemical modification strategies can have a profound impact on the immunoreactivity of immunoconjugates synthesized from the anti-renal cell carcinoma monoclonal antibody A6H and synthetic porphyrin chelating agents. Protein aggregation also appeared to be a consequence of the synthetic protocol, To investigate this aggregation, detailed high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis was carried out on immunoconjugates prepared using a polyclonal rabbit antibody, RIgG, as well as A6H. Our investigation suggested that aggregates were formed during the chemical modification steps, The percentage of the aggregated species was found to be a function of the number as well as the metallation status of the porphyrins (for preparations without intermediate linker molecules). Aggregation tendency was observed regardless of antibody type [intact A6H and two of its fragments, half A6H and A6H-F(ab')(2)], chemical linkage type and site, the presence or absence of intermediate linker molecules, and the nature of the chemical modification steps employed, with a single exception that may be capitalized on for further modification strategy design. C1 UNIV UTAH,DEPT MED CHEM,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112. LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,MED RADIOISOTOPES RES PROGRAM,LOS ALAMOS,NM. UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT UROL,SEATTLE,WA 98195. CUNY HUNTER COLL,NEW YORK,NY 10021. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 1071-7544 J9 DRUG DELIV JI Drug Deliv. PD JAN-MAR PY 1997 VL 4 IS 1 BP 13 EP 17 DI 10.3109/10717549709033182 PG 5 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA YJ342 UT WOS:A1997YJ34200002 ER PT J AU Cairncross, RA Schunk, PR Chen, KS Prakash, SS Samuel, J Hurd, AJ Brinker, CJ AF Cairncross, RA Schunk, PR Chen, KS Prakash, SS Samuel, J Hurd, AJ Brinker, CJ TI Pore evolution and solvent transport during drying of gelled sol-gel coatings: Predicting 'springback' SO DRYING TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Drying Symposium (IDS 96) CY JUL 30-AUG 02, 1996 CL KRAKOW, POLAND SP Polish Acad Sci, State Comm Sci Res, Poland, SiTPChem, Poland, European Federat Chem Engineers, Drying Working Party EFChEng, Canadian Soc Chem Engn, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Inst Chem Engineers, London, Japan Soc Chem Engineers, AFSIA, France DE effective stress; poroelasticity; porous media ID SHRINKAGE AB This paper reports predictions of drying phenomena in deformable porous gel coatings (i.e. a porous solid elastic network filled with air or solvent). Initially, a gelled coating is saturated with solvent, but as it dries, liquid-vapor menisci begin to recede into larger pores and the gel becomes a partially-saturated porous medium. The tensile capillary pressure in the liquid causes a compressive deformation on the solid skeleton and a consequent reduction in thickness and pore-size of the coating. A theory coupling the large deformation of the solid skeleton to capillary pressure in the interstitial liquid is used to predict the course of drying of dip-coated porous gel coatings. The theory predicts a 'springback' effect in late stages of drying as the effects of capillary pressure diminish, which matches with experimental observations. C1 SANDIA NATL LABS,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT CHEM ENGN,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. RP Cairncross, RA (reprint author), UNIV DELAWARE,DEPT MECH ENGN,NEWARK,DE 19716, USA. RI Prakash, Sai/A-3459-2010 NR 16 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0737-3937 J9 DRY TECHNOL JI Dry. Technol. PY 1997 VL 15 IS 6-8 BP 1815 EP 1825 DI 10.1080/07373939708917329 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA XR318 UT WOS:A1997XR31800015 ER PT J AU Oprea, TI Kurunczi, L Timofei, S AF Oprea, TI Kurunczi, L Timofei, S TI QSAR studies of disperse azo dyes. Towards the negation of the pharmacophore theory of dye-fiber interaction? SO DYES AND PIGMENTS LA English DT Article DE 3D-QSAR methodology; CoMFA; GOLPE; CLOGP; disperse azo dyes; pharmacophore ID STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS; MINIMAL STERIC DIFFERENCE; FIELD ANALYSIS COMFA; CELLULOSE FIBER; ALIGNMENT RULES; FORCE-FIELD; INHIBITORS; VALIDATION; REGRESSION; BINDING AB Twenty-seven disperse azo dyes were analyzed using Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) methods by correlating variations in the chemical structure with -Delta mu degrees, the affinity to cellulose fiber, Classical QSAR results, r(2) of 0.32 for CLogP (the calculated octanol-water partition coefficient) and r(2) of 0.924 for MTD (minimum topological difference), suggest that steric, but not hydrophobic, effects are important. For Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA), a three-dimensional QSAR (3D-QSAR) method, r(2) was 0.925, while q(2) (cross-validated r(2)) was 0.776 for 2 PCs (principal components). CoMFA results imply that the pharmacophore theory of dye-fiber interaction holds true. However, CoMFA was insensitive to the alignment rules. PCA (Principal Component Analysis) shows that PCI is related to chemical substituents, whereas PC2 is related to molecular length (lambda). The correlation between -Delta mu degrees and lambda (a 1D descriptor) is similar to the CoMFA results. We therefore question the validity of the pharmacophore theory of dye-fiber interaction, and illustrate a case of overfitting in QSAR, Features that could improve disperse azo dye binding to cellulose are proposed. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,THEORET BIOL & BIOPHYS GRP T10,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. ROMANIAN ACAD,INST CHEM,RO-1900 TIMISOARA,ROMANIA. RI Oprea, Tudor/A-5746-2011; FUNAR-TIMOFEI, SIMONA/C-3369-2011; OI Oprea, Tudor/0000-0002-6195-6976; Funar-Timofei, Simona/0000-0002-6786-6584; Kurunczi, Ludovic/0000-0002-9198-6463 NR 42 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0143-7208 J9 DYES PIGMENTS JI Dyes Pigment. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 33 IS 1 BP 41 EP 64 DI 10.1016/S0143-7208(96)00025-3 PG 24 WC Chemistry, Applied; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science GA WG299 UT WOS:A1997WG29900004 ER PT S AU Stevens, MJ Mondello, M Crest, GS AF Stevens, MJ Mondello, M Crest, GS BE Drake, JM Klafter, J Kopelman, R TI Simulations of lubricants in confined geometries SO DYNAMICS IN SMALL CONFINING SYSTEMS III SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Dynamics in Small Confining Systems, at the 1996 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-05, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP MRS, ONR AB We examine the shear Row of hexadecane and squalane confined between plates with nm separation using molecular dynamics simulations. For both molecules substantial slip occurs at the walls and the density profile exhibits strong oscillations. In contrast to surface force apparatus measurements, our calculated effective viscosities are not much greater than bulk viscosities, but the simulations shear rates are much larger than the experimental ones. The actual viscosity calculated using the shear rate measured from the observed velocity profile is almost equal to the bulk viscosity within uncertainty. RP Stevens, MJ (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,MS 1111,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-368-1 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 464 BP 65 EP 70 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA BH92X UT WOS:A1997BH92X00008 ER PT S AU VanSwol, F Frink, LJD AF VanSwol, F Frink, LJD BE Drake, JM Klafter, J Kopelman, R TI Revisiting experimental tests of the Laplace-Kelvin equation SO DYNAMICS IN SMALL CONFINING SYSTEMS III SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Dynamics in Small Confining Systems, at the 1996 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-05, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP MRS, ONR AB In this paper we focus on two experimental techniques for testing predictions made by Laplace Kelvin theory (LKT). The first technique employs the surface forces apparatus (SFA) to measure pull-off forces, the second uses a beam bending (BE) technique to determine the bending forces in a microporous film produced with a sol-gel technique. We use density functional theory (DFT) to analyze the two experiments. We find that the pull-off force in a crossed cylinder geometery contains a minimal solid-liquid contribution, which can explain why the LKT result is found at saturation. We demonstrate that a pore size distribution essential to produce a bending stress that is always compressive and has a dependence on the vapor pressure that coincides with LKT. RP VanSwol, F (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,MS 1111,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-368-1 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 464 BP 159 EP 164 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA BH92X UT WOS:A1997BH92X00019 ER PT S AU Pohl, PI Heffelfinger, GS AF Pohl, PI Heffelfinger, GS BE Drake, JM Klafter, J Kopelman, R TI Massively parallel molecular dynamics simulation of gas permeation across molecular sieving porous membranes SO DYNAMICS IN SMALL CONFINING SYSTEMS III SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Dynamics in Small Confining Systems, at the 1996 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-05, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP MRS, ONR AB In this work we simulate the diffusion of gases in a microporous solid models using a newly developed dual control volume grand canonical molecular dynamics technique. This allows spatial variation of chemical potential and hence an accurate simulation of steady-state pressure driven diffusion The molecular sieving nature of microporous zeolites are discussed and compared with that for amorphous silica from sol-gel methods. Massively parallel supercomputers allow a quick and insightful study of these microporous structures. RP Pohl, PI (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-368-1 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 464 BP 339 EP 344 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA BH92X UT WOS:A1997BH92X00046 ER PT S AU Somorjai, GA Rupprechter, G AF Somorjai, GA Rupprechter, G BE Froment, GF Waught, KC TI Molecular studies of the mobility of surface metal atoms and adsorbates during catalytic reactions SO DYNAMICS OF SURFACES AND REACTION KINETICS IN HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS SE STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Dynamics of Surfaces and Reaction Kinetics in Heterogeneous Catalysis CY SEP 15-17, 1997 CL ANTWERP, BELGIUM SP Royal Flemish Soc Engineers, Technol Inst ID SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; SUM-FREQUENCY GENERATION; ENERGY-ELECTRON-DIFFRACTION; ETHYLENE HYDROGENATION; HIGH-PRESSURES; IN-SITU; VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY; THERMAL-DESORPTION; INFRARED-SPECTRA; PT(111) SURFACE C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Ctr Adv Mat, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Somorjai, GA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 47 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL B V PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2991 BN 0-444-82609-2 J9 STUD SURF SCI CATAL PY 1997 VL 109 BP 35 EP 59 PG 25 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA BK18M UT WOS:000071440800002 ER PT S AU Uner, DO Savargoankar, N Pruski, M King, TS AF Uner, DO Savargoankar, N Pruski, M King, TS BE Froment, GF Waught, KC TI The effects of alkali promoters on the dynamics of hydrogen chemisorption and syngas reaction kinetics on Ru/SiO2 surfaces SO DYNAMICS OF SURFACES AND REACTION KINETICS IN HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS SE STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Dynamics of Surfaces and Reaction Kinetics in Heterogeneous Catalysis CY SEP 15-17, 1997 CL ANTWERP, BELGIUM SP Royal Flemish Soc Engineers, Technol Inst ID SUPPORTED RUTHENIUM; ADSORPTION; CATALYSTS; RU(001) AB The dynamics of chemisorbed hydrogen on unpromoted and promoted Ru/SiO2 catalysts was studied by means of single pulse and selective excitation H-1 NMR spectroscopy. Dynamic NMR studies indicated a reduced mobility of hydrogen in the presence of alkali promoters (Na and K) at high loadings (65 atomic %). On unpromoted Ru/SiO2 catalysts, the line due to hydrogen-on-metal was homogeneously broadened at pressures above 0.5 Torr H-2. Similar behavior was observed on promoted Ru/SiO2 catalyst with 66 atomic % K. The line due to hydrogen-on-metal was inhomogeneously broadened at least up to 200 Torr H-2 on promoted Ru catalyst with 66 atomic % K. A similar behavior was observed on a 65 atomic % Na promoted catalyst up to pressures of 735 torr and temperatures up to 630 K. A homogeneous lineshape indicates that there is fast exchange of hydrogen among different Ru particles whereas an inhomogeneous line indicates that such an inter-particle motion is restricted. The exchange parameter of hydrogen motion was determined from a multisite exchange model. It was determined that this exchange parameter on unpromoted Ru catalysts was 20 fold higher than that on a K/Ru catalyst with 66% K at a given hydrogen pressure. The mechanism for this inhibited mobility was postulated as follows: Alkali blocked the low coordination sites needed for dissociative chemisorption of hydrogen and the kinetics of adsorption-desorption was thereby slowed down significantly. Good quantitative agreement was obtained when the exchange parameters are used to determine the effects of alkali promoters on olefin selectivities in Fischer Tropsch synthesis reaction. C1 Middle E Tech Univ, TR-06531 Ankara, Turkey. Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, Inst Phys Res & Technol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Uner, DO (reprint author), Middle E Tech Univ, TR-06531 Ankara, Turkey. RI Uner, Deniz/P-5819-2015 OI Uner, Deniz/0000-0001-8585-3691 NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL B V PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2991 BN 0-444-82609-2 J9 STUD SURF SCI CATAL PY 1997 VL 109 BP 315 EP 324 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA BK18M UT WOS:000071440800023 ER PT J AU Harrison, TM Ryerson, FJ LeFort, P Yin, A Lovera, OM Catlos, EJ AF Harrison, TM Ryerson, FJ LeFort, P Yin, A Lovera, OM Catlos, EJ TI A Late Miocene-Pliocene origin for the Central Himalayan inverted metamorphism SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Letter DE Main Central Thrust; metamorphism; Himalayas ID CENTRAL NEPAL; TECTONICS; ANATEXIS; MONAZITE; THRUST; LEUCOGRANITES; EVOLUTION; AGE AB Perhaps the best known occurrence of an inverted metamorphic sequence is that found immediately beneath the Himalayan Main Central Thrust (MCT), generally thought to have been active during the Early Miocene. However, in situ (208)pb/Th-232 dating of monazite inclusions in garnet indicates that peak metamorphic recrystallization of the MCT footwall occurred in this portion of the central Himalaya at only ca, 6 Ma. The apparent inverted metamorphism appears to have resulted from activation of a broad shear zone beneath the MCT which tectonically telescoped the young metamorphic sequence. This explanation may resolve some outstanding problems in Himalayan tectonics, such why the MCT and not the more recently initiated thrusts marks the break in slope of the present day mountain range. It also renders unnecessary the need for exceptional physical conditions (e.g., high shear stress) to explain the generation of the Himalayan leucogranites. C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,IGPP,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. INST DOLOMIEU,CNRS,F-38301 GRENOBLE,FRANCE. RP Harrison, TM (reprint author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,WM KECK FDN,CTR ISOTOPE GEOCHEM,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024, USA. RI Catlos, Elizabeth/B-7943-2011; Harrison, Timothy/E-7443-2012; Yin, An/B-3050-2014; UCLA, SIMS/A-1459-2011 NR 31 TC 204 Z9 216 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 146 IS 1-2 BP E1 EP E7 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WH337 UT WOS:A1997WH33700001 ER PT B AU Appelhans, AD Ingram, JC Groenewold, GS Dahl, DA Olson, JE Delmore, JE AF Appelhans, AD Ingram, JC Groenewold, GS Dahl, DA Olson, JE Delmore, JE BE Olefjord, I Nyborg, L Briggs, D TI Detection and characterization of trace contaminants on surfaces via ion trap secondary ion mass spectrometry SO ECASIA 97: 7TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON APPLICATIONS OF SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th European Conference on Applications of Surface and Interface Analysis (ECASIA 97) CY JUN 16-20, 1997 CL GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN C1 Idaho Natl Environm & Engn Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Appelhans, AD (reprint author), Idaho Natl Environm & Engn Lab, POB 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, WEST SUSSEX, ENGLAND BN 0-471-97827-2 PY 1997 BP 549 EP 552 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Biomaterials; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Materials Science, Composites; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics; Polymer Science GA BL02X UT WOS:000074082100122 ER PT S AU Kolman, DG Scully, JR AF Kolman, DG Scully, JR BE VanDerSluys, WA Piascik, RS Zawierucha, R TI On the requirement for a sharp notch or precrack to cause environmentally assisted crack initiation in beta-titanium alloys exposed to aqueous chloride environments SO EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON THE INITIATION OF CRACK GROWTH SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Effects of the Environment on the Initiation of Crack Growths CY MAY 20-21, 1996 CL ORLANDO, FL SP ASTM Comm E 08 Fatigue & Fracture, ASTM Comm G01 Corros Met, ASTM Subcomm E08 06 Crack Growth Behav, ASTM Subcomm G01 06 Stress Corros Cracking & Corros Fatigue DE hydrogen environmentally assisted cracking (HEAC); notch radius; beta-titanium alloys; crack tip solution acidification; ohmic loss; bare surface electrode kinetics; film rupture; hydrogen uptake; fatigue precrack AB The requirement of a sharp notch or precrack to cause environmental crack initiation of metastable beta-titanium alloys exposed to 0.6 M NaCl has been observed. The causal relationship has not been thoroughly examined, however. This paper seeks to explain the sharp notch requirement by examining notch acuity effects on a variety of parameters that affect HEAC susceptibility. These include the effects of a sharp notch on cation accumulation - hydrolysis - acidification, potential drop in solution and resulting hydrogen production, and localization of dynamic strain. It is shown that solution resistance down a sharp crack is two orders of magnitude larger for a fatigue precracked compact tension specimen than for a smooth bar. The potential drop down a sharp crack is severe enough to enable hydrogen production even when the applied potential is more positive than the reversible potential for hydrogen production. It also shown that a fatigue precrack results in an acidified crack tip chemistry (approximately pH 1) which is deleterious to HEAC resistance. The effects of a sharp notch on the interplay of mechanics, film rupture and hydrogen uptake are also examined. It is shown that the slip behavior at a sharp crack tip promotes localized film rupture and localized hydrogen uptake. Localization of hydrogen uptake may be critical for HEAC susceptibility in light of the large hydrogen concentration required to cause crack initiation (ca. 1000 wt. ppm) and the lack of significant hydrogen uptake on filmed surfaces. RP Kolman, DG (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,MS G755,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 SN 1071-5827 BN 0-8031-2408-2 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1997 VL 1298 BP 61 EP 73 DI 10.1520/STP19953S PG 13 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BH76K UT WOS:A1997BH76K00004 ER PT S AU Chopra, OK Shack, WJ AF Chopra, OK Shack, WJ BE VanDerSluys, WA Piascik, RS Zawierucha, R TI Evaluation of effects of LWR coolant environments on fatigue life of carbon and low-alloy steels SO EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON THE INITIATION OF CRACK GROWTH SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Effects of the Environment on the Initiation of Crack Growths CY MAY 20-21, 1996 CL ORLANDO, FL SP ASTM Comm E 08 Fatigue & Fracture, ASTM Comm G01 Corros Met, ASTM Subcomm E08 06 Crack Growth Behav, ASTM Subcomm G01 06 Stress Corros Cracking & Corros Fatigue DE fatigue crack initiation; strain vs. life (S-N) curve; LWR environment; carbon steel; low-alloy steel; strain rate; dissolved oxygen; sulfur content AB The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code provides rules for the construction of nuclear power plant components. Figure I-90 of Appendix I to Section III of the Code specifies fatigue design curves for structural materials. However, the effects of light water reactor (LWR) coolant environments are not explicitly addressed by the Code design curves. Recent test data indicate a significant decrease in fatigue life of carbon and low-alloy steels in LWR environments when five conditions are satisfied simultaneously, viz., applied strain range, temperature, dissolved oxygen in the water, and sulfur content of the steel are above a minimum threshold level, and the loading strain rate is below a threshold value. Only a moderate decrease in fatigue life is observed when any one of these conditions is not satisfied. This paper summarizes available data on the effects of various material and loading variables such as steel type, dissolved oxygen level, strain range, strain rate, and sulfur content on the fatigue life of carbon and low-alloy steels. The data have been analyzed to define the threshold values of the five critical parameters. Methods for estimating fatigue lives under actual loading histories are discussed. RP Chopra, OK (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV ENERGY TECHNOL,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 SN 1071-5827 BN 0-8031-2408-2 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1997 VL 1298 BP 247 EP 266 DI 10.1520/STP19965S PG 20 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BH76K UT WOS:A1997BH76K00016 ER PT B AU Nihei, KT Gu, BL Myer, LR PyrakNolte, LJ Cook, NGW AF Nihei, KT Gu, BL Myer, LR PyrakNolte, LJ Cook, NGW BE Fujii, T TI Elastic interface wave propagation along a fracture SO EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON ROCK MECHANICS, VOL 3, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Congress on Rock Mechanics - Frontiers of Rock Mechanics Towards the 21st-Century CY SEP 25-30, 1995 CL TOKYO, JAPAN SP Int Soc Rock Mech, Int Soc Rock Mech, Natl Grp Japan AB Fractures in rock can serve as mechanical waveguides for elastic interface waves. Because the energy of the interface wave is confined mainly to the fracture, these waves primarily sample the mechanical properties of the fracture and, therefore, should prove useful for remotely determining fracture properties. Plane wave analysis of a fracture embedded in an elastic medium predicted two distinct fracture interface waves with mathematical forms similar to the classic free-surface Rayleigh wave equation, indicating that these interface waves are generalized Rayleigh+ interface waves. Analysis of the interface wave equations revealed that both waves are dispersive and that each wave depends on either a normal or shear dimensionless fracture stiffness. The predicted interface waves were observed in both numerical simulations and laboratory tests. Numerical simulations also produced a compressional interface wave that is not predicted by the plane wave theory. The results of this study demonstrate how interface waves can he excited and detected on a single fracture and how measured interface wave velocities can be used to determine the fracture stiffnesses. RP Nihei, KT (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 1675, 3000 BR ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-576-3 PY 1997 BP 1151 EP 1157 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Civil; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Geology GA BH39W UT WOS:A1997BH39W00025 ER PT B AU Hilbert, LB Cook, NGW Myer, LR AF Hilbert, LB Cook, NGW Myer, LR BE Fujii, T TI Numerical modelling of highly jointed and fractured media using discontinuous deformation methods SO EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON ROCK MECHANICS, VOL 3, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Congress on Rock Mechanics - Frontiers of Rock Mechanics Towards the 21st-Century CY SEP 25-30, 1995 CL TOKYO, JAPAN SP Int Soc Rock Mech, Int Soc Rock Mech, Natl Grp Japan AB The focus of this paper is a discussion of a class of computational methods used to analyze discontinuous media, such as. geomaterials. Particular emphasis is directed toward a recently developed computational method based on finite element substructuring or domain decomposition techniques. As occurs naturally, a mass of fractured rock contains discrete rock blocks that interact along discrete fractures. Each rock block is modeled as a continuous elastic body. Intermittent contact between blocks is captured with slideline finite elements, based on a perturbed Lagrangian multiplier technique. The method is practical for implementation on multi-processing or parallel processing environments. RP Hilbert, LB (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,DIV EARTH SCI,1 CYCLOTRON RD,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 1675, 3000 BR ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-576-3 PY 1997 BP 1159 EP 1165 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Civil; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Geology GA BH39W UT WOS:A1997BH39W00026 ER PT B AU Lin, W Roberts, JJ Glassley, W Ruddle, D AF Lin, W Roberts, JJ Glassley, W Ruddle, D BE Fujii, T TI The effect of rock-water interaction on permeability SO EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON ROCK MECHANICS, VOL 3, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Congress on Rock Mechanics - Frontiers of Rock Mechanics Towards the 21st-Century CY SEP 25-30, 1995 CL TOKYO, JAPAN SP Int Soc Rock Mech, Int Soc Rock Mech, Natl Grp Japan AB Radioactive decay heat is likely to create coupled thermal-mechanical-hydrological-chemical (TMHC) processes in the near field of a nuclear waste repository. One of the coupled TMHC processes is the effect of the rock-water interaction on fluid flow in the rock mass. This effect may also play an important role in geothermal energy recovery. Previous laboratory results showed that dissolution and re-deposition of minerals on the fracture surfaces, caused by flowing high-temperature water at a confining pressure of 5 MPa, can significantly decrease the permeability of fractured Topopah Spring tuff. The present experiment is designed to investigate the effect of differential pressure on fracture healing. Laboratory results indicate that at a differential pressure of only 0.5 MPa (confining pressure = 1 MPa, pore pressure = 0.5 MPa), the water permeability of a fractured Topopah Spring tuff sample decreased from about 18 x 10(-15) m(2) to about 11 x 10(-15) m(2) during an initial complete thermal cycle of heating to 150 degrees C and cooling back to 25 degrees C. Permeability decreased in the subsequent thermal cycles at greater differential pressures (1.5, 2.5, and 4.5 MPa), but the amplitudes of these decreases were much less than that in the initial thermal cycle. The permeability decrease during the initial heating is consistent with the previous results, except the amplitude of decrease in this experiment is much less than that reported previously. One possible explanation for the discrepancy is that the confining pressure in this experiment is only 20% of previous experiments. Chemical analysis of the water that flowed through the sample and a scanning electron microscope study of the fracture surfaces before and after the experiment indicate that deposition of silica may have occurred during the initial heating. Dissolution of silica may have also occurred during the subsequent thermal cycles at greater differential pressures. However, the subsequent rock-water interaction was less active than that during the initial heating. This difference may be attributed to varying freshness of the fracture surfaces. Future experiments are designed to quantitatively investigate the effect of the differential pressure on the fracture healing by testing fractured samples that have similar freshness in the fracture surfaces at various differential pressures. RP Lin, W (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 1675, 3000 BR ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-576-3 PY 1997 BP 1391 EP 1394 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Civil; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Geology GA BH39W UT WOS:A1997BH39W00071 ER PT B AU Dalton, L AF Dalton, L GP IEEE COMP SOC TI Keynote: Software reliability in theory and practice SO EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOFTWARE RELIABILITY ENGINEERING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE 97) CY NOV 02-05, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP IEEE Comp Soc, Tech Council Software Engn RP Dalton, L (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E, COMPUTER SOC PRESS PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720 BN 0-8186-8121-7 PY 1997 BP 216 EP 216 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BJ93V UT WOS:A1997BJ93V00027 ER PT B AU Fronczak, E AF Fronczak, E GP IEEE COMP SOC TI A top-down approach to high-consequence fault analysis for software systems SO EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOFTWARE RELIABILITY ENGINEERING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 8th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE 97) CY NOV 02-05, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP IEEE Comp Soc, Tech Council Software Engn C1 SANDIA NATL LABS,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E, COMPUTER SOC PRESS PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720 BN 0-8186-8121-7 PY 1997 BP 259 EP 259 DI 10.1109/ISSRE.1997.630873 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BJ93V UT WOS:A1997BJ93V00033 ER PT J AU Isaacs, HS Kalonousky, DN Virtanen, S Ryan, MP AF Isaacs, HS Kalonousky, DN Virtanen, S Ryan, MP TI Electrodissolution of electrodeposited iron oxides SO ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS IN CORROSION: RESEARCH AND APPLICATION SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article DE iron oxide; XANES; borate buffer; electrodissolution ID FILMS AB The galvanostatic reduction of ferric oxide has been studied in phosphate solutions over a range of pH values. The oxides were prepared on gold by anodic electrodeposition from dilute ferrous borate solution. With increased pH the potential of the reduction arrests decreased and the charge associated with the arrest increased. A dependence of -60 mV/pH was observed except between pH 7.5 and 8.5 where the slope approximated -180 mV/pH. Above pH 7.5 the slope was consistent with the thermodynamic predicted slope of -180 mV/pH expected from reductive dissolution of ferric oxide forming soluble ferrous ions. At higher pH values, a slope of -60 mV/pH has been accounted for by oxide reduction to form a solid lower valent oxide. C1 SUNY STONY BROOK, DEPT MAT SCI, STONY BROOK, NY 11794 USA. ETH ZURICH, INST MAT CHEM & CORROS, CH-8093 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND. RP Isaacs, HS (reprint author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, DEPT APPL SCI, UPTON, NY 11973 USA. RI Ryan, Mary/G-5825-2011; Virtanen, Sannakaisa/N-3699-2015 OI Virtanen, Sannakaisa/0000-0002-7179-7593 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TRANSTEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1997 VL 247 BP 19 EP 24 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BH57M UT WOS:A1997BH57M00003 ER PT S AU Ocko, BM Wandlowski, T AF Ocko, BM Wandlowski, T BE Andricacos, PC Corcoram, SG Delplancke, JL Moffat, TP Searson, PC TI Halide electroadsorption on single crystal surfaces SO ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS AND MODIFICATION OF MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Electrochemical Synthesis and Modification of Materials, at the 1996 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-05, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB The structure and phase behavior of halides have been investigated on single crystals of Ag and Au using synchrotron x-ray scattering techniques. The adlayer coverages are potential dependent. For all halides studied we found that with increasing potential, at a critical potential, a disordered adlayer transforms into an ordered structure. Often these ordered phases are incommensurate and exhibit potential-dependent lateral separations (electrocompression). We have analyzed the electrocompression in terms of a model which includes lateral interactions and partial charge. A continuous compression is not observed for Br on Ag(100). Rather, we find that the adsorption is site-specific (lattice gas) in both the ordered and disordered phases. The coverage increases with increasing potential and at a critical potential the disordered phase transforms to a well-ordered commensurate structure. RP Ocko, BM (reprint author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT PHYS,UPTON,NY 11973, USA. RI Thomas, Wandlowski/C-7251-2009 NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-355-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 451 BP 55 EP 67 PG 13 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA BJ46P UT WOS:A1997BJ46P00008 ER PT J AU Fawcett, WR AF Fawcett, WR TI The role of the metal and the solvent in simple heterogeneous electron transfer reactions SO ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Frumkins Symposium Dedicated to Alexander Naumovich Frunkins Centenary CY AUG 21-25, 1995 CL MOSCOW, RUSSIA DE electrode kinetics; double layer effects; solvent effects ID MEAN SPHERICAL APPROXIMATION; METALLOCENE REDOX COUPLES; REORGANIZATION DYNAMICS; ACTIVATION PARAMETERS; MERCURY-ELECTRODE; KINETICS; ELECTROREDUCTION; DEPENDENCE; MAGNITUDE; BEHAVIOR AB Solvent effects in simple electron transfer reactions are reviewed. It is shown that estimation of the outer sphere Gibbs activation energy is often difficult. Data for the electroreduction of Fe(H2O)(6)(3+) at single crystal gold electrodes are also discussed. This system shows a very large double layer effect. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Fawcett, WR (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,DEPT CHEM,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 37 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0013-4686 J9 ELECTROCHIM ACTA JI Electrochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 42 IS 5 BP 833 EP 839 DI 10.1016/S0013-4686(96)00331-3 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA WB636 UT WOS:A1997WB63600013 ER PT J AU deSouza, LMM Kong, FP McLarnon, FR Muller, RH AF deSouza, LMM Kong, FP McLarnon, FR Muller, RH TI Spectroscopic ellipsometry study of nickel oxidation in alkaline solution SO ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE nickel; oxide layer; voltammetry; ellipsometry; alkaline electrolyte ID HYDROXIDE FILMS; OXIDE-FILMS; SURFACE; ELECTRODES; GROWTH AB Spectroscopic ellipsometry and cyclic voltammetry were used to study the oxidation of nickel in alkaline solutions. Electrode surface films were formed by air exposure and by electrochemical oxidation at various potentials during the first voltammetric scan. Using a self-compensating ellipsometer and a previously developed data fitting program, it was possible to characterize the surface films formed in situ. We found that oxide layers formed during the polishing of nickel in air have a significant optical effect, and normal polishing conditions can produce NiO of 10 Angstrom thickness. During the positive-going sweep at potentials between -0.9 V and -0.4 V (vs Hg/HgO), a compact film of beta-Ni(OH)(2) is formed. The surface layer that appears after the second anodic peak at +0.5 V contains a mixture of Ni(OH)(2) and NiOOH with an overlayer of beta-NiOOH. This overlayer is completely reduced after the cathodic peak at +0.2 V is reached during the negative-going sweep, and the layer remaining at this potential consists of a mixture of Ni(OH)(2) and NiOOH. At very cathodic potentials (-0.9 V) NiOOH is still found on the electrode surface, and some electrode roughness appears. During a potentiostatic hold at this potential, NiOOH is reduced to Ni(OH)(2), and the Ni(OH)(2) is very slowly reduced to Ni with a decrease in electrode roughness. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. RP deSouza, LMM (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATL LAB,DIV ENERGY & ENVIRONM,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 34 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0013-4686 J9 ELECTROCHIM ACTA JI Electrochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 42 IS 8 BP 1253 EP 1267 DI 10.1016/S0013-4686(96)00298-8 PG 15 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA WK112 UT WOS:A1997WK11200010 ER PT B AU Turner, LR AF Turner, LR BE Zhou, KD TI Field computation for a neutrino detector magnet: the effect of small gaps in large bodies SO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS (ICEF '96) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Electromagnetic Field Problems and Applications CY OCT 09-11, 1996 CL WUHAN, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Electrotech Soc, Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol AB The presence of small features such as thin gaps in a large magnetic object presents difficulties for numerical computation. The proposed MINOS neutrino detector displays just such a difficulty, small (similar to 1 mm) but unavoidable gaps in the large (similar to 8 m) iron of the magnets. This paper describes the process of obtaining adequate precision while modeling those gaps. RP Turner, LR (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV ENERGY TECHNOL,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ACADEMIC PUBL PI BEIJING PA 137 CHAONEI DAJIE, BEIJING 100704, PEOPLES R CHINA BN 7-80003-389-9 PY 1997 BP 126 EP 130 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Engineering; Mathematics GA BJ26R UT WOS:A1997BJ26R00033 ER PT B AU Turner, LR AF Turner, LR BE Zhou, KD TI The TEAM workshops: What's old? What's new? SO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS (ICEF '96) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Electromagnetic Field Problems and Applications CY OCT 09-11, 1996 CL WUHAN, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Electrotech Soc, Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol AB A short history of the TEAM workshops is presented, with emphasis on the first two rounds of workshops and the recent workshops in Berlin and Okayama, New problems provide benchmarks for new applications and interests, but old problems continue to provide benchmarks for new methods and approaches. There is a trend toward solving more and more complicated problems on personal computers (PC). Problem 8 (a slot in a conducting plate) has been solved on a PC using the eddy current code ELEKTRA. RP Turner, LR (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV ENERGY TECHNOL,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ACADEMIC PUBL PI BEIJING PA 137 CHAONEI DAJIE, BEIJING 100704, PEOPLES R CHINA BN 7-80003-389-9 PY 1997 BP 363 EP 365 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Engineering; Mathematics GA BJ26R UT WOS:A1997BJ26R00095 ER PT S AU Kilaas, R AF Kilaas, R BE Dorset, DL Hovmoller, S Zou, XD TI Image simulation in High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy SO ELECTRON CRYSTALLOGRAPHY SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES E, APPLIED SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Study Institute on Electron Crystallography CY MAY 22-JUN 02, 1997 CL ERICE, ITALY SP NATO C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Kilaas, R (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-132X BN 0-7923-4876-1 J9 NATO ADV SCI I E-APP PY 1997 VL 347 BP 115 EP 130 PG 16 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA BL18V UT WOS:000074633500008 ER PT S AU Kilaas, R AF Kilaas, R BE Dorset, DL Hovmoller, S Zou, XD TI Structure refinement through matching of experimental and simulated HRTEM images SO ELECTRON CRYSTALLOGRAPHY SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES E, APPLIED SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Study Institute on Electron Crystallography CY MAY 22-JUN 02, 1997 CL ERICE, ITALY SP NATO C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Kilaas, R (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-132X BN 0-7923-4876-1 J9 NATO ADV SCI I E-APP PY 1997 VL 347 BP 247 EP 260 PG 14 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA BL18V UT WOS:000074633500021 ER PT S AU Ahrenkiel, SP AF Ahrenkiel, SP BE Dorset, DL Hovmoller, S Zou, XD TI Diffraction contrast in TEM images of modulated semiconductor alloys SO ELECTRON CRYSTALLOGRAPHY SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES E, APPLIED SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Study Institute on Electron Crystallography CY MAY 22-JUN 02, 1997 CL ERICE, ITALY SP NATO C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Ahrenkiel, SP (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-132X BN 0-7923-4876-1 J9 NATO ADV SCI I E-APP PY 1997 VL 347 BP 363 EP 366 PG 4 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA BL18V UT WOS:000074633500032 ER PT S AU Voelkl, E Allard, LF Bruley, J Keast, VJ Williams, DB AF Voelkl, E Allard, LF Bruley, J Keast, VJ Williams, DB BE Rodenburg, JM TI The teaching of TEM by telepresence microscopy over the Internet SO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND ANALYSIS 1997 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1997 Biennial Meeting of the Electron-Microscopy-and-Analysis-Group of the Institute-of-Physics (EMAG 97) CY SEP 02-05, 1997 CL UNIV CAMBRIDGE, CAVENDISH LAB, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SP Inst Phys, Electron Microscopy & Anal Grp HO UNIV CAMBRIDGE, CAVENDISH LAB AB The teaching of transmission electron microscopy to students over the Internet has been successfully demonstrated. The advantages and disadvantages of such remote instruction are discussed. The need for complete computer control of the instrument to maximize the efficiency of the instructional process is described. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Lehigh Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. RP Voelkl, E (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Bldg 4515,1 Bethel Valley Rd,POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0441-3 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1997 IS 153 BP 45 EP 48 PG 4 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Microscopy; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Microscopy; Physics GA BK36R UT WOS:000071919200008 ER PT S AU Nellist, PD Xin, Y Pennycook, SJ AF Nellist, PD Xin, Y Pennycook, SJ BE Rodenburg, JM TI Direct structure determination by atomic-resolution incoherent STEM imaging SO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND ANALYSIS 1997 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1997 Biennial Meeting of the Electron-Microscopy-and-Analysis-Group of the Institute-of-Physics (EMAG 97) CY SEP 02-05, 1997 CL UNIV CAMBRIDGE, CAVENDISH LAB, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SP Inst Phys, Electron Microscopy & Anal Grp HO UNIV CAMBRIDGE, CAVENDISH LAB AB Use of a large, annular dark-field (ADF) detector in a scanning transmission electron microscope is shown to give images that can allow direct structure determination, being a convolution between the illuminating probe intensity and an object function localised at the atomic column positions. The ADF image is also shown to resolve crystal spacings more than twice smaller than the phase contrast point resolution limit of the microscope used, with sub-angstrom structural information being retrieved. C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Nellist, PD (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0441-3 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1997 IS 153 BP 109 EP 112 PG 4 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Microscopy; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Microscopy; Physics GA BK36R UT WOS:000071919200024 ER PT S AU Nellist, PD Pennycook, SJ AF Nellist, PD Pennycook, SJ BE Rodenburg, JM TI Atomic resolution Z-contrast imaging of ultradispersed catalysts SO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND ANALYSIS 1997 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1997 Biennial Meeting of the Electron-Microscopy-and-Analysis-Group of the Institute-of-Physics (EMAG 97) CY SEP 02-05, 1997 CL UNIV CAMBRIDGE, CAVENDISH LAB, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SP Inst Phys, Electron Microscopy & Anal Grp HO UNIV CAMBRIDGE, CAVENDISH LAB ID ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY AB Using Z-contrast imaging in a 300 kV scanning transmission electron microscope, direct images of single metal atoms on a support material in industrial catalyst systems are formed. The simultaneously collected conventional bright-field images reveal orientational information about the support, which allows possible configurations of Pt atoms on a gamma-Al2O3 support surface to be deduced. Image intensities also allow the three-dimensional configuration of a raft of Rh atoms on a gamma-Al2O3 support to be determined. C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Nellist, PD (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0441-3 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1997 IS 153 BP 399 EP 402 PG 4 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Microscopy; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Microscopy; Physics GA BK36R UT WOS:000071919200094 ER PT S AU Tricker, DM Brown, PD Xin, Y Cheng, TS Foxon, CT Rumphreys, CJ AF Tricker, DM Brown, PD Xin, Y Cheng, TS Foxon, CT Rumphreys, CJ BE Rodenburg, JM TI The relationship between epitaxial growth, defect microstructure and luminescence in GaN SO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND ANALYSIS 1997 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1997 Biennial Meeting of the Electron-Microscopy-and-Analysis-Group of the Institute-of-Physics (EMAG 97) CY SEP 02-05, 1997 CL UNIV CAMBRIDGE, CAVENDISH LAB, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SP Inst Phys, Electron Microscopy & Anal Grp HO UNIV CAMBRIDGE, CAVENDISH LAB AB MBE grown epitaxial GaN has been characterised by a variety of microscopies. Large scale features such as zincblende inclusions in wurtzite GaN are revealed by a combination of RHEED, SEM/CL and conventional TEM. Substrate pitting is best characterised by optical microscopy coupled with plan view TEM of samples prepared through the interface plane. Plan view HREM combined with g.R or g.b analysis of cross-sectional samples clarifies the displacements associated with prismatic stacking faults and threading dislocations. High spatial resolution EELS and CL provide insight into the effect of defects on material spatial or spectral purity. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Met, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, England. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Nottingham, Dept Phys, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. RP Tricker, DM (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Met, Pembroke St, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, England. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0441-3 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1997 IS 153 BP 429 EP 432 PG 4 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Microscopy; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Microscopy; Physics GA BK36R UT WOS:000071919200101 ER PT S AU Espenson, JH AbuOmar, MM AF Espenson, JH AbuOmar, MM BE Isied, SS TI Reactions catalyzed by methylrhenium trioxide SO ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS: INORGANIC, ORGANOMETALLIC, AND BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS SE ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES LA English DT Review CT Symposium on Taube Insights - From Electron Transfer Reactions to Modern Inorganic Chemistry CY MAR 30-31, 1995 CL STANFORD UNIV, STANFORD, CA HO STANFORD UNIV ID MAIN-GROUP ELEMENTS; MULTIPLE BONDS; TRANSITION-METALS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; OXYGEN-TRANSFER; POLYMERIC METHYLTRIOXORHENIUM; ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY; HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS; ALKYLRHENIUM OXIDES; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE AB Methylrhenium trioxide (CH3ReO3 or MTO) reacts with H2O2 to form two peroxo complexes, CH3ReO2(eta(2)-O-2), A, and CH3ReO(eta(2)-O-2)(2)(H2O), B. Peroxide binding to MTO is an equilibrium process, rapid but not instantaneous, characterized by the equilibrium constants K-1 = 16 L mol(-1) and K-2 = 132 L mol(-1) at pH 0, mu = 2.0, and 25 degrees C. MTO catalyzes the oxidation of many organic and inorganic substrates by H2O2 The evaluation of the catalytic kinetics showed that both A and B react with a given substrate at comparable rates. The various steps of peroxide activation consist of nucleophilic attack of substrate on peroxide ions that have become electrophilically activated by binding to MTO. The versatility of MTO as a catalyst is demonstrated by its ability to catalyze the oxidation even of electron-deficient substrates such as beta-dicarbonyl compounds. Catalyst deactivation occurs in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, much more rapidly than in its absence, and produces methanol and perrhenate ions as final products. The rate of decomposition is dependent on both acid and hydrogen peroxide concentrations. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV, DEPT CHEM, AMES, IA 50011 USA. RP Espenson, JH (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV, AMES LAB, AMES, IA 50011 USA. NR 87 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-2393 BN 0-8412-3456-6 J9 ADV CHEM SER PY 1997 VL 253 BP 99 EP 134 PG 36 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA BH84H UT WOS:A1997BH84H00007 ER PT S AU Creutz, C AF Creutz, C BE Isied, SS TI Intrinsic barriers to atom transfer between transition-metal centers SO ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS: INORGANIC, ORGANOMETALLIC, AND BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS SE ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES LA English DT Review CT Symposium on Taube Insights - From Electron Transfer Reactions to Modern Inorganic Chemistry CY MAR 30-31, 1995 CL STANFORD UNIV, STANFORD, CA HO STANFORD UNIV ID SELF-EXCHANGE; TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCES; ELECTRON EXCHANGE; SOLVENT; COMPLEXES; COUPLES; RADICALS; PRESSURE; ADDUCTS; BR AB The results of our mechanistic studies of one-equivalent, C5H5(CO)(3)M-I ./C5H5(CO)(3)M-II-X, and two-equivalent, (C5H5(CO)(3)M-0)(-)/C5H5(CO)(3)M-II-X, atom-transfer self-exchange reactions (M = Mo or W; X = CI, Br, or I) are summarized. These studies are presented in the context of Henry Taube's contributions as a teacher and researcher, and the chapter provides an account of the interplay between dd!as and experiments in the inorganic mechanistic community. RP Creutz, C (reprint author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, DEPT CHEM, UPTON, NY 11973 USA. NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-2393 BN 0-8412-3456-6 J9 ADV CHEM SER PY 1997 VL 253 BP 151 EP 163 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA BH84H UT WOS:A1997BH84H00009 ER PT J AU Indiresan, PV Soni, SG Roy, SCD Chopra, RC Shetty, S Mruthyunjaya Srivastava, JP Vaithilingam, G Radhakrishnan, P Muthukrishnan, CR Jalote, P Khandpur, RS Raghavan, K Soota, SA Gupta, PN Prasad, SM AF Indiresan, PV Soni, SG Roy, SCD Chopra, RC Shetty, S Mruthyunjaya Srivastava, JP Vaithilingam, G Radhakrishnan, P Muthukrishnan, CR Jalote, P Khandpur, RS Raghavan, K Soota, SA Gupta, PN Prasad, SM TI Report of the study team on manpower development for electronics and computers for the Ninth Five Year Plan SO ELECTRONICS INFORMATION & PLANNING LA English DT Article RP Indiresan, PV (reprint author), US DOE,WASHINGTON,DC 20585, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTRONICS INFORMATION & PLANNING PI NEW DELHI PA DEPT ELECTRONICS, ELECTRONICS NIKETAN, 6, CGO COMPLEX, NEW DELHI 110-003, INDIA SN 0304-9876 J9 ELECTRON INFORM PLAN JI Electron. Inf. Plan. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 24 IS 4 BP 197 EP 226 PG 30 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA XA268 UT WOS:A1997XA26800002 ER PT B AU Taranenko, NL Tenbrink, SC Hsu, K Miller, CM AF Taranenko, NL Tenbrink, SC Hsu, K Miller, CM BE Koteles, ES Willner, AE TI Fiber Fabry-Perot tunable filter for high-speed optical packet switching SO EMERGING COMPONENTS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR ALL-OPTICAL PHOTONIC SYSTEMS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Emerging Components and Technologies for All-Optical Photonic Systems II CY NOV 18-19, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE fiber Fabry-Perot tunable filters; optical switching; WDM; all-optical networks AB Tunable optical filters are important building blocks for All-Optical systems and networks. Fast optical tuning in several microseconds is necessary to perform high-speed optical packet switching. Multi-Gigabit/sec packet-switching will provide flexibility and higher network throughput when large numbers of users communicate simultaneously. One approach to achieve fast wavelength tuning is to use high-speed piezoelectrically-driven Fiber Fabry-Perot tunable filters (FFP-TFs). The requirement for tuning in microseconds raises a whole new set of challenges, such as ringing, thermostability and mechanical inertia control. It was shown that correlation between the mechanical resonance and optical response of the filter is important for the filter's speed and for mounting hardware and control circuitry optimization. These features together with the FFP-TF's high capacitance (similar to 0.25-0.5 microfarad) are being folded into building a special controller to substantially improve the shape of the driving signal and the response of the filter. The resultant controller enables tuning the high-speed FFP-TF three-orders-of-magnitude faster than that possible with standard commercial FFP-TFs. The fastest switching time achieved is 2.5 microseconds. As the result, a new packet-switched media access control protocol is being designed to minimize the searching time. The filter scans only once through the entire optical region and then tunes to all the required channels one after another in a few microseconds. It can help update Rainbow-2 Broadcast-and-Select High-Speed Wavelength Division Multiplexing All-Optical network that currently has a circuit-switched protocol using standard FFP-TFs. RP Taranenko, NL (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,CIC-5,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2320-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 2918 BP 26 EP 37 DI 10.1117/12.265372 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA BH22D UT WOS:A1997BH22D00003 ER PT B AU Goldberg, KA Tejnil, E Lee, SH Medecki, H Attwood, DT Jackson, KH Bokor, J AF Goldberg, KA Tejnil, E Lee, SH Medecki, H Attwood, DT Jackson, KH Bokor, J BE Seeger, DE TI Characterization of an EUV Schwarzschild objective using phase-shifting point diffraction interferometry SO EMERGING LITHOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Emerging Lithographic Technologies CY MAR 10-11, 1997 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Semiconductor Equipment & Mat Int, SEMATECH DE interferometry; point-diffraction interferometry; phase-shifting interferometry; extreme ultraviolet lithography AB We report wavefront measurement of a multilayer-coated, reflective optical system at 13.4-nm wavelength performed using a novel phase-shifting point-diffraction interferometer. Successful interferometric measurements of a 10x Schwarzschild objective designed for extreme ultraviolet projection lithography with 0.1-mu m resolution demonstrate high-precision with subnanometer resolution. The goal of the interferometry is to achieve wavefront measurement accuracy beyond lambda/50 rms at EW wavelengths. Preliminary measurements are discussed and the paths coward achieving the target accuracy are identified. RP Goldberg, KA (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,CTR XRAY OPT,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 0 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2462-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3048 BP 264 EP 270 DI 10.1117/12.275787 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BJ21U UT WOS:A1997BJ21U00028 ER PT J AU Ohgo, Y Ohashi, Y Klooster, WT Koetzle, TF AF Ohgo, Y Ohashi, Y Klooster, WT Koetzle, TF TI Analysis of hydrogen-deuterium exchange reaction in a crystal by neutron diffraction SO ENANTIOMER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Molecular Chirality - 1996 CY MAY 30-31, 1996 CL TOKYO, JAPAN DE hydrogen-deuterium exchange; neutron diffraction; single crystal; structure analysis; photoreaction ID COBALOXIME COMPLEXES; STATE REACTION; RACEMIZATION AB The crystal of [(R)-1-cyanoethyl-d(alpha)][(S)-1-phenylethylamine]bis(dimethylgly-oximato)cobalt(III) was prepared and exposed to a xenon lamp for two weeks. Its crystal structure was analyzed by X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques to clarify the mechanism of the racemization of the chiral 1-cyanoethyl group in a crystal. The deuterium atom bonded to the chiral carbon atom of the 1-cyanoethyl group was partially exchanged with one of the methyl hydrogen atoms of the cyanoethyl group but racemization was not observed. C1 TOKYO INST TECHNOL,FAC SCI,DEPT CHEM,MEGURO KU,TOKYO 152,JAPAN. BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT CHEM,UPTON,NY 11973. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 1024-2430 J9 ENANTIOMER JI Enantiomer PY 1997 VL 2 IS 3-4 BP 241 EP & PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA XP035 UT WOS:A1997XP03500009 ER PT J AU Gregg, BA AF Gregg, BA TI Photoelectrochromic cells and their applications SO ENDEAVOUR LA English DT Article ID CONVERSION AB A photoelectrochromic cell results from combining a dye-sensitized sellar cell electrode with an electrochromic electrode. This produces a self-powered window that spontaneously darkens when illuminated by sunlight. The optical state can be stored at open circuit, or changed by varying the illumination at short circuit or by applying a voltage, The cells can function as purely photochromic devices, as electrochromic devices, or as a hybrid of the two. Photoelectrochromic cells may find application as self-powered smart windows in buildings and vehicles, optically addressable displays glare-control devices, and self-adjusting sunglasses and rear view mirrors. RP Gregg, BA (reprint author), NATL RENEWABLE ENERGY LAB,GOLDEN,CO 80401, USA. NR 16 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0160-9327 J9 ENDEAVOUR JI Endeavour PY 1997 VL 21 IS 2 BP 52 EP 55 DI 10.1016/S0160-9327(97)01026-0 PG 4 WC History & Philosophy Of Science; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC History & Philosophy of Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA XK735 UT WOS:A1997XK73500002 ER PT J AU McMahon, JE Turiel, I AF McMahon, JE Turiel, I TI Introduction to special issue devoted to appliance and lighting standards SO ENERGY AND BUILDINGS LA English DT Editorial Material RP McMahon, JE (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0378-7788 EI 1872-6178 J9 ENERG BUILDINGS JI Energy Build. PY 1997 VL 26 IS 1 BP 1 EP 3 DI 10.1016/S0378-7788(97)00016-9 PG 3 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA YA202 UT WOS:A1997YA20200001 ER PT J AU Turiel, I AF Turiel, I TI Present status of residential appliance energy efficiency standards - an international review SO ENERGY AND BUILDINGS LA English DT Article DE appliance; energy efficiency; harmonization; standards AB This paper discusses the present status of residential appliance energy efficiency standards around the world. A summary table will show the status of energy efficiency standards in various countries. Recent activities concerning standards harmonization in North America and Europe will be described. Some of the barriers to harmonization will also be discussed. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science S.A. RP Turiel, I (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0378-7788 J9 ENERG BUILDINGS JI Energy Build. PY 1997 VL 26 IS 1 BP 5 EP 15 DI 10.1016/S0378-7788(96)01011-0 PG 11 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA YA202 UT WOS:A1997YA20200002 ER PT J AU Meier, AK Hill, JE AF Meier, AK Hill, JE TI Energy test procedures for appliances SO ENERGY AND BUILDINGS LA English DT Article DE energy test procedure; energy efficiency; standard; energy use ID REFRIGERATORS AB An energy test procedure is the technical foundation for all energy efficiency standards. It provides manufacturers, regulatory authorities, and consumers a way of consistently evaluating energy use. The ideal test procedure reflects actual usage conditions without compromising reliability and cost-effectiveness. Unfortunately, because these goals are contradictory, every test procedure is a compromise. Energy test procedures exist for a wide range of appliances and often each country has its own unique test procedure, The procedures for refrigerators, furnaces, air conditioners, clothes washers, and other appliances are described and compared. The emergence of microprocessor controls complicates developing specifications for a single operating schedule and simple comparisons of energy performance. Energy test procedures will face unprecedented pressures in the next decade as a consequence of international economic integration and technical innovations. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science S.A. RP Meier, AK (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0378-7788 J9 ENERG BUILDINGS JI Energy Build. PY 1997 VL 26 IS 1 BP 23 EP 33 DI 10.1016/S0378-7788(96)01022-5 PG 11 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA YA202 UT WOS:A1997YA20200004 ER PT J AU Turiel, I Chan, T McMahon, JE AF Turiel, I Chan, T McMahon, JE TI Theory and methodology of appliance standards SO ENERGY AND BUILDINGS LA English DT Article DE appliance; energy efficiency; methodology; standards AB Interest in appliance energy efficiency standards is spreading from North America and Europe to many other countries around the world. This article discusses two basic methodologies for performing energy and economic analyses that are used to develop energy efficiency standards. Procedures for setting standards that are based upon those analyses are also discussed. Additionally, the future direction of appliance standards is briefly discussed. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science S.A. RP Turiel, I (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 25 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0378-7788 J9 ENERG BUILDINGS JI Energy Build. PY 1997 VL 26 IS 1 BP 35 EP 44 DI 10.1016/S0378-7788(96)01023-7 PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA YA202 UT WOS:A1997YA20200005 ER PT J AU Meier, AK AF Meier, AK TI Observed energy savings from appliance efficiency standards SO ENERGY AND BUILDINGS LA English DT Article DE actual energy savings; efficiency standards; laboratory measurements; field measurements; utility bill analysis ID FIELD AB No country has directly measured the actual energy savings resulting from efficiency standards, but many studies - mostly in North America - have indirectly observed savings. Methodological and practical obstacles to observing savings include the difficulty of defining baseline energy use and isolating the impact of technical improvements in efficiency from other changes in usage patterns. Laboratory measurements are cheaper and faster than field measurements, but they still must be calibrated to field use. Energy savings resulting from refrigerator efficiency improvements have been the most closely examined. Savings have been observed through laboratory comparisons, field measurements, and utility bill analysis. Actual savings correspond closely to those predicted in laboratory tests. Reductions in energy use from improvements in efficiency have also been observed for both heating and cooling equipment. Laboratory-measured differences in efficiency generally give accurate estimates of percentage savings, but give poor estimates of absolute savings. Energy savings from efficiency improvements have also been observed for freezers, water heaters, and showerheads. The generally large percentage savings observed in North America may also apply to Europe and Japan although the absolute savings will be smaller. Savings from new standards created in these countries must be verified. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science S.A. RP Meier, AK (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 28 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0378-7788 J9 ENERG BUILDINGS JI Energy Build. PY 1997 VL 26 IS 1 BP 111 EP 117 DI 10.1016/S0378-7788(96)01021-3 PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA YA202 UT WOS:A1997YA20200012 ER PT J AU Turiel, I Atkinson, B Boghosian, S Chan, P Jennings, J Lutz, J McMahon, J Pickle, S Rosenquist, G AF Turiel, I Atkinson, B Boghosian, S Chan, P Jennings, J Lutz, J McMahon, J Pickle, S Rosenquist, G TI Advanced technologies for residential appliance and lighting market transformation SO ENERGY AND BUILDINGS LA English DT Article DE appliance; energy efficiency; energy policy; technology AB This article describes an assessment of options for and barriers to improved efficiency in four key energy consuming residential products: refrigerator/freezers, clothes washers, electric water heaters, and lighting equipment. National energy savings were calculated using the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's (LBNL) Residential Energy Model, which projects the number of households and appliance saturations over time. Energy savings are shown for the period 1998 to 2015. The analysis shows that significant energy savings beyond those achieved through existing efficiency standards are possible. In the face of market and other barriers, however, realizing the technical potentials described in this paper will require an active policy approach to market transformation. Since this article was completed, LBNL has commenced a new set of analyses of energy savings potential in refrigerator/freezers and clothes washers. These and subsequent analyses may enhance technical information given here, furthering an understanding of energy efficiency potential in the residential and commercial sectors. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A. RP Turiel, I (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,DIV ENERGY & ENVIRONM,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0378-7788 J9 ENERG BUILDINGS JI Energy Build. PY 1997 VL 26 IS 3 BP 241 EP 252 DI 10.1016/S0378-7788(97)00006-6 PG 12 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA YE994 UT WOS:A1997YE99400002 ER PT J AU Taha, H AF Taha, H TI Urban climates and heat islands: Albedo, evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic heat SO ENERGY AND BUILDINGS LA English DT Article DE albedo; anthropogenic heating; meteorology; micrometeorology; numerical modeling; simulation; urban climate; vegetation ID ENERGY-BALANCE; MODEL; TEMPERATURE AB As an introduction to this special issue on urban heat islands and cool communities, this paper reviews some of the characteristics of urban climates and the causes and effects of urban heat islands. In particular, the impacts of surface albedo, evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic heating on the near-surface climate are discussed. Numerical simulations and field measurements indicate that increasing albedo and vegetation cover can be effective in reducing the surface and air temperatures near the ground. RP Taha, H (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,DIV ENERGY & ENVIRONM,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 46 TC 340 Z9 360 U1 33 U2 199 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0378-7788 J9 ENERG BUILDINGS JI Energy Build. PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 99 EP 103 DI 10.1016/S0378-7788(96)00999-1 PG 5 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA XE319 UT WOS:A1997XE31900002 ER PT J AU Akbari, H Bretz, S Kurn, DM Hanford, J AF Akbari, H Bretz, S Kurn, DM Hanford, J TI Peak power and cooling energy savings of high-albedo roofs SO ENERGY AND BUILDINGS LA English DT Article DE peak power savings; cooling energy; high-albedo coatings; residential buildings AB In the summers of 1991 and 1992, we monitored peak power and cooling energy savings from high-albedo coatings at one house and two school bungalows in Sacramento, California. We collected data on air-conditioning electricity use, indoor and outdoor temperatures and humidities, roof and ceiling surface temperatures, inside and outside wall temperatures, insolation, and wind speed and direction. Applying a high-albedo coating to one house resulted in seasonal savings of 2.2 kWh/d (80% of base case use), and peak demand reductions of 0.6 kW. In the school bungalows, cooling energy was reduced 3.1 kWh/d (35% of base case use), and peak demand by 0.6 kW. The buildings were modeled with the DOE-2.1E program. The simulation results underestimate the cooling energy savings and peak power reductions by as much as twofold. RP Akbari, H (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,HEAT ISL PROJECT,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. RI Stamper-Kurn, Dan/B-5442-2015 OI Stamper-Kurn, Dan/0000-0002-4845-5835 NR 8 TC 105 Z9 105 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0378-7788 J9 ENERG BUILDINGS JI Energy Build. PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 117 EP 126 DI 10.1016/S0378-7788(96)01001-8 PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA XE319 UT WOS:A1997XE31900004 ER PT J AU Akbari, H Kurn, DM Bretz, SE Hanford, JW AF Akbari, H Kurn, DM Bretz, SE Hanford, JW TI Peak power and cooling energy savings of shade trees SO ENERGY AND BUILDINGS LA English DT Article DE peak power savings; cooling energy savings; shade trees; California AB In summer of 1992, we monitored peak power and cooling energy savings from shade trees in two houses in Sacramento, CA. The collected data include air-conditioning electricity use, indoor and outdoor dry bulb temperatures and humidities, roof and ceiling surface temperatures, inside and outside wall temperatures, insolation, and wind speed and direction. Shade trees at the two monitored houses yielded seasonal cooling energy savings of 30%, corresponding to an average daily savings of 3.6 and 4.8 kWh/d. Peak demand savings for the same houses were 0.6 and 0.8 kW (about 27% savings in one house and 42% in the other). The monitored houses were modeled with the DOE-2.1E simulation program. The simulation results underestimated the cooling energy savings and peak power reductions by as much as twofold. RP Akbari, H (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,HEAT ISL PROJECT,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. RI Stamper-Kurn, Dan/B-5442-2015 OI Stamper-Kurn, Dan/0000-0002-4845-5835 NR 12 TC 122 Z9 134 U1 2 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0378-7788 J9 ENERG BUILDINGS JI Energy Build. PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 139 EP 148 DI 10.1016/S0378-7788(96)01003-1 PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA XE319 UT WOS:A1997XE31900006 ER PT J AU Berdahl, P Bretz, SE AF Berdahl, P Bretz, SE TI Preliminary survey of the solar reflectance of cool roofing materials SO ENERGY AND BUILDINGS LA English DT Article DE air-conditioning energy savings; roofing materials; solar reflectance; solar absorptance; roof material properties ID SKY RADIATION AB Air-conditioning energy savings and improved comfort in hot climates can be obtained with the use of roofing materials that reflect solar radiation. Available quantitative information on the solar reflectance of most roofing materials is insufficient, so it is difficult for building designers to choose cool materials. Here we report quantitative values of solar reflectance for a few types of materials and discuss which material properties, such as composition, roughness, purity, etc., affect the solar reflectance. Outdoor temperature measurements on materials in sunlight are used to illustrate the strong correlation of roof temperature with solar absorptance, and further, to demonstrate the effects of infrared emittance and convection. RP Berdahl, P (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,DIV ENERGY & ENVIRONM,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 26 TC 92 Z9 98 U1 3 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0378-7788 J9 ENERG BUILDINGS JI Energy Build. PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 149 EP 158 DI 10.1016/S0378-7788(96)01004-3 PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA XE319 UT WOS:A1997XE31900007 ER PT J AU Bretz, SE Akbari, H AF Bretz, SE Akbari, H TI Long-term performance of high-albedo roof coatings SO ENERGY AND BUILDINGS LA English DT Article DE cooling energy savings; high-albedo roof coatings; albedo degradation AB Cooling energy savings of 10 to 70% have been achieved by applying high-albedo coatings to residential buildings in California and Florida. Since dirt accumulation can alter the performance of high-albedo roofs as an energy efficiency measure, we examined some high-albedo coatings at various stages of exposure to determine the magnitude of this effect. We conclude that most of the albedo degradation of coatings occurred within the first year of application, and even within the first two months of exposure. On one roof, 70% of the drop in albedo for the entire first year occurred within the first two months. After the first year, the degradation slowed, with data indicating small losses in albedo after the second year. We use measured data to estimate the effects of weathering of white roofs on seasonal cooling energy savings and estimate a 20% reduction from first year energy savings for all subsequent years (2-10). Although washing the roofs with soap is effective at restoring original albedo, calculations show that it is not cost-effective to hire someone to clean a high-albedo roof only to achieve energy savings. Instead, it would be useful to develop and identify dirt-resistant high-albedo coatings. RP Bretz, SE (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 19 TC 101 Z9 105 U1 3 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0378-7788 J9 ENERG BUILDINGS JI Energy Build. PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 159 EP 167 DI 10.1016/S0378-7788(96)01005-5 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA XE319 UT WOS:A1997XE31900008 ER PT J AU Taha, H Douglas, S Haney, J AF Taha, H Douglas, S Haney, J TI Mesoscale meteorological and air quality impacts of increased urban albedo and vegetation SO ENERGY AND BUILDINGS LA English DT Article DE air quality; albedo; meteorology; mesoscale modeling; ozone; photochemistry; urban vegetation AB The large scale implementation of high-albedo building materials and urban surfaces and the reforestation of low vegetation urban areas are being encouraged as energy-saving measures. These strategies will result in modification of the physical properties of millions of buildings (e.g., roof reflectance) and their microclimates (e.g., shading, wind, and evapotranspiration effects of trees). This paper is about the atmospheric impacts of regional scale changes in building properties, paved-surface characteristics, and their microclimates. It discusses the possible meteorological and ozone air quality impacts of increases in surface albedo and urban trees in California's South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB). The photochemical model simulations of a late August period indicate that implementing high-albedo materials in the SoCAB would have a net effect of reducing ozone concentrations. Domain-wide population-weighted exceedance exposure to ozone above the California Ambient Air Quality Standard would be decreased by up to 12% during peak afternoon hours. With respect to the National Standard, exceedance exposure would be reduced by up to 17%. The simulations also indicate that the net effect of increased urban vegetation is a decrease in ozone concentrations if the additional vegetation (trees) are low emitters of biogenic hydrocarbons. With respect to the California standard, domain-wide population-weighted exceedance exposure to ozone above this threshold would be decreased by up to 14% during peak afternoon hours. With respect to the National Standard, the reduction would be up to 22%. In terms of total daytime exposure, these strategies can decrease exceedance exposure by up to 12% with respect to the California Standard and up to 20% with respect to the National Standard. Comparing the simulated air quality impacts of increased albedo and vegetation cover with the impacts of other strategies reveals that they are of the same order of magnitude. For instance, the simulations for this episode, using updated 1987 emission inventories for the SoCAB, indicate that the air quality benefits of albedo and vegetation increase strategies are comparable to those of converting at least 50% of the mobile sources operating in 1987 in the SoCAB to zero emitting vehicles (these findings are for ozone reductions only; removing or converting motor vehicles has several other advantages as well). At this time, this comparison is preliminary as there are uncertainties in the modeling system and emission inventories. In particular, mobile source emissions may be underestimated by as much as two-fold. These findings will be updated when other episodes are modeled and more representative emission inventories become available. RP Taha, H (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 16 TC 43 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0378-7788 J9 ENERG BUILDINGS JI Energy Build. PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 169 EP 177 DI 10.1016/S0378-7788(96)01006-7 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA XE319 UT WOS:A1997XE31900009 ER PT J AU Bergman, PD Winter, EM Chen, ZY AF Bergman, PD Winter, EM Chen, ZY TI Disposal of power plant CO2 in depleted oil and gas reservoirs in Texas SO ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Removal (ICCDR-3) CY SEP 09-11, 1996 CL CAMBRIDGE, MA DE CO2 disposal; oil gas reservoirs; costs; limitations AB Texas accounts for more than 10 percent of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from power plants in the U.S. and has a large concentration of oil and gas reservoirs which could serve as disposal sites. Two of the largest power plants, accounting for 20 percent of the state's CO2 emissions, have adequate reservoir volumes within 50-100 miles to allow CO2 disposal for 30 years or more. However, the majority of these fields are still producing and will not be sufficiently depleted and ready for CO2 injection for 10 years or more. Oil reservoirs are economically preferred to gas reservoirs since operators are willing to buy the CO2 for enhanced oil recovery. For retrofit to existing power plants, estimated costs are $50-$65/ton CO2 for disposal in nearby gas reservoirs and $40-$55/ton CO2 for disposal in oil reservoirs. For advanced technologies in future power plants estimated costs are $15-$25/ton CO2 for disposal in gas reservoirs, and $5-$15/ton CO2 for disposal in oil reservoirs. Avoided costs are approximately 50 % higher. Comparative cost differences between power plants using coal or natural gas are discussed. Technical and regulatory factors which may limit the use of some categories of reservoirs as disposal sites are identified. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Bergman, PD (reprint author), US DOE,PITTSBURGH ENERGY TECHNOL CTR,POB 10940,PITTSBURGH,PA 15236, USA. NR 9 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0196-8904 J9 ENERG CONVERS MANAGE JI Energy Conv. Manag. PY 1997 VL 38 SU S BP S211 EP S216 DI 10.1016/S0196-8904(96)00271-3 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Mechanics GA WZ673 UT WOS:A1997WZ67300035 ER PT J AU Burchell, TD Judkins, RR AF Burchell, TD Judkins, RR TI A novel carbon fiber based material and separation technology SO ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Removal (ICCDR-3) CY SEP 09-11, 1996 CL CAMBRIDGE, MA DE activated carbon fibers; porous composites; gas separation; electrical swing adsorption AB Our novel carbon fiber based adsorbent material shows preferential uptake of CO2 over other gases. The material has a unique combination of properties, which include a large micropore volume, a large BET surface area, and electrical conductivity. These properties have been exploited to effect the separation of CO2 from a model gas (CH4). Enhanced desorption is achieved using an electrical current passed through the material at low voltage. The manufacture, characterization, and CO2 adsorption behavior of the materials is reported here, along with our novel electrical swing separation technology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Burchell, TD (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. RI Burchell, Tim/E-6566-2017 OI Burchell, Tim/0000-0003-1436-1192 NR 4 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0196-8904 J9 ENERG CONVERS MANAGE JI Energy Conv. Manag. PY 1997 VL 38 SU S BP S99 EP S104 DI 10.1016/S0196-8904(96)00253-1 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Mechanics GA WZ673 UT WOS:A1997WZ67300018 ER PT J AU Doctor, RD Molburg, JC Thimmapuram, PR AF Doctor, RD Molburg, JC Thimmapuram, PR TI Oxygen-blown gasification combined cycle: Carbon dioxide recovery, transport, and disposal SO ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Removal (ICCDR-3) CY SEP 09-11, 1996 CL CAMBRIDGE, MA DE gasification; combined cycle; IGCC; life cycle; supercritical CO2; pipeline AB This project emphasizes CO2-capture technologies combined with integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) power systems, CO2 transportation, and options for the long-term sequestration of CO2. The intent is to quantify the CO2 budget, or an ''equivalent CO2'' budget, associated with each of the individual energy-cycle steps, in addition to process design capital and operating casts. The base case is a 458-MW (gross generation) IGCC system that uses an oxygen-blown Kellogg-Rust-Westinghouse (KRW) agglomerating fluidized-bed gasifier, bituminous coal feed, and low-pressure glycol sulfur removal, followed by Claus/SCOT treatment, to produce a saleable product. Mining, feed preparation, and conversion result in a net electric power production for the entire energy cycle of 411 MW, with a CO2 release rate of 0.801 kg/kWhe. For comparison, in two cases, the gasifier output was taken through water-gas shift and then to low-pressure glycol H2S recovery, followed by either low-pressure glycol or membrane CO2 recovery and then by a combustion turbine being fed a high-hydrogen-content fuel. Two additional cases employed chilled methanol for H2S recovery and a fuel cell as the topping cycle, with no shift stages. From the IGCC plant, a 500-km pipeline takes the CO2 to geological sequestering. For the optimal CO2 recovery case, the net electric power production was reduced by 37.6 MW from the base case, with a CO2 release rate of 0.277 kg/kWhe (when makeup power was considered). In a comparison of air-blown and oxygen-blown CO2-release base cases, the cost of electricity for the air-blown IGCC was 56.86 mills/kWh, while the cost for oxygen-blown IGCC was 58.29 mills/kWh. For the optimal cases employing glycol CO2 recovery, there was no clear advantage; the cost for air-blown IGCC was 95.48 mills/kWh, and the cost for the oxygen-blown IGCC was slightly lower, at 94.55 mills/kWh. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Doctor, RD (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 4 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0196-8904 J9 ENERG CONVERS MANAGE JI Energy Conv. Manag. PY 1997 VL 38 SU S BP S575 EP S580 DI 10.1016/S0196-8904(96)00330-5 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Mechanics GA WZ673 UT WOS:A1997WZ67300094 ER PT J AU Jody, BJ Daniels, EJ Wolsky, AM AF Jody, BJ Daniels, EJ Wolsky, AM TI Integrating O-2 production with power systems to capture CO2 SO ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Removal (ICCDR-3) CY SEP 09-11, 1996 CL CAMBRIDGE, MA DE power generation; O-2 combustion; CO2 capture; air separation; water splitting AB Chemical cycles for separating oxygen (O-2) from air were developed many years ago. These cycles involve a chemical reaction to capture O-2 from the air and a change in the operating conditions to effect a controlled breakdown of the newly formed product to release the O-2 and regenerate the original species. These cycles are generally more expensive than cryogenic separation of air, partly because they consume high-temperature thermal energy (500-850 degrees C). The chemical cycles can be integrated with high-temperature power cycles to provide efficient heat cascading and recovery because the different temperature levels at which they require thermal energy are compatible with the levels encountered in high-temperature power cycles. The O-2 can be used in the combustion process to generate a CO2-rich stream that is more readily separable for production of commercial-grade CO2. This paper presents a preliminary discussion of such integrated systems to facilitate the capture of CO2, aimed at reviving interest in these cycles. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Jody, BJ (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 3 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0196-8904 J9 ENERG CONVERS MANAGE JI Energy Conv. Manag. PY 1997 VL 38 SU S BP S135 EP S140 DI 10.1016/S0196-8904(96)00259-2 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Mechanics GA WZ673 UT WOS:A1997WZ67300024 ER PT J AU Kadam, KL AF Kadam, KL TI Plant flue gas as a source of CO2 for microalgae cultivation. Economic impact of different process options SO ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Removal (ICCDR-3) CY SEP 09-11, 1996 CL CAMBRIDGE, MA DE microalgae cultivation; power plant; flue gas; lipid production; CO2 mitigation; monoethanolamine (MEA) process; economic analysis AB As CO2 plays a central role in the economics of microalgae cultivation, an accurate estimate of its cost is essential. Toward this end, an economic model was developed for CO2 recovery from power-plant flue gas and its delivery to microalgae ponds. A design basis was devised for recovering CO2 from flue gas emitted by a typical 500 MW power plant located in the Southwestern United States. For the standard process, which included monoethanolamine (MEA) extraction, compression, dehydration, and transportation to the ponds, a delivered CO2 cost of $40/t was estimated. The model was also used to evaluate the efficacy of directly using the flue gas, however, this option was found to be more expensive. The economics of microalgae cultivation using power-plant flue gas can be evaluated by integrating this model for CO2 recovery with a previously developed model for microalgae cultivation. The model predictions for a long-term process are: a lipid cost of $1.4/gal (unextracted) and a mitigation cost of $30/t CO2 (CO2 avoided basis). These costs are economically attractive and demonstrate the promise of microalgal technology. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Kadam, KL (reprint author), NATL RENEWABLE ENERGY LAB,BIOTECHNOL CTR FUELS & CHEM,1617 COLE BLVD,GOLDEN,CO 80401, USA. NR 10 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0196-8904 J9 ENERG CONVERS MANAGE JI Energy Conv. Manag. PY 1997 VL 38 SU S BP S505 EP S510 DI 10.1016/S0196-8904(96)00318-4 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Mechanics GA WZ673 UT WOS:A1997WZ67300082 ER PT J AU Kane, RL Klein, DE AF Kane, RL Klein, DE TI United States strategy for mitigating global climate change SO ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Removal (ICCDR-3) CY SEP 09-11, 1996 CL CAMBRIDGE, MA DE climate change; greenhouse gases; electric utilities; voluntary programs; fossil energy; energy efficiency; energy research; CO2 recovery AB Beginning with the adoption of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) in 1992, which called for industrialized countries to reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 1990 levels in 2000, political pressures have been increasing to reduce GHG emissions. The Berlin Conference of the Parties (COP1) in March, 1995, increased this pressure for countries to commit to post-2000 emission reduction goals. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Kane, RL (reprint author), US DOE,OFF FOSSIL ENERGY,OFF PLANNING & ENVIRONM,WASHINGTON,DC 20585, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0196-8904 J9 ENERG CONVERS MANAGE JI Energy Conv. Manag. PY 1997 VL 38 SU S BP S13 EP S18 DI 10.1016/S0196-8904(96)00238-5 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Mechanics GA WZ673 UT WOS:A1997WZ67300003 ER PT J AU Lackner, KS Butt, DP Wendt, CH AF Lackner, KS Butt, DP Wendt, CH TI Progress on binding CO2 in mineral substrates SO ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Removal (ICCDR-3) CY SEP 09-11, 1996 CL CAMBRIDGE, MA DE carbon dioxide disposal; carbonate mineral; peridotite; serpentinite; magnesium oxide; calcium oxide; greenhouse effect; power plant emission; emission control ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; LAKE NYOS; DISPOSAL; DISASTER AB Based on current estimates of reserves, coal could satisfy even a very much increased world energy demand for centuries, if only the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere could be curtailed. Here we present a method of CO2 disposal that is based on combining CO2 chemically with abundant raw materials to form stable carbonate minerals. A major advantage of this method is that the resulting waste product is thermodynamically stable and environmentally neutral. It is therefore possible to store large quantities permanently with minimal environmental impact and without the danger of an accidental release of CO2 which has proven fatal in quantities far smaller than contemplated here. The raw materials to bind CO2 exist in nature in large quantities in ultramafic rocks. They are readily accessible and far exceed what would be required to bind all CO2 that could possibly be generated by burning the entire fossil fuel reserves. In this paper we outline a specific process that we are currently investigating. Our initial rough cost estimate of about 3 cent/kWh is encouraging. The availability of a CO2 fixation technology would serve as insurance in case global warming, or the perception of global warming. would cause severe restrictions on CO2 emissions. If the increased energy demand of a growing world population is to be satisfied from coal, the implementation of such a technology would be unavoidable. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Lackner, KS (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. RI Butt, Darryl/B-7480-2008 OI Butt, Darryl/0000-0003-4501-8864 NR 24 TC 87 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 25 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0196-8904 J9 ENERG CONVERS MANAGE JI Energy Conv. Manag. PY 1997 VL 38 SU S BP S259 EP S264 DI 10.1016/S0196-8904(96)00279-8 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Mechanics GA WZ673 UT WOS:A1997WZ67300043 ER PT J AU Steinberg, M AF Steinberg, M TI Methanol as an agent for CO2 mitigation SO ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Removal (ICCDR-3) CY SEP 09-11, 1996 CL CAMBRIDGE, MA DE CO2 mitigation; power plant flue gas; methanol production; automotive fuel; fuel cells AB The Carnol System consists of methanol production by CO2 recovered from coal fired power plants and natural gas and the use of the methanol as an alternative automotive fuel. The Carnol Process produces hydrogen by the thermal decomposition of natural gas and reacting the hydrogen with CO2 recovered from the power plant. The carbon produced can be stored or used as a materials commodity. A design and economic evaluation of the process is presented and compared to gasoline as an automotive fuel. An evaluation of the CO2 emission reduction of the process and system is made and compared to other conventional methanol production processes including the use of biomass feedstock and methanol fuel cell vehicles. The CO2 emission for the entire Carnol System using methanol in automotive IC engines can be reduced by 56% compared to the conventional system of coal fuel power plants and gasoline driven engines and by as much as 77% CO2 emission reduction when methanol is used in fuel cells for automotive purposes. The Carnol System is shown to be an environmentally attractive and economically viable system connecting the power generation sector with the transportation sector which should warrant further development. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Steinberg, M (reprint author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT ADV TECHNOL,UPTON,NY 11973, USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0196-8904 J9 ENERG CONVERS MANAGE JI Energy Conv. Manag. PY 1997 VL 38 SU S BP S423 EP S430 DI 10.1016/S0196-8904(96)00305-6 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Mechanics GA WZ673 UT WOS:A1997WZ67300069 ER PT B AU Jhirad, DJ Langer, K AF Jhirad, DJ Langer, K GP INT ENERGY AGCY TI Accelerating China's renewable energy program SO ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS IN CHINA: POLICY MEASURES, INNOVATIVE FINANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPLOYMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Energy Efficiency Improvements in China CY DEC 03-04, 1996 CL BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Int Energy Agcy, Chinese State Planning Commiss, Chinese Natl Peoples Congress, Environm & Resources Protect Comm, World Coal Inst C1 US DOE, Washington, DC 20585 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ORGANIZATION ECONOMIC COOPERATION & DEVELOPMENT PI PARIS PA 2, RUE ANDRE PASCAL, CEDEX 16, 75775 PARIS, FRANCE BN 92-64-15472-8 PY 1997 BP 419 EP 430 PG 12 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration GA BL62R UT WOS:000076040000035 ER PT J AU Walker, MK AF Walker, MK TI Characteristics of successful large-scale demonstration programs: Fuel cell technologies SO ENERGY ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB Unlike other articles in this issue, here we address not so much how to manage a demonstration project as what to demonstrate and when. Specifically, the article identifies five characteristics of successful large-scale technology demonstration programs, based on experience with fuel cell technologies: 1) a robust technology that has not yet significantly penetrated the marketplace; 2) reduced uncertainties in R&D (in this case, movement on codes and standards impacting design, permitting, and installation); 3) the active involvement of private sector advocates in sponsoring demonstration activities and brokering partnerships; 4) a strong federal role; and 5) economic incentives. Each of these will bie discussed in turn, supported by examples. The article also describes fuel cell technologies and offers guidance on potential applications for both power generation and transportation. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Technol Div, Washington, DC 20024 USA. RP Walker, MK (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Technol Div, 901 D St SW,Suite 900, Washington, DC 20024 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENERGY ENGINEERING PI LILBURN PA 700 INDIAN TRAIL, LILBURN, GA 30047 USA SN 0199-8595 J9 ENERG ENG JI Energy Eng. PY 1997 VL 94 IS 6 BP 11 EP 32 PG 22 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA V2777 UT WOS:000168700300002 ER PT J AU Winiarski, DW Somasundaram, S AF Winiarski, DW Somasundaram, S TI Analysis of cost-effective pipe insulation requirements SO ENERGY ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB The proposed ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-1989R contains updated requirements for pipe insulation thicknesses developed on the basis of technical and economic principles. These requirements were determined based on computer simulations of the annual energy loss through the insulation, first cost assumptions for the insulation, and economic assumptions of discount rate and energy escalation rate. In later work, the same tools were used to analyze the sensitivity of the cost-effective insulation level for piping insulation to variations in operating hours, ambient temperature, fluid temperature, and economic assumptions. These analyses were carried out using cost data for pipe insulation averaged across several sources. The results of the sensitivity study showed that system operating hours is a critical parameter in determining the cost-effective pipe insulation thicknesses. Although there is a lack of reliable sources of typical operating hour data for heating systems, anecdotal information suggests that while most smaller building-level systems are operated only during a heating season, many site-wide steam and hot water heating systems are operated year round and insulation levels on these systems should reflect both the pipe size and the different operating schedules. In addition, the analysis showed that due to differences in private and federal sector economics, the cost-effective pipe insulation levels appropriate for the private sector are often substantially different from those that are appropriate for the federal. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Energy, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Winiarski, DW (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Energy, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENERGY ENGINEERING PI LILBURN PA 700 INDIAN TRAIL, LILBURN, GA 30047 USA SN 0199-8595 J9 ENERG ENG JI Energy Eng. PY 1997 VL 94 IS 3 BP 32 EP 52 PG 21 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA V2774 UT WOS:000168699800002 ER PT J AU Brown, H Hewett, R Walker, A Gee, R May, K AF Brown, H Hewett, R Walker, A Gee, R May, K TI Performance contracting for parabolic trough solar thermal systems SO ENERGY ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB Several applications of solar energy have proven viable in the energy marketplace, due to competitive technology and economic performance. One example is the parabolic trough solar collectors, which use focused solar energy to maximize efficiency and reduce material use in construction. Technical improvements are complemented by new business practices to make parabolic trough solar thermal systems technically and economically viable in an ever widening range of applications. Technical developments in materials and fabrication techniques reduce production cost and expand applications from swimming pool heating and service hot water, to higher-temperature applications such as absorption cooling and process steam. Simultaneously, new financing mechanisms such as a recently awarded US Department of Energy (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) indefinite quantity Energy Savings Performance Contract (Super ESPC) facilitate and streamline implementation of the technology in federal facilities such as prisons and military. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Commun Ctr, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Ind Solar Technol, Golden, CO USA. RP Brown, H (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Commun Ctr, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 3 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENERGY ENGINEERING PI LILBURN PA 700 INDIAN TRAIL, LILBURN, GA 30047 USA SN 0199-8595 J9 ENERG ENG JI Energy Eng. PY 1997 VL 94 IS 6 BP 33 EP 44 PG 12 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA V2777 UT WOS:000168700300003 ER PT J AU Garland, PW Garland, RW AF Garland, PW Garland, RW TI Absorption chillers: Technology for the future SO ENERGY ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB In an era of heightened awareness of energy efficiency and the associated environmental impacts, many industries worldwide are exploring "environmentally friendly" technologies that provide equivalent or improved performance while reducing or eliminating harmful side-effects. The refrigeration and air-conditioning industry, due to its reliance on CFCs and HCFCs, has invested in research in alternatives to the industry standard vapor compression machines. One alternative technology with great promise is chemical absorption. Absorption chiller; offer comparable refrigeration output with reduced SO2 CO2, and NOX emissions. Absorption chillers do not use CFCs or HCFCs, refrigerants that contribute to ozone depletion and global warming. Additionally, gas-fired absorption chillers can save significant amounts in energy costs when used in combination with a vapor compression chiller in a hybrid system. The hybrid system can take advantage of the comparatively low price of natural gas (per unit ton) and rely on the high performance of vapor compression when electricity prices are lower. The purpose of this article is to provide an introduction for those new to absorption technology as well as a discussion of selected high efficiency cycles, a discussion on the technology of coupling absorption with vapor compression systems to form a hybrid system, and the environmental impacts of absorption. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US DOE, Washington, DC 20585 USA. RP Garland, PW (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENERGY ENGINEERING PI LILBURN PA 700 INDIAN TRAIL, LILBURN, GA 30047 USA SN 0199-8595 J9 ENERG ENG JI Energy Eng. PY 1997 VL 94 IS 6 BP 45 EP 60 PG 16 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA V2777 UT WOS:000168700300004 ER PT J AU Katipamula, S AF Katipamula, S TI A review of energy savings technology: Refrigerant subcooling SO ENERGY ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB Refrigerant subcooling is a demonstrated and reliable way of increasing cooling capacity and system efficiency for conventional air-conditioning and refrigeration systems. There are several proven refrigerant subcooling devices available on the market; but this article will focus on a relatively new implementation which modifies a standard direct-expansion, vapor-compression refrigerant system through the addition of a liquid line heat exchanger downstream from the condenser and a mini-cooling tower to reject the heat from the heat exchanger. Because of additional first cost (heat exchanger and mini-cooling tower), it is economical only with certain applications. In general, the benefits of subcooling are higher in regions with high year-round temperatures (1,200 or more cooling degree-days to base 65 degreesF). Several of these new subcooling devices have been installed in federal facilities. Most installations are custom-designed to obtain optimum system performance, and data related to operation and maintenance are somewhat sparse. However, the technology is proving particularly applicable in direct-expansion, vapor-compression air-conditioning equipment, especially where old units are being replaced or where new construction/expansion or new installation is planned. It is not recommended as an add-on device. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Katipamula, S (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENERGY ENGINEERING PI LILBURN PA 700 INDIAN TRAIL, LILBURN, GA 30047 USA SN 0199-8595 J9 ENERG ENG JI Energy Eng. PY 1997 VL 94 IS 3 BP 53 EP 76 PG 24 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA V2774 UT WOS:000168699800003 ER PT J AU Kessel, JD AF Kessel, JD TI Managing a large lighting retrofit project SO ENERGY ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB The Berkeley Campus of the University of California has more than 100 buildings of varying age and function, comprising nearly 9 million square feet. The campus electrical bill has been continually climbing and is approximately $1 million/month. In 1986 funding was obtained from a State of California bond issue to embark upon a 6-year program to improve the energy efficiency of the lighting in around 60 state-supported buildings. We completed the $6 million project using a novel project management system, which has resulted in the successful installation of over 87,000 high-frequency ballasts, 16,000 optical reflectors in delamped luminaires, and many other energy-saving devices. This has resulted in a 25 percent to 40 percent decrease in lighting energy use. In order to maximize lighting energy efficiency, survey results must be used to individually analyze spaces and specify retrofits tailored to the requirements of the different spaces. This article describes our approach and methods. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Kessel, JD (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Phys Plant Campus Serv, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENERGY ENGINEERING PI LILBURN PA 700 INDIAN TRAIL, LILBURN, GA 30047 USA SN 0199-8595 J9 ENERG ENG JI Energy Eng. PY 1997 VL 94 IS 4 BP 67 EP 79 PG 13 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA V2775 UT WOS:000168700000005 ER PT J AU Parker, S AF Parker, S TI Closing comments: Market pull versus technology push SO ENERGY ENGINEERING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Parker, S (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENERGY ENGINEERING PI LILBURN PA 700 INDIAN TRAIL, LILBURN, GA 30047 USA SN 0199-8595 J9 ENERG ENG JI Energy Eng. PY 1997 VL 94 IS 6 BP 73 EP 76 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA V2777 UT WOS:000168700300006 ER PT J AU Reynolds, JG Burnham, AK AF Reynolds, JG Burnham, AK TI Pyrolysis decomposition kinetics of cellulose-based materials by constant heating rate micropyrolysis SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article ID THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; PARAMETERS; MODEL AB Fibrous, powdered fibrous, and acid-washed celluloses, newsprint, and paper dunnage were examined by Pyromat micropyrolysis to determine volatile organic compound evolution kinetic parameters. For the cellulose samples, the interpolated T-max values (temperature of maximum evolution rate for a constant heating rate) indicate the fibrous cellulose is the least reactive. The fibrous cellulose samples have activation energies and frequency factors around 43 kcal/mol and 5 x 10(12) s(-1). A three-parameter nucleation kinetic model gave the best fits to the reaction profile, which is narrower than a first-order reaction. Newsprint and dunnage were also examined. The interpolated T-max values indicate that dunnage is more reactive than the newsprint, and both are more reactive than the cellulose samples. Newsprint and paper dunnage have energy distributions that are similar but shifted from each other. Because of the diversity in chemical structure in the papers, the best fits were found using a discrete energy distribution method, which uses parallel first-order reactions. The newsprint has a principal activation energy of 43 kcal/mol and a frequency factor of 5 x 10(12) s(-1), consistent with cellulose being the predominant component. The dunnage has a principal activation energy of 40 kcal/mol and a frequency factor of 9 x 10(11) s(-1) Pyrolysis-MS measurements indicate that the difference between the total mass loss and organic evolution profiles is only a few degrees and cannot account for the 15-20 degrees C difference between decomposition temperatures measured by Pyromat and some TGA results in the literature. RP Reynolds, JG (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,L-369,POB 808,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 26 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 11 IS 1 BP 88 EP 97 DI 10.1021/ef960086a PG 10 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA WE149 UT WOS:A1997WE14900008 ER PT J AU Reynolds, JG Burnham, AK Wallman, PH AF Reynolds, JG Burnham, AK Wallman, PH TI Reactivity of paper residues produced by a hydrothermal pretreatment process for municipal solid wastes SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article ID PYROLYSIS KINETICS; LIGNOCELLULOSICS; SPECTROMETRY; OIL AB Yields of gases, water, water-soluble organics, and water-insoluble char are reported for hydrothermal pretreatment of paper dunnage at several conditions. Chars are characterized in terms of chemical composition, slurry-forming properties, and pyrolysis properties. Pyrolysis yields, relative reactivities, and kinetic parameters for evolution of volatile organic components from isolated chars were determined by Pyromat micropyrolysis. For both the water-insoluble chars and solvent-extracted chars, pyrolysate yields decreased with increasing pyrolysis severity, and the temperature of maximum evolution rate for a constant heating rate (T-max) increased. The extracted residues have less low-temperature evolution and narrower evolution profiles overall. Kinetic analysis used the T-max shift (approximate) and discrete distribution methods. Except for one sample, all of the extracted chars have similar kinetic parameters, i.e., activation energies in the range of 54-56 kcal/mol and frequency factors in the range of 10(15) s(-1). The exception was from the most severe pretreatment conditions and exhibited much higher activation energies. FTIR analyses of the extracted chars and isolated extracts indicate the structures of the extracted chars are very similar, except for the most severe pretreatment sample. The results are used to assess the suitability and limitations of a parallel reaction model for pyrolysis of paper, especially for modelling hydrothermal pretreatment of gasifier slurry feeds. RP Reynolds, JG (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,L-369,POB 808,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 11 IS 1 BP 98 EP 106 DI 10.1021/ef9600873 PG 9 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA WE149 UT WOS:A1997WE14900009 ER PT J AU Veloski, GA Lynn, RJ Sprecher, RF AF Veloski, GA Lynn, RJ Sprecher, RF TI Characterization of nitrogen-containing species in coal- and petroleum-derived products by ammonia chemical ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article AB A coal-derived light distillate and a petroleum-derived residuum have been studied by high-resolution mass spectrometry using both low-pressure ammonia chemical ionization and low-voltage electron impact ionization. A mass calibration mixture for use with ammonia chemical ionization has been developed. Selective ionization of the basic nitrogen-containing compounds by ammonia chemical ionization and compound type characterization of the resulting quasimolecular species has been demonstrated. Several homologous series of N-containing compounds were identified in a basic extract by electron impact ionization and compared with quasi-molecular analogs identified by ammonia chemical ionization. RP Veloski, GA (reprint author), US DOE,PITTSBURGH ENERGY TECHNOL CTR,POB 10940,PITTSBURGH,PA 15236, USA. NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 11 IS 1 BP 137 EP 143 DI 10.1021/ef9601069 PG 7 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA WE149 UT WOS:A1997WE14900013 ER PT J AU Cugini, AV Rothenberger, KS Ciocco, MV Veloski, GV AF Cugini, AV Rothenberger, KS Ciocco, MV Veloski, GV TI Comparison of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation behavior and coal conversion activity upon the addition of coal for supported and unsupported molybdenum catalysts SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article ID DISPERSED CATALYSTS; HYDROCRACKING; DEACTIVATION AB Two-ring aromatic compounds were used to study catalytic hydrogenation, In the absence of coal, conventional supported catalysts resulted in higher levels of aromatic hydrogenation than unsupported (or dispersed) catalysts, In the presence of coal, the catalytic hydrogenation of the aromatic model compound is suppressed, The net result is that the catalytic hydrogenation activity and coal conversion are similar for supported and unsupported catalysts. The suppression appears to be due to a combination of competition with coal and poisoning of the catalyst. Poisoning is inferred from the results that indicate that suppression of catalytic activity is observed even after coal is removed from the system. C1 US DOE,PITTSBURGH ENERGY TECHNOL CTR,PITTSBURGH,PA 15236. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 11 IS 1 BP 213 EP 220 DI 10.1021/ef960100j PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA WE149 UT WOS:A1997WE14900023 ER PT J AU Schroeder, K Bockrath, B Miller, R Davis, H AF Schroeder, K Bockrath, B Miller, R Davis, H TI Poisoning and inhibition of dispersed liquefaction catalyst activity by exposure to coal SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article AB The activity of a dispersed MoS2 catalyst prepared in. situ from ammonium tetrathiomolybdate was measured in octacosane containing various amounts of Argonne Premium Illinois No. 6 coal using microautoclaves. Conversion of 1-ethylnaphthalene (1-ETN) was followed to measure the extent of hydrogenation and/or rearrangement to 2-ETN. The reactors were charged with 1200 psig of hydrogen at room temperature. After a small amount of coal was added, activity for the acid-catalyzed rearrangement was virtually extinguished. Hydrogenation activity was significantly reduced but not eliminated. The effect on hydrogenation activity was divided into two components. One component was assigned to poisoning and the other to competitive inhibition. The weight of coal required to complete the poisoning process was determined to be 6 times the weight of Mo in the catalyst. The activity that remains for hydrogenating 1-ETN after the poisoning process is complete suffered from competitive inhibition as more coal was added. The amounts of H2S or basic nitrogen compounds that might be released from the coal during liquefaction were determined to be insufficient to account for the extent of deactivation observed. C1 US DOE,PITTSBURGH ENERGY TECHNOL CTR,PITTSBURGH,PA 15236. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 11 IS 1 BP 221 EP 226 DI 10.1021/ef960101b PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA WE149 UT WOS:A1997WE14900024 ER PT J AU Buchanan, AC Britt, PF Struss, JA AF Buchanan, AC Britt, PF Struss, JA TI Investigation of reaction pathways involved in lignin maturation SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article ID COALIFIED WOOD; PYROLYSIS; COAL; SURFACE; MODEL; COALIFICATION; VITRINITE RP Buchanan, AC (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM & ANALYT SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 11 IS 1 BP 247 EP 248 DI 10.1021/ef9601273 PG 2 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA WE149 UT WOS:A1997WE14900028 ER PT J AU Hale, DR AF Hale, DR TI Buying time: Franchising hazardous and nuclear waste cleanup SO ENERGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB This paper describes a private franchise approach to long-term custodial care, monitoring and eventual cleanup of hazardous and nuclear waste sites. The franchise concept could be applied to Superfund sites, decommissioning commercial reactors and safeguarding their wastes and to Department of Energy sites. Privatization would reduce costs by enforcing efficient operations and capital investments during the containment period, by providing incentives for successful innovation and by sustaining containment until the cleanup's net benefits exceed its costs. The franchise system would also permit local governments and citizens to demand and pay for more risk reduction than provided by the federal government. In principle, they would have the option of taking over site management. The major political drawback of the idea is that it requires society to be explicit about what it is willing to pay for now to protect current and future generations. RP Hale, DR (reprint author), US DOE,ENERGY INFORMAT ADM EI72,1000 INDEPENDENCE AVE SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20585, USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC ENERGY ECONOMICS PI CLEVAND PA 28790 CHAGRIN BLVD, STE 210, CLEVAND, OH 44122 SN 0195-6574 J9 ENERGY J JI Energy J. PY 1997 VL 18 IS 2 BP 63 EP 87 PG 25 WC Economics; Energy & Fuels; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WR536 UT WOS:A1997WR53600004 ER PT J AU Wiser, RH AF Wiser, RH TI Renewable energy finance and project ownership - The impact of alternative development structures on the cost of wind power SO ENERGY POLICY LA English DT Article DE wind power; electric utilities; finance AB This paper uses traditional financial cash flow techniques to examine the impact of different ownership and financing structures on the cost of renewable energy, specifically wind power, Most large, non-hydroelectric renewable energy projects are developed, owned and financed by private nonutility generators, Recently, however, US utilities have begun to consider owning and financing their own wind power facilities rather than purchasing power from independent renewable energy suppliers, Utilities in other countries have also expressed interest in direct renewable energy investments, A primary justification for utility ownership of wind turbine power plants is that utility self-financing and ownership is cheaper than purchasing wind energy from non-utility renewable energy suppliers, The results presented in this paper support that justification, although some of the estimated cost savings associated with utility ownership are a result of suboptimal utility analysis procedures and implicit risk shifting, Financing terms and variables are shown to significantly impact wind power costs. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Wiser, RH (reprint author), ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATL LAB,1 CYCLOTRON RD,MS 90-4000,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 47 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0301-4215 J9 ENERG POLICY JI Energy Policy PD JAN PY 1997 VL 25 IS 1 BP 15 EP 27 DI 10.1016/S0301-4215(96)00115-2 PG 13 WC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WM445 UT WOS:A1997WM44500003 ER PT J AU Tonn, BE Schweitzer, M AF Tonn, BE Schweitzer, M TI Institutional and programmatic suggestions for satisfying public policy responsibilities in a retail competitive electric industry SO ENERGY POLICY LA English DT Article DE restructuring; public interest AB The emergence of retail competition in the US electric power industry places at risk various environmental and social programmes such as demand side management, low income programmes and renewable energy, This paper presents institutional and programmatic suggestions for satisfying these kinds of public policy responsibilities in a disintegrated industry, Suggestions include customer owned electricity franchises, electricity facility siting marketplaces, electric industry foresight councils, model systems programmes, integrated social services programmes, collaborative electric services programmes, ISO standards and portfolio standards, These recommendations would be funded by a national transmission charge, a state level distribution charge and franchise level sales taxes, to be paid by transmission organizations, distribution organizations and electricity consumers, respectively. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Tonn, BE (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0301-4215 J9 ENERG POLICY JI Energy Policy PD JAN PY 1997 VL 25 IS 1 BP 29 EP 42 DI 10.1016/S0301-4215(96)00118-8 PG 14 WC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WM445 UT WOS:A1997WM44500004 ER PT J AU Min, GF Mills, E Zhang, Q AF Min, GF Mills, E Zhang, Q TI Energy efficient lighting in China - Problems and prospects SO ENERGY POLICY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd European Conference on Energy-Efficient Lighting CY JUN 19-21, 1995 CL NEWCASTLE TYNE, ENGLAND DE energy efficiency; lighting; China AB China's choices of energy demand and supply technologies have a large impact on the world's energy market and the environment, Of its 920 billion kWh electric power production in 1993, it is estimated that 15% was used for lighting consumption (approximately 120 billion kWh). This figure is likely to grow as the country develops and so improving the energy efficiency of lighting in China could have a tremendous impact on China's energy consumption, This paper describes key components of China's energy efficient lighting industry from technology and marketing points of view, We identify a few key problem areas and their potentials for improvement, We identify a national savings potential of 40% by shifting to lamps with performance characteristics typical of current western practice - but without changing the market share of various lamps types - and of 60% by adopting the best commercially available lamps. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,CTR BLDG SCI,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT IND ENGN & OPERAT RES,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Min, GF (reprint author), MARINE UNIV QINGDAO,PRI 61 ZHAN LIU GAN LU,ROOM 1213,QINGDAO 266071,PEOPLES R CHINA. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0301-4215 J9 ENERG POLICY JI Energy Policy PD JAN PY 1997 VL 25 IS 1 BP 77 EP 83 DI 10.1016/S0301-4215(96)00070-5 PG 7 WC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WM445 UT WOS:A1997WM44500008 ER PT J AU Premuzic, ET Lin, MS Jin, JZ Hamilton, K AF Premuzic, ET Lin, MS Jin, JZ Hamilton, K TI Geothermal waste treatment biotechnology SO ENERGY SOURCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International-Geothermal-Association/Geothermal-Resources-Council World Geothermal Congress 1995 (WGC 95) CY MAY 22-26, 1995 CL FLORENCE, ITALY SP Int Geothermal Assoc, Geothermal Resources Council, ENEL, Italian Elect Power Co DE biochemical processes; detoxification of sludges; environmentally acceptable by-products; metal and salts recovery AB Studies at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) have led to the development of a technically and economically feasible, as well as environmentally acceptable, biochemical process for detoxification of geothermal residues. For this process, selected microorganisms that live ill extreme environments have served as models for the new biotechnology. Assuming a 2,500-kg /h sludge production rate, the new technology is capable of a better than 80% removal rate of toxic metals, usually in less than a 25-hour period. The process itself depends on a number of flexible parameters, allowing this technology to be tailored to specific needs of different geothermal producing regimes, such as those found in the Salton Sea and the Geysers area of California. Thus geothermal residual sludges and brines can be processed to remove only a few metals such as arsenic,and mercury, or many metals, ranging from valuable metals such as chromium, gold, and silver to radionuclides, such as radium In some cases, combined metal removal and metal recovery processes may be cost efficient and therefore advantageous The emerging biotechnology for the treatment of geothermal energy production wastes is versatile and offers a number of application options, which are discussed in the paper. RP Premuzic, ET (reprint author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, DEPT APPL SCI, BIOSYST & PROC SCI DIV, POB 5000, BLDG 318, UPTON, NY 11973 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0090-8312 J9 ENERG SOURCE JI Energy Sources PD JAN PY 1997 VL 19 IS 1 BP 9 EP 17 DI 10.1080/00908319708908828 PG 9 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA WJ010 UT WOS:A1997WJ01000003 ER PT J AU Putnam, JM Car, DD Kotulski, JD AF Putnam, JM Car, DD Kotulski, JD TI Parallel CARLOS-3D - An electromagnetic boundary integral method for parallel platforms SO ENGINEERING ANALYSIS WITH BOUNDARY ELEMENTS LA English DT Article DE parallel method of moments; parallel LU decomposition; electromagnetic scattering; electromagnetic boundary integral method ID SCATTERING; REVOLUTION; FIELD AB CARLOS-3D is a three-dimensional general purpose computer code for calculating the scattering from complex three-dimensional bodies. The code uses the method of moments technique with Galerkin testing, to solve the Statton-Chu integral equations for the specified geometry. All of the surfaces describing the scatterer are replaced by equivalent electric and magnetic currents which are then determined via the solution of a matrix equation. The parallel implementation of this code is discussed together with the parallel in-core solver developed at Sandia National Laboratories. Results for the parallel performance of the code are presented. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 SANDIA NATL LABS,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185. RP Putnam, JM (reprint author), MCDONNELL DOUGLAS AEROSP,POB 516,MAIL CODE 064-2263,ST LOUIS,MO 63166, USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0955-7997 J9 ENG ANAL BOUND ELEM JI Eng. Anal. Bound. Elem. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 19 IS 1 BP 49 EP 55 DI 10.1016/S0955-7997(97)00025-8 PG 7 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA XV060 UT WOS:A1997XV06000007 ER PT J AU Semeraro, BD Gray, LJ AF Semeraro, BD Gray, LJ TI PVM implementation of the symmetric-Galerkin method SO ENGINEERING ANALYSIS WITH BOUNDARY ELEMENTS LA English DT Article DE boundary element method; parallel processing; workstation cluster; proximity sensor; block linear algebra algorithms ID EFFICIENT ANALYTICAL INTEGRATION; BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD; HYPERSINGULAR INTEGRALS; FRACTURE-ANALYSIS; CURVED ELEMENTS; FORMULATION AB We report on initial progress towards a parallel virtual machine (PVM) implementation of the symmetric-Galerkin boundary integral method. We take advantage of software packages specifically designed to solve linear algebra problems on distributed memory parallel computers. In particular we use linear algebra routines from the ScaLAPACK, PBLAS and BLACS libraries. These routines assume a block cyclic decomposition of the matrix operands. The decomposition of the operands and its impact on the construction of the coefficient matrix are described. Computational results for solving the two-dimensional Laplace equation are presented. This program is being used to simulate the performance of a proximity sensor used in robotics and other applications. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Semeraro, BD (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV MATH & COMP SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0955-7997 J9 ENG ANAL BOUND ELEM JI Eng. Anal. Bound. Elem. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 19 IS 1 BP 67 EP 72 DI 10.1016/S0955-7997(97)00026-X PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA XV060 UT WOS:A1997XV06000009 ER PT B AU Cohen, KK Dalverny, LE Ackinan, TE Kim, AG AF Cohen, KK Dalverny, LE Ackinan, TE Kim, AG BE He, ZH Huang, RQ Wang, XB Ge, LQ Miao, F Wang, YS Yang, GH Cao, JX Xu, SH TI Near-surface geophysics applied to environmental and engineering problems of mine reclamation in the USA SO ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOPHYSICS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Engineering and Environmental Geophysics CY OCT 25-30, 1997 CL CHENGDU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chengdu Univ Technol, Chinese Geophys Soc, Soc Explorat Geophysicists AB Near-surface geophysical techniques were used at several abandoned mine sites in the United States to assess conditions for reclamation and to direct and monitor remediation effectiveness. Abandoned mines can pose serious safety and environmental threats such as subsidence, fires, acidic drainage and waste slope instability. These problems are often costly to abate and present challenges to reclamation. Magnetics electromagnetics ground penetrating radar and surface and borehole seismic studies were conducted at abandoned metal and coal mine subsidence sites and at a coal waste bank fire. Results were integrated with mining, geology, borehole, and other geotechnical data. These data provided the best models of subsurface conditions for site assessment and for remediation design and monitoring at these sites. The investigations demonstrated the value of integrating different geophysical techniques. Furthermore, the limits of current technology were identified as well as the need for future geophysical technology developments and applications. C1 US DOE, Fed Energy Technol Ctr, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. RP Cohen, KK (reprint author), US DOE, Fed Energy Technol Ctr, POB 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SICHUAN PUBLISHING HOUSE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PI CHENGDU PA 3 YANDAO ST, CHENGDU 610012, PEOPLES R CHINA BN 7-5364-3687-4 PY 1997 BP 39 EP 45 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering GA BK71R UT WOS:000073193900005 ER PT B AU Ackman, TE Cohen, KK Dalverny, LE Kim, AG AF Ackman, TE Cohen, KK Dalverny, LE Kim, AG BE He, ZH Huang, RQ Wang, XB Ge, LQ Miao, F Wang, YS Yang, GH Cao, JX Xu, SH TI Use of geophysical techniques to assess hydrologic problems in the US SO ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOPHYSICS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Engineering and Environmental Geophysics CY OCT 25-30, 1997 CL CHENGDU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chengdu Univ Technol, Chinese Geophys Soc, Soc Explorat Geophysicists AB Several near-surface geophysical techniques were used to assess hydrologic condition that pose serious problems in mined lands of the United States. Mining and subsurface mine workings can cause water pollution and the disruption of natural hydrologic flow. Geophysical techniques provide tools to determine bedrock conditions and hydrologic flow. This can be used for identifying the extent of the problem, monitoring changes in the subsurface conditions, planning remediation and determining its effectiveness. Three underground mine site case studies demonstrate successful uses of geophysics to address hydrologic problems. Geophysical methods used effectively at an active coal mine and two abandoned coal mine sites included terrain conductivity, very-low-frequency (VLF) electromagnetics, and seismic reflection Terrain conductivity surveys coupled with gagging of a stream over an active coal mine site were used to monitor fracture development in the stream channel abeve an advancing longwall panel. Surface seismic reflection surveys were used to determine the configuration of abandoned room-and pillar mine where the mine pool had been contaminated by surface disposal of chemical waste. Mine voids were successfully targeted for installation of monitoring wells. VLF electromagnetic surveys were used to determine the subsurface flow path of groundwater through collapsed mine workings to a man-made opening where the water discharged to a surface stream as artesian flow. C1 US DOE, Fed Energy Technol Ctr, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. RP Ackman, TE (reprint author), US DOE, Fed Energy Technol Ctr, POB 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SICHUAN PUBLISHING HOUSE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PI CHENGDU PA 3 YANDAO ST, CHENGDU 610012, PEOPLES R CHINA BN 7-5364-3687-4 PY 1997 BP 53 EP 58 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering GA BK71R UT WOS:000073193900007 ER PT B AU Becher, PF Sun, EY Plucknett, KP Hsueh, CH AF Becher, PF Sun, EY Plucknett, KP Hsueh, CH BE Babini, GN Haviar, M Sajgalik, P TI The R-curve response of ceramics with microscopic reinforcements: Reinforcement and additive effects SO ENGINEERING CERAMICS '96: HIGHER RELIABILITY THROUGH PROCESSING SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTE SERIES, SUB-SERIES 3, HIGH TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Engineering Ceramics 96 CY MAY 12-15, 1996 CL SMOLENICE CASTLE, SLOVAKIA SP NATO, Sci Affairs Div, Brussels, Belgium AB Using direct observations with the scanning electron and optical microscopes, simultaneous measurements of fracture resistance versus crack length (R-curve behavior) and crack interactions with microstructural features at the crack tip and in its wake were made. Selecting whisker-reinforced aluminas and self-reinforced silicon nitrides, one can examine the effects of systematic modifications of microstructure and composition on the R-curve response and the mechanisms giving rise to it. Specifically, increases in whisker content and size can increase the R-Curve response, even for short crack lengths. In the self-reinforced silicon nitrides, changes in alumina:yttria additive ratios also modify the R-curve. Modelling of the R-curve response allows one to verify toughening mechanisms and, with experimental studies, to optimize the R-curve behaviour in ceramics containing microscopic reinforcements, e.g., whiskers and elongated grain structures. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV MET & CERAM,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-4458-8 J9 NATO ASI 3 HIGH TECH PY 1997 VL 25 BP 271 EP 283 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Ceramics SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science GA BJ82T UT WOS:A1997BJ82T00022 ER PT B AU Neal, JT Colpitts, RM AF Neal, JT Colpitts, RM BE Beck, BF Stephenson, JB TI Evaporite karst in the western part of the Holbrook Basin, Arizona SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY OF KARST TERRANES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst CY APR 06-09, 1997 CL SPRINGFIELD, MO SP P E LaMoreaux & Assoc Inc, SW Missouri State Univ, Dept Geog Geol & Planning, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Mid Missouri Sect, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, St Louis Sect, Assoc Ground Water Scientists & Engineers, Assoc Engn Geologists, Karst Waters Inst AB A variety of karst features occur along the 100+ km dissolution front on the southern edge of an Early Permian evaporite deposit in Navajo and Apache Counties, Arizona. This front is characterized by numerous sinkholes and basins which are generally coincident with the axis of the Holbrook Anticline. The evaporite is in the Corduroy Member of the Schnebly Hill Formation (Sedona Group). The karst features result from collapse of overlying Permian and Triassic strata into dissolution cavities developed in the Corduroy member below. The western portion of the dissolution front has fewer discrete sinkholes than the eastern part, and breccia pipes are believed to be actively forming today. Numerous pull-apart joint fissures, graben-sinks, sinkholes, and major collapse depressions are also present. Karst formation is ongoing as shown by repeated drainage of Dry and Twin Lakes into newly opened fissures and sinkholes. These two playa lakes have been enlarged and modified in recent years into evaporation impoundments for effluent discharge from a nearby pulp mill. At least four major drainage events occurred within these playa reservoirs during the past 35 years, collectively losing more than 1.23 x 10(7) m(3) (10,000 acre feet) of water and playa sediment as ground-water recharge. The drainage occurs through piping features in sinkholes in the bottom and along the margins of these playas; they frequently occur over open bedrock joints in Triassic Moenkopi Formation covered by alluvium. Active sinkholes were forming in 1996. Other ''leaky'' depressions that are much smaller occur at McCauley Sinks and Richard Lake, both karst subsidence basins which are perennially dry. These features have no counterpart in the eastern Holbrook Basin and may resemble breccia pipes in other evaporite basins. Development of this area for agricultural, industrial, or residential purposes must address the presence of active karst formation. Although hundreds of square kilometers are potentially hazardous to some degree, land use classification that categorizes relative potential risk elements is possible, so that limited agrarian and industrial use can continue safely. RP Neal, JT (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 1675, 3000 BR ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-867-3 PY 1997 BP 107 EP 115 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Geography; Geology SC Engineering; Geography; Geology GA BH94W UT WOS:A1997BH94W00015 ER PT B AU Neal, JT AF Neal, JT BE Beck, BF Stephenson, JB TI Mine-induced sinkholes over the US strategic petroleum reserve (SPR) storage facility at Weeks Island, Louisiana: Geologic mitigation and environmental monitoring SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY OF KARST TERRANES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst CY APR 06-09, 1997 CL SPRINGFIELD, MO SP P E LaMoreaux & Assoc Inc, SW Missouri State Univ, Dept Geog Geol & Planning, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Mid Missouri Sect, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, St Louis Sect, Assoc Ground Water Scientists & Engineers, Assoc Engn Geologists, Karst Waters Inst AB A sinkhole formed over the former salt mine used for crude oil storage by the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve at Weeks Island, Louisiana. This created a dilemma because in-mine grouting was not possible, and external grouting, although possible, was impractical. However, environmental protection during oil withdrawal and facility decommissioning was considered critical and alternative solutions were essential. Mitigation of the sinkhole growth over the salt mine was accomplished by injecting saturated brine directly into the sinkhole throat, and by constructing a cylindrical freeze curtain around and into the dissolution orifice at the top of the salt dome. These measures vastly reduced the threat of major surface collapse around the sinkhole during oil transfer and subsequent brine backfill. The greater bulk of the crude oil was removed from the mine during 1995-6. Final skimming operations will remove residual oil trapped in low spots, concurrent with initiating backfill of the mine with saturated brine. Environmental monitoring during 1995-9 will assure that environmental surety is achieved. RP Neal, JT (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 1675, 3000 BR ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-867-3 PY 1997 BP 357 EP 361 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Geography; Geology SC Engineering; Geography; Geology GA BH94W UT WOS:A1997BH94W00046 ER PT S AU Singbeil, D Prescott, B Keiser, J Swindeman, B AF Singbeil, D Prescott, B Keiser, J Swindeman, B GP TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND TI Analysis of cracking of co-extruded recovery boiler floor tubes SO ENGINEERING & PAPERMAKERS: FORMING BONDS FOR BETTER PAPERMAKING, BOOKS 1-3 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1997 Engineering and Papermakers Conference - Forming Bonds for Better Papermaking CY OCT 06-09, 1997 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP Tech Assoc Pulp & Paper Ind AB Cracks in co-extruded tubes installed in kraft recovery boilers have been found at spout and air port openings and in the floors and portions of the walls covered by the smelt bed. In some cases, the cause of cracking is readily apparent, but in many others, there is no apparent reason for cracks to form. A review of public and private domain documents pertaining to coextruded tube cracking in kraft recovery boilers was conducted to help guide a subsequent research program on composite tube cracking. Based on the information collected, it appears likely that all 304L/SA-210 co-extruded tubes exposed to the smelt bed in a kraft recovery boiler are susceptible to cracking in service. Neither boiler design nor operating pressure could be correlated with the occurrence or severity of cracking in floor tubes. In some cases, particularly at spout and air port openings, cracking can be attributed to thermal fatigue. Many other cracks appear to be due to a form of environmentally assisted cracking, but the actual mechanism could not be determined from the reviewed information. Most cracks have been confined to the outer stainless steel layer. Penetration of cracks across the interface into the carbon steel is rare, and occurs predominantly near highly restrained welds. RP OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-706-6 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1997 BP 1025 EP 1041 PG 17 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BJ82H UT WOS:A1997BJ82H00113 ER PT J AU Blacker, T Mitchell, SA Tautges, TJ Murdoch, P Benzley, S AF Blacker, T Mitchell, SA Tautges, TJ Murdoch, P Benzley, S TI Forming and resolving wedges in the spatial twist continuum SO ENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERS LA English DT Article DE hexahedral mesh generation; mesh refinement; plastering; whisker weaving AB The spatial twist continuum (STC) is a powerful extension of the dual of a hexahedral mesh Murdoch et al., Int. J. Numer. Math. Engng (submitted). The STC captures the global connectivity constraints inherent in hexahedral meshing. Whisker weaving is an advancing-front type of algorithm based on the STC [Tautges et al., Int. J. Numer. Math. Engng (submitted]. During the whisker weaving algorithm, certain types of degenerate elements called wedges [Blacker; Myers (1993) Engng with Computers, 9, 83-93 arise. This paper described wedges and how they are formed, and presents collapsing and driving, two strategies for removing these degeneracies. C1 SANDIA NATL LABS,COMP MECH & VISUALIZAT DEPT,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87108. FLUID DYNAM INT,EVANSTON,IL. MERCURY MARINE,OSHKOSH,WI. BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV,PROVO,UT 84602. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0177-0667 J9 ENG COMPUT JI Eng. Comput. PY 1997 VL 13 IS 1 BP 35 EP 47 DI 10.1007/BF01201859 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Mechanical SC Computer Science; Engineering GA WK819 UT WOS:A1997WK81900003 ER PT J AU Taboas, AL AF Taboas, AL TI Restoration of the site of the first nuclear reactors SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB This paper describes the successful restoration of the site of the first nuclear reactors. After the first sustained nuclear chain reaction, two nuclear reactors were constructed at a site outside of Chicago. Several other support facilities were also built. This study describes site restoration activities including extensive monitoring, human health and ecological risk assessments, and removal of physical hazards, as well as chemical and biological contamination. The site was divided into 10 investigation groups (IGs) and each IG was assessed. Various alternatives for restoration were considered. The final decision consisting of remediating one IG was implemented. During the entire process, stakeholders were consulted and their views were considered in the decisions. The details of the process are described in this paper. RP Taboas, AL (reprint author), US DOE,ENVIRONM PROGRAMS GRP,CHICAGO OPERAT OFF,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 4 BP 565 EP 585 DI 10.1016/S0160-4120(97)00056-1 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XP859 UT WOS:A1997XP85900017 ER PT B AU Sale, MJ Cada, GF Munro, JM AF Sale, MJ Cada, GF Munro, JM BE Wang, SSY Carstens, T TI Making room at the table: Providing fish flows in fully allocated watersheds of California's Central Valley SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND COASTAL HYDRAULICS: PROTECTING THE AQUATIC HABITAT, PROCEEDINGS OF THEME B, VOLS 1 & 2 SE WATER FOR A CHANGING GLOBAL COMMUNITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th Congress of the International-Association-for-Hydraulic-Research CY AUG 10-15, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Int Assoc Hydraul Res AB The Central Valley of California is a good example of how new multiple-use pressures are causing major changes in the management of large water resources systems. Environmental quality objectives, such as the restoration and enhancement of fish resources, are demanding a larger share of water in areas where available resources are already fully allocated. New assessment and regulatory approaches are evolving to address this challenge. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Sale, MJ (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0272-8 J9 WATER CHANG GLOB COM PY 1997 VL 27 BP 546 EP 551 PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BN27S UT WOS:000081412000093 ER PT J AU Tucker, JD Breneman, JW Briner, JF Eveleth, GG Langlois, RG Moore, DH AF Tucker, JD Breneman, JW Briner, JF Eveleth, GG Langlois, RG Moore, DH TI Persistence of radiation-induced translocations in rat peripheral blood determined by chromosome painting SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE translocations; persistence; chromosome painting; rat ID OLIGONUCLEOTIDE-PRIMED PCR; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; INDUCED CELL DEATH; IONIZING-RADIATION; SISTER CHROMATIDS; BOMB SURVIVORS; DNA LIBRARIES; ABERRATIONS; MOUSE; EXPOSURE AB In this article, we address the issue of persistence of chromosome exchanges following acute in vitro exposure of mt peripheral blood to Cs-137. Irradiation occurred 24 hr after culture initiation, and metaphase chromosomes were prepared 2, 3, 4, and 5 days later. Chromosomes 1, 2, and 4 were painted in unique colors and scored for structural aberrations. Dicentric chromosomes and acentric fragments diminished rapidly with time, as expected. Translocations exhibited greeter persistence, but still showed a reduction in frequency, reaching a plateau of approximately 65 and 55% of their initial values, 4 days after exposure to 1 and 2 Gy, respectively. An exponentially declining model was fit to the combined dicentric, acentric fragment, and translocation frequencies, which showed that ail three aberration types declined at equivalent rates. The frequencies of dicentrics and fragments declined to a plateau of zero, while translocations reached a plateau at frequencies significantly greater than zero. The decline in translocations with time is inconsistent with prevailing theoretical expectations, but is consistent with a model where some translocations are fully stable (persistent) and some are unstable (not persistent) through cell division. These results may have implications for radiation biodosimetry in humans. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 BIO RAD LABS INC,LIFE SCI GRP,HERCULES,CA. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT,CALIF PACIFIC MED CTR,RES INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. RP Tucker, JD (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,BIOL & BIOTECHNOL RES PROGRAM,L-452,POB 808,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 41 TC 62 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1997 VL 30 IS 3 BP 264 EP 272 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)30:3<264::AID-EM4>3.0.CO;2-L PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA YE792 UT WOS:A1997YE79200004 PM 9366904 ER PT J AU Burkhart-Schultz, KJ Jones, IM AF Burkhart-Schultz, KJ Jones, IM TI Deletion and insertion in vivo somatic mutations in the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) gene of human T-lymphocytes SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE mutation; sequence; hprt; human; deletion; insertion; somatic ID LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME; MULTIPLEX PCR ANALYSIS; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; MUTANT FREQUENCY; SHORT SEQUENCE; CELL-LINES; COLORECTAL TUMORIGENESIS; HUMAN-POPULATION; CLONING ASSAY; IN-VIVO AB Deletion and insertion mutations have been found to be a major component of the in vivo somatic mutation spectrum in the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) gene of T-lymphocytes. In a population of 172 healthy people (average age, 34; mutant Frequency, 10.3 x 10(-6)), deletion/insertion mutations constituted 41% (89) of the 217 independent mutations, the remainder being base substitutions. Mutations were identified by multiplex PCR assay of genomic DNA For exon regions, by sequencing cDNA, or sequencing genomic DNA. The deletion and insertion mutations were divided among +/-1 to 2 basepair (bp) frameshifts (14%, 30), small deletions and insertions of 3-200 bps (13%, 28), large deletions of one or more exons (12%, 27), and complex events (2%, 4). Frameshift mutations were dominated by -1 bp deletions (21 of 30). Exon 3 contained five Frameshift mutations in the run of 6 Gs, the only site in the coding region with multiple frameshift mutations, possibly caused by strand dislocation during replication. Both endpoints were sequenced for 23 of the 28 small deletions/insertions including two tandem duplication events in exon 6. More small deletions (8/28), possibly mediated by trinucleotide repeats, occurred in exon 2 than in the other exons. Large deletions included total gene deletions (6), exon 2 + 3 deletions (4), and loss of multiple (9) and single exons (8) in genomic DNA. The diverse mutation spectrum indicates that multiple mechanisms operated at many different sequences and provides a resource for examination of deletion mutation. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biol & Biotechnol Res Program, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Burkhart-Schultz, KJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biol & Biotechnol Res Program, POB 808,L-452, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [Y01-ES-80171] NR 68 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1997 VL 30 IS 4 BP 371 EP 384 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)30:4<371::AID-EM2>3.0.CO;2-M PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA YP963 UT WOS:000071333600002 PM 9435878 ER PT J AU Marchetti, F Lowe, X Bishop, J Wyrobek, AJ AF Marchetti, F Lowe, X Bishop, J Wyrobek, AJ TI Induction of chromosomal aberrations in mouse zygotes by acrylamide treatment of male germ cells and their correlation with dominant lethality and heritable translocations SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE chromosome aberrations; in vivo; fluorescence in situ hybridization; spermatogenesis ID MALE-MICE; LOCUS MUTATIONS; DAMAGE; SPERMATOGENESIS; SPERMATIDS; BINDING; OOCYTES; INVITRO; MMS; DNA AB The objectives of this research were: 1) to investigate the time course of the cytogenetic defects induced by acryclamide (AA) treatment (5 x 50 mg/kg) of male germ cells in first-cleavage zygote metaphases using PAINT/DAPI analysis, and 2) to characterize the correlation between chromosomal aberrations at first cleavage, dominant lethality, and heritable translocations. PAINT/DAPI analysis employs multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization painting plus DAPI staining to detect both stable and unstable chromosomal aberrations at first-cleavage metaphase of the zygote. High levels of chromosomally defective zygotes were detected after mating at all postmeiotic stages (20-190-fold, P < 0.001). Early spermatozoa (6.5 d post-treatment) were the most sensitive, with 76% of the zygotes carrying cytogenetic defects. A significant 10-fold increase was also detected 27.5 d post-treatment, indicating that AA had a cytogenetic effect on meiotic stages. PAINT/DAPI analysis revealed that. 1) AA-induced chromosomal breaks occurred at random, and 2) the frequencies of symmetrical and asymmetrical exchanges were similar at all mating days, except 9.5 d after AA treatment, where significantly (P < 0.02) more asymmetrical aberrations were found. Furthermore, the proportions of zygotes carrying unstable and stable chromosomal aberrations followed a similar post-treatment time course as the proportions of dominant lethality among embryos and heritable translocations among offspring. These findings indicate that PAINT/DAPI analysis of zygotic metaphases is a promising method for detecting male germ cell mutagens capable of inducing chromosomal aberrations and for evaluating the associated risks for embryonic loss and balanced translocations at birth. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biol & Biotechnol Res Program, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Marchetti, F (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biol & Biotechnol Res Program, L-452,POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. OI Marchetti, Francesco/0000-0002-9435-4867 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [Y01-ES-10203-00] NR 33 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1997 VL 30 IS 4 BP 410 EP 417 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)30:4<410::AID-EM6>3.0.CO;2-M PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA YP963 UT WOS:000071333600006 PM 9435882 ER PT J AU McFee, AF Sayer, AM Salomaa, SI Lindholm, C Littlefield, LG AF McFee, AF Sayer, AM Salomaa, SI Lindholm, C Littlefield, LG TI Methods for improving the yield and quality of metaphase preparations for FISH probing of human lymphocyte chromosomes SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE lymphocyte culture; FISH; chromosome; human; cryopreservation ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; IONIZING-RADIATION; PERIPHERAL LYMPHOCYTES; CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS; MICRONUCLEUS ASSAY; WHOLE-BLOOD; ABERRATIONS; TRANSLOCATIONS; CULTURES; VITRO AB Procedures are described for the in vitro culture of human lymphocytes, which have been concentrated by density gradient centrifugation, and for a modified slide-making technique for the Fixed cells. The method yields improved percentages of mitotic cells which are largely synchronized at harvest. Controlled placement of fixed cells on slides produces well-spread metaphase preparations with little background material to interfere with Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probe procedures. The FISH reagents and microscope scanning time required are minimized by concentrating cells in a defined area of the slide. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 FINNISH CTR RADIAT & NUCL SAFETY, HELSINKI, FINLAND. RP McFee, AF (reprint author), OAK RIDGE INST SCI & EDUC, ENVIRONM & HLTH SCI DIV, POB 117, OAK RIDGE, TN 37831 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA51388, N01-CP-40517] NR 27 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1997 VL 29 IS 1 BP 98 EP 104 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)29:1<98::AID-EM13>3.0.CO;2-C PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA WF994 UT WOS:A1997WF99400013 PM 9020313 ER PT B AU Rutqvist, J Tsang, CF Ekman, D Stephansson, O AF Rutqvist, J Tsang, CF Ekman, D Stephansson, O BE Lee, HK Yang, HS Chung, SK TI Evaluation of in situ hydromechanical properties of rock fractures at Laxemar in Sweden SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY CONCERNS IN UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION, VOLS, 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium on Environmental and Safety Concerns in Underground Construction (ARMS 97) - A Regional Conference of ISRM CY OCT 13-15, 1997 CL SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA SP Int Soc Rock Mech AB Hydraulic injection tests were carried out on hydraulic conductive zones in the sub-vertical borehole KLX02 at Laxemar area in Sweden. The purpose of the testing was to determine storativity, transmissivity, and the stress dependency of the fracture transmissivity. Seven open fractures in three highly conductive borehole sections were tested at a depth of 270, 315 and 340 meters. Pulse, constant head injection and step-pressure tests were conducted with moderate to high injection pressures. The injection tests were analysed using a numerical model that accounts for coupled fluid now and mechanical deformation in both the joint and the surrounding rock. The results show that the hydromechanical properties are very sensitive to the ill situ conditions such as past shear displacement and mineral fillings. The transmissivities of the most hydraulic conductive fractures are relatively insensitive to normal stress due to a large initial hydraulic aperture caused by past shear dilation. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Rutqvist, J (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-910-6 PY 1997 BP 619 EP 624 PG 6 WC Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BK51J UT WOS:000072400400103 ER PT J AU Thomson, M Koshland, CP Lucas, D AF Thomson, M Koshland, CP Lucas, D TI A health-based decision-making tool for waste destruction SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE incineration; design for environment; DRE, toxicity indications; thermal destruction; combustion byproducts ID HAZARDOUS-WASTE; INCINERATION; EMISSIONS; MIXTURES; TOXICITY AB A major impediment to Design For Environment (DFE) and other more comprehensive design approaches is the lack of simple, effective evaluation tools. This article proposes a more comprehensive environmental analysis tool, the index I(TOX), for evaluating the effectiveness of hazardous waste destruction technologies, especially thermal-processing methods such as incineration. We evaluate the reduction of the toxicity through an incinerator by summing the concentrations of all organic emissions, each weighted by their toxicity. This methodology is applied to laboratory-scale experiment data, pilot-scale incinerator data, and full-scale incinerator data. We observed that at temperatures above the T(99) for a particular POHC, a large temperature window exists in which byproducts persist even though the POHC has been destroyed. The temperature that significantly reduces I(TOX) is suggested as a preferred reference for designers. I(TOX) is a health-based standard that measures both the health risks it is eliminating and the health risks it is creating. Using this index can provide a more accurate measure of the impact of combustion byproduct emissions on exhaust toxicity and, hence, can guide system modification or redesign to improve performance. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mech Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Koshland, CP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, 141 Warren Hall 7360, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM ckosh@uclink4.berkeley.edu NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1092-8758 J9 ENVIRON ENG SCI JI Environ. Eng. Sci. PY 1997 VL 14 IS 3 BP 163 EP 174 DI 10.1089/ees.1997.14.163 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZG993 UT WOS:000073061200003 ER PT J AU Turnage, KM Lee, SY Foss, JE Kim, KH Larsen, IL AF Turnage, KM Lee, SY Foss, JE Kim, KH Larsen, IL TI Comparison of soil erosion and deposition rates using radiocesium, RUSLE, and buried soils in dolines in East Tennessee SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE soil erosion; radiocesium; depositional rates; dolines ID FALLOUT CESIUM-137; CS-137; SASKATCHEWAN; REDISTRIBUTION; WATERSHEDS; SEDIMENTS; LANDSCAPE; PATTERNS; QUEBEC AB Three dolines (sinkholes), each representing different land uses (crop, grass, and forest) in a karst area in East Tennesse, were selected to determine soil erosional and depositional rates. Three methods were used to estimate the rates: fallout radiocesium (Cs-137) redistribution, buried surface soil horizons (Ab horizon), and the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE). When Cs-137 redistribution was examined, the average soil erosion rates were calculated to be 27 t ha(-1) yr(-1) at the cropland, 3 t ha(-1) yr(-1) at the grassland, and 2 t ha(-1) yr(-1) at the forest. By comparison, cropland erosion rate of 2.6 t ha(-1) yr(-1), a grassland rate of 0.6 t ha(-1) yr(-1), and a forest rate of 0.2 t ha(-1) yr(-1) were estimated by RUSLE. The Cs-137 method expressed higher rates than RUSLE because RUSLE tends to overestimate low erosion rates and does not account for deposition. The buried surface horizons method resulted in deposition rates that were 8 t ha(-1) yr(-1) (during 480 yr) at the cropland, 12 t ha(-1) yr(-1) (during 980 yr) at the grassland, and 4 t ha(-1) yr(-1) (during 101 yr) at the forest site. By examining Cs-137 redistribution, soil deposition rates were found to be 23 t ha(-1) yr(-1) at the cropland, 20 t ha(-1) yr(-1) at the grassland, and 16 t ha(-1) yr(-1) at the forest site. The variability in deposition rates was accounted for by temporal differences; Cs-137 expressed deposition during the last 38 yr, whereas Ab horizons represented deposition during hundreds of years. In most cases, land use affected both erosion and deposition rates - the highest rates of soil redistribution usually representing the cropland and the lowest, the forest. When this was not true, differences in the rates were attributed to differences in the size, shape, and closure of the of the dolines. C1 KOREA INST NUCL SAFETY,TAEJON,SOUTH KOREA. UNIV TENNESSEE,KNOXVILLE,TN 37924. RP Turnage, KM (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 45 TC 13 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0177-5146 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 29 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 10 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA WH345 UT WOS:A1997WH34500001 ER PT J AU Fawell, J Robinson, D Bull, R Birnbaum, L Butterworth, B Daniel, P GalalGorchev, H Hauchman, F Julkunen, P Klaassen, C Krasner, S OrmeZavaleta, J Tardiff, T AF Fawell, J Robinson, D Bull, R Birnbaum, L Butterworth, B Daniel, P GalalGorchev, H Hauchman, F Julkunen, P Klaassen, C Krasner, S OrmeZavaleta, J Tardiff, T TI Disinfection by-products in drinking water: Critical issues in health effects research SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 INT LIFE SCI INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA. CTR WATER RES, MEDMENHAM, BUCKS, ENGLAND. PACIFIC NW LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NIEHS, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. CHEM IND INST TOXICOL, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. CAMP DRESSER & MCKEE INC, WALNUT CREEK, CA 94596 USA. WHO, INT PROGRAMME CHEM SAFETY, GENEVA, SWITZERLAND. COCA COLA CO, ATLANTA, GA 30301 USA. UNIV KANSAS, MED CTR, KANSAS CITY, KS 66103 USA. METROPOLITAN WATER DIST SO CALIF, LA VERNE, CA 91750 USA. COLORADO STATE UNIV, FT COLLINS, CO 80523 USA. EA ENGN SCI & TECHNOL INC, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 7 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 105 IS 1 BP 108 EP 109 DI 10.1289/ehp.97105108 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA WM698 UT WOS:A1997WM69800030 PM 9074890 ER PT J AU Lee, RL Albritton, JR Ermak, DL Kim, J AF Lee, RL Albritton, JR Ermak, DL Kim, J TI Computational fluid dynamics modeling for emergency preparedness and response SO ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE LA English DT Article DE computational fluid dynamics (CFD); pollutant transport and dispersion; emergency response; mesoscale models; operational meteorological forecasts AB This paper reviews the influence of computational fluid dynamics in the improvement of atmospheric dispersion models. Some of the factors that led to the widespread use of this computational approach include the availability of affordable high-performance workstations, the sharing of data via the information superhighway and the advances in the development of computational algorithms. While the traditional role of computational fluid dynamics has been to provide wind fields for dispersion models, recent new applications have emerged wherein prognostic forecast models were used to provide responses to weather-related emergencies on both local as well as regional scales. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Lee, RL (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,DIV ATMOSPHER SCI,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1364-8152 J9 ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW JI Environ. Modell. Softw. PY 1997 VL 12 IS 1 BP 43 EP 50 DI 10.1016/S1364-8152(96)00007-2 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Computer Science; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XX638 UT WOS:A1997XX63800006 ER PT J AU Jagoe, CH Chesser, RK Smith, MH Lomakin, MD Lingenfelser, SK Dallas, CE AF Jagoe, CH Chesser, RK Smith, MH Lomakin, MD Lingenfelser, SK Dallas, CE TI Levels of cesium, mercury and lead in fish, and cesium in pond sediments in an inhabited region of the Ukraine near Chernobyl SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE radiocesium; mercury; lead; crucian carp; Chernobyl ID SWEDISH LAKES; RADIOCESIUM; MANAGEMENT; ACCIDENT; RUSSIA; ZN AB Samples of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and sediments collected from 14 ponds within and outside the 30 km exclusion zone southeast of Chernobyl were analyzed for radiocesium; major anions and cations in water were determined for each pond, and other atmospherically-transported pollutants (Pb and Hg) were measured in fish muscle. Up to 20 sediment samples were collected from each pond. Median sediment radiocesium was less than or equal to 1 Bq g(-1) dry mass in all ponds, but some samples contained up to II Bq g(-1) dry mass. The distribution of radiocesium was very patchy, and could vary over 100% in samples collected a few meters apart. Fish muscle radiocesium ranged from below detection up to 8.2 Bq g(-1) dry mass and varied significantly among ponds. All Carassius muscle analyzed contained detectable Hg (0.03 to 1.28 mu g g(-1) dry mass), and most contained detectable Pb (up to 1.76 mu g g(-1) dry mass). Water chemistry was a poor predictor of fish contaminant burden, possibly due to the extreme patchiness of the contaminant distribution. Fish size was cor related with muscle Cs content in some ponds, and negatively correlated with muscle,pb concentration, The distributions of radioactive and nonradioactive contaminants were not significantly correlated. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC USA. Int Res & Dev Agcy Ukraine, Kiev 1, Ukraine. Univ Georgia, Coll Pharm, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Jagoe, CH (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC USA. EM jagoe@srel.edu NR 41 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1997 VL 98 IS 2 BP 223 EP 232 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00135-8 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YY083 UT WOS:000072110500010 ER PT J AU Zeller, K Donev, E Bojinov, H Nikolov, N AF Zeller, K Donev, E Bojinov, H Nikolov, N TI Air pollution status of the Bulgarian Govedartsi ecosystem SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE coniferous forest; forest air quality; ozone; nitrate; sulfate; dry deposition ID EASTERN UNITED-STATES; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; OZONE; EUROPE AB Coniferous forests cover one-third of Bulgaria's forest ecosystems and occupy 31% of the country's total area. Forests in general are considered vulnerable to air pollutants in the form of dry, and wet pollution deposition. The Bulgarian Govedartsi ecosystem study sits, Ovnarsko No. 3, was established in 1991 to: (I) determine the existing status of remote forest site air quality; and (2) address potential air pollution problems related to coniferous forests. The site (1600 m) is located on the south slope of the Govedartsi Valley in the northwestern part of the Rila Mountain area. The Rila are the highest mountains (peak 2925 m) in the Balkan peninsula and are representative of rural forested conditions in that part of Europe. There are no anthropogenic air pollution sources for at least 30 km in all directions. The dominant tree species surrounding the study site include Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Macedonia pine (Pinus peuce), black pine (Pinus nigra Am.), Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.), white fir (Abies alba Mill.), beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), and several oak species (i.e. Quercus petraea Liebl, Q. pubescens Willd., Q. conferta Kit., Q. cerris L., and Q. robur). Multi-day average ambient concentrations of nitrate and sulfate were measured using a filter-pack technique. Data for 27 multi-day periods between October 1991 and 1994 have been collected and 24 are reported in this study. Annual acidic aerosol dry deposition values are estimated at: 154 kg km(-2) for sulfate (SO42-) and 28 kg km(-2) for nitrate (NO3-). Ozone (O-3) concentrations were measured from late spring to summer in 1994 and 1995. No high O-3 concentration episodes were detected, and maximum hourly O-3 concentrations rarely exceeded 55 ppb. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Forest Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Univ Sofia, Dept Meteorol, Sofia, Bulgaria. Bulgarian Acad Sci, Forest Res Inst, Sofia, Bulgaria. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Zeller, K (reprint author), USDA, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Forest Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 30 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1997 VL 98 IS 3 BP 281 EP 289 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00144-9 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZF332 UT WOS:000072886900003 ER PT J AU Dahlsten, DL Rowney, DL Kickert, RN AF Dahlsten, DL Rowney, DL Kickert, RN TI Effects of oxidant air pollutants on western pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) populations in southern California SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE forest ecosystem; bark beetle; air pollution; population dynamics; tree mortality ID ECOSYSTEMS; IMPACTS; RESPONSES; POLLUTION; OZONE AB The attack rates, brood survival, and emergence rates of the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, and incidence of entomophagus associates, were compared between photochemical oxidant damaged, and apparently healthy, ponderosa pine trees, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws in the San Bernardino Forest in Southern California. The results from this study suggest that oxinant-damaged trees attacked by western pine beetle produced about the same total brood with lower initial attacks when compared with healthier trees, whereas the numbers of predators and parasitoids were higher in the healthier trees. This higher productivity trend for western pine beetle is most evident in trees attacked by the first beetle generation. Trees attacked by the second generation, both damaged and healthy, produced much less western pine beetle brood than generation I attacked trees, regardless of oxidant damage. The implication of these results is that, in stands with a higher proportion of oxidant damaged trees, a given population of western pine beetle could kill more trees, and increase at a greater rate, than in a stand with a lower proportion of damaged trees. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 PACIFIC NW NATL LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. NR 46 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 EI 1873-6424 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1997 VL 96 IS 3 BP 415 EP 423 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00040-7 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XU520 UT WOS:A1997XU52000014 PM 15093407 ER PT B AU Allenby, BR AF Allenby, BR BE Macan, EJ Saunders, FM TI White paper on sustainable development and industrial ecology; IEEE environment, health and safety committee SO ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES, AND SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A NAFTA PERSPECTIVE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Environmental Quality, Innovative Technologies, and Sustainable Economic Development CY FEB 08-10, 1996 CL MEXICO CITY, MEXICO SP Natl Sci Fdn, US, Sandia Natl Labs, US, Consejo Nacl Cienc & Tecnol, Mexico, Natl Sci & Engn Res Council, Canada C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0224-8 PY 1997 BP 29 EP 36 PG 8 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration GA BN41P UT WOS:000081875400003 ER PT B AU Engi, D AF Engi, D BE Macan, EJ Saunders, FM TI Structuring a collaboration between Mexico and the US for managing water resources of mutual interest in the NAFTA context SO ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES, AND SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A NAFTA PERSPECTIVE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Environmental Quality, Innovative Technologies, and Sustainable Economic Development CY FEB 08-10, 1996 CL MEXICO CITY, MEXICO SP Natl Sci Fdn, US, Sandia Natl Labs, US, Consejo Nacl Cienc & Tecnol, Mexico, Natl Sci & Engn Res Council, Canada C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0224-8 PY 1997 BP 67 EP 69 PG 3 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration GA BN41P UT WOS:000081875400008 ER PT B AU Strong-Gunderson, JM AF Strong-Gunderson, JM BE Macan, EJ Saunders, FM TI Integration of biotechnology in remediation and pollution prevention activities SO ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES, AND SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A NAFTA PERSPECTIVE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Environmental Quality, Innovative Technologies, and Sustainable Economic Development CY FEB 08-10, 1996 CL MEXICO CITY, MEXICO SP Natl Sci Fdn, US, Sandia Natl Labs, US, Consejo Nacl Cienc & Tecnol, Mexico, Natl Sci & Engn Res Council, Canada C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0224-8 PY 1997 BP 125 EP 128 PG 4 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration GA BN41P UT WOS:000081875400015 ER PT J AU Zhong, BZ Stamm, SC Robbins, S Bryant, D Lan, W Xin, WF Ma, JKH Whong, WZ Ong, TM AF Zhong, BZ Stamm, SC Robbins, S Bryant, D Lan, W Xin, WF Ma, JKH Whong, WZ Ong, TM TI Studies on the mutagenicity of mild gasification products of coal and their subfractions by the Salmonella/microsomal assay SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA AB Mild gasification of coal is a technology being developed in the United States in order to upgrade lower rank coals and facilitate their use in coal-burning electric generation plants. Thirteen coal-derived mild gasification products from different coal sources and processing conditions have been examined for their potential biohazards. The mutagenicity of these samples was tested with the Ames Salmonella/microsomal assay. Two solvents, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate (Tween 80), were used to dissolve samples in a manner to facilitate their interaction with the test organisms. The results showed that 9 of the 13 samples displayed mutagenic activity in test strains TA98 and/or TA100 with or without metabolic activation, whether dissolved in Tween 80 or DMSO. Five mutagenic and two nonmutagenic samples were class-fractionated into basic, acidic, nonpolar, and polar neutral subfractions to examine their class-related mutagenic activities. Results of the testing of subfractions of the five mutagenic and one nonmutagenic samples showed mutagenic activity in at least the nonpolar neutral fraction. The subfractions of the another nonmutagenic sample did not display any mutagenic activity. Chemical characterization of the subfractions revealed the existence of aromatic hydrocarbons in certain subfractions, which may be responsible for the mutagenic activity of the coal-derived mild gasification products. (C) 1997 Academic Press C1 MORGANTOWN ENERGY TECHNOL CTR,MORGANTOWN,WV 26505. W VIRGINIA UNIV,SCH PHARM,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506. RP Zhong, BZ (reprint author), NIOSH,DIV RESP DIS STUDIES,ALOSH,1095 WILLOWDALE RD,MORGANTOWN,WV 26505, USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 72 IS 1 BP 32 EP 44 DI 10.1006/enrs.1996.3676 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA WE814 UT WOS:A1997WE81400004 PM 9012370 ER PT B AU Yow, TG Jennings, SV Grubb, JW Smith, AW AF Yow, TG Jennings, SV Grubb, JW Smith, AW BE Denzer, R Swayne, DA Schimak, G TI Inside an environmental data archive WWW site SO ENVIRONMENTAL SOFTWARE SYSTEMS, VOL 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IFIP TC5 WG5.11 International Symposium on Environmental Software Systems (ISESS 97) CY APR 28-MAY 02, 1997 CL DALTA WHISTLER, CANADA SP Int Federat Informat Proc, TC5, WG 5.11, German Comp Soc, Austrian Res Ctr Seibersdorf, Environm Canada, Univ Guelph, Canada, HSCH Tech & Wirtsch Saarlandes, Germany DE metadata; data management; configuration control; data archive AB The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC), which is associated with NASA's Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS), provides access to tabular and imagery datasets used in ecological and environmental research. Because of its large and diverse data holdings, the ORNL DAAC must not only find an efficient way to manage the data but must also help users find data of interest from thousands of files available at the DAAC. To accomplish these goals, the ORNL DAAC has developed several World Wide Web (WWW) tools such as the Biogeochemical Information Ordering Management Environment (BIOME), a WWW search and order system, and WWW-based data management and configuration control tools. This paper describes these systems and the special features that allow for easy access to and management of the data. RP Yow, TG (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,POB 2008,MAIL STOP 6407,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. OI Smith, Anthony/0000-0001-8635-1060 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHAPMAN & HALL PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN BN 0-412-81740-3 PY 1997 BP 168 EP 174 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Environmental Sciences SC Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BJ68G UT WOS:A1997BJ68G00021 ER PT S AU Hovatter, PS Talmage, SS Opresko, DM Ross, RH AF Hovatter, PS Talmage, SS Opresko, DM Ross, RH BE Dwyer, FJ Doane, TR Hinman, ML TI Ecotoxicity of nitroaromatics to aquatic and terrestrial species at army superfund sites SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT: MODELING AND RISK ASSESSMENT (SIXTH VOLUME) SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment - Modeling and Risk Assessment CY APR 15-18, 1996 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat, Comm E47 Biol Effects & Environm Fate DE nitroaromatics; aquatic toxicity; water quality criteria; sediment quality benchmarks; terrestrial toxicity; screening benchmarks; wildlife; plants; soil invertebrates AB Nitroaromatic compounds, including 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, RDX, HMX, tetryl, and associated degradation products, are released into the environment during the manufacturing, loading, packing, and assembling of munitions at U.S. Army Ammunition Plants. With the exception of 2A46DNT, nitroaromatic compounds are more toxic to freshwater fishes (LC(50)s ranging from 0.4-32 mg/L) than to freshwater invertebrates (EC(50)s ranging from 3-100 mg/L). most sensitive test species with LC50 values ranging from 0.43 to 6.4 mg/L for TNT, RDX, and HMX. These compounds produce negative effects on reproductive endpoints in terrestrial mammals at doses >1 mg/kg/day. Limited data indicate that nitroaromatics are not toxic to terrestrial plants (LOECs ranging from 25-100 mu g/g in soil) and soil invertebrates (LOEC of 200 mu g/g). Additional studies need to be undertaken to completely characterize the toxicity of these compounds,. however, the criteria and screening benchmarks presented in this paper can be used to assess the risks to indigenous flora and fauna at Army Superfund sites. RP Hovatter, PS (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV HLTH SCI RES,CHEM HAZARD EVALUAT GRP,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 SN 1071-5827 BN 0-8031-2474-0 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1997 VL 131 BP 117 EP 129 DI 10.1520/STP12237S PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA BH65R UT WOS:A1997BH65R00008 ER PT S AU Reagor, D Mombourquette, C Decker, J Fan, Y Hawley, M Houlton, R Jia, QX AF Reagor, D Mombourquette, C Decker, J Fan, Y Hawley, M Houlton, R Jia, QX BE Schlom, DG Eom, CB Hawley, ME Foster, CM Speck, JS TI Noise and operational characteristics of magnetometers made from superconducting-normal-superconducting Josephson junctions SO EPITAXIAL OXIDE THIN FILMS III SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Epitaxial Oxide Thin Films III, at the 1997 MRS Spring Meeting CY MAR 31-APR 02, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Argonne Natl Lab, Hewlett Packard Labs, Kurt J Lesker Co, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Natl Sci Fdn, Oxford Instruments Amer Inc, Target Mat AB We have fabricated numerous magnetometers using our high temperature superconducting (HTS) Josephson junctions. These Josephson junctions are fabricated in a superconducting - normal - superconducting ramp edge configuration with silver doped YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) for the superconducting electrodes and PrBa2Cu3O7 (PBCO) for the normal layer. Small inductance quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) made from this junction technology have a transfer function exceeding 150 microvolts per flux quanta and a flux noise of 5 x 10(-6) flux quanta per root hertz. In addition, we have established that these junctions have identical electrical characteristics after either a year of storage or repeated thermal cycling. We have also examined the trade-off of 1/f noise versus thermal noise that is obtained as we vary the critical current of the devices. The SQUID magnetometers were made using galvanically coupled input coils. These devices exhibit excellent operational characteristics in the geomagnetic field. They functioned in an unshielded environment for more than 24 hours and operated in a moving dewar (without any feedback fields to compensate the changing applied field) - both without flux trapping. Noise characteristics under these conditions are presented. RP Reagor, D (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87544, USA. RI Jia, Q. X./C-5194-2008 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-378-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 474 BP 113 EP 117 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BJ69L UT WOS:A1997BJ69L00017 ER PT S AU Krishnan, KM Ju, HL Sohn, HC Nelson, C Modak, AR AF Krishnan, KM Ju, HL Sohn, HC Nelson, C Modak, AR BE Schlom, DG Eom, CB Hawley, ME Foster, CM Speck, JS TI New insights into the transport and field-enhancement effects in sol-gel derived colossal magnetoresistive thin films SO EPITAXIAL OXIDE THIN FILMS III SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Epitaxial Oxide Thin Films III, at the 1997 MRS Spring Meeting CY MAR 31-APR 02, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Argonne Natl Lab, Hewlett Packard Labs, Kurt J Lesker Co, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Natl Sci Fdn, Oxford Instruments Amer Inc, Target Mat AB The transport mechanism underlying the colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) of doped manganites is not yet understood and their technological applications are limited by the high fields (similar to 1T) required to obtain any significant MR. Following the development of a polymeric chemical synthesis route, we have investigated the O-2p unoccupied density of states in sol-gel derived La1-xSrxMnO3 (0 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 0.7) thin films grown epitaxially on LaAlO3, by electron energy-loss spectroscopy at sub-eV resolution. The spectra show a distinct prepeak in the OK edge at the Fermi level, the intensity of which correlates directly with the conductivity of the film. Similar correlation was also obtained for La0.7Sr0.3MnO3-z annealed in vacuum to obtain well defined oxygen content (z) in the film. This confirms that the charge carriers in these manganese perovskites have significant oxygen 2p hole character and suggests that the ''double exchange'' mechanism has to be modified. In another set of experiments we have studied room-temperature field amplification effects to enhance the low-field sensitivity of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3-z films sandwiched between two thin rectangular slices of either alpha-Fe or Mn-Zn ferrite. This field amplification leads to an enhanced low-field MR value as high as 6% at an external field of 500 Oe which is 6 times the value observed without the amplification. RP Krishnan, KM (reprint author), EO LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATL LAB,DIV SCI MAT,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-378-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 474 BP 139 EP 144 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BJ69L UT WOS:A1997BJ69L00021 ER PT S AU Hundley, MF Neumeier, JJ Heffner, RH Jia, QX Wu, XD Thompson, JD AF Hundley, MF Neumeier, JJ Heffner, RH Jia, QX Wu, XD Thompson, JD BE Schlom, DG Eom, CB Hawley, ME Foster, CM Speck, JS TI Interplay between electronic transport and magnetic order in ferromagnetic manganite thin films SO EPITAXIAL OXIDE THIN FILMS III SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Epitaxial Oxide Thin Films III, at the 1997 MRS Spring Meeting CY MAR 31-APR 02, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Argonne Natl Lab, Hewlett Packard Labs, Kurt J Lesker Co, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Natl Sci Fdn, Oxford Instruments Amer Inc, Target Mat AB The transition metal oxides La(1-x)A(x)MnO(3) (A = Ba, Ca, or Sr) order ferromagnetically with Curie temperatures ranging from as low as 50 K to well above room temperature. Magnetic order in these compounds results in a concomitant metal-insulator transition. The feature displayed by the manganites that is most important technologically is the extremely large negative magnetoresistance that achieves its largest values near the magnetic ordering temperature. Qualitatively, this colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) phenomenon involves the suppression of the relatively sharp maximum in the resistivity that is centered at T-c. When considered collectively, the anomalous temperature-dependent transport properties, the CMR effect, and the magnetically ordered ground state indicate that a novel interplay between magnetism and electronic transport occurs in the manganites. General features of the magnetic-field and temperature-dependent electrical resistivity and magnetization as displayed by PLD-grown thin films are examined. Particular emphasis is placed on what these measurements tell us about the conduction process both above and below the magnetic ordering temperature. RP Hundley, MF (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. RI Jia, Q. X./C-5194-2008 NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-378-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 474 BP 167 EP 178 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BJ69L UT WOS:A1997BJ69L00024 ER PT S AU Brown, GW Jia, QX Peterson, EJ Hristova, DK Hundley, MF Thompson, JD Maggiore, CJ Tesmer, J Hawley, ME AF Brown, GW Jia, QX Peterson, EJ Hristova, DK Hundley, MF Thompson, JD Maggiore, CJ Tesmer, J Hawley, ME BE Schlom, DG Eom, CB Hawley, ME Foster, CM Speck, JS TI Growth and magnetic structure of La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 films SO EPITAXIAL OXIDE THIN FILMS III SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Epitaxial Oxide Thin Films III, at the 1997 MRS Spring Meeting CY MAR 31-APR 02, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Argonne Natl Lab, Hewlett Packard Labs, Kurt J Lesker Co, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Natl Sci Fdn, Oxford Instruments Amer Inc, Target Mat AB Growth of LaMnO3 films that exhibit colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) has concentrated heavily on Ca doped materials. However, since the 33% Sr doped films are ferromagnetic at room temperature, they are ideal candidates far dual growth-magnetic structure studies using scanned probe techniques. In this study, interest was focused on the relations between growth/processing parameters, film morphology, and electronic/magnetic properties. In addition, films were grown on both LaAlO3 (LAG) and SrTiO3 (STO) to examine the results of stress induced by different substrate mismatches. La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO) was grown using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at temperatures between 500 degrees C and 800 degrees C. The film microstructure, crystallinity, and magnetic and electrical properties were characterized by room temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), magnetic force microscopy (MFM), x-ray diffraction, and temperature dependent transport and magnetization measurements. The growth trends follow those previously reported for Ca doped films. Grains increase in size with increasing temperature and coalesce into extended layers after annealing. Although topographic contributions complicate interpretation of some MFM data, local magnetic structure observed here is generally associated with film defects. RP Brown, GW (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. RI Jia, Q. X./C-5194-2008 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 14 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-378-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 474 BP 179 EP 184 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BJ69L UT WOS:A1997BJ69L00025 ER PT S AU Norton, DP Park, C Saffian, B Budai, JD Goyal, A Christen, DK Kroeger, DM Lee, D He, Q Paranthaman, M AF Norton, DP Park, C Saffian, B Budai, JD Goyal, A Christen, DK Kroeger, DM Lee, D He, Q Paranthaman, M BE Schlom, DG Eom, CB Hawley, ME Foster, CM Speck, JS TI Epithelial growth of oxide thin films on (001) metal surfaces using pulsed-laser deposition SO EPITAXIAL OXIDE THIN FILMS III SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Epitaxial Oxide Thin Films III, at the 1997 MRS Spring Meeting CY MAR 31-APR 02, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Argonne Natl Lab, Hewlett Packard Labs, Kurt J Lesker Co, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Natl Sci Fdn, Oxford Instruments Amer Inc, Target Mat AB The epitaxial growth of CeO2 on various (001) metal surfaces using pulsed-laser deposition is discussed. In particular, the growth of(001) CeO2 on (001) Pd, Ag, and Ni is described. Emphasis is given to the specific deposition conditions which successfully alleviate the formation of native oxides at the metal/metal oxide interface. The control of the epitaxial relationships between the oriented oxides films and the underlying noble and oxidizing metal surfaces is addressed. RP Norton, DP (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. RI Paranthaman, Mariappan/N-3866-2015; Budai, John/R-9276-2016 OI Paranthaman, Mariappan/0000-0003-3009-8531; Budai, John/0000-0002-7444-1306 NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-378-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 474 BP 401 EP 406 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BJ69L UT WOS:A1997BJ69L00059 ER PT J AU Mace, K Mauthe, RJ Blum, S Turteltaub, KW Pfeifer, AMA AF Mace, K Mauthe, RJ Blum, S Turteltaub, KW Pfeifer, AMA TI Metabolism-competent human epithelial models for toxicological studies SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NESTLE RES CTR,CH-1000 LAUSANNE 26,SWITZERLAND. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94551. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WISSENSCHAFTLICHE VERLAG MBH PI STUTTGART PA BIRKENWALDSTRASSE 44, POSTFACH 10 10 61, 70009 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0171-9335 J9 EUR J CELL BIOL JI Eur. J. Cell Biol. PY 1997 VL 74 SU 47 BP 103 EP 103 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA YG407 UT WOS:A1997YG40700103 ER PT J AU Ramlau, R McCarley, RE Simon, A AF Ramlau, R McCarley, RE Simon, A TI Structure of twin boundaries in an oxomolybdate with condensed molybdenum clusters SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY LA German DT Meeting Abstract C1 US DOE, AMES LAB, AMES, IA 50011 USA. IOWA STATE UNIV, AMES, IA 50011 USA. MAX PLANCK INST FESTKORPERFORSCH, D-70569 STUTTGART, GERMANY. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, 07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0171-9335 J9 EUR J CELL BIOL JI Eur. J. Cell Biol. PY 1997 VL 74 SU 45 BP 123 EP 123 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA XV031 UT WOS:A1997XV03100338 ER PT J AU Volkl, E Allard, LF AF Volkl, E Allard, LF TI The materials microcharacterization collaboratory: More than just remote instrument control SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY LA German DT Meeting Abstract C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WISSENSCHAFTLICHE VERLAG MBH PI STUTTGART PA BIRKENWALDSTRASSE 44, POSTFACH 10 10 61, 70009 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0171-9335 J9 EUR J CELL BIOL JI Eur. J. Cell Biol. PY 1997 VL 74 SU 45 BP 133 EP 133 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA XV031 UT WOS:A1997XV03100367 ER PT J AU Sandhu, C Stampfer, MR Slingerland, JM AF Sandhu, C Stampfer, MR Slingerland, JM TI Mechanisms of cdk inhibition in senescent human mammary epithelial cells SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV TORONTO,SUNNYBROOK HLTH SCI CTR,TORONTO,ON M4N 3M5,CANADA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WISSENSCHAFTLICHE VERLAG MBH PI STUTTGART PA BIRKENWALDSTRASSE 44, POSTFACH 10 10 61, 70009 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0171-9335 J9 EUR J CELL BIOL JI Eur. J. Cell Biol. PY 1997 VL 72 SU 44 BP 37 EP 37 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA WU212 UT WOS:A1997WU21200037 ER PT J AU Green, MK Medforth, CJ Muzzi, CM Nurco, DJ Shea, KM Smith, KM Lebrilla, CB Shelnutt, JA AF Green, MK Medforth, CJ Muzzi, CM Nurco, DJ Shea, KM Smith, KM Lebrilla, CB Shelnutt, JA TI Application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry to the analysis of planar porphyrins and highly substituted nonplanar porphyrins SO EUROPEAN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE Fourier transform mass spectrometry; porphyrins; matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization; laser desorption; fast atom bombardment ID THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY; DESORPTION IONIZATION; ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION; NICKEL(II) PORPHYRINS; CYTOCHROMES-C; METALLOPORPHYRINS; OCTAETHYLTETRAPHENYLPORPHYRIN; COORDINATION; DISTORTION; REDUCTION AB The applicability of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) Fourier transform mass spectrometry to the analysis of porphyrins has been examined. High resolution spectra were readily obtained with good sensitivity and a detection limit as low as 2 fmol, A mixed solvent system of toluene and ethanol (1 : 1 by volume) proved to be compatible with the 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) matrix and solubilized most of the porphyrins examined in this study. Porphyrins which were insoluble in this solvent mixture could be dissolved in an appropriate solvent and deposited on a layer of DHB (layered (MALDI). The parent ion was generally the largest peal; in the spectrum, although for some metalloporphyrins the peak corresponding to (M- metal + 3H)(+) was dominant. The extent of demetallation was found to depend on factors such as sample preparation, the metal ion and the laser intensity, Addition of more than one hydrogen occurred in many cases but was a minor process. Spectra of compounds ionized by different methods showed increasing fragmentation in the order MALDI < layered MALDI < fast-atom bombardment < laser desorption. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Fuel Sci Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Chem, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Green, MK (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Shelnutt, John/A-9987-2009; Medforth, Craig/D-8210-2013; REQUIMTE, FMN/M-5611-2013; REQUIMTE, UCIBIO/N-9846-2013; Smith, Kevin/G-1453-2011 OI Shelnutt, John/0000-0001-7368-582X; Medforth, Craig/0000-0003-3046-4909; Smith, Kevin/0000-0002-6736-4779 NR 53 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU IM PUBLICATIONS PI W SUSSEX PA 6 CHARLTON MILL, CHARLTON, CHICHESTER,, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO18 0HY SN 1356-1049 J9 EUR MASS SPECTROM JI Eur. Mass Spectrom. PY 1997 VL 3 IS 6 BP 439 EP 451 DI 10.1255/ejms.178 PG 13 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA ZH826 UT WOS:000073151400004 ER PT B AU Idzorek, GC Bartlett, RJ AF Idzorek, GC Bartlett, RJ BE Siegmund, OHW Gummin, MA TI Silicon photodiode characterization from 1 eV to 10 keV SO EUX, X-RAY, AND GAMMA-RAY INSTRUMENTATION FOR ASTRONOMY VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on EUV, X-ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy VIII CY JUL 30-AUG 01, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE silicon photodiodes; x-ray detectors AB Silicon photodiodes offer a number of advantages over conventional photocathode type soft x-ray detectors in pulsed power experiments. These include a nominally flat response, insensitivity to surface contamination, low voltage biasing requirements, sensitivity to low energy photons, excellent detector to detector response reproducibility, and ability to operate in poor vacuum or gas backfilled experiments. Silicon photodiodes available from International Radiation Detectors (IRD), Torrance, California have been characterized for absolute photon response from 1 eV to 10 keV photon energy, time response, and signal saturation levels. We have assembled individually filtered photodiodes into an array designated the XUV-7. The XUV-7 provides seven photodiodes in a vacuum leak tight, electrically isolated, low noise, high bandwidth, x-ray filtered assembly in a compact package with a 3.7 cm outside diameter. In addition we have assembled the diodes in other custom configurations as detectors for spectrometers. Our calibration measurements show factor of ten deviations from the silicon photodiode theoretical flat response due to diode sensitivity outside the center 'sensitive area'. Detector response reproducibility between diodes appears to be better than 5%. Time response measurements show a 10-90% rise time of about 0.1 nanoseconds and a fall time of about 0.5 nanoseconds. Silicon photodiodes have proven to be a versatile and useful complement to our standard photocathode detectors for soft xray measurement and are very competitive with diamond for a number of applications. RP Idzorek, GC (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2536-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3114 BP 349 EP 356 DI 10.1117/12.278897 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BJ87K UT WOS:A1997BJ87K00029 ER PT S AU Janke, CJ Norris, RE Yarborough, K Havens, SJ Lopata, VJ AF Janke, CJ Norris, RE Yarborough, K Havens, SJ Lopata, VJ BE Haulik, T Bailey, V Burton, R TI Critical parameters for electron beam curing of cationic epoxies and property comparison of electron beam cured cationic epoxies versus thermal cured resins and composites SO EVOLVING TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE COMPETITIVE EDGE, BOOKS 1 AND 2 SE INTERNATIONAL SAMPE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 42nd International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition on Evolving Technologies for the Competitive Edge (42nd ISSE) CY MAY 04-08, 1997 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP Soc Adv Mat & Proc Engn DE electron beam curing; epoxy resins; toughened epoxy resins AB Electron beam curing of composites is a nonthermal, nonautoclave curing process offering the following advantages compared to conventional thermal curing: substantially reduced manufacturing costs and curing times; improvements in part quality and performance; reduced environmental and health concerns; and improvements in material handling. In 1994 a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA), sponsored by the Department of Energy Defense Programs and 10 industrial partners, was established to advance electron beam curing of composites. The CRADA has successfully developed hundreds of new toughened and untoughened resins, offering unlimited formulation and processing flexibility. Several patent applications have been filed for this work. Composites made from these easily processable, low shrinkage materials match the performance of thermal cured composites and exhibit: low void contents comparable to autoclave cured composites (less than 1%); superb low water absorption values in the same range as cyanate esters (less than 1%); glass transition temperatures rivaling those of polyimides (greater than 390 degrees C); mechanical properties comparable to high performance, autoclave cured composites; and excellent property retention after cryogenic and thermal cycling. These materials have been used to manufacture many composite parts using Various fabrication processes including hand lay-up, tow placement, filament winding, resin transfer molding and vacuum assisted resin transfer molding. C1 Oak Ridge Ctr Mfg Technol, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Janke, CJ (reprint author), Oak Ridge Ctr Mfg Technol, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Janke, Christopher/E-1598-2017; Norris, Robert/E-5670-2017 OI Janke, Christopher/0000-0002-6076-7188; NR 4 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC ADVANCEMENT MATERIAL & PROCESS ENGINEERING PI COVINA PA 1161 PARKVIEW DR,, COVINA, CA 91724-3748 USA SN 0892-2624 BN 0-938994-77-8 J9 INT SAMPE TECH CONF PY 1997 VL 42 BP 477 EP 486 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BK24H UT WOS:000071607200047 ER PT B AU Lippert, T Bennett, LS Kunz, T Hahn, C Wokaun, A Furutani, H Fukumura, H Masuhara, H Nakamura, T Yabe, A AF Lippert, T Bennett, LS Kunz, T Hahn, C Wokaun, A Furutani, H Fukumura, H Masuhara, H Nakamura, T Yabe, A BE Shields, H Dyer, PE TI Photopolymers designed for high resolution laser ablation at a specific irradiation wavelength SO EXCIMER LASERS, OPTICS, AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Excimer Lasers, Optics and Applications CY FEB 12-13, 1997 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE photopolymer; laser ablation; mechanism; excimer laser; triazenopolymer AB We have developed novel photopolymers based on the triazeno chromophore group. The absorption properties can be tailored fora specific irradiation wavelength (e.g. 308 nm XeCl laser). With the introduction of a photolabile group into the main chain of the polymer we expected a mechanism which is mainly photochemical. ?his should result in high resolution etching with no thermal damage or chemical / physical modification to the material. The gaseous products of the photochemical decomposition were thought to assist the material removal, and to prevent the re-deposition of solid products which would contaminate the surface. We confirmed (SEM/AFM) that the irradiation of the polymer at 308 nn resulted in high resolution etching. No debris has been found around the etched corners. Maximum ablation rates of about 3 mu m / pulse were achieved due to the dynamic absorption behavior (bleaching during the pulse). No physical or chemical modifications of the polymer surface could be detected after irradiation at the tailored absorption wavelength, whereas irradiation at different wavelengths resulted in modified (physical and chemical) surfaces. The etching mechanism can be described as a laser induced microexplosion, revealed by ns-imaging. The etching of the polymer starts and ends with the laser pulse, shown by ns-interferometry, confirming that the acting mechanism is mainly photochemical at high fluences for our polymers. Our results demonstrate that the mechanism of ablation can be controlled by designing special polymers, which can be used as high resolution laser dry etching resists. RP Lippert, T (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,CST 6,MS J 585,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. RI MASUHARA, Hiroshi/G-3148-2011; Lippert, Thomas/N-2423-2016 NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2403-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 2992 BP 135 EP 143 DI 10.1117/12.270092 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BH52F UT WOS:A1997BH52F00016 ER PT J AU Quantock, AJ Fullwood, NJ Thonar, EJMA Waltman, SR Capel, MS Ito, M Verity, SM Schanzlin, DJ AF Quantock, AJ Fullwood, NJ Thonar, EJMA Waltman, SR Capel, MS Ito, M Verity, SM Schanzlin, DJ TI Macular corneal dystrophy type II: Multiple studies on a cornea with low levels of sulphated keratan sulphate SO EYE LA English DT Article DE cornea; macular corneal dystrophy; proteoglycans; glycosaminoglycans ID SYNCHROTRON X-RAY; COLLAGEN FIBRILS; SULFATE PROTEOGLYCAN; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; DIFFRACTION; STROMA; GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS; HETEROGENEITY; THICKNESS; CULTURES AB We investigated an individual macular corneal dystrophy (MCD) type II cornea from a 42-year-old woman with markedly reduced antigenic keratan sulphate levels, A characteristic 4.6 Angstrom X-ray reflection was evident, and the mid-stroma contained 30% less sulphur than normal. Close packing of collagen was restricted to the superficial stroma, Abnormally large proteoglycan filaments were noted throughout the extracellular matrix and Descemet's membrane's posterior non-banded zone, but not its anterior banded zone. Small, collagen-associated stromal proteoglycans were susceptible to digestion with chondroitinase ABC, but not keratanase I or N-glycanase. On occasion, collagen fibrils ranged in size from 20 mm to 58 nm, with preferential diameters of 34 nm and 42 nm, Corneal guttae were evident, as were numerous endothelial inclusions, most probably due to intracellular fibrillo-granular vacuoles similar to those found in the stroma. The endothelium expressed reduced anti-keratan sulphate labelling. C1 ST LOUIS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT OPHTHALMOL,ANHEUSER BUSCH EYE INST,ST LOUIS,MO. UNIV LANCASTER,DIV BIOL SCI,LANCASTER LA1 4YQ,ENGLAND. ST LUKES HOSP,DEPT BIOCHEM,CHICAGO,IL. ST LUKES HOSP,DEPT INTERNAL MED,CHICAGO,IL. GREEN WALTHAM EYE INST,BELLEVILLE,IL. BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,NATL SYNCHROTRON LIGHT SOURCE DEPT,UPTON,NY 11973. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG04736]; NIAMS NIH HHS [AR39239]; PHS HHS [EXO4609] NR 47 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL COLL OPHTHALMOLOGISTS PI LONDON PA 17 CORNWALL TERRACE, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 4QW SN 0950-222X J9 EYE JI Eye PY 1997 VL 11 BP 57 EP 67 PN 1 PG 11 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA WR290 UT WOS:A1997WR29000012 PM 9246278 ER PT J AU Greenblatt, BJ Zanni, MT Neumark, DM AF Greenblatt, BJ Zanni, MT Neumark, DM TI Time-resolved studies of dynamics in molecular and cluster anions SO FARADAY DISCUSSIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on the Dynamics of Electronically Excited States in Gaseous, Cluster and Condensed Media CY DEC 15-17, 1997 CL UNIV SUSSEX, BRIGHTON, ENGLAND HO UNIV SUSSEX ID THRESHOLD PHOTODETACHMENT SPECTROSCOPY; RECOMBINATION DYNAMICS; PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; IONS; PHOTODISSOCIATION; I2; I-2; PHOTOFRAGMENTATION; DISSOCIATION; SPECTROMETER AB Femtosecond photoelectron spectroscopy (FPES) is used to study the time-resolved photodissociation dynamics of I-2(-)(CO2)(n=4,16) clusters excited at 780 nm. The FPES experiment on I-2(-)(CO2)(4) shows that the I- fragment formed by excitation to the A'(2) Pi(1/2,g) repulsive state of I-2(-) initially pulls away from the cluster, but by 0.2 ps it is drawn back to complex with more of the solvent molecules. In the n = 16 cluster, where caging of the I-2(-) is known to be complete, FPES probes the recombination dynamics of the I-2(-) in considerable detail. Specifically, vibrational relaxation on the (I2-X2) Sigma(u)(+) state and the accompanying evaporation on CO2 molecules can be followed in real time. Vibrational relaxation is essentially complete by 10 ps, whereas solvent evaporation is not entirely complete by 200 ps. The spectra also show evidence for short-lived recombination on the I(2)(-)A(2) Pi(3/2,g) state. The results are compared to previous experimental results for I-2(-)(Ar)(n) clusters and recent simulations of cluster dynamics. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Greenblatt, BJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Zanni, Martin/K-2707-2013; Neumark, Daniel/B-9551-2009 OI Neumark, Daniel/0000-0002-3762-9473 NR 41 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0301-7249 J9 FARADAY DISCUSS JI Faraday Discuss. PY 1997 VL 108 BP 101 EP 113 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA ZT091 UT WOS:000074047500007 ER PT J AU Bevsek, HM Ahmed, M Peterka, DS Sailes, FC Suits, AG AF Bevsek, HM Ahmed, M Peterka, DS Sailes, FC Suits, AG TI Direct detection and spectroscopy of O-4 SO FARADAY DISCUSSIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on the Dynamics of Electronically Excited States in Gaseous, Cluster and Condensed Media CY DEC 15-17, 1997 CL UNIV SUSSEX, BRIGHTON, ENGLAND HO UNIV SUSSEX ID DISSOCIATIVE PHOTODETACHMENT; INFRARED-SPECTRUM; CYCLOTETRAOXYGEN; OXYGEN; ENERGY AB We have produced and directly detected a metastable state of tetraoxygen in a molecular beam, both by means of a de discharge and by photodissociation of ozone in the collision region. The O-4* produces a complex spectrum from which general conclusions may be made about its energetics and structure. The detection proceeds through a (1 + 1) resonant photoionization process in the vicinity of 300 nm, implying an energy for this species about 4 eV above that of two isolated O-2 molecules. A predominance of peak frequency differences in the range 411-419 cm(-1) supports a cyclic D-2d geometry as predicted by ab initio calculations, although a definitive judgment on the structure of O-4* awaits further study. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Bevsek, HM (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Ahmed, Musahid/A-8733-2009 NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0301-7249 J9 FARADAY DISCUSS JI Faraday Discuss. PY 1997 VL 108 BP 131 EP 138 DI 10.1039/a705535h PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA ZT091 UT WOS:000074047500009 ER PT J AU Bandey, HL Hillman, AR Brown, MJ Martin, SJ AF Bandey, HL Hillman, AR Brown, MJ Martin, SJ TI Viscoelastic characterization of electroactive polymer films at the electrode/solution interface SO FARADAY DISCUSSIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Interactions of Acoustic Waves with Thin Films and Interfaces CY SEP 08-10, 1997 CL UNIV LEICESTER, LEICESTER, ENGLAND HO UNIV LEICESTER ID QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE; FREQUENCY IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS; ACOUSTIC NETWORK ANALYSIS; ELECTROCHEMICAL DEPOSITION; POLYBITHIOPHENE FILMS; CONDUCTING POLYMERS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; LIQUID; SURFACE; MASS AB We describe and explore a new general transmission line model that describes the viscoelastic characteristics of thin films in terms of their shear moduli. The model contains within it the commonly used lumped-element model as a limiting case, and we delineate the conditions under which the simpler lumped-element model can be applied without significant error. We apply our analysis to the interpretation of crystal impedance spectra acquired dynamically during the electrodeposition of poly(2,2'-bithiophene) (PET) conducting polymer films. In the very early stages of deposition, PET entrapped within surface features behaves as a rigidly coupled mass. Beyond this, it is a viscoelastic material behaving as a Maxwell fluid. PET storage and loss moduli are initially polymer coverage dependent, rising to limiting values G' approximate to G " approximate to 5 x 10(6) dyn cm(-2). These values imply an acoustic decay length of ca. 0.3 mu m. Accordingly, films significantly thicker than this behave as bulk material. For thick films there is also evidence for resonance effects. C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Chem, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Bandey, HL (reprint author), Univ Leicester, Dept Chem, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. OI Hillman, Robert/0000-0003-1868-5717 NR 47 TC 110 Z9 110 U1 3 U2 16 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1364-5498 J9 FARADAY DISCUSS JI Faraday Discuss. PY 1997 VL 107 BP 105 EP 121 DI 10.1039/a704278g PG 17 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA ZE191 UT WOS:000072767200009 ER PT J AU Ricco, AJ Staton, AW Crooks, RM Kim, T AF Ricco, AJ Staton, AW Crooks, RM Kim, T TI Single-monolayer in situ modulus measurements using a SAW device - Photocrosslinking of a diacetylenic thiol-based monolayer SO FARADAY DISCUSSIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Interactions of Acoustic Waves with Thin Films and Interfaces CY SEP 08-10, 1997 CL UNIV LEICESTER, LEICESTER, ENGLAND HO UNIV LEICESTER ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; ACOUSTIC-WAVE DEVICES; SURFACE-CONFINED MONOLAYERS; PHASE PROBE MOLECULES; VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES; COMPOSITE MONOLAYER; CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS; X-RAY; FILM; VAPOR AB We report direct measurement of the modulus change that accompanies the crosslinking of a single molecular monolayer. We measured a change in elastic modulus of 5 x 10(10) dyn cm(-2) as a result of UV-induced photocrosslinking of a single surface-confined monolayer of the conjugated diacetylenic thiol HS(CH2)(10)C=CC=C(CH2)(10)CO2H (DAT). The modulus measurement was made on a monolayer of DAT chemisorbed upon a gold film on the surface of a 97-MHz ST-quartz surface acoustic wave (SAW) delay line. The ratio of the changes recorded in SAW velocity and attenuation, ca. 4:1, suggests that the measured effect is mainly a change in the elastic (real) component of the complex shear modulus, viscous changes playing a lesser role. In relation to typical polymer modulus values, the change of 5 x 10(10) dyn cm(-2) is consistent with a change from a rubbery material (G' approximate to 10(7)-10(8) dyn cm(-2)) to a fairly rigid, glassy material (G' approximate to 10(10) dyn cm(-2)), reasonable for comparison of the monolayer in its as-adsorbed and crosslinked forms. This report of the direct measurement of the modulus change that accompanies the crosslinking of a single molecular monolayer is consistent with previous in situ measurements of this process using thickness-shear mode resonators. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Microsensor R&D Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Hallym Univ Chuncheon, Dept Chem, Kang Won Do 200702, South Korea. RP Sandia Natl Labs, Microsensor R&D Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM ajricco@sandia.gov RI Ricco, Antonio/A-5273-2010; OI Ricco, Antonio/0000-0002-2355-4984 NR 50 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1359-6640 EI 1364-5498 J9 FARADAY DISCUSS JI Faraday Discuss. PY 1997 VL 107 BP 247 EP 258 DI 10.1039/a704232i PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA ZE191 UT WOS:000072767200016 ER PT J AU Grate, JW Kaganove, SN Bhethanabotla, VR AF Grate, JW Kaganove, SN Bhethanabotla, VR TI Examination of mass and modulus contributions to thickness shear mode and surface acoustic wave vapour sensor responses using partition coefficients SO FARADAY DISCUSSIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Interactions of Acoustic Waves with Thin Films and Interfaces CY SEP 08-10, 1997 CL UNIV LEICESTER, LEICESTER, ENGLAND HO UNIV LEICESTER ID QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE; INVERSE GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS; SORBENT COATINGS; DEVICES; MICROSENSORS; SORPTION; SOLUBILITY; POLYMERS; SYSTEMS AB New data are reported on vapour sorption by four different polymer thin films on thickness shear mode (TSM) and surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. The polymers examined were poly(isobutylene), PIB, poly(epichlorohydrin), PECH, poly(butadiene), PBD, and poly(dimethylsiloxane), PDMS. The test vapours for the TSM sensor experiments were benzene, toluene, hexane, cyclohexane, chloroform, dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride and butan-2-one, tested at several concentrations from P/P-0 = ca. 0.03 to 0.64. Measurements on the TSM devices using oscillators were complemented with measurements by impedance analysis. Acoustic wave sensor data were converted to apparent partition coefficients calculated assuming the response was due to mass-loading only. Values derived from SAW and TSM measurements were compared With one another, and with other partition coefficient data determined by non-acoustic wave techniques. It was found that TSM devices coated with PIB, PECH, and PBD (film thickness <1 mu m) behaved as gravimetric sensors at low vapour concentrations. The PDMS-coated TSM sensor displayed significant losses and unusual behaviour suggestive of other effects. SAW sensors with PIB and PECH films gave responses indicating that modulus effects were contributing to the response, in addition to mass-loading effects. This enhancement appeared to be at least a factor of two, suggesting the mass-loading accounted for ca. 50% of the SAW response. The responses of PBD and PDMS-coated SAW devices were not enhanced relative to the expected mass-loading responses. Differences in behaviour among the test polymers on SAW devices are discussed in terms of the differing viscoelastic properties of these materials. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Chem Engn, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. RP Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 66 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 6 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1359-6640 EI 1364-5498 J9 FARADAY DISCUSS JI Faraday Discuss. PY 1997 VL 107 BP 259 EP 283 DI 10.1039/a703601i PG 25 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA ZE191 UT WOS:000072767200017 ER PT J AU Crooks, RM Yang, HC McEllistrem, LJ Thomas, RC Ricco, AJ AF Crooks, RM Yang, HC McEllistrem, LJ Thomas, RC Ricco, AJ TI Interactions between self-assembled monolayers and an organophosphonate - Detailed study using surface acoustic wave-based mass analysis, polarization modulation FTIR spectroscopy and ellipsometry SO FARADAY DISCUSSIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Interactions of Acoustic Waves with Thin Films and Interfaces CY SEP 08-10, 1997 CL UNIV LEICESTER, LEICESTER, ENGLAND HO UNIV LEICESTER ID PHASE PROBE MOLECULES; ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS; TIME SAMPLING ELECTRONICS; CONFINED MONOLAYERS; DIISOPROPYL METHYLPHOSPHONATE; DIMETHYL METHYLPHOSPHONATE; COMPOSITE MONOLAYER; ALUMINUM-OXIDE; THIN-FILMS; ADSORPTION AB Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) having surfaces terminated in -CH3, -OH, -CO2H and -(CO2-)(2)Cu2+ (MUA-Cu2+) have been prepared and examined as potential chemically sensitive interfaces. Mass measurements made using surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices indicate that these surfaces display different degrees of selectivity and sensitivity to a range of analytes. The response of the MUA-Cu2+ SAIM to the nerve-agent simulant diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) is particularly intriguing. Exposure of this surface to 50%-of-saturation DIMP yields a surface concentration equivalent to ca. 16 DIMP monolayers. Such a high surface concentration, in equilibrium with a much lower-than-saturation vapour pressure, has not previously been observed. Newly developed analytical tools have made it possible to measure the IR spectrum of the chemically receptive surface during analyte dosing. Coupled with in situ SAW-ellipsometry measurements, which permit simultaneous measurement of mass and thickness with ng and Angstrom resolution, respectively, it has been possible to develop a model for the surface chemistry leading to the unusual behaviour of this system. The results indicate that DIMP interacts strongly with surface-confined Cu2+ via the phosphoryl oxygen to yield a DIMP/Cu2+ adduct that nucleates growth of a semi-ordered, solid-like phase having substantially lower vapour pressure than the liquid. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Crooks, RM (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Ricco, Antonio/A-5273-2010; OI Ricco, Antonio/0000-0002-2355-4984 NR 50 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0301-7249 J9 FARADAY DISCUSS JI Faraday Discuss. PY 1997 VL 107 BP 285 EP 305 DI 10.1039/a704586g PG 21 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA ZE191 UT WOS:000072767200018 ER PT J AU Johannsmann Kasemo Gizeli Ricco Stevenson Ostanin Krim Calvo Garrell Thompson Rodahl Lewis Sykes Haas Rapp Lucklum Grate Liron Kanazawa Etchenique Crooks Hillman Weil Bartlett Hayward Stratmann Soares Schumacher Liess Hamnett Perrot Fletcher Reddy Tsionsky Doblhofer Urbakh AF Johannsmann Kasemo Gizeli Ricco Stevenson Ostanin Krim Calvo Garrell Thompson Rodahl Lewis Sykes Haas Rapp Lucklum Grate Liron Kanazawa Etchenique Crooks Hillman Weil Bartlett Hayward Stratmann Soares Schumacher Liess Hamnett Perrot Fletcher Reddy Tsionsky Doblhofer Urbakh TI General discussion SO FARADAY DISCUSSIONS LA English DT Editorial Material ID QUARTZ-CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; WAVE VAPOR SENSORS; GOLD ELECTRODES; SURFACES; ADSORPTION; RESPONSES; DEVICES; BINDING; SILVER C1 Max Planck Inst Polymerforsch, Mainz, Germany. Chalmers Univ Technol, Gothenburg, Sweden. Univ Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. Northeastern Univ, Boston, MA USA. Univ Buenos Aires, RA-1053 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Univ Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales. Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. Paul Scherrer Inst, Villigen, Switzerland. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany. Otto Von Guericke Univ, Magdeburg, Germany. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Israel Inst Biol Res, Haifa, Israel. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Southampton, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England. Univ Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, D-8520 Erlangen, Germany. UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil. Atotech Deutschland, Berlin, Germany. Univ Bundeswehr Munich, Munich, Germany. Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. CNRS, F-75700 Paris, France. Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Johannsmann (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Polymerforsch, Mainz, Germany. NR 43 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0301-7249 J9 FARADAY DISCUSS JI Faraday Discuss. PY 1997 VL 107 BP 351 EP 387 PG 37 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA ZE191 UT WOS:000072767200022 ER PT J AU Jones Krim Lewis Urbakh McHale Ricco Kanazawa Rodahl Ostanin Johannsmann Schumacher Hillman Garrell Doblhofer Gizeli Crooks Lucklum Abbott Sykes Calvo Soares Inoue Bartlett Rapp Chesters Kelling AF Jones Krim Lewis Urbakh McHale Ricco Kanazawa Rodahl Ostanin Johannsmann Schumacher Hillman Garrell Doblhofer Gizeli Crooks Lucklum Abbott Sykes Calvo Soares Inoue Bartlett Rapp Chesters Kelling TI General discussion SO FARADAY DISCUSSIONS LA English DT Editorial Material ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; CATALYTIC ACTIVITY; ADSORPTION POSITION; GOLD; DEUTERIUM; LITAO3 C1 Univ Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales. Northeastern Univ, Boston, MA USA. Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Nottingham Trent Univ, Nottingham NG1 4BU, England. Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Chalmers Univ Technol, Gothenburg, Sweden. Univ Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. Max Planck Inst Polymerforsch, Mainz, Germany. Atotech Deutschland, Berlin, Germany. Univ Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Otto Von Guericke Univ, Magdeburg, Germany. Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. Univ Buenos Aires, RA-1053 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil. Nagaoka Univ Technol, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan. Univ Southampton, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany. Univ Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. RP Jones (reprint author), Univ Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0301-7249 J9 FARADAY DISCUSS JI Faraday Discuss. PY 1997 VL 107 BP 445 EP 461 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA ZE191 UT WOS:000072767200028 ER PT J AU Martin, SJ AF Martin, SJ TI Interactions of acoustic waves with thin films and interfaces - Closing remarks SO FARADAY DISCUSSIONS LA English DT Editorial Material ID SHEAR MODE RESONATORS; LIQUID-PHASE; QUARTZ MICROBALANCE; SENSORS; TRANSMISSION C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Microsensor Res & Dev Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Martin, SJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Microsensor Res & Dev Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 48 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0301-7249 J9 FARADAY DISCUSS JI Faraday Discuss. PY 1997 VL 107 BP 463 EP 476 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA ZE191 UT WOS:000072767200029 ER PT S AU Reuter, WG Elfer, NC Hull, DA Newman, JC Munz, D Panontin, TL AF Reuter, WG Elfer, NC Hull, DA Newman, JC Munz, D Panontin, TL BE Underwood, JH Macdonald, BD Mitchell, MR TI Fracture toughness results and preliminary analysis for International Cooperative Test Program on specimens containing surface cracks SO FATIGUE AND FRACTURE MECHANICS: 28TH VOL SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th National Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics CY JUN 25-27, 1996 CL SARATOGA SPRINGS, NY SP ASTM Comm E 08 Fatigue & Fracture, USA Res Off DE surface cracks; tensile or bending loads; crack growth initiation; K-lc AB Specimens containing surface cracks were tested in either tension or bending to compare the stress intensity factor at failure with plane strain fracture toughness (K-lc) in an International Cooperative Test Program. The material was heat treated to sigma(ys) = 1 587 MPa and K-lc = 54 MPam(1/2). Because substantial stable crack growth occurred for some specimens, the test plan was modified to include detecting the onset of crack growth. It is shown that P-max and the original fatigue precrack size cannot be employed to calculate K-max for comparison with K-lc when significant stable crack growth occurs. However, using P-init (load at which stable crack growth is initiated! and the original fatigue precrack size to calculate K-max or K-phi=30 degrees-provides a very useful comparison with K-lc. The influence of variations in fatigue precrack configuration on test results are also discussed. RP Reuter, WG (reprint author), LOCKHEED MARTIN IDAHO TECHNOL CO,IDAHO NATL ENGN LAB,POB 1625,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83415, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 SN 1071-5827 BN 0-8031-2410-4 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1997 VL 1321 BP 146 EP 166 DI 10.1520/STP12306S PG 21 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA BJ51Y UT WOS:A1997BJ51Y00007 ER PT S AU McCabe, DE Merkle, JG AF McCabe, DE Merkle, JG BE Underwood, JH Macdonald, BD Mitchell, MR TI Estimation of lower-bound K-Jc on pressure vessel steels from invalid data SO FATIGUE AND FRACTURE MECHANICS: 28TH VOL SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th National Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics CY JUN 25-27, 1996 CL SARATOGA SPRINGS, NY SP ASTM Comm E 08 Fatigue & Fracture, USA Res Off DE fracture toughness; K-Ic; K-Jc; lower bound; constraint; order statistics; weakest link AB Statistical methods are currently being introduced into the transition temperature characterization of ferritic steels. The objective is to replace imprecise correlations between empirical impact test methods and universal K-lc or K-la lower-bound curves with direct use of material-specific fracture mechanics data. This paper will introduce a computational procedure that couples order statistics, weakest-link statistical theory, and a constraint model to arrive at estimates of lower-bound K-Jc values. All of the above concepts have been used before to meet various objectives. In the present case, the scheme is to make a best estimate of lower-bound fracture toughness when resource K,, data are too few to use conventional statistical analyses. The utility of the procedure is of greatest value in the middle-to-high toughness part of the transition range where specimen constraint loss and elevated lower-bound toughness interfere with the conventional statistical analysis methods. RP McCabe, DE (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV MET & CERAM,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 SN 1071-5827 BN 0-8031-2410-4 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1997 VL 1321 BP 198 EP 213 DI 10.1520/STP12309S PG 16 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA BJ51Y UT WOS:A1997BJ51Y00010 ER PT S AU Sokolov, MA Wallin, K McCabe, DE AF Sokolov, MA Wallin, K McCabe, DE BE Underwood, JH Macdonald, BD Mitchell, MR TI Application of small specimens to fracture mechanics characterization of irradiated pressure vessel steels SO FATIGUE AND FRACTURE MECHANICS: 28TH VOL SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th National Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics CY JUN 25-27, 1996 CL SARATOGA SPRINGS, NY SP ASTM Comm E 08 Fatigue & Fracture, USA Res Off DE precracked Charpy; fracture toughness; master curve; reconstitution; reactor pressure vessel AB In this study, precracked Charpy V-notch (PCVN) specimens were used to characterize the fracture toughness of unirradiated and irradiated reactor pressure vessel steels in the transition region by means of three-point static bending. Fracture toughness at cleavage instability was calculated in terms of elastic-plastic K-Jc values. A statistical size correction based upon weakest-link theory was performed. The concept of a master curve was applied to analyze fracture toughness properties. Initially, size-corrected PCVN data from A 533 grade B steel, designated HSST Plate 02, were used to position the master curve and a 5% tolerance bound for K-Jc data. By converting PCVN data to 1T compact specimen equivalent K-Jc data, the same master curve and 5% tolerance bound curve were platted against the Electric Power Research Institute valid Linear-elastic K-Ic database and the ASME lower bound K-Ic curve. Comparison shows that the master curve positioned by testing several PCVN specimens describes very well the massive fracture toughness database of large specimens. These results give strong support to the validity of K-Jc with respect to K-Jc in general and to the applicability of PCVN specimens to measure fracture toughness of reactor vessel steels in particular. Finally, irradiated PCVN specimens of other materials were tested, and the results are compared to compact specimen data. The current results show that PCVNs demonstrate very good capacity for fracture toughness characterization of reactor pressure vessel steels. It provides an opportunity for direct measurement of fracture toughness of irradiated materials by means of precracking and testing Charpy specimens from surveillance capsules. However, size limits based on constraint theory restrict the operational test temperature range for K-Jc data from PCVN specimens. RP Sokolov, MA (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV MET & CERAM,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 SN 1071-5827 BN 0-8031-2410-4 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1997 VL 1321 BP 263 EP 279 DI 10.1520/STP12312S PG 17 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA BJ51Y UT WOS:A1997BJ51Y00013 ER PT S AU Kenney, KL Reuter, WG Reemsnyder, HS Matlock, DK AF Kenney, KL Reuter, WG Reemsnyder, HS Matlock, DK BE Underwood, JH Macdonald, BD Mitchell, MR TI Fracture initiation by local brittle zones in weldments of quenched and tempered structural alloy steel plate SO FATIGUE AND FRACTURE MECHANICS: 28TH VOL SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th National Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics CY JUN 25-27, 1996 CL SARATOGA SPRINGS, NY SP ASTM Comm E 08 Fatigue & Fracture, USA Res Off DE Local brittle Zone (LBZ); Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ); Unaltered Coarse-Grain Heat-Affected Zone (UACGHAZ); Fine-Grain Heat-Affected Zone (FGHAZ); Intercritically-Reheated Coarse-Grain Heat-Affected Zone (IRCGHAZ); Subcritically-Reheated Coarse-Grain Heat-Affected Zone (SRCGHAZ); Crack-Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) AB The heat-affected zone (HAZ) embrittlement of an API 2Y Grade 50T quenched and tempered offshore structural steel plate, welded by the submerged-are process at a heat input of 4.5 kJ/mm, was investigated from the viewpoint of identifying the local brittle zone (LBZ) microstructure and the metallurgical factors associated with its formation. Microstructural and fractographic analysis showed the LBZ microstructure to be dual phase martensite-austenite (M-A) constituent. The formation of M-A constituent was found to be related to microstructural banding of the hot-rolled base plate. When the banded base plate was welded, M-A constituent formed only within the band microstructure which penetrated the intercritically-reheated coarse-grain HAZ (IRCGHAZ). The chemistry of the band microstructure in conjunction with the thermal cycle of the IRCGHAZ provided the critical conditions for the formation of M-A constituent in the API 2Y Grade 50T steer investigated. The influence of local brittle zones (i.e., M-A constituent) on the HAZ fracture toughness was evaluated by means of Crack-Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) tests. These tests showed the steel to suffer embrittlement when the fatigue precrack sampled an intercritically-reheated coarse-grain HAZ which contained M-A constituent, confirming that M-A constituent is the major microstructural factor controlling the HAZ toughness of this particular steel. RP Kenney, KL (reprint author), IDAHO NATL ENGN LAB,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83415, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 SN 1071-5827 BN 0-8031-2410-4 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1997 VL 1321 BP 427 EP 449 DI 10.1520/STP12323S PG 23 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA BJ51Y UT WOS:A1997BJ51Y00024 ER PT S AU Keeney, JA Bass, BR McAfee, WJ AF Keeney, JA Bass, BR McAfee, WJ BE Underwood, JH Macdonald, BD Mitchell, MR TI Fracture assessment of weld material from a full-thickness clad RPV shell segment SO FATIGUE AND FRACTURE MECHANICS: 28TH VOL SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th National Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics CY JUN 25-27, 1996 CL SARATOGA SPRINGS, NY SP ASTM Comm E 08 Fatigue & Fracture, USA Res Off DE reactor pressure vessel; full-thickness clad beams; shallow-crack; single-edge notch bend specimens; constraint; eta-factor method; J-Q methodology; crack-tip stress triaxiality; precleavage tearing; continuum damage models AB Fracture analysis techniques were evaluated through applications to full-thickness clad beam specimens containing shallow cracks in material for which metallurgical conditions are prototypic of those found in reactor pressure vessels (RPVs) at beginning of life. The beam specimens were fabricated from a section of an RPV wall (removed from a canceled nuclear plant) that includes weld, plate, and clad material. Metallurgical factors potentially influencing fracture toughness for shallow cracks in the beam specimens include gradients of material properties and residual stresses due to welding and cladding applications. Fracture toughness estimates were obtained from load vs load-line displacement and load vs crack-mouth-opening displacement data using finite-element techniques and estimation schemes based on the eta-factor method. One of the beams experienced a significant amount of precleavage stable ductile tearing. Effects of precleavage tearing on estimates of fracture toughness were investigated using continuum damage models. Fracture toughness results from the clad beam specimens were compared with other deep-and shallow-crack single-edge notch bend (SENB) data generated previously from A 533 Grade B plate material. The range of scatter for the clad beam data is consistent with that from the laboratory-scale SENB specimens tested at the same temperature. RP Keeney, JA (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,POB 2009,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 SN 1071-5827 BN 0-8031-2410-4 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1997 VL 1321 BP 485 EP 498 DI 10.1520/STP12326S PG 14 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA BJ51Y UT WOS:A1997BJ51Y00027 ER PT J AU Tombolini, R Unge, A Davey, ME deBruijn, FJ Jansson, JK AF Tombolini, R Unge, A Davey, ME deBruijn, FJ Jansson, JK TI Flow cytometric and microscopic analysis of GFP-tagged Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE flow cytometry; green fluorescent protein (GFP); genetically modified microorganism (GMM); marker gene ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GENE-EXPRESSION; PROTEIN; MARKER; CELLS; SOIL; MICROORGANISMS; LUCIFERASE; TRANSPOSON; RESISTANCE AB The gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria was assembled into an expression cassette for bacteria by fusing it to the T7 gene10 ribosome binding site and the strong, constitutive promoter PpsbA from Amaranthus hybridus. By using Tn5-based transposon delivery systems, Pseudomanas fluorescens bacteria were chromosomally tagged with gfp. We demonstrate that expression of a single copy gfp gene is sufficient to permit the visualization of bacteria by epifluorescence and laser confocal microscopy and detection by flow cytometry. The green fluorescent phenotype was detectable in all growth phases even under nutrient-limited conditions. C1 UNIV STOCKHOLM,ARRHENIUS LABS NAT SCI,DEPT BIOCHEM,S-10691 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,NSF,CTR MICROBIAL ECOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DOE,PLANT RES LAB,E LANSING,MI 48824. NR 37 TC 133 Z9 149 U1 3 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 22 IS 1 BP 17 EP 28 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1997.tb00352.x PG 12 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA WF953 UT WOS:A1997WF95300002 ER PT J AU Scott, JF Ross, FM AF Scott, JF Ross, FM TI New results on layer-structure perovskite ferroelectric thin-film memories SO FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd European Meeting on the Applications of Polar Dielectrics CY AUG 26-29, 1996 CL BLED, SLOVENIA SP J Stefan Inst, Univ Ljubljana, Dept Phys ID FATIGUE; MODEL AB An up-date is presented on the use of ferroelectric thin films for the active memory element in nonvolatile random access memories (FRAMs) and as passive capacitors in dynamic random access memories (DRAMs). Emphasis is placed on device physics problems, including optimum choice of ferroelectric materials, electroding, leakage current, breakdown, fatigue, and scaling to submicron cell size. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Scott, JF (reprint author), UNIV NEW S WALES,SYDNEY,NSW 2052,AUSTRALIA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0015-0193 J9 FERROELECTRICS JI Ferroelectrics PY 1997 VL 201 IS 1-4 BP 43 EP 53 DI 10.1080/00150199708228352 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA YH271 UT WOS:A1997YH27100006 ER PT J AU Patrizio, P VanHummelen Wyrobek, AJ AF Patrizio, P VanHummelen Wyrobek, AJ TI Epididymal sperm aneuploidy frequencies in men with congenital and acquired obstructive azoospermia. SO FERTILITY AND STERILITY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV PENN,DEPT OBSTET GYNECOL,DIV HUMAN REPROD,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,BIOL & BIOTECHNOL RES PROGRAM,LIVERMORE,CA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE PI BIRMINGHAM PA 1209 MONTGOMERY HIGHWAY, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35216-2809 SN 0015-0282 J9 FERTIL STERIL JI Fertil. Steril. PY 1997 SU S BP P046 EP P046 PG 2 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA XY160 UT WOS:A1997XY16000230 ER PT J AU Friar, JL AF Friar, JL TI Dimensional power counting in nuclei SO FEW-BODY SYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID CHIRAL PERTURBATION-THEORY; EFFECTIVE-FIELD THEORY; 3-NUCLEON FORCES; ENERGY-LEVELS; LIGHT-NUCLEI; LAGRANGIANS; MODEL; POTENTIALS; SCATTERING; DEUTERON AB Weinberg's dimensional power counting for nuclei is reprised in this primer. The role of QCD and chiral symmetry in constructing effective Lagrangians is discussed. The two-scale hypothesis of Manohar and Georgi is combined with power counting in amplitudes to shed light on the scales of nuclear kinetic and potential energies, the size of strong-interaction coupling constants, the size of meson-exchange currents, and the relative sizes of many-nucleon forces. Numerous examples are worked out and compared to conventional nuclear models. RP Friar, JL (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB, DIV THEORET, MS B283, LOS ALAMOS, NM 87545 USA. NR 73 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7963 EI 1432-5411 J9 FEW-BODY SYST JI Few-Body Syst. PY 1997 VL 22 IS 4 BP 161 EP 192 DI 10.1007/s006010050059 PG 32 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA YL328 UT WOS:A1997YL32800001 ER PT J AU Waters, LC Palausky, MA Counts, RW Jenkins, RA AF Waters, LC Palausky, MA Counts, RW Jenkins, RA TI Performance of commercially available immunoassay-based field test kits for petroleum fuel hydrocarbons in soil SO FIELD ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE immunoassay; petroleum fuel hydrocarbons; soil analysis AB On-site field analytical methods have the potential to reduce the time and cost of assessing and remediating hazardous waste sites. Immunoassay-based methods are rapidly becoming a significant component in the arsenal of field analytical methods. However, the full potential of such alternative analytical methods will not be realized until their effectiveness has been experimentally validated. In this study, the performance of two immunoassay-based test kits for the analysis of petroleum fuel hydrocarbons in Soil was evaluated. One kit was used in a semiquantitative format, the other in a quantitative format. The samples analyzed were either solvent or soil spiked with either a mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the three isomers of xylene (BTEX), or gasoline. Of the 50 assays made with the semiquantitative test, 5 were false positives and 1 was a false negative. A soil matrix effect was observed that could account for false-positive results. Experimental results obtained with the use of the quantitative test with the BTEX mixture (68 assays) correlated well with expected results; R-2 values of 0.976-0.983 and slopes of 0.94-0.97 were obtained. With gasoline (38 assays), R-2 values of 0.957-0.987 and slopes of 0.76-0.78 were obtained. The lower slopes obtained with gasoline are indicative of the lower immunoreactivity of that particular sample of gasoline relative to the BTEX mixture. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM & ANALYT SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,COMP SCI & MATH DIV,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 1086-900X J9 FIELD ANAL CHEM TECH JI Field Anal. Chem. Technol. PY 1997 VL 1 IS 3 BP 135 EP 144 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1997)1:3<135::AID-FACT3>3.0.CO;2-W PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation GA WY382 UT WOS:A1997WY38200003 ER PT J AU Waters, LC Palausky, A Counts, RW Jenkins, RA AF Waters, LC Palausky, A Counts, RW Jenkins, RA TI Experimental evaluation of two field test kits for the detection of PAHs by immunoassay SO FIELD ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE immunoassay; polyaromatic hydrocarbons; soil analysis AB Immunoassay-based field analytical methods are rapidly gaining acceptance by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for use in site characterization and remediation. Many analysts, accustomed to using traditional laboratory methods, are reluctant to use immunochemical technology until they are convinced of its effectiveness. Therefore, it is important that experiences with using alternative technologies be shared with the analytical community. In this study, two immunoassay-based field test kits for polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated. One was used in a quantitative format, the other in a semiquantitative format. Samples spiked with a commercial PAH mixture or creosote and field samples including soil and coal-derived liquids were analyzed. For the most effective use of the method, it is important to know the relative response factors (RRFs) for test ana-lytes relative to the kit standards. RRFs for creosote-spiked soil were about 2.3 and 0.11 for the quantitative and semiquantitative tests, respectively. This 20-fold difference in RRF between the two kits held for all the different samples tested and reflects the different antibodies and reference compounds used in the two tests. Potential problems with the integrity of the kit standards, which could significantly affect the interpretation of the test results, are discussed. Recovery of the PAH mixture and creosote from soil ranged from 75 to 90%. The specificity of a third test kit for carcinogenic PAHs was verified with the coal-derived liquids. Overall, both kits gave accurate and reproducible results and were judged to be effective tests for the analysis of PAH contaminated samples. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM & ANALYT SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV MATH & COMP SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. NR 11 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 1086-900X J9 FIELD ANAL CHEM TECH JI Field Anal. Chem. Technol. PY 1997 VL 1 IS 4 BP 227 EP 238 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1997)1:4<227::AID-FACT5>3.0.CO;2-S PG 12 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation GA XK469 UT WOS:A1997XK46900005 ER PT J AU Aldstadt, JH Batson, CH Martin, AF Erickson, MD Costanza, MS Foster, MBJ James, TR Doskey, PV AF Aldstadt, JH Batson, CH Martin, AF Erickson, MD Costanza, MS Foster, MBJ James, TR Doskey, PV TI Development and preliminary evaluation of a cone penetrometer-based method for In situ determination of volatile organic compounds in groundwater SO FIELD ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE volatile organic compounds; cone penetrometer; in situ analysis ID FLUORESCENCE; SYSTEM; CONTAMINATION; AQUIFER AB We report the development of an in situ method for quantitatively determining complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at low levels in groundwater formations, The method is based on the use of a novel in situ groundwater collection and sample purging device that is integrated into a cone penetrometer testing (CPT) push rod, This device, the QVAC (quantitative volatiles analysis for cone penetrometry), is used for quantitatively measuring complex mixtures of VOCs in groundwater at regulatory levels, A breadboard prototype QVAC probe made of stainless steel was tested in the laboratory to identify the optimal design parameters for a CPT-scale version, A full-scale prototype QVAC probe was integrated within a CPT push rod, with the use of miniature valves and a conductivity-based level sensor to accurately sample and purge a 5.0-ml groundwater sample, Following transfer of the VOCs through thermostated stainless-steel tubing to the sorbent trap at the surface, on-line thermal desorption/gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection is performed, We report the design of the probe, optimization of the operational protocol, and the results of laboratory and initial field testing in which the precision, carryover, and calibration sensitivity were examined. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV ENVIRONM RES,ARGONNE,IL 60439. ARGONNE NATL LAB,TECHNOL DEV DIV,ARGONNE,IL 60439. NR 39 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 1086-900X J9 FIELD ANAL CHEM TECH JI Field Anal. Chem. Technol. PY 1997 VL 1 IS 4 BP 239 EP 247 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1997)1:4<239::AID-FACT6>3.0.CO;2-Q PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation GA XK469 UT WOS:A1997XK46900006 ER PT J AU Wise, MB Thompson, CV Merriweather, R Guerin, MR AF Wise, MB Thompson, CV Merriweather, R Guerin, MR TI Review of direct MS analysis of environmental samples SO FIELD ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE direct sampling MS; fast analysis; targeted analysis; volatile organics; air; water; soil ID INTRODUCTION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MULTIPLE LINEAR-REGRESSION; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; MATRIX ALGEBRA; ONLINE; WATER; SPRAY; AIR AB Direct sampling mass spectrometry (DSMS) is an increasingly popular technique for rapid and sensitive measurement of organic pollutants in air, water, soil, and wastes. Detection limits are typically in the range of 1 ppb for volatile organic compounds (VOCs in water) with little or no sample preparation required and sample analysis times of less than 3 min. Despite the fast sample analysis time and consequent large sample throughput capability, there are numerous situations that would benefit from the ability to continuously monitor the concentration of targeted VOCs in real time. These include incinerator stack emissions, industrial wastewater streams, chemical process streams, vent emissions, exhaust emissions, groundwater and soil remediation process systems, waste-site off gas during remediation, fugitive emissions, hazardous workplace atmospheres, and soil gas analysis with the use of a dynamic depth profiling probe such as a cone penetrometer. During the past year, several pilot studies have been conducted with a DSMS field instrument for various real-time continuous monitoring applications. These studies have included the monitoring of VOCs in an incinerator stack, monitoring of VOCs in pilot-scale photolytic groundwater remediation systems, measurement of automobile exhaust in a moving vehicle, soil gas measurements in conjunction with a cone penetrometer, and in situ measurement of VOCs in groundwater with the use of a special sampling probe. In each instance, the DSMS instrument was configured with special sampling probes that extracted the VOCs from the sample matrix and transported them through an appropriate transfer line into a direct capillary restrictor interface to the ion trap. Targeted compounds were monitored based on unique peaks in the electron impact and proton transfer chemical ionization mass spectra. The real-time detection limits for VOCs in aqueous systems are in the range of 1 ppb, and in gaseous streams detection limits are in the range of approximately 10 ppb by volume. Temporal resolution ranges up to a maximum of 10 full-scan mass spectra per second, which provides the ability to monitor transient events in a sample stream that might be missed by discrete sample collection and analysis. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM & ANALYT SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. NR 114 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 20 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 1086-900X J9 FIELD ANAL CHEM TECH JI Field Anal. Chem. Technol. PY 1997 VL 1 IS 5 BP 251 EP 276 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1997)1:5<251::AID-FACT2>3.0.CO;2-X PG 26 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation GA XR327 UT WOS:A1997XR32700002 ER PT B AU Aull, JE AF Aull, JE GP AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC TI Use of historical trending in the validation of hazardous waste site monitoring data SO FIELD ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES AND TOXIC CHEMICALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Specialty Conference on Field Analytical Methods for Hazardous Wastes and Chemicals CY JAN 29-31, 1997 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA AB The Savannah River Site is a large nuclear weapons facility with over 2500 monitoring wells with an annual load of over 300,000 samples. Data are verified and validated using a program that performs routine data format checks as well as a statistical check on whether results fall within the expected range based on a trend of previous values. For analytical data, a linear fit of the previous eight sampling events is calculated along with a predicted value and confidence interval. If the result is outside the confidence interval for a linear fit,then a quadratic fit is attempted and any value outside of the quadratic fit confidence interval is flagged as an anomaly. The algorithm takes into account 90th percentile detection limits and dilution factors. When there is not enough data on a well to predict a trend, the algorithm uses data from all wells that are in same well group. Use of this historical trending algorithm has provided tremendous improvement over the previous method of performing the historical check. False anomaly indications have been reduced by roughly 60%. C1 Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. RP Aull, JE (reprint author), Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Bldg 773-42A,Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 173 EP 182 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL51T UT WOS:000075753900016 ER PT B AU Blair, DS Morrison, DJ AF Blair, DS Morrison, DJ GP AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC TI Implementation of a fully automated process purge-and-trap gas chromatograph at an environmental remediation site SO FIELD ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES AND TOXIC CHEMICALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Specialty Conference on Field Analytical Methods for Hazardous Wastes and Chemicals CY JAN 29-31, 1997 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA AB The AQUASCAN, a commercially available, fully automated purge-and-trap gas chromatograph from Sentex Systems Inc. (Ridgefield, N.J), was implemented and evaluated as an in-field, automated monitoring system of contaminated groundwater at an active DOE remediation site in Pinellas, FL. Though the AQUASCAN is designed as a stand alone process analytical unit, implementation at this site required additional hardware. The hardware included a sample dilution system and a method for delivering standard solution to the gas chromatograph for automated calibration. As a result of the evaluation the system was determined to be a reliable and accurate instrument. The AQUASCAN reported concentration values for methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, and toluene in the Pinellas ground water were within 20% of reference laboratory values. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Environm Characterizat & Monitoring Syst Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Blair, DS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Environm Characterizat & Monitoring Syst Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 263 EP 279 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL51T UT WOS:000075753900027 ER PT B AU Atkinson, DA Jenkins, TF AF Atkinson, DA Jenkins, TF GP AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC TI Field screening of soils contaminated with explosives using ion mobility spectrometry SO FIELD ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES AND TOXIC CHEMICALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Specialty Conference on Field Analytical Methods for Hazardous Wastes and Chemicals CY JAN 29-31, 1997 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA AB This study involved the comparison of IMS screening with EPA's standard method for explosives, Method 8330. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers provided a large number of soil samples that had been collected from three locations at each of three explosive contaminated installations. The samples had been dried, ground, homogenized and analyzed in duplicate by Method 8330. Duplicate two gram aliquots of these samples were extracted with 10 mt of acetone by shaking for three minutes, allowed to settle, then analyzed by IMS for Method 8330 compounds. Half of the extracts from one location have also been analyzed in duplicate by IMS for TNT. Results from TNT contaminated soils look extremely promising. Correlation between IMS and EPA Method 8330 results was very high (r=0.99). Based on these results, the intention is to further develop and evaluate IMS for simultaneously quantifying multiple analytes. IMS throughput and cost per sample makes it an attractive technique. The ultimate objective is to provide adequate validation data to EPA for inclusion of the method as a screening procedure in SW-846. C1 Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol Co, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Atkinson, DA (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol Co, POB 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 308 EP 316 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL51T UT WOS:000075753900031 ER PT B AU Cable, PR Hofstetter, KJ Beals, DM Jones, JD Collins, SL Noakes, JE Spaulding, JD Neary, MP Peterson, R AF Cable, PR Hofstetter, KJ Beals, DM Jones, JD Collins, SL Noakes, JE Spaulding, JD Neary, MP Peterson, R GP AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC TI A remotely operated, Field Deployable Tritium Analysis System for surface and ground water measurement SO FIELD ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES AND TOXIC CHEMICALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Specialty Conference on Field Analytical Methods for Hazardous Wastes and Chemicals CY JAN 29-31, 1997 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA AB A prototype system for the remote, in situ analysis of tritium in surface and ground waters has been developed at the Savannah River Site through the combined efforts of university, private industry, and government laboratory personnel under a project funded by the U. S. Department of Energy. Using automated liquid scintillation counting techniques, the Field Deployable Tritium Analysis System (FDTAS) has been shown in laboratory and field tests to have sufficient sensitivity to measure tritium in water samples at environmental levels (10 Bq/L [similar to 270 pCi/L] for a 100-minute count) on a near-real time basis. The FDTAS consists of a fixed volume sampler (50 mt), an on-line water purification system, and a stop-flow liquid scintillation counter for detecting tritium in the purified sample. All operations are controlled and monitored by a remote computer using standard telephone line modem communications. The FDTAS offers a cost-effective alternative to the expensive and time-consuming methods of field sample collection and laboratory analyses for tritium in contaminated groundwater. C1 Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. RP Cable, PR (reprint author), Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 345 EP 352 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL51T UT WOS:000075753900035 ER PT B AU Dunn, DL Winn, WG Bresnahan, PJ AF Dunn, DL Winn, WG Bresnahan, PJ GP AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC TI Mapping radionuclide distribution in surface sediments using GIS and an underwater HPGe detector SO FIELD ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES AND TOXIC CHEMICALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Specialty Conference on Field Analytical Methods for Hazardous Wastes and Chemicals CY JAN 29-31, 1997 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA AB Gamma-emitting radionuclides in the surface sediments of L Lake were examined in situ with an underwater High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector and further studied by retrieving various sediment samples for analysis by HPGe gamma spectrometry. The predominant man-made radionuclide detected was cesium-137. These measurements were part of a four phase strategy for characterizing L Lake contaminants. The radionuclide distribution data provided by these studies can be directly compared to baseline gamma surveys done in 1985 prior to the lake's completion. All available data were carefully considered in the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that evaluates the consequences of discontinuing river water pumping to the man-made cooling water reservoirs at the Savannah River Site. C1 Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. RP Dunn, DL (reprint author), Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 353 EP 363 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL51T UT WOS:000075753900036 ER PT B AU Roney, T White, T Galbraith, S Pink, B AF Roney, T White, T Galbraith, S Pink, B GP AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC TI Uses of x-ray radiographic and tomographic methods for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of waste SO FIELD ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES AND TOXIC CHEMICALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Specialty Conference on Field Analytical Methods for Hazardous Wastes and Chemicals CY JAN 29-31, 1997 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA AB Recent advances in radiographic and tomographic hardware, digital processing hardware, image processing and analysis software, coupled with applications of long-standing inspection methods used in other applications (medical and industrial) may enhance the ability for inspection agents and radiography operators to determine and quantify container contents. The majority of development work in the area of radiographic and tomographic waste inspection to date has emphasized only hardware development of the source and detector, and image display. As the volume of data and data quality improves, new methods of handling and interpreting the information must be developed. This paper will present a summary of recent developments in x-ray radiographic and tomographic methods for waste container inspection and emphasize the use of data derived from these methods to improve interpretations for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and nondestructive assay (NDA) The emphasis will be on transuranic and mixed wastes from the DOE complex including 55-gallon drums, boxes of various sizes, and conveyor systems. Following a brief survey of developments throughout the waste inspection community, we will describe several recent efforts at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) to advance the state of the art in waste inspection through x-ray imaging. Real time digital image enhancements to analog RTR images, digital acquisition and processing of single digital radiographic projection images, identification and quantification of materials; enhanced image display techniques, and rapid tomographic data acquisition will be presented. C1 Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol Co, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Roney, T (reprint author), Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Lockheed Martin Idaho Technol Co, POB 1625,MS 2209, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 364 EP 372 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL51T UT WOS:000075753900037 ER PT B AU Lucero, DP Ilgner, RH Smith, RR Jenkins, RA AF Lucero, DP Ilgner, RH Smith, RR Jenkins, RA GP AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC TI Subsurface fluids screening by an analytical system employing a diffusion-limited and implantable sampling module deployable with a cone penetrometer SO FIELD ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES AND TOXIC CHEMICALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Specialty Conference on Field Analytical Methods for Hazardous Wastes and Chemicals CY JAN 29-31, 1997 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA AB An analytical system employing a diffusion-limited sampling module and a direct sampling ion trap for quantitative assessment of subsurface fluids was developed and field tested. The sampling module is deployable with a cone penetrometer. It can be retrieved and/or remain as an implant for an indefinite time period. The device geometry, comprised of two planar membranes enclosing a diffusion cell, provides good implant ruggedness and reliable service in the field. Also, the sampling module is protected within a push pipe housing to extend implant service life. Subsurface volatile organic compound (VOC) vapors, in nanoliter amounts, diffuse through the sampler membrane wall by a diffusion-limited process that is independent of the soil permeability. Sample vapors are transported to the surface for analysis by direct sampling ion trap, or other analytical devices, Metered pressurized or reduced pressure transport (carrier) gas is utilized for sample transport to the surface. The vapors obtained are a function only of the fluid partial pressure and the vapor conductance of the sampler, Thus, quantitative analytical data is obtained regardless of soil conditions. The sampling module was deployed in the field at Dover Air Force Base at depths of 5 to 8.5 feet by the US Army Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS). Relatively small 1.75 inch diameter push pipe and the relatively small vapor samples extracted cause minimal soil disturbance which preserves the integrity of the sampler subsurface surroundings. Analytical results were obtained for the system sampler operating in real time and as an implant where equilibrium was obtained between sampler interior and the external surroundings. Results in the real time and implant mode correlated to within 10%. The utility of the entire analytical system, deployed with a US Army cone penetrometer, was satisfactorily demonstrated. No plugging of the membranes, calibration gas ports, or transport gas ports was noted during field implantations. More field applications are required to more conclusively demonstrate implant utility for more widespread applications including ground water analysis. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Lucero, DP (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, POB 2008,Mail Stop 6120, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 518 EP 529 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL51T UT WOS:000075753900053 ER PT S AU Butler, JN AF Butler, JN BE DOlivo, JC KleinKreisler, M Mendez, H TI Spectroscopy and decays of charm and bottom SO FIRST LATIN AMERICAN SYMPOSIUM ON HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS AND VII MEXICAN SCHOOL OF PARTICLES AND FIELDS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Mexican School of Particles and Fields (VII-EMPC) / 1st Latin-American Symposium of High Energy Physics (I-SILAFAE) CY OCT 30-NOV 06, 1996 CL MERIDA, MEXICO SP Ctr Investigac & Estudios Avanzados IPN, CLAF, CLAF Mexico, Consejo Nacl Cienc & Tecnol, UNESCO, Univ Nacl Auton Mexico AB After a brief review of the quark model, we discuss ou present knowledge of the spectroscopy of charm and bottom mesons and baryons. We go on to review the lifetimes, semileptonic, and purely leptonic decays of these particles. We conclude with a brief discussion B and D mixing and rare decays. RP Butler, JN (reprint author), FERMILAB NATL ACCELERATOR LAB,POB 500,BATAVIA,IL 60510, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-686-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 400 BP 3 EP 56 DI 10.1063/1.53242 PG 54 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BJ69U UT WOS:A1997BJ69U00001 ER PT S AU Hojvat, C AF Hojvat, C BE DOlivo, JC KleinKreisler, M Mendez, H TI The Pierre Auger Observatory SO FIRST LATIN AMERICAN SYMPOSIUM ON HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS AND VII MEXICAN SCHOOL OF PARTICLES AND FIELDS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Mexican School of Particles and Fields (VII-EMPC) / 1st Latin-American Symposium of High Energy Physics (I-SILAFAE) CY OCT 30-NOV 06, 1996 CL MERIDA, MEXICO SP Ctr Investigac & Estudios Avanzados IPN, CLAF, CLAF Mexico, Consejo Nacl Cienc & Tecnol, UNESCO, Univ Nacl Auton Mexico AB The Pierre Auger Observatory is an international collaboration for the detailed study of the highest energy cosmic rays. The Observatory will operate at two similar sites, one in the northern hemisphere and one in the southern hemisphere. Important contributors to this effort are institutions in latin american countries. The Observatory is designed to collect a statistically significant data set of events with energies greater than 10(19) eV and with equal exposures for the northern and southern skies. RP Hojvat, C (reprint author), FERMILAB NATL ACCELERATOR LAB,POB 500,BATAVIA,IL 60510, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-686-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 400 BP 175 EP 180 DI 10.1063/1.53255 PG 6 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BJ69U UT WOS:A1997BJ69U00011 ER PT S AU Ohlberg, DAA Talin, AA Felter, TE Givargizov, EI AF Ohlberg, DAA Talin, AA Felter, TE Givargizov, EI BE Hatalis, MK Kanicki, J Summers, CJ Funada, F TI Emission characteristics of arrays of diamond-coated silicon tips SO FLAT PANEL DISPLAY MATERIALS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Flat Panel Display Materials II, at the 1996 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 08-12, 1996 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Xerox Co, IBM, SHARP AB The electron emission behavior of diamond-coated silicon whisker arrays was examined with a point-probe scanner and compared with the behavior of uncoated silicon whiskers as well as with diamond crystallites on a flat Si surface. Emission in all cases was inhomogeneous, and the emission site density was less than the whisker density. Both the diamond-coated and uncoated whiskers displayed a distribution of turn-on fields which peaked at around 10 V/mu, but the uncoated whiskers were observed to burn out if emission outputs exceeded 0.3 mu A. RP Ohlberg, DAA (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-327-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 424 BP 393 EP 397 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BH30A UT WOS:A1997BH30A00059 ER PT S AU Vanheusden, K Warren, WL Seager, CH Tallant, DR Caruso, J HampdenSmith, MJ Kodas, TT AF Vanheusden, K Warren, WL Seager, CH Tallant, DR Caruso, J HampdenSmith, MJ Kodas, TT BE Hatalis, MK Kanicki, J Summers, CJ Funada, F TI Nature of the green luminescent center in zinc oxide SO FLAT PANEL DISPLAY MATERIALS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Flat Panel Display Materials II, at the 1996 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 08-12, 1996 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Xerox Co, IBM, SHARP AB We apply a number of complementary characterization techniques including electron paramagnetic resonance, optical absorption, and photoluminescence spectroscopies to characterize a wide range of different ZnO phosphor powders. We generally observe a good correlation between the 510-nm green emission intensity and the density of paramagnetic isolated oxygen vacancies. In addition, both quantities are found to peak at a free-carrier concentration n(e), of about 1.4 x 10(18) cm(-3). We also find that the green emission intensity can be strongly influenced by free-carrier depletion at the particle surface, especially for small particles and/or low doping. Our data suggest that the green PL in ZnO phosphors is due to the recombination of electrons in singly occupied oxygen vacancies with photoexcited holes in the valence band. RP Vanheusden, K (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-327-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 424 BP 433 EP 438 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BH30A UT WOS:A1997BH30A00066 ER PT S AU Moss, TS Springer, RW Peachey, NM Dye, RC AF Moss, TS Springer, RW Peachey, NM Dye, RC BE Hatalis, MK Kanicki, J Summers, CJ Funada, F TI Investigation of the nucleation and growth of thin-film phosphors SO FLAT PANEL DISPLAY MATERIALS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Flat Panel Display Materials II, at the 1996 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 08-12, 1996 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Xerox Co, IBM, SHARP AB The deposition of CaGa2S4:Ce has been accomplished using a commercial Liquid delivery system on two substrate surfaces: ZnS and SrS. However, the film deposited on ZnS was not of satisfactory quality because of the formation of an amorphous layer and a high amount of residual porosity within the deposition. The use of a SrS layer on top of the ZnS improved the nucleation by reducing the interfacial energy between the substrate and deposition. It greatly reduced the porosity in the coating and reduced the formation of the amorphous layer. The crystallinity of the CaGa2S4 400 peak was also increased by a factor of ten when a layer of SrS was used. Further, FWHM of the 400 peaks from the two depositions was not significantly different, indicating that the crystallite size and strain was approximately the same. The B-40 was increased by a factor of two, from 1.84 cd/m(2) for ZnS to 3.67 cd/m(2) for SrS. This increase is an improvement in the performance of the films and is attributable to the increase in the crystallinity. RP Moss, TS (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,MS E549,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-327-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 424 BP 459 EP 464 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BH30A UT WOS:A1997BH30A00069 ER PT S AU Jankowski, AF Hayes, JP AF Jankowski, AF Hayes, JP BE Fulks, RT Parsons, GN Slobodin, DE Yuzuriha, TH TI Sputter deposition of nanocones for field emission SO FLAT PANEL DISPLAY MATERIALS III SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Flat Panel Display Materials and Large-Area Processes, at the 1997 MRS Spring Meeting CY MAR 31-APR 03, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Appl Komatsu Technol, Corning Inc, Dow Chem Co, dpiX, Eastman Kodak Co, Sharp Microelectr Technol Inc, Xerox Corp AB Deposition into micron-sized holes is known to produce cone shapes as supported on substrates. Potential uses for the cones include field-forming devices as field ionizers and field emission cathodes. The application of such devices include flat panel displays and flash x-ray tubes. Process iterations to closely space arrays of sharp cones have been extensively documented during the past two decades using the physical vapor deposition method of evaporation. Sputter deposition is well known as a method to fill holes and trenches but has only recently been demonstrated as an alternative method to produce field emission cathodes. In a further reduction in size, we have been successful in demonstrating the ability to deposit a cone shape into a cavity with a 300nm diameter hole. Through comparison to the results of electron-beam evaporative deposition, a sputter deposited nanocone appears to be suitable for use as a field emission cathode. RP Jankowski, AF (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,POB 808,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-375-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 471 BP 237 EP 240 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BJ69K UT WOS:A1997BJ69K00035 ER PT S AU Seager, CH Warren, WL Tallant, DR AF Seager, CH Warren, WL Tallant, DR BE Fulks, RT Parsons, GN Slobodin, DE Yuzuriha, TH TI Surface charging of phosphors and its effects on cathodoluminescence at low electron energies SO FLAT PANEL DISPLAY MATERIALS III SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Flat Panel Display Materials and Large-Area Processes, at the 1997 MRS Spring Meeting CY MAR 31-APR 03, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Appl Komatsu Technol, Corning Inc, Dow Chem Co, dpiX, Eastman Kodak Co, Sharp Microelectr Technol Inc, Xerox Corp AB Measurements of the threshold for secondary electron emission and shifts of the carbon Auger line position have been used to deduce the surface potential of several common phosphors during irradiation by electrons in the 0.5-5.0 keV range. All of he insulating phosphors display similar behavior: the surface potential is within +/-1 V of zero at low electron energies. However, above 2-3 kV it becomes increasingly negative, reaching hundreds of volts within 1 keV of the turn-on energy. The electron energy at which this charging begins decreases dramatically after Coulomb aging at 17 mu A/cm(2) for 30-60 min. Measurements using coincident electron beams at low and high electron energies to control the surface potential were made to investigate the dependence of the cathodoluminescence (CL) process on charging. Initially, the CL from the two beams is identical to the sum of the separate beam responses, but after Coulomb aging large deviations from this additivity are observed. These results indicate that charging has important, detrimental effects on CL efficiency after prolonged e-beam irradiation. Measurements of the electron energy dependence of the CL efficiency before and after Coulomb aging will also be presented, and the implications of these data on the physics of the low-voltage CL process will be discussed. RP Seager, CH (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-375-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 471 BP 277 EP 291 PG 15 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BJ69K UT WOS:A1997BJ69K00042 ER PT B AU Klemm, RA AF Klemm, RA BE Ausloos, M Varlamov, AA TI Fluctuation phenomena in layered superconductors SO FLUCTUATION PHENOMENA IN HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTE SERIES, SUB-SERIES 3, HIGH TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Fluctuation Phenomena in High Critical Temperature Superconducting Ceramics CY AUG 05-09, 1996 CL TRIESTE, ITALY SP NATO RP Klemm, RA (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV MAT SCI,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-4575-4 J9 NATO ASI 3 HIGH TECH PY 1997 VL 32 BP 377 EP 384 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA BJ11Z UT WOS:A1997BJ11Z00031 ER EF