FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Rice, DW Fischer, D Weiss, R Eisenberg, D AF Rice, DW Fischer, D Weiss, R Eisenberg, D TI Fold assignments for amino acid sequences of the CASP2 experiment SO PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND GENETICS LA English DT Article DE protein fold assignment; structure prediction; critical assessment of protein structure prediction ID PROTEIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE; RECOGNITION; SIMILARITIES; PROGRAM AB New and newly extended methods for fold assignment were tested for their abilities to assign folds to amino acid target sequences of unknown three-dimensional structure. These target sequences, released through the CASP2 experiment, are not obviously related to any sequence of known three-dimensional (3D) structure. We assigned 3D folds to target sequences and filed these predictions with CASP2 before their 3D structures were released. The methods tested were (1) Environmental 3D profiles of Bowie and colleagues [Bowie, J.U., Luthy, R., Eisenberg, D. Science 253:164-170, 1991]; (2) A variation of this is termed Directional Profiles; (3) The H3P2 five-dimensional sequence-structure substitution matrix of Rice and Eisenberg [Rice, D., Eisenberg, D.J. Mol. Biol. 267:1026-1037, 1997]; and (4) The Sequence Derived Property methods of Fischer and Eisenberg [Fischer, D., Eisenberg, D. Prot. Sci. 5:947-955, 1996]. When the 3D structures of the sequences were released, 17 of our predictions were evaluated. Of these 17, we assigned high probabilities to 11, of which 9 were correct. Five of these correct predictions were of known 3D structures similar to the targets and four of these were of new folds. The evaluation demonstrated that our methods were effective in assigning the proper fold to more than half of the CASP2 targets with known folds (5/9) and also were able to detect half of the sequences that corresponded to no known folds (4/8). Even when the correct fold is assigned to a sequence, proper alignment of the sequence to the structure remains a challenge. Our methods were able to produce accurate alignments (<1.2 mean residue shift error from the structural alignment) for four of the targets, including the particularly difficult alignment (only 7% residue identity in the structurally aligned regions) of the ferrochelatase sequence to the fold of a periplasmic binding protein. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, DOE, Lab Struct Biol & Mol Med, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Eisenberg, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, DOE, Lab Struct Biol & Mol Med, Inst Mol Biol, POB 951570, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0887-3585 J9 PROTEINS JI Proteins PY 1997 SU 1 BP 113 EP 122 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA YW306 UT WOS:000071920700015 ER PT J AU Zemla, A Venclovas, C Reinhardt, A Fidelis, K Hubbard, TJ AF Zemla, A Venclovas, C Reinhardt, A Fidelis, K Hubbard, TJ TI Numerical criteria for the evaluation of ab initio predictions of protein structure SO PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND GENETICS LA English DT Article DE protein structure prediction; secondary structure prediction; contact prediction; prediction assessment ID SECONDARY STRUCTURE PREDICTION; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; ALGORITHM; HOMOLOGY; PROGRAM AB As part of the CASP2 protein structure prediction experiment, a set of numerical criteria cs ere defined for the evaluation of "ab initio" predictions, The evaluation package comprises a series of electronic submission formats, a submission validator, evaluation software, and a series of scripts to summarize the results for the CASP2 meeting and for presentation via the World Wide Web (WWW). The evaluation package is accessible for use on new predictions via WWW so that results can be compared to those submitted to CASP2, With further input from the community the evaluation criteria are expected to evolve into a comprehensive set of measures capturing the overall quality of a prediction as well as critical detail essential for further development of prediction methods, We discuss present measures, limitations of the current criteria, and possible improvements. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biol & Biotechnol Res Program, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Sanger Ctr, Wellcome Trust, Hinxton, Cambs, England. RP Fidelis, K (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biol & Biotechnol Res Program, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 25 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0887-3585 J9 PROTEINS JI Proteins PY 1997 SU 1 BP 140 EP 150 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA YW306 UT WOS:000071920700019 ER PT J AU Richards, GT Yanny, B Annis, J Newberg, HJM McKay, TA York, DG Fan, XH AF Richards, GT Yanny, B Annis, J Newberg, HJM McKay, TA York, DG Fan, XH TI Quasar photometry with the SDSS monitor telescope SO PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC LA English DT Article ID HIGH-REDSHIFT QUASARS; STELLAR OBJECTS; CATALOG; SYSTEM; STARS AB Photometric data were obtained for a set of known QSOs in five bands with a filter system similar to the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) filter system for the purpose of testing the ability of the SDSS system to separate QSO colors from the colors of the stellar locus. Data were obtained from two similar telescopes and camera systems, and were intercompared. The F stars BD+26 2606 and BD+17 4708 were used as primary standards to set the zero points for the rest of the observed objects. The standard star magnitudes were found to be in reasonable agreement with the theoretically predicted magnitudes, and the QSO colors were well separated from the stellar locus, defined by random stars in the QSO fields. C1 FERMILAB NATL ACCELERATOR LAB,BATAVIA,IL 60510. UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT PHYS,RANDALL LAB 2071,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. PRINCETON UNIV OBSERV,PRINCETON,NJ 08544. RP Richards, GT (reprint author), UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT ASTRON & ASTROPHYS,5640 S ELLIS AVE,CHICAGO,IL 60637, USA. RI McKay, Timothy/C-1501-2009 OI McKay, Timothy/0000-0001-9036-6150 NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 SN 0004-6280 J9 PUBL ASTRON SOC PAC JI Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 109 IS 731 BP 39 EP 46 DI 10.1086/133856 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA WC509 UT WOS:A1997WC50900005 ER PT B AU Lyness, JN AF Lyness, JN BE Boisvert, RF TI Evaluation of minimization software based on performance profile techniques SO QUALITY OF NUMERICAL SOFTWARE - ASSESSMENT AND ENHANCEMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IFIP TC2/WG2.5 Working Conference on the Quality of Numerical Software - Assessment and Enhancement CY JUL 08-12, 1996 CL OXFORD, ENGLAND SP Int Federat Informat Proc, Working Grp 2.5 DE mathematical software; optimization; performance evaluation AB An approach to evaluation of minimization software developed-from the principles of the performance profile is summarized. RP Lyness, JN (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV MATH & COMP SCI,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHAPMAN & HALL PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN BN 0-412-80530-8 PY 1997 BP 152 EP 154 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BH18B UT WOS:A1997BH18B00011 ER PT B AU Gropp, WD AF Gropp, WD BE Boisvert, RF TI Why we couldn't use numerical libraries for PETSc SO QUALITY OF NUMERICAL SOFTWARE - ASSESSMENT AND ENHANCEMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IFIP TC2/WG2.5 Working Conference on the Quality of Numerical Software - Assessment and Enhancement CY JUL 08-12, 1996 CL OXFORD, ENGLAND SP Int Federat Informat Proc, Working Grp 2.5 DE software libraries; interoperability; composition AB This paper discusses difficulties that show up when attempting to use numerical software in complex applications. RP Gropp, WD (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV MATH & COMP SCI,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHAPMAN & HALL PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN BN 0-412-80530-8 PY 1997 BP 249 EP 254 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BH18B UT WOS:A1997BH18B00019 ER PT B AU Bischof, CH AF Bischof, CH BE Boisvert, RF TI Automatic differentiation and numerical software design SO QUALITY OF NUMERICAL SOFTWARE - ASSESSMENT AND ENHANCEMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IFIP TC2/WG2.5 Working Conference on the Quality of Numerical Software - Assessment and Enhancement CY JUL 08-12, 1996 CL OXFORD, ENGLAND SP Int Federat Informat Proc, Working Grp 2.5 DE automatic differentiation; numerical integrators; intrinsics; ADIntrinsics; SparsLinC AB Automatic differentiation (AD) tools can generate accurate and efficient derivative code for computer programs of arbitrary length. In some cases, however, the developer of the code to be differentiated may be required to provide additional information to an AD tool to ensure the desired solution. We illustrate these issues with nondifferentiable language intrinsics such as max() in the context of computing the Euclidean norm and numerical integrators. In both cases, very little additional information is required to ensure that AD computes the ''do-what-I-mean'' derivatives. In addition, the provision of such information makes it easy to derive ''derivative-enhanced'' versions of these codes. RP Bischof, CH (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV MATH & COMP SCI,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHAPMAN & HALL PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN BN 0-412-80530-8 PY 1997 BP 287 EP 299 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BH18B UT WOS:A1997BH18B00024 ER PT B AU Lee, SL Schiesser, WE AF Lee, SL Schiesser, WE BE Boisvert, RF TI Some fundamental limitations of mathematical software revealed by the calculation of spacetime curvature SO QUALITY OF NUMERICAL SOFTWARE - ASSESSMENT AND ENHANCEMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IFIP TC2/WG2.5 Working Conference on the Quality of Numerical Software - Assessment and Enhancement CY JUL 08-12, 1996 CL OXFORD, ENGLAND SP Int Federat Informat Proc, Working Grp 2.5 DE method of lines; PDEs; Einstein field equations; limitations of mathematical software AB The use of library mathematical software will, ideally, provide solutions to problems in science and engineering without the user having to become involved in the details of the software. In practice, some knowledge of the characteristics of the problem is often required to arrive at an acceptable solution. We illustrate this requirement with the solution of the Einstein field equations to calculate spacetime curvature. These equations under certain circumstances can become more difficult to solve with increasing problem time, and eventually cause a failure in the calculations, which we think will occur no matter what mathematical software is used. RP Lee, SL (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,POB 2008,BLDG 6012,ROOM 118,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHAPMAN & HALL PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN BN 0-412-80530-8 PY 1997 BP 345 EP 348 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BH18B UT WOS:A1997BH18B00030 ER PT S AU Buonsanto, MJ Bust, G Clark, R Codrescu, M Crowley, G Emery, BA Fuller-Rowell, TJ Hoogeveen, G Jacobson, A Knipp, D Maurits, S Richards, PG Taylor, JR Watkins, BJ AF Buonsanto, MJ Bust, G Clark, R Codrescu, M Crowley, G Emery, BA Fuller-Rowell, TJ Hoogeveen, G Jacobson, A Knipp, D Maurits, S Richards, PG Taylor, JR Watkins, BJ BE Rawer, K Bilitza, D TI Recent results of the cedar storm study SO QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF IONOSPHERIC STORM EFFECTS AND IRREGULARITIES SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT C4.2 Symposium on Quantitative Description of Ionospheric Storm Effects and Irregularities, at the 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Comm Space Res, Int Union Radio Sci, UN Off Outer Space Affairs ID MAGNETIC STORM; JUNE 1991; POLAR-CAP; THERMOSPHERE; CONVECTION; IONOSPHERE AB The CEDAR storm study is a cooperative effort to study specific storm-intervals with particularly good data coverage. The aim is to involve interested scientists with F-region/thermosphere data or modelling capabilities in coordinated efforts to understand the coupled upper atmosphere regions at different heights and on a global scale. The major storms studied to date occurred in March 1990, June 1991,November 1993, and May 1995. In this paper the objectives and organization of the CEDAR Storm Study are described, and results from several recent projects are reported. These include attempts at a global description of high latitude ion convection related to magnetosphere changes; Joule and particle heating, neutral winds, temperatures, and composition; plasmaspheric irregularity imaging; ionospheric model validation; the relationship between SAR arcs, subauroral ion drift (SAID) events, and the ionospheric trough; high latitude patches and blobs; ionospheric storm effects observed by radio and optical tomographic techniques; upper thermosphere neutral winds at high and middle latitudes; and effects of energy transfer into the lower thermosphere and mesosphere on neutral winds. (C) 1997 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 MIT, Haystack Observ, Westford, MA 01886 USA. Univ Texas, Appl Res Labs, Austin, TX 78713 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Kingsbury ECE, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Space & Atmospher Sci Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. USAF Acad, Dept Phys, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Comp Sci, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. RP Buonsanto, MJ (reprint author), MIT, Haystack Observ, Westford, MA 01886 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043306-5 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1997 VL 20 IS 9 BP 1655 EP 1664 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00569-3 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BK38K UT WOS:000071955500001 ER PT B AU Jaworska, JS Hunter, RS Gobble, JR Schultz, TW AF Jaworska, JS Hunter, RS Gobble, JR Schultz, TW BE Chen, F Schuurmann, G TI Structure-activity relationships for diesters: Aquatic toxicity to Tetrahymena SO QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES - VII SE SETAC SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Workshop on Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships in Environmental Science (QSAR 96) CY JUN 24-28, 1996 CL HELSINGOR, DENMARK AB The modeling of aquatic toxic potency of 35 diesters tested using the static Tetrahymena pyriformis population growth inhibition assay has been investigated. Toxicity was correlated with a number of structural patterns, including the bond type at the carbon atom adjacent to the carbonyl group. The less toxic saturated and non-alpha,beta-unsaturated diesters are believed to act by way of a narcotic-type mechanism. A hydrophobicity, log 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (log K-ow) dependent structure-activity relationship, different from the relationship for baseline toxicity, was developed (log IGC50(-1) = 0.61 (log K-ow)-1.25; n = 20, r(2) = 0.892, s = 0.310, F = 148, Pr > F= 0.0001) for the saturated and non-alpha,beta-unsaturated diesters. While the specific molecular mechanism is not always clear, the more toxic alpha,beta-unsaturated diesters are believed to act as soft electrophiles. An average acceptor superdelocalizability (S-av(n)) dependent structure-activity relationship was developed (log IGC50(-1) = 98.72 (S-av(n)) - 23.79; n = 15, r(2) = 0.861, s = 0.462, F = 80, Pr > F = 0.0001) for the alpha,beta-unsaturated diesters. Efforts to model the toxic potency of all tested diesters using log K-ow and S-av(n) as descriptors failed. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Jaworska, JS (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501 USA BN 1-880611-23-6 J9 SETAC SP P PY 1997 BP 277 EP 283 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Environmental Sciences SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK89E UT WOS:000073813700019 ER PT S AU Chu, CS Ho, PM Zumino, B AF Chu, CS Ho, PM Zumino, B BE tHooft, G Jaffe, A Mack, G Mitter, PK Stora, R TI Some complex quantum manifolds and their geometry SO QUANTUM FIELDS AND QUANTUM SPACE TIME SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES B, PHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Study Institute on Quantum Fields and Quantum Space Time CY JUL 22-AUG 03, 1996 CL CARGESE, FRANCE SP NATO RP Chu, CS (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,THEORET PHYS GRP,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0258-1221 BN 0-306-45697-4 J9 NATO ADV SCI I B-PHY PY 1997 VL 364 BP 281 EP 322 PG 42 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BJ83Z UT WOS:A1997BJ83Z00012 ER PT J AU Abbott, MB Seltzer, GO Kelts, KR Southon, J AF Abbott, MB Seltzer, GO Kelts, KR Southon, J TI Holocene paleohydrology of the tropical Andes from lake records SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID QUELCCAYA ICE CAP; CORDILLERA REAL; BOLIVIA; CLIMATE; PERU; GLACIER AB Two century-scale time series in northern Bolivia constrain the ages of abrupt changes in the physical, geochemical, and biological characteristics of sediments obtained from lakes that formed during deglaciation from the late Pleistocene glacial maximum. The watersheds of Laguna Viscachani (16 degrees 12'S, 68 degrees 07'W, 3780 m) and Lago Taypi Chaka Kkota (16 degrees 13'S, 68 degrees 21'W, 4300 m), located on the eastern and western slopes of the Cordillera Real, respectively, contain small cirque glaciers, A high-resolution chronology of the lake sediments is provided by 23 AMS C-14 dates of discrete macrofossils. Late Pleistocene glaciers retreated rapidly, exposing the lake basins between 10,700 and 9700 C-14 yr B.P. The sedimentary facies suggest that after 8900 C-14 Yr B.P. glaciers were absent from the watersheds and remained so during the middle Holocene. An increase in the precipitation-evaporation balance is indicated above unconformities dated to similar to 2300 C-14 yr B.P. in both Lago Taypi Chaka Kkota and Laguna Viscachani. An abrupt increase in sediment accumulation rates after 1400 C-14 yr B.P. signals the onset of Neoglaciation. A possible link exists between the observed millennial-scale shifts in the regional precipitation-evaporation balance and seasonal shifts in tropical insolation. (C) 1997 University of Washington. C1 SYRACUSE UNIV,DEPT EARTH SCI,HEROY GEOL LAB,SYRACUSE,NY 13244. UNIV MINNESOTA,LIMNOL RES CTR,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,CTR ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY,LIVERMORE,CA 94551. RP Abbott, MB (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,MORRILL SCI CTR,DEPT GEOSCI,BOX 35820,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA. NR 33 TC 88 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 47 IS 1 BP 70 EP 80 DI 10.1006/qres.1996.1874 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA WF126 UT WOS:A1997WF12600008 ER PT J AU Richardson, CA McDonald, EV Busacca, AJ AF Richardson, CA McDonald, EV Busacca, AJ TI Luminescence dating of loess from the northwest United States SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Luminescence and Electron Spin Resonance Dating CY APR 22-26, 1996 CL AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV, CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA HO AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV ID CHANNELED SCABLAND; WASHINGTON-STATE; AGE CALIBRATION; TL; THERMOLUMINESCENCE; PALOUSE; PROGRAM; OREGON; TEPHRA AB Thermoluminescence (TL) and infra-red stimulated luminescence (IRSL) ages have been determined for loess from the Columbia Plateau region of southeast Washington and northeast Oregon, U.S.A. The IRSL ED values and ages appear to be tending towards a maximum level lower than that of the TL ED values and ages. In general, the TL ages are in stratigraphic order and agree well with the ape control, in the form of C-14 and TL dated tephra units derived from various eruptions of Mount St Helens. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP Richardson, CA (reprint author), UNIV WALES,INST EARTH STUDIES,ABERYSTWYTH SY23 3DB,DYFED,WALES. NR 30 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PY 1997 VL 16 IS 3-5 BP 403 EP 415 DI 10.1016/S0277-3791(96)00111-4 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA XG299 UT WOS:A1997XG29900018 ER PT J AU Lomdahl, PS Beazley, DM Zhou, SJ Holian, BL AF Lomdahl, PS Beazley, DM Zhou, SJ Holian, BL TI Molecular dynamics of very large systems SO RADIATION EFFECTS AND DEFECTS IN SOLIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Computer Simulation of Radiation Effects in Solids (COSIRES) CY JUL 22-26, 1996 CL UNIV SURREY, GUILDFORD, ENGLAND SP Danfysik, Silvaco, TMA, IOP, Applied Mat, Univ Surrey HO UNIV SURREY DE molecular dynamics; parallel computing AB We briefly present recent results obtained with our parallel molecular dynamics (MD) code, SPaSM, performing large-scale multi-million atom simulations to study crack blunting and dislocation generation in copper. We also discuss some recent work addressing the problems associated with analyzing and visualizing the data generated from multi-million particle MD simulations. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Lomdahl, PS (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1042-0150 J9 RADIAT EFF DEFECT S JI Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids PY 1997 VL 142 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1080/10420159708211591 PG 7 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 190YM UT WOS:000079992900002 ER PT J AU Robinson, MT AF Robinson, MT TI Attractive interaction potentials and the binary collision approximation SO RADIATION EFFECTS AND DEFECTS IN SOLIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Computer Simulation of Radiation Effects in Solids (COSIRES) CY JUL 22-26, 1996 CL UNIV SURREY, GUILDFORD, ENGLAND SP Danfysik, Silvaco, TMA, IOP, Applied Mat, Univ Surrey HO UNIV SURREY DE collision cascades; scattering integrals; binary collision approximation ID COMPUTER-SIMULATION; CRYSTALLINE; SOLIDS AB The binary collision approximation (BCA) is applied to interatomic potentials with an attractive region surrounding a repulsive core. The evaluation of the collision apsis is modified and the time integral is reformulated. A new program, TABULA, was developed to study different formulations of the BCA and methods of numerical quadrature and to tabulate the scattering integrals and related quantities. TABULA is illustrated by calculations for Moliere and Morse potentials. These show the new time integral equation to be more accurate than the older one. The modifed BCA was installed in a new version of MARLOWE. The increased accuracy reduces the lengths of replacement sequences. Attractive potentials are illustrated by cascade calculations in Au with similar Moliere and Morse potentials. The results show systematic differences related to differences in the potentials and in the kinematics of collisions. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Robinson, MT (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1042-0150 J9 RADIAT EFF DEFECT S JI Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids PY 1997 VL 141 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 19 DI 10.1080/10420159708211552 PG 19 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 190YL UT WOS:000079992800002 ER PT J AU Smith, R King, B Beardmore, K AF Smith, R King, B Beardmore, K TI Molecular dynamics simulation of 0.1-2 keV ion bombardment of Ni{100} SO RADIATION EFFECTS AND DEFECTS IN SOLIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Computer Simulation of Radiation Effects in Solids (COSIRES) CY JUL 22-26, 1996 CL UNIV SURREY, GUILDFORD, ENGLAND SP Danfysik, Silvaco, TMA, IOP, Applied Mat, Univ Surrey HO UNIV SURREY DE molecular dynamics; inelastic losses; sputtering; mixing; damage ID ENERGETIC DISPLACEMENT CASCADES; SURFACE DAMAGE PRODUCTION; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; METALS; NICKEL; NI3AL AB Molecular dynamics simulations are performed of the interaction of energetic 0.1-2 keV Ar ions at normal incidence with Ni{100}. The development of some typical collision cascades are examined in detail and the mechanisms by which the radiation damage occurs is described for both elastic and inelastic collisions cascades. Results are presented on the vacancy, interstitial and adatom formation, the sputtering of atoms and atomic mixing efficiency. These parameters are compared with experiment. C1 Univ Loughborough, Dept Math Sci, Loughborough LE11 3TU, Leics, England. Univ Newcastle, Dept Phys, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, CNLS, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Smith, R (reprint author), Univ Loughborough, Dept Math Sci, Loughborough LE11 3TU, Leics, England. RI Smith, Roger/C-2550-2013 NR 26 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1042-0150 J9 RADIAT EFF DEFECT S JI Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids PY 1997 VL 141 IS 1-4 BP 425 EP + DI 10.1080/10420159708211586 PG 31 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 190YL UT WOS:000079992800036 ER PT J AU Espinosa, G Gammage, RB AF Espinosa, G Gammage, RB TI Long-term radon survey in Mexico City and other regions of the country SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Conference on Nuclear Tracks in Solids CY SEP 01-05, 1996 CL CAIRO, EGYPT DE indoor radon; nuclear track detectors; CR-39 AB A long-term survey for indoor radon is ongoing in Mexico City, Guadalajara, Netzahualcoyotl, Pachuca, Puebla, Queretaro, Tecamachalco, Tehuacan, Tlaxcala, Toluca, Tula, and Zacatecas. The measurement program started six years ago for a national evaluation of indoor radon problems in the non-tropical regions of Mexico. Most of the houses being monitored have permanently open windows. We also gathered information on geology, topography, building materials, architecture, and ventilation systems. Each of these factors can significantly affect indoor radon concentrations. The passive radon detector is a chip of CR-39 polymer in a closed-end cup. This inexpensive device provides high detection efficiency, and does not require highly skilled training for persons engaged in the deployment and retrieval of the devices. The overall costs of a national survey of indoor radon can, therefore, be kept relatively low. A few of the radon levels (up to 260 Bq m(-3)) are of moderate concern for radon-related health effects. The average of the lower radon concentration levels was 50.6 Bq m(-3), which is most probably due to many houses having permanent openings to the outside. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Fis, Mexico City 01000, DF, Mexico. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Espinosa, G (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Fis, Apartado Postal 20364, Mexico City 01000, DF, Mexico. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PY 1997 VL 28 IS 1-6 SI SI BP 663 EP 665 DI 10.1016/S1350-4487(97)00160-1 PG 3 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA YN136 UT WOS:000071136700136 ER PT J AU Espinosa, G Manzanilla, L Gammage, RB AF Espinosa, G Manzanilla, L Gammage, RB TI Radon concentrations in the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Conference on Nuclear Tracks in Solids CY SEP 01-05, 1996 CL CAIRO, EGYPT DE radon exhalation; radon concentration; solid state nuclear track methodology; Teotihuacan pyramid AB Measurements of radon were taken inside the Pyramid of the Sun at the pre-Columbian Teotihuacan site in Mexico. Beneath the Pyramid of the Sun, there is a prehispanic tunnel that was used for ritual ceremonies. We evaluated the radon levels inside this and other tunnels plus tunnels excavated for research purposes by archaeologists. Passive nuclear track detectors were used to measure radon. Measurements were made in winter during the dry season because the tunnels flood in the rainy season. Radon ranged from 70 to 190 Bq m(-3). The radon levels decreased with height above ground level which probably reflects relatively easy escape routes for radon through the loosely stacked volcanic stores in the outer wall covering. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Fis, Mexico City 01000, DF, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Invest Antropol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Espinosa, G (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Fis, Apartado Postal 20364, Mexico City 01000, DF, Mexico. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PY 1997 VL 28 IS 1-6 SI SI BP 667 EP 670 DI 10.1016/S1350-4487(97)00161-3 PG 4 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA YN136 UT WOS:000071136700137 ER PT J AU Gammage, RB Espinosa, G AF Gammage, RB Espinosa, G TI Digital imaging system for track measurements SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Conference on Nuclear Tracks in Solids CY SEP 01-05, 1996 CL CAIRO, EGYPT DE digital image; nuclear tracks in solids; counting system ID DETECTORS; CR-39 AB A digital imaging system (DIS) has been implanted for counting and analysis of nuclear tracks in solids. This system presents advantages in comparison with similar systems. An optical microscope is used for the magnification of the tracks, a Color Camera Digital (CCD), converts the light into an electrical signal. Analog information is sent to the electronic card, digitizing the signal. In this case a Data Translation, Vision EZ(R) card was chosen and the GLOBAL LAB(R) image software was installed in the PC. The system has not only the capability for automatic counting of track densities, as many other commercial and research systems, but also has the capability of track characterization, via the particle diameter determination. The system can digitize tracks from 4 to 100 mu m in diameter, calibrating directly to the reference scale on the objective. Finally, the data measurements are handled by a calculus software for further analysis. The digital image analyzed is simple, easy to operate, and low cost compared with other systems. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Fis, Mexico City 01000, DF, Mexico. RP Gammage, RB (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 14 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PY 1997 VL 28 IS 1-6 SI SI BP 835 EP 838 DI 10.1016/S1350-4487(97)00193-5 PG 4 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA YN136 UT WOS:000071136700169 ER PT J AU Traub, RJ McDonald, JC Murphy, MK AF Traub, RJ McDonald, JC Murphy, MK TI Determination of photon backscatter from several calibration phantoms SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article ID COEFFICIENTS AB The photon backscatter factor for several irradiation phantoms was determined by calculational and experimental methods and compared with a phantom constructed of International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) four-element tissue. Calculations of the photon backscatter factor over the energy range from 10 to 2000 keV were performed using the MCNP 4A code for each of the phantoms. Measurements of the backscatter factor were carried out using a thin-walled ionisation chamber that was exposed to X-ray beams with narrow energy spectra. The calculations and measurements agreed to within uncertainties and demonstrated that the backscatter factors over this energy range for a water-filled phantom recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and a phantom constructed of tissue-equivalent (RS-I) plastic are nearly the same as that of the ICRU tissue reference phantom. Hd Never, the backscatter from a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) phantom was up to about 8% higher. In addition, it was found that a composite phantom of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and PMMA also produced a backscatter factor quite similar to that of the ICRU tissue reference phantom. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Traub, RJ (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN23 1YW SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 1997 VL 74 IS 1-2 BP 13 EP 20 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA ZF022 UT WOS:000072854900003 ER PT J AU Fix, JJ Salmon, L Cowper, G Cardis, E AF Fix, JJ Salmon, L Cowper, G Cardis, E TI A retrospective evaluation of the dosimetry employed in an international combined epidemiological study SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-ENERGY-AUTHORITY; CANCER MORTALITY; NUCLEAR INDUSTRY; IONIZING-RADIATION; WORKERS; UNCERTAINTIES; SELLAFIELD; MORBIDITY; EXPOSURE AB Historical methods and practices for measuring and recording radiation dose were critically reviewed in order to evaluate the comparability of recorded dose in a combined epidemiological study of cancer risk among nuclear industry workers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. The study, co coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, was undertaken to estimate directly the carcinogenic risk following protracted exposure to low levels of radiation. The approach used and the results of the dosimetry evaluation are described. Overall, recorded dose estimates were judged to be comparable across facilities and time for the majority of workers who were exposed predominantly to higher energy (100 keV or more) photons. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Fix, JJ (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Cardis, Elisabeth/C-3904-2017 NR 42 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN23 1YW SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 1997 VL 74 IS 1-2 BP 39 EP 53 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA ZF022 UT WOS:000072854900006 ER PT J AU Hale, RE AF Hale, RE TI Real-time modelling of HFIR accident releases SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Real-Time Computing of the Environmental Consequences of an Accidental Release from a Nuclear Installation CY OCT, 1996 CL ARONSBORG, SWEDEN SP Commiss European Communities, US DOE, Off Emergency Management, Swedish Radiat Protect Inst AB A multitude of variables affect an accurate determination of exposure risk to the public following an accidental release of fission products from a nuclear installation. A rapid estimate of fuel damage, expected mitigating equipment availability, and short-and long-term meteorological forecasts are necessary for emergency response personnel to mitigate the consequences of an accidental release most effectively. Critical analogue and digital plant parameters are monitored, displayed, and archived at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) through a suite of programs developed by the Instrumentation and Controls Division of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. By providing distribution of low-level formatted plant data across a wide area network, these programs allow tremendous flexibility in the development of end-user applications. An Excel spreadsheet has been developed at ORNL that interacts with the HFIR on-line monitoring system (i.e. using Excel's Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) function) to import real-time plant and meteorological variables and create a time history of the pertinent variables necessary for emergency response personnel in off-site decision-making support. The spreadsheet imports raw data in the form of noble gas, iodine and particulate releases, and/or radiation levels, as well as real-time meteorology, stack flow rate, and water pH and from this estimates a core damage fraction as well as expected release rates for the duration of the accident. These estimates are based upon release studies performed using precomputed results from a TRENDS model developed in support of the HFIR FSAR. Through these estimates, the HEIR Accident Release (HAR) spreadsheet allows the results of off-line sophisticated modelling to be used automatically to generate real-time input decks from measured and inferred releases for use in the RASCAL emergency management dose consequence code. The use of this spreadsheet is expected to (1) improve real-time decision making support, especially in the event that an accidental release occurs during the evening hours when many trained technical personnel may be off-site, and (2) provide a readily formatted, archived, time-history of HFIR accident releases for postevent evaluations. An accident simulation that makes online use of the HEIR Monitoring System (HMS) and HAR spreadsheet is presented along with discussion of how these results would be used by emergency response personnel during an accidental release at the HFIR. RP Hale, RE (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,RES REACTORS DIV,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN23 1YW SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 1997 VL 73 IS 1-4 BP 155 EP 157 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA YE677 UT WOS:A1997YE67700035 ER PT J AU Addis, RP AF Addis, RP TI Accuracy or timeliness: A balance in consequence assessments for emergency response SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Real-Time Computing of the Environmental Consequences of an Accidental Release from a Nuclear Installation CY OCT, 1996 CL ARONSBORG, SWEDEN SP Commiss European Communities, US DOE, Off Emergency Management, Swedish Radiat Protect Inst AB Atmospheric models are utilised by most governments to assist in assessing the consequences resulting from the inadvertent release of nuclear materials to the atmosphere. Facilities that have the potential to release large quantities of nuclear materials pose a particular concern due to the transport and dispersion of these materials over great distances. As such, it has long been recognised that there is a very real need for these models to possess a prognostic capability, and thereby provide reasonably accurate forecasts of future wind fields in a timely manner. Many such prognostic models are now available. However, there is a delicate balance between the accuracy of the model output and the timeliness with which the product is delivered to decision makers. This paper presents the problem and discusses the issues facing both the atmospheric modeler and the decision-maker. RP Addis, RP (reprint author), WESTINGHOUSE SAVANNAH RIVER CO,SAVANNAH RIVER TECHNOL CTR,BLDG 773-A,POB 616,AIKEN,SC 29808, USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN23 1YW SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 1997 VL 73 IS 1-4 BP 235 EP 236 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA YE677 UT WOS:A1997YE67700052 ER PT J AU Ellis, JS Lee, RL Sumikawa, DA Sullivan, TJ AF Ellis, JS Lee, RL Sumikawa, DA Sullivan, TJ TI ARAC and its modernisation SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Real-Time Computing of the Environmental Consequences of an Accidental Release from a Nuclear Installation CY OCT, 1996 CL ARONSBORG, SWEDEN SP Commiss European Communities, US DOE, Off Emergency Management, Swedish Radiat Protect Inst AB The Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability (ARAC), located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, has embarked on a multi-year modernisation effort that began over two years ago and is now well under way with full completion expected by the year 2000. The modernisation involves a new computer system, improved three-dimensional diagnostic flow and atmospheric dispersion models, and a completely new mesoscale prognostic atmospheric modelling capability. Terrain representation in the atmospheric transport flow and dispersion models will be continuous rather than the block-terrain representation in the earlier models. A UNIX-based distributed computing architecture will be the underlying framework for the 3-D visualisation tools, interactive graphical user interface applications, communications software, file management, database management, and modelling environment. RP Ellis, JS (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,POB 808 L-103,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN23 1YW SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 1997 VL 73 IS 1-4 BP 241 EP 245 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA YE677 UT WOS:A1997YE67700054 ER PT J AU Ruzer, L Sextro, R AF Ruzer, L Sextro, R TI Measurement of radon decay products in air by alpha and beta spectrometry SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article AB A method for independently measuring the concentrations of Rn-222 decay products collected on a filter is described. The measurements utilise alpha and beta spectroscopy and use a special non-emanating source containing Ra-226 in equilibrium with its decay products for both energy and detection efficiency calibration. Internal conversion electrons from Cs-137 are used to establish the energy calibration for the beta spectrum to distinguish between Pb-214 and Bi-214 decays. The method has been applied to the investigation of self-absorption losses of alpha particles from Rn-222 decay products at different aerosol loading of the filters used to collect the Rn-222 progeny. RP Ruzer, L (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,INDOOR ENVIRONM PROGRAM,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN23 1YW SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 1997 VL 72 IS 1 BP 43 EP 48 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA XQ233 UT WOS:A1997XQ23300006 ER PT J AU Hui, TE Loesch, RM McDonald, JC AF Hui, TE Loesch, RM McDonald, JC TI The second internal dosimetry intercomparison study of the US Department of Energy SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article AB The findings are presented of the second internal dosimetry intercomparison study for the US Department of Energy (DOE), performed in 1995. As in the first intercomparison study, participants were asked to respond to five test exposure scenarios, assess the data provided, and calculate the resulting internal dose. The main difference between this study and the previous one is that test cases in the present study are more closely related to work performed either previously, or currently, at DOE facilities. The test cases cover both tritium and plutonium exposures, including single and multiple intakes, and some also involved chelation treatment. In addition to using test cases based on real exposure data, an artificial case was created using the new lung model described in ICRP Report 66. Six DOE facilities participated in the present study. The results of this study are similar to those found in the previous intercomparison, since they show that the main factors contributing to the Variations in the numerical answers are: interpretation of bioassay and statistical treatment of bioassay data, the biokinetic models applied, and the computational method used. This study, however, further identifies areas that need to be improved to facilitate participation in future intercomparisons, such as improved management commitment for participants' involvement increasing the response time, better presentation of the exposure data, more involvement of the participants in case preparation, and improved instructions to the participants on the amount of information that should be included in the response. C1 PACIFIC NW LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN23 1YW SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 1997 VL 72 IS 2 BP 131 EP 138 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA XZ842 UT WOS:A1997XZ84200007 ER PT J AU Ruzer, LS Sextro, RG AF Ruzer, LS Sextro, RG TI Assessment of very low aerosol concentrations by measuring the unattached fraction of Po-218 SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; RADON DAUGHTERS; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; WIRE SCREENS; EPIPHANIOMETER AB The correlation between the surface area of aerosols and unattached fraction of Po-218 was studied and a simple relationship determined. A method is here proposed to measure small concentrations of aerosol particles, based on this correlation. This method offers an improvement in the uncertainties associated with detection of small aerosol concentrations because it relies on the detection of alpha particles, which can be done with low detection limits. RP UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, ENERGY & ENVIRONM PROGRAM, INDOOR ENVIRONM PROGRAM, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 EI 1742-3406 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 1997 VL 71 IS 2 BP 135 EP 140 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA XB965 UT WOS:A1997XB96500007 ER PT J AU Liu, JC Rokni, S Vylet, V Arora, R Semones, E Justus, A AF Liu, JC Rokni, S Vylet, V Arora, R Semones, E Justus, A TI Neutron detection time distributions of multisphere LiI detectors and AB REM meter at a 20 MeV electron linac SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article AB Neutron detection time distribution is an important factor for the dead-time correction for moderator type neutron detectors used in pulsed radiation fields. Measurements of the neutron detection time distributions of multisphere LiI detectors (2'', 3'', 5'', 8'', 10'' and 12'' in diameter) and an AB rem meter were made inside an ANL 20 MeV electron linac room. Calculations of the neutron detection time distributions were also made using Monte Carlo codes. The first step was to calculate the neutron energy spectra at the target and detector positions, using a coupled EGS4-MORSE code with a giant-resonant photoneutron generation scheme. The calculated detector spectrum was found in agreement with the multisphere measurements. Then, neutrons hitting the detector surface were scored as a function of energy and the travel time in the room using MCNP. Finally, the above neutron fluence as a function of energy and travel time was used as the source term, and the neutrons detected by Li-6 or B-10 in the sensor were scored as a function of detection time for each detector using MCNP. The calculations of the detection time distributions agree with the measurements. The results also show that the detection time distributions of detectors with large moderators depend mainly on the moderator thickness and neutron spectrum. However, for small detectors, the neutron travel time in the field is also crucial. Therefore, all four factors (neutron spectrum, neutron travel time in the field, detector moderator thickness and detector response function) may play inter-related roles in the detection time distributions of moderator type detectors. RP Liu, JC (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR,STANFORD,CA 94309, USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN23 1YW SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 1997 VL 71 IS 4 BP 251 EP 259 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA XK045 UT WOS:A1997XK04500003 ER PT J AU Lucas, JN Hill, FS Burk, CE Lewis, AD Lucas, AK Chen, AM Sailes, FC Straume, T AF Lucas, JN Hill, FS Burk, CE Lewis, AD Lucas, AK Chen, AM Sailes, FC Straume, T TI Dose-response curve for chromosome translocations induced by low dose rate Cs-137 gamma rays SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; RADIATION; FREQUENCY AB A calibration curve for chronic exposure to Cs-137 gamma rays is required for biological dosimetry of individuals exposed in connection with Chemobyl and other radiation accidents involving radiocaesium. Here, chromosome painting was used to measure the frequencies of reciprocal translocations in human lymphocytes following protracted exposures in vitro to 0.29, 0.62, and 0.95 Gy of Cs-137 gamma rays. The exposures were delivered continuously during 48 h. A reliable measure of the linear slope (alpha coefficient) of the dose-response curve was obtained by analysing 18,389 metaphase lymphocytes in the irradiated samples and 25,067 in the controls. The alpha coefficient was measured to be 0.030 +/- 0.003 translocation per cell per Gy when fitting the data with a linear model using a weighted least square method and a very similar 0.029 +/- 0.009 translocation per cell per Gy when fitted with a weighted least square linear-quadratic model. These results provide-a calibration curve for biodosimetry involving protracted or low dose exposures to Cs-137 gamma rays, where the alpha coefficient defines the induced translocation frequency. RP Lucas, JN (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,POB 808,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN23 1YW SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 1997 VL 71 IS 4 BP 279 EP 282 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA XK045 UT WOS:A1997XK04500006 ER PT J AU Chadwick, MB DeLuca, PM Haight, RC AF Chadwick, MB DeLuca, PM Haight, RC TI Nuclear data needs for neutron therapy and radiation protection SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Proceedings of the 8th Neutron Dosimetry Symposium CY NOV 13-17, 1995 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP European Commiss (EC, Brussels), Inst de Protect et de Surete Nucleaire (IPSN, Fontenay-aux-Roses), Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB, Braunschweig), US Dept Energy (DOE, Washington DC), Electricite de France, NUKEM ID DIFFERENTIAL INCLUSIVE HYDROGEN; PARTIAL KERMA FACTORS; CROSS-SECTIONS; MULTISTEP COMPOUND; HELIUM SPECTRA; ENERGY-RANGE; CARBON; SCATTERING; OXYGEN; PROTON AB New nuclear data are required for improved neutron and proton radiotherapy treatment planning as well as future applications of high energy particle accelerators. Modern neutron radiotherapy employs energies extending to 70 MeV, while industrial applications such as transmutation and tritium breeding may generate neutrons exceeding energies of 100 MeV. Secondary neutrons produced by advanced proton therapy facilities can have energies as high as 250 MeV. Each use requires nuclear data for transport calculations and analysis of radiation effects (dosimetry). The nuclear data needs supportive of these applications are discussed, including the different information requirements. As data in this energy region are sparse and likely to remain so, advanced nuclear model calculations can provide some of the needed information. In this context new evaluated nuclear data are presented for C, N, and O. Additional experimental information, including integral and differential data, are required to confirm these results and to bound further calculations. The required new data to be measured and the difficulties in carrying out such experiments are indicated. RP Chadwick, MB (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,NUCL DATA GRP,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 58 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN23 1YW SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 1997 VL 70 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 12 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA WT738 UT WOS:A1997WT73800002 ER PT J AU Liu, JC Nelson, WR Kase, KR Mao, XS AF Liu, JC Nelson, WR Kase, KR Mao, XS TI Calculations of the giant-dipole-resonance photoneutrons using a coupled EGS4-MORSE code SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Proceedings of the 8th Neutron Dosimetry Symposium CY NOV 13-17, 1995 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP European Commiss (EC, Brussels), Inst de Protect et de Surete Nucleaire (IPSN, Fontenay-aux-Roses), Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB, Braunschweig), US Dept Energy (DOE, Washington DC), Electricite de France, NUKEM AB The production and transport of the photoneutrons from the giant-dipole-resonance reaction have been implemented in a coupled EGS4-MORSE code. The total neutron yield (including both the direct neutrons and evaporation neutrons) is calculated by folding the photoneutron yield cross sections with the photon track length distribution in the material. Empirical algorithms were developed to estimate the fraction and energy of the direct neutron. The EVAP4 code, incorporated as a MORSE sub-routine, was used to determine the energies of the evaporation neutrons. The emission of slow neutrons (<2.5 MeV) was assumed to be isotropic and the fast neutrons were emitted anisotropically in the form of 1+Csin(2) theta. Comparisons between the calculations and the measurements (spectra of the direct, evaporation and total neutrons; nuclear temperatures; direct neutron fractions) for lead, tungsten, tantalum and copper show satisfactory results over the photon energy range of interest. RP Liu, JC (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR,POB 4349,STANFORD,CA 94309, USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN23 1YW SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 1997 VL 70 IS 1-4 BP 49 EP 54 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA WT738 UT WOS:A1997WT73800010 ER PT J AU Tanner, JE McDonald, JC Stewart, RD Wernli, C AF Tanner, JE McDonald, JC Stewart, RD Wernli, C TI Dose equivalent response of personal neutron dosemeters as a function of angle SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Proceedings of the 8th Neutron Dosimetry Symposium CY NOV 13-17, 1995 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP European Commiss (EC, Brussels), Inst de Protect et de Surete Nucleaire (IPSN, Fontenay-aux-Roses), Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB, Braunschweig), US Dept Energy (DOE, Washington DC), Electricite de France, NUKEM AB The measured and calculated dose equivalent response as a function of angle has been examined for an albedo-type thermoluminescence dosemeter (TLD) that was exposed to unmoderated and D2O-moderated Cf-252 neutron sources while mounted on a 40 x 40 x 15 cm(3) polymethylmethacrylate phantom. The dosemeter used in this study is similar to many neutron personal dosemeters currently in use. The detailed construction of the dosemeter was modelled, and the dose equivalent response was calculated, using the MCNP code. Good agreement was found between the measured and calculated values of the relative dose equivalent angular responde for the TLD albedo dosemeter. The relative dose equivalent angular response was also compared with the values of directional and personal dose equivalent as a function of angle published by Siebert and Schuhmacher. RP Tanner, JE (reprint author), PACIFIC NW LAB, POB 999, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. RI Stewart, Rob/A-2511-2009 NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN23 1YW SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 1997 VL 70 IS 1-4 BP 165 EP 168 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA WT738 UT WOS:A1997WT73800033 ER PT J AU McDonald, JC Alberts, WG Bartlett, DT Chartier, JL Eisenhauer, CM Schraube, H Schwartz, RB Thomas, DJ AF McDonald, JC Alberts, WG Bartlett, DT Chartier, JL Eisenhauer, CM Schraube, H Schwartz, RB Thomas, DJ TI Current status of an ISO working document on reference radiations: Characteristics and methods of production of simulated practical neutron fields SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Proceedings of the 8th Neutron Dosimetry Symposium CY NOV 13-17, 1995 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP European Commiss (EC, Brussels), Inst de Protect et de Surete Nucleaire (IPSN, Fontenay-aux-Roses), Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB, Braunschweig), US Dept Energy (DOE, Washington DC), Electricite de France, NUKEM AB The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) TC85/SC2/WG2 has convened a working group to develop a standard dealing with the production, characterisation and use of reference neutron radiation fields simulating those found in the workplace. This standard is being developed to provide guidance to the laboratories developing simulated practical reference neutron fields, and to the users of these fields. The ISO currently recommends four reference neutron spectra for the calibration of radiation protection instruments and dosemeters. However, due to the energy dependence in the dose equivalent responses of these devices, it is useful to develop additional neutron spectra for calibration purposes. This standard will describe the methods of production and the expected characteristics of simulated practical neutron fields. The types of facilities considered include those using radionuclide neutron sources, accelerators and reactors. Facilities producing high energy neutrons for the calibration of instruments and dosemeters used at accelerator laboratories and in aircraft for in-flight monitoring are also considered. The status of this standard is being presented now in order to provide a progress report and to elicit comments and suggestions before the standard is finalised. RP McDonald, JC (reprint author), PACIFIC NW LAB, POB 999, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN23 1YW SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 1997 VL 70 IS 1-4 BP 323 EP 325 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA WT738 UT WOS:A1997WT73800062 ER PT J AU Vylet, V Liu, JC Rokni, SH Thai, LX AF Vylet, V Liu, JC Rokni, SH Thai, LX TI Measurements of neutron spectra at the stanford linear accelerator center SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Proceedings of the 8th Neutron Dosimetry Symposium CY NOV 13-17, 1995 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP European Commiss (EC, Brussels), Inst de Protect et de Surete Nucleaire (IPSN, Fontenay-aux-Roses), Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB, Braunschweig), US Dept Energy (DOE, Washington DC), Electricite de France, NUKEM AB The purpose of the present measurements was to determine neutron spectra outside the shielding of high energy electron accelerators, with a special emphasis on the high energy (>20 MeV) portion of the spectra. The spectrometer system used consists of a standard set of Bonner spheres augmented by a custom made 30.48 cm (12'') sphere with a 1 cm inner layer of lead, which increases its response in the high energy region. The system was further complemented by a plastic scintillator used for the measurement of C-11 activation. A pair of rem meters was also used: one standard Anderson-Braun, and one with an inner layer of lead which has an extended high energy response. Measured spectra and relevant dosimetric quantities outside shielding at three different electron beam energies are presented. RP Vylet, V (reprint author), STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR,POB 4349,MS 48,STANFORD,CA 94309, USA. NR 5 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN23 1YW SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 1997 VL 70 IS 1-4 BP 425 EP 428 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA WT738 UT WOS:A1997WT73800083 ER PT S AU Rogers, JH Bell, RE Bernabei, S Hosea, JC LeBlanc, B Majeski, R Nazikian, R Ono, M Phillips, CK Schilling, G Wilson, JR Bush, CE DIppolito, D Hanson, GR Myra, JR AF Rogers, JH Bell, RE Bernabei, S Hosea, JC LeBlanc, B Majeski, R Nazikian, R Ono, M Phillips, CK Schilling, G Wilson, JR Bush, CE DIppolito, D Hanson, GR Myra, JR BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI Recent radio frequency experiments in TFTR SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB Recent experiments and theory have fueled renewed interest in Ion Bernstein Waves (IBW) in tokamaks. A direct launch IBW antenna was used for the first time on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR), and Deuterium-Tritium Mode Conversion of fast waves to IBW has been demonstrated for the first time on TFTR. An estimated 20-40% of the launched RF power was coupled to the core of the plasma during the direct launch IBW coupling experiments. The initial demonstration of D-T MCCD in 1996 suffered from significant damping from Li-7 minority healing. In 1997, Li-6 was used to condition the walls of TFTR to avoid the presence of Li and efficient heating was observed. In addition, fast wave experiments were performed to test the ITER start up plasma scenario, and direct electron heating was tested for application in reversed shear plasmas. RP Rogers, JH (reprint author), PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 13 EP 21 PG 9 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00002 ER PT S AU Schilling, G Hosea, JC Majeski, R Rogers, JH Wilson, JR AF Schilling, G Hosea, JC Majeski, R Rogers, JH Wilson, JR BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI Enhancement of localized ICRF heating and current drive in TFTR D-T plasmas SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB Theoretical advantages have led to an increased importance of the modification and sustainment of pressure and magnetic shear profiles in plasmas. We have demonstrated electron heating and current drive in TFTR plasmas with the existing 43/63.6 MHz ICRF system, both via the fast wave and via mode conversion of the fast wave to an ion Bernstein wave. In order to achieve both on and off-axis mode conversion in a pure D-T plasma, we have changed the operating frequency of two of our transmitters and antennas to 30 MHz and improved the launched directional wave spectrum. As a second step, two new four-strap fast wave antennas have been installed, and a new four-strap direct-launch IBW antenna has been added as well. This reconfiguration and the resulting operating characteristics of the TFTR ICRF system in a variety of discharges will be presented. RP Schilling, G (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 65 EP 68 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00008 ER PT S AU Bernabei, S Chang, Z Darrow, D Fredrickson, ED Fu, GY Hoang, GT Hosea, JC Majeski, R Phillips, CK Rogers, JH Schilling, G Wilson, JR AF Bernabei, S Chang, Z Darrow, D Fredrickson, ED Fu, GY Hoang, GT Hosea, JC Majeski, R Phillips, CK Rogers, JH Schilling, G Wilson, JR BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI Correlation between excitation of Alfven modes and degradation of ICRF heating efficiency in TFTR SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB Alfven modes are excited by energetic ions in TFTR during intense minority ICRF heating. There is a clear threshold in rf power above which the modes are destabilized. The net effect of these modes is the increase of the fast ion losses, with an associated saturation of the ion tail energy and of the efficiency of the heating. Typically, several modes are excited with progressive n-numbers, with frequencies in the neighborhood of 200 kHz. Results suggest that Energetic Particle Modes (EPM), mostly unseen by the Mirnov coils, are generated near the center and are responsible for the ion losses. Stronger global TAE modes, which are destabilized by the stream of displaced fast ions, appear responsible only for minor losses. RP Bernabei, S (reprint author), PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 69 EP 72 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00009 ER PT S AU Majeski, R Bell, M Bell, R Bernabei, S Bush, C Darrow, D Hill, K Hosea, JC LeBlanc, B Medley, S Ono, M Petrov, M Phillips, CK Rogers, JH Schilling, G Scharer, J Smithe, DN Synakowski, EJ Taylor, G Wilson, JR Zweben, S AF Majeski, R Bell, M Bell, R Bernabei, S Bush, C Darrow, D Hill, K Hosea, JC LeBlanc, B Medley, S Ono, M Petrov, M Phillips, CK Rogers, JH Schilling, G Scharer, J Smithe, DN Synakowski, EJ Taylor, G Wilson, JR Zweben, S BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI Mode conversion heating and current drive in TFTR SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB Two new four-strap fast wave antennas, driven by 8 MW of rf source power at 30 MHz, were installed for the final run period of TFTR. These antennas were utilized with D-T target plasmas to perform experiments in mode conversion heating. Poor mode conversion efficiency seen in D-T during the 1996 run (typically similar to 20% of the coupled rf power) is now believed to be due to ion cyclotron absorption by a small (similar to 0.5%) impurity of Li-7. This problem was remedied through the use of Li-6 for wall conditioning. In contrast to the 1996 results, experiments performed with Li-6 wall conditioning produced strong ion and electron heating in D-T plasmas. RP Majeski, R (reprint author), PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08540, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 73 EP 76 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00010 ER PT S AU Hosea, JC Bell, R Hill, K LeBlanc, B Majeski, R Nazikian, R Ono, M Phillips, CK Rogers, JH Schilling, G Wilson, JR DIppolito, DA Myra, JR Bush, CE Hanson, GR AF Hosea, JC Bell, R Hill, K LeBlanc, B Majeski, R Nazikian, R Ono, M Phillips, CK Rogers, JH Schilling, G Wilson, JR DIppolito, DA Myra, JR Bush, CE Hanson, GR BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI IBW and fast wave launching and damping on TFTR SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB Antennas to provide direct IBW excitation and to improve the launched spectrum and power handling for mode converted (MC) IBW excitation have been installed on TFTR to support studies of transport barrier formation inside the TFTR plasma. Initial IBW launching/heating experiments have been performed at f(RF) = 76 MHz and 50.6 MHz for several antenna and plasma positions, several magnetic fields (D, T, H, He-3 resonances), and with and without neutral beam injection Although the measured surface density profiles in front of the antenna should theoretically support IBW launching to the plasma core via EPW excitation, loading resistance parameter dependence and heating results suggest that the wave energy is being deposited mostly in the plasma periphery. The potential roles of surface fast wave and near field excitation/damping on the IBW performance are discussed. Also MC IBW damping of the fast wave has been significantly improved through the removal of lithium 7 from the plasma. RP Hosea, JC (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 77 EP 80 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00011 ER PT S AU LeBlanc, BP Bell, RE Bush, CE Cesario, R Hanson, GR Hosea, J Majeski, R Ono, M Paoletti, F Phillips, CK Rogers, JH Schilling, G Wilson, JR AF LeBlanc, BP Bell, RE Bush, CE Cesario, R Hanson, GR Hosea, J Majeski, R Ono, M Paoletti, F Phillips, CK Rogers, JH Schilling, G Wilson, JR BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI Analysis of IBW experiments on TFTR SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB A direct launch IBW antenna has been commissioned during the last TFTR experimental campaign. While we did observe IBW-induced poloidal drive, we did not reproduce the CH mode.(1) In this first cut analysis, we concentrate on discharges with hydrogenic resonant species (D or T) combining IBW and neutral beam heating (NBI) at 76 MHz. The experimental data suggest poor power coupling to the main plasma as a limiting factor. A ray tracing code computes the power deposition and results are fed in data reduction code TRANSP to ascertain the coupling efficiency. The density increase observed during IBW is in part caused by influx of impurity, in particular during the latter part of the RF pulse. RP LeBlanc, BP (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 81 EP 84 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00012 ER PT S AU Menard, J Majeski, R Ono, M Wilson, JR Munsat, T Seki, T AF Menard, J Majeski, R Ono, M Wilson, JR Munsat, T Seki, T BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI High-harmonic fast wave heating experiments in CDX-U SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB One of the primary objectives of the proposed National Spherical Tokamak Experiment (NSTX) [1] is the investigation of very high beta regimes. Consequently, finding efficient methods of non-inductive heating and current drive required to heat and sustain such plasmas is of considerable importance. High frequency fast waves are a promising candidate in this regard. However, in NSTX, the field-line pitch at the outer midplane will range from 0 to up to 60 degrees from plasma start-up to current fat-top. Thus, antenna strap orientation with respect to the edge magnetic field may have a serious impact on power coupling and absorption. To address this issue, the vacuum vessel of the Current Drive Experiment - Upgrade (CDX-U) spherical tokamak has been upgraded to accommodate a rotatable two-strap antenna capable of handling several hundred kilowatts in short pulses. Details of the antenna design and results from loading measurements made as a function of power, strap angle, and strap phasing will be presented. Results from microwave scattering experiments will also be discussed. C1 NATL INST FUS SCI,NAGOYA,AICHI,JAPAN. RP Menard, J (reprint author), PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 97 EP 100 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00016 ER PT S AU Bernabei, S Cardinali, A Giruzzi, G McGuire, K AF Bernabei, S Cardinali, A Giruzzi, G McGuire, K BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI A study of MHD feedback stabilization in tokamaks with lower hybrid waves SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB Lower Hybrid Current Drive (LHCD) has been successfully employed in current profile control experiments and can be utilized to prevent MHD instabilities by tailoring the profile. Similarly, theory has shown that LHCD can be very effective in stabilizing MHD instabilities by feedback techniques: this experiment has not been tried yet. This paper addresses some of the practical aspects of such an experiment. RP Bernabei, S (reprint author), PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 177 EP 180 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00033 ER PT S AU Bigelow, TS Batchelor, DB Carter, MD Peng, M AF Bigelow, TS Batchelor, DB Carter, MD Peng, M BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI ECH on NSTX SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB Electron Cyclotron Heating has been proposed for plasma initiation, startup assistance and non-inductive startup on NSTX. One physics goal of NSTX will be to establish entirely non-inductive plasma operation by utilizing ECH to provide a sufficient start-up plasma to support further current drive from other heating systems. Scaling of previous ECH-only startup experiments on CDX-U and DIII-D indicate that 400 kW of ECH should be capable of driving 42 kA of pressure driven current on NSTX and possibly higher levels after optimizing the process. Due to the low NSTX magnetic field, over-dense plasmas exist during most of the discharge so conventional ECH operation is limited to the low density startup phase. To extend the useful operating range for ECH, a scheme involving mode conversion to the electron Bernstein Wave (EBW) from either O or X made launch is being investigated for bulk heating and current drive applications at higher density. Microwave equipment, including 18 GHz klystrons and 28 GHz gyrotrons are available at ORNL and appear ideal for use on NSTX. Preliminary pre-ionization and start-up system configurations are presented here along with discussions on various operation modes. RP Bigelow, TS (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 211 EP 214 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00040 ER PT S AU Batchelor, DB Bigelow, TS AF Batchelor, DB Bigelow, TS BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI Electron cyclotron heating and current drive approach for low-temperature startup plasmas using O-X-EBW mode conversion SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB A mechanism for heating and driving currents in very overdense plasmas is considered based on a double-mode conversion: Ordinary mode to Extraordinary mode to electron Bernstein wave. The possibility of using this mechanism for plasma buildup and current ramp in the National Spherical Torus Experiment is investigated. RP Batchelor, DB (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 215 EP 218 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00041 ER PT S AU Carter, MD Jaeger, EF Batchelor, DB Strickler, DJ Majeski, R AF Carter, MD Jaeger, EF Batchelor, DB Strickler, DJ Majeski, R BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI Radio frequency current drive for small aspect ratio tori SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB Non-inductive current drive (CD) is required during plasma initiation and for current sustainment in NSTX[1]. The physics of high harmonic fast waves (HHFW) and the design of an antenna system for NSTX are studied. It is found that the theoretical CD efficiency for HHFW can be high, and a general survey of parameters gives a good target for the antenna design. The primary issue for HHFW during plasma initiation is loading since the CD efficiency is very high for low density plasmas. For high beta operation at full current, launching in the usual manner from the equatorial plane may lead to marginal CD performance. However, advanced antenna designs exploiting the theoretical results show some promise for high beta operation. Two methods to optimize the CD efficiency have been explored. The first, non-zero poloidal mode excitation, provides enhanced efficiency because of improved penetration and a reduction of detrimental trapped particle effects. A second, placement of the antenna away from the equatorial plane, can also be used to reduce trapped particle effects. These methods can be used separately or together, yielding potential improvements of more than a factor of 2 in CD efficiency for NSTX. RP Carter, MD (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 247 EP 250 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00047 ER PT S AU Phillips, CK Bonoli, PT Hosea, JC LeBlanc, B Majeski, RP Porkolab, M Rogers, JH Schilling, G Smithe, DN Takase, Y Wilson, JR Wright, JC Wukitch, S AF Phillips, CK Bonoli, PT Hosea, JC LeBlanc, B Majeski, RP Porkolab, M Rogers, JH Schilling, G Smithe, DN Takase, Y Wilson, JR Wright, JC Wukitch, S BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI ICRF heating and current drive regimes in Alcator C-Mod SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB Kinetic wave models are used to evaluate a variety of heating scenarios on Alcator C-Mod. In deuterium-hydrogen plasmas heated with ICRF waves in the 40 - 80 MHz frequency range, single pass absorption coefficients obtained with the METS95 code are compared for the hydrogen (H) minority, deuterium (D) minority, and D-H mode conversion regimes. At the highest magnetic fields available (B-T greater than or equal to 8 T), the feasibility of off-axis electron absorption of 40 MHz ICRF waves at the shear Alfven wave resonance layer for H majority plasmas is discussed. RP Phillips, CK (reprint author), PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 265 EP 268 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00050 ER PT S AU Wright, JC Phillips, CK Bonoli, PT AF Wright, JC Phillips, CK Bonoli, PT BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI Current deposition profiles in advanced geometries SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB In advanced toroidal devices, plasma shaping can have a significant effect on quantities of interest, including the radio frequency (RF) deposited power and current. Most 2D RF modeling codes use a parameterization of current drive efficiencies to calculate fast wave driven currents. This parameterization is derived from a ray-tracing model in a low-beta model equilibrium. There are difficulties in applying it to a spectrum of waves, and it cannot account for multiple resonances and coherency effects between the electrons and the waves. By evaluating a formulation of the quasilinear diffusion coefficient in an arbitrary inhomogenous geometry with the fields from a full wave code, we address the effects of wave spectra, plasma inhomogeneity, and plasma profile on the evaluation of current deposition profiles. Current profiles are calculated directly from the quasilinear diffusion using the adjoint formulation, with the magnetic equilibrium specified consistently in both the adjoint routine and the full wave code. Results are benchmarked by comparing a power deposition calculation from conductivity to one from the quasilinear expression. RF driven current profiles for various devices, including tokamaks with different aspect ratios, will be presented. RP Wright, JC (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 273 EP 276 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00052 ER PT S AU Jaeger, EF Carter, MD Berry, LA Batchelor, DB Forest, CB Weitzner, H AF Jaeger, EF Carter, MD Berry, LA Batchelor, DB Forest, CB Weitzner, H BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI Co-counter asymmetry in fast wave heating and current drive SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB Full wave ICRF coupling models show differences in plasma response when antenna arrays are phased to drive currents co and counter to the plasma current. The source of this difference lies in the natural up-down asymmetry of the antenna's radiated power spectrum. This asymmetry is due to Hall terms in the wave equation, and occurs even without a poloidal magnetic field. When a poloidal field is included, the up-down asymmetry acquires a toroidal component. The result is that plasma absorption (i.e. antenna loading) is shifted or skewed toward the co-current drive direction, independent of the direction of the magnetic field. When waves are launched to drive current counter to the plasma current, electron heating and current profiles are more peaked on axis, and this peaking becomes more pronounced at lower toroidal magnetic fields. RP Jaeger, EF (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 285 EP 288 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00055 ER PT S AU Wilson, JR Batchelor, D Carter, M Hosea, J Ignat, D LeBlanc, B Majeski, R Ono, M Phillips, CK Rogers, JH Schilling, G AF Wilson, JR Batchelor, D Carter, M Hosea, J Ignat, D LeBlanc, B Majeski, R Ono, M Phillips, CK Rogers, JH Schilling, G BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI Heating and current drive on NSTX SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB Low aspect ratio tokamaks pose interesting new challenges for heating and current drive. The NSTX (National Spherical Tokamak Experiment) device to be built at Princeton is a low aspect ratio toroidal device that has the achievement of high toroidal beta (similar to 45%) and noninductive operation as two of its main research goals. To achieve these goals significant auxiliary heating and current drive systems are required. Present plans include ECH (Electron cyclotron heating) for pre-ionization and start-up assist, HHFW (high harmonic fast wave) for heating and current drive and eventually NBI (neutral beam injection) for heating, current drive and plasma rotation. RP Wilson, JR (reprint author), PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 289 EP 292 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00056 ER PT S AU Ono, M Bush, CE Cesario, R Hanson, GR Hosea, J LeBlanc, B Majeski, R Paoletti, F Phillips, CK Rogers, JH Sauter, O Schilling, G Wilson, JR AF Ono, M Bush, CE Cesario, R Hanson, GR Hosea, J LeBlanc, B Majeski, R Paoletti, F Phillips, CK Rogers, JH Sauter, O Schilling, G Wilson, JR BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI Role of plasma edge in the direct launch Ion Bernstein Wave experiment in TFTR SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB Two types of direct IBW launching, EPW double right arrow IBW and CESICW double right arrow IBW are investigated using two numerical codes, Full Hot Plasma Ray-Tracing Code and SEMAL Full Wave Slab Code, for the TFTR direct launch IBW experimental parameters. The measured density profiles (by microwave reflectometry) in TFTR appear to be satisfactory for IBW launching while the observed stored energy rise compared to the expected value (ray tracing + TRANSP) indicates only up to 50% of launched power is reaching the plasma core. Possible causes of IBW inefficiency are also discussed. RP Ono, M (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08544, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 301 EP 304 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00059 ER PT S AU Kaufman, AN Morehead, JJ Brizard, AJ Tracy, ER AF Kaufman, AN Morehead, JJ Brizard, AJ Tracy, ER BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI Modular approach for conversion to the ion-hybrid wave and alpha gyroresonance SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB Linear conversion of an incoming magnetosonic wave (a.k.a. fast or compressional wave) to an ion-hybrid wave can be considered as a 3-step process in ray phase space. This is demonstrated by casting the cold-fluid model into the Friedland-Kaufman normal form for linear mode conversion. First, the incoming magnetosonic ray (MSR) converts a fraction of its action to an intermediate ion-hybrid ray (IHR), with the transmitted ray proceeding through the conversion layer. The IHR propagates in k-space to a second conversion point, where it converts in turn a fraction of its action into a reflected MSR, with the remainder of the its action constituting the converted IHR. The modular approach gives exact agreement with the more standard Budden formulation for the transmission, reflection and conversion coefficients, but has the important advantage of exposing the intermediate IHR. The existence of the intermediate IHR has important physical consequences as it can resonate with alpha particles. We estimate the time-integrated damping coefficient between the two conversions and show that integral gamma dt is of order -100, thus the IH wave is completely annihilated between conversions and transfers its energy to the alpha's. This suggests that proposals to use the IH mode for current drive or DT heating are likely to fail in the presence of fusion alpha's. RP Kaufman, AN (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 359 EP 362 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00073 ER PT S AU Swain, DW Ryan, PM Taylor, DJ Bosia, G AF Swain, DW Ryan, PM Taylor, DJ Bosia, G BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI Challenges for the ITER ion cyclotron system SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB Ion cyclotron heating is one of the methods proposed for heating and for driving current in the ITER plasma. The lTER environment is significantly different from that of present-day tokamaks because of heating from neutrons and from the high radiated heat flux. In addition, the proposed 15-cm gap between the plasma separatrix and the outer wall (where the ion cyclotron antennas are located) necessitates running the antennas at relatively high values of voltage in order to couple the required power to the plasma. There are two main questions: Can the ion cyclotron antennas deliver the required power to the plasma? Can they survive in the ITER environment? Results presented in this paper indicate that the antennas can survive both normal operation and disruptions in ITER, and can deliver the power to the plasma. RP Swain, DW (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 373 EP 380 PG 8 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00076 ER PT S AU Ryan, PM Swain, DW Carter, MD Taylor, DJ Bosia, G AF Ryan, PM Swain, DW Carter, MD Taylor, DJ Bosia, G BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI Electrical optimization of the ICH antenna array for ITER SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB The present design of the ITER ICH antenna array comprises two poloidal by four toroidal current elements in each of four ports. Each current element forms a resonant double loop (RDL) with power fed to a pretuned matchpoint on the strap; the matching is accomplished using slow-wave transmission lines as adjustable shorted-stub tuners on either end of the current strap. The power requirement is 12.5 MW per port over the frequency range of 40-70 MHz, with extended operation to 80 MHz desirable. The antenna design optimization process includes (1) strap shaping to minimize strap voltages and rf E-fields along B-field lines and (2) frame/Faraday shield geometry design to improve plasma coupling, wave spectrum directivity, and phase control. For the ignited plasma parameters, the optimized array design delivers full power over the ranges of 40-80 MHz in frequency and 0 degrees to 180 degrees in phase. The maximum strap voltage is 41 kV and the maximum parallel E-field is 16 kV/cm for the worst case over these ranges. The array directivity for current drive operation is calculated to be close to 80%. RP Ryan, PM (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 381 EP 384 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00077 ER PT S AU Baity, FW DeGrassie, J Goulding, RH Hoffman, DJ Phelps, DR Pinsker, RI AF Baity, FW DeGrassie, J Goulding, RH Hoffman, DJ Phelps, DR Pinsker, RI BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI Antenna loading impedance changes during arcs and ELMs on DIII-D SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB RF heating of ELMing H-mode plasmas poses the problem of discriminating between arcs and ELMs. Excessive reflected power or VSWR is typically used as the indication that an are has occurred. ELMs also can result in large reflected power levels; however, it is not presumed desirable to shut off the RF power during ELMs. DIII-D and other tokamaks have investigated several different techniques to deal with this issue. A complicating factor is the variety of antenna matching circuits in use or proposed. In some instances, such as DIII-D, reflections due to ELMs are shunted to the dummy load only, whereas arcs reflect power also to the transmitter. The ideal system would have a response time on the order of 10 mu s and would neither miss arcs nor produce false alarms. Measurements of loading caused by arcs and ELMs have been made to determine whether a technique based on the differences in the reactive component is feasible. RP Baity, FW (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 405 EP 408 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00083 ER PT S AU Goulding, RH Carter, MD Harris, JH Hoffman, D Hogan, JT Ryan, PM Beaumont, B Bremond, S Hutter, T AF Goulding, RH Carter, MD Harris, JH Hoffman, D Hogan, JT Ryan, PM Beaumont, B Bremond, S Hutter, T BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI ICRF antenna performance on Tore Supra SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB Resonant double loop (RDL) ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) Antennas have operated on Tore Supra at power levels up to similar to 3.5 MW per 2-element launcher. The RDL configuration is of particular interest because it has operated at high power densities (15 MW/m(2) on Tore Supra), and is the topology chosen for the ITER ICRF launchers. Two Faraday shield designs are in use which produce different loading for nearly identical antenna radial positions, and different heating patterns on antenna surfaces due to rf/edge plasma interaction. Loading and maximum antenna voltage for a given power level have been found to vary between the different antennas in a frequency dependent manner. This behavior has been analyzed using a lossy transmission model. In addition, antenna surface heating patterns have been found to be highly phase dependent and reproducible over time. Strong localized power fluxes are often observed to determine the launcher power limit rather than internal voltages and currents. RP Goulding, RH (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,POB 2009,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. RI Goulding, Richard/C-5982-2016 OI Goulding, Richard/0000-0002-1776-7983 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 409 EP 412 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00084 ER PT S AU Bigelow, TS Cole, MJ Fadnek, A Carter, MD Fogelman, CH Hoffman, DJ Ryan, PM Sparks, DO Taylor, DJ Yugo, JJ Wilson, JR Bernabei, S Kugel, H AF Bigelow, TS Cole, MJ Fadnek, A Carter, MD Fogelman, CH Hoffman, DJ Ryan, PM Sparks, DO Taylor, DJ Yugo, JJ Wilson, JR Bernabei, S Kugel, H BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI Initial results from a folded waveguide ICRF antenna development project SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB A folded waveguide (FWG) ICRF launcher has been built and preliminary high power tests completed. This project is intended to provide a proof-of-principle test, using a high density plasma load, of the high power density capability and other ITER-relevant advanced features of the FWG. The design is a 12 vane, 57 MHz unit with a quarter-wavelength resonator configuration. This FWG has a 0.31 m square cross section that can be installed with either fast wave or ion-Bernstein wave polarization and can also be retracted behind a vacuum isolation valve. A primary issue to he addressed by this project is the plasma loading and maximum power capability of the FWG. Initial high power tests on the ORNL Radio Frequency Test Facility have been conducted. Modeling of the FWG electromagnetic fields and calculations of loading have been performed as well as an investigation of alternate face plate designs that improve the coupling by allowing greater magnetic field penetration into the plasma. This FWG was originally designed for TFTR or PBX-M and is now being considered for the DIII-D tokamak at GA, the NSTX small aspect ratio device under construction at PPPL and the possible FSX experiment at PPPL. RP Bigelow, TS (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 413 EP 416 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00085 ER PT S AU Hogan, JT Carter, MD Goulding, R Goniche, M Beaumont, B Hutter, T Litaudon, X Guilhem, D AF Hogan, JT Carter, MD Goulding, R Goniche, M Beaumont, B Hutter, T Litaudon, X Guilhem, D BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI RF/LH plasma-surface interaction modeling for TORE SUPRA SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB The prevailing picture of RF/LH-edge interactions is updated using current data for the relevant processes. A model for RF/LH-edge interactions has been developed and applied to illustrative cases for the long pulse, actively cooled Tore Supra tokamak. Highly localized heat fluxes (5-10 MW/m(2)) have previously been observed with infrared imaging in Tore Supra on RF lateral protection and LH grilles. Surface temperature-dependent impurity generation mechanisms (chemical sputtering and radiation-enhanced sublimation) play an important role. This 3D, time-dependent model incorporates a self-consistent treatment of the enhancement of the local heat flux due to RF/LH processes and calculates the thermal balance for the surface. The model incorporates present estimates for RF near-fields from the RANT-3D code and a local electron-acceleration model for LH interactions. RP Hogan, JT (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV FUS ENERGY,OAK RIDGE,TN 37830, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 447 EP 450 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00092 ER PT S AU Hanson, GR Bush, CE Wilgen, JB Bigelow, TS Rogers, JH Wilson, JR AF Hanson, GR Bush, CE Wilgen, JB Bigelow, TS Rogers, JH Wilson, JR BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI Measurements of edge density profile modifications during IBW on TFTR SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB Ion Bernstein wave (IBW) antennas are known to have substantial localized effects on the plasma edge. To allow better understanding and measurement of these effects, the TFTR edge reflectometer has been relocated to the new IBW antenna. This move was facilitated by the incorporation of a diagnostic access tube in the IBW antenna identical to the original diagnostic tube in the fast-wave (FW) antenna. This allowed the reflectometer launcher to simply be moved from the old FW antenna to the new IBW antenna. Edge density profile modification during IBW experiments has been observed. Results from IBW experiments are presented and contrasted to the edge density modifications previously observed during FW heating experiments. RP Hanson, GR (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 451 EP 454 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00093 ER PT S AU Choe, W Ono, M Hwang, YS Chang, CS AF Choe, W Ono, M Hwang, YS Chang, CS BE Ryan, PM Intrator, T TI Electron ripple injection experiments on CDX-U SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY APR, 1997 CL SAVANNAH, GA SP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Univ Wisconsin Madison, Amer Phys Soc AB The aim of electron ripple injection (ERI) is to create a radial electric field (E-r) layer by external and non-intrusive means, using electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECH) and a localized magnetic ripple field. The ultimate goal is to use the generated E-r layer as a tool for tokamak plasma transport modification. Motivated by semi-analytical analysis and numerical Monte-Carlo guiding-center simulation results [1], a series of experiments have been performed to elucidate the underlying key physics of the ERI concept. The experimental results are in reasonably good agreement with theoretical predictions. RP Choe, W (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-709-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 403 BP 475 EP 478 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BJ90V UT WOS:A1997BJ90V00099 ER PT J AU Fitzgerald, TJ Carlos, RC AF Fitzgerald, TJ Carlos, RC TI Effects of 450-kg surface explosions on HF radio reflection from the E layer SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PROPAGATION AB We describe ionospheric disturbances caused by the passage of acoustic shock waves at the E layer generated by the surface detonation of ordinance with effective yields of 450 kg of high explosive during an exercise conducted by the U.S. Air Force at a bombing range near the Nevada Test Site. We deployed a network of HF bistatic ionospheric sounders consisting of two transmitter and two receiver stations at the Nevada Test Site on April 4, 1991. The frequencies of the transmissions were chosen so that the HF radio waves were totally reflected in the E layer of the ionosphere at an altitude of approximately 100 km. The transmissions were highly stable continuous wave (CW) tones at two frequencies separated by 100 kHz so that two altitudes separated by approximately 0.5 km could be probed. The network sampled four geographic locations in the ionosphere in a line covering a horizontal range of 60 km. At two time periods during the day (1930 and 2400 UT), we detected a series of disturbances in the sounder data that continued for 10 min and consisted of Doppler-shifted peaks that chirped rapidly from positive to negative Doppler. We describe the effects produced by the surface explosions and interpret the disturbance in terms of diffraction induced by electron density changes accompanying the passage of the acoustic waves from the explosions through the reflection altitudes of the HF transmissions. RP Fitzgerald, TJ (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,NIS-1,POB 1663,MS D466,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1 BP 169 EP 180 DI 10.1029/96RS02989 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA WF147 UT WOS:A1997WF14700013 ER PT J AU Smith, DL Fessler, A AF Smith, DL Fessler, A TI A determination of the V-53 half life SO RADIOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE V-53 half life; V-53 decay gamma rays; Cr(n,X)V-53 reactions; radioactivity; weighted least-squares data analysis; half-life data evaluation AB The half life of V-53 has been determined by measurements of V-53 radioactivity produced via Cr-53(n,p)V-53 and Cr-54(n,np + d)V-53 reactions that were induced by the irradiation of an elemental chromium metal sample with fast neutrons. Neutrons with an average energy of 19.1 MeV were generated by H-3(d,n)He-4 reactions in a titanium-tritide target irradiated with 3-MeV deuterons from a Van de Graaff accelerator. The full-energy-peak yield of 1006-keV gamma rays from V-53 decay was measured with an intrinsic germanium detector. Twenty five independent decay curves were acquired through repeated irradiations followed by gamma-ray counting. The acquired data (171 data points in all) were analyzed using the method of weighted least-squares. Each individual decay curve yielded an independent value for the V-53 half life. The 25 independent half-life values determined in this way were averaged to yield a final value for the V-53 half life: 93.4+/-1.3 seconds (one standard deviation error). Although smaller than all but one of the other values reported in the literature, it is consistent with most of them within the given errors. The present result and the earlier experimental values were then used to produce a new evaluation (recommended value) for the(53)V half life: 92.4+/-1.1 seconds (one standard deviation error). C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Technol Dev Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Reference Mat & Measurements, B-2440 Geel, Belgium. RP Smith, DL (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Technol Dev Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNICH PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 0033-8230 J9 RADIOCHIM ACTA JI Radiochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 79 IS 1 BP 1 EP 5 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA YT149 UT WOS:000071569500001 ER PT J AU Kennel, SJ Mirzadeh, S AF Kennel, SJ Mirzadeh, S TI Vascular targeting for radioimmunotherapy with Bi-213 SO RADIOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Radiochemistry and Radioimmunotherapy at the 212th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 25-29, 1996 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Nucl Chem & Technol DE tumor vasculature; Bi-213; monoclonal antibody; radioimmunotherapy ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; TUMOR-GROWTH; ALPHA-PARTICLES; SOLID TUMORS; ANGIOGENESIS; INHIBITION; MICE; CELLS; INTERLEUKIN-2; METASTASIS AB Effective targeting of short-lived a-emitters such as Bi-213 can be accomplished only with agents that localize rapidly. One such approach uses MAbs that bind to the luminal side of tumor vasculature. MAbs 34A and 201B bind to murine thrombomodulin which is found in lung endothelium. These MAbs were derivatized with CHXb-DTPA and bound Bi-213. The labeled MAbs were shown to deliver over 50% of the injected dose to mouse lungs. The Bi-213 remained in the lungs with a t(1/2) > 4 h, and there was only slight deposition of isotope at other sites (kidney, liver, spleen). Bi-213 coupled to MAb was shown to kill tumor cells in tissue culture efficiently. Injection of large doses (600 mu Ci) of Bi-213 MAb 201 into mice that had previously been injected with EMT-6 tumor cells to form lung colonies resulted in hemorrhage in tumor and normal lung tissue at 4 days post injection. Lower doses (<300 mu Ci/animal) were better tolerated in normal tissue. Successful targeting of Bi-213 to tumor vasculature has been accomplished in this model system and has significant promise for therapy in humans when appropriate targeting reagents are identified. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Kennel, SJ (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNICH PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 0033-8230 J9 RADIOCHIM ACTA JI Radiochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 79 IS 2 BP 87 EP 91 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA YW901 UT WOS:000071986100005 ER PT J AU Guhlke, S Zamora, PO Sartor, J Knapp, FF Bender, H Rhodes, BA Biersack, HJ AF Guhlke, S Zamora, PO Sartor, J Knapp, FF Bender, H Rhodes, BA Biersack, HJ TI Ascorbic acid stabilization of Re-188- and I-131-radiolabeled peptides for radiotherapy SO RADIOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Radiochemistry and Radioimmunotherapy at the 212th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 25-29, 1996 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Nucl Chem & Technol DE rhenium-188; RC-160; radiolysis; peptides; small cell lung carcinoma ID RADIOLABELED SOMATOSTATIN ANALOG; ANTIBODY-BINDING; CANCER; CHROMATOGRAPHY; THERAPY AB Re-188 labeled RC-160 [cyclic NH2-(D)-Phe-Cys-Tyr-(D)-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Trp-NH2] cyclic NH is a radiolabeled somatostatin analog which is being explored for its potential as a local/regionally administered radiotherapeutic agent targeting somatostatin-receptor-positive tumors. The stability of Re-188-RC-160 towards radiolytic effects is a prerequisite for the success of such an approach. High radiation flux was found to result in radiolysis of the peptide, but addition of ascorbic acid to preparations of RC-160 and also somatostatin-14 was found to stabilize these peptides minimizing these radiolytic effects. Subsequent to ascorbic acid stabilization, Re-188-RC-160 was determined in vitro and in vivo to bind to somatostatin-receptor-positive cells (NCI-H69 human small cell lung carcinoma) but not to receptor-negative cells (Raji, Burkitt's lymphoma). The comparative binding of Re-188 labeled RC-160 or CTOP [cyclic NH2-(D)-Phe-Cys-Tyr-(D)-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-ol], a mu-opiod-receptor antagonist used as a negative control compound, was also determined in vitro and in vivo using NCI-H69 cells as targets. Re-188-RC-160 demonstrated a higher amount of net binding in vitro and in vivo compared to (ReCTOP)-Re-188. C1 Univ Bonn, Dept Nucl Med, D-53127 Bonn, Germany. RhoMed Inc, Albuquerque, NM USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Nucl Med Grp, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Guhlke, S (reprint author), Univ Bonn, Dept Nucl Med, D-53127 Bonn, Germany. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNICH PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 0033-8230 J9 RADIOCHIM ACTA JI Radiochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 79 IS 2 BP 93 EP 97 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA YW901 UT WOS:000071986100006 ER PT J AU Alberto, R Schibli, R Abram, U Egli, A Knapp, FF Schubiger, PA AF Alberto, R Schibli, R Abram, U Egli, A Knapp, FF Schubiger, PA TI Potential of the "[M(CO)(3)](+)" (M = Re, Tc) moiety for the labeling of biomolecules SO RADIOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Radiochemistry and Radioimmunotherapy at the 212th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 25-29, 1996 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Nucl Chem & Technol DE rhenium; technetium; organometallics; direct labeling; proteins ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; RADIONUCLIDES; COMPLEXES; RHENIUM(I); LIGANDS AB The synthesis of [MX3(CO)(3)](2-) (M = Re-188, Re, Tc-99) directly from the corresponding permetallates is described. Intermediates and byproducts have been isolated and characterized. Preliminary direct labeling studies at r.t. revealed a slow but irreversible incorporation of "[Re-188(CO)(3)](+)" into intact antibodies. The best yield was 40% after 20 h with 0.8 mg/ml of intact antibody. To elucidate possible coordination sites in proteins, the synthesis and formation of model complexes has been investigated by means of H-1 NMR spectroscopy and X-ray structure analysis. A high tendency for imidazole (im) coordination has been found and is examplified in the model complexes [ReBr(histamine)-(CO)(3)] and [Re-2(mu-OH)(2)(im)(2)(CO)(6)], which structures will be presented. Additionally, complexation with the macrocyclic thioether ligand [20-aneS6] was studied in order to establish a post-labeling protocol with this type of chelator. The structure of [(20-aneS6-OH){Tc(CO)(3)}(2)](2+) will be presented. C1 Paul Scherrer Inst, Div Radiopharm, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Hlth Sci Res Div, Oak Ridge, TN USA. Univ Zurich, Inst Inorgan Chem, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Alberto, R (reprint author), Paul Scherrer Inst, Div Radiopharm, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. NR 22 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 2 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNICH PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 0033-8230 J9 RADIOCHIM ACTA JI Radiochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 79 IS 2 BP 99 EP 103 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA YW901 UT WOS:000071986100007 ER PT J AU Verdera, ES Gaudiano, J Leon, A Martinez, G Robles, A Savio, E Leon, E McPherson, DW Knapp, FF AF Verdera, ES Gaudiano, J Leon, A Martinez, G Robles, A Savio, E Leon, E McPherson, DW Knapp, FF TI Rhenium-188-HEDP-kit formulation and quality control SO RADIOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Radiochemistry and Radioimmunotherapy at the 212th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 25-29, 1996 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Nucl Chem & Technol DE Re-188-HEDP; kit; quality control; animal studies; image acquisition ID GENERATOR; RHENIUM AB Re-188-HEDP has been prepared from lyophilized kits with Re-188 from the alumina W-188/Re-188 generator for evaluation for potential, cost-effective pain relief for patients with bone metastases. SnCl2 . 2 H2O was used for reduction with varying amounts of Re carrier (0-300 mu g per kit) and TLC was used for quality control (QC). An inert atmosphere and carrier were critical factors to achieve high radiolabeling yields in reasonable time (<10 min) and preparations were stable for at least 24 h. Slow reaction kinetics were found without carrier addition (i.e. 90% at 6 h) with low decomposition followed during 200 h under inert conditions. In vivo studies conducted in mice, rats and rabbits demonstrated rapid bone uptake, blood clearance, and high renal excretion with negligible liver and thyroid activity. Good images were obtained using the 155 keV gamma photon without beta(-) shielding using a medium energy-high resolution (MEHR) collimator at a distance of 2 cm. These encouraging results will be expanded to dosimetric studies and clinical trials. C1 UROU, FC, CIN, Dept Radiofarm, Montevideo, Uruguay. UROU, FM, C Med Nucl, Montevideo, Uruguay. UROU, FQ, Cat Radioquim, Montevideo, Uruguay. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Nucl Med Grp, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Verdera, ES (reprint author), UROU, FC, CIN, Dept Radiofarm, Montevideo, Uruguay. NR 11 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNICH PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 0033-8230 J9 RADIOCHIM ACTA JI Radiochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 79 IS 2 BP 113 EP 117 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA YW901 UT WOS:000071986100010 ER PT J AU Arterburn, JB Hall, KA Fogarty, IM Goreham, DM Bryan, JC Ott, KC AF Arterburn, JB Hall, KA Fogarty, IM Goreham, DM Bryan, JC Ott, KC TI Radiopharmaceutical design using novel Re-188 imido complexes SO RADIOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Radiochemistry and Radioimmunotherapy at the 212th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 25-29, 1996 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Nucl Chem & Technol DE imido; rhenium; radiopharmaceutical; functionalized; peptide; steroid ID SYSTEMS AB Several efficient new methods for synthesizing rhenium compounds containing a multiply bonded imido linkage (Re=N-R) between the metal and organic compounds for radiopharmaceutical applications are reported. The imido linkage is stable and compatible with typical organic functional groups, and offers distinct structural and synthetic advantages over other types of linkages commonly used in radiopharmaceutical design. Syntheses of representative peptide and steroid compounds from hydrazine and phosphinimine imido precursors are described, and the preparation of a Re-188-imido complex is discussed. A promising new Re-188-radiolabeling strategy for directly synthesizing rhenium imido radiopharmaceuticals, targeted for low-capacity receptor sites relevant for cancer therapy and based on solid supported imido precursors, is presented. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, CST Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, CS Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Arterburn, JB (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Box 30001-3C, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNICH PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 0033-8230 J9 RADIOCHIM ACTA JI Radiochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 79 IS 2 BP 119 EP 121 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA YW901 UT WOS:000071986100011 ER PT J AU Boll, RA Mirzadeh, S Kennel, SJ AF Boll, RA Mirzadeh, S Kennel, SJ TI Optimizations of radiolabeling of immunoproteins with Bi-213 SO RADIOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Radiochemistry and Radioimmunotherapy at the 212th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 25-29, 1996 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Nucl Chem & Technol DE Ra-225-Ac-225-Bi-213; multidentate ligands; CHX-b-DTPA; alpha-particle mediated radioimmunotherapy; radiochemistry ID ANTIBODY; RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY; THERAPY; EMITTER; MICE AB Carrier-free Bi-213 ((t(1/2) = 45.6 m, an alpha-emitter) is available from the Ra-225/Ac-225/Bi-213 generator system with Ra-225 (t(1/2) = 14 d) and Ac-225 (t(1/2) = 10 d) being the daughters of 7340-y Th-229 which, in turn, is the decay daughter of long-lived U-233. In the current generator system, Ra-225/Ac-225 is adsorbed on an organic cation exchange resin (AG 50X4, X8 or highly cross-linked AG MP-50) and Bi-213 is eluted with 0.1 M HI. We have found the lower cross-linked resin to be more suitable for rapid elution of Bi-213 from the generator with Ac-225 breakthrough of <1%. Generators were typically made from Ac separated from Ra as the breakthrough of Ra is significantly higher than that of Ac. Generator elution of Bi-213, labeling of MAb and HPLC purification were accomplished within 35-40 min. Radiolabeling yields of CHX-b-DTPA-conjugated MAbs (34A and 14) were >50% with specific activity of similar to 200 mu Ci of Bi-213 per 150 mu g of conjugated protein. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Hlth Sci Res, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Biol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Mirzadeh, S (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Hlth Sci Res, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Boll, Rose/C-4138-2016 OI Boll, Rose/0000-0003-2507-4834 NR 17 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 4 U2 9 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNICH PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 0033-8230 J9 RADIOCHIM ACTA JI Radiochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 79 IS 2 BP 145 EP 149 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA YW901 UT WOS:000071986100017 ER PT J AU Fugate, GA Nash, KL Sullivan, JC AF Fugate, GA Nash, KL Sullivan, JC TI Kinetic study of the reactions of Np(V) and U(VI) with diphosphonic acids in acetate buffer solutions SO RADIOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE neptunium; uranium; Arsenazo III; complexation kinetics; diphosphonic acids ID CHLOROPHOSPHONAZO-III; COORDINATION-COMPOUNDS; COMPLEXATION REACTION; ARSENAZO-III; DIOXOURANIUM(VI); STABILITY AB The results of kinetic investigations for the reactions of Np(V) and U(VI) with methanediphosphonic acid (MDPA), 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDPA), and of Np(V) with Arsenazo III in acetate buffer media (I = 0.1 M) are presented. Rate and activation parameters have been determined for the complex formation reaction of Np(V) with Arsenate III, complex formation between U(VI) and the diphosphonate ligands, and for both formation and dissociation reactions of the Np(V)-diphosphonate complexes. The activation parameters are generally consistent with an associative mechanism for complex formation and dissociation reactions in all systems. Isokinetic plots suggest a common mechanism for the actinyl (V and VI) reactions with MDPA and HEDPA. A distinct isokinetic relationship exists for the actinyl derivatives of chromotropic acid derivatives Arsenate III and Chlorophosphonazo III. In acetate buffer media, Np(V) reacts more rapidly with the diphosphonate ligands than U(VI) despite its lower formal charge and the smaller thermodynamic driving force for complex formation. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Nash, KL (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Fugate, Glenn/A-1622-2013; Fugate, Glenn/O-9752-2016 OI Fugate, Glenn/0000-0001-7100-690X NR 25 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNICH PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 0033-8230 J9 RADIOCHIM ACTA JI Radiochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 79 IS 3 BP 161 EP 166 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA YV042 UT WOS:000071783800002 ER PT J AU Wendt, K Bhowmick, GK Bushaw, BA Herrmann, G Kratz, JV Lantzsch, J Muller, P Nortershauser, W Otten, EW Schwalbach, R Seibert, UA Trautmann, N Waldek, A AF Wendt, K Bhowmick, GK Bushaw, BA Herrmann, G Kratz, JV Lantzsch, J Muller, P Nortershauser, W Otten, EW Schwalbach, R Seibert, UA Trautmann, N Waldek, A TI Rapid trace analysis of Sr-89,Sr-90 in environmental samples by collinear laser resonance ionization mass spectrometry SO RADIOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE Sr-89,Sr-90; trace determination; environmental samples; laser mass spectrometry ID RADIONUCLIDES SR-90; SR-89; SPECTROSCOPY; STRONTIUM AB A fast non-radiometric technique for ultratrace analysis of the radioisotopes Sr-89 and Sr-90 in environmental samples has been developed by combining mass separation with collinear laser resonance ionization spectrometry. The efficiency and isotopic selectivity of this method allows the determination of 3 x 10(6) atoms of Sr-90 and 1 x 10(8) atoms of Sr-89 in the presence of 10(17) atoms of stable strontium, corresponding to an overall efficiency of better than 10(-5) and a suppression of stable strontium of more than 10(10). Simple and fast chemical separation procedures in combination with this technique enable the accurate determination of Sr-89,Sr-90 activity in various types of environmental samples within one day, which is important in case of an emergency. The results for different environmental and technical samples, including air filters, soil, grass and milk as well as cooling water from a nuclear power station, are presented, indicating the potential and versatility of this technique. C1 Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, D-55099 Mainz, Germany. Univ Mainz, Inst Kernchem, D-55099 Mainz, Germany. Bhabha Atom Res Ctr, Div Laser & Plasma Technol, Modular Labs, Bombay 400085, Maharashtra, India. Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Wendt, K (reprint author), Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, D-55099 Mainz, Germany. RI Mueller, Peter/E-4408-2011; Wendt, Klaus/D-7306-2011; Nortershauser, Wilfried/A-6671-2013 OI Mueller, Peter/0000-0002-8544-8191; Wendt, Klaus/0000-0002-9033-9336; Nortershauser, Wilfried/0000-0001-7432-3687 NR 30 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNICH PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 0033-8230 J9 RADIOCHIM ACTA JI Radiochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 79 IS 3 BP 183 EP 190 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA YV042 UT WOS:000071783800005 ER PT J AU Rai, D Felmy, AR Sterner, SM Moore, DA Mason, MJ Novak, CF AF Rai, D Felmy, AR Sterner, SM Moore, DA Mason, MJ Novak, CF TI The solubility of Th(IV) and U(IV) hydrous oxides in concentrated NaCl and MgCl2 solutions SO RADIOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE solubility product; ion-interaction; solubility; ThO2(am); UO2(am); Pitzer parameters ID HYDROLYSIS CONSTANTS; NATURAL-WATERS; HYDROXIDE; THERMODYNAMICS; COEFFICIENTS; ELECTROLYTES; PREDICTION; EQUILIBRIA; PRODUCT; SYSTEM AB The solubilities of Th(IV) and U(IV) hydrous oxides can be used to set upper limits on Th(IV) and U(IV) concentrations that can leach out of salt repositories which contain concentrated Na and Mg chloride brines. Therefore, the solubilities of Th(IV) and U(IV) hydrous oxides were studied in concentrated solutions of NaCl (ranging up to 6.0 m) and MgCl2 (ranging up to 3.0 m) over a wide range of H+ concentrations and equilibration periods. Extreme precautions (such as the use of pure U(IV) stock solutions, EuCl2 reducing agent, and deoxygenated waters through equilibrations with Fe powder) were taken to ensure that the dissolved U was present as U(IV). Similar trends of rapidly decreasing solubilities, 3 to 4 orders of magnitude with a unit change in pc(H)+, over very narrow ranges in pc(H)+ values, for both hydrous oxides and the oxidation state analyses of aqueous U indicate that U was being maintained as U(IV). The differences in solubility between the two hydrous oxides did not change significantly over wide ranges of chloride concentrations. These solubility data, along with other data available in the literature, are interpreted using Pitzer's ion-interaction model, which requires the use of 1) U4+, Th4+, and UOH3+ species and binary interactions of these species with Cl-, 2) cation-cation and cation-cation-anion interactions involving Th4+ with bulk electrolyte ions, and 3) log of the solubility products of UO2(am) and ThO2(am) of -53.45 and -45.5, respectively. The model predictions agree well with the experimental solubilities of U(IV) and Th hydrous oxides in dilute to concentrated NaCl and MgCl2 solutions. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Rai, D (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 22 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 14 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNICH PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 0033-8230 J9 RADIOCHIM ACTA JI Radiochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 79 IS 4 BP 239 EP 247 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA YY013 UT WOS:000072103100005 ER PT J AU Ferrieri, RA Sharma, RB Wolf, AP AF Ferrieri, RA Sharma, RB Wolf, AP TI Effect of translational energy on the reactions involving excited N(D-2) and Cl-2 SO RADIOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE recoil atom; translational energy; gas bath ID RATE CONSTANTS; ATOMS; NCL; MOLECULES; KINETICS; RADICALS; N(2D) AB Studies are reported on the effect of translational energy on the chemical mechanisms for collisional deactivation of electronically excited recoil N-13(D-2) atoms by Cl-2. These studies were carried out in gas baths of 99.9, 99.0 and 90.0 mol percent of neon relative to the combined concentrations of the Cl-2 quenching gas, and an additional probe reagent. N-2 and NO were selected as probe reagents for their ability to remove the N-13-atoms as the (NN)-N-13 product state-selectively and nonselectively, respectively. The behavior of recoil N-13(D-2) atoms with Cl-2 was indirectly monitored through the dependence of the (NN)-N-13 yield on halogen quencher concentration. In turn, the effect of translational energy on this behavior was revealed by comparing the dependence of this yield on Cl-2 between different bath gas concentrations. The observed results showed that thermalized N-13(D-2) atoms behaved predictably with Cl-2 in that (NCl)-N-13(X-3 Sigma(-)) was formed. In the absence of secondary reactions, as was the case when Cl-2 + N-2 mixtures were used, the halonitrene radical dissociated to the ground-state atoms. However, its quantitative conversion to (NNO)-N-13 could be seen in the presence of trace concentrations of NO. At higher translational energies, the transient halonitrene concentration was greatly reduced. This change was not attributed to its increased reactivity towards Cl-2, but rather to a change in the primary reaction involving N-13(D-2) and Cl-2 which yielded an intermediate other than the halonitrene. RP Ferrieri, RA (reprint author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT CHEM,UPTON,NY 11973, USA. NR 42 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNCHEN PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNCHEN, GERMANY SN 0033-8230 J9 RADIOCHIM ACTA JI Radiochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 77 IS 1-2 BP 21 EP 27 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA XQ718 UT WOS:A1997XQ71800004 ER PT J AU Ferrieri, RA Sharma, RB Wolf, AP Rack, EP AF Ferrieri, RA Sharma, RB Wolf, AP Rack, EP TI Stereochemical consequences of recoil halogen atom substitution .4. Effect of kinetic energy moderator concentration on the F-18-for-X (X=Br, F) reactions in gaseous diastereomeric 2,3-bromofluorobutanes SO RADIOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE hot atom chemistry; halogen atom substitution; stereochemistry ID MOLECULAR MECHANICS CALCULATIONS; WALDEN INVERSION; GAS-PHASE; FOR-BR; 2,3-DIHALOBUTANES; CHLORINE; CL AB The stereochemical consequences of recoil F-18-for-X (X = Br, Fl atom substitutions in (2S,3R)-dl- and (2S,3S)-dl-bromofluorobutanes (BFB's) were investigated in the gas phase as a function of kinetic energy moderator concentration. Results from exothermic F-18-for-Br substitutions in the BFB stereoisomers revealed that the reaction stereochemistry changed from high retention of configuration to predominant inversion of configuration with increasing kinetic energy moderator concentration. An inspection of individual yields revealed that the inversion product channel was insensitive to kinetic energy moderator concentration, while the retention product channel decreased in importance as the moderator concentration was increased. In contrast, results from thermoneutral F-18-for-F substitutions in BFB's revealed that reaction stereochemistry was insensitive to kinetic energy moderator. An inspection of product yields revealed that channels for retention and inversion product formation exhibited the same moderator dependence. C1 WILLIAM BEAUMONT HOSP,DEPT NUCL MED,ROYAL OAK,MI 48073. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT CHEM,LINCOLN,NE 68588. RP Ferrieri, RA (reprint author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT CHEM,UPTON,NY 11973, USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNCHEN PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNCHEN, GERMANY SN 0033-8230 J9 RADIOCHIM ACTA JI Radiochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 77 IS 1-2 BP 29 EP 35 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA XQ718 UT WOS:A1997XQ71800005 ER PT J AU Mirzadeh, S Knapp, FF Lambrecht, RM AF Mirzadeh, S Knapp, FF Lambrecht, RM TI Burn-up cross-section of W-188 SO RADIOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE radiochemistry; neutron cross-section; tungsten-188; tungsten-189 AB Tungsten-189 was produced by irradiating a radioactive target containing a known amount of W-188. I, order to reduce the radiation level to an acceptable level (<20% detector dead time), we chemically removed >90% of Re-188 (the decay product of W-188) prior to irradiation. We were able to confirm the two predominant gamma-rays in the decay of W-189, 260.1+/-1.4 and 421.5+/-1.6 keV. By following the decay of these gamma-rays in two sets of experiments, a half-life of 10.8+/-0.3 min was obtained for W-189. Based on a knowledge of the W-188 content of target (52.6 MBq), neutron flux density of 5 x 10(13) n.s(-1).cm(-2), irradiation time of 10 min and with the assumption of 100% intensity for 260.1 and 421.5 keV gamma-rays, a cross-section of 12.0+/-2.5 b was calculated for burn-up of W-188. C1 UNIV WOLLONGONG,DEPT CHEM,WOLLONGONG,NSW 2522,AUSTRALIA. RP Mirzadeh, S (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,NUCL MED GRP,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNCHEN PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNCHEN, GERMANY SN 0033-8230 J9 RADIOCHIM ACTA JI Radiochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 77 IS 1-2 BP 99 EP 102 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA XQ718 UT WOS:A1997XQ71800014 ER PT J AU Schadel, M Bruchle, W Schausten, B Schimpf, E Jager, E Wirth, G Gunther, R Kratz, JV Paulus, W Seibert, A Thorle, P Trautmann, N Zauner, S Schumann, D Andrassy, M Misiak, R Gregorich, KE Hoffman, DC Lee, DM Sylwester, ER Nagame, Y Oura, Y AF Schadel, M Bruchle, W Schausten, B Schimpf, E Jager, E Wirth, G Gunther, R Kratz, JV Paulus, W Seibert, A Thorle, P Trautmann, N Zauner, S Schumann, D Andrassy, M Misiak, R Gregorich, KE Hoffman, DC Lee, DM Sylwester, ER Nagame, Y Oura, Y TI First aqueous chemistry with seaborgium (element 106) SO RADIOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE seaborgium; element 106; aqueous chemistry; atom-at-a-time chemistry; periodic table; synthesis and nuclear decay of (265,266)Sg ID ENHANCED NUCLEAR-STABILITY; GAS-PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHY; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES; TRANSACTINIDE ELEMENTS; SPONTANEOUS-FISSION; SOLVENT-EXTRACTION; MODEL EXPERIMENTS; HCL/HF SOLUTIONS; ANION-EXCHANGE AB For the first time, chemical separations of element 106 (Seaborgium, Sg) were performed in aqueous solutions. The isotopes (265)Sg and (266)Sg were produced in the Cm-248 + Ne-22 reaction at a beam energy of 121 MeV. The reaction products were continuously transported by a He(KCl)-jet to the computer-controlled liquid chromatography system ARCA. In 0.1 M HNO3/5 x 10(-4) M HF Sg was found to be eluted within 10 s from 1.6 x 8 mm cation-exchange columns (Aminex A6, 17.5 +/- 2 mu m) together with the hexavalent Mo- and W-ions, while hexavalent U-ions and tetravalent Zr-, Hf-, and element 104 ions were strongly retained on the column. Element 106 was detected by measuring correlated a-decays of the daughter isotopes 78-s (261)104 and 26-s (257)102. For the isotope (266)Sg, We have evidence for a spontaneous fission branch. It yields a partial spontaneous-fission half-life which is in agreement with recent theoretical predictions. The chemical results show that the most stable oxidation state of Sg in aqueous solution is +6, and that like its homologs Mo and W, Sg forms neutral or anionic ore-or oxohalide-compounds under the present condition. In these first experiments, Sg exhibits properties very characteristic of group 6 elements, and does not show U-like properties. C1 UNIV MAINZ,INST KERNCHEM,D-55000 MAINZ,GERMANY. TECH UNIV DRESDEN,INST ANALYT CHEM,D-01062 DRESDEN,GERMANY. H NIEWODNICZANSKI INST NUCL PHYS,KRAKOW,POLAND. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720. JAPAN ATOM ENERGY RES INST,TOKAI,IBARAKI 31911,JAPAN. RP Schadel, M (reprint author), GESELL SCHWERIONENFORSCH MBH,D-64291 DARMSTADT,GERMANY. NR 57 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 2 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNCHEN PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNCHEN, GERMANY SN 0033-8230 J9 RADIOCHIM ACTA JI Radiochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 77 IS 3 BP 149 EP 159 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA XU318 UT WOS:A1997XU31800003 ER PT J AU Shoup, SS Bamberger, CE AF Shoup, SS Bamberger, CE TI On the formation of americium- and neptunium-containing titanates SO RADIOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE transuranium elements; americium compounds; neptunium chemistry; titanates; nuclear waste ID SOLID-SOLUTIONS; WASTE; IMMOBILIZATION; SYNROC AB The compound Am2Ti2O7 with americium in the III oxidation state was synthesized and characterized as exhibiting monoclinic symmetry. Solid solutions between monoclinic Am2Ti2O7 and a representative cubic pyrochlore, Er2Ti2O7, were prepared, and the solubility limit of Am2Ti2O7 was determined to be 59+/-9 mol percent. The preparation of strontium-containing perovskite compounds of the type Sr4-xAm2x/3Ti4O12 and Sr6-12yAm6yTi5O16 were attempted. Only the tetragonally-distorted SrAm2Ti4O12, with americium in the III oxidation state, was formed while Sr2Am2Ti5O16, with americium in the IV oxidation state, could not be prepared. Attempted syntheses of analogous Np(III) and Np(IV) compounds were unsuccessful. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM & ANALYT SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNCHEN PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNCHEN, GERMANY SN 0033-8230 J9 RADIOCHIM ACTA JI Radiochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 76 IS 1-2 BP 63 EP 69 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA WY788 UT WOS:A1997WY78800009 ER PT J AU Allen, PG Siemering, GS Shuh, DK Bucher, JJ Edelstein, NM Langton, CA Clark, SB Reich, T Denecke, MA AF Allen, PG Siemering, GS Shuh, DK Bucher, JJ Edelstein, NM Langton, CA Clark, SB Reich, T Denecke, MA TI Technetium speciation in cement waste forms determined by X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy SO RADIOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE EXAFS; XANES; cement; technetium; X-ray ID DISPOSAL; GROUTS; XANES AB The chemistry of technetium in cement waste forms has been studied with X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy. Using the Tc K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) as a probe of the technetium speciation, our results show that partial reduction of the pertechnetate ion, TcO4-, takes place in the presence of the cement additive, blast furnace slag (BFS). The addition of the reducing agents FeS, Na2S, and NaH2PO2 produces more extensive reduction of TcO4-, while the compounds FeO, Fe3O4, and Mn3O4 are observed to be unreactive. The extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data for the BFS, Na2S, and FeS treated cements indicate the presence of Tc clusters possessing first shell S coordination. For the Na2S and FeS additives, Tc-Tc interactions are detected in the EXAFS demonstrating an extended structure similar to that of TcS2. The EXAFS spectrum of the NaH2PO2 treated cement reveals Tc-O and Tc-Tc interactions that resemble those found in the structure of TcO2. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, GT SEABORG INST TRANSACTINIUM SCI, LIVERMORE, CA 94551 USA. WESTINGHOUSE SAVANNAH RIVER CO, SAVANNAH RIVER TECHNOL CTR, AIKEN, SC 29808 USA. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, DEPT CHEM, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM ROSSENDORF EV, INST RADIOCHEM, D-01314 DRESDEN, GERMANY. RP Allen, PG (reprint author), LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, DIV CHEM SCI, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. RI Reich, Tobias/C-7064-2016 OI Reich, Tobias/0000-0002-5600-3951 NR 32 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 32 PU OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNICH PA LEKTORAT MINT, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 0033-8230 J9 RADIOCHIM ACTA JI Radiochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 76 IS 1-2 BP 77 EP 86 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA WY788 UT WOS:A1997WY78800011 ER PT J AU Haverlock, TJ Bonnesen, PV Sachleben, RA Moyer, BA AF Haverlock, TJ Bonnesen, PV Sachleben, RA Moyer, BA TI Applicability of a calixarene-crown compound for the removal of cesium from alkaline tank waste SO RADIOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE radioactive waste; solvent extraction; crown ether; calixarene; cesium; macrocycle ID SUPPORTED LIQUID MEMBRANES; SOLVENT-EXTRACTION; TRANSPORT AB In terms of extractive strength and selectivity over sodium, calix[4]arene-bis-(2,3-naphtho-crown-6) exhibits superior properties in comparison with simple crown ethers for separating cesium from an alkaline solution simulating a Hanford tank supernatant waste. The calixarene was studied at 0.01 M in four diluents. In two cases a cesium distribution coefficient near unity was obtained. Successive water washes sufficed to strip the loaded solvents. In addition, selectivity ratios for cesium over sodium exceeded 10(4) for all of the diluents. By contrast, bis-(tert-butylbenzo)-21-crown-7 gave distribution coefficients an average of 200 times lower under identical conditions; its selectivity ratio for cesium over sodium was at best 200 in one of the four diluents tried. Although Cs/Na selectivity in the case of the calixarene is so high as to make Na+ ion extraction inconsequential, Cs/K selectivity lay in the lower range 122-935. Owing to the relatively high concentration of K+ ion in the waste, strong competition due to K+ ion extraction resulting in high loading of the calixarene was observed to limit the effectiveness of cesium extraction and stripping. For both the calixarene and crown ether, extraction strength correlates with the empirical solvent polarity parameters DP* and E-T. RP Haverlock, TJ (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM & ANALYT SCI,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. RI Solominow, Sonia/A-4021-2008; Bonnesen, Peter/A-1889-2016; Moyer, Bruce/L-2744-2016 OI Bonnesen, Peter/0000-0002-1397-8281; Moyer, Bruce/0000-0001-7484-6277 NR 27 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 8 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNCHEN PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNCHEN, GERMANY SN 0033-8230 J9 RADIOCHIM ACTA JI Radiochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 76 IS 1-2 BP 103 EP 108 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA WY788 UT WOS:A1997WY78800015 ER PT J AU Giaquinta, DM Soderholm, L Yuchs, SE Wasserman, SR AF Giaquinta, DM Soderholm, L Yuchs, SE Wasserman, SR TI The speciation of uranium in a smectite clay: Evidence for catalysed uranyl reduction SO RADIOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE smectite clay; speciation; catalysed reduction ID ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; MONTMORILLONITE; SORPTION; SOLIDS; EXAFS; ION; MONOLAYERS AB X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is used to determine the uranium speciation in exchanged and surface-modified clays. XAS data from uranyl-loaded bentonite clays are compared with those obtained after the particle surfaces have been coated with alkylsilanes. These silane films, which render the surface of the clay hydrophobic, are added in order to minimize the ability of external water to exchange with the water in the clay interlayer, thereby decreasing the release rate of the exchanged-uranium species. Mild hydrothermal conditions are used in an effort to mimic potential geologic conditions. The uranyl monomer species remain unchanged in most samples, except for those samples that were both coated with an alkylsilane and hydrothermally treated. When the clay is coated with an organic film, hydrothermal treatment results in the aggregation of a U(IV) species. This uranyl reduction; which occurs only in the presence of both the clay and the organic coating, is compared to similar Fe and Cu reductions that occur when exchanged clays are used as catalysts for organic reactions. The implications of the uranyl reduction to environmental remediation are discussed. RP Giaquinta, DM (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 49 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 8 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNCHEN PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNCHEN, GERMANY SN 0033-8230 J9 RADIOCHIM ACTA JI Radiochim. Acta PY 1997 VL 76 IS 3 BP 113 EP 121 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA XH081 UT WOS:A1997XH08100001 ER PT J AU Eiden, GC Barinaga, CJ Koppenaal, DW AF Eiden, GC Barinaga, CJ Koppenaal, DW TI Beneficial ion/molecule reactions in elemental mass spectrometry SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 23rd Annual FACSS Meeting CY SEP 29-OCT 04, 1996 CL KANSAS CITY, MO SP FACSS ID COUPLED PLASMA SOURCE; ION-TRAP; LASER ABLATION; RESOLUTION; EXCITATION AB A plasma source ion trap (PSIT) mass spectrometer has been modified to incorporate a radiofrequency octopole ion guide/collision cell between the ion source and the mass spectrometer. This modification allows ions sampled from the plasma to undergo reactions prior to mass spectrometric analysis, This capability can obviate the need for chemical or chromatographic separation of the sample, remove mass spectral intereferences and enable formation of analytically useful molecular ions. Distinct reaction chemistries can be utilized in the octopole and/or ion trap, Performance of the instrument is dramatically improved if hydrogen gas is introduced into the octopole; molecular hydrogen reacts with Ar+ and certain other plasma ions, greatly reduces their intensities, and cools and focuses the ion beam prior to its injection into the ion trap. Selective reactions of atomic ions that me reported include the neutralization of Ar+ by reaction with H-2 and elimination of Y+, Zr+ and Xe+ by reaction with O-2. Thus, Ca-40(+) can be detected without interference from Ar-40(+), Applications to the detection of non-naturally occurring isotopes include a 200-fold faster reaction of Y-90(+) and Zr-90(+) with O-2 compared with Sr-90(+) and a 10(4)-fold faster reaction of Xe-129(+) with O-2 compared with I-129(+). Improvements in absolute sensitivity and linear dynamic range of the PSIT-octopole combination are also presented. Benefits for conventional inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (without ion traps) from suitably implemented ion/molecule chemistry are also discussed. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 PACIFIC NW LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. NR 42 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 1997 VL 11 IS 1 BP 37 EP 42 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(19970115)11:1<37::AID-RCM815>3.0.CO;2-C PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA WF628 UT WOS:A1997WF62800006 ER PT J AU Johnson, RC Srinivasan, N Cooks, RG Schell, D AF Johnson, RC Srinivasan, N Cooks, RG Schell, D TI Membrane introduction mass spectrometry in a pilot plant: On-line monitoring of fermentation broths SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID SEMIVOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; WATER AB The performance of a membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) system has been tested under pilot plant conditions. The work employed a Finnigan ITS-40 ion trap instrument, adapted to MIMS experiments by the addition of an external membrane/jet separator interface and packaged to operate in an industrial production environment. A representative sample from a 9000 L fermentation reactor was taken continuously and monitored on-line, using a stainless steel tangential filter as the only sample pretreatment. This filter was capable of withstanding the temperature and pressure of 30 psig steam sterilization as well as the 10-30 psig operating pressure from a sample stream containing in excess of 10% solids. The filtrate was sampled using a flow injection analysis system which allowed quantification using external standards. Calibration experiments established that the system displayed a linear response to ethanol at concentrations between 1 and 10% by volume, During subsequent on-line experiments, ethanol standard and sample streams were examined alternately. The response of the standard solutions was used to quantitate the response of the sample stream and reduce errors associated with long term instrumental drift. Ethanol concentrations were found to be 2.97 +/- 0.07% and were quantitatively in agreement with off-line high-performance liquid chromatographic data. Minor components identified during on-line reactor monitoring included acetic and lactic acid. After one week of off-line operation in the pilot plant, on-line monitoring was continued for a period of four days. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. NATL RENEWABLE ENERGY LAB,ALTERNAT FUELS USERS FACIL,GOLDEN,CO 80401. RI Cooks, R/G-1051-2015 OI Cooks, R/0000-0002-9581-9603 NR 21 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 1997 VL 11 IS 4 BP 363 EP 367 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(19970228)11:4<363::AID-RCM857>3.3.CO;2-Q PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA WM146 UT WOS:A1997WM14600006 ER PT J AU Taranenko, NI Chung, CN Zhu, YF Allman, SL Golovlev, VV Isola, NR Martin, SA Haff, LA Chen, CH AF Taranenko, NI Chung, CN Zhu, YF Allman, SL Golovlev, VV Isola, NR Martin, SA Haff, LA Chen, CH TI Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization for sequencing single-stranded and double-stranded DNA SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; DESORPTION IONIZATION; OLIGONUCLEOTIDES; BASES; ACID AB The DNA sequence of a single-stranded and double-stranded template was determined. The templates were sequenced using the chain termination method and cycle sequencing method and detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The sequencing products were analyzed successfully without the laborious and expensive methods for removal of the template. Direct sequencing of the double-stranded template was achieved with minimal post-reaction purifications, which could be extremely important for mutation analysis and clinical diagnosis. A systematic study of the mechanisms and kinetics of sequencing reactions was also performed. The details of this analysis and directions for future improvements of the quality of sequencing are presented. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,HLTH SCI RES DIV,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. PERSEPT BIOSYST INC,FRAMINGHAM,MA. RI Allman, Steve/A-9121-2011 OI Allman, Steve/0000-0001-6538-7048 NR 34 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 1997 VL 11 IS 4 BP 386 EP 392 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(19970228)11:4<386::AID-RCM867>3.0.CO;2-N PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA WM146 UT WOS:A1997WM14600011 PM 9069640 ER PT J AU Kruckeberg, S Beiersdorfer, P Dietrich, G Lutzenkirchen, K Schweikhard, L Walther, C AF Kruckeberg, S Beiersdorfer, P Dietrich, G Lutzenkirchen, K Schweikhard, L Walther, C TI First observation of multiply charged vanadium clusters in a Penning trap SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID SILVER CLUSTERS; SODIUM CLUSTERS; IONS; FISSION; DISSOCIATION; CAPTURE AB Singly charged vanadium cluster ions from an external laser-vaporization source are accumulated in a Penning trap, They are subjected to electron bombardment which leads to further ionization, The charge states produced are analyzed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry after axial ejection from the trap, The results include the observation of charge states up to z = 6 and indications for signals at z = 7 and 8. Clusters of a given charge state may be selected for further investigation adding a new dimension to future studies of stored cluster ions. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 UNIV MAINZ,INST PHYS,D-55099 MAINZ,GERMANY. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. UNIV MAINZ,INST KERNCHEM,D-55099 MAINZ,GERMANY. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 1997 VL 11 IS 5 BP 455 EP 458 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(199703)11:5<455::AID-RCM887>3.0.CO;2-Y PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA WT708 UT WOS:A1997WT70800007 ER PT J AU Gill, CG Garrett, AW Nogar, NS Hemberger, PH AF Gill, CG Garrett, AW Nogar, NS Hemberger, PH TI Laser ablation ion trap mass spectrometry - Storage field suppression and its effect upon analytical performance SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID DESORPTION IONIZATION; DESORBED IONS; SENSITIVITY; SAMPLES AB The combination of laser desorption and ablation with mass spectrometry has been, and will continue to be, a useful marriage of technologies. Quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry, which has evolved from a simple mass selective detector for gas chromatography to a high performance analytical tool over the last decade, is being coupled more frequently with desorption sources, such as lasers and particle beams. The present work addresses a shortcoming of the use of laser sampling with quadrupole ion traps: laser ablation of samples directly within the storage volume of the trap can lead to suppression of the RF storage field, thereby reducing ion-trapping efficiency during the ionization event. A systematic examination of the Phenomenon has been conducted and the advantages of selective injection or ionization methods, such as resonant laser ablation, for elimination of this problem are presented. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DIV CHEM SCI & TECHNOL,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 1997 VL 11 IS 6 BP 551 EP 556 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(199704)11:6<551::AID-RCM914>3.0.CO;2-F PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA WV616 UT WOS:A1997WV61600003 ER PT J AU Trevor, JL Hanley, L Lykke, KR AF Trevor, JL Hanley, L Lykke, KR TI Laser desorption/vacuum ultraviolet photoionization of alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID ION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; DIALKYL DISULFIDES; ORGANIC THIOLS; GOLD; SURFACES; FILMS AB Self assembled monolayers of straight-chain alkanethiolates (RS) on gold were studied by nitrogen laser desorption followed by vacuum ultraviolet (118 nm) photoionization of secondary neutrals in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The dominant feature of all photoionization mass spectra were the dimers (RSSR+) for all thiolates studied. No monomer ions (RS') were observed, in contrast with previous results from time-of-flight secondary ion and direct laser desorption mass spectrometry. Results are presented from experiments on the tetradecyl (C-14) and hexadecyl (C-16) mercaptan monolayers. Mixed C-14/C-16 monolayers generated both pure and mixed dimers, indicating a facile association between different monomer chain lengths. (C) 1997 by John Whey & Sons, Ltd. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CHEM,CHICAGO,IL 60607. ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM & MAT SCI,ARGONNE,IL 60439. NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,OPT TECHNOL DIV,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. NR 22 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 1997 VL 11 IS 6 BP 587 EP 589 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(199704)11:6<587::AID-RCM877>3.0.CO;2-J PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA WV616 UT WOS:A1997WV61600008 ER PT J AU Lammert, SA AF Lammert, SA TI 1997 directory of mass spectrometry manufacturers and suppliers SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID PRODUCTS; SYSTEMS RP Lammert, SA (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,M-S 6120,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 1997 VL 11 IS 8 BP 821 EP 845 PG 25 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA XC179 UT WOS:A1997XC17900002 ER PT J AU Stephenson, JL McLuckey, SA AF Stephenson, JL McLuckey, SA TI Charge reduction of oligonucleotide anions via gas-phase electron transfer to xenon cations SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PROTON-TRANSFER REACTIONS; ION-MOLECULE REACTIONS; DECONVOLUTION; PRINCIPLES; SPECTRA AB Multiply-charged anions derived from electrospray (ES) ionization of the oligonucleotide 5'-d(GTCTTAGCGCTAAGAC)-3' have been subjected to electron transfer reactions with ionized xenon in a quadrupole ion frap and found to undergo minimal fragmentation, This observation stands in contrast with electron transfer to rare gases from anions of smaller oligonucleotides which have been shown to undergo extensive fragmentation, The present results are attributed to longer anion lifetimes for the larger oligonucleotide anions (following highly exothermic electron transfer) which then allow for collisional cooling by the helium bath gas, Reduction to singly charged anions with minimal fragmentation is noted, indicating that xenon cations can be considered as a reagent for simplifying ES mass spectra of moderately sized oligonucleotides. The relative merits of the use of xenon cations in the quadrupole ion trap for this purpose is discussed. (C) 1997 by John Whey & Sons, Ltd. This paper was prepared under the-auspices of the US Government and it is therefore not subject to copyright in the US. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM & ANALYT SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. RI Stephenson, James/A-9262-2009; McLuckey, Scott/B-2203-2009 OI McLuckey, Scott/0000-0002-1648-5570 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 45372] NR 26 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 1997 VL 11 IS 8 BP 875 EP 880 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(199705)11:8<875::AID-RCM934>3.0.CO;2-K PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA XC179 UT WOS:A1997XC17900007 PM 9183856 ER PT J AU Zhu, YF Taranenko, NI Allman, SL Taranenko, NV Martin, SA Haff, LA Chen, CH AF Zhu, YF Taranenko, NI Allman, SL Taranenko, NV Martin, SA Haff, LA Chen, CH TI Oligonucleotide sequencing by fragmentation in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID DNA; ANIONS AB Oligonucleotide sequencing by fragmentation in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry has been demonstrated, With this sequencing method, the preparation of oligonucleotide ladder products and gel electrophoresis are not required, thus the sequencing speed potentially can be increased, Sequence information for single strand oligonucleotide segments up to 35 mer was obtained from fragmentation patterns using a mixture of anthranilic acid and ammonium citrate or 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone and ammonium citrate as matrices, This method shows that the cleavage of P-O bond at 5'-linkage and C-O bond at 3'-linkage could be established in the MALDI process. Such cleavages at specific sites in the backbone of oligonucleotide can provide the foundation for fast oligonucleotide sequencing. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,CHEM & BIOL PHYS SECT,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. UNIV TENNESSEE,OHLD DEPT,KNOXVILLE,TN. PERSEPT BIOSYST INC,FRAMINGHAM,MA. RI Allman, Steve/A-9121-2011 OI Allman, Steve/0000-0001-6538-7048 NR 24 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 1997 VL 11 IS 8 BP 897 EP 903 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(199705)11:8<897::AID-RCM929>3.0.CO;2-Z PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA XC179 UT WOS:A1997XC17900010 ER PT J AU Cisper, ME Hemberger, PH AF Cisper, ME Hemberger, PH TI The direct analysis of semi-volatile organic compounds by membrane introduction mass spectrometry SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; ONLINE; IONIZATION AB We present results for direct on-line detection of semi-volatile compounds in air using membrane introduction ion trap mass spectrometry, Brief sampling periods of 10 seconds to 3 minutes produced linear and reproducible data for concentrations ranging from parts-per-trillion to parts-per-billion by volume, The method uses a composite membrane made by plasma deposition of a thin polydimethylsilicone layer on a microporous polypropylene support fiber, Charge exchange ionization was used for a variety of semi-volatile compounds and produced enhanced responses when compared to electron ionization, Among the semi-volatile species studied are dimethyl methylphosphonate, malathion, nitrobenzene, methyl salicylate, 2-chlorophenol, cyclohexanol, diethyl malonate and naphthalene, We also demonstrate direct analysis of semi-volatile compounds in aqueous solution with the composite membrane by the detection of 2-chlorophenol in water using both electron ionization and proton transfer chemical ionization. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,GRP CST7,MS J565,CHEM SCI & TECHNOL DIV,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. NR 19 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 1997 VL 11 IS 13 BP 1449 EP 1453 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA XV325 UT WOS:A1997XV32500013 ER PT J AU Cisper, ME Hemberger, PH AF Cisper, ME Hemberger, PH TI Organometallic analysis by membrane introduction mass spectrometry SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SPECIATION AB We report the first demonstration of the real-time detection of metal-containing compounds using membrane introduction ion trap mass spectrometry. Ferrocene and molybdenum hexacarbonyl vapors were detected in air using a composite membrane for sample introduction. The membrane consists of a plasma-deposited polydimethylsilicone layer on a hollow microporous polypropylene fiber. The organometallic molecular ions were readily detected using charge exchange ionization employing oxygen from air as the reagent gas. When electron ionization was used, the expected greater fragmentation was seen in the mass spectrum. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,CHEM SCI & TECHNOL DIV,MS J565,GRP CST7,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. NR 14 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 1997 VL 11 IS 13 BP 1454 EP 1456 PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA XV325 UT WOS:A1997XV32500014 ER PT J AU Lipton, MSW Fuciarelli, AL Springer, DL Hofstadler, SA Edmonds, CG AF Lipton, MSW Fuciarelli, AL Springer, DL Hofstadler, SA Edmonds, CG TI Analysis of radiation induced nucleobase-peptide crosslinks by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID TYROSINE; THYMINE; LINKS; DNA AB Upon exposure to ionizing radiation, DNA undergoes a variety of modifications including the production of a covalent bond between the nucleobase thymine and the amino acid tyrosine, These crosslinked lesions, produced in cells exposed to ionizing radiation, if unrepaired are thought to result in cell death, We have used electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to study a model system consisting of the peptide angiotensin, a 10 amino acid peptide containing only one tyrosine residue, irradiated in the presence of the nucleobase thymine, The presence of the covalently crosslinked species has been determined by ESI-MS, by the appearance of additional species in the irradiated samples which correspond to the adduction of thymine as well as a hydrated species containing thymine and water (5-hydroxy-6-hydrothymine). The formation of 5-hydroxy-6-hydrothymine adduct is reversible and the relative abundance of the thymine and 5-hydroxy-6-hydrothymine adducts is dependent on the pH of the spray solution, High resolution experiments using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry confirms the presence of the thymine and hydrated thymine adducts, The high resolution nature of these experiments also allows the detection of a 5,6-dihydrothymine adduct. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 PACIFIC NW LAB, MACROMOL STRUCT & DYNAM ENVIRONM MOL SCI LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. PACIFIC NW LAB, TOXICOKINET & BIOANALYT RES GRP, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM47423] NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 1997 VL 11 IS 15 BP 1673 EP 1676 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA YB074 UT WOS:A1997YB07400008 PM 9364796 ER PT J AU Shaffer, SA Tang, KQ Anderson, GA Prior, DC Udseth, HR Smith, RD AF Shaffer, SA Tang, KQ Anderson, GA Prior, DC Udseth, HR Smith, RD TI A novel ion funnel for focusing ions at elevated pressure using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID PRINCIPLES; PROTEINS AB The ability to effectively focus and transmit ions from relatively high pressure ion sources is a key factor that affects sensitivity and dynamic range in mass spectrometry, To improve upon the mass spectrometric sensitivity achievable with electrospray ionization sources a novel ion funnel interface has been developed and implemented with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, The ion funnel effectively consists of a series of ring electrodes of progressively smaller internal diameter to which RF and DC electric fields are co-applied. The electric fields create a pseudo-potential causing the collisionally damped ions to be more effectively focused and transmitted as a collimated ion beam, The ion funnel concept we describe is supported by results of SIMION simulations, ion current measurements and implementation with a mass spectrometer, Electrospray ionization mass spectra for an initial ion funnel configuration demonstrated over an order of magnitude increase in signal relative to that of the instrument operated in its standard (capillary inlet-skimmer) configuration under similar conditions, (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 PACIFIC NW LAB, ENVIRONM MOL SCI LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. RI Shaffer, Scott/F-8650-2010; Smith, Richard/J-3664-2012 OI Smith, Richard/0000-0002-2381-2349 NR 14 TC 198 Z9 200 U1 16 U2 96 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0951-4198 EI 1097-0231 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 1997 VL 11 IS 16 BP 1813 EP 1817 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA YE894 UT WOS:A1997YE89400012 ER PT B AU Tsai, CS Dolin, RM Hefele, J AF Tsai, CS Dolin, RM Hefele, J BE Boulanger, P TI Building prototypes of damaged systems from analysis simulations SO RAPID PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Rapid Product Development Technologies CY NOV 18-19, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE reverse engineering; rapid prototyping technology; model reconstruction AB Our rapid prototype of damaged systems project seeks to provide a technology for allowing engineers to build demonstration prototypes of damaged products from analysis post-processing data. Most commercial finite element programs do not have a capability to construct deformed geometry at the conclusion of an analysis simulation. It is therefore not presently possible to build prototypes of predicted states of a product as the result of being subjected to simulated adverse environments. Our approach is to reverse engineer a description of a deformed finite element mesh into a stereolithography format for prototyping using a Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) machine. This stereolithography file can be generated from deformed surface node information as well as from a reconstructed surface defined by inspection data. We are developing software to allow users to represent a part or assembly in a deformed condition. The damaged part can then be manufactured using the SLS process for visualization and assessment purposes. The resulting representation can also be used to create simulated X-rays of a damaged or deformed configuration for comparison with experimental test results or field data. This allows engineers to benchmark their analysis methods and provide increased understanding of analysis results through enhanced visualization. The process of reverse engineering ''in-use'' or damaged products allows for a more refined inspection and comparison of imperfect parts. It addresses the issue of whether or not a part will still work when subjected to certain environments or scenarios. Answers to this question can be found using our model reconstruction technique that represents an ''as-built'' engineering model configuration. An additional feature of this reverse engineering process is product benchmarking and closer engineer/manufacturer interactions. RP Tsai, CS (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,CTR ADV ENGN TECHNOL,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2312-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 2910 BP 2 EP 9 DI 10.1117/12.263343 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BH10L UT WOS:A1997BH10L00001 ER PT S AU Sopori, BL Alleman, J Chen, W Tan, TY Ravindra, NM AF Sopori, BL Alleman, J Chen, W Tan, TY Ravindra, NM BE Riley, TJ Gelpey, JC Roozeboom, F Saito, S TI Grain enhancement of thin silicon layers using optical processing SO RAPID THERMAL AND INTEGRATED PROCESSING VI SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Rapid Thermal and Integrated Processing VI, at the 1997 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 01-04, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB We describe a new technique for producing large-grain, poly-Si thin films on low-cost glass substrates for solar cell applications. A layer of fine-grain poly-Si is deposited on metal-coated substrate followed by a grain enhancement using optical/thermal annealing at low temperatures (similar to 500 degrees C). The results show that in thin-layer silicon, less than 3 microns, grains can be formed in a short time (few minutes) with grain sizes larger than the film thickness. The possible mechanisms involved in this process are also presented. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Sopori, BL (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-374-6 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 470 BP 419 EP 424 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BK42L UT WOS:000072112400053 ER PT B AU Hunt, MA Sitter, DN Ferrell, RK Breeding, JE AF Hunt, MA Sitter, DN Ferrell, RK Breeding, JE BE Sinha, D TI Circumference imaging for optical based identification of cylindrical and conical objects SO REAL-TIME IMAGING II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd IS&T/SPIE Conference on Real-Time Imaging CY FEB 10, 1997 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE geometric warping; object identification; circumference imaging; real-time processing; optical distortion AB Inspection and identification of cylindrical or conical shaped objects presents a unique challenge for a machine vision system. Due to the circular nature of the objects it is difficult to image the whole object using traditional area cameras and image capture methods. This work describes a unique technique to acquire a two dimensional image of the entire surface circumference of a cylindrical/conical shaped object. The specific application of this method is the identification of large caliber (155 mm) ammunition rounds in the field as they are transported between or within vehicles. The proposed method utilizes a line scan camera in combination with high speed image acquisition and processing hardware to acquire images from multiple cameras and generate a single, geometrically accurate, surface image. The primary steps involved are the capture of multiple images as the ammunition moves by on the conveyor followed by warping to correct for the distortion induced by the curved projectile surface. The individual images are then tiled together to form one two-dimensional image of the complete circumference. Once this image has been formed an automatic identification algorithm begins the feature extraction and classification process. RP Hunt, MA (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,MS 6011,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2439-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3028 BP 53 EP 62 DI 10.1117/12.270351 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Optics SC Computer Science; Optics GA BH60Y UT WOS:A1997BH60Y00006 ER PT B AU Klueh, RL Alexander, DJ AF Klueh, RL Alexander, DJ BE Mahidhara, RK Geltmacher, AB Matic, P Sadananda, K TI Neutron irradiation effects on the ductile-brittle transition of ferritic/martensitic steels SO RECENT ADVANCES IN FRACTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Recent Advances in Fracture, at the Annual Meeting of the Minerals-Metals-and-Materials-Society CY FEB 10-13, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP ASM-MSD Flow & Fracture Comm, Minerals Met & Mat Soc, Mech Met Comm, USA, Res Off, Minerals Met & Mat Soc, Struct Mat Div AB Ferritic/martensitic steels such as the conventional BCr-1MoVNb (Fe-9Cr-1Mo-0.25V-O.06Nb-0.1C) and 12Cr-1MoVW (Fe-12Cr-1Mo-0.25V-0.5W-0.5Ni-0.2C) steels have been considered potential structural materials for future fusion power plants. The major obstacle to their use is embrittlement caused by neutron irradiation. Observations on this irradiation embrittlement will be reviewed. Below 425-450 degrees C, neutron irradiation hardens the steels. Hardening reduces ductility, but the major effect is an increase in the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DE;TT) and a decrease in the upper-shelf energy, as measured by a Charpy impact test. After irradiation, DBTT values can increase to well above room temperature, thus increasing the chances of brittle rather than ductile fracture. In addition to irradiation hardening, neutrons from the fusion reaction will produce large amounts of helium in the steels used to construct fusion power plant components. Tests to simulate the fusion environment indicate that helium can also affect the toughness. Steels are being developed for fusion applications that have a low DBTT prior to irradiation and then show only a small shift after irradiation. A martensitic 9Cr-2WVTa (nominally Fe 9Cr-2W-0.25V-0.07Ta-0.1C) steel had a much lower DBTT than the conventional 9Cr-1MoVNb, steel prior to neutron irradiation and showed a much smaller increase in DBTT after irradiation. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Klueh, RL (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU MASSON INT NURSING PUBLICATIONS PI NEW YORK PA 133 EAST 58TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA BN 0-87339-364-3 PY 1997 BP 339 EP 350 PG 12 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Mechanics; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BK36J UT WOS:000071901900029 ER PT S AU Gropp, W Lusk, E AF Gropp, W Lusk, E BE Bubak, M Dongarra, J Wasniewshi, J TI Why are PVM and MPI so different? SO RECENT ADVANCES IN PARALLEL VIRTUAL MACHINE AND MESSAGE PASSING INTERFACE SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th European PVM/MPI Users Group Meeting CY NOV 03-05, 1997 CL KRAKOW, POLAND SP CYFRONET KRAKOW, Univ Mining & Met, Inst Comp Sci, Polish Acad Sci, Comm Informat, Polish Minist Natl Educ, Polish State Comm Sci Res, Hewlett Packard USA, Hewlett Packard Polska, HMK Comp Technol GmbH Germany, CCNS Ltd Poland, Sun Microsyst Poland, Ericsson Poland, Numer Algorithms Grp Ltd, UK, PALLAS GmbH, Germany AB PVM and MPI are often compared. These comparisons usually start with the unspoken assumption that PVM and MPI represent different solutions to the same problem. In this paper we show that, in fact, the two systems often are solving different problems. In cases where the problems do match but the solutions chosen by PVM and MPI are different, we explain the reasons for the differences. Usually such differences can be traced to explicit differences in the goals of the two systems, their origins, or the relationship between their specifications and their implementations. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Gropp, W (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-63697-8 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1997 VL 1332 BP 3 EP 10 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BM08F UT WOS:000077561700002 ER PT S AU Fagg, GE Dongarra, JJ Geist, A AF Fagg, GE Dongarra, JJ Geist, A BE Bubak, M Dongarra, J Wasniewshi, J TI Heterogeneous MPI application interoperation and process management under PVMPI SO RECENT ADVANCES IN PARALLEL VIRTUAL MACHINE AND MESSAGE PASSING INTERFACE SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th European PVM/MPI Users Group Meeting CY NOV 03-05, 1997 CL KRAKOW, POLAND SP CYFRONET KRAKOW, Univ Mining & Met, Inst Comp Sci, Polish Acad Sci, Comm Informat, Polish Minist Natl Educ, Polish State Comm Sci Res, Hewlett Packard USA, Hewlett Packard Polska, HMK Comp Technol GmbH Germany, CCNS Ltd Poland, Sun Microsyst Poland, Ericsson Poland, Numer Algorithms Grp Ltd, UK, PALLAS GmbH, Germany AB Presently, different vendors' MPI implementations cannot interoperate directly with each other. As a result, performance of distributed computing across different vendors' machines requires use of a single MPI implementation, such as MPICH. This solution may be sub-optimal since it cannot utilize the vendors' own optimized MPI implementations. PVMPI, a software package currently under development at the University of Tennessee, provides the needed interoperability between different vendors' optimized MPI implementations. As the name suggests PVMPI is a powerful combination of the proven and widely ported Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) system and MPI. PVMPI is transparent to MPI applications thus allowing intercommunication via all the MPI point-to-point calls. Additionally, PVMPI allows flexible control over MPI applications by providing access to all the process control and resource control functions available in the PVM virtual machine. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Comp Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Math Sci Sect, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Fagg, GE (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Comp Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RI Dongarra, Jack/E-3987-2014 NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-63697-8 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1997 VL 1332 BP 91 EP 98 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BM08F UT WOS:000077561700013 ER PT S AU Geist, GA AF Geist, GA BE Bubak, M Dongarra, J Wasniewshi, J TI Advanced capabilities in PVM 3.4 SO RECENT ADVANCES IN PARALLEL VIRTUAL MACHINE AND MESSAGE PASSING INTERFACE SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th European PVM/MPI Users Group Meeting CY NOV 03-05, 1997 CL KRAKOW, POLAND SP CYFRONET KRAKOW, Univ Mining & Met, Inst Comp Sci, Polish Acad Sci, Comm Informat, Polish Minist Natl Educ, Polish State Comm Sci Res, Hewlett Packard USA, Hewlett Packard Polska, HMK Comp Technol GmbH Germany, CCNS Ltd Poland, Sun Microsyst Poland, Ericsson Poland, Numer Algorithms Grp Ltd, UK, PALLAS GmbH, Germany AB This paper describes many of the new features available in the newly released version 3.4 of PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine). Under development for over a year, PVM 3.4 provides a big leap forward in capabilities over PVM 3.3 by adding communication context, message handlers, message box, user defined tracing, and a WIN32 port to the virtual machine model. This paper will describe how to take advantage of these new features to create sophisticated distributed computing applications. The reader is expected to already have an understanding of parallel and distributed computing and a knowledge of the basic features provided by the PVM software. Other programming topics covered in this paper include improving application performance, adding fault tolerance, building interactive applications, and debugging. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Geist, GA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-63697-8 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1997 VL 1332 BP 107 EP 115 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BM08F UT WOS:000077561700015 ER PT S AU Geist, GA Kohl, JA Papadopoulos, PM Scott, SL AF Geist, GA Kohl, JA Papadopoulos, PM Scott, SL BE Bubak, M Dongarra, J Wasniewshi, J TI Beyond PVM 3.4: What we've learned, what's next, and why SO RECENT ADVANCES IN PARALLEL VIRTUAL MACHINE AND MESSAGE PASSING INTERFACE SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th European PVM/MPI Users Group Meeting CY NOV 03-05, 1997 CL KRAKOW, POLAND SP CYFRONET KRAKOW, Univ Mining & Met, Inst Comp Sci, Polish Acad Sci, Comm Informat, Polish Minist Natl Educ, Polish State Comm Sci Res, Hewlett Packard USA, Hewlett Packard Polska, HMK Comp Technol GmbH Germany, CCNS Ltd Poland, Sun Microsyst Poland, Ericsson Poland, Numer Algorithms Grp Ltd, UK, PALLAS GmbH, Germany AB This paper explores the foundations and philosophy that have made PVM both effective and widespread: a simple system abstraction and API, transparent heterogeneity, and dynamic system configuration. From a high-performance programming point of view, we examine the features that make PVM useful and those that make hardware-level performance difficult to achieve. The key conclusion from this analysis is that PVM, MPI, and similar paradigms suffer from a monolithic approach to the distributed computing problem. The approaches simply cannot meet the large range of service requirements for advanced distributed computing environments. The notion of a Generalized Plug-In Madline (GPM) is introduced that allows programs to exert Letter control over their operating environment. This environment has the potential to provide mechanisms for better performance, richer system dynamics, and fault-tolerance. Pluggable components, such as messaging substrates, dynamically-attached debugging agents, or complete virtual machines that can be joined together, form an operating environment that can be customized on-the-fly. Generalizations of current PVM plug-ins (resource managers, hosters, taskers) that lead to this next-generation environment are discussed, and inherent challenges, such as eliminating the master PVM daemon and providing the pluggable substrate, are examined. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Geist, GA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-63697-8 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1997 VL 1332 BP 116 EP 126 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BM08F UT WOS:000077561700016 ER PT S AU Dongarra, J Desprez, F Petitet, A Randriamaro, C Robert, Y AF Dongarra, J Desprez, F Petitet, A Randriamaro, C Robert, Y BE Bubak, M Dongarra, J Wasniewshi, J TI Block-cyclic array redistribution on networks of workstations SO RECENT ADVANCES IN PARALLEL VIRTUAL MACHINE AND MESSAGE PASSING INTERFACE SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th European PVM/MPI Users Group Meeting CY NOV 03-05, 1997 CL KRAKOW, POLAND SP CYFRONET KRAKOW, Univ Mining & Met, Inst Comp Sci, Polish Acad Sci, Comm Informat, Polish Minist Natl Educ, Polish State Comm Sci Res, Hewlett Packard USA, Hewlett Packard Polska, HMK Comp Technol GmbH Germany, CCNS Ltd Poland, Sun Microsyst Poland, Ericsson Poland, Numer Algorithms Grp Ltd, UK, PALLAS GmbH, Germany DE distributed arrays; redistribution; block-cyclic distribution; scheduling; MPI; HPF; network of workstations AB This article deals with the run-time comparison between several algorithms (including the MPI_Alltoallv() function call) to perform the redistribution of arrays that are distributed in a block-cyclic fashion over a multidimensional processor grid. The generation of the communication messages to be exchanged by the processors involved in the redistribution is not taken into account. Rather we focus on the scheduling of those messages: how to organize the message exchanges into "structured" communication steps that will minimize communication overhead. C1 Ecole Normale Super Lyon, LIP, F-69364 Lyon 07, France. Univ Tennessee, Dept Comp Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Math Sci Sect, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Dongarra, J (reprint author), Ecole Normale Super Lyon, LIP, F-69364 Lyon 07, France. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-63697-8 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1997 VL 1332 BP 343 EP 350 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BM08F UT WOS:000077561700042 ER PT B AU Thomas, EV AF Thomas, EV BE VanHuffel, S TI Insights into multivariate calibration using errors-in-variables modeling SO RECENT ADVANCES IN TOTAL LEAST SQUARES TECHNIQUES AND ERRORS-IN-VARIABLES MODELING SE SIAM PROCEEDINGS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Total Least Squares and Errors-in-Variables Modeling CY AUG 21-24, 1996 CL LOUVAIN, BELGIUM SP Fund Sci Res Flanders, European Assoc Signal Proc AB A q-vector of responses, y, is related to a p-vector of explanatory variables, x, through a causal linear model. In analytical chemistry, y and x might represent the spectrum and associated set of constituent concentrations of a multicomponent sample which are related through the Beer-Lambert law. The model parameters are estimated during a calibration process in which both x and y are available for a number of observations (samples/specimens) which are collectively referred to as the calibration set. For new observations, the fitted calibration model is then used as the basis for predicting the unknown values of the new x's (concentrations) from the associated new y's (spectral in the prediction set. This prediction procedure can be viewed as parameter estimation in an errors-in-variables (EIV) framework. In addition to providing a basis for simultaneous inference about the new x's, consideration of the ETV framework yields a number of insights relating to the design and execution of calibration studies. A particularly interesting result is that predictions of the new x's for individual samples can be improved by using seemingly unrelated information contained in the y's from the other members of the prediction set. Furthermore, motivated by this ETV analysis, this result was extended beyond the causal modeling context to a broader range of applications of multivariate calibration which involve the use of principal components regression. RP Thomas, EV (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 2 PU SIAM PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 BN 0-89871-393-5 J9 SIAM PROC S PY 1997 BP 359 EP 370 PG 12 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA BH44E UT WOS:A1997BH44E00035 ER PT J AU Zeeberg, BR Boulay, SF Sood, VK Rayeq, MR Danesh, RA McPherson, DW Knapp, FFR AF Zeeberg, BR Boulay, SF Sood, VK Rayeq, MR Danesh, RA McPherson, DW Knapp, FFR TI In vivo autoradiographic competition studies of isomers of [I-125]IQNP against QNB demonstrating in vivo m2 muscarinic subtype selectivity for QNB SO RECEPTORS & SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION LA English DT Article DE IQNP; QNB; m2 muscarinic receptor; in vivo pharmacokinetics ID IODINE-125-LABELED 1-AZABICYCLO<2.2.2>OCT-3-YL ALPHA-HYDROXY-ALPHA-(1-IODO-1-PRO; EMISSION COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY; RAT-BRAIN; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS; ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTORS; BINDING-SITES; HIGH-AFFINITY; INVIVO; LIGAND AB (R,S)-[I-125]IQNB has been used extensively in in vivo studies in rats, and has been of utility in demonstrating the in vivo subtype selectivity of nonradioactive ligands in competition studies. Because of the implications for the study of Alzheimer's disease (AD), those ligands that demonstrate m2 selectivity are of particular interest. Radiolabelled Z- and E-(-,-)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl alpha-hydroxy-alpha-(1-iodo-1-propen-3-yl)-alpha-phenylacetate (Z- and E-(-,-)-[I-125]IQNP) are analogs of (R,S)-[I-125]IQNB. Rat brain regional dissection studies and in vivo autoradiographic comparison of the time-courses of (R,S)-[I-125]IQNP, Z-(-,-)-[I-125]IQNP, and E-(-,-)-[I-125]IQNP have indicated that Z- and E-(-,-)-[(125)]IQNP, in general, are distributed similarly to (R,S)-[I-125]IQNB. Z-(-,-)-[I-125]IQNP binds to the muscarinic receptors in those brain regions enriched in the m2 subtype with approximately a two-to fivefold higher % dose/g compared with (R,S)-[I-125]IQNB. Thus, as we show here autoradiographically, using QNB as the competing nonradioactive ligand in in vivo competition studies against Z-(-,-)-[I-125]IQNP provides a sensitive and accurate probe for demonstrating the in vivo m2 selectivity of nonradioactive ligands. C1 GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV,MED CTR,SECT RADIOPHARMACEUT CHEM,WASHINGTON,DC 20037. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,NUCL MED GRP,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. RI Sood, Vinay/B-7109-2008 FU NINDS NIH HHS [NS22215] NR 43 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 SN 1052-8040 J9 RECEPT SIGNAL TRANS JI Recept. Signal Transduct. PY 1997 VL 7 IS 1 BP 45 EP 54 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA XR512 UT WOS:A1997XR51200004 PM 9285530 ER PT S AU Birn, J Hesse, M Schindler, K AF Birn, J Hesse, M Schindler, K BE Priest, ER Baker, DN TI Theory of magnetic reconnection in three dimensions SO RECONNECTION IN THE SOLAR CORONA AND MAGNETOSPHERIC SUBSTORMS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT DO 4 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission D on Reconnection in the Solar Corona and Magnetospheric Substorms, at the 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Comm Space Res, Sci Comm Solar Terr Phys, Int Astron Union, UN Off Outer Space Affairs ID FLOWS; TAIL AB Magnetic reconnection in traditional, two-dimensional theory can be closely associated with topological properties of the magnetic field, separatrices, neutral lines, or separators. Such well-defined topological properties may no longer exist, or become hopelessly complicated, in more general three-dimensional configurations, that otherwise behave physically quite similarly to the two-dimensional configurations. We discuss generalized definitions of reconnection applied to such situations and illustrate typical properties with simulations of three-dimensional reconnection in the magnetotail. (C) 1997 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NASA, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR, GREENBELT, MD 20771 USA. RUHR UNIV BOCHUM, INST THEORET PHYS 4, D-4630 BOCHUM, GERMANY. RP Birn, J (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB, POB 1663, LOS ALAMOS, NM 87545 USA. RI Hesse, Michael/D-2031-2012 NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043292-1 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 1997 VL 19 IS 12 BP 1763 EP 1771 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00072-0 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BJ39X UT WOS:A1997BJ39X00002 ER PT J AU Klimov, V Smilowitz, L Wang, H Grigorova, M Robinson, JM Koskelo, A Mattes, BR Wudl, F McBranch, DW AF Klimov, V Smilowitz, L Wang, H Grigorova, M Robinson, JM Koskelo, A Mattes, BR Wudl, F McBranch, DW TI Femtosecond to nanosecond dynamics in fullerenes: Implications for excited-state optical nonlinearities SO RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES LA English DT Review ID SOLID C-60; ABSORPTION; C60; RELAXATION AB We compared detailed dynamics of the excited-state absorption for C-60 in solution, thin films, and entrapped in an inorganic sol-gel glass matrix. Our results demonstrate that the microscopic morphology of the C-60 molecules plays a crucial role in determining the relaxation dynamics. This is a key factor for applications in optical limiting for nanosecond pulses using reverse saturable absorption. We find that the dynamics of our C-60-glass composites occur on long (ns) timescales, comparable to those in solution; thin film samples, by contrast, show rapid decay (<20 picoseconds). These results demonstrate that C-60-sol-gel glass composites contain C-60 in a molecular dispersion, and are suitable candidates for solid-state optical limiting. Multispectral analysis of the decay dynamics in solution allows accurate determination of both the intersystem crossing time (600 +/- 100 ps) and the relative strengths of the singlet and triplet excited-state cross sections as a function of wavelength from 450-950 nm. The triplet excited-state cross section is greater than that for the singlet excited-state over the range from 620-810 nm. C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST POLYMERS & ORGAN SOLIDS,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. RP Klimov, V (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,CHEM SCI & TECHNOL DIV,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 26 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU VSP BV PI ZEIST PA PO BOX 346, 3700 AH ZEIST, NETHERLANDS SN 0922-6168 J9 RES CHEM INTERMEDIAT JI Res. Chem. Intermed. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 7 BP 587 EP 600 DI 10.1163/156856797X00024 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XN234 UT WOS:A1997XN23400002 ER PT J AU Argentine, SM Kotz, KT Rudalevige, T Zaziski, D Francis, AH Zand, R Schleuter, JA AF Argentine, SM Kotz, KT Rudalevige, T Zaziski, D Francis, AH Zand, R Schleuter, JA TI Studies of the photoexcited states of the fullerenes, C-60 and C-70 SO RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES LA English DT Review ID PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; SPECTRA; C60; FLUORESCENCE; TEMPERATURE; SOLUBILITY; BEHAVIOR; MODEL; C70 AB The spectra of C-60 and C-70 were examined using low-temperature photoluminescence and quasi-elastic light scattering spectroscopy. A detailed vibronic analysis of the lowest triplet and singlet excited states of C-70 is obtained. The lowest triplet state is identified as a E-3(1)' state and the vibronic structure consists primarily of Herzberg-Teller active e(2)' modes. The intensity of the electronic origin is comparable to the vibronically induced intensity and is extraordinarily solvent sensitive. The spectrum of monosubstituted C-60 is shown to be qualitatively similar to that of C-60 in polar or strongly complexing solvents. The principal effect of solvent interaction or substitution is to induce dipole intensity in the orbitally forbidden electronic origins of the luminescent states of C-60 and C-70. The Rayleigh scattering of fullerene solutions illustrates that solute aggregation occurs easily and that aggregate nucleation is strongly affected by surfaces in contact with the solution. C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,DIV BIOPHYS RES,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM,ARGONNE,IL 60439. ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV MAT SCI,ARGONNE,IL 60439. RP Argentine, SM (reprint author), UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT CHEM,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109, USA. RI Olds, Suzanne/B-7631-2009 NR 36 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 10 PU VSP BV PI ZEIST PA PO BOX 346, 3700 AH ZEIST, NETHERLANDS SN 0922-6168 J9 RES CHEM INTERMEDIAT JI Res. Chem. Intermed. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 7 BP 601 EP 620 DI 10.1163/156856797X00033 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XN234 UT WOS:A1997XN23400003 ER PT S AU Bushaw, BA Juston, F Nortershauser, W Trautmann, N VossdeHaan, P Wendt, K AF Bushaw, BA Juston, F Nortershauser, W Trautmann, N VossdeHaan, P Wendt, K BE Winograd, N Parks, JE TI Multiple resonance RIMS measurements of calcium isotopes using diode lasers SO RESONANCE IONIZATION SPECTROSCOPY 1996 - EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy and Its Applications CY JUN 30-JUL 05, 1996 CL STATE COLL, PA SP US DOE, Off Hlth & Environm Res, Natl Sci Fdn, Penn State Univ, Univ Tennessee, Clark MXR Inc, Phys Electr Inc, Posit Light AB Single-, double-, and triple resonance excitation schemes, using extended-cavity and frequency-doubled diode lasers, have been investigated for highly selective RIMS detection of calcium isotopes. The single-resonance scheme has been applied to isotope ratio measurements in blood serum and meteorite samples. The double- and triple-resonance schemes have been evaluated for improvements in selectivity and sensitivity, with a goal of providing overall isotopic selectivity > 10(15) for radiochemical dating measurements with Ca-41. RP Bushaw, BA (reprint author), PACIFIC NW NATL LAB,POB 999,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-611-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 388 BP 115 EP 118 DI 10.1063/1.52158 PG 4 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA BH29A UT WOS:A1997BH29A00017 ER PT S AU Barshick, CM Shaw, RW Jennings, LW PostZwicker, A Young, JP Ramsey, JM AF Barshick, CM Shaw, RW Jennings, LW PostZwicker, A Young, JP Ramsey, JM BE Winograd, N Parks, JE TI Diode laser excited optogalvanic spectroscopy of glow discharges SO RESONANCE IONIZATION SPECTROSCOPY 1996 - EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy and Its Applications CY JUN 30-JUL 05, 1996 CL STATE COLL, PA SP US DOE, Off Hlth & Environm Res, Natl Sci Fdn, Penn State Univ, Univ Tennessee, Clark MXR Inc, Phys Electr Inc, Posit Light AB The development of diode-laser-excited isotopically-selective optogalvanic spectroscopy (OGS) of uranium metal, oxide and fluoride in a glow discharge (GD) is presented. The technique is useful for determining U-235/(U-235+U-238) isotope ratios in these samples. The precision and accuracy of this determination is evaluated, and a study of experimental parameters pertaining to optimization of the measurement is discussed. Application of GD-OGS to other f-transition elements is also described. RP Barshick, CM (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM & ANALYT SCI,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-611-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 388 BP 127 EP 130 DI 10.1063/1.52161 PG 4 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA BH29A UT WOS:A1997BH29A00020 ER PT S AU Anderson, JE Allen, TM Garrett, AW Gill, CG Hemberger, PH Kelly, PB Nogar, NS AF Anderson, JE Allen, TM Garrett, AW Gill, CG Hemberger, PH Kelly, PB Nogar, NS BE Winograd, N Parks, JE TI Resonant laser ablation: Mechanisms and applications SO RESONANCE IONIZATION SPECTROSCOPY 1996 - EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy and Its Applications CY JUN 30-JUL 05, 1996 CL STATE COLL, PA SP US DOE, Off Hlth & Environm Res, Natl Sci Fdn, Penn State Univ, Univ Tennessee, Clark MXR Inc, Phys Electr Inc, Posit Light AB We will report on aspects of resonant laser ablation (RLA) behavior for a number of sample types: metals, alloys, thin films, zeolites and soil. The versatility of RLA is demonstrated with results on a variety of samples and in several mass spectrometers. In addition, the application to depth profiling of thin films is described; absolute removal rates and detection limits are also displayed A discussion of possible mechanisms for low-power ablation are presented. RP Anderson, JE (reprint author), LANL,MS J565,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-611-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 388 BP 195 EP 198 DI 10.1063/1.52183 PG 4 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA BH29A UT WOS:A1997BH29A00033 ER PT S AU Hansen, CS Calaway, WF Pellin, MJ Wiens, RC Burnett, DS AF Hansen, CS Calaway, WF Pellin, MJ Wiens, RC Burnett, DS BE Winograd, N Parks, JE TI Three-color resonance ionization spectroscopy of Zr in Si SO RESONANCE IONIZATION SPECTROSCOPY 1996 - EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy and Its Applications CY JUN 30-JUL 05, 1996 CL STATE COLL, PA SP US DOE, Off Hlth & Environm Res, Natl Sci Fdn, Penn State Univ, Univ Tennessee, Clark MXR Inc, Phys Electr Inc, Posit Light AB It has been proposed that the composition of the solar wind could be measured directly by transporting ultrapure collectors into space, exposing them to the solar wind, and returning them to earth for analysis. In a study to help assess the applicability of present and future postionization secondary neutral mass spectrometers for measuring solar wind implanted samples, measurements of Zr in Si were performed. A three-color resonant ionization scheme proved to be efficient while producing a background count rate limited by secondary ion signal (5 x 10(-4) counts/laser pulse) This lowered the detection limit for these measurements to below 500 ppt for 450,000 averages. Unexpectedly, the Zr concentration in the Si was measured to be over 4 ppb, well above the detection limit of the analysis. This high concentration is thought to result from contamination during sample preparation, since a series of tests were performed that rule out memory effects during the analysis. RP Hansen, CS (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV MAT SCI,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. RI Pellin, Michael/B-5897-2008 OI Pellin, Michael/0000-0002-8149-9768 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-611-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 388 BP 215 EP 218 DI 10.1063/1.52186 PG 4 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA BH29A UT WOS:A1997BH29A00037 ER PT S AU Feigerle, CS Martin, MZ Liu, LY Miller, JC AF Feigerle, CS Martin, MZ Liu, LY Miller, JC BE Winograd, N Parks, JE TI Multiphoton ionization studies of laser induced chemistry in clusters SO RESONANCE IONIZATION SPECTROSCOPY 1996 - EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy and Its Applications CY JUN 30-JUL 05, 1996 CL STATE COLL, PA SP US DOE, Off Hlth & Environm Res, Natl Sci Fdn, Penn State Univ, Univ Tennessee, Clark MXR Inc, Phys Electr Inc, Posit Light AB Three examples are presented where multiphoton ionization mass spectrometry is used to study photochemistry in clusters. In the first, NO+(N2O3), and NO2+(N2O3)(m) are made by 266nm multiphoton ionization of the clusters produced in an expansion of NO/CH4/Ar with a trace of H2O. Second, H3O+(H2O)(n) and CH3OH2+(CH3OH)(n) are observed when sufficiently large clusters of NO(H2O)(m) and NO(CH3OH)(m) are ionized, suggesting laser initiation of intracluster charge transfer reactions in these systems. Thirdly, multiphoton ionization of mixed expansions of NO and Fe(CO)(5) leads to the production of (FE)(m)(+), (Fe)(m)(+) (CO)(n), Fe+(NO)(CO), Fe+NO, and FeO+. The mechanisms for formation of these species will be discussed and analogies drawn between intracluster and collisional chemistry. RP Feigerle, CS (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,CHEM & BIOL PHYS SECT,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. RI Martin, Madhavi/A-5268-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-611-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 388 BP 387 EP 390 DI 10.1063/1.52229 PG 4 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA BH29A UT WOS:A1997BH29A00074 ER PT B AU Ellsworth, DS Oleksyn, J AF Ellsworth, DS Oleksyn, J BE Gutkowski, RM Winicki, T TI Evaluating the risk of air pollution to forests in Central and Eastern Europe SO RESTORATION OF FORESTS: ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SUB-SER 2, ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Science and Technology to Save and Better Utilize Central and Eastern Europes Forests CY JUL 15-19, 1996 CL SAULBERG, GERMANY SP NATO, Sci & Environm affairs Div, Colorado State Univ, US, Wroclaw Tech Univ, Poland AB Foliar damage to trees by air pollution in Central and Eastern Europe has been a major scientific and political issue. Emissions of toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can have wide-ranging effects on local and regional vegetation that can be compounded by other environmental stresses to plant growth. Since uptake and physiological effects of these gases on tree leaves are largely mediated by stomata, surrogate methods for estimating pollutant conductances into leaves and forest canopies may lead to risk assessments for major vegetation types that can then be used in regional planning. Management options to ameliorate or mitigate air pollutant damage to forests and losses in productivity are likely to be more difficult to widely implement than on-the-stack emissions abatement. Informed management and policy decisions regarding Central and Eastern European forests are dependent on the development of quantitative tools and models for risk assessment of the effects of atmospheric pollutants on ecosystem health and productivity. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Appl Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Ellsworth, DS (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Appl Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-4634-3 J9 NATO ASI 2 PY 1997 VL 30 BP 121 EP 131 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BK34C UT WOS:000071843200007 ER PT S AU McPherron, RL Nakamura, R Kokubun, S Kamide, Y Shiokawa, K Yumoto, K Mukai, T Saito, Y Hayashi, K Nagai, T Ables, S Baker, DN FriisChristensen, E Fraser, B Hughes, T Reeves, G Singer, H AF McPherron, RL Nakamura, R Kokubun, S Kamide, Y Shiokawa, K Yumoto, K Mukai, T Saito, Y Hayashi, K Nagai, T Ables, S Baker, DN FriisChristensen, E Fraser, B Hughes, T Reeves, G Singer, H BE Russell, CT TI Fields and flows at geotail during a moderate substorm SO RESULTS OF THE IASTP PROGRAM SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT D0.1 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission D on Results of the IASTP Program at the 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Comm Space Res, Program Comm ID MAGNETOSPHERIC SUBSTORMS; PI2 PULSATIONS; NEUTRAL LINE; MAGNETOTAIL; MODEL AB The behavior of the tail field and plasma during a moderate substorm with onset at similar to 1120 UT on Dec. 13, 1994 is examined using data from the ISTP spacecraft GEOTAIL and WIND, synchronous orbit and the ground. Five substorms were observed on this day while GEOTAIL was located near the center of the tail at Xgsm = -46 R-e. In each substorm the field and plasma variations were similar to those observed during substorms by spacecraft closer to the earth. A southward turning of the IMF caused accumulation of lobe flux, development of a more tail-like field, and eventually an expansion phase and its consequences. The similar to 1120 UT onset immediately followed a northward turning which ended a lengthy interval in which the IMF was alternately northward and southward. Shortly after the onset a flux rope passed GEOTAIL with a delay consistent with its formation at 20-30 Re several minutes earlier than a Pi 2 burst began at midnight. Immediately after the onset the lobe field decreased and the plasma sheet disappeared. During the substorm recovery phase the plasma sheet reappeared with plasma moving earthward. The plasma data show that the tailward flow is a combination of convecting and streaming plasma. All of the substorms exhibited multiple onsets. The main onset of each can be determined by a combination of negative bay onsets, Pi 2 bursts, synchronous field-aligned currents, dispersionless particle injection, and midlatitude positive bays. In one event the flux rope at 46 R-e arrived before dispersionless injection at synchronous orbit suggesting that reconnection in the tail begins at or before major onsets. In fact most of the major onsets were preceded by pseudo breakups early in the growth phase, and weak tailward flows carrying a weak vertical field fluctuating about zero. These observations suggest that reconnection begins in the middle tail early in the growth phase and that it is substantially intensified or begins again at another location at the expansion onset. (C) 1997 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NAGOYA UNIV, SOLAR TERR ENVIRONM LAB, TOYOKAWA 446, JAPAN. INST SPACE & ASTRONAUT SCI, SAGAMIHARA, KANAGAWA 229, JAPAN. UNIV TOKYO, DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY PHYS, TOKYO, JAPAN. TOKYO INST TECHNOL, DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI, MEGURO KU, TOKYO 152, JAPAN. UNIV NEWCASTLE, DEPT PHYS, NEWCASTLE, NSW 2308, AUSTRALIA. UNIV COLORADO, ATMOSPHER & SPACE PHYS LAB, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. NATL RES COUNCIL CANADA, HERZBERG INST ASTROPHYS, SOLAR TERR PHYS SECT, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA. LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB, LOS ALAMOS, NM 87545 USA. NOAA, ERL, RESE SPACE ENVIRONM LAB, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. DANISH METEOROL INST, DK-15470 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK. RP McPherron, RL (reprint author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS, LOS ANGELES, CA 90095 USA. RI Nakamura, Rumi/I-7712-2013; Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011 OI Nakamura, Rumi/0000-0002-2620-9211; Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098 NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043301-4 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 1997 VL 20 IS 4-5 BP 923 EP 931 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00500-0 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BJ97P UT WOS:A1997BJ97P00046 ER PT S AU Brandt, PC Barabash, S Norberg, O Lundin, R Roelof, EC Chase, CJ Mauk, BH Thomsen, M AF Brandt, PC Barabash, S Norberg, O Lundin, R Roelof, EC Chase, CJ Mauk, BH Thomsen, M BE Russell, CT TI ENA imaging from the Swedish micro satellite Astrid during the magnetic storm of 8 February, 1995 SO RESULTS OF THE IASTP PROGRAM SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT D0.1 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission D on Results of the IASTP Program at the 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Comm Space Res, Program Comm ID PLASMA SHEET; RING CURRENT; ION AB The generation of energetic neutral atoms (ENA) through charge exchange processes between hot (greater than or equal to 1 keV) plasma and cold (<0.1 eV) exospheric neutrals makes possible imaging of hot magnetospheric plasma, Here we report on the ENA observations from a polar 1000 km orbit carried out by PIPPI (Prelude In Planetary Particle Imaging), the ENA imager onboard the Swedish micro-satellite Astrid, We analyse ENA images in the energy range 26-52 keV obtained from the 8 February 1995 during a moderate geomagnetic storm (D(st)approximate to-80 nT), The equatorial ion distribution is modeled by a 13 parameter model using a three component (H, He and O) Chamberlain exosphere model with parameters from the MSISE90 extended thermospheric model, The equatorial ion distribution, deduced from the ENA-images through forward modeling is located at MLT (magnetic local time) 1900 hours and occupies L-shell 4-6, Very low ENA fluxes were detected at energies >37 keV. It is suggested that the ENAs are produced by precipitating/mirroring ions on auroral/subauroral field lines coming from the near Earth current sheet charge exchanging with exospheric neutrals at near-exobase altitudes (300-400 km). (C) 1997 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, APPL PHYS LAB, LAUREL, MD 20723 USA. LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB, LOS ALAMOS, NM 87545 USA. RP Brandt, PC (reprint author), SWEDISH INST SPACE PHYS, S-98128 KIRUNA, SWEDEN. RI Brandt, Pontus/N-1218-2016; Mauk, Barry/E-8420-2017 OI Brandt, Pontus/0000-0002-4644-0306; Mauk, Barry/0000-0001-9789-3797 NR 14 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043301-4 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 1997 VL 20 IS 4-5 BP 1061 EP 1066 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BJ97P UT WOS:A1997BJ97P00060 ER PT S AU Dunlop, MW Woodward, TI Southwood, DJ Glassmeier, KH Elphic, R AF Dunlop, MW Woodward, TI Southwood, DJ Glassmeier, KH Elphic, R BE Russell, CT TI Merging 4 spacecraft data: Concepts used for analysing discontinuities SO RESULTS OF THE IASTP PROGRAM SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT D0.1 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission D on Results of the IASTP Program at the 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Comm Space Res, Program Comm ID INTERPLANETARY AB Shocks and discontinuities in space plasmas have received much attention in both theoretical studies and spacecraft data analyses. The advent of multi-spacecraft missions, such as ISEE, have provided for a vast improvement of experimental information available on these structures. The ESA CLUSTER, multi-spacecraft mission presents the community with a unique opportunity to investigate these structures with considerably more information than in previous missions. The objective of the current study is to consider the balance of information on the topology and motion of these structures, gained from four probe (CLUSTER) array data (but also from less than four spacecraft arrays). In particular, this balance is reviewed with regard to the order (or complexity) of the information sought in relation to the uncertainties involved in the determination. Typical magnetic field signatures computed from simulated trajectories through simple planar and curved discontinuity models are used as input data to the tool. This allows us to grasp several subtleties arising from competing influences of the physical properties reflected in the data, for example curvature and acceleration. In this way we propose a sophisticated discontinuity analysis tool for CLUSTER. (C) 1997 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 TECH UNIV CAROLO WILHELMINA BRAUNSCHWEIG, INST METEOROL & GEOPHYS, D-38106 BRAUNSCHWEIG, GERMANY. LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB, LOS ALAMOS, NM 87545 USA. RP Dunlop, MW (reprint author), UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED, LONDON SW7 2BZ, ENGLAND. RI dunlop, malcolm/F-1347-2010 NR 5 TC 17 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043301-4 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 1997 VL 20 IS 4-5 BP 1101 EP 1106 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00566-8 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BJ97P UT WOS:A1997BJ97P00065 ER PT B AU Bakhtiari, S Gopalsami, N Raptis, AC AF Bakhtiari, S Gopalsami, N Raptis, AC BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Determining bonding quality in polymer composites with a millimeter wave sensor SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 16A AND 16B SE REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd Symposium on Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 28-AUG 02, 1996 CL BRUNSWICK, ME SP Iowa State Univ, Ctr NDE, Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing, US DOE, Ames Lab, FAA, NIST, Natl Sci Fdn, Ind Univ Cooperat Res Ctr Program RP Bakhtiari, S (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV ENERGY TECHNOL,SI&NDE SECT,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45597-8 J9 REV PROG Q PY 1997 VL 16 BP 665 EP 671 PN A&B PG 7 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BJ03K UT WOS:A1997BJ03K00087 ER PT B AU Collins, HD Sheen, DM Hall, TE Gribble, RP AF Collins, HD Sheen, DM Hall, TE Gribble, RP BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI UWB radar holography applied to RCS signature reduction of military vehicles SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 16A AND 16B SE REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd Symposium on Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 28-AUG 02, 1996 CL BRUNSWICK, ME SP Iowa State Univ, Ctr NDE, Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing, US DOE, Ames Lab, FAA, NIST, Natl Sci Fdn, Ind Univ Cooperat Res Ctr Program RP Collins, HD (reprint author), BATTELLE MEM INST,PACIFIC NW LABS,POB 999,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45597-8 J9 REV PROG Q PY 1997 VL 16 BP 703 EP 707 PN A&B PG 5 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BJ03K UT WOS:A1997BJ03K00092 ER PT B AU Huber, RD Chinn, DJ Thomas, GH Candy, JV Spicer, JB AF Huber, RD Chinn, DJ Thomas, GH Candy, JV Spicer, JB BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Model-based signal processing for laser ultrasonic signal enhancement SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 16A AND 16B SE REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd Symposium on Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 28-AUG 02, 1996 CL BRUNSWICK, ME SP Iowa State Univ, Ctr NDE, Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing, US DOE, Ames Lab, FAA, NIST, Natl Sci Fdn, Ind Univ Cooperat Res Ctr Program RP Huber, RD (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,POB 808,L-333,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. RI Spicer, James/A-3312-2010 OI Spicer, James/0000-0002-3512-5503 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45597-8 J9 REV PROG Q PY 1997 VL 16 BP 757 EP 764 PN A&B PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BJ03K UT WOS:A1997BJ03K00099 ER PT B AU Liu, G Rehbein, DK Buck, O AF Liu, G Rehbein, DK Buck, O BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Anisotropy of the fracture toughness in aged inconel 718 SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 16A AND 16B SE REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd Symposium on Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 28-AUG 02, 1996 CL BRUNSWICK, ME SP Iowa State Univ, Ctr NDE, Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing, US DOE, Ames Lab, FAA, NIST, Natl Sci Fdn, Ind Univ Cooperat Res Ctr Program RP Liu, G (reprint author), US DOE,AMES LAB,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45597-8 J9 REV PROG Q PY 1997 VL 16 BP 1451 EP 1457 PN A&B PG 7 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BJ03K UT WOS:A1997BJ03K00189 ER PT B AU Chinn, DJ Durbin, PF Thomas, GH Groves, SE AF Chinn, DJ Durbin, PF Thomas, GH Groves, SE BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Tracking accelerated aging of composites with ultrasonic attenuation measurements SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 16A AND 16B SE REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd Symposium on Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 28-AUG 02, 1996 CL BRUNSWICK, ME SP Iowa State Univ, Ctr NDE, Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing, US DOE, Ames Lab, FAA, NIST, Natl Sci Fdn, Ind Univ Cooperat Res Ctr Program RP Chinn, DJ (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,POB 808,L-333,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45597-8 J9 REV PROG Q PY 1997 VL 16 BP 1893 EP 1898 PN A&B PG 6 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BJ03K UT WOS:A1997BJ03K00247 ER PT B AU White, TA Roney, TJ Galbraith, SG AF White, TA Roney, TJ Galbraith, SG BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Conebeam microtomography using a fiberoptic scintillator and a lens-coupled CCD camera SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 16A AND 16B SE REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd Symposium on Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 28-AUG 02, 1996 CL BRUNSWICK, ME SP Iowa State Univ, Ctr NDE, Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing, US DOE, Ames Lab, FAA, NIST, Natl Sci Fdn, Ind Univ Cooperat Res Ctr Program RP White, TA (reprint author), LOCKHEED IDAHO TECHNOL CO,IDAHO NATL ENGN LAB,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83415, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45597-8 J9 REV PROG Q PY 1997 VL 16 BP 2159 EP 2165 PN A&B PG 7 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BJ03K UT WOS:A1997BJ03K00282 ER PT J AU Behler, S Rose, MK Ogletree, DF Salmeron, M AF Behler, S Rose, MK Ogletree, DF Salmeron, M TI Method to characterize the vibrational response of a beetle type scanning tunneling microscope SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID VARIABLE-TEMPERATURE AB We describe a method for analyzing the external vibrations and intrinsic mechanical resonances affecting scanning probe microscopes by using the microscope as an accelerometer. We show that clear correlations can be established between the frequencies of mechanical vibrational modes and the frequencies of peaks in the tunnel current noise power spectrum. When this method is applied to our ''beetle'' type scanning tunneling microscope (STM), we find unexpected low frequency ''rattling resonances'' in the 500-1700 Hz range that depend on the exact lateral position of the STM, in addition to the expected mechanical resonances of the STM above 4 kHz which are in good agreement with theoretical estimates, We believe that these rattling resonances may be a general problem for scanning probe microscopes that use some type of kinetic motion for coarse positioning. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,DIV SCI MAT,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PHYS,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RI Ogletree, D Frank/D-9833-2016 OI Ogletree, D Frank/0000-0002-8159-0182 NR 11 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 124 EP 128 DI 10.1063/1.1147845 PN 1 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD236 UT WOS:A1997WD23600023 ER PT J AU Stratton, BC Budny, RV Duong, HH Mansfield, DK Medley, SS Redi, MH Fonck, RJ McKee, GR Odblom, A Wising, F Fisher, RK McChesney, JM Parks, PB Petrov, MP Gorelenkov, NN AF Stratton, BC Budny, RV Duong, HH Mansfield, DK Medley, SS Redi, MH Fonck, RJ McKee, GR Odblom, A Wising, F Fisher, RK McChesney, JM Parks, PB Petrov, MP Gorelenkov, NN TI Measurements of nonthermal confined alpha particles in Tokamak Test Fusion Reactor D-T plasmas SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID TFTR; DEUTERIUM; TRITIUM AB Experience with the alpha charge exchange recombination spectroscopy and pellet charge exchange confined, nonthermal alpha particle diagnostics over the first two years of Tokamak test fusion reactor (TFTR) D-T operation is summarized. A brief summary of the concept, instrumentation, and analysis techniques for each diagnostic is given, followed by examples of alpha physics results. Issues important to further development of these diagnostic techniques for TFTR and ITER are discussed. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT NUCL ENGN & ENGN PHYS,MADISON,WI 53706. CHALMERS UNIV TECHNOL,INST ELECTROMAGNET FIELD THEORY,S-41296 GOTHENBURG,SWEDEN. GEN ATOM CO,SAN DIEGO,CA 92186. AF IOFFE PHYS TECH INST,ST PETERSBURG 194021,RUSSIA. TRINITI,TROITSK 14092,RUSSIA. RP Stratton, BC (reprint author), PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 269 EP 274 DI 10.1063/1.1148053 PN 2 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700003 ER PT J AU Funsten, HO McComas, DJ Scime, EE AF Funsten, HO McComas, DJ Scime, EE TI E parallel to B energy-mass spectrograph for measurement of ions and neutral atoms SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID ANALYZER; COMPACT; SPECTROMETERS; MAGNETOSPHERE; DETECTORS; DESIGN; ANODES; PHOTON; WEDGE AB Real-time measurement of plasma composition and energy is an important diagnostic in fusion experiments. The Thomson parabola spectrograph described here utilizes an electric field parallel to a magnetic field (E parallel to B) and a two-dimensional imaging detector to uniquely identify the energy-per-charge and mass-per-charge distributions of plasma ions. An ultrathin foil can be inserted in front of the E parallel to B filter to convert neutral atoms to ions, which are subsequently analyzed using the E parallel to B filter. Since helium exiting an ultrathin foil does not form a negative ion and hydrogen isotopes do, this spectrograph allows unique identification of tritium ions and neutrals even in the presence of a large background of He-3. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 W VIRGINIA UNIV,DEPT PHYS,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506. RP Funsten, HO (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,SPACE & ATMOSPHER SCI GRP,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. RI Funsten, Herbert/A-5702-2015 OI Funsten, Herbert/0000-0002-6817-1039 NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 292 EP 295 DI 10.1063/1.1147824 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700008 ER PT J AU Davis, HA Olson, JC Reass, WA Barnes, CW Bartsch, RR Coates, DM Hunt, JW Schleinitz, HM Lovberg, RH Greenly, JB AF Davis, HA Olson, JC Reass, WA Barnes, CW Bartsch, RR Coates, DM Hunt, JW Schleinitz, HM Lovberg, RH Greenly, JB TI Progress toward a microsecond duration, repetitively pulsed, intense-ion beam for active spectroscopic measurements on ITER SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID DIAGNOSTIC NEUTRAL BEAM; DIODE; TRANSPORT; TOKAMAK AB We describe the design of an intense, pulsed, repetitive, neutral beam based on magnetically insulated diode technology for injection into ITER for spectroscopic measurements of thermalizing alpha particle and thermal helium density profiles, ion temperature, plasma rotation, and low Z impurity concentrations throughout the confinement region. The beam is being developed to enhance low signal-to-noise ratios expected with conventional steady-state ion beams because of severe beam attenuation and intense bremsstrahlung emission. A 5 GW (e.g., 100 keV, 50 kA) 1 mu s duration beam would increase the charge exchange recombination signal by 10(3) compared to a conventional 5 MW beam. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 DUPONT CO INC,CENT RES & DEV,WILMINGTON,DE 19880. UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SAN DIEGO,CA 92093. CORNELL UNIV,PLASMA STUDIES LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP Davis, HA (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,MAIL STOP E526,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 332 EP 335 DI 10.1063/1.1147862 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700018 ER PT J AU Fisher, RK Duong, HH McChesney, JM Parks, PB Medley, SS Budny, RV Mansfield, DK Roquemore, AL Petrov, MP Gorelenkov, NN AF Fisher, RK Duong, HH McChesney, JM Parks, PB Medley, SS Budny, RV Mansfield, DK Roquemore, AL Petrov, MP Gorelenkov, NN TI Alpha diagnostics using pellet charge exchange: Results on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor and prospects for ITER SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID TFTR; ABLATION AB Confinement of alpha particles is essential for fusion ignition and alpha physics studies are a major goal of the TFTR, JET, and ITER DT experiments, but alpha measurements remain one of the most challenging plasma diagnostic tasks. The pellet charge exchange (PCX) diagnostic has successfully measured the radial density profile and energy distribution of fast (0.5-3.5 MeV) confined alpha particles in TFTR. This article describes the diagnostic capabilities of PCX demonstrated on TFTR and discusses the prospects for applying this technique to ITER. Major issues on ITER include the pellet's perturbation to the plasma and obtaining satisfactory pellet penetration into the plasma. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 PRINCETON UNIV,PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08543. AF IOFFE PHYS TECH INST,ST PETERSBURG 194021,RUSSIA. TRINITI,TROITSK 142092,RUSSIA. RP Fisher, RK (reprint author), GEN ATOM CO,SAN DIEGO,CA 92186, USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 336 EP 339 DI 10.1063/1.1147863 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700019 ER PT J AU Duong, HH Fisher, RK McChesney, JM Parks, PB Medley, SS Mansfield, DK Roquemore, AL Petrov, MP AF Duong, HH Fisher, RK McChesney, JM Parks, PB Medley, SS Mansfield, DK Roquemore, AL Petrov, MP TI Radio frequency-driven energetic tritium ion tail measurements in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor using the pellet charge exchange diagnostic SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID TFTR AB Charge exchange interactions of ions with the ablation cloud of an injected low-Z impurity pellet can be used to measure the energy spectrum and radial profile of confined fast ions in a fusion plasma. On the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor we use this technique to directly measure energetic alphas from D-T reactions, tritons from D-D reactions, and radio frequency (rf)-driven minority tail ions (e.g., H, He-3, T). We describe the status of the pellet charge exchange (PCX) diagnostic including a brief description of the measurement technique and discussion of operational experience. PCX measurements of the energy spectrum, radial density distribution, and heating deposition profile of rf-driven tritium ions during 2 Omega(T), heating of L-mode plasmas are presented. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08543. AF IOFFE PHYS TECH INST,ST PETERSBURG 194021,RUSSIA. RP Duong, HH (reprint author), GEN ATOM CO,ORAU,SAN DIEGO,CA 92186, USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 340 EP 343 DI 10.1063/1.1148060 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700020 ER PT J AU Ruiz, CL Cooper, GW Chambers, G Schmidlapp, FA AF Ruiz, CL Cooper, GW Chambers, G Schmidlapp, FA TI Measurement of hydrogen and lithium ion energy densities on PBFA II using direct nuclear activation diagnostics SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB In the Light-ion-beam fusion program at Sandia National Laboratories an intense lithium beam is being developed to drive inertial confinement fusion targets. An important issue is the purity of the beam. To assess this concern, direct nuclear activation diagnostics based on the reactions Li-7(p,n)Be-7, B-10(p,alpha)Be-7, and F-19(7Li,d)Na-24 Were fielded to measure the energy densities of hydrogen and Lithium in the beam. The hydrogen beam energy density was measured to be less than 2% of the lithium beam energy density on a majority (10) of the 19 LiF anode shots taken and was always less than 10%. The total hydrogen energy in the beam ranged from only 0.5-10 W. Over this shot series increasing efforts were made to clean the anode prior to each shot. In general, there was a modest reduction in the hydrogen energy fraction with improved cleaning, but no corresponding increase in the lithium energy density was seen. The Lithium energy density as a function of location was also measured and found to typically vary by factors of 1.5-4 over the diode. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT CHEM & NUCL ENGN,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87106. KTECH CORP INC,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87110. RP Ruiz, CL (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,DEPT 9577,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 344 EP 346 DI 10.1063/1.1147864 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700021 ER PT J AU Ruiz, CL Cooper, GW Chambers, G Schmidlapp, FA AF Ruiz, CL Cooper, GW Chambers, G Schmidlapp, FA TI Calibration of direct nuclear activation diagnostics for measuring intense proton, lithium, and fluorine beams SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB In the light-ion-beam fusion program at Sandia National Laboratories an intense Lithium beam is being developed to drive inertial confinement fusion targets. Since beam purity is an important issue, direct nuclear activation diagnostics based on the thick target yields of the reactions Li-7(p,n) Be-7, B-10(p,alpha) Be-7, F-19(Li-7,d)Na-24 and B-11(F-19,2p) Mg-28 have been developed to measure the proton, lithium, and fluorine content of the beam. The specific target materials chosen for this work are LiF and BN. To calibrate these diagnostics, a Van de Graaff accelerator was used to measure the thick target yields as a function of ion energy for each of the ion and target material combinations. Each target material was also irradiated by carbon ions to assess the importance of any possible competing reactions. The results of these calibration studies are presented. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT CHEM & NUCL ENGN,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. KTECH CORP INC,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87110. RP Ruiz, CL (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,DEPT 9577,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 347 EP 349 DI 10.1063/1.1147865 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700022 ER PT J AU Chung, HK MacFarlane, JJ Wang, P Moses, GA Bailey, JE Olson, CL Welch, DR AF Chung, HK MacFarlane, JJ Wang, P Moses, GA Bailey, JE Olson, CL Welch, DR TI Investigation of nonthermal particle effects an ionization dynamics in high current density ion beam transport experiments SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID INTENSE; PLASMAS AB Light ion inertial fusion experiments require the presence of a moderate density background gas in the transport region to provide charge and current neutralization for a high current density ion beam. In this article, we investigate the effects of nonthermal particles such as beam ions or non-Maxwellian electron distributions on the ionization dynamics of the background gas. In particular, we focus on the case of Li beams being transported in an argon gas. Nonthermal particles as well as thermal electrons are included in time-dependent collisional-radiative calculations to determine time-dependent atomic level populations and charge state distributions in a beam-produced plasma. We also briefly discuss the effects of beam ions and energetic electrons on the visible and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectral regions. It is found that the mean charge state of the gas, and hence the electron density, is significantly increased by collisions with energetic particles. This higher ionization significantly impacts the VUV spectral region, where numerous resonance Lines occur. On the other hand, the visible spectrum tends to be less affected because the closely spaced excited states are populated by lower energy thermal electrons. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 SANDIA NATL LABS,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185. MISSION RES CORP,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87106. RP Chung, HK (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,FUS TECHNOL INST,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 350 EP 353 DI 10.1063/1.1147827 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700023 ER PT J AU Ching, CH Bailey, JE Lake, PW Filuk, AB Adams, RG McKenney, J AF Ching, CH Bailey, JE Lake, PW Filuk, AB Adams, RG McKenney, J TI Absorption spectroscopy characterization measurements of a laser-produced Na atomic beam SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID ION DIODE AB A pulsed Na atomic beam source developed for spectroscopic diagnosis of a high-power ion diode is described. The goal is to produce a similar to 10(12) cm(-3)-density Na atomic beam that can be injected into the diode acceleration gap to measure electric and magnetic fields from the Stark and Zeeman effects through laser-induced fluorescence or absorption spectroscopy. A similar to 10 ns full width at half-maximum (FWHM), 1.06 mu m, 0.6 J/cm(2) laser incident through a glass slide heats a Na-bearing thin film, creating a plasma that generates a sodium vapor plume. A similar to 1 mu s FWHM dye laser beam tuned to 5890 Angstrom is used for absorption measurement of the Na I resonant doublet by viewing parallel to the film surface. The dye laser Light is coupled through a fiber to a spectrograph with a One-integrated charge-coupled-device camera. A two-dimensional mapping of the Na vapor density is obtained through absorption measurements at different spatial locations. Time-of-flight and Doppler broadening of the absorption with similar to 0.1 Angstrom spectral resolution indicate that the Na neutral vapor temperature is about 0.5-2 eV. Laser-induced fluorescence from similar to 1x10(12) cm(-3) Na I 3s-3p lines observed with a streaked spectrograph provides a signal level sufficient for similar to+/-0.06 Angstrom wavelength shift measurements in a mock-up of an ion diode experiment. (C) 1997 American Institute of physics. RP Ching, CH (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 354 EP 357 DI 10.1063/1.1147828 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700024 ER PT J AU Loughlin, MJ Cecil, FE Hone, M Jarvis, ON Medley, SS Roquemore, AL Sadler, GJ vanBelle, P Whitfield, G AF Loughlin, MJ Cecil, FE Hone, M Jarvis, ON Medley, SS Roquemore, AL Sadler, GJ vanBelle, P Whitfield, G TI Evaluation of an ITER compatible, thin foil Faraday collector as a lost alpha particle diagnostic for high yield D-T fusion plasmas SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID TFTR AB We have examined the concept of a thin foil Faraday collector as a lost alpha particle detector capable of operating under ITER-like conditions. A prototype detector consisting of a single set of four 2.5 mu m Ni foils was installed on the JET first wall and operated during a variety of deuterium plasma conditions during the 1995 JET run period. Although there was no significant production of alpha particles during these plasmas, the prototype demonstrated the expected resistance to the high temperature and x-ray backgrounds, as well as moderate neutron and gamma ray backgrounds characteristic of these plasmas. In addition, this prototype showed no significant response to neutral beam, rf, or lower hybrid plasma heating. The device did pick up a low level signal when neutral beams were injected simultaneously with heavy gas puffing. Strong intermittent correlations were seen with excursions in the H alpha edge brightness signal. In addition, the detector produced a significant signal in response to a roughly 250 ms disruption precursor. A similar prototype detector was installed immediately outside the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor Vacuum vessel during the 1994 D-T run period to test the expected insensitivity to neutron backgrounds. No signal was seen above background during D-T plasmas for which the fast neutron production was in excess of 2x10(18) n/s. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 COLORADO SCH MINES,GOLDEN,CO 80401. JET JOINT UNDERTAKING,ABINGDON OX14 3EA,OXON,ENGLAND. PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08544. RP Loughlin, MJ (reprint author), JET JOINT UNDERTAKING,ABINGDON OX14 3EA,OXON,ENGLAND. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 361 EP 364 DI 10.1063/1.1147830 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700026 ER PT J AU Watkins, JG Hunter, J Tafoya, B Ulrickson, M Watson, RD Moyer, RA Cuthbertson, JW Gunner, G Lehmer, R Luong, P Hill, DN Mascaro, M Robinson, JI Snider, R Stambaugh, R AF Watkins, JG Hunter, J Tafoya, B Ulrickson, M Watson, RD Moyer, RA Cuthbertson, JW Gunner, G Lehmer, R Luong, P Hill, DN Mascaro, M Robinson, JI Snider, R Stambaugh, R TI Fast reciprocating Langmuir probe for the DIII-D divertor SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID TOKAMAKS AB A new reciprocating Langmuir probe was used to measure density and temperature profiles, ion how, and potential fluctuation levels from the lower divertor floor up to the X point on the DIII-D Tokamak. This probe is designed to make fast (2 kHz swept, 20 kHz Mach, 500 kHz Vfloat) measurements with 2 mm spatial resolution in the region where the largest gradients on the plasma open flux tubes are found and therefore provide the best benchmarks for scrap-off layer and divertor numerical models. Profiles are constructed using the 300 ms time history of the probe measurements during the 25 cm reciprocating stroke. Both single and double null plasmas can be measured and compared with a 20 Hz divertor Thomson scattering system. The probe head is constructed of four different kinds of graphite to optimize the electrical and thermal characteristics. Electrically insulated pyrolytic graphite rings act as a heat shield to absorb the plasma heat flux on the probe shaft and are mounted on a carbon/carbon composite core for mechanical strength. The Langmuir probe sampling tips are made of a linear carbon fiber composite. The mechanical, electrical, data acquisition, and power supply systems will be described. Initial measurements will also be presented. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 SANDIA NATL LABS,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185. UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SAN DIEGO,CA 92093. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. RP Watkins, JG (reprint author), GEN ATOM,PO BOX 85608,SAN DIEGO,CA 92286, USA. NR 8 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 373 EP 376 DI 10.1063/1.1147833 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700029 ER PT J AU Batha, SH Levinton, FM Wieland, RM Hirshman, SP AF Batha, SH Levinton, FM Wieland, RM Hirshman, SP TI Equilibrium reconstructions of reversed-shear discharges based on motional Stark effect measurements SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID FUSION TEST REACTOR; PROFILE AB Internal magnetic field measurements are now routinely made in tokamak discharges with a motional Stark effect polarimeter. Using these measurements, free-boundary equilibrium reconstructions of the temporal evolution of tokamak discharges can be made. The variational moments equilibrium code (VMEC) has been upgraded with an improved plasma boundary positioning algorithm and an improved spline representation of the pressure and q profiles. The uncertainty of the reconstruction is assessed for discharges with reversed magnetic shear where q(0)much greater than q(min)>1. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08543. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. RP Batha, SH (reprint author), FUS PHYS & TECHNOL,TORRANCE,CA 90503, USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 392 EP 395 DI 10.1063/1.1147837 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700034 ER PT J AU Klepper, CC Hillis, DL Wade, MR Maingi, R McKee, GR AF Klepper, CC Hillis, DL Wade, MR Maingi, R McKee, GR TI Application of a species-selective Penning gauge to the measurement of neon and hydrogen-isotope partial pressures in the plasma boundary SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID DEUTERIUM AB A species-selective Penning gauge, previously applied to He partial pressures, is now applied to the detection of small concentrations of Ne in a D-2 gas. This is important for the study of Ne in the boundary region of magnetic fusion devices, where this impurity is deliberately injected to enhance the radiated power in that region. The application of the technique to the detection of the partial pressure of a minority hydrogen isotope is also examined. In this latter application, the detection system and the data analysis are more complex, because of the proximity of the spectral lines of the isotopes. In both applications, it is found that use of a proper detection scheme permits reliable measurements of concentrations as low as 0.5% of the minority neutral species, without requiring changes to the standard commercial Penning gauge setup. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Klepper, CC (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 8 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 400 EP 403 DI 10.1063/1.1147839 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700036 ER PT J AU Preische, S Efthimion, PC Kaye, SM AF Preische, S Efthimion, PC Kaye, SM TI Oblique electron cyclotron emission for electron distribution studies (invited) SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID SCANNING HETERODYNE RECEIVER; HYBRID CURRENT DRIVE; TOKAMAK; TRANSMISSION; PROFILE AB Electron cyclotron emission (ECE) at an oblique angle to the magnetic field provides a means of probing the electron distribution function both in energy and physical space through changes in and constraints on the relativistic electron cyclotron resonance condition. Diagnostics based on this Doppler shifted resonance are able to study a variety of electron distributions through changes in the location of the resonance in physical or energy space accomplished by changes in the viewing angle and frequency, and the magnetic field. For the case of observation across a changing magnetic field, such as across the tokamak midplane, the constraint on the resonance condition for real solutions to the dispersion relation can constrain the physical location of optically thin emission. A new Oblique ECE diagnostic was installed and operated on the PBX-M tokamak for the study of energetic electrons during lower hybrid current drive. It has a view 33 degrees with respect to perpendicular in the tokamak midplane, receives second harmonic X-mode emission, and is constrained to receive single pass emission by SiC viewing dumps on the tokamak walls. Spatial localization of optically thin emission from superthermal electrons (50-100 keV) was obtained by observation of emission upshifted from a thermal cyclotron harmonic. The localized measurements of the electron energy distribution and the superthermal density profile made by this diagnostic demonstrate its potential to study the spatial transport of energetic electrons on fast magnetohydrodynamic time scales or anomalous diffusion time scales. Oblique ECE can also be used to study electron distributions that may have a slight deviation from a Maxwellian by localizing the emission in energy space. In ''near-Maxwellian'' plasmas, the Doppler broadening of the resonance means that observed oblique ECE from optically thick harmonics will originate from electrons with energies near or slightly above the thermal energy [(1-2)vth for example, depending on the observation angle and spatial gradients]. This is different from observed perpendicular ECE from optically thick harmonics that originate from electrons below the thermal energy. Experiments are presently being performed on the Tore Supra tokamak with two oblique views of ECE in equal and opposite toroidal directions (approximately 25 degrees with respect to perpendicular) using two Michelson interferometers capable of observing second and third harmonic emission in X mode. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 PRINCETON UNIV, PLASMA PHYS LAB, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 USA. RP Preische, S (reprint author), CEN CADARACHE, EURATOM ASSOC, COMMISSARIAT ENERGIE ATOM FUS, F-13108 ST PAUL LES DURANCE, FRANCE. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 409 EP 414 DI 10.1063/1.1147841 PN 2 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700038 ER PT J AU Geck, WR Domier, CW Luhmann, NC AF Geck, WR Domier, CW Luhmann, NC TI Multiple view fan beam polarimetry on Tokamak devices SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB A polarimeter diagnostic is under development which utilizes several fan beams to accumulate line integrated Faraday rotation data in a Tokamak plasma. The utilization of a fan beam configuration over that of conventional vertical view polarimeter systems significantly reduces access requirements. The high angular separation inherent in a fan beam implementation increases plasma coverage and eliminates the necessity of assumed plasma symmetries to generate high quality current density profiles. Codes have been developed to generate these high-resolution two-dimensional images of the plasma current profile from data collected at arbitrary positions and viewing angles. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Geck, WR (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,DEPT APPL SCI,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 416 EP 418 DI 10.1063/1.1147737 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700039 ER PT J AU Umstattd, RJ Domier, CW Luhmann, NC Cohen, BI AF Umstattd, RJ Domier, CW Luhmann, NC Cohen, BI TI Optical mixing based confined alpha particle diagnostic SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB A method for probing the confined alpha particle velocity distribution function in a fusion plasma by exciting and scattering from a lower hybrid wave is described. Two microwave sources propagating perpendicular to the magnetic field optically mix inside the plasma, and the frequency of one of the sources is swept such that their difference frequency passes through a lower hybrid resonance. A third microwave source propagating antiparallel to one of the mixing sources scatters from this excited beat wave with the scattered radiation propagating antiparallel to the other mixing source. Thus, the scattered signal power can be easily recovered and used to reconstruct the alpha particle distribution function since the width of the detected resonance is proportional to the slope of the alpha distribution function. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. RP Umstattd, RJ (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,DEPT APPL SCI,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 439 EP 442 DI 10.1063/1.1147600 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700045 ER PT J AU Nazikian, R Majeski, R Mazzucato, E McCarthy, M Park, HK Phillips, CK Rogers, JH Schiling, G Taylor, G AF Nazikian, R Majeski, R Mazzucato, E McCarthy, M Park, HK Phillips, CK Rogers, JH Schiling, G Taylor, G TI Application of microwave reflectometry to the measurement of fast magnetosonic waves in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID DENSITY-FLUCTUATIONS; PLASMAS AB The application of microwave reflectometry to the study of fast magnetosonic waves in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) is investigated. Assuming the validity of geometric optics for reflectometer measurements, it is shown that linearity to the fast wave amplitude is restricted to very small density fluctuation levels (<(n)over tilde /n><10(-3)). Beyond this level, both phase and amplitude ambiguities occur that makes interpretation difficult. Measurements of 30 MHz fast magnetosonic waves in the core of TFTR plasmas are presented. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Nazikian, R (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 450 EP 453 DI 10.1063/1.1147604 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700048 ER PT J AU Machuzak, JS Woskov, PP Gilmore, J Bretz, NL Park, HK Bindslev, H AF Machuzak, JS Woskov, PP Gilmore, J Bretz, NL Park, HK Bindslev, H TI Results from the low-power 60 GHz gyrotron collective Thomson scattering diagnostic on TFTR SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID PARTICLE AB PI low-power 60 GHz gyrotron collective Thomson scattering diagnostic has been operating on TFTR to test the feasibility of detecting alpha particles when scattering perpendicular to the magnetic field. An enhanced scattered signal is predicted to result from the interaction of the energetic ions with plasma resonances in the lower hybrid frequency range. Millimeter-wave power levels at the plasma were approximately 200 W for typical pulse lengths of 50 ms. Deuterium and possible fusion product ion cyclotron frequencies and their: harmonics were observed during neutral beam heating. These spectra are similar to ion cyclotron emission spectra which are detected with radio-frequency probes on TFTR at the plasma edge. Also, ion cyclotron resonance heating fundamental and harmonic fluctuations were observed. However, a signal has not been definitively detected in the lower hybrid frequency range which correlates to alpha particles. Broadband noise was observed during neutral beam heating which is greater than the predicted alpha particle signal. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 PRINCETON UNIV,PLASMA PHYS LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08534. JET JOINT UNDERTAKING,ABINGDON OX14 3EA,OXON,ENGLAND. RP Machuzak, JS (reprint author), MIT,CTR PLASMA FUS,77 MASSACHUSETTS AVE,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 458 EP 461 DI 10.1063/1.1147605 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700050 ER PT J AU Lee, JH Doyle, EJ Luhmann, NC Peebles, WA Petty, CC Pinsker, RI Rhodes, TL AF Lee, JH Doyle, EJ Luhmann, NC Peebles, WA Petty, CC Pinsker, RI Rhodes, TL TI Determination of internal radio frequency electric field profiles via millimeter wave reflectometry in the DIII-D Tokamak SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID CURRENT DRIVE; FLUCTUATIONS; SCATTERING; OPERATION; PLASMAS AB Millimeter wave reflectometry was employed to determine radio frequency wave electric field profiles in the DIII-D Tokamak. The method utilizes spatially localized X-mode reflectometer measurements in the 65-73 GHz frequency range to detect coherent fluctuations in magnetic field and density driven at the fast magnetosonic wave (FW) frequency (60 MHz). The FW electric field profiles were determined by adopting a geometric optics approach, which is appropriate for interpreting reflectometer data where the perturbing wavelength is longer than the probing wavelength. Successful measurements from this system were utilized to investigate FW propagation effects on DIII-D. The FW launch directionality necessary for current drive was confirmed at a position toroidally close to the FW antenna. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT ELECT ENGN,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,INST PLASMA & FUS RES,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,DEPT APPL SCI,DAVIS,CA 95616. GEN ATOM CO,SAN DIEGO,CA 92186. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 462 EP 465 DI 10.1063/1.1147606 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700051 ER PT J AU Austin, ME Ellis, RF Doane, JL James, RA AF Austin, ME Ellis, RF Doane, JL James, RA TI Improved operation of the Michelson interferometer electron cyclotron emission diagnostic on DIII-D SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB The measurement of accurate temperature profiles is critical for transport analysis and equilibrium reconstruction in the DIII-D tokamak. Recent refinements in the Michelson interferometer diagnostic have produced more precise electron temperature measurements from electron cyclotron emission and made them available for a wider range of discharge conditions. Replacement of a lens-relay with a low-loss corrugated waveguide transmission system resulted in an increase in throughput of 6 dB and a reduction of calibration error from 15% to 5%. The waveguide exhibits a small polarization scrambling fraction of 0.05 at the quarter-wavelength frequency and very stable transmission characteristics over time. Further reduction in error was realized through special signal processing of the calibration and plasma interferograms. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,INST PLASMA RES,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94551. RP Austin, ME (reprint author), GEN ATOM CO,POB 85608,SAN DIEGO,CA 92186, USA. NR 6 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 480 EP 483 DI 10.1063/1.1147612 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700056 ER PT J AU Janos, A McGuire, K Fredrickson, E Parks, W Zweben, S Hastie, J AF Janos, A McGuire, K Fredrickson, E Parks, W Zweben, S Hastie, J TI Bursts of electron cyclotron emission during disruptions of high beta discharges in the tokamak fusion test reactor tokamak SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID PLASMAS; TFTR AB Disruptions are sudden terminations of tokamak plasma discharges. During disruptions at high beta beta where beta = plasma pressure/magnetic pressure, short (order of mu s) and intense bursts of electron cyclotron emission (ECE), an order magnitude above thermal levels, are observed in the second harmonic electron cyclotron frequency range, which corresponds to 100s of GHz in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor tokamak. A unique combination of two, fast, 500 kHz, 20-channel grating polychromator instruments, located at different toroidal positions, is used to measure the emission and characterize these bursts. New insights into the three-dimensional dynamics of these disruptions and the accompanying bursts of ECE have been obtained. Bursts of ECE occur at the beginning of the thermal quenches and exhibit strong toroidal asymmetries. Bursts are localized to the vicinity of the ballooning mode, a fast growing (few ms) medium toroidal mode number (n = 10-20) precursor, localized toroidally, poloidally, and radially, which triggers the disruptions. Fast-particle losses occur with the explosive growth of the ballooning mode, followed by plasma/wall interaction. Bursts of ECE occur shortly afterwards, within 10s of mu s of the East particle losses. An explanation of the bursting is presented which is consistent both qualitatively and quantitatively, with observations predicting, for example, radiation enhancement factors of approximate to 10. Bursting can be explained not in terms of enhanced excitation of emission but rather in the reduction of absorption of thermal emission. Bursting is consistent with a modification to the electron distribution function f(e) due to a rapid energy or particle exchange between hot electrons and cold electrons from the edge, momentarily reducing the Velocity gradient off, in the thermal region. Large edge localized mode events also exhibit bursts of ECE due to a similar sequence of events. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 UKAEA,ABINGDON OX14 3DB,OXON,ENGLAND. RP Janos, A (reprint author), PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 505 EP 508 DI 10.1063/1.1147617 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700062 ER PT J AU Moran, MJ Hall, J AF Moran, MJ Hall, J TI Nuclear diagnostics in support of inertial confinement fusion experiments SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID NEUTRON AB As the yields of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments increase to National Ignition Facility levels new diagnostic techniques for studying details of fusion burn behavior will become feasible. The new techniques will provide improved measurements of fusion burn temperature and history. Improved temperature measurements might be achieved with magnetic spectroscopy of fusion neutrons. High-bandwidth fusion reaction history will be measured with fusion-specific gamma-ray diagnostics. Additional energy-resolved gamma-ray diagnostics might be able to study a selection of specific behaviors during fusion burn. Present ICF yields greater that 10(13) neutrons are sufficient to demonstrate the basic methods that underlie the new techniques. As ICF yields increase, the diagnostics designs can be adjusted accordingly in order to provide clear and specific data on fusion burn performance. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Moran, MJ (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 521 EP 526 DI 10.1063/1.1147759 PN 2 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700065 ER PT J AU Jassby, DL Ascione, G Kugel, HW Roquemore, AL Barcelo, TW Kumar, A AF Jassby, DL Ascione, G Kugel, HW Roquemore, AL Barcelo, TW Kumar, A TI Determination of TFTR far-field neutron detector efficiencies by local neutron flux spectrum measurement SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID CALIBRATION; OPERATION AB Neutron detectors have often been located on the tokamak fusion test reactor (TFTR) test cell floor 3 m or more from the vacuum vessel for ease of detector access, to reduce radiation damage, minimize count saturation problems, and to avoid high magnetic fields. These detectors include Si surface-barrier diodes, fission chambers, natural diamond detectors, and T-2 production in a moderated He-3 cell. To evaluate the performance of these detectors during deuterium-tritium (D-T) operation, we determined the neutron flux spectrum incident on the principal detector enclosure using nuclide sample sets containing Al, Ti, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Ni, Zr, Nb, In, and Au activation foils. Foils were installed and then removed after ample exposure to TFTR D-T neutrons. High efficiency, high purity Ge detectors were used for gamma spectroscopy of the irradiated foils. The incident neutron fluence and spectral distribution were unfolded from the measured results, and used to derive absolute detector efficiencies. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. RP Jassby, DL (reprint author), PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 540 EP 543 DI 10.1063/1.1147647 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700069 ER PT J AU Roquemore, AL Bitter, M Johnson, LC vonGoeler, S AF Roquemore, AL Bitter, M Johnson, LC vonGoeler, S TI Recent expansion of the TFTR multichannel neutron collimator SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB Radial neutron emission profiles from TFTR DT plasmas are generally narrow and highly peaked. In the past, the neutron profile monitor provided inadequate coverage of the plasma core for these peaked profiles. Four new sight Lines were added to improve the view in the central region and better evaluate parameters such as global neutron yields and neutron peakedness and to localize neutron MHD activity. The new sightlines utilize plastic scintillators instead of the original ZnS based NE451 detectors. These new detectors have larger volumes and increased solid angles as compared to the NE451 detectors in order to increase the incident neutron flux, in order to reduce statistical ''shot noise'' on the signal traces and improve the frequency response. The increased detection capabilities along with recent upgrades in the fast amplifiers and wave form digitizers have extended the frequency response to >50 kHz which allows the study of high frequency MI-ID activity. Data from DT plasmas illustrating the enhanced spatial and temporal resolution with the new channels are presented. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Roquemore, AL (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,BOX 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 544 EP 547 DI 10.1063/1.1147648 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700070 ER PT J AU vonGoeler, S Johnson, LC Bitter, M Efthimion, PC Roquemore, AL AF vonGoeler, S Johnson, LC Bitter, M Efthimion, PC Roquemore, AL TI Calibration issues of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor multichannel neutron collimator SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID PROFILE MEASUREMENTS AB The calibration procedures for the detectors in the neutron collimator are reviewed. The absolute calibration was performed for the NE451 detectors, in situ, by moving a DT neutron generator in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) vacuum vessel across each sight line. This calibration was transferred to other detectors in the same channel. Four new sight Lines have been installed at a different toroidal location, which view the plasma through the vacuum vessel port cover rather than through thinned windows. The new detectors are cross calibrated to the NE451 detectors with a ''jog shot'' procedure, where the plasma is quickly shifted in major radius over a distance of 30 cm. The jog shot procedure shows that scattered neutrons account approximately for 30% of the signal of the new central channels. Corrections for detector nonlinearity are discussed. The neutron source strength from the collimator agrees within 10% with the source strength from global neutron monitors in the TFTR test cell. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP vonGoeler, S (reprint author), PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 548 EP 551 DI 10.1063/1.1147649 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700071 ER PT J AU Krasilnikov, AV Azizov, EA Roquemore, AL Khrunov, VS Young, KM AF Krasilnikov, AV Azizov, EA Roquemore, AL Khrunov, VS Young, KM TI TFTR natural diamond detectors based D-T neutron spectrometry system SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID FUSION AB Three natural diamond detectors (NDD) based spectrometry systems have been developed and used on TFTR to perform D-T neutron spectrum and flux measurements. DT neutrons interact with the NDD through the C-12(n, alpha)Be-9 reaction to produce a narrow peak in the pulse height distribution which has 2%-3% energy resolution and is well isolated from other reactions by similar to 2 MeV in energy. The NDD detector is also highly radiation resistant (5 x 10(14) n/cm(2)) and compact in size (diameter similar to 4 mm, thickness similar to 0.2 mm). Three detectors have been installed near TFTR. One, installed in a central sight Line of the neutron collimator Views perpendicularly from below. Two other detectors placed inside radiation shields in the TFTR test cell have tangential and perpendicular cones of view. These three spectrometers provide spectrometry of D-T neutrons escaping the tokamak with angles with respect to plasma current in the ranges close to 90 degrees, 110 degrees-180 degrees, and 60 degrees-120 degrees correspondingly. The fastest standard electronics have been used to reduce the influence of pulse pileup during spectrometry measurements at count rates up to 3 x 10(5) counts/s. Results of the first D-T neutron spectra and flux dynamics measurements made with the three NDD based spectrometers during TFTR high power neutral beam injection are presented. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08543. INST PHYS & TECH PROBLEMS,DUBNA,RUSSIA. RP Krasilnikov, AV (reprint author), TROITSK INST INNOVATING & FUS RESEARCHERS,TROITSK,RUSSIA. NR 13 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 553 EP 556 DI 10.1063/1.1147651 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700072 ER PT J AU Kugel, HW Ascione, G Gilbert, J Azziz, N Goldhagen, P Reginatto, M Shebell, P Kumar, A AF Kugel, HW Ascione, G Gilbert, J Azziz, N Goldhagen, P Reginatto, M Shebell, P Kumar, A TI Review of diagnostic methods for TFTR D-T radiation shielding and neutronics studies SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID CALIBRATION; EFFICIENCY; FIELD AB The methods and instrument systems used for TFTR D-T radiation shielding and neutronics studies involving signal strengths ranging over 10 orders of magnitude are reviewed. Neutron and gamma dose-equivalent, fluence, spectral, and materials activation measurements have been performed at various locations from the TFTR vessel to the nearest property lines. The detection systems include He-3, BF3, and U-235 proportional counters in moderated spheres, Bonner sphere arrays, advanced thermoluminescent detectors, argon ionization chambers, intrinsic Ge gamma detectors, and activation foil spectrometry methods. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 US DOE,ENVIRONM MEASUREMENTS LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10014. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH ENGN & APPL SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095. RP Kugel, HW (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 557 EP 560 DI 10.1063/1.1147652 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700073 ER PT J AU Barnes, CW Roquemore, AL AF Barnes, CW Roquemore, AL TI Neutron source strength monitors for ITER SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID ABSOLUTE CALIBRATION; DETECTORS; OPERATION; REACTOR; TFTR AB There are several goals for the neutron source strength monitor system for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. Desired is a stable, reliable, time-dependent neutron detection system which exhibits a wide dynamic range and broad energy response to incident neutrons while being insensitive to gamma rays and having low noise characteristics in a harsh reactor environment. This system should be able to be absolutely calibrated in situ using various neutron sources. An array of proportional counters of varying sensitivities is proposed along with the most promising possible locations. One proposed location is in the preshields of the neutron camera collimators which would allow an integrated design of neutron systems with good detector access. As part of an ongoing conceptual design for this system, the detector-specific issues of dynamic range, performance monitoring, and sensitivity will, be presented. The location options of the array will be discussed and most importantly, the calibration issues associated with a heavily shielded vessel will be presented. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08543. RP Barnes, CW (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 573 EP 576 DI 10.1063/1.1147656 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700077 ER PT J AU Barnes, CW Loughin, MJ Nishitani, T AF Barnes, CW Loughin, MJ Nishitani, T TI Neutron activation for ITER SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID DEUTERIUM; TRITIUM; TOKAMAK; TFTR AB There are three primary goals for the Neutron Activation system for ITER: to maintain a robust relative measure of fusion power with stability and wide dynamic range (seven orders of magnitude), allow an absolute calibration of fusion power production, and provide a flexible and reliable system for materials testing. The nature of the activation technique is such that stability and wide dynamic range can be intrinsic properties of the system. It has also been the technique that demonstrated (on JET and TFTR) the most accurate neutron measurements in DT operation. Since the detectors for assaying the radioactivity are not located on the tokamak and are therefore amenable to accurate characterization, and if the activation samples are placed very close to the ITER plasma with minimal scattering or attenuation, high overall accuracy in the fusion energy production (7%-10%) should be achievable on ITER. In the paper, a conceptual design is presented. A system is shown to be capable of meeting these three goals, and unresolved design issues are identified. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 JET JOINT UNDERTAKING,ABINGDON OX14 3EA,OXON,ENGLAND. JAPAN ATOM ENERGY RES INST,NAKA FUS RES ESTAB,NAKA,IBARAKI 31101,JAPAN. RP Barnes, CW (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 7 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 577 EP 580 DI 10.1063/1.1147657 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700078 ER PT J AU Hicks, DG Li, CK Petrasso, RD Seguin, FH Burke, BE Knauer, JP Cremer, S Kremens, RL Cable, MD Phillips, TW AF Hicks, DG Li, CK Petrasso, RD Seguin, FH Burke, BE Knauer, JP Cremer, S Kremens, RL Cable, MD Phillips, TW TI Design of an electronic charged particle spectrometer to measure on inertial fusion experiments SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID AREAL DENSITY-MEASUREMENT; RADIUS PRODUCT; TARGETS; SECONDARY; PROTONS AB The design and fabrication of a new diagnostic that measures the energy spectra of charged particles from targets on the Omega Upgrade are actively underway. Using seven 512x512 charge coupled devices (CCDs) and a 7.5 kG permanent magnet, this instrument will uniquely determine particle identities and measure particle energies from 1 MeV up to the maximum charged particle energies of interest for rho R measurements (10.6 MeV knock-on tritons, 12.5 MeV knock-on deuterons and 30.8 MeV tertiary protons). The resolution of the diagnostic will be better than 5%. We have tested the response of SITe back-illuminated CCDs to 1.2-13.6 MeV protons from our Cockcroft-Walton accelerator and to alpha particles from an Am-241 source, and the results agree extremely well with predictions. With its high density picture elements, each CCD has 10(5) single-hit detectors. In the case of a low DT yield of 10(9) neutrons, about 100 knock-on charged particles will be detected when the spectrometer aperture is 60 cm from the implosion. Measurements of pR up to 150 mg/cm(2) can be obtained from knock-on D and T spectra, and values up to 300 mg/cm(2) can be determined from secondary proton spectra. The sensitivity of the CCDs to 14 and 2.5 MeV neutrons has been experimentally determined using our Cockcroft-Walton accelerator source and indicates that by incorporating neutron shielding, the signal to neutron noise ratio at a yield of 10(11) will be better than 100:1. Ln the development phases of this program, we plan to utilize CR-39 track detectors concurrently with the CCDs. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 MIT,LINCOLN LAB,LEXINGTON,MA 02173. UNIV ROCHESTER,LASER ENERGET LAB,ROCHESTER,NY 14623. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. RP Hicks, DG (reprint author), MIT,CTR PLASMA FUS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA. RI Hicks, Damien/B-5042-2015 OI Hicks, Damien/0000-0001-8322-9983 NR 12 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 589 EP 592 DI 10.1063/1.1147660 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700081 ER PT J AU Li, CK Hicks, DG Petrasso, RD Seguin, FH Cable, MD Phillips, TW Sangster, TC Knauer, JP Cremer, S Kremens, RL AF Li, CK Hicks, DG Petrasso, RD Seguin, FH Cable, MD Phillips, TW Sangster, TC Knauer, JP Cremer, S Kremens, RL TI Charged-coupled devices for charged-particle spectroscopy on OMEGA and NOVA SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION; TARGET AB Charge-coupled devices (CCDs) are to be utilized as charged-particle detectors for rho R and implosion symmetry diagnostics on OMEGA and NOVA. Using a large range of MeV charged particles, comprehensive studies have been performed on several back-illuminated CCDs in order to establish their utility for determining particle energy and identity (e.g., H, D, or T). Issues of signal and noise (i.e., especially from neutrons and gammas interacting with the CCDs) are also being investigated. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. UNIV ROCHESTER,LASER ENERGET LAB,ROCHESTER,NY 14627. RP Li, CK (reprint author), MIT,CTR PLASMA FUS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA. RI Hicks, Damien/B-5042-2015 OI Hicks, Damien/0000-0001-8322-9983 NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 593 EP 595 DI 10.1063/1.1147661 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700082 ER PT J AU Phillips, TW Cable, MD Hicks, DG Li, CK Petrasso, RD Seguin, FH AF Phillips, TW Cable, MD Hicks, DG Li, CK Petrasso, RD Seguin, FH TI A study of CR-39 track response to charged particles from NOVA implosions SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB We have exposed CR-39 track recording material to a number of NOVA implosions. Radiation from the implosion passed through an array of ranging filters, which aided identification of the incident particles and their energies. The etching procedure was calibrated by including a piece of track exposed to DD protons from a small accelerator. For the same shots, we quantitatively compare the DD neutron yield with the DD proton yield determined from the track. In DT implosions, tracks produced by neutron interactions prevent observation of charged-particle tracks that are produced by the processes of knock on, secondary, or tertiary fusion. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 MIT,CTR PLASMA FUS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. RP Phillips, TW (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. RI Hicks, Damien/B-5042-2015 OI Hicks, Damien/0000-0001-8322-9983 NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 596 EP 598 DI 10.1063/1.1147662 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700083 ER PT J AU Caldwell, SE Han, SS Joseph, JR Petersen, TL Young, CS AF Caldwell, SE Han, SS Joseph, JR Petersen, TL Young, CS TI Burn history measurements in laser based fusion SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB Gamma-ray measurements from fast burning deuterium/tritium capsules used in the laser based fusion program inherently carry more high bandwidth information than neutron measurements because they are not subject to Doppler induced time-of-flight broadening. GaAs photoconducting detectors are used to record both the gamma-ray and neutron pulses temporally separated by the time-of-flight difference. The technique has been successfully demonstrated to produce gamma-ray burn history measurements for capsules yielding more than 10(12) neutrons. RP Caldwell, SE (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 603 EP 606 DI 10.1063/1.1147664 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700085 ER PT J AU Chrien, RE Klare, KA Murphy, TJ AF Chrien, RE Klare, KA Murphy, TJ TI Measurements of neutron spectra from Nova targets SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID TEMPERATURE-MEASUREMENTS; ARRAY AB We have measured neutron spectra from targets on the Nova laser. The three basic classes of targets are (1) directly driven capsules with ablative or exploding pushers, (2) indirectly driven imploding capsules with Various hohlraum drives, capsule thicknesses, capsule fill pressures, and hohlraum gas fills, and (3) gas-filled hohlraums containing deuterated gas mixtures. In many capsule implosions, the neutron spectra are significantly broader than predictions of fusion-reaction-weighted ion temperatures from simulations. For implosions of deuterated capsules filled with H-2, the observed spectra are consistent with the predicted combination of thermal and motional broadening. For normal capsules filled with D-2, we conjecture that implosion asymmetries may induce fluid motion within the compressed fuel which contributes to the measured spectral width, but not the fusion reactivity, and which is not included in the simulations. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Chrien, RE (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. RI Murphy, Thomas/F-3101-2014 OI Murphy, Thomas/0000-0002-6137-9873 NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 607 EP 609 DI 10.1063/1.1147665 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700086 ER PT J AU Murphy, TJ Chrien, RE Klare, KA AF Murphy, TJ Chrien, RE Klare, KA TI Interpretation of neutron time-of-flight signals from current-mode detectors SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID IMPLOSIONS AB Neutron time-of-flight (nToF) signals from current-mode neutron detectors are often used to determine burn-averaged ion temperature from ICF targets because the spread of the neutron energy distribution is a function of the temperature of the reacting ions. The measured signal will, however, be a convolution of the actual neutron signal, the detector response, and the response of the recording system. In addition, scattered neutrons will arrive at the detector later than unscattered neutrons, further broadening the signal. The ion temperature derived from nToF data depends strongly on the functions used to fit the data or the methods utilized to unfold the neutron energy spectrum. A functional form based on known and measured properties of the detectors is used to fit the integral of the time-of-flight signal, allowing ion temperature derivations from targets with lower neutron yield than previously possible. RP Murphy, TJ (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. RI Murphy, Thomas/F-3101-2014 OI Murphy, Thomas/0000-0002-6137-9873 NR 11 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 610 EP 613 DI 10.1063/1.1147763 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700087 ER PT J AU Murphy, TJ Chrien, RE Klare, KA AF Murphy, TJ Chrien, RE Klare, KA TI Neutron time-of-flight signals from expanding or contracting spherical sources SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID INDIRECTLY DRIVEN; IMPLOSIONS; DETECTOR; NOVA AB The width of the energy distribution of fusion-produced neutrons is often used as an indication of the temperature of the reacting ions. The Doppler broadening of the neutron energy is due to the center-of-mass velocity of reacting ion pairs and is characterized by the ion temperature for a Maxwellian distribution of ions with zero collective velocity. If there is bulk fluid motion or turbulence characterized by a velocity on the order of the ion thermal speed, a significant additional broadening may be introduced. Suggestions of this phenomenon have been observed for two classes of laser targets. The first is a ''gas bag'' target, in which a deuterated hydrocarbon gas is contained in a thin spherical membrane and illuminated uniformly. The second target is an ICF capsule with a deuterated plastic inner layer. In both cases, measured neutron energy distributions were wider than expected from theoretical ion temperatures and if interpreted as indicative of the ion temperature, are inconsistent with the neutron yields observed. RP Murphy, TJ (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. RI Murphy, Thomas/F-3101-2014 OI Murphy, Thomas/0000-0002-6137-9873 NR 15 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 614 EP 617 DI 10.1063/1.1147666 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700088 ER PT J AU Obst, AW Chrien, RE Wilke, MD AF Obst, AW Chrien, RE Wilke, MD TI Colliding plasma neutron production at Trident SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB Trident is a two-beam Nd:glass laser producing typically 100 J at 2 omega in 2 ns pulses. Diffraction unlimited f/6 optics reduce the 20-cm-diam beams down to 100 mu m diameter. The laser is capable of producing neutrons from D-D and D-T plasmas, and has demonstrated yields of >10(6) D-D neutrons from colliding plasma geometries. We have combined a previously existing neutron activation technique with two large photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) coupled to scintillators to produce a neutron measuring capability on Trident. In addition, we have coupled a time-of-flight compensated scintillator to a fast microchannel plate PMT to provide neutron energy resolution and hence the potential to measure ion temperatures through time-of-flight spread. The activation technique is sensitive to >10(5) neutrons per count in its present configuration. The PMT/scintillators have comparable sensitivities. The MCP/PMT/scintillator combination has 220 ps rise time with an order of magnitude less sensitivity. We will describe these detectors and the methods used to calibrate the individual detector sensitivities. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Obst, AW (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 618 EP 620 DI 10.1063/1.1147756 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700089 ER PT J AU Maqueda, RJ Barnes, CW Han, SS Staples, PA Wagner, RS AF Maqueda, RJ Barnes, CW Han, SS Staples, PA Wagner, RS TI Proton recoil detector of fusion neutrons using natural diamond SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB Diamond, with its high radiation damage resistance, is an attractive alternative to silicon for neutron measurements in next step fusion experiments. A 200-mu m-thick type IIa natural diamond with Ti/Au contacts was tested at the LAMPF-WNR facility by time-of-flight neutron energy identification. The crystal, having a carrier lifetime of up to 1 ns, was arranged in a low-energy-resolution, high-sensitivity proton recoil telescope consisting of a polyethylene radiator and a low-energy-proton Teflon filter. This arrangement is similar to the triton burnup monitor of Croft et al. [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 64, 1418 (1993)], where a silicon photodiode was used as a recoil proton detector. The observed sensitivity for 14 MeV neutrons (DT) is (1.25+/-0.15)x10(-3) counts/neutron. However, a high contribution of neutron-induced events in the diamond, mainly carbon (A=12) recoils, was observed. A one-dimensional calculation for the detector response to carbon recoil and proton deposition is compared to the measurements. Poor energy resolution of the diamond detector precludes pulse height discrimination between direct 2.5 MeV neutrons events and proton events corresponding to 14 MeV neutrons. Therefore, an overall DT/DD neutron sensitivity ratio of only similar to 6.5 is achieved. This value is much lower than the ratio of 540 reported by Croft et al. in their silicon (A=28) monitor. RP Maqueda, RJ (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 624 EP 627 DI 10.1063/1.1147668 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700091 ER PT J AU Lerche, RA AF Lerche, RA TI Neutron-induced noise in National Ignition Facility-class diagnostic instruments SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB Neutron yields from deuterium-tritium-filled inertial-confinement-fusion targets have reached 10(14). Above 10(13), a significant neutron-induced background appears in images recorded with nearby streak cameras. Since camera components (streak tube, image-intensifier tube, and charge coupled device arrays) are similar to components that will be used in many National Ignition Facility (NIF) instruments, streak camera images provide information about neutron-induced backgrounds that will be encountered in the NIF environment. At a fluence of 10(7) neutrons/cm(2), the background consists of two distinct components: a uniform component equal to nearly 20% of the camera's linear range and sharp, intense spikes each localized to just a couple of image pixels. About 80% of the uniform background is caused by interactions with the streak tube and image-intensifier tube. Nearly all the sharp spikes are caused by interactions with pixels of the charged-coupled device array. The spikes make the most significant contribution to image noise. RP Lerche, RA (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 3 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 628 EP 631 DI 10.1063/1.1147669 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700092 ER PT J AU Ramsey, AT Tighe, W Bartolick, J Morgan, PD AF Ramsey, AT Tighe, W Bartolick, J Morgan, PD TI Radiation effects on heated optical fibers SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID DIAGNOSTICS; TFTR AB Optical fibers are ubiquitous on today's plasma devices, and will play a major role in future machines. However, radiation causes luminescence and transmission loss in fibers at troubling levels even on today's machines when they operate in DT. We have evaluated these effects and studied the use of elevated operating temperatures to reduce them. Using high-purity UV grade silica-silica fibers at 400 degrees C reduces transmission loss by a factor of at least 100, but has little or no effect on radioluminescence. The radioluminescent spectrum appears to be Cerenkov radiation. The transmission loss spectrum depends on the fiber material and details of the manufacture. The mode structure of transmission loss is mainly simple path length attenuation, with a suggestion of internal reflection degradation. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 JET JOINT UNDERTAKING,ABINGDON OX14 3EA,OXON,ENGLAND. RP Ramsey, AT (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 13 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 632 EP 635 DI 10.1063/1.1147670 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700093 ER PT J AU Kirkwood, RK Back, CA Blain, MA Desenne, DE Dulieu, AG Glenzer, SH MacGowan, BJ Montgomery, DS Moody, JD AF Kirkwood, RK Back, CA Blain, MA Desenne, DE Dulieu, AG Glenzer, SH MacGowan, BJ Montgomery, DS Moody, JD TI Imaging backscattered and near to backscattered light in ignition scale plasmas (invited) SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID LASER-PRODUCED PLASMAS AB Diagnostics have been developed and fielded at the Nova laser facility that, for the first time, image nearly all the Light scattered within 20 degrees of the laser axis, including the light collected by the laser focusing lens as well as that just outside the lens. Absolute calibration of optical components exposed to the target debris have been achieved by a combination of routine in situ calibration and maintenance. Measurements from plasmas relevant to ignition experiments indicate that scattering is peaked in the direction of backscatter with significant energy scattered both into the lens and just outside the lens. The scattering outside the lens is found to be dominant when the f number is large (f/8). (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, LIVERMORE, CA 94550 USA. RP Kirkwood, RK (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, LIVERMORE, CA 94550 USA. OI Montgomery, David/0000-0002-2355-6242 NR 12 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 EI 1089-7623 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 636 EP 640 DI 10.1063/1.1147671 PN 2 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700094 ER PT J AU Glenzer, SH Back, CA Estabrook, KG Kirkwood, RK Wallace, R MacGowan, BJ Hammel, BA Cid, RE DeGroot, JS AF Glenzer, SH Back, CA Estabrook, KG Kirkwood, RK Wallace, R MacGowan, BJ Hammel, BA Cid, RE DeGroot, JS TI Thomson scattering from two-species laser-produced plasmas (invited) SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID ION-ACOUSTIC-WAVES; SPECTRUM AB We report on recent Thomson scattering measurements from two ion species laser-produced plasmas. A flat disk coated with multiple alternate thin layers of gold and beryllium was irradiated with one laser beam of the Nova laser facility and the resulting two ion species plasma was probed with a second laser beam at a distance of 500 mu m with time-resolved spectroscopy of the Thomson scattered light. A controlled variation of the Au fraction of the plasma was achieved by changing the relative thicknesses of the individual multilayers of the target. Two ion acoustic waves belonging to the Au and Be species were clearly observed. Besides their usual application to deduce electron temperatures, the relative damping of both waves provides an accurate measurement of the ion temperature of the plasma. In addition, the relative ion densities can be measured with high accuracy from the relative phase velocities of both waves if the ion charge state is known independently or vice versa. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, LIVERMORE, CA 94551 USA. UNIV CALIF DAVIS, DEPT APPL SCI, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. UNIV CALIF DAVIS, PLASMA RES GRP, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. RP Glenzer, SH (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, L-399, LIVERMORE, CA 94551 USA. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 EI 1089-7623 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 641 EP 646 DI 10.1063/1.1147908 PN 2 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700095 ER PT J AU Han, S AF Han, S TI New developments in photoconductive detectors (invited) SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID RADIATION DETECTORS; SYNTHETIC DIAMONDS; FACILITY AB Nearly ideal for detecting ionizing radiation, wide band-gap semiconductors present a possibility of having outstanding radiation hardness, fast charge collection, and low leakage current that will allow them to be used in high radiation, high temperature, and chemically aggressive environments. Over the past few years, the improvements in the electrical quality of wide band-gap semiconductors have progressed enormously. One particular wide band-gap semiconductor, diamond, has properties that may be ideal for radiation detection. Since the discovery of low pressure and low temperature deposition of diamond, the possibility of large area diamond films has become a reality. Over the past few years, great progress has been made in advancing the electrical quality of chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) diamond. Presently, unprecedented diamond wafer size of 7 in. diam is possible. Due to both the present electrical quality and the available size, the utilization of diamond in radiation detection applications is not just a dream but a reality. The progression of CVD diamond's electrical properties in the last few years will be presented along with what is currently possible. Applications of CVD diamond for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) diagnostics will be reviewed. In addition, a brief review concerning other possible wide band-gap semiconductors for ICF diagnostics will be presented. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Han, S (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,NIS-5,E540,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 25 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 647 EP 652 DI 10.1063/1.1147590 PN 2 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700096 ER PT J AU Deeney, C McGurn, J Noack, D Porter, JL Spielman, RB Seamen, JF Jobe, DO Vargas, MF Gilliland, T Douglas, MR Matzen, MK AF Deeney, C McGurn, J Noack, D Porter, JL Spielman, RB Seamen, JF Jobe, DO Vargas, MF Gilliland, T Douglas, MR Matzen, MK TI Streaked laser shadowgraphy of tungsten wire array implosions on the Saturn generator SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID X-RAY-EMISSION; PLASMAS; CORE AB A combination of a 400 ns, 300 mJ, 640 nm dye laser, and an optical streak camera have been used to demonstrate that time-resolved shadowgrams can be made of the implosion phase of tungsten wire arrays. Initial experiments have shown that mirror lifetime and spatial resolution are issues for this diagnostic technique. Nonetheless, these experiments have provided new information on wire array dynamics; specifically, they show that even with a 0.46 mm wire spacing, the high density regions formed by the wires, are separate until 30 ns into the main drive current. Peak currents of 6.6 MA were obtained 40 ns after the start of the current, while peak radiated powers of 85 TW were measured at 50 ns. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Deeney, C (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 17 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 653 EP 655 DI 10.1063/1.1147757 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700097 ER PT J AU Muron, DJ Hurst, MJ Derzon, MS AF Muron, DJ Hurst, MJ Derzon, MS TI Development of a visible framing camera diagnostic for the study of current initiation in z-pinch plasmas SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB We assembled and tested a visible framing camera system to take 5 ns FWHM images of the early time emission from a z-pinch plasma. This diagnostic was used in conjunction with a visible streak camera allowing early time emissions measurements to diagnose current initiation. Individual frames from gated image intensifiers were proximity coupled to charge injection device cameras and read out at video rate and 8-bit resolution. A mirror was used to view the pinch from a 90 degrees angle. We observed the destruction of the minor surface, due to the high surface heating, and the subsequent reduction in signal reflected from the mirror. Images were obtained that showed early time ejecta and a non-uniform emission from the target. This initial test of the equipment highlighted problems with this measurement. We observed nonuniformities in early time emission. This is believed to be due to either spatially varying current density or heating of the foam. Images were obtained that showed early time ejecta from the target. The results and suggestions for improvement are discussed in the text. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Muron, DJ (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 656 EP 659 DI 10.1063/1.1147592 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700098 ER PT J AU Lazier, SE Barber, TL Derzon, MS Kellogg, JW AF Lazier, SE Barber, TL Derzon, MS Kellogg, JW TI Time and space resolved measurements of visible-light and soft x-ray emission from foam z-pinch plasmas and implosions SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID TARGET AB We have developed a time-resolved imaging capability to make measurements of the emission profile or spot size for low density foam z-pinch targets on the Saturn accelerator. By lens-coupling visible emission from the z-pinch target to an array of fiber optics, we obtained an emission profile as a function of time with radial resolution of 200 mu m. To measure the emission at temperatures greater than approximate to 40 eV, x rays from the source were slit-imaged or pinhole-imaged onto a scintillator. The emission was filtered to select 50-80, 200-280, and 400-450 eV x rays. Nonuniformities were observed in both visible and x-ray emissions for solid foam targets. For wire array on foam targets, on-axis x-ray emission-spot implosion velocities calculated for the three spectral regions differed from the mass-implosion velocity. We describe the diagnostics, the image-unfold process, and results from the instrument for both visible and x-ray measurements. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 SANDIA NATL LABS,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185. RP Lazier, SE (reprint author), KTECH CORP INC,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87110, USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 660 EP 663 DI 10.1063/1.1147593 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700099 ER PT J AU Kyrala, GA Evans, S Jimerson, J Fernandez, J AF Kyrala, GA Evans, S Jimerson, J Fernandez, J TI Time resolved side scatter diagnostics at NOVA SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID PLASMAS; LASER AB Side scattering of radiation during the interaction of a laser beam with the long scale length plasma in a hohlraum is a difficult problem that is relevant to the viability of inertial confinement fusion. It is important to measure the absolute amount of laser side scatter as well as the angular distribution of that scatter. The oblique scatter array (OSA) diagnostics have been implemented on NOVA to measure these quantities. We have used a fiber-optically coupled streak camera to measure the temporally and angularly resolved side scatter radiation at 351 nm at nine different angles. Filtered PIN diodes were positioned at 31 various angles in the E-field plane and B-field plane of the incident probe beam to sample and measure the scattered radiation at the 351 nm wavelength of the probe. The diode data was used to calibrate the Brillouin power received by the nine strategically located fiber optic channels. This presentation describes the OSA and associated diagnostics. RP Kyrala, GA (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. RI Fernandez, Juan/H-3268-2011 OI Fernandez, Juan/0000-0002-1438-1815 NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 664 EP 667 DI 10.1063/1.1147594 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700100 ER PT J AU Glenzer, SH Back, CA Estabrook, KG MacGowan, BJ AF Glenzer, SH Back, CA Estabrook, KG MacGowan, BJ TI Thomson scattering in the corona of laser-produced gold plasmas SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB Thomson scattering measurements of the electron temperature in laser-produced gold plasmas are presented. We irradiated a flat gold disk target with one laser beam of the Nova laser facility at an angle of 64 degrees from the normal. A second laser beam probed the plasma at a distance of 500 mu m with temporally resolved Thomson scattering. The electron temperature measurements are compared with hydrodynamic simulations using the code LASNEX for experiments applying smoothed and unsmoothed heater beams. In case of an unsmoothed heater beam the simulations predict temperatures which are about 40% higher than our measured data. Although the agreement is improved for a smoothed heater beam, discrepancies exist in the decay phase of the plasma. We discuss possible explanations for these observations. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, LIVERMORE, CA 94551 USA. RP Glenzer, SH (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, L-399,POB 808, LIVERMORE, CA 94551 USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 EI 1089-7623 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 668 EP 671 DI 10.1063/1.1147595 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700101 ER PT J AU Wilke, MD Fernandez, JC Berggren, RR Horton, RF Montgomery, DS Faulkner, JA Looney, LD Jimerson, JR AF Wilke, MD Fernandez, JC Berggren, RR Horton, RF Montgomery, DS Faulkner, JA Looney, LD Jimerson, JR TI Full aperture backscatter station imager diagnostics system for far-field imaging of laser plasma instabilities on Nova SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID GAS AB In ICF, the understanding of laser plasma scattering processes is essential for laser target coupling and for controlling the symmetry of indirect drive implosions. The existing Nova full aperture backscatter station has been useful in understanding laser plasma instabilities occurring in hohlraums by measuring the quantity, spectral distribution, and near-field spatial distributions of Brillouin and more recently Raman backscatter. Equally important is an understanding of the far-field spatial intensity distribution which could help in understanding filamentation, threshold and saturation processes. This article describes a broadband, color-corrected far-field imager and associated diagnostics capable of imaging the source of scattered light to better than 25 mu m resolution. Brillouin and Raman backscatter can be imaged through the Nova beam-7 focusing lens or the imager can be used Like a microscope to image side scatter from other beams. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Wilke, MD (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. RI Fernandez, Juan/H-3268-2011; OI Fernandez, Juan/0000-0002-1438-1815; Montgomery, David/0000-0002-2355-6242 NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 672 EP 675 DI 10.1063/1.1147716 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700102 ER PT J AU Richards, RK Hutchinson, DP Ma, CH AF Richards, RK Hutchinson, DP Ma, CH TI Tritium to deuterium ratio measurement by collective Thomson scattering SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID ION TEMPERATURE-MEASUREMENT; CO2-LASER; PLASMA; TOKAMAK AB A technique is proposed for the determination of the tritium to deuterium density ratio in ITER using collective Thomson scattering at a wavelength of 10 mu m. The measurement is made by viewing the component of scattered laser power nearly perpendicular to the magnetic field giving rise to ion cyclotron modulation of the scattered spectrum. The tritium/deuterium ratio may be inferred by a deconvolution of the scattered laser power. Due to the narrow bandwidth of the scattered signal and the spatially varying magnetic field, a narrowband heterodyne imaging array receiver will be required to observe the scattered spectrum. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Richards, RK (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 683 EP 685 DI 10.1063/1.1147672 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700105 ER PT J AU Dimock, D Grek, B Johnson, D LaBombard, B Lipschultz, B McCracken, G AF Dimock, D Grek, B Johnson, D LaBombard, B Lipschultz, B McCracken, G TI A compact Thomson scattering system SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB We have made and installed a multipulse Nd:YAG Thomson scattering system for measuring electron temperature and density profiles in the throat of the divertor of the Alcator C-Mod machine. The observing head is located in the vacuum vessel in a re-entrant chamber. It is optically fast and very compact. A system for providing feedback to maintain the laser beam alignment is a part of the observing head assembly. The head is designed to minimize eddy currents, and have a very rigid adjustable mounting to resist the forces generated by the eddy currents during plasma disruptions. A four wavelength polychromator using 25 element avalanche photodiode arrays for spatial resolution has been designed and built for this system. Two of these polychromators and a single observing head will provide 50 spatial resolution elements. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 PRINCETON UNIV,PLASMA PHYS LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08544. MIT,CTR PLASMA FUS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. RP Dimock, D (reprint author), PRINCETON SCI INSTRUMENTS,MONMOUTH JCT,NJ 08852, USA. RI Lipschultz, Bruce/J-7726-2012 OI Lipschultz, Bruce/0000-0001-5968-3684 NR 4 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 700 EP 703 DI 10.1063/1.1147678 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700109 ER PT J AU Nilson, DG Hill, DN Evans, JC Carlstrom, TN Hsieh, CL Stockdale, RE AF Nilson, DG Hill, DN Evans, JC Carlstrom, TN Hsieh, CL Stockdale, RE TI Thomson scattering stray light reduction techniques using a CCD camera SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB The DIII-D Thomson scattering system has been expanded to measure divertor plasma temperatures from 1 to 500 eV and densities from 0.05 to 8x10(20) m(-3). To complete this system, a difficult stray light problem was overcome to allow for an accurate Rayleigh scattering density calibration. The initial stray light levels were over 500 times higher than the expected Rayleigh scattered signal. Using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, various portions of the vessel interior were examined while the laser was fired through the vessel in air at atmospheric pressure. Image relaying, exit window tilting, entrance and exit baffle modifications, and a beam polarizer were then used to reduce the stray light to acceptable levels. The CCD camera gave prompt feedback on the effectiveness of each modification, without the need to reestablish vacuum conditions required when using the normal avalanche photodiode detectors (APD). Once the stray light was sufficiently reduced, the APD detectors provided the signal time history to more accurately identify the source location. We have also found that certain types of high reflectance dielectric coatings produce 10-15 times more scatter than other types of more conventional coatings. By using low-scatter mirror coatings and these new stray light reduction techniques, we now have more flexibility in the design of complex Thomson scattering configurations required to probe the central core and the new radiative divertor regions of the DIII-D vessel. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 704 EP 707 DI 10.1063/1.1147679 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700110 ER PT J AU Jobes, FC Bretz, NL AF Jobes, FC Bretz, NL TI Prototype imaging second harmonic interferometer SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB We have built a prototype imaging second harmonic interferometer, which is intended to test critical elements of a design for a tangential array interferometer on C-Mod(6). The prototype uses a pulsed, 35 mJ, 10 Hz multimode, Nd:YAG laser, LiB3O5 doublers, a fan beam created by a cylindrical lens, four retroreflector elements, and a CCD camera as a detector. The prototype also uses a polarization scheme in which the interference information is eventually carried by two second harmonic beams with crossed polarization. These are vector summed and differenced, and separated, by a Wollaston prism, to give two spots on the CCD. There is a pair of these spots for each retroreflector used. The phase information is directly available as the ratio of the difference to sum the intensities of the two spots. We have tested a single channel configuration of this prototype, varying the phase by changing the pressure in an air cell, and we have obtained a 5:1 light to dark ratio, and a clear sinusoidal variation of the ratio as a function of pressure change. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Jobes, FC (reprint author), PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 709 EP 712 DI 10.1063/1.1147681 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700111 ER PT J AU Bretz, N Jobes, F Irby, J AF Bretz, N Jobes, F Irby, J TI The design of a second harmonic tangential array interferometer for C-Mod SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID GENERATION AB A design for a tangential array interferometer for C-Mod operating at 1.06 and 0.53 mu m is presented. This is a special type of two color interferometer in which a Nd:YAG laser is frequency doubled in a nonlinear crystal. Because the doubling efficiency is imperfect, two frequencies propagate collinearly through the plasma after which the 1.06 mu m ray is doubled again mixing in the optical domain with the undoubled ray. The resulting interference is insensitive to path length but is affected by plasma dispersion in the usual way. A typical central fringe shift in C-Mod is expected to be 0.1-1.0, but the absolute and relative accuracy in n(e)l measurements can be as high as in a conventional interferometer. This design uses a repetitively pulsed laser which is converted to a fan beam crossing the horizontal midplane. The chordal array is defined by internal retroreflectors on the C-Mod midplane which return the beam to the second doubler and a detector array. This interferometer design has beam diameters of a few millimeters and element spacings of a few centimeters, uses a repetitively pulsed, TEM(00) Nd:YAG laser, fiber optic beam transport, commercial components, and a compact optical design which minimizes port space requirements. An optical system design is presented which is based on the performance of a tabletop prototype at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 MIT,CTR PLASMA FUSION,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. RP Bretz, N (reprint author), PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 713 EP 716 DI 10.1063/1.1147683 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700112 ER PT J AU Snider, RT Carlstrom, TN Hodapp, TD Jobes, FC Peebles, WA AF Snider, RT Carlstrom, TN Hodapp, TD Jobes, FC Peebles, WA TI Application of interferometry and Faraday rotation techniques for density measurements on the next generation of tokamaks SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB The next generation of tokamaks present unique challenges to plasma diagnostic design due to the physical size of the devices and the radiation environment. The need for a density measurement for density feedback control for a prototype reactor such as ITER is well established and several proposals for line average measurements have been put forward. In this article, a design for a line average density diagnostic for ITER using collinear interferometry and Faraday rotation measurements will be presented. Plasma effects on both types of measurements and density resolution will be discussed along with the possibility of combining the information from the two collinear measurements to improve the reliability and quality of the density profile. Survivability of the plasma facing mirrors, in particular the surface flatness and surface roughness, are critical issues and preliminary analysis suggests these may limit the wavelength of probing beams. Thermal and stress analysis of the plasma facing mirrors will be presented along with a discussion of mirror material selection based on thermal, nuclear, and sputtering considerations. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08543. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. RP Snider, RT (reprint author), GEN ATOM CO,SAN DIEGO,CA 92186, USA. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 728 EP 731 DI 10.1063/1.1147687 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700116 ER PT J AU Marshall, FJ Oertel, JA AF Marshall, FJ Oertel, JA TI Framed monochromatic x-ray microscope for ICF (invited) SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB The Laser Fusion Experiments Groups from the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) and the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) have jointly developed an instrument capable of simultaneously space-, time-, and spectrally resolving x-ray emission from inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets. Uses of the instrument include framed imaging of line emission from fuel or shell dopants and monochromatic backlighting. The x-ray imaging is accomplished with a Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB)-type four-image microscope, which has a best spatial resolution of similar to 5 mu m and a sensitive energy range of similar to 2-s keV. Time-resolved x-ray images are obtained with a pair of custom framing cameras, each of which records two of the four images in two independent 80-ps time intervals. In addition, the energy range of the images can be restricted to a narrow (monochromatic) spectral range (similar to 10-100 eV) by the introduction of diffracting crystals. This technique has been demonstrated with an e-beam-generated de x-ray source, and at the LANL Trident laser facility and the LLE OMEGA laser facility with x-rays from laser-produced plasmas. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM. RP Marshall, FJ (reprint author), UNIV ROCHESTER,LASER ENERGET LAB,250 E RIVER RD,ROCHESTER,NY 14623, USA. NR 9 TC 69 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 735 EP 739 DI 10.1063/1.1147688 PN 2 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700118 ER PT J AU Kaita, R Sesnic, S AF Kaita, R Sesnic, S TI Mode number identification with a soft x-ray array SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB In tokamak plasmas, a key element in the understanding of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities is the determination of their toroidal and poloidal mode numbers. This is usually accomplished by correlating measurements of radiation, particles, or magnetic oscillations at separate positions toroidally and poloidally around the torus. It is possible, however, to obtain the same information with arrays of soft x-ray detectors viewing the horizontal midplane and the poloidal cross section of the tokamak from a single location. The perturbation due to an MHD mode on a toroidal shell will modulate the soft x-ray emission along sightlines intersecting it. The number of maxima, and the angular separation between the channels detecting them, have a straightforward geometrical relationship to the mode number. This approach thus avoids the need for complex inversion of line-integrated signals. The method has already been used to determine poloidal mode numbers on the Princeton beta experiment-modification tokamak, and the results will be presented. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Kaita, R (reprint author), PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 750 EP 752 DI 10.1063/1.1147691 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700121 ER PT J AU Regan, SP May, MJ Soukhanovskii, V Finkenthal, M Moos, HW Farnum, EH Clinard, FW Tarrio, C Watts, R AF Regan, SP May, MJ Soukhanovskii, V Finkenthal, M Moos, HW Farnum, EH Clinard, FW Tarrio, C Watts, R TI An evaluation of multilayer mirrors for the soft x ray and extreme ultraviolet wavelength range that were irradiated with neutrons SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID TUNGSTEN-CARBON; THERMAL-STABILITY; TOKAMAK PLASMA; POLYCHROMATOR; RADIATION; MO/SI; W/C AB The Plasma Spectroscopy Group at the Johns Hopkins University develops high photon throughput multilayer mirror (MLM) based soft x ray and extreme ultraviolet (XUV 10 Angstrom9 keV), low conversion efficiencies and pinhole losses combine to make this scheme unworkable. The technique of point projection radiography has been improved upon to make imaging at high x-ray energies feasible. In this scheme a ''point'' source of x-rays, usually a small diameter (less than or equal to 25 mu m) fiber is illuminated with a single, 100-ps pulse from the Nova laser. A gated x-ray imager with a 500-ps electronic gate width is used to record the projected image. [K. S. Budil et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 485 (1996).] The experimental challenges this technique presents and experimental results will be discussed. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Budil, KS (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. RI Perry, Theodore/K-3333-2014 OI Perry, Theodore/0000-0002-8832-2033 NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 796 EP 798 DI 10.1063/1.1147744 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700133 ER PT J AU Budil, KS Remington, BA Perry, TS Rubenchik, AM Berning, M Peyser, TA Louis, H Demiris, T Wallace, R AF Budil, KS Remington, BA Perry, TS Rubenchik, AM Berning, M Peyser, TA Louis, H Demiris, T Wallace, R TI A novel method for diagnosing the growth of subresolution-scale perturbations SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB We have demonstrated a technique for diagnosing the growth of subresolution-scale perturbations by the appearance of longer-wavelength, coupled modes once the growth has proceeded into the nonlinear regime. Comparison of the growth rate of this larger scale feature with numerical simulations can then be used to infer the growth rates of the initial perturbations. This experiment was conceived as an analog of large-scale computer simulations where the large eddy approximation is applied. There a subgrid-scale model is used to represent the effects of small scales on large-scale motion, which is directly numerically simulated. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Budil, KS (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. RI Perry, Theodore/K-3333-2014 OI Perry, Theodore/0000-0002-8832-2033 NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 799 EP 801 DI 10.1063/1.1147745 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700134 ER PT J AU Kalantar, DH DaSilva, LB Glendinning, SG Remington, BA Weber, F Weber, SV Key, MH Kim, NS Neely, D Wolfrum, E Zhang, J Wark, JS Demir, A Lin, J Smith, R Tallents, GJ Lewis, CLS MacPhee, A Warwick, J Knauer, JP AF Kalantar, DH DaSilva, LB Glendinning, SG Remington, BA Weber, F Weber, SV Key, MH Kim, NS Neely, D Wolfrum, E Zhang, J Wark, JS Demir, A Lin, J Smith, R Tallents, GJ Lewis, CLS MacPhee, A Warwick, J Knauer, JP TI Extreme ultraviolet probing of laser imprint in a thin foil using an x-ray laser backlighter SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID INDUCED SPATIAL INCOHERENCE; BEAM AB For direct drive inertial confinement fusion, a capsule is imploded by directly illuminating the surface with laser light. Beam smoothing and uniformity of illumination affect the seeding of instabilities at the ablation front. We have developed a technique for studying the imprint of a laser beam on a thin foil using an x-ray laser as an extreme ultraviolet (XUV) backlighter. We use multilayer XUV optics to relay the x-ray laser onto the directly driven foil, and then to image the foil modulation onto a charged coupled device camera. This technique allows us to measure small fractional variations in the foil thickness. We have measured the modulation due to imprint from a low intensity 0.35 mu m drive beam incident on a 3 mu m Si foil using an yttrium x-ray laser on Nova. We present results from a similar technique to measure the imprinted modulation due to a low intensity 0.53 mu m drive beam incident on a 2 mu m Al foil using a germanium x-ray laser at the Vulcan facility. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 RUTHERFORD APPLETON LAB,CENT LASER FACIL,DIDCOT OX11 0QX,OXON,ENGLAND. UNIV OXFORD,DEPT PHYS,CLARENDON LAB,OXFORD OX1 3PU,ENGLAND. UNIV ESSEX,DEPT PHYS,COLCHESTER CO4 3SQ,ESSEX,ENGLAND. QUEENS UNIV BELFAST,DEPT PURE & APPL PHYS,BELFAST BT7 1NN,ANTRIM,NORTH IRELAND. UNIV ROCHESTER,LASER ENERGET LAB,ROCHESTER,NY. RP Kalantar, DH (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. RI Zhang, Jie/O-8767-2014 NR 9 TC 7 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 802 EP 805 DI 10.1063/1.1147747 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700135 ER PT J AU Kalantar, DH Haan, SW Hammel, BA Keane, CJ Landen, OL Munro, DH AF Kalantar, DH Haan, SW Hammel, BA Keane, CJ Landen, OL Munro, DH TI X-ray backlit imaging measurement of in-flight pusher density for an indirect drive capsule implosion SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID FUSION; NOVA AB Both the efficiency of an implosion and the growth rate of hydrodynamic instability increase with the aspect ratio of an implosion. In order to study the physics of implosions with high Rayleigh-Taylor growth factors, we use doped ablators which should minimize x-ray preheat and shell decompression, and hence increase in-flight aspect ratio. We use x-ray backlighting techniques to image the indirectly driven capsules. We record backlit 4.7 keV images of the full capsule throughout the implosion phase with 55 ps and 15 mu m resolution. We use these images to measure the in-flight aspect ratios for doped ablators, and we infer the radial density profile as a function of time by Abel inverting the x-ray transmission profiles. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Kalantar, DH (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, LIVERMORE, CA 94551 USA. NR 11 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 814 EP 816 DI 10.1063/1.1147696 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700138 ER PT J AU Back, CA Glenzer, SH Landen, OL MacGowan, BJ Shepard, TD AF Back, CA Glenzer, SH Landen, OL MacGowan, BJ Shepard, TD TI X-ray diagnostics of hohlraum plasma flow SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID CAMERAS; NOVA AB In this study we use spectroscopy and x-ray imaging to investigate the macroscopic plasma flow in mm-sized laser-produced hohlraum plasmas. By using multiple diagnostics to triangulate the emission on a single experiment, we can pinpoint the position of dopants placed inside the hohlraum. X-ray emission from the foil has been used in the past to measure electron temperature. Here we analyze the spatial movement of dopant plasmas for comparison to hydrodynamic calculations. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, LIVERMORE, CA 94551 USA. RP Back, CA (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, POB 808, LIVERMORE, CA 94551 USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 EI 1089-7623 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 831 EP 833 DI 10.1063/1.1147701 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700143 ER PT J AU Suter, LJ Thiessen, AR Ze, F Kauffman, R Price, RH Rupert, VC Slivinsky, VW Wang, C AF Suter, LJ Thiessen, AR Ze, F Kauffman, R Price, RH Rupert, VC Slivinsky, VW Wang, C TI Use of thin wall imaging in the diagnosis of laser heated hohlraums SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID NOVA; INTERPENETRATION; PLASMAS AB High-Z, laser heated hohlraums can be made thick enough to contain thermal radiation, yet thin enough to let out x rays >similar to 6 keV produced by hot, relatively dense blow-off plasma. We use such ''thin wall hohlraums'' to observe the physical location of hot, dense, laser produced hohlraum plasmas. This technique has allowed us to come to some understanding of laser transport/deposition, plasma stagnation, and bulk plasma filling. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Suter, LJ (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 18 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 838 EP 841 DI 10.1063/1.1147703 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700145 ER PT J AU Fehl, DL Chandler, GA Biggs, F Dukart, RJ Moats, AR Leeper, RJ AF Fehl, DL Chandler, GA Biggs, F Dukart, RJ Moats, AR Leeper, RJ TI Time-dependent, x-ray spectral unfolds and brightness temperatures for intense Li+ ion beam-driven hohlraums SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB X-ray-producing hohlraums are being studied as indirect drives for inertial confinement fusion targets. In a 1994 target series on the PBFAII accelerator, cylindrical hohlraum targets were heated by an intense Li+ ion beam and viewed by an array of 13 time-resolved, filtered x-ray detectors (XRDs). The unfold operator (UFO) code and its suite of auxiliary functions were used extensively in obtaining time-resolved x-ray spectra and radiation temperatures from this diagnostic. The UFO was also used to obtain fitted response functions from calibration data, to simulate data from blackbody x-ray spectra of interest, to determine the suitability of various unfolding parameters (e.g., energy domain, energy partition, smoothing conditions, and basis functions), to interpolate the XRD signal traces, and to unfold experimental data. The simulation capabilities of the code were useful in understanding an anomalous feature in the unfolded spectra at low photon energies (less than or equal to 100 eV). Uncertainties in the differential and energy-integrated unfolded spectra were estimated from uncertainties in, the data. The time-history of the radiation temperature agreed well with independent calculations of the wall temperature in the hohlraum. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Fehl, DL (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 843 EP 846 DI 10.1063/1.1147751 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700146 ER PT J AU Derzon, MS Nash, TJ Allshouse, GO Antolak, AJ Deeney, C Hurst, M McGurn, JS Muron, DJ Seaman, JF MacFarlane, J Demiris, T Hrubesh, L Lewis, H Ryutov, D Barber, T Gilliland, T Jobe, D Lazier, S AF Derzon, MS Nash, TJ Allshouse, GO Antolak, AJ Deeney, C Hurst, M McGurn, JS Muron, DJ Seaman, JF MacFarlane, J Demiris, T Hrubesh, L Lewis, H Ryutov, D Barber, T Gilliland, T Jobe, D Lazier, S TI Current initiation in low-density foam z-pinch plasmas SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID DEUTERIUM Z-PINCH; IMPLOSIONS AB Low density agar and aerogel foams were tested as z-pinch loads on the Saturn accelerator to study current flow initiation. In these first experiments, we studied the initial plasma conditions by measuring the visible emission at early times with a framing camera and a streaked one-dimensional imaging system. Later, near the stagnation when the plasma is hotter, x-ray imaging and spectral diagnostics were used to characterize the plasma. Filamentation and arcing at the current contacts were observed. Bright implosion features were also observed. Increasing the early time conductivity, by coating the target with a high-z layer and by providing a low-current prepulse, is the most important factor in obtaining good coupling to the machine. None of the pinches were uniform along the z axis. The prime causes of these problems are believed to be the electrode contacts and the current return configuration. Solutions are discussed. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,FUS TECHNOL INST,MADISON,WI 53706. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. KTECH CORP INC,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87110. RP Derzon, MS (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 848 EP 851 DI 10.1063/1.1147706 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700147 ER PT J AU Sanford, TWL Nash, TJ Mock, RC Spielman, RB Seamen, JF McGurn, JS Jobe, D Gilliland, TL Vargas, M Whitney, KG Thornhill, JW Pulsifer, PE Apruzese, JP AF Sanford, TWL Nash, TJ Mock, RC Spielman, RB Seamen, JF McGurn, JS Jobe, D Gilliland, TL Vargas, M Whitney, KG Thornhill, JW Pulsifer, PE Apruzese, JP TI Time-dependent electron temperature diagnostics for high-power, aluminum z-pinch plasmas SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID IMPLOSIONS AB Time-resolved x-ray pinhole photographs and time-integrated radially resolved x-ray crystal-spectrometer measurements of azimuthally symmetric aluminum-wire implosions suggest that the densest phase of the pinch is composed of a hot plasma core surrounded by a cooler plasma halo. The slope of the free-bound x-ray continuum, provides a time-resolved, model-independent diagnostic of the core electron temperature. A simultaneous measurement of the time-resolved K-shell line spectra provides the electron temperature of the spatially averaged plasma. Together, the two diagnostics support a one-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic model prediction of a plasma whose thermalization on axis produces steep radial gradients in temperature, from temperatures in excess of 1 kV in the core to below 1 kV in the surrounding plasma halo. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 USN,RES LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20375. RP Sanford, TWL (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 13 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 852 EP 857 DI 10.1063/1.1147707 PN 2 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700148 ER PT J AU Antolak, AJ Demiris, A Derzon, MS Hrubesh, LW Louis, H McNamara, WF Morse, DH Poco, JF AF Antolak, AJ Demiris, A Derzon, MS Hrubesh, LW Louis, H McNamara, WF Morse, DH Poco, JF TI Fabrication and characterization of Z-pinch foam targets SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB This article describes the fabrication and characterization of targets produced for Z-pinch physics experiments. Low density foams with densities as low as 1 mg/cc were made. Targets fabricated include 1 cm x 1 cm solid cylinders of SiO2 aerogels at various densities, I cm x 1 cm solid cylinders of 10 mg/cc agar, and IO mg/cc agar annuli with 10 mm o.d., 9 mm i.d., and 1 cm length. Target geometry and density uniformity were characterized by ion microtomography (IMT) which can nondestructively measure three-dimensional density variations to 1% with micron-scale resolution. The results of IMT measurements on several targets are reported and a discussion of factors affecting the quantitative microanalysis of these materials is presented. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. SANDIA NATL LABS,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185. RP Antolak, AJ (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 3 TC 6 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 858 EP 861 DI 10.1063/1.1147708 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700149 ER PT J AU Young, KM Costley, AE AF Young, KM Costley, AE TI An overview of ITER diagnostics (invited) SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID REVERSED MAGNETIC SHEAR; CONFINEMENT; TFTR AB The requirements for plasma measurements for operating and controlling the ITER device have now been determined. Initial criteria for the measurement quality have been set, and the diagnostics that might be expected to achieve these criteria have been chosen. The design of the first set of diagnostics to achieve these goals is now well under way. The design effort is concentrating on the components that interact most strongly with the other ITER systems, particularly the vacuum vessel, blankets, divertor modules, cryostat, and shield wall. The relevant details of the ITER device and facility design and specific examples of diagnostic design to provide the necessary measurements are described. These designs have to take account of the issues associated with very high 14 MeV neutron fluxes and fluences, nuclear heating, high heat loads, and high mechanical forces that can arise during disruptions. The design work is supported by an extensive research and development program, which to date has concentrated on the effects these levels of radiation might cause on diagnostic components. A brief outline of the organization of the diagnostic development program is given. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Young, KM (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 862 EP 867 DI 10.1063/1.1147710 PN 2 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700150 ER PT J AU Leeper, RJ Chandler, GA Cooper, GW Derzon, MS Fehl, DL Hebron, DE Moats, AR Noack, DD Porter, JL Ruggles, LE Ruiz, CL Torres, JA Cable, MD Bell, PM Clower, CA Hammel, BA Kalantar, DH Karpenko, VP Kauffman, RL Kilkenny, JD Lee, FD Lerche, RA MacGowan, BJ Moran, MJ Nelson, MB Olson, W Orzechowski, TJ Phillips, TW Ress, D Tietbohl, GL Trebes, JE Bartlett, RJ Berggren, R Caldwell, SE Chrien, RE Failor, BH Fernandez, JC Hauer, A Idzorek, G Hockaday, RG Murphy, TJ Oertel, J Watt, R Wilke, M Bradley, DK Knauer, J Petrasso, RD Li, CK AF Leeper, RJ Chandler, GA Cooper, GW Derzon, MS Fehl, DL Hebron, DE Moats, AR Noack, DD Porter, JL Ruggles, LE Ruiz, CL Torres, JA Cable, MD Bell, PM Clower, CA Hammel, BA Kalantar, DH Karpenko, VP Kauffman, RL Kilkenny, JD Lee, FD Lerche, RA MacGowan, BJ Moran, MJ Nelson, MB Olson, W Orzechowski, TJ Phillips, TW Ress, D Tietbohl, GL Trebes, JE Bartlett, RJ Berggren, R Caldwell, SE Chrien, RE Failor, BH Fernandez, JC Hauer, A Idzorek, G Hockaday, RG Murphy, TJ Oertel, J Watt, R Wilke, M Bradley, DK Knauer, J Petrasso, RD Li, CK TI Target diagnostic system for the National Ignition Facility (invited) SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID NOVA AB A review of recent progress on the design of a diagnostic system proposed for ignition target experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) will be presented. This diagnostic package contains an extensive suite of optical, x ray, gamma ray, and neutron diagnostics that enable measurements of the performance of both direct and indirect driven NIF targets. The philosophy used in designing all of the diagnostics in the set has emphasized redundant and independent measurement of fundamental physical quantities relevant to the operation of the NIF target. A unique feature of these diagnostics is that they are being designed to be capable of operating in the high radiation, electromagnetic pulse, and debris backgrounds expected on the NIF facility. The diagnostic system proposed can be categorized into three broad areas: laser characterization, hohlraum characterization, and capsule performance diagnostics. The operating principles of a representative instrument from each class of diagnostic employed in this package will be summarized and illustrated with data obtained in recent prototype diagnostic tests. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. UNIV ROCHESTER,ROCHESTER,NY 14627. MIT,CTR PLASMA FUS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. RP Leeper, RJ (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. RI Fernandez, Juan/H-3268-2011; Murphy, Thomas/F-3101-2014 OI Fernandez, Juan/0000-0002-1438-1815; Murphy, Thomas/0000-0002-6137-9873 NR 16 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 868 EP 879 DI 10.1063/1.1147917 PN 2 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700151 ER PT J AU Fehl, DL Biggs, F AF Fehl, DL Biggs, F TI Verification of unfold error estimates in the unfold operator code SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER AB Spectral unfolding is an inverse mathematical operation that attempts to obtain spectral source information from a set of response functions and data measurements. Several unfold algorithms have appeared over the past 30 years; among them is the unfold operator (UFO) code written at Sandia National Laboratories. In addition to an unfolded spectrum, the UFO code also estimates the unfold uncertainty (error) induced by estimated random uncertainties in the data. In UFO the unfold uncertainty is obtained from the error matrix. This built-in estimate has now been compared to error estimates obtained by running the code in a Monte Carlo fashion with prescribed data distributions (Gaussian deviates). In the test problem studied, data were simulated from an arbitrarily chosen blackbody spectrum (10 keV) and a set of overlapping response functions. The data were assumed to have an imprecision of 5% (standard deviation). One hundred random data sets were generated. The built-in estimate of unfold uncertainty agreed with the Monte Carlo estimate to within the statistical resolution of this relatively small sample size (95% confidence level). A possible 10% bias between the two methods was unresolved. The Monte Carlo technique is also useful in underdetermined problems, for which the error matrix method does not apply. UFO has been applied to the diagnosis of low energy x rays emitted by Z-pinch and ion-beam driven hohlraums. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Fehl, DL (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 890 EP 893 DI 10.1063/1.1147713 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700153 ER PT J AU Edmonds, PH Medley, SS AF Edmonds, PH Medley, SS TI Modeling of three-dimensional camera imaging in a tokamak torus SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB A procedure is described for precision modeling of the views for imaging diagnostics monitoring tokamak internal components, particularly high heat flux divertor components. Such modeling is required to enable predictions of resolution and viewing angle for the available viewing locations. Since oblique views are typically expected for tokamak diverters, fully three-dimensional (3D) perspective imaging is required. A suite of matched 3D CAD, graphics and animation applications are used to provide a fast and flexible technique for reproducing these views. An analytic calculation of the resolution and viewing incidence angle is developed to validate the results of the modeling procedures. The tokamak physics experiment (TPX) diagnostics(1) for infrared viewing are used as an example to demonstrate the implementation of the tools. As is generally the case in tokamak experiments, the available diagnostic locations for TPX are severely constrained by access limitations and the resulting images can be marginal in both resolution and viewing incidence angle. The procedures described here provide a complete design tool for in-vessel viewing, both for camera location and for identification of viewed surfaces. Additionally, these same tools can be used for the interpretation of the actual images obtained by the diagnostic cameras. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08543. RP Edmonds, PH (reprint author), UNIV TEXAS,FUS RES CTR,AUSTIN,TX 78712, USA. RI Edmonds, Phillip/A-1336-2009 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 918 EP 921 DI 10.1063/1.1147769 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700160 ER PT J AU Levinton, FM Batha, SH Zarnstorff, MC AF Levinton, FM Batha, SH Zarnstorff, MC TI Calibration of the upgraded motional Stark effect diagnostic on TFTR SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID PROFILE AB The q profile plays a key role for plasma equilibrium and theories of magnetohydrodynamic instabilities. With the development of the motional Stark effect (MSE) diagnostic, accurate q(r,t) profiles have been measured and utilized for equilibrium and stability analysis. Improvements to the MSE diagnostic on TFTR include a new method for calibrating the system and increasing the number of sightlines from 12 to 21 channels. A technique that uses the known poloidal field at the edge of the plasma is utilized to calibrate each sightline. The major radius is moved over the course of a discharge such that the plasma edge covers each sightline radius. Then with several discharges at various plasma currents each channel is independently calibrated. This method has been compared to our earlier calibration technique using neutral beam injection into a gas filled torus and some differences in the calibration have been found that have been attributed to differences in the excitation and l mixing processes in the Stark spectrum. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08543. RP Levinton, FM (reprint author), FUS PHYS & TECHNOL INC,TORRANCE,CA 90503, USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 926 EP 929 DI 10.1063/1.1147771 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700162 ER PT J AU Stillerman, JA Fredian, TW Klare, KA Manduchi, G AF Stillerman, JA Fredian, TW Klare, KA Manduchi, G TI MDSsplus data acquisition system SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB MDSplus, a tree based, distributed data acquisition system, was developed in collaboration with the ZTH Group at Los Alamos National Lab and the RFX Group at CNR in Padua, Italy. It is currently in use at MIT, RFX in Padua, TCV at EPFL in Lausanne, and KBSI in South Korea. MDSplus is made up of a set of X/motif based tools for data acquisition and display, as well as diagnostic configuration and management. It is based on a hierarchical experiment description which completely describes the data acquisition and analysis tasks and contains the results from these operations. These tools were designed to operate in a distributed, client/server environment with multiple concurrent readers and writers to the data store. While usually used over a Local Area Network, these tools can be used over the Internet to provide access for remote diagnosticians and even machine operators. An interface to a relational database is provided for storage and management of processed data. IDL is used as the primary data analysis and visualization tool. IDL is a registered trademark of Research Systems Inc. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics. C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,GRP P24,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. CNR,INST GAS IOWIZZATI,CORSO STATI UNITI,I-35127 CAMIN,ITALY. RP Stillerman, JA (reprint author), MIT,CTR PLASMA FUS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 01239, USA. OI Stillerman, Joshua/0000-0003-0901-0806 NR 1 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 939 EP 942 DI 10.1063/1.1147719 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700165 ER PT J AU Allen, AJ Terry, JL Garnier, D Stillerman, JA Wurden, GA AF Allen, AJ Terry, JL Garnier, D Stillerman, JA Wurden, GA TI The high resolution video capture system on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB A new system for routine digitization of video images is presently operating on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. The PC-based system features high resolution video capture, storage, and retrieval. The captured images are stored temporarily on the PC, but are eventually written to CD. Video is captured from one of five filtered RS-170 CCD cameras at 30 frames per second (fps) with 640x480 pixel resolution. In addition, the system can digitize the output from a filtered Kodak Ektapro FM Digital Camera which captures images at 1000 fps with 239x192 resolution. Present views of this set of cameras include a wide angle and a tangential view of the plasma, two high resolution views of gas puff capillaries embedded in the plasma facing components, and a view of ablating, high speed Li pellets. The system is being used to study (1) the structure and location of visible emissions (including MARFEs) from the main plasma and divertor, (2) asymmetries in gas puff plumes due to flows in the scrape-off layer (SOL), and (3) the tilt and cigar-shaped spatial structure of the Li pellet ablation cloud. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. RP Allen, AJ (reprint author), MIT,CTR PLASMA FUS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA. RI Wurden, Glen/A-1921-2017; OI Wurden, Glen/0000-0003-2991-1484; Stillerman, Joshua/0000-0003-0901-0806 NR 7 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 947 EP 950 DI 10.1063/1.1147721 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700167 ER PT J AU Fenstermacher, ME Meyer, WH Wood, RD Nilson, DG Ellis, R Brooks, NH AF Fenstermacher, ME Meyer, WH Wood, RD Nilson, DG Ellis, R Brooks, NH TI A tangentially viewing visible TV system for the DIII-D divertor SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB A video camera system has been installed on the DIII-D tokamak for two-dimensional spatial studies of line emission in the lower divertor region. The system views the divertor tangentially at approximately the height of the X point through an outer port. At the tangency plane, the entire divertor from the inner wall to outside the DIII-D bias ring is viewed with spatial resolution of similar to 1 cm. The image contains information from similar to 90 deg of toroidal angle. In a recent upgrade, remotely controllable filter changers were added which have produced images from nominally identical discharges using different spectral lines. Software was developed to calculate the response function matrix of the optical system using distributed computing techniques and assuming toroidal symmetry. Standard sparse matrix algorithms are then used to invert the three-dimensional images onto a poloidal plane. Spatial resolution of the inverted images is 2 cm; higher resolution simply increases the size of the response function matrix. Initial results from a series of experiments with multiple identical discharges show that the emission from CII and CIII, which appears along the inner scrape-off layer above and below the X point during ELMing H mode, moves outward and becomes localized near the X point in radiative divertor operation induced by deuterium injection. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA. RP Fenstermacher, ME (reprint author), GEN ATOM CO,POB 85608,SAN DIEGO,CA 92186, USA. NR 3 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 974 EP 977 DI 10.1063/1.1147729 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700174 ER PT J AU Brooks, NH Fehling, D Hillis, DL Klepper, CC Naumenko, NN Tugarinov, SN Whyte, DG AF Brooks, NH Fehling, D Hillis, DL Klepper, CC Naumenko, NN Tugarinov, SN Whyte, DG TI Visible spectroscopy in the DIII-D divertor SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB Spectroscopy measurements in the DIII-D divertor have been carried out with a survey spectrometer that provides simultaneous registration of the visible spectrum over the region 400-900 nm with a resolution of 0.25 nm. Broad spectral coverage is achieved through the use of a fiberoptic transformer assembly to map the curved focal plane of a fast (f/3) Rowland-circle spectrograph [Tugarinov et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 603 (1995)] into a rastered format on the rectangular sensor area of a two-dimensional charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Vertical grouping of pixels during CCD readout integrates the signal intensity over the height of each spectral segment in the rastered image, minimizing readout time. For the full visible spectrum, readout time is 50 ms. Faster response time (< 10 ms) may be obtained by selecting for readout just a small number of the 20 spectral segments in the image on the CCD. Simultaneous recording of low charge states of carbon, oxygen, and injected impurities has yielded information about gas recycling and impurity behavior at the divertor strike points. Transport of lithium to the divertor region during lithium pellet injection has been studied; as well as cumulative deposition of lithium on the divertor targets from pellet injection over many successive discharges. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN. BYELARUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST PHYS,MINSK 220602,BYELARUS. TRINITI LAB,TROITSK,RUSSIA. INRS ENERGIE,VARENNES,PQ J3X 1S2,CANADA. RP Brooks, NH (reprint author), GEN ATOM CO,SAN DIEGO,CA 92186, USA. NR 4 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 978 EP 981 DI 10.1063/1.1147730 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700175 ER PT J AU Bolvin, RL Koltonyuk, M Munson, CP Mayo, RM AF Bolvin, RL Koltonyuk, M Munson, CP Mayo, RM TI Time-of-flight neutral particle analyzer for Alcator C-Mod SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB A neutral particle analyzer, based on the time-of-flight technique is scheduled to be installed on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. The instrument was originally designed and used in the ZT-40 experiment, and later, briefly used on the CTX experiment at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The design consists of a chopper wheel mounted on a turbomolecular pump, a similar to 2 m long flight tube, a Cu-Be secondary electron emitting surface, and an electron multiplier, which together are used as the neutral particle detector. Among the changes introduced in the system from the original design, of particular interest is the location of the instrument. The instrument is mounted behind a magnetic-type neutral particle analyzer and shares the same Line of sight. Both of them can be scanned, poloidally down to the X point and tangentially to R/R(0) = 0.7. This will enable us to compare neutral flux through two different techniques with an overlap in energies from similar to 0.5-4 keV, with the instrument capable of detecting neutral particles with energies as low as similar to 20 eV. This should aid in characterizing neutral and ion behavior at the edge of the tokamak plasma especially near the X point. We will also describe changes made to the controls for improved versatility and ease of operation. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Bolvin, RL (reprint author), MIT,CTR PLASMA FUS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 982 EP 985 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700176 ER PT J AU Armstrong, RJ Choe, W Hwang, YS Lo, E Ono, M AF Armstrong, RJ Choe, W Hwang, YS Lo, E Ono, M TI Observations with a Mach probe on edge plasma of the CDX-U SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB Using a rotatable three-electrode Mach probe at the outer edge region of the plasma, preliminary observations indicate the existence of a toroidal rotation in the ion flow direction (of the toroidal current) with no comparable poloidal rotation. This rotation cannot be in the direction of the magnetic field, because of the large pitch of the local magnetic field. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 PRINCETON UNIV, PLASMA PHYS LAB, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 USA. RI Choe, Wonho/C-1556-2011; Hwang, Yong-Seok/D-8347-2012 NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 986 EP 989 DI 10.1063/1.1147732 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700177 ER PT J AU Bailey, JE Adams, R Carlson, AL Ching, CH Filuk, AB Lake, P AF Bailey, JE Adams, R Carlson, AL Ching, CH Filuk, AB Lake, P TI High-accuracy time- and space-resolved Stark shift measurements (invited) SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID IN-CELL SIMULATIONS; B ION DIODES; ELECTRIC-FIELD; BEAMS; SPECTROSCOPY AB Stark-shift measurements using emission spectroscopy are a powerful tool for advancing understanding in many plasma physics experiments. We use simultaneous two-dimensional space- and time-resolved spectra to study the electric field evolution in the 20 TW Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II ion diode acceleration gap. Fiber optic arrays transport light from the gap to remote streaked spectrographs operated in a multiplexed mode that enables recording time-resolved spectra from eight spatial locations on a single instrument. Design optimization and characterization measurements of the multiplexed spectrograph properties include the astigmatism, resolution, dispersion, and sensitivity. A semiautomated line-fitting procedure determines the Stark shift and the related uncertainties. Fields up to 10 MV/cm are measured with an accuracy +/- 2%-4%. Detailed tests of the procedure confirm that the uncertainty in the wavelength-shift error bars is less than +/- 20%. Development of an active spectroscopy probe technique that uses laser-induced fluorescence from an injected atomic beam to obtain three-dimensional space- and time-resolved measurements of the electric and magnetic fields is in progress. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. RP Bailey, JE (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87175, USA. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 1009 EP 1014 DI 10.1063/1.1147826 PN 2 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700182 ER PT J AU Takiyama, K Katsuta, T Watanabe, M Li, S Oda, T Ogawa, T Mizuno, K AF Takiyama, K Katsuta, T Watanabe, M Li, S Oda, T Ogawa, T Mizuno, K TI Spectroscopic method to directly measure electric field distribution in tokamak plasma edge SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB A supersonic helium beam source operated in pulse mode was constructed for direct measurement of electric field distribution in the tokamak plasma edge region with the aid of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique. In this technique only the polarization has to be observed of a LIF resulting from a laser-excited forbidden transition due to the Stark effect and the electric quadrupole to determine the electric field strength. No calibration is needed of the absolute intensity of LIF and tunable laser used. The helium atom beam density was obtained (about 10(20) He atoms cm(-2) s(-1)) at a distance of 7 cm from the pulsed nozzle. A model-type experiment to make clear the influence of a magnetic field on the LIF is reported. Design study was also made to install the supersonic beam and spectroscopic measurement system on a medium size tokamak. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 JAPAN ATOM ENERGY RES INST,TOKAI,IBARAKI 31911,JAPAN. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94551. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,PLASMA PHYS RES INST,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP Takiyama, K (reprint author), HIROSHIMA UNIV,FAC ENGN,HIGASHIHIROSHIMA 739,JAPAN. NR 9 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 1028 EP 1031 DI 10.1063/1.1147778 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700186 ER PT J AU Stutman, D Hwang, YS Menard, J Choe, W Ono, M Finkenthal, M May, MJ Regan, SP Soukhanovskii, V Moos, HW AF Stutman, D Hwang, YS Menard, J Choe, W Ono, M Finkenthal, M May, MJ Regan, SP Soukhanovskii, V Moos, HW TI Multilayer mirror based line emission tomography for spherical Tokamaks SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID PLASMAS AB Due to their highly shaped plasma and possible poloidal asymmetry in impurity concentration, spherical Tokamaks will require tomographic reconstruction of local emissivities to assess impurity content and transport. To collect in an effective manner the data required for such reconstruction, we develop arrays of high throughput ''mini-monochromators'' using extreme ultraviolet multilayer mirrors as dispersive elements and filtered surface barrier diodes as detectors. We discuss monochromator optimization and show that by working at near normal incidence throughput and spectral resolution are simultaneously maximized. A system proposed for tomographic reconstruction of C V and C VI resonance emission at 33.7 and 40.5 Angstrom respectively, achieves 0.9 Angstrom spectral resolution, 2 cm spatial resolution, and 0.2 ms temporal resolution, together with good sensitivity and background rejection. Preliminary results obtained from CDX-U low aspect ratio tokamak are also presented. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,BALTIMORE,MD 21218. RP Stutman, D (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. RI Choe, Wonho/C-1556-2011; Hwang, Yong-Seok/D-8347-2012; Stutman, Dan/P-4048-2015; OI Menard, Jonathan/0000-0003-1292-3286 NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 1055 EP 1058 DI 10.1063/1.1147786 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700193 ER PT J AU Stutman, D Menard, J Hwang, YS Choe, W Ono, M Finkenthal, M Soukhanovskii, V May, MJ Regan, SP Moos, HW AF Stutman, D Menard, J Hwang, YS Choe, W Ono, M Finkenthal, M Soukhanovskii, V May, MJ Regan, SP Moos, HW TI Line emission tomography for CDX-U using filtered diodes SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID TOKAMAK; TRANSPORT AB Electron density and temperature in the CDX-U low aspect ratio tokamak are too low to allow observation of fast magnetohydrodynamic activity using soft x-ray continuum emission. However, spectroscopic measurements show that extreme ultraviolet (XUV) line emission of intrinsic impurities is bright enough to observe such activity. In addition, a fast monitoring system for local temperature changes in the plasma core is required for planned auxiliary heating experiments. We present a spectrally resolved tomographic system for fast imaging of O VI 2s-np, 2p-nd (n greater than or equal to 3), C V 1s(2)-1s(2)p and C VI 1s-2p XUV transitions. Using this emission, we can study both core and edge MHD activity, while the C VI to C V intensity ratio can indicate local changes in electron temperature. To achieve maximal throughput together with the needed spectral resolution, we use arrays of surface barrier diodes filtered with bandpass elemental filters. Using M edge filters (Zr, Pd, and Ag), we achieve both good discrimination between the above charge states and large transmission at the wavelengths of interest. Preliminary results obtained from CDX-U are presented. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,BALTIMORE,MD 21218. RP Stutman, D (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,PRINCETON PLASMA PHYS LAB,POB 451,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. RI Choe, Wonho/C-1556-2011; Hwang, Yong-Seok/D-8347-2012; Stutman, Dan/P-4048-2015; OI Menard, Jonathan/0000-0003-1292-3286 NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 1059 EP 1062 DI 10.1063/1.1147787 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700194 ER PT J AU Idzorek, GC Oona, H AF Idzorek, GC Oona, H TI Properties of plasma radiation diagnostics SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID SILICON PHOTODIODES; ULTRAVIOLET AB A number of diagnostics utilizing the radiation emitted from high-temperature plasmas have been developed at Los Alamos. Photoemissive x-ray diodes with photon energy bandpass filters provide time-resolved rough spectral data from about 6 eV to > 10 keV photon energy. Filtered silicon photodiodes can be used down to 1 eV and offer the advantages of nominally hat response and ability to operate in poor vacuum conditions. Both types of diodes will provide a rough time-resolved spectrum and both are relatively inexpensive, reliable, and passive (i.e., no synchronization problems). For higher-energy resolution, bent crystal spectrographs are used in the x-ray region. With the addition of streak cameras or gated microchannel plates these systems provide data with high energy and high time resolution. To measure the total energy output, a thin foil bolometer is used that measures the change in foil resistance as it is heated by the plasma radiation. By combining these diagnostics into a complementary set good diagnostic information can be guaranteed on any plasma experiment. RP Idzorek, GC (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 1065 EP 1068 DI 10.1063/1.1147789 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700195 ER PT J AU MacFarlane, JJ Wang, P Nash, TJ Derzon, MS Allshouse, GA Deeney, C AF MacFarlane, JJ Wang, P Nash, TJ Derzon, MS Allshouse, GA Deeney, C TI Analysis of x-ray spectra obtained in foam Z-pinch experiments SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID INTENSE PROTON-BEAMS; ALUMINUM PLASMAS; LINE EMISSION AB Foam Z-pinch experiments have recently been performed on SATURN to study issues associated with the initiation, acceleration, and stagnation phases of the pinch. Time-integrated x-ray crystal spectra have been recorded from experiments with 5 mg/cc Si aerogel loads and 10 mg/cc agar loads. In this article, we describe results from collisional-radiative equilibrium calculations performed to analyze the Si, Na, and S K-shell emission observed in the spectra. Particular attention is paid to density and opacity effects on intensity ratios involving He-alpha, He intercombination, and Li-like satellite lines. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 SANDIA NATL LABS,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185. RP MacFarlane, JJ (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,FUS TECHNOL INST,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 1069 EP 1072 DI 10.1063/1.1147790 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700196 ER PT J AU Beiersdorfer, P LopezUrrutia, JC Decaux, V Widmann, K Neill, P AF Beiersdorfer, P LopezUrrutia, JC Decaux, V Widmann, K Neill, P TI Polarization spectroscopy of x-ray transitions from beam-excited highly charged ions SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID LASER-PRODUCED PLASMAS; LINE POLARIZATION; ELECTRON-BEAM; SOLAR-FLARES; HE-LIKE; EXCITATION; SUBLEVELS AB Polarization spectroscopy of x-ray lines represents a diagnostic tool to ascertain the presence of electron beams in high-temperature plasmas. Making use of the Livermore electron beam ion trap, which optimizes the linear x-ray line polarization by exciting highly charged ions with a monoenergetic electron beam, we have begun to develop polarization diagnostics and test theoretical models. Our measurement relies on the sensitivity of crystal spectrometers to the linear polarization of x-ray Lines which depends on the value of the Bragg angle. We employed two spectrometers with differing analyzing crystals and simultaneously recorded the K-shell emission from heliumlike Fe24+ and Lithiumlike Fe23+ ions at two different Bragg angles. A clear difference in the relative intensities of the dominant transitions is observed, which is attributed to the amount of linear polarization of the individual lines. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 UNIV NEVADA,DEPT PHYS,RENO,NV 89557. RP Beiersdorfer, P (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,DEPT PHYS & SPACE TECHNOL,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. RI Crespo Lopez-Urrutia, Jose R./F-7069-2011 OI Crespo Lopez-Urrutia, Jose R./0000-0002-2937-8037 NR 18 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 1073 EP 1076 DI 10.1063/1.1148222 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700197 ER PT J AU Beiersdorfer, P LopezUrrutia, JRC Forster, E Mahiri, J Widmann, K AF Beiersdorfer, P LopezUrrutia, JRC Forster, E Mahiri, J Widmann, K TI Very high resolution soft x-ray spectrometer for an electron beam ion trap SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID TEMPERATURE AB A very high resolution vacuum flat-crystal spectrometer was constructed for analyzing soft x rays emitted by an electron beam ion trap. The spectrometer was designed to operate at large Bragg angles (theta less than or equal to 85 degrees) in order to maximize the spectral dispersion and thus the resolving power. Using a quartz (100) crystal at a Bragg angle of 82 degrees, a measurement of the 2p(1/2), 2p(3/2) --> 1s(1/2) transitions in hydrogenic Mg11+ situated near 8.42 Angstrom was made. The nominal resolving power of the instrument was better than 30 000 allowing us to infer the ion temperature (246 +/- 20 eV) from the observed line widths. A comparison with an existing flat-crystal spectrometer demonstrates the great improvement in resolving power achieved. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 UNIV JENA,MAX PLANCK ARBEITSGRP RONTGENOPT,D-07743 JENA,GERMANY. MOREHOUSE COLL,DEPT PHYS,ATLANTA,GA 30314. RP Beiersdorfer, P (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,DEPT PHYS & SPACE TECHNOL,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. RI Crespo Lopez-Urrutia, Jose R./F-7069-2011 OI Crespo Lopez-Urrutia, Jose R./0000-0002-2937-8037 NR 9 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 1077 EP 1079 DI 10.1063/1.1147791 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700198 ER PT J AU Bliman, S Cornille, M Langereis, A Nordgren, J Bruch, R Phaneuf, R Swenson, J Schneider, D AF Bliman, S Cornille, M Langereis, A Nordgren, J Bruch, R Phaneuf, R Swenson, J Schneider, D TI Soft x-ray and Auger electron spectroscopy of single and double electron capture processes in slow Ne8++He collisions SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID ION-ATOM COLLISIONS; BE-LIKE; INTENSITY; SPECTRA AB We have performed high resolution extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photon and Auger electron measurements to elucidate single and double capture processes in Ne8++He single collisions at 80 keV impact energy. Numerous new transitions both in the Auger and the EUV spectra have been identified by means of extensive theoretical calculations and correlation diagrams. These data are of importance for the modeling of impurities in plasma and for future plasma diagnostics. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 UNIV UPPSALA,DEPT PHYS,S-75105 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. UNIV NEVADA,DEPT PHYS,RENO,NV 89557. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. UNIV PARIS 11,CNRS URA 775,LSAI,F-91405 ORSAY,FRANCE. OBSERV PARIS,DARC,UPR 176 CNRS,F-92195 MEUDON,FRANCE. RP Bliman, S (reprint author), UNIV PARIS 12,CRETEIL,FRANCE. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 1080 EP 1082 DI 10.1063/1.1147792 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700199 ER PT J AU Nash, TJ Derzon, MS Allshouse, G Deeney, C Jobe, D Seaman, J Gilliland, T McGurn, J McFarlane, JJ Wang, P AF Nash, TJ Derzon, MS Allshouse, G Deeney, C Jobe, D Seaman, J Gilliland, T McGurn, J McFarlane, JJ Wang, P TI Spectroscopic diagnosis of foam z-pinch plasmas on SATURN SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB Solid and annular silicon aerogel and agar foams were imploded on the SATURN accelerator to study plasma initiation, acceleration, and stagnation. SATURN delivers 7 MA with a 50 ns rise time to these foam loads. We fielded several spectroscopic diagnostics to measure plasma parameters throughout the z-pinch discharge. A spatially resolved single frame time-gated extreme ultraviolet spectrometer measured the extent of plasma ablation off the surface of the foam. A time integrated crystal spectrometer showed that characteristic K shell radiation of silicon in the aerogel and of sulfur and sodium impurities in the agar were attenuated when the foam loads were coated with a conductive layer of gold. A time-resolved pinhole camera showed that in general the quality of the pinch implosions was poor but improved with increasing efforts to improve current continuity such as prepulse and conductive coatings. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,MADISON,WI. RP Nash, TJ (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 1083 EP 1086 DI 10.1063/1.1147740 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700200 ER PT J AU Widmann, K Beiersdorfer, P Brown, GV Urrutia, JRCL Decaux, V Savin, DW AF Widmann, K Beiersdorfer, P Brown, GV Urrutia, JRCL Decaux, V Savin, DW TI A high-resolution transmission-type x-ray spectrometer designed for observation of the K alpha transitions of highly charged high-Z ion SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB High-resolution reflection-type crystal spectrometers have been used for x-ray energies up to 13 keV, e.g., the K-shell radiation of heliumlike Kr. In order to extend crystal spectrometer measurements to higher energy x rays from higher-Z elements, we employ the crystal in transmission. The geometry we use is known as DuMond geometry. Using such a transmission-type crystal x-ray spectrometer, we have measured the K-shell radiation of various highly charged high-Z ions. In particular, we present a measurement of the 1s2p P-1(1) --> 1s(2) S-1(0) transition in heliumlike xenon, Xe52+. For this transition, we measure a linewidth of 34 eV. which demonstrates that the resolving power we achieved with the new spectrometer is on the order of 1000. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,SPACE SCI LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720. GRAZ TECH UNIV,INST EXPT PHYS,A-8010 GRAZ,AUSTRIA. RP Widmann, K (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,DEPT PHYS & SPACE TECHNOL,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. RI Crespo Lopez-Urrutia, Jose R./F-7069-2011; Savin, Daniel/B-9576-2012 OI Crespo Lopez-Urrutia, Jose R./0000-0002-2937-8037; Savin, Daniel/0000-0002-1111-6610 NR 5 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 1087 EP 1090 DI 10.1063/1.1147793 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700201 ER PT J AU Bruch, R Kantsyrev, V Golovkina, V Shlyaptseva, A Golovkin, I Phaneuf, R Schneider, D AF Bruch, R Kantsyrev, V Golovkina, V Shlyaptseva, A Golovkin, I Phaneuf, R Schneider, D TI Application of high-resolution, high-sensitivity spectrometry in the extreme ultraviolet wavelength range for diagnostics of single and double electron capture processes in He2++He and Ar8++He collisions SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID REGION AB We have applied a new, more efficient diagnostic technique for studies of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation from multicharged ions interacting with He gas. Following single and double electron capture and one electron capture plus target-ion excitation in He2++He and Ar8++He collisions, the subsequent emitted EUV photons are analyzed with a high-resolution 2.2 m grazing incidence monochromator in conjunction with a new type of glass capillary converter (GCC) specifically designed for the EUV wavelength region. This new optical device images a horizontal cylindrical ion beam segment onto the vertical entrance slit of the monochromator. With this new imaging technique a spectral intensity enhancement of about 10 has been achieved over a distance of about 60 cm. By further optimizing this method an enhancement of the flux density of EUV radiation of about 20-30 is expected. As prototype examples, new advanced EUV spectra arising from He2++He and Ar8++He collisions are presented and discussed. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,N DIV,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. RP Bruch, R (reprint author), UNIV NEVADA,DEPT PHYS,RENO,NV 89557, USA. NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 1091 EP 1094 DI 10.1063/1.1147794 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700202 ER PT J AU Shlyaptseva, AS Mancini, RC Neill, P Beiersdorfer, P AF Shlyaptseva, AS Mancini, RC Neill, P Beiersdorfer, P TI Polarization of x-ray Li- and Be-like Fe satellite lines excited by an electron beam SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID LASER-PRODUCED PLASMAS; SPECTROSCOPY; EMISSION AB We have calculated the polarization properties of dielectronic satellite lines in Li- and Be-like Fe ions excited through resonance electron capture by a monoenergetic electron beam. Following the density matrix formalism, we have computed the degree of polarization and the spectral intensity distribution of dielectronic satellites associated with a given polarization state. Theoretical results were compared with experiments performed at the Livermore Electron Beam Ion Trap where satellite line emission from Fe ions was simultaneously recorded with two crystal spectrometers. These results are relevant to diagnostic applications of x-ray line polarization spectroscopy in plasmas. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. RP Shlyaptseva, AS (reprint author), UNIV NEVADA,DEPT PHYS,RENO,NV 89557, USA. NR 12 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 1095 EP 1098 DI 10.1063/1.1147795 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700203 ER PT J AU Wang, P MacFarlane, JJ Orzechowski, TJ AF Wang, P MacFarlane, JJ Orzechowski, TJ TI An investigation of the opacity of high-Z mixture and implications for inertial confinement fusion hohlraum design SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 12-16, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Phys Soc, US DOE, Off Fus Energy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab ID PLASMA; IONS AB We use an unresolved transition array model to investigate the opacities of high-Z materials and their mixtures which are of interest to indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion hohlraum design. In particular, we report on calculated opacities for pure Au, Gd, and Sm, as well as Au-Sm and Au-Gd mixtures. Our results indicate that mixtures of Au-Gd and Au-Sm can produce a significant enhancement in the Rosseland mean opacity. Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of Au radiation burnthrough are also presented, and compared with NOVA experimental data. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. RP Wang, P (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,FUS TECHNOL INST,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 9 TC 13 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP 1107 EP 1110 DI 10.1063/1.1147799 PN 2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700206 ER PT J AU Kilkenny, JD Luhmann, N AF Kilkenny, JD Luhmann, N TI Proceedings of the 11th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics - Monterey, California - 12-16 May 1996 - Preface SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP Kilkenny, JD (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 68 IS 1 BP A5 EP A5 PN 2 PG 1 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA WD237 UT WOS:A1997WD23700001 ER PT S AU McCune, W AF McCune, W BE Comon, H TI Well-behaved search and the Robbins problem SO REWRITING TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Rewriting Techniques and Applications CY JUN 02-05, 1997 CL STIGES, SPAIN SP Esprit Working Grp CCL, Univ Politecn Catalunya C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP McCune, W (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN 33 PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, W-1000 BERLIN 33, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-62950-5 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1997 VL 1232 BP 1 EP 7 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BK96P UT WOS:000073946800001 ER PT S AU Feldman, WC AF Feldman, WC BE Habbal, SR TI Coronal structure inferred from remote sensing observations SO ROBOTIC EXPLORATION CLOSE TO THE SUN: SCIENTIFIC BASIS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Scientific Basis for Robotic Exploration Close to the Sun CY APR 15-18, 1996 CL MARLBOROUGH, MA SP Smithsonian Astrophys Observ, NASA AB Remote-sensing observations of the Sun and inner heliosphere ate reviewed to appraise our understanding of the mix of mechanisms that heat the corona and accelerate the solar wind. An assessment of experimental uncertainties and the basic assumptions needed to translate measurables into physical models, reveals very large fundamental uncertainties in our knowledge of coronal structure near the Sun. We develop a time-dependent, filamentary model of the extended corona that is consistent with a large number of remote sensing observations of the solar atmosphere and the solar wind. RP Feldman, WC (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,MS D466,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-618-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 385 BP 9 EP 16 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BH28X UT WOS:A1997BH28X00002 ER PT S AU Gosling, JT AF Gosling, JT BE Habbal, SR TI Physical nature of the low-speed solar wind SO ROBOTIC EXPLORATION CLOSE TO THE SUN: SCIENTIFIC BASIS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Scientific Basis for Robotic Exploration Close to the Sun CY APR 15-18, 1996 CL MARLBOROUGH, MA SP Smithsonian Astrophys Observ, NASA AB In situ observations indicate that the low-speed wind is highly variable. It commonly originates on open field lines that thread coronal streamers in the vicinity of the magnetic equator, but transient ejections are also a source of low-speed flows on occasion. Close to the Sun a large flow shear probably is common at the interface between low- and high-speed flows. Near solar activity minimum low-speed flows are confined to a narrow band 40-45 degrees wide centered roughly on the solar equator, but near solar maximum low-speed flows may dominate at all heliographic latitudes. RP Gosling, JT (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,MS D466,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-618-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 385 BP 17 EP 24 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BH28X UT WOS:A1997BH28X00003 ER PT B AU Bredemann, M Dorato, P Abdallah, CT AF Bredemann, M Dorato, P Abdallah, CT BE Banyasz, C TI Polynomial solutions for simultaneous stabilization SO ROBUST CONTROL DESIGN (ROCODN'97): A PROCEEDINGS VOLUME FROM THE IFAC SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IFAC Symposium on Robust Control Design (ROCOND 97) CY JUN 25-27, 1997 CL BUDAPEST, HUNGARY SP Int Federat Automat Control, Hungarian Acad Sci, Comp & Automat Res Inst, Coordinating Comm Design Methods, Tech Comm Robust Design DE simultaneous stabilization; stabilizing controller; unit; Hurwitz polynomial AB In this paper, a new necessary and sufficient condition and new sufficient conditions for simultaneous stabilization are derived from a polynomial approach. The additional requirements for the controller to be stable or a Unit in H-infinity are also given. The new sufficient conditions reduce in special cases to several published papers. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 5722, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Bredemann, M (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 5722, MS 0972, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND BN 0-08-042606-9 PY 1997 BP 171 EP 176 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BK64Y UT WOS:000072954300028 ER PT J AU Fourney, WI Dick, RD Wang, XJ Weaver, TA AF Fourney, WI Dick, RD Wang, XJ Weaver, TA TI Effects of weak layers on particle velocity measurements SO ROCK MECHANICS AND ROCK ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB Results are presented from a testing program to study the effect weak layers embedded in a strong rock strata have on particle velocity when subjected to explosive loading. A similar computational study had been conducted earlier with WONDY - a finite difference Langrangian code developed at Sandia National Laboratory. The experiments were conducted using models fabricated from Hydrocal containing a single dry sand layer or clay layer through which the stress wave traveled. Particle velocity was measured in front of and past the weak layer to determine attenuation, pulse shape changes, and displacement loss. The results from the model testing indicated that particle velocity amplitude decreased significantly when the stress wave passed through the weak layer. The velocity pulse width on the other hand was found to remain relatively constant when passing through the weak layer. The computational results from WONDY predicted similar behavior and hence were in good agreement with the tests. In the experiments, the velocity loss across a sand layer was found to be much larger than the loss across a clay layer. The stress wave velocity in the sand layer was found to be significantly smaller than in the Hydrocal while the experimentally determined wave velocity in the clay was nearly equal to the wave velocity in the Hydrocal. C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. RP Fourney, WI (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT MECH ENGN,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742, USA. NR 7 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0723-2632 J9 ROCK MECH ROCK ENG JI Rock Mech. Rock Eng. PD JAN-MAR PY 1997 VL 30 IS 1 BP 1 EP 18 DI 10.1007/BF01020110 PG 18 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA WG718 UT WOS:A1997WG71800001 ER PT B AU Rutqvist, J Stephansson, O AF Rutqvist, J Stephansson, O BE Sugawara, K Obara, Y TI Influence of fracture aperture and normal stiffness on the reopening pressure in classical hydraulic fracturing stress measurements SO ROCK STRESS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Rock Stress - RS Kumamoto97 CY OCT 07-10, 1997 CL KUMAMOTO CITY AUDITORIUM, KUMAMOTO, JAPAN SP Kumamoto City Int Ctr, Kumamoto Univ, W Japan Rock Engn Soc, Min & Mat Proc Inst Japan, Minist Educ Sci Sports & Culture HO KUMAMOTO CITY AUDITORIUM AB Reopenine rests of a vertical hydraulic fracture intersecting a vertical borehole is simulated by means of coupled hydromechanical modeling. The modeling includes coupled interaction between stress and flow in both the rock matrix and the fracture. The results of the modeling indicate that, after fracturing, the hydraulic fracture itself disturbs the stress field around the borehole. The minimum tangential stress at the intersection of the fracture and borehole is therefore smaller than predicted for a linear elastic, isotropic and homogenous media. During injection, fluid penetrates the fractures which therefore opens gradually as a function of the effective normal stress. The study shows that the initial hydraulic aperture and normal stillness are very important factors to be considered in the evaluation of the maximum principal stress. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Rutqvist, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-901-7 PY 1997 BP 127 EP 132 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Mining & Mineral Processing GA BK71J UT WOS:000073165400019 ER PT S AU Kimmel, R AF Kimmel, R BE terHaarRomeny, B Florack, L Koenderink, J Viergever, M TI Intrinsic scale space for images on surfaces: The geodesic curvature flow SO SCALE-SPACE THEORY IN COMPUTER VISION SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Scale-Space Theory in Computer Vision (Scale-Space 97) CY JUL 02-04, 1997 CL UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS ID CURVES AB A scale space for images painted on surfaces is introduced. Based on the geodesic curvature pow of the iso-gray level contours of an image painted on the given surface, the image is evolved and forms the natural geometric scale space. Its geometrical properties are discussed as well as the intrinsic nature of the proposed flow. I.e. the flow is invariant to the bending of the surface. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Math, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Kimmel, R (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Viergever, Max/J-1215-2014 NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN 33 PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, W-1000 BERLIN 33, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-63167-4 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1997 VL 1252 BP 212 EP 223 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BL37U UT WOS:000075328300016 ER PT S AU Kimmel, R Sochen, N Malladi, R AF Kimmel, R Sochen, N Malladi, R BE terHaarRomeny, B Florack, L Koenderink, J Viergever, M TI From high energy physics to low level vision SO SCALE-SPACE THEORY IN COMPUTER VISION SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Scale-Space Theory in Computer Vision (Scale-Space 97) CY JUL 02-04, 1997 CL UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS ID EDGE-DETECTION; SCALE-SPACE; IMAGE; DIFFUSION; CURVATURE AB A geometric framework for image scale space, enhancement, and segmentation is presented. We consider intensity images as surfaces in the (x, I) space. The image is thereby a 2D surface in 3D space for gray level images, and a 2D surface in 5D for color images. The new formulation unifies many classical schemes and algorithms via a simple scaling of the intensity contrast, and results in new and efficient schemes. Extensions to multi dimensional signals become natural and lead to powerful denoising and scale space algorithms. Here, we demonstrate the proposed framework by applying it to denoise and improve gray level and color images. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Math, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Fac Exact Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Viergever, Max/J-1215-2014 NR 26 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-63167-4 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1997 VL 1252 BP 236 EP 247 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BL37U UT WOS:000075328300018 ER PT J AU Hovington, P Drouin, D Gauvin, R Joy, DC Evans, N AF Hovington, P Drouin, D Gauvin, R Joy, DC Evans, N TI CASINO: A new Monte Carlo code in C language for electron beam interactions .3. Stopping power at low energies SO SCANNING LA English DT Article DE experimental stopping power; energy loss function; Monte Carlo simulation; low-energy scanning electron microscope; backscattered electrons ID METALS AB This paper is a description of the stopping power routine utilized in the CASINO program that is based on the experimental measurement of the energy loss function (ELF). In addition, we present an ANSI C standard program that can be used to generate the data needed for the stopping power routine. Both optical and energy loss spectrum (ELS) measurements of the ELF can be used as input to compute the stopping power. For ELS, only the single scattering spectrum is needed. Hence, measurement of the stopping power for a given element or compound of interest can easily be performed and used in the CASINO program. The resulting effect of using these stopping powers in Monte Carlo simulations is generally to increase the backscattering coefficient. Except for carbon, the change of stopping power for pure elements so far compiled is relatively small. In some compounds (i.e., Al2O3 and ZnSe), the discrepancy with the Joy and Luo (1989) expression is significant. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,EM FACIL,KNOXVILLE,TN. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN. OAK RIDGE INST SCI & EDUC,OAK RIDGE,TN. RP Hovington, P (reprint author), UNIV SHERBROOKE,DEPT GENIE MECAN,2500 BLVD UNIV,SHERBROOKE,PQ J1K 2R1,CANADA. RI Evans, Neal/F-5955-2011 NR 20 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 3 U2 27 PU FAMS INC PI MAHWAH PA BOX 832, MAHWAH, NJ 07430 SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD JAN PY 1997 VL 19 IS 1 BP 29 EP 35 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA WE337 UT WOS:A1997WE33700004 ER PT S AU FischerColbrie, A Laderman, SS Brennan, S Ghosh, S Takaura, N Pianetta, P Shimazaki, A Waldhauer, A Wherry, D Barkan, S AF FischerColbrie, A Laderman, SS Brennan, S Ghosh, S Takaura, N Pianetta, P Shimazaki, A Waldhauer, A Wherry, D Barkan, S BE Higashi, GS Hirose, M Raghavan, S Verhaverbeke, S TI State-of-the-art evaluation of ultra-clean ULSI processes SO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SEMICONDUCTOR SURFACE PREPARATION SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Science and Technology of Semiconductor Surface Preparation, at the 1997 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 01-03, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB This work describes recent progress in implementation and applications of synchrotron radiation total reflection x-ray fluorescence (SR-TXRF) to measure trace metals on wafer surfaces. To date, we have achieved state-of-the-art transition metal sensitivity of 3x10(8) atoms/cm(2) (similar to 3fg) for 1000 sec. counting time for impurities which have an monolayer-like distribution on the surface and <1fg for droplet-like impurities. Recent instrumentation breakthroughs include reduction of detector parasitic backgrounds (particularly Cu) to below our present detection limit, 150 and 200mm whole-wafer handling, wafer-mapping capability and a cleanroom mini-environment. With these upgrades, measurements were made of wafers from various steps in the integrated circuit fabrication process. These results demonstrate that synchtron radiation brings TXRF into a new and useful regime. Further developments are underway to increase throughput and access for broader application. RP FischerColbrie, A (reprint author), STANFORD SYNCHROTRON RADIAT LAB,SLAC MS 69 POB 4349,PALO ALTO,CA 94304, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-381-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 477 BP 403 EP 407 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BJ73X UT WOS:A1997BJ73X00054 ER PT J AU Feng, Z David, SA Zacharia, T Tsai, CL AF Feng, Z David, SA Zacharia, T Tsai, CL TI Quantification of thermomechanical conditions for weld solidification cracking SO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF WELDING AND JOINING LA English DT Article ID HOT-CRACKING AB This paper presents the quantitative assessment of the thermomechanical conditions of two commonly used laboratory weld solidification cracking tests, the Sigmajig test and the transverse Varestraint test. The local temperature and stress/strain conditions in the vicinity of a weld pool are calculated using the finite element formulations of the heat transfer and continuum solid mechanics, respectively, and are quantitatively related to the welding and testing conditions. The calculated local stresses in the solidification temperature range are able to explain the experimentally observed solidification cracking initiation behaviours under different welding and loading conditions in the Sigmajig test. The local strain conditions in the transverse Varestraint test are related to th testing conditions, particularly to the augmented strains that have been used as an index to measure material susceptibility to solidification cracking. From results obtained using the technique of measurement by means of in situ observation (MISO), the accuracy and the capability of the FE models are critically evaluated. The results in this study support a postulate that the microscopic solidification cracking processes are controlled, to a significant degree, by the development of the local macroscopic stress/strain conditions in the cracking susceptible region. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN. OHIO STATE UNIV,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. RI Feng, Zhili/H-9382-2012; OI Feng, Zhili/0000-0001-6573-7933; Zacharia, Thomas/0000-0001-6463-5425 NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST MATERIALS PI LONDON PA 1 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW1Y 5DB SN 1362-1718 J9 SCI TECHNOL WELD JOI JI Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. PY 1997 VL 2 IS 1 BP 11 EP 19 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA XV169 UT WOS:A1997XV16900002 ER PT J AU David, SA Vitek, JM Babu, SS Boatner, LA Reed, RW AF David, SA Vitek, JM Babu, SS Boatner, LA Reed, RW TI Welding of nickel base superalloy single crystals SO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF WELDING AND JOINING LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-BEAM WELDS; MICROSTRUCTURES; SOLIDIFICATION; PWA-1480; POROSITY; BEHAVIOR AB The welding and weldability characteristics of single crystal nickel base superalloy PWA 1480 were investigated over a range of welding conditions and orientations using electron beam and laser welding processes. Using differential thermal analysis, the freezing range for this alloy was established and the formation of the gamma/gamma' eutectic during the last stages of solidification was identified. Both electron beam and laser welds showed extensive fusion zone cracking, and the cracks were identified as solidification clacks, i.e. hot cracks. Clack free welds could be made over a very narrow range of welding conditions with preheat. Most of the microstructural features observed in the weld are similar to those previously observed in Fe-Ni-Cr alloy single crystal welds. The welds contain misoriented stray grains which play a critical role in the promotion of hot cracks in the welds. The origin of these grains is explained in terms of constitutional supercooling and the growth conditions. Detailed atom probe field ion microscopy analysis was carried out to determine the gamma/gamma' compositions and the segregation at the gamma/gamma' interface. The results revealed no solutal segregation at this interface, and the composition of gamma/gamma' was close to that of the equilibrium composition. (C) 1997 The Institute of Materials. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV SOLID STATE,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. PENN STATE UNIV,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP David, SA (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV MET & CERAM,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. RI Babu, Sudarsanam/D-1694-2010; Boatner, Lynn/I-6428-2013 OI Babu, Sudarsanam/0000-0002-3531-2579; Boatner, Lynn/0000-0002-0235-7594 NR 37 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 21 PU INST MATERIALS PI LONDON PA 1 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW1Y 5DB SN 1362-1718 J9 SCI TECHNOL WELD JOI JI Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. PY 1997 VL 2 IS 2 BP 79 EP 88 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA XV170 UT WOS:A1997XV17000006 ER PT J AU Gabbi, AN Rowcliffe, FF AF Gabbi, AN Rowcliffe, FF TI Evaluation of flow properties in weldments of vanadium alloys using novel indentation technique SO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF WELDING AND JOINING LA English DT Article AB A new approach, known as automated ball indentation testing, was successfully employed to determine the flow properties of gas tungsten arc and electron beam welds of C-4Cr-4Ti and V-5Cr-5Ti alloys. The results showed clear distinction among the properties of the fusion zone, heat affected zone, and base metal in both welds of the two alloys. The two welds of both vanadium alloys in the as welded condition showed strengthening (as well as hardening) of fusion zone and heat affected zone (compared with base metal), with the fusion zone having higher strength than the heat affected zone. However, the gas tungsten arc welds of both alloys, after a post-weld heat treatment of 950 degrees C for 2 h, showed a recovery of properties. These measurements correlated reasonably well with the reported recovery of the Charpy impact properties of the welds after the post-weld heat treatment. RP Gabbi, AN (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV MET & CERAM,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU INST MATERIALS PI LONDON PA 1 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW1Y 5DB SN 1362-1718 J9 SCI TECHNOL WELD JOI JI Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. PY 1997 VL 2 IS 3 BP 103 EP 107 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA XZ351 UT WOS:A1997XZ35100003 ER PT J AU Vitek, JN David, SA Boatner, LA AF Vitek, JN David, SA Boatner, LA TI Microstructural development in single crystal nickel base superalloy welds SO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF WELDING AND JOINING LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-BEAM WELDS; FRECKLES AB The welding behaviour of alloy PWA 1480, a single crystal nickel base superalloy, has been investigated. The ability to successfully weld single crystal nickel base superalloys is desirable for fabrication procedures as well as for potential repair applications in both aircraft and land based turbine systems. The microstructural development in welds of this alloy was characterised and analysed using a geometrical model developed earlier in the study of Fe-Cr-Ni single crystal welds. The microstructural features in the nickel base alloy welds and, in particular, the dendritic growth patterns, were accurately described by this model. However, several potential difficulties with the welding of the nickel base superalloys were identified. First, there is frequent formation of stray crystals which result in the loss of the single crystal nature of the weld. Second, dendritic zones are formed in the weld and these may result in a degradation of the weld properties, even if the single crystal character of the weldment remains intact. In addition, extensive cracking was found in these welds and this subject is dealt with in a companion paper. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV SOLID STATE PHYS,OAK RIDGE,TN. RP Vitek, JN (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV MET & CERAM,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. RI Boatner, Lynn/I-6428-2013 OI Boatner, Lynn/0000-0002-0235-7594 NR 27 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 11 PU INST MATERIALS PI LONDON PA 1 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW1Y 5DB SN 1362-1718 J9 SCI TECHNOL WELD JOI JI Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. PY 1997 VL 2 IS 3 BP 109 EP 118 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA XZ351 UT WOS:A1997XZ35100004 ER PT J AU Brooks, JA Li, M Baskes, MI Yang, NCY AF Brooks, JA Li, M Baskes, MI Yang, NCY TI Roles of dendrite tip undercooling and solid state diffusion in microsegregation of Fe-Nb welds SO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF WELDING AND JOINING LA English DT Article ID RAPID SOLIDIFICATION; ALLOYS AB The contributions of dendrite tip undercooling and solid state diffusion to the final degree of microsegregation of gas tungsten are welds in Fe-Nb alloys were experimentally determined. With a partitioning coefficient of similar to 0.28, niobium is expected to highly segregate to the liquid during solidification. However, weld microsegregation modelling using a finite difference technique indicated that almost complete homogenisation occurs as a result of solid state diffusion during solidification and cooling. The final degree of microsegregation could be accounted for considering only solid state diffusion. Examination of specimens that had been liquid tin quenched during welding showed that a significant amount of tip undercooling occurred during solidification. The degree of undercooling and amount of solid state diffusion measured were compared with predicted values using solidification models. It was found that although tip undercooling resulted in a higher niobium concentration during initial solidification, its impact on the final degree of microsegregation was small because of the overwhelming effect of solid state diffusion. RP Brooks, JA (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,DEPT 8240,MS 9403,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU INST MATERIALS PI LONDON PA 1 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW1Y 5DB SN 1362-1718 J9 SCI TECHNOL WELD JOI JI Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. PY 1997 VL 2 IS 4 BP 160 EP 166 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA YK878 UT WOS:A1997YK87800004 ER PT J AU Fasching, AA Edwards, GR David, SA AF Fasching, AA Edwards, GR David, SA TI Grain refinement and hydrogen embrittlement in iron aluminide alloy FA129 SO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF WELDING AND JOINING LA English DT Article ID SOLIDIFICATION CRACKING; SIZE; DEFORMATION; FRACTURE; BEHAVIOR; TEMPERATURE; STRESS; BORON; FEAL AB Iron aluminides are susceptible to hydrogen cold cracking during gas tungsten are welding. Fine grained base materials have been shown to be mole resistant to environmental embrittlement when tested in the presence of water vapour than coarse grained base materials. To study the effect effusion zone gi ain size on cold cracking susceptibility, welds were produced using magnetic are oscillation to refine the fusion zone grain structures. Tensile tests were conducted in varying water vapour atmospheres, on weldments with average fusion zone grain sizes ranging between 115 and 530 mu m. Fracture strength data followed Nail-Fetch behaviour and the effect of water vapour concentration was also incorporated into the traditional plot. The results of the tensile tests showed the finer grain size fusion zones were less susceptible to hydrogen cracking and more tolerant of high hydrogen concentration than coarse fusion zone gain structures. C1 COLORADO SCH MINES,CTR WELDING & JOINING RES,GOLDEN,CO 80401. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV MET & CERAM,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU INST MATERIALS PI LONDON PA 1 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW1Y 5DB SN 1362-1718 J9 SCI TECHNOL WELD JOI JI Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. PY 1997 VL 2 IS 4 BP 167 EP 173 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA YK878 UT WOS:A1997YK87800005 ER PT J AU Robino, CV Michael, JR Cieslak, MJ AF Robino, CV Michael, JR Cieslak, MJ TI Solidification and welding metallurgy of thermo-span alloy SO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF WELDING AND JOINING LA English DT Article ID INCONEL-718; DIAGRAM AB The welding metallurgy of Thermo-Span alloy has been evaluated and compared with that of two common superalloys, alloy 909 and alloy 718. The solidification behaviour and fusion zone hot cracking tendency were evaluated using differential thermal analysis and carestraint testing. Gleeble thermal cycle simulations were used to assess the hot ductility of the alloy during weld thermal cycles. Solidification microstructures were characterised by optical and electron microscopy. Differential thermal analysis indicated that melting of wrought Thermo-Span initiates at temperatures near 1265 degrees C and continues to similar to 1413 degrees C. In a manner similar to that of alloy 909. Thermo-Span solidifies with the formation of primary austenite followed by a terminal eutecticlike constituent near 1225 degrees C. Varestraint testing indicates that the hot cracking tendency of Thermo-Span is similar to that of alloys 718 and 909. Hot ductility testing revealed that Thermo-Span displays ductilities on heating and cooling similar to those of alloy 909 and other nickel based superalloys. Solidification microsegregation patterns were determined by electron probe microanalysis, and the terminal solidification phases were identified by analytical electron microscopy and backscattered electron Kikuchi patterns to be an austenite-Lares entectic-like constituent. (C) 1997 The Institute of Materials. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Mat Joining Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Microstruct Characterizat Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Adv Dev & Prod Technol Program, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Robino, CV (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Mat Joining Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 22 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST MATERIALS PI LONDON PA 1 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5DB, ENGLAND SN 1362-1718 J9 SCI TECHNOL WELD JOI JI Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. PY 1997 VL 2 IS 5 BP 220 EP 230 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA YW611 UT WOS:000071953900006 ER PT J AU Babu, SS Vitek, JM Iskander, YS David, SA AF Babu, SS Vitek, JM Iskander, YS David, SA TI New model for prediction of ferrite number of stainless steel welds SO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF WELDING AND JOINING LA English DT Article ID CR-NI SYSTEM; METAL; PHASE; TRANSFORMATION; SOLIDIFICATION; BEHAVIOR; DIAGRAM AB A new semi-empirical model for predicting the ferrite content of stainless steel welds has been developed. This model pr edicts the ferrite number of stainless steel welds as a function of composition. The model is based on an equation representing the free energy change between ferrite and austenite. This model has been derived from published data of experimental weld metal compositions and their corresponding ferrite numbers. The predictive capability of this model was found to be good and describes the effect of alloying elements on the fel rite number. This model is comparable in accuracy to currently available constitution diagrams but is applicable to a wider range of alloy compositions. (C) 1997 The Institute of Materials*. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Babu, SS (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Babu, Sudarsanam/D-1694-2010 OI Babu, Sudarsanam/0000-0002-3531-2579 NR 21 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU INST MATERIALS PI LONDON PA 1 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5DB, ENGLAND SN 1362-1718 J9 SCI TECHNOL WELD JOI JI Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. PY 1997 VL 2 IS 6 BP 279 EP 285 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA YY408 UT WOS:000072143600007 ER PT J AU Haas, JS Whipple, RE Grant, PM Andresen, DB Volpe, AM Pelkey, GE AF Haas, JS Whipple, RE Grant, PM Andresen, DB Volpe, AM Pelkey, GE TI Chemical and elemental comparison of two formulations of oleoresin capsicum SO SCIENCE & JUSTICE LA English DT Article DE forensic science; oleoresin capsicum; less-than-lethal force; pepper (OC) spray; chemical compositions ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CAPSAICIN; PUNGENCY; QUALITY; FRUITS AB In-custody deaths following the application of pepper spray weaponry by law enforcement personnel have increased in California over the last few years. Oleoresin capsicum (OC), an oily extract of hot peppers, is the active ingredient in the spray, but little detailed information on product mixtures is available. Since OC extracts contain a multitude of natural compounds at irregular concentrations, there could be considerable variation in overall chemical composition among the different formulations of both 'natural' and 'synthetic' OC preparations. This was confirmed by organic and inorganic analyses performed on OC sprays produced by two manufacturers licensed for distribution within the state of California. The results indicated that the differences could lead to considerable inconsistency in weapon effectiveness, and suggested that more comprehensive studies are warranted. C1 UNIV CALIF LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,NUCL CHEM DIV,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. CITY LIVERMORE POLICE DEPT,FORENS SPECIALIST,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. RP Haas, JS (reprint author), UNIV CALIF LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,FORENS SCI CTR,L371,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 25 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 9 PU FORENSIC SCIENCE SOC PI HARROGATE PA CLARK HOUSE, 18A MOUNT PARADE, HARROGATE, N YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND HG1 1BX SN 1355-0306 J9 SCI JUSTICE JI Sci. Justice PD JAN-MAR PY 1997 VL 37 IS 1 BP 15 EP 24 DI 10.1016/S1355-0306(97)72136-1 PG 10 WC Medicine, Legal; Pathology SC Legal Medicine; Pathology GA WE044 UT WOS:A1997WE04400004 PM 9022856 ER PT J AU Fitzpatrick, S Harmer, TJ Stewart, A Clint, M Boyle, JM AF Fitzpatrick, S Harmer, TJ Stewart, A Clint, M Boyle, JM TI The automated transformation of abstract specifications of numerical algorithms into efficient array processor implementations SO SCIENCE OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LA English DT Article DE program transformation; program derivation; normal forms; functional specification; AMT DAP array processor ID PROGRAM TRANSFORMATION; PARALLEL COMPUTATION; GRAPH REDUCTION; COMPILER; LANGUAGE; SYSTEM; EIGENVECTORS; EIGENVALUES; DAP AB We present a set of program transformations which are applied automatically to convert abstract functional specifications of numerical algorithms into efficient implementations tailored to the AMT DAP array processor. The transformations are based upon a formal algebra of a functional array form, which provides a functional model of the array operations supported by the DAP programming language, The transformations are shown to be complete. We present specifications and derivations of two example algorithms: an algorithm for computing eigensystems and an algorithm for solving systems of linear equations. For the former, we compare the execution performance of the implementation derived by transformation with the performance of an independent, manually constructed implementation; the efficiency of the derived implementation matches that of the manually constructed implementation. C1 ARGONNE NATL LAB, DIV MATH & COMP SCI, ARGONNE, IL 60439 USA. RP Fitzpatrick, S (reprint author), QUEENS UNIV BELFAST, DEPT COMP SCI, BELFAST BT7 1NN, ANTRIM, NORTH IRELAND. NR 73 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6423 EI 1872-7964 J9 SCI COMPUT PROGRAM JI Sci. Comput. Program. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 28 IS 1 BP 1 EP 41 DI 10.1016/S0167-6423(96)00015-9 PG 41 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA WB182 UT WOS:A1997WB18200001 ER PT S AU Vienna, JD Hrma, P Smith, DE AF Vienna, JD Hrma, P Smith, DE BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Isothermal crystallization kinetics in simulated high-level nuclear waste glass SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Crystallization kinetics of a simulated high-level waste (HLW) glass were measured and modelled. Kinetics of acmite growth in the standard HW39-4 glass were measured using the isothermal method. A time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram was generated from these data. Classical glass-crystal transformation kinetic models were empirically applied to the crystallization data. These models adequately describe the kinetics of crystallization in complex HLW glasses (i.e., RSquared = 0.908). An approach to measurement, fitting, and use of TTT diagrams for prediction of crystallinity in a HLW glass canister is proposed. RP Vienna, JD (reprint author), BATTELLE MEM INST,PACIFIC NW NATL LABS,POB 999,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 17 EP 24 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00002 ER PT S AU Feng, XD Einziger, RE Eschenbach, RC AF Feng, XD Einziger, RE Eschenbach, RC BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI A direct, single-step plasma arc vitreous ceramic process for stabilizing spent nuclear fuels, sludges, and associated wastes SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB A single-step plasma are-vitreous ceramic (PAVC) process is described for converting spent nuclear fuel (SNF), SNF sludges, and associated wastes into a vitreous ceramic waste form. This proposed technology is built on extensive experience of nuclear waste form development and nuclear waste treatment using the commercially available plasma are centrifugal (PAC) system. SNF elements will be loaded directly into a PAC furnace with minimum additives and converted into vitreous ceramics with up to 90 wt% waste loading. The vitreous ceramic waste form should meet the functional requirements for borosilicate glasses for permanent disposal in a geologic repository and for interim storage. Criticality safety would be ensured through the use of ''batch'' modes, and controlling the amount of fuel processed in one batch. The minimum requirements on SNF characterization and pretreatment, the one-step process, and minimum secondary waste generation may reduce treatment duration, radiation exposure, and treatment cost. RP Feng, XD (reprint author), BATTELLE MEM INST,PACIFIC NW NATL LABS,POB 999,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 25 EP 32 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00003 ER PT S AU Haire, RG Stump, NA AF Haire, RG Stump, NA BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Fundamental chemistry and materials science of americium in selected immobilization glasses SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB We have pursued some of the fundamental chemistry and materials science of americium in three glass matrices, two being high-temperature (850 degrees and 1400 degrees C melting points) silicate-based glasses and the third a sol-gel glass. Optical spectroscopy was the principal investigating tool in the studies. One aspect of this work was to determine the oxidation state exhibited by americium in these matrices, as well as factors that control and/or may alter this state. We have noted a correlation between the oxidation state of the f-elements in the two high-temperature glasses with their high-temperature oxide chemistries. One exception was americium: although americium dioxide is the stable oxide encountered in air, when this dioxide was incorporated into the high-temperature glasses, only trivalent americium was found in the products. When trivalent americium was used to prepare the sol-gel glasses at ambient temperature, and after these products were heated in air to 800 degrees C, again only trivalent americium was observed. Potential explanations for the unexpected behavior of americium is offered in the context of its basic chemistry. Experimental spectra, spectroscopic assignments and other pertinent data obtained in the studies are discussed. RP Haire, RG (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 39 EP 46 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00005 ER PT S AU Mika, M Schweiger, MJ Vienna, JD Hrma, P AF Mika, M Schweiger, MJ Vienna, JD Hrma, P BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Liquidus temperature of spinel precipitating high-level waste glasses SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB The liquidus temperature (T-L) often limits the loading of high-level waste in glass through the constraint that T-L must be at least 100 degrees C below the temperature at which the glass viscosity is 5 Pa.s. In this study, values of T-L for spinel primary crystalline phase were measured as a function of glass composition. The test glasses were based on high-iron Hanford Site tank wastes. All studied glasses precipitated spinel (Ni,Fe,Mn)(Cr,Fe)(2)O-4 as the primary crystalline phase. T-L was increased by additions of Cr2O3, NiO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, and MnO; while Li2O, Na2O, B2O3, and SiO2 had a negative effect. Empirical mixture models were fitted to data. RP Mika, M (reprint author), BATTELLE MEM INST,PACIFIC NW NATL LABS,POB 999,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 5 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 71 EP 78 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00009 ER PT S AU Crum, JV Schweiger, MJ Hrma, P Vienna, JD AF Crum, JV Schweiger, MJ Hrma, P Vienna, JD BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Liquidus temperature model for Hanford high-level waste glasses with high concentrations of zirconia SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB A study was conducted on glasses based on a simulated transuranic waste with high concentrations of ZrO2 and Bi2O3 to determine the compositional dependence of primary crystalline phases and liquidus temperature (T-L). Starting from a baseline composition, glasses were formulated by changing mass fractions of Al2O3, B2O3, Bi2O3, CeO2, Li2O, Na2O, P2O5, SiO2, and ZrO2, one at a time, while keeping the remaining components in the same relative proportions as in the baseline glass. Liquidus temperature was measured by heat treating glass samples for 24 h in a uniform temperature furnace. The primary crystalline phase in the baseline glass and the majority of the glasses was zircon (ZrSiO4). A change in the concentration of certain components (Al2O3, ZrO2, Li2O, B2O3, and SiO2) changed the primary phase to baddeleyite (ZrO2), while cerium oxide (CeO2) precipitated from glasses with more than 3 wt% CeO2. Zircon T-L was strongly increased by Al2O3, ZrO2 and CeO2, and slightly by P2O5 and SiO2; decreased strongly by Li2O and Na2O and moderately by B2O3. A first-order model was constructed for T-L as a function of composition for zircon primary crystalline phase glass. RP Crum, JV (reprint author), BATTELLE MEM INST,PACIFIC NW NATL LABS,POB 999,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 79 EP 85 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00010 ER PT S AU Gilliam, TM Jantzen, CM AF Gilliam, TM Jantzen, CM BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Waste vitrification: Prediction of acceptable compositions in a lime-soda-silica glass-forming system SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB A model is presented based upon calculated bridging oxygens which allows the prediction of the region of acceptable glass compositions for a lime-soda-silica glass-forming system containing mixed waste. The model can be used to guide glass formulation studies (e.g., treatability studies) or assess the applicability of vitrification to candidate waste streams. RP Gilliam, TM (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 87 EP 93 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00011 ER PT S AU Meaker, TF Karraker, D Tosten, M Pareizs, JM Ramsey, WG AF Meaker, TF Karraker, D Tosten, M Pareizs, JM Ramsey, WG BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Immobilization and recovery of thorium, a neptunium surrogate, using phase-separated glasses SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB The Savannah River Site has the majority of the United States' supply of neptunium currently stored in an acid solution in one of their canyon facilities. A program is being developed that could be utilized to ship this material, as glass, to Oak Ridge National Laboratory where the Np could be leached from the glass, purified by ion exchange and made into target material for the production of Pu-238. Ion exchange purification dictates no material be in the leachate making the isolation of the Np difficult. We have developed a process using thorium as a surrogate for Np that could immobilize the Np into a soda borosilicate glass for shipment. To achieve recovery of the Np, the glass can be phase separated prior to leaching with nitric acid. Phase separation would produces a Np-rich sodium-borate phase and a Si-rich phase similar to a Vycor(R) glass. The nitric acid selectively attacks the sodium-borate phase allowing high Np recovery in a solution that contains only sodium and boron. These can be easily separated from Np by ion exchange. Essentially all of the silicon which would interfere with ion exchange by precipitation is retained in the Vycor(R)-type phase. This technology may also be applied to other actinides stored in relatively pure solutions. This paper will report the optimization of variables for maximizing Th (a Np surrogate) recovery while minimizing Si release. Th solubility in glass, heat treatment conditions and leaching parameters will be discussed. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) data will be included to show phase separation after heat treatment. RP Meaker, TF (reprint author), WESTINGHOUSE SAVANNAH RIVER CO,SAVANNAH RIVER LAB,SAVANNAH RIVER SITE,AIKEN,SC 29808, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 95 EP 103 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00012 ER PT S AU Rudisill, TS Pareizs, JM Ramsey, WG AF Rudisill, TS Pareizs, JM Ramsey, WG BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Americium/curium extraction from a lanthanide borosilicate glass SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB A solution containing kilogram quantities of highly radioactive isotopes of americium and curium (Am/Cm) and lanthanide fission products is currently stored in a process tank at the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site (SRS). This tank and its vital support systems are old, subject to deterioration, and prone to possible leakage. For this reason, a program has been initiated to stabilize this material as a lanthanide borosilicate (LBS) glass.(1) The Am/Cm has commercial value and is desired for use by the heavy isotope programs at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). A recovery flowsheet was demonstrated using a curium-containing glass to extract the Am/Cm from the glass matrix. The procedure involved grinding the glass to less than 200 mesh and dissolving in concentrated nitric acid at 110 degrees C. Under these conditions, the dissolution was essentially 100% after 2 hours except for the insoluble silicon. Using a nonradioactive surrogate, the expected glass dissolution rate during AmiCm recovery was bracketed by using both static and agitated conditions. The measured rates, 0.0082 and 0.040 g/hr.cm(2), were used to develop a predictive model for the time required to dissolve a spherical glass particle in terms of the glass density, particle size, and measured rate. The calculated dissolution time was in agreement with the experimental observation that the curium glass dissolution was complete in less than 2 hr. RP Rudisill, TS (reprint author), WESTINGHOUSE SAVANNAH RIVER CO,SAVANNAH RIVER LAB,AIKEN,SC 29808, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 111 EP 116 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00014 ER PT S AU Forsberg, CW Beahm, EC Rudolph, JC AF Forsberg, CW Beahm, EC Rudolph, JC BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Direct conversion of halogen-containing wastes to borosilicate glass SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Glass has become a preferred waste form worldwide for radioactive wastes; however, there are limitations. Halogen-containing wastes can not be converted to glass because halogens (chlorides, fluorides, etc.) form poor-quality waste glasses. Furthermore, halides in glass melters often form second phases that create operating problems. A new waste vitrification process, the Glass Material Oxidation and Dissolution System (GMODS), removes these limitations by converting halogen-containing wastes into borosilicate glass and a secondary, clean, sodium-halide stream. RP Forsberg, CW (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 131 EP 137 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00017 ER PT S AU Ebert, WL Tam, SW AF Ebert, WL Tam, SW BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Dissolution rates of DWPF glasses from long-term PCT SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB We have characterized the corrosion behavior of several Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) reference waste glasses by conducting static dissolution tests with crushed glasses. Glass dissolution rates were calculated from measured B concentrations in tests conducted for up to five years. The dissolution rates of all glasses increased significantly after certain alteration phases precipitated. Calculation of the dissolution rates was complicated by the decrease in the available surface area as the glass dissolves. We took the loss of surface area into account by modeling the particles to be spheres, then extracting from the short-term test results the dissolution rate corresponding to a linear decrease in the radius of spherical particles. The measured extent of dissolution in tests conducted for longer times was less than predicted with this linear dissolution model. This indicates that advanced stages of corrosion are affected by another process besides dissolution, which we believe to be associated with a decrease in the precipitation rate of the alteration phases. These results show that the dissolution rate measured soon after the formation of certain alteration phases provides an upper limit for the long-term dissolution rate, and can be used to determine a bounding value for the source term for radionuclide release from waste glasses. The long-term dissolution rates measured in tests at 20,000 m(-1) at 90 degrees C in tuff groundwater at pH values near 12 are about 0.2, 0.07, and 0.04 gl(m(2).d) for the Environmental Assessment glass and glasses made with SRL 131 and SRL 202 frits, respectively. RP Ebert, WL (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM TECHNOL,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 149 EP 156 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00019 ER PT S AU Luo, JS Ebert, WL Mazer, JJ Bates, JK AF Luo, JS Ebert, WL Mazer, JJ Bates, JK BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Simulation of natural corrosion by vapor hydration test: Seven-year results SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB We have investigated the alteration behavior of synthetic basalt and SRL 165 borosilicate glasses that had been reacted in water vapor at 70 degrees C for time periods up to seven years. The nature and extent of corrosion of glasses have been determined by characterizing the reacted glass surface with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Alteration in 70 degrees C laboratory tests was compared to that which occurs at 150-200 degrees C and also with Hawaiian basaltic glasses of 480 to 750 year old subaerially altered in nature. Synthetic basalt and waste glasses, both containing about 50 wt % SiO2, were found to react with water vapor to form an amorphous hydrated gel that contained small amounts of clay, nearly identical to palagonite layers formed on naturally altered basaltic glass. This result implies that the corrosion reaction in nature can be simulated with a vapor hydration test. These tests also provide a means for measuring the corrosion kinetics, which are difficult to determine by studying natural samples because alteration layers have often spalled off the samples and we have only limited knowledge of the conditions under which alteration occurred. RP Luo, JS (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM TECHNOL,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 157 EP 163 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00020 ER PT S AU Fortner, JA Wolf, SF Buck, EC Mertz, CJ Bates, JK AF Fortner, JA Wolf, SF Buck, EC Mertz, CJ Bates, JK BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Solution-borne colloids from drip tests using actinide-doped and fully-radioactive waste glasses SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Drip tests designed to replicate the synergistic interactions between waste glass, repository groundwater, water vapor, and sensitized 304L stainless steel in the potential Yucca Mountain Repository have been ongoing in our laboratory for over ten years. Results will be presented from three sets of these drip tests: two with actinide-doped glasses, and one with a fully-radioactive glass. Periodic sampling of these tests have revealed trends in actinide release behavior that are consistent with their entrainment in colloidal material when as-cast glass is reacted. Results from vapor hydrated glass show that initially the actinides are completely dissolved in solution, but as the reaction proceeds, the actinides become suspended in solution. Sequential filtering and alpha spectroscopy of colloid-bearing leachate solutions indicate that more than 80% of the plutonium and americium are bound to particles that are captured by a 0.1 mu m filter, while less than 10% of the neptunium is stopped by a 0.1 mu m filter. Analytical transmission electron microscopy has been used to examine particles from leachate solutions and to identify several actinide-bearing phases which are responsible for the majority of actinide release during glass corrosion. RP Fortner, JA (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. RI Buck, Edgar/D-4288-2009; Buck, Edgar/N-7820-2013 OI Buck, Edgar/0000-0001-5101-9084 NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 165 EP 172 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00021 ER PT S AU Smith, GL Eggett, DL Smith, HD AF Smith, GL Eggett, DL Smith, HD BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Waste glass analytical bias correction using a reference standard glass SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Analytical round robins were established to allow laboratories responsible for the analysis of (nuclear) wastes glasses to compare their analytical capabilities and techniques with one another in a non-competitive atmosphere. In addition the quality of analyses using different analytical techniques on the same materials could be compared. Analytical Round Robin 7 had two primary objectives: 1) to evaluate the effect of using the same analytical reference glass as a reference standard for bias correcting analytical results for all the participating laboratories in making the analyses; and 2) to discuss the analytical methods and results from the participating laboratories between the participants for the purpose of evaluating quality and interlaboratory consistency. This paper will primarily address the first objective. The purpose of an analytical reference material is to bring the analytical results from various laboratories into better agreement by providing them a common reference point. No reference glass is likely to be ideal for each element in the glass being analyzed. Obviously, the closer the reference material is to the unknown, the more confidence there will be in the results because less judgement is called for. Use of the reference glass to bias correct analytical results for a standard set of analyses from several laboratories provides the data needed to determine the effectiveness of an Analytical Reference Glass (ARG) in producing interlaboratory agreement. Concurrently, whether or not the analytical results using ARG-1 are more valid or systematically biased can be evaluated using standard statistical methods. The conclusion is that bias correcting with a standard glass such as ARG-1 for results obtained by the inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analytical technique produces more accurate results. RP Smith, GL (reprint author), BATTELLE MEM INST,PACIFIC NW NATL LABS,POB 999,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 173 EP 180 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00022 ER PT S AU Biwer, BM Soderholm, L Greegor, RB Lytle, FW AF Biwer, BM Soderholm, L Greegor, RB Lytle, FW BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Uranium speciation in glass corrosion layers: An XAFS study SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Uranium L-3 X-ray absorption data were obtained from two borosilicate glasses, which are considered as models for radioactive wasteforms, both before and after leaching. Surface sensitivity to uranium speciation was attained by a novel application of simultaneous fluorescence and electron-yield detection. Changes in speciation are clearly discernible, from U(VI) in the bulk to (UO2)(2+)-uranyl in the corrosion layer. The uranium concentrations within the corrosion layer also show variations with leaching times that can be determined from the data. RP Biwer, BM (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 229 EP 236 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00029 ER PT S AU Nunez, L Ebert, WL Wolf, SF Bates, JK AF Nunez, L Ebert, WL Wolf, SF Bates, JK BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Comparison of the corrosion behavior of tank 51 sludge-based glass and a nonradioactive homologue glass SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB We are characterizing the corrosion behavior of the radioactive glass that was made with sludge from Tank 51 at the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) and a nonradioactive glass having the same composition, except for the absence of radionuclides. Static dissolution tests are being conducted in a tuff groundwater solution at glass surface area/solution volume ratios (SN) of 2000 and 20,000 m(-1). These tests are being conducted to assess the relationship between the behavior of this glass in a 7-day Product Consistency Test and in long-term tests, to assess the effects of radionuclides on the glass corrosion behavior, and to measure the disposition of radionuclides that are released as the radioactive glass corrodes. The radioactive glass reacts slower than the nonradioactive glass through the longest test durations completed to date, which are 140 days for tests at 2000 m(-1) and about 400 days for tests at 20,000 m(-1). This is probably because radiolysis results in lower solution pH values being maintained in tests with the radioactive glass. Rate-affecting alteration phases that had formed within one year in tests with other glasses having compositions similar to the Tank 51 glass have not yet formed in tests with either glass. RP Nunez, L (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 237 EP 244 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00030 ER PT S AU McGrail, BP Martin, PF Lindenmeier, CW AF McGrail, BP Martin, PF Lindenmeier, CW BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Accelerated testing of waste forms using a novel pressurized unsaturated flow (PUF) method SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB A new experimental technique has been developed to test waste forms and other proposed engineered-barrier materials under unsaturated conditions. Laboratory experiments using the pressurized unsaturated flow (PUF) apparatus have been performed with a Na-Ca-Al borosilicate glass being studied for immobilization of low-activity tank wastes and a reference borosilicate glass for immobilization of high-level wastes (SRL-202). A complex coupling between glass corrosion, secondary phase precipitation, and unsaturated flow behavior was observed. Precipitation of a family of Na-Ca-Al zeolites was also found to cause an acceleration in the reaction rate of the low-activity waste glass. This same effect was observed after approximately 1 year in high solid-to-liquid ratio batch tests but after only 12 days using the PUF method at the same temperature. The onset of secondary phase precipitation was tracked by monitoring changes in volumetric water content and by inline chemical analysis. Finally, elemental release of the major glass components and solution pH were found to differ under unsaturated flow-through conditions as compared with saturated, batch tests. These findings, while preliminary, have important implications for understanding and modeling glass corrosion behavior under unsaturated conditions. RP McGrail, BP (reprint author), PACIFIC NW LABS,APPL GEOL & GEOCHEM,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 253 EP 260 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00032 ER PT S AU Li, H Vienna, JD Hrma, P Smith, DE Schweiger, MJ AF Li, H Vienna, JD Hrma, P Smith, DE Schweiger, MJ BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Nepheline precipitation in high-level waste glasses: Compositional effects and impact on the waste form acceptability SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB The impact of crystalline phase precipitation in glass during canister cooling on chemical durability of the waste form limits waste loading in glass, especially for vitrification of certain high-level waste (HLW) streams rich in Na2O and Al2O3. This study investigates compositional effects on nepheline precipitation in simulated Hanford HLW glasses during canister centerline cooling (CCC) heat treatment. It has been demonstrated that the nepheline primary phase field defined by the Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2 ternary system can be used as an indicator for screening HLW glass compositions that are prone to nepheline formation. Based on the CCC results, the component effects on increasing nepheline precipitation can be approximately ranked as Al2O3 > Na2O > Li2O approximate to K2O approximate to Fe2O3 > B2O3 > CaO > SiO2. The presence of nepheline in glass is usually detrimental to chemical durability. Using x-ray diffraction data in conjunction with a mass balance and a second-order mixture model for 7-day product consistency test (PCT) normalized B release, the effect of glass crystallization on glass durability can be predicted with an uncertainty less than 50% if the residual glass composition is within the range of the PCT model. RP Li, H (reprint author), PACIFIC NW LABS,BOX 999,P8-37,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 7 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 261 EP 268 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00033 ER PT S AU Li, H Vienna, JD Chen, YL Wang, LQ Liu, J AF Li, H Vienna, JD Chen, YL Wang, LQ Liu, J BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Phase separation in simulated plutonium glasses with phosphate and fluorine and the effect on glass corrosion in water SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB The solubility limit of phosphate in glass was found to decrease as fluorine increased. Amorphous phase separation was found in the glass as a result of interaction between phosphate and fluorine, in which Ce and Gd strongly partitioned. The glasses exhibiting amorphous phase separation showed higher normalized B releases according to the 31-day product consistency test (PCT) compared to glasses without phase separation. Phosphate that leached from glass into water increased the concentrations of Ce and Gd in the 7- and 31-day PCT solutions by more than an order of magnitude. The liquid state P-31-NMR results suggested that phosphate in water interacts with Ce or Gd. Therefore, the observed concentration jump for Ce and Gd in the PCT solution may be attributed to the increases in the solubility limits of Ce and Gd as a result of phosphate complexation with Ce and Gd. RP Li, H (reprint author), PACIFIC NW LABS,BOX 999,P8-37,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 277 EP 283 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00035 ER PT S AU Rogers, RD Hamilton, MA Nelson, LO Benson, J Green, M AF Rogers, RD Hamilton, MA Nelson, LO Benson, J Green, M BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Evaluation of microbially influenced degradation as a method for the decontamination of radioactively contaminated concrete SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Because there are literally square kilometers of radioactively contaminated concrete surfaces within the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) complex, the task (both scope and cost) of decontamination is staggering. Complex-wide cleanup using conventional methodology does not appear to be feasible for every facility because of prioritization, cost, and manual effort required. We are investigating the feasibility of using microbially influenced degradation (MID) of concrete as a unique, innovative approach for the decontamination of concrete. Currently, work is being conducted to determine the practicality and cost effectiveness of using this environmentally acceptable method for decontamination of large surface concrete structures. Under laboratory conditions, the biodecontamination process has successfully been used to remove 2 mm of the surface of concrete slabs. Subsequently, initial field application data from an ongoing pilot-scale demonstration have shown that an average of 2 mm of surface can be removed from meter square areas of contaminated concrete. The cost for the process has been estimated as $1.29/m(2). Methodologies for field application of the process are being developed and will be tested. This paper provides information on the MID process, laboratory evaluation of its use for decontamination, and results from the pilot field application. RP Rogers, RD (reprint author), IDAHO NATL ENGN LAB,DEPT BIOTECHNOL,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83415, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 317 EP 322 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00040 ER PT S AU Shoup, SS Bamberger, CE AF Shoup, SS Bamberger, CE BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Syntheses of titanate-based hosts for the immobilization of Pu(III) and Am(III) SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Syntheses of novel titanate-based waste forms, potentially suitable for immobilizing Pu(III) and Am(III), have been performed. The dititanate compounds An(2)Ti(2)O(7) (An=Pu or Am) were found to have a monoclinic structure. A series of pyrochlore-type solid solutions between An(2)Ti(2)O(7) and the cubic pyrochlore Ln(2)Ti(2)O(7) (Ln=Gd, Er, or Lu) has been established, and limits of solid solubility for An(2)Ti(2)O(7) were determined. These limits were found to increase as the ionic radius of the lanthanide in the host decreased. Strontium-containing titanate compounds SrAn(2)Ti(4)O(12) were also prepared and were characterized as exhibiting a perovskite-type structure. Such compounds could serve as waste hosts for the immobilization of not only the actinide but also Sr-90. A 2 month leaching study of Er1.78Pu0.22Ti2O7 and SrPu2Ti4O12 by WIPP ''A'' brine was performed. Very low amounts (< 1 ppm) of Pu(III) were leached. Although the ionic radius of Np(III) is similar to that of Pu(III) and Am(III), analogous Np compounds could not be prepared in any of the titanate systems investigated. RP Shoup, SS (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM & ANALYT SCI,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 379 EP 386 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00048 ER PT S AU Hawks, HT Scheetz, BE Guthrie, GD AF Hawks, HT Scheetz, BE Guthrie, GD BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Preparation of monophasic [NZP] radiophases: Potential host matrices for the immobilization of reprocessed commercial high-level wastes SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB The compositional flexibility of the sodium zirconium phosphate (NaZr2(PO4)(3)) structure has been exploited in the design of monophasic radiophases capable of immobilizing the most common cations associated with reprocessed high-level commercial waste streams. Highly crystalline, monophasic members of the NaZr2(PO4)(3) structural family ([NZP]) have been prepared with conventional processing methods and equipment. These radiophases were tailored to accommodate 10-20 wt % modified PW-4b simulated calcine as single phases isostructural with NaZr2(PO4)(3). To meet the challenge of designing monophasic materials capable of accommodating the chemical complexity of PW-4b, an ionic substitution scheme based on crystal chemical principles was developed. The radiophases were prepared with inexpensive, inorganic precursors and a solution sol-gel method; these materials were heat treated and/or sintered under a variety of conditions to determine the optimum conditions for single phase [NZP] formation. X-ray powder diffraction provided valuable information that was used to assess the suitability of the ionic substitution model developed in this investigation. The results of this investigation suggest that monophasic [NZP] radiophases capable of accommodating 10-20 wt % modified PW-4b simulated calcine may be continuously processed with conventional ceramic processing methods and equipment. Moreover, the relatively low temperatures involved and the reproducibility of the process make [NZP] radiophases economically attractive hosts for radioactive and heavy metal industrial wastes. RP Hawks, HT (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DIV EARTH & ENVIRONM SCI,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 387 EP 394 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00049 ER PT S AU Richardson, JW AF Richardson, JW BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Salt-occluded zeolite waste forms: Crystal structures and transformability SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Neutron diffraction studies of salt-occluded zeolite and zeolite/glass composite samples, simulating nuclear waste forms loaded with fission products, have revealed complex structures, with cations assuming the dual roles of charge compensation and occlusion (cluster formation). These clusters roughly fill the 6-8 Angstrom diameter pores of the zeolites. Samples are prepared by equilibrating zeolite-A with complex molten Li, K, Cs, Sr, Ba, Y chloride salts, with compositions representative of anticipated waste systems. Samples prepared using zeolite 4A (which contains exclusively sodium cations) as starting material are observed to transform to sodalite, a denser aluminosilicate framework structure, while those prepared using zeolite 5A (sodium and calcium ions) more readily retain the zeolite-A structure. Because the sodalite framework pores are much smaller than those of zeolite-A, clusters are smaller and more rigorously confined, with a correspondingly lower capacity for waste containment. Details of the sodalite structures resulting from transformation of zeolite-A depend upon the precise composition of the original mixture. The enhanced resistance of salt-occluded zeolites prepared from zeolite 5A to sodalite transformation is thought to be related to differences in the complex chloride clusters present in these zeolite mixtures. Data relating processing conditions to resulting zeolite composition and structure can be used in the selection of processing parameters which lead to optimal waste forms. RP Richardson, JW (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV INTENSE PULSED NEUTRON SOURCE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 395 EP 400 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00050 ER PT S AU Zyryanov, VN Vance, ER AF Zyryanov, VN Vance, ER BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Comparison of sodium zirconium phosphate-structured HLW forms and Synroc for high-level nuclear waste immobilization SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB The incorporation of (a) Cs and Sr as; (b) simulated actinides, and (c) simulated Purer waste in sodium zirconium phosphate (NZP) has been studied. The samples were prepared by sintering, by hot pressing and by hot isostatic pressing in metal bellows containers. The short-term chemical durability of the phosphate-based material containing Purer waste was within an order of magnitude of that for Synroc-C, as measured by 7-day MCC-1 tests at 90 degrees C. The dissolution behaviour showed evidence of re-precipitation phenomena, even after times as short as 28 days. Potential for improvement of NZP-based ceramics for HLW management is discussed. RP Zyryanov, VN (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM TECHNOL,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 409 EP 415 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00052 ER PT S AU Lewis, MA Hash, M Glandorf, D AF Lewis, MA Hash, M Glandorf, D BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Effect of different glass and zeolite-A compositions on the leach resistance of ceramic waste forms SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB A ceramic waste form is being developed at Argonne National Laboratory for waste generated during the electrometallurgical treatment of spent nuclear fuel. The waste is generated when fission products are removed from the electrolyte, LiCl-KCl eutectic. The ceramic waste form is a composite, fabricated by hot isostatic pressing a mixture of glass frit and zeolite occluded with fission products and salt. Past work has shown that the normalized release rate (NRR) is less than 1 g/m(2) d for all elements in a Material Characterization Center-Type 1 (MCC-1) leach test run for 28 days in deionized water at 90 degrees C (363 K). This leach resistance is comparable to that of early Savannah River glasses. We are investigating how leach resistance is affected by changes in the cationic form of zeolite and in the glass composition. Composites were made with three forms of zeolite A and six glasses. We used three-day ASTM C1220-92 (formerly MCC-1) leach tests to screen samples for development purposes only. The leach test results show that the glass composites of zeolites 5A and 4A retain fission products equally well. The loss of cesium is small, varying from 0.1 to 0.5 wt%, while the loss of divalent and trivalent fission products is one or more orders of magnitude smaller. Composites of 5A retain chloride ion better in these short-term screens than 4A and 3A. The more leach resistant composites were made with durable glasses that were rich in silica and poor in alkaline earth oxides. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that a salt phase was absent in the leach resistant composites of 5A and the better glasses but was present in the other composites with poorer leach performance. Thus, the data show that the absence of a salt phase in a composite's XRD pattern corresponds to improved leach resistance. The data also suggest that the interactions between the zeolite and glass depend on the composition of both. RP Lewis, MA (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM TECHNOL,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 433 EP 440 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00055 ER PT S AU Simpson, LJ Wronkiewicz, DJ AF Simpson, LJ Wronkiewicz, DJ BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Evaluation of standard durability tests towards the qualification process for the glass-zeolite ceramic waste form SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Glass-bonded zeolite is being developed as a potential ceramic waste form for the disposition of radionuclides associated with the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) spent nuclear fuel conditioning activities. The utility of several standard durability tests [e.g., Materials Characterization Center Test #1 (MCC-1), Product Consistency Test-B (PCT-B), and Vapor Hydration Test (VHT)] was evaluated as a first step in developing methods and criteria that can be applied towards the process of qualifying this material for acceptance into the DOE Civilian Radioactive Waste Management System. The effects of pH, leachant composition, and sample surface-area-to-leachant-volume ratios on the durability test results are discussed, in an attempt to investigate the release mechanisms and other physical and chemical parameters that are important for the acceptance criteria, including the establishment of appropriate test methodologies required for product consistency measurements. Results from PCT-Bs conducted with 4 mu m diameter salt-loaded zeolite powder indicate that a good correlation exists between release rate and ionic size and/or charge for the release behavior of the simulated fission products in deionized water (DIW), EJ-13 groundwater, and brine solutions. Simulated divalent and trivalent fission products [Sr, Ba, and rare earth (RE) ions] were preferentially retained in the zeolite (relative to the singly ionized cations) after tests with the salt-loaded zeolite in DIW. In general, the preferential cation release order for salt-loaded zeolite A in DIW is Li > Na greater than or equal to K > Cs > Al > Si > RE > Sr > Ba. Results from PCT-Bs with the salt-loaded zeolite A immersed in high-ionic-strength brines at 90 degrees C indicate a significant increase, relative to DIW tests, in the release rates of the Sr, Ba, and RE ions despite a decrease in the release of the Si and Al ions that make up the framework matrix of the zeolite. An increase in the Mg and Ca concentrations in the reacted zeolites suggests that an ion exchange process may be responsible for this increase. Vapor hydration and MCC-1 tests were performed with ceramic waste form monoliths of glass-bonded zeolite. The VHTs (temperatures at 120, 150, and 200 degrees C) provided useful information about the effect of glass composition on corrosion rates and alteration phase formation, and about the overall toughness and structural integrity of the ceramic waste form. The MCC-1 test was investigated as an alternative to the PCT for acceptance criteria measurements. The MCC-1 results indicate that corrosion testing with both DIW and high-ionic-strength leachants (that specifically affect the ion exchange behavior of the fission products) are required to fully assess the durability of the ceramic waste form. These preliminary results establish the utility of the MCC-1 test for providing possible acceptance criteria measurements, including elemental release comparisons between the environmental assessment benchmark and the ceramic waste form. RP Simpson, LJ (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 441 EP 448 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00056 ER PT S AU Balmer, ML Su, Y Grey, IE Santoro, A Roth, RS Huang, Q Hess, N Bunker, BC AF Balmer, ML Su, Y Grey, IE Santoro, A Roth, RS Huang, Q Hess, N Bunker, BC BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI The structure and properties of two new silicotitanate zeolites SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Two new zeolitic crystalline phases with stoichiometry, CsTiSi2O6.5 and Cs2TiSi6O15, have been discovered. CsTiSi2O6.5 has a crystal structure isomorphous to the mineral pollucite, CsAlSi2O6, with Ti+4 replacing Al+3. This replacement requires a mechanism for charge compensation. A combination of techniques including neutron diffraction, single crystal x-ray diffraction and x-ray absorption spectroscopy have revealed that eight extra oxygens are present per unit cell CsTiSi2O6.5 as compared to pollucite. As a result of the extra oxygen, the titanium coordination geometry is five-fold. Pentacoordinate titanium and tetrahedral silicon form a network structure with Cs residing in cages formed by the network. The crystal structure of Cs2TiSi6O15 is unique, with titanium octahedra and silicon tetrahedra forming an open framework structure with the Cs residing in large cavities. The largest covalently bonded ring opening to the Cs cavities in both compounds are smaller than a Cs ion, revealing that the Cs ion has minimal mobility in the structure. Cesium leach rates for both compounds are lower than or comparable to borosilicate glass. RP Balmer, ML (reprint author), PACIFIC NW NATL LAB,DEPT CHEM & MAT SCI,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 449 EP 455 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00057 ER PT S AU Su, YL Balmer, ML Bunker, BC AF Su, YL Balmer, ML Bunker, BC BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Evaluation of cesium silicotitanates as an alternative waste form SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Silicotitanate ion exchangers are potential materials for the removal of radioactive Cs and Sr from tank wastes. In this paper the viability of direct thermal conversion of Cs-loaded silicotitanates to an acceptable high level waste form has been examined. Results show that in aqueous solutions, the Cs leach rates of crystalline silicotitanates (heat treated at 800 degrees C) are 0.04, 0.18, 0.4 g/m(2)day for Cs loadings of 1, 5, and 20 wt%, respectively. Heating the Cs-loaded (up to 20 wt%) silicotitanates at or above 900 degrees C for 1 hour further reduces the Cs leach rates to approximately zero (beyond the 1ppm detection limits). Moreover, Cs volatilization was found to be less than or equal to 0.8 wt% at temperatures as high as 1000 degrees C. These results suggest that thermally converted silicotitanate ion exchangers exhibit excellent chemical durability (comparable to or better than borosilicate glass) and thus, have great potential as an alternative waste form. RP Su, YL (reprint author), PACIFIC NW NATL LAB,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 457 EP 464 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00058 ER PT S AU Su, YL Wang, LQ Bunker, BC Windisch, CF AF Su, YL Wang, LQ Bunker, BC Windisch, CF BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Spectroscopic studies of aluminosilicate formation in tank waste simulants SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Aluminosilicates are one of the major class of species controlling the volume of radioactive high-level waste that will be produced from future remediation at Hanford site. Here we present studies of the phases and structures of aluminosilicates as a function of sludge composition using X-ray powder diffraction, solid state Al-27 and Si-29 NMR, and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the content of NaNO3 in solution has significant effects on the nature of the insoluble aluminosilicate phases produced. It was found that regardless of the initial Si:Al ratio, nitrate cancrinite was the main phase formed in the solution with pH of 13.5 and 5 M NaNO3. However, at lower NaNO3 concentration with initial Si:Al ratios of 1.1, 2.2, and 11.0 in the solutions, a range of aluminosilicate zeolites was produced with Si:Al ratios of 1.1, 1.3, and 1.5, respectively. Lowering the solution pH appears to promote the formation of amorphous aluminosilicates. The results presented here are important for the prediction of the solubility and dissolution rate of Al in tank wastes. RP Su, YL (reprint author), PACIFIC NW NATL LAB,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 465 EP 472 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00059 ER PT S AU Wasserman, SR Giaquinta, DM Yuchs, SE Soderholm, L AF Wasserman, SR Giaquinta, DM Yuchs, SE Soderholm, L BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI The effects of surface modification on the speciation of metal ions intercalated into aluminosilicates SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB The effect of the addition of an organic monolayer to the surface of a clay mineral on the speciation of metal ions intercalated into the clay interlayer is probed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The presence of the monolayer changes the surface of the clay from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. It inhibits the interlayer ions from exchanging freely into environmental water and reduces the leach rate of cations out of the clay by approximately a factor of 20. Significant changes are observed when these coated samples are treated under hydrothermal and thermal conditions. Reductions of uranium(VI), in the form of uranyl, and copper(II) ions occur. In addition, the uranium aggregates, forming small particles that appear similar to UO2. Comparable conglomeration occurs with lead cations and with the reduced copper species. RP Wasserman, SR (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 473 EP 480 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00060 ER PT S AU Wronkiewicz, DJ Buck, EC Bates, JK AF Wronkiewicz, DJ Buck, EC Bates, JK BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Grain boundary corrosion and alteration phase formation during the oxidative dissolution of UO2 pellets SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB The alteration behavior of UO2 pellets following their reaction under unsaturated drip-test conditions, at 90 degrees C, for time periods of up to 10 years has been examined by solid phase and leachate analyses. Sample reactions were characterized by preferential dissolution of grain boundaries between the original press-sintered UO2 granules comprising the samples, development of a polygonal network of open channels along the intergrain boundaries, and spallation of surface granules that had undergone severe grain boundary corrosion. The development of a dense mat of alteration phases after two years of reaction trapped loose granules, resulting in reduced rates of particulate uranium release. The paragenetic sequence of alteration phases that formed on the present samples was similar to that observed in surficial weathering zones of natural uraninite (UO2) deposits, with alkali and alkaline earth uranyl silicates representing the long-term solubility-limiting phases for uranium in both systems. RP Wronkiewicz, DJ (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. RI Buck, Edgar/D-4288-2009; Buck, Edgar/N-7820-2013 OI Buck, Edgar/0000-0001-5101-9084 NR 0 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 519 EP 526 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00065 ER PT S AU Finn, PA Hoh, JC Wolf, SF Surchik, MT Buck, EC Bates, JK AF Finn, PA Hoh, JC Wolf, SF Surchik, MT Buck, EC Bates, JK BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Spent fuel reaction: The behavior of the epsilon-phase over 3.1 years SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB The release fractions of the five elements in the epsilon-phase (Tc-99, Mo-97, Ru, Rh, and Pd) as well as that of U-238 are reported for the reaction of two oxide fuels (ATM-103 and ATM-106) in unsaturated tests under oxidizing conditions. The Tc-99 release fractions provide a lower limit for the magnitude of the spent fuel reaction. The Tc-99 release fractions indicate that a surface reaction might be the rate controlling mechanism for fuel reaction under unsaturated conditions and the oxidant is possibly H2O2, a product of alpha radiolysis of water. RP Finn, PA (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. RI Buck, Edgar/D-4288-2009; Buck, Edgar/N-7820-2013 OI Buck, Edgar/0000-0001-5101-9084 NR 0 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 527 EP 534 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00066 ER PT S AU Steward, SA Mones, ET AF Steward, SA Mones, ET BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Comparison and modeling of aqueous dissolution rates of various uranium oxides SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB The purpose of this work has been to measure and model the intrinsic dissolution rates of uranium oxides under a variety of well-controlled conditions that are relevant to a geologic repository. When exposed to air at elevated temperature, spent fuel may form the stable phase U3O8. Dehydrated schoepite, UO3 . H2O, has been shown to exist in drip tests on spent fuel. Equivalent sets of U3O8 and UO3 . H2O dissolution experiments allowed a systematic examination of the effects of temperature (25-75 degrees C), pH (8-10) and carbonate (2-200x10(-4) molar) concentrations at atmospheric oxygen conditions. Results indicate that UO3 . H2O has a much higher dissolution rate (at least ten-fold) than U3O8 under the same conditions. The intrinsic dissolution rate of unirradiated U3O8 is about twice that of UO2. Dissolution of both U3O8 and UO3 . H2O shows a very high sensitivity to carbonate concentration. Present results show a 25 to 50-fold increase in room-temperature UO3 . H2O dissolution rates between the highest and lowest carbonate concentrations. As with the UO2 dissolution data the classical observed chemical kinetic rate law was used to model the U3O8 dissolution rate data. The pH did not have much effect on the models, in agreement with the earlier analysis of the UO2 and spent fuel dissolution data,. However, carbonate concentration, not temperature, had the strongest effect on the U3O8 dissolution rate. The U3O8 dissolution activation energy was about 6000 cal/mol, compared with 7300 and 8000 cal/mol for spent fuel and UO2 respectively. RP Steward, SA (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,POB 808,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 8 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 557 EP 564 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00070 ER PT S AU Forsberg, CW AF Forsberg, CW BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Depleted uranium oxides and silicates as spent nuclear fuel waste package fill materials SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB A new repository waste package (WP) concept for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is being investigated. The WP uses depleted uranium (DU) to improve performance and reduce the uncertainties of geological disposal of SNF. The WP would be loaded with SNF. Void spaces would then be filled with DU (similar to 0.2 wt% U-235) dioxide (UO2) or DU silicate-glass beads. Fission products and actinides can not escape the SNF UO2 crystals until the UO2 dissolves or is transformed into other chemical species. After WP failure, the DU fill material slows dissolution by three mechanisms: (1) saturation of WP groundwater with DU and suppression of SNF dissolution, (2) maintenance of chemically reducing conditions in the WP that minimize SNF solubility by sacrificial oxidation of DU from the +4 valence state, and (3) evolution of DU to lower-density hydrated uranium silicates. The fill expansion minimizes water flow in the degraded WP. The DU also isotopically exchanges with SNF uranium as the SNF degrades to reduce long-term nuclear-criticality concerns. RP Forsberg, CW (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 615 EP 622 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00078 ER PT S AU Berge, PA Blair, SC AF Berge, PA Blair, SC BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Effect of radiation on Topopah Spring tuff mechanical properties SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB The effect of radiation on the mechanical properties of Topopah Spring tuff was investigated by performing uniaxial compressive tests on irradiated and control samples of the tuff from the potential repository horizon at Yucca Mountain. Test results are presented, including stress-strain curves and peak strength and Young's modulus values. The results from this preliminary study show that for uncracked samples of Topopah Spring tuff, exposure to gamma radiation had no discernible effect on the unconfined compressive (peak) strength or the Young's modulus. However, results for samples that contained partially healed subvertical cracks indicate that exposure to radiation may reduce the strength and Young's modulus significantly. This is attributed to weakening of the cementing materials in the cracks and fractures of the samples that were irradiated. These results are preliminary, and additional studies are warranted to evaluate whether radiation weakens cementing materials in welded tuff. RP Berge, PA (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 641 EP 647 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00081 ER PT S AU Henshall, GA AF Henshall, GA BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Numerical predictions of dry oxidation of iron and low-carbon steel at moderately elevated temperatures SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Wrought and cast low-carbon steel are candidate materials for the thick (e.g. 10 cm) outer barrier of nuclear waste packages being considered for use in the potential geological repository at Yucca Mountain. Dry oxidation is one potential degradation mode for these materials at the moderately elevated temperatures expected at the container surface, e.g. 323-533 K (50-260 degrees C). Therefore, numerical predictions of dry oxidation damage have been made based on experimental data for iron and low-carbon steel and the theory of parabolic oxidation. A numerical approach employing the Forward Euler method has been implemented to integrate the parabolic rate law for arbitrary, complex temperature histories. Assuming growth of a defect-free, adherent oxide, the surface penetration of a low-carbon steel barrier following 5000 years of exposure to a severe, but repository-relevant, temperature history is predicted to be only about 0.127 mm, less than 0.13% of the expected container thickness of 10 cm. Allowing the oxide to spall upon reaching a critical thickness increases the predicted metal penetration values, but degradation is still computed to be negligible. Based on these physically-based model calculations, dry oxidation is not expected to significantly degrade the performance of thick, corrosion allowance barriers constructed of low-carbon steel. RP Henshall, GA (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,L-355,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 667 EP 673 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00084 ER PT S AU Runde, W Neu, MP Conradson, SD Clark, DL Palmer, PD Reilly, SD Scott, BL Tait, CD AF Runde, W Neu, MP Conradson, SD Clark, DL Palmer, PD Reilly, SD Scott, BL Tait, CD BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Spectroscopic investigation of actinide speciation in concentrated chloride solution SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Actinide solubilities in highly concentrated chloride solutions are about one order of magnitude higher than in similar inert electrolyte (NaClO4) solutions. This increased solubility is due to interactions between actinide and chloride ions. Contradictory results exist regarding the interaction mechanism between actinide and chloride ions. Specifically, both inner-sphere complex formation and ion pair association have been implicated in the interpretation of spectrophotometric and extraction data. To address this controversy, we investigated the interaction between actinide ions in the (III), (IV), (V) and (VI) oxidation states and chloride ions using a multi-method approach. Spectroscopic techniques (TRLFS, Raman, UV-Vis absorption, EXAFS) were used to distinguish between changes in the inner coordination sphere of the actinide ion and effects of ion pairing. X-ray absorption spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction were used to determine structural details of the actinide chloro complexes formed in solution and solid states. RP Runde, W (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 7 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 693 EP 703 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00087 ER PT S AU Hess, NJ Felmy, AR Rai, D Conradson, SD AF Hess, NJ Felmy, AR Rai, D Conradson, SD BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Characterization of Th carbonate solutions using XAS and implications for thermodynamic modeling SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB The chemical behavior of actinide elements in tank solutions, in soil, and in groundwater is dependent upon the chemical species that form when aqueous solutions come in contact with the actinide compounds. In particular the chemical speciation of the reduced actinide oxidation states (III and IV) are important, for example, to DOE waste tank processing and, more generally, to nuclear waste disposal issues. Predicting the solubility of the actinides in these solutions requires identification of the strong aqueous complexes, such as carbonates and organic chelating agents, that can form in aqueous solution. Previous speciation work has often relied on indirect techniques such as potentiometric titrations or solubility measurements. Recent XAS experiments determine directly the speciation of the Th carbonate species of seven solutions under a range of carbonate concentrations and pH conditions. The presence of the pentacarbonato complex is confirmed and the complex's stability at low carbonate concentrations is determined. These experimental results support a proposed thermodynamic model that describes the solubility of Th(IV) hydrous oxide in the aqueous Na+-HCO3--CO32--OH--ClO4--H2O system extending to high concentrations at 25 degrees C. This model is relatively simple in that only two aqueous species are included Th(OH)(3)CO3- and Th(CO3)(5)(6-). RP Hess, NJ (reprint author), BATTELLE MEM INST,PACIFIC NW LABS,POB 999,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 729 EP 734 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00091 ER PT S AU Neu, MP Reilly, SD Runde, WH AF Neu, MP Reilly, SD Runde, WH BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Plutonium solubility and speciation to be applied to the separation of hydrothermal waste treatment effluent SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB One of the most complex problems concerning nuclear waste management and the restoration of plutonium production sites is the treatment and disposition of mixed and TRU wastes. Hydrothermal oxidation, which has been shown to be effective in oxidizing a wide variety of organic material to CO2, water, salts and other nonhazardous oxides, is a promising new technology for the treatment and volume reduction of actinide-containing waste. Information on the speciation and solubility of plutonium under process effluent conditions will facilitate the development of separation techniques for removing it from the treated solutions. Such a strongly oxidizing environment will generate plutonium(VI); and upon the destruction of organics, hydrothermal reactor solutions will contain carbonate. We are investigating the solubility and speciation of the plutonium(VI) carbonate system as a function of ionic strength (0.1 to 5.0 M). Formation constants for the tris- and biscarbonato complexes of plutonium(IV) were determined to be, log beta(130) = 17.7 and log beta(120) = 13.6, respectively, by spectrophotometry. These formation constants indicate that PuO2CO3(aq) is the plutonium (VI) carbonate solution species with the largest relevant stability range. We prepared and characterized the corresponding solid using largest relevant stability range. XRD, EXAFS, and diffuse reflectance, and initiated solubility experiments in 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 M NaCl at 22+/-1 degrees C under 100% CO2. Data collected thus far yield the solubility products, log K-sp mol(2)/kg(2) = 12.9 (0.1 m NaCl), -12.4 (0.2 m NaCl), -12.5 (0.5 m NaCl), -12.3 (1 m NaCl), -12.2 (2 m NaCl), -12.3 (5 m NaCl). RP Neu, MP (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DEPT CHEM SCI & TECHNOL,MAIL STOP G739,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 759 EP 765 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00095 ER PT S AU Hess, NJ Sukamto, JH Rassat, SD Hallen, RT Orth, RJ Lilga, MA Lawrence, WE AF Hess, NJ Sukamto, JH Rassat, SD Hallen, RT Orth, RJ Lilga, MA Lawrence, WE BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Characterization of electroactive Cs ion-exchange materials using XAS SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Various ion exchange materials have been proposed for the removal of Cs from high level waste streams produced during the reprocessing of fuel rods. Cs can be released from loaded traditional exchange resins by elution and then the resin can be reused. However large quantities of secondary wastes are generated. Another class of ''single use'' exchangers is directly incorporated in the loaded state into a solid waste form (e.g. borosilicate glass logs). A third alternative is electroactive ion-exchange materials, where the uptake and elution of Cs are controlled by an applied potential. This approach has several advantages over traditional reusable ion-exchange resins including much reduced secondary waste, higher Cs selectivity, and higher durability. XAS experiments were conducted at the Fe K-edge and Cs L-III-edge on a series of electrochemically produced nickel ferrocyanide films to determine the effects of deposition conditions and subsequent alkali exchange on structural and chemical aspects of the films. The deposition conditions include methods described in the literature and PNNL proprietary procedures. Although the performance and the durability of the films do vary with processing conditions, Fe K-edge EXAFS results indicate that all deposition conditions result in the formation of the cubic phase. Initial results from Cs L-III-edge EXAFS analysis suggest that the Cs ion is present as a hydrated species. RP Hess, NJ (reprint author), BATTELLE MEM INST,PACIFIC NW LABS,POB 999,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 813 EP 818 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00101 ER PT S AU Levy, SS FabrykaMartin, JT Dixon, PR Liu, BL Turin, HJ Wolfsberg, AV AF Levy, SS FabrykaMartin, JT Dixon, PR Liu, BL Turin, HJ Wolfsberg, AV BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Chlorine-36 investigations of groundwater infiltration in the exploratory studies facility at Yucca Mountain, Nevada SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Chlorine-36, including the natural cosmogenic component and the component produced during atmospheric nuclear testing in the 1950's and 1960's (bomb pulse), is being used as an isotopic tracer for groundwater infiltration studies at Yucca Mountain, a potential nuclear waste repository. Rock samples have been collected systematically in the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF), and samples were also collected from fractures, faults, and breccia zones. Isotopic ratios indicative of bomb-pulse components in the water (Cl-36/Cl values > 1250 x 10(-15), signifying less than 40-yr travel times from the surface, have been detected at a few locations within the Topopah Spring Tuff, the candidate host rock for the repository. The specific features associated with the high Cl-36/Cl values are predominantly cooling joints and syngenetic breccias, but most of the sites are in the general vicinity of faults. The non-bomb pulse samples have Cl-36/Cl values interpreted to indicate groundwater travel times of at least a few thousand to possibly several hundred thousand years. Preliminary numerical solute-travel experiments using the FEHM (Finite Element Heat and Mass transfer) code demonstrate consistency between these interpreted ages and the observed Cl-36/Cl values but do not validate the interpretations. RP Levy, SS (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 901 EP 908 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00112 ER PT S AU PansoyHjelvik, ME Strietelmeier, BA Paffett, MT Kitten, SM Leonard, PA Dunn, M Gillow, JB Dodge, CJ Villarreal, R Triay, IR Francis, AJ AF PansoyHjelvik, ME Strietelmeier, BA Paffett, MT Kitten, SM Leonard, PA Dunn, M Gillow, JB Dodge, CJ Villarreal, R Triay, IR Francis, AJ BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Enumeration of microbial populations in radioactive environments by epifluorescence microscope SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Epifluorescence microscopy was utilized to enumerate halophilic bacterial populations in two studies involving inoculated, actual radioactive waste/brine mixtures and pure brine solutions. The studies include an initial set of experiments designed to elucidate potential transformations of actinide-containing wastes under salt-repository conditions, including microbially mediated changes. The first study included periodic enumeration of bacterial populations of a mixed inoculum initially added to a collection of test containers. The contents of the test containers are the different types of actual radioactive waste that could potentially be stored in nuclear waste repositories in a salt environment. The transuranic waste was generated from materials used in actinide laboratory research. The results show that cell numbers decreased with time. Sorption of the bacteria to solid surfaces in the test system is discussed as a possible mechanism for the decrease in cell numbers. The second study was designed to determine radiological and/or chemical effects of Pu-239, Am-243, Np-237 Th-232 and U-238 on the growth of pure and mixed anaerobic, denitrifying bacterial cultures in brine media. Pu, Am, and Np isotopes at concentrations of less than or equal to 1x10(-5) M, less than or equal to 5x10(-6) M and less than or equal to 5x10(-4) M respectively, and Th and U isotopes at concentrations of less than or equal to 4x10(-3) M were tested in these media. The results indicate that high actinide concentrations affected both the bacterial growth rate and morphology. However, relatively minor effects from Am were observed at all tested concentrations with the pure culture. RP PansoyHjelvik, ME (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,CST-7 MS J514,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87544, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 941 EP 948 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00117 ER PT S AU Buscheck, TA Nitao, JJ Ramspott, LD AF Buscheck, TA Nitao, JJ Ramspott, LD BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Near-field thermal-hydrological behavior for alternative repository designs at Yucca Mountain SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Three-dimensional calculations that explicitly represent a realistic mixture of waste packages (WPs) are used to analyze decay-heat-driven thermal-hydrological behavior around emplacement drifts in a potential high-level waste facility at Yucca Mountain. Calculations, using the NUFT code, compare two fundamentally different ways that WPs can be arranged in the repository, with a focus on temperature, relative humidity, and liquid-phase flux on WPs. These quantities strongly affect WP integrity and the mobilization and release of radionuclides from WPs. Point-load spacing, which places the WPs roughly equidistant from each other, thermally isolates WPs from each other, causing large variability in temperature, relative humidity, and liquid-phase flux along the drifts. Line-load spacing, which places WPs nearly end to end in widely spaced drifts, results in more locally intensive and uniform heating along the drifts, causing hotter, drier, and more uniform conditions. A larger and more persistent reduction in relative humidity on WPs occurs if the drifts are backfilled with a low-thermal-conductivity granular material with hydrologic properties that minimize moisture wicking. RP Buscheck, TA (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,GEOL SCI & ENVIRONM TECHNOL DIV,POB 808,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 1029 EP 1036 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00127 ER PT S AU Chen, Y McGrail, BP Engel, DW AF Chen, Y McGrail, BP Engel, DW BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Source-term analysis for Hanford low-activity tank waste using the reaction-transport code AREST-CT SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB A general, integrated performance assessment code, AREST-CT, was used to analyze the influence of various factors on the release rates of radionuclides from a proposed facility for disposal of low-activity tank wastes. The code couples various process models together based on the framework of reaction-transport theory. The disposal facility was modeled as a 1-D column surrounded by soil. A borosilicate waste glass, LD6-5412 was the waste form considered in the analysis. Included in the simulations were 38 aqueous species, 14 minerals, 21 equilibrium reactions, and 16 kinetic reactions. Dissolution rate of the glass and the release rates of Tc, Pu, U, Np, I, Se under different conditions were calculated for 50,000 years. The simulations revealed that 1) open exchange between the atmosphere and pore-water within the vault significantly improves the performance; 2) an ion-exchange reaction between the glass and aqueous phase increases the release rates significantly; and 3) at the hydrogeologic conditions under consideration, variation of the pore-water velocity has little effect on the release rate of radionuclides. These results provide a scientific basis for formulation of waste forms and engineering design of the disposal facility. Reaction-transport modeling can provide information on the long-term performance of disposal systems that are not obtainable from laboratory experiments alone or by conventional decoupled process models. RP Chen, Y (reprint author), BATTELLE MEM INST,PACIFIC NW LABS,POB 999,K6-81,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 1051 EP 1058 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00130 ER PT S AU Matthews, ML AF Matthews, ML BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI The WIPP Pre-Disposal Phase Experimental Program SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB WIPP is a transuranic waste disposal project of the U.S. Department of Energy and administered by the Carlsbad Area Office. The WIPP facility is a mined repository located near Carlsbad, New Mexico. It was developed and constructed 658 meters below the surface to demonstrate the safe, permanent isolation of transuranic radioactive wastes in a bedded salt formation. After the site selection phase and construction phase were completed, DOE embarked upon a pre-disposal experimental program phase. There are four major WIPP experimental program areas: shaft seals and rock mechanics; disposal room interactions; fluid flow and transport; and direct releases due to human intrusion. The Pre-Disposal Phase Experimental Program provided the necessary information to support the WIPP performance assessment process. The results of the program have been instrumental in demonstrating that the WIPP meets the regulatory requirements. RP Matthews, ML (reprint author), US DEPT ENERGY,OFF REGULATORY COMPLIANCE,CARLSBAD AREA OFF,POB 3090,CARLSBAD,CA 92009, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 1141 EP 1148 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00141 ER PT S AU Triay, IR Apted, MJ AF Triay, IR Apted, MJ BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Panel discussion on the role of performance assessment for radioactive waste management - Summary SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc RP Triay, IR (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 1149 EP 1150 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00142 ER PT S AU Finch, RJ AF Finch, RJ BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Thermodynamic stabilities of U(VI) minerals: Estimated and observed relationships SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Gibbs free energies of formation (Delta G degrees f) for several structurally related U(VT) minerals are estimated by summing the Gibbs energy contributions from component oxides. The estimated Delta G degrees f values are used to construct activity-activity (stability) diagrams, and the predicted stability fields are compared with observed mineral occurrences and reaction pathways. With some exceptions, natural occurrences agree well with the mineral stability fields estimated for the systems SiO2-CaO-UO3-H2O and CO2-CaO-UO3-H2O, providing confidence in the estimated thermodynamic values. Activity-activity diagrams are sensitive to small differences in Delta G degrees f values, and mineral compositions must be known accurately, including structurally bound H2O. The estimated Delta G degrees f values are not considered reliable for a few minerals for two major reasons: (1) the structures of the minerals in question are not closely similar to those used to estimate the Delta G(f)* values of the component oxides, and/or (2) the minerals in question are exceptionally fine grained, leading to large surface energies that increase the effective mineral solubilities. RP Finch, RJ (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. RI Finch, Robert/D-9553-2013 OI Finch, Robert/0000-0001-9342-5574 NR 0 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 1185 EP 1192 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00147 ER PT S AU Chamberlain, DB Hanchar, JM Emery, JW Hoh, JC Wolf, SF Finch, RJ Bates, JK Ellison, AJG Dingwell, DB AF Chamberlain, DB Hanchar, JM Emery, JW Hoh, JC Wolf, SF Finch, RJ Bates, JK Ellison, AJG Dingwell, DB BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Development and testing of a glass waste form for the immobilization of plutonium SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Two alkali-tin-silicate (ATS) glasses have been prepared at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) as part of our ongoing research in radioactive waste glass development. These glasses dissolved 5% and approximately 7% Pu. Early corrosion test results indicate that Pu-bearing ATS glass is extremely durable. The initial goal in this project concerned equally both the solubility of Pu and the durability of the ATS glasses; however, our primary emphasis has changed recently to maximizing the loading of Pu in the glass. ATS-based glasses, using Th(VI) and Ce(III) as surrogates for PU(IV), are now being investigated to increase the solubility of Pu without substantially sacrificing the durability of the current ATS formulations. The solution data from various corrosion tests on the original Pu-containing ATS glasses are also presented. RP Chamberlain, DB (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. RI Finch, Robert/D-9553-2013; Dingwell, Donald/A-4724-2011 OI Finch, Robert/0000-0001-9342-5574; Dingwell, Donald/0000-0002-3332-789X NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 1229 EP 1236 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00152 ER PT S AU OHolleran, TP Johnson, SG Frank, SM Meyer, MK Noy, M Wood, EL Knecht, DA Vinjamuri, K Staples, BA AF OHolleran, TP Johnson, SG Frank, SM Meyer, MK Noy, M Wood, EL Knecht, DA Vinjamuri, K Staples, BA BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Glass-ceramic waste forms for immobilizing plutonium SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Results are reported on several new glass and glass-ceramic waste formulations for plutonium disposition. The approach proposed involves employing existing calcined high level waste (HLW) present at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant (ICPP) as an additive to: 1) aid in the formation of a durable waste form and 2) decrease the attractiveness level of the plutonium from a proliferation viewpoint. The plutonium, PuO2, loadings employed were 15 wt% (glass) and 17 wt% (glass-ceramic). Results in the form of x-ray diffraction patterns, microstructure and durability tests are presented on cerium surrogate and plutonium loaded waste forms using simulated calcined HLW and demonstrate that durable phases, zirconia and zirconolite, contain essentially all the plutonium. RP OHolleran, TP (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,POB 2528,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83403, USA. RI Frank, Steven/B-9046-2017 OI Frank, Steven/0000-0001-8259-6722 NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 1251 EP 1258 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00155 ER PT S AU Buck, EC Ebbinghaus, B Bakel, AJ Bates, JK AF Buck, EC Ebbinghaus, B Bakel, AJ Bates, JK BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Characterization of a plutonium-bearing zirconolite-rich Synroc SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB A titanate-based ceramic waste form, rich in phases structurally related to zirconolite (CaZrTi2O7), is being developed as a possible method for immobilizing excess plutonium from dismantled nuclear weapons. As part of this program, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) produced several ceramics that were then characterized at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). The plutonium-loaded ceramic was found to contain a Pu-Gd zirconolite phase but also contained plutonium titanates, Gd-polymignyte, and a series of other phases. In addition, much of the Pu was remained as PuO2-x. The Pu oxidation state in the zirconolite was determined to be mainly Pu4+, although some Pu3+ was believed to be present. RP Buck, EC (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. RI Buck, Edgar/D-4288-2009; Buck, Edgar/N-7820-2013 OI Buck, Edgar/0000-0001-5101-9084 NR 0 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 1259 EP 1266 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00156 ER PT S AU Choi, JS Pigford, TH AF Choi, JS Pigford, TH BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Underground criticality in geologic disposal SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Disposition of weapons fissile material as once-through MOx fuel in reactors or immobilization in waste glass would result in end products requiring geologic disposal. Similar considerations apply to some spent fuels in a geologic repository. The criticality potential of these end products in a geologic setting is an important consideration for the final disposal of these materials. In this document we present calculations that help define parameters and configurations for criticality, including those that, if the criticality is achieved, could lead to autocatalytic power transients. It is not the purpose of this paper to define scenarios that could reasonably lead to criticality or to establish the probabilities that critical configurations could occur. We do suggest some parameters that should be considered by waste package designers and repository analysts to ensure that criticality cannot occur. RP Choi, JS (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 1273 EP 1280 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00158 ER PT S AU Meaker, TF Peeler, DK Marra, JC Pareizs, JM Ramsey, WG AF Meaker, TF Peeler, DK Marra, JC Pareizs, JM Ramsey, WG BE Gray, WJ Triay, IR TI Actinide solubility in lanthanide borosilicate glass for possible immobilization and disposition SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT XX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Immobilization by vitrification is one potential disposition option for a portion of the United States' excess plutonium inventory. Research has been performed to determine the glass forming region of a frit, plutonium and rare earth system. The frit contains mainly oxides of aluminum, silicon and boron; small amounts of ZrO2 and SrO are also included. The rare earth elements provide a flux to the glass during processing. The rare earths are also added as neutron absorbers (to prohibit criticality) in the final vitreous product. This report will show the compositional region, using Th as a Pu surrogate, that should be targeted in future studies for maximum Pu solubility in the lanthanide borosilicate glass system. Durability data and process variables will also be provided. RP Meaker, TF (reprint author), WESTINGHOUSE SAVANNAH RIVER CO,SAVANNAH RIVER LAB,SAVANNAH RIVER SITE,AIKEN,SC 29808, USA. NR 0 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-369-X J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 465 BP 1281 EP 1286 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BJ28H UT WOS:A1997BJ28H00159 ER PT J AU Engelmann, HJ Kim, AS Thomas, G AF Engelmann, HJ Kim, AS Thomas, G TI Microstructure and magnetic effects of small Cu additions to (Nd,Dy)FeB magnets SO SCRIPTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article ID NDFEB MAGNETS C1 CRUCIBLE RES,PITTSBURGH,PA 15205. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT MAT SCI & MINERAL ENGN,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,DIV SCI MAT,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Engelmann, HJ (reprint author), INST SOLID STATE & MAT RES DRESDEN,D-01171 DRESDEN,GERMANY. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1359-6462 J9 SCRIPTA MATER JI Scr. Mater. PD JAN 1 PY 1997 VL 36 IS 1 BP 55 EP 62 DI 10.1016/S1359-6462(96)00312-0 PG 8 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA VX362 UT WOS:A1997VX36200009 ER PT J AU Powell, GL Barber, TE Neu, JT Nerren, BH AF Powell, GL Barber, TE Neu, JT Nerren, BH BE Whitaker, AF ClarkIngram, M Hessler, SL TI Diffuse reflectance mid-infrared spectroscopy as a tool for the identification of surface contamination on sandblasted metals. SO SECOND AEROSPACE ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE SE NASA CONFERENCE PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Aerospace Environmental Technology Conference CY AUG 06-08, 1996 CL HUNTSVILLE, AL SP NASA, NASA Operat Environm Team, NASA, Off Space Flight, SAMPE Space Mfg Trust Comm, Aerosp Ind Assoc, Air Transport Assoc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Soc Met Int, Environm Protect Agcy, Natl Ctr Mfg Sci, Univ Alabama Huntsville AB The SOC 400 Surface Inspection Machine/Infrared (SIMIR) is a small, ruggedized Fourier transform infrared spectrometer having dedicated diffuse reflectance optics. The SOC 400 was designed for the purpose of detecting (qualitatively and quantitatively) oil stains on the inside surface of solid rocket motor casings in the as-sandblasted and cleaned condition at levels approaching 1 mg ft(2). The performance of this instrument is described using spectral mapping techniques. RP Powell, GL (reprint author), LOCKHEED MARTIN ENERGY SYST INC,OAK RIDGE Y12 PLANT,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU NASA PI WASHINGTON PA WASHINGTON, DC 20546 J9 NASA CONF P PY 1997 VL 3349 BP 499 EP 507 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Environmental SC Engineering GA BJ47U UT WOS:A1997BJ47U00053 ER PT J AU Meltzer, M Gregg, H AF Meltzer, M Gregg, H BE Whitaker, AF ClarkIngram, M Hessler, SL TI A new tool for contamination analysis SO SECOND AEROSPACE ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE SE NASA CONFERENCE PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Aerospace Environmental Technology Conference CY AUG 06-08, 1996 CL HUNTSVILLE, AL SP NASA, NASA Operat Environm Team, NASA, Off Space Flight, SAMPE Space Mfg Trust Comm, Aerosp Ind Assoc, Air Transport Assoc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Soc Met Int, Environm Protect Agcy, Natl Ctr Mfg Sci, Univ Alabama Huntsville AB The Contamination Analysis Unit (CAU) is a sensing system that facilitates a whole new approach to industrial cleaning. Through use of portable mass spectrometry and various desorption techniques, the CAU provides in-process, near-real-time measurement of surface cleanliness levels. It can be of help in significantly reducing hazardous waste generation and toxic air emissions from manufacturing operations. RP Meltzer, M (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,POB 808,L-626,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NASA PI WASHINGTON PA WASHINGTON, DC 20546 J9 NASA CONF P PY 1997 VL 3349 BP 509 EP 512 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Environmental SC Engineering GA BJ47U UT WOS:A1997BJ47U00054 ER PT B AU Gustafson, J AF Gustafson, J BE Mirenkov, N Gu, QP Peng, ST Sedukhin, S TI The program of Grand Challenge problems: Expectations and results SO SECOND AIZU INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PARALLEL ALGORITHMS/ARCHITECTURE SYNTHESIS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd AIZU International Symposium on Parallel Algorithms/Architecture Synthesis CY MAR 17-21, 1997 CL AIZU WAKAMATSU, JAPAN SP Univ Aizu, IEEE Comp Soc Tech Comm Comp Architecture, IFIP WG 10.3 Concurrent Syst, ACM SIGARCH, Informat Proc Soc Japan DE grand challenges; numerical analysis; Monte Carlo; interval AB The U.S. high-performance computing community still uses the term ''Grand Challenge'' for a variety of difficult problems in computational science. Though it was primarily a means of communicating computing goals to nonpractitioners, it also serves the useful purpose of letting practitioners focus on defining goals more carefully. For purposes of Grand Challenge computing, it is essential to have precise goals, and a wall of measuring progress toward those goals. Many Gland Challenges have neither. A particularly common error is to measure the size of a computing problem with some integer ''N'' that represents rite number of grid points or the number of particles or some other count of a discrete quantity. Another common error is to use measures of hardware activity, such as floating point operations per second, as a valid goal for an application programmer. This paper presents an approach to measuring the progress of physical simulations that shows promise for putting computational efforts on firmer scientific ground. RP Gustafson, J (reprint author), US DOE,AMES LAB,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E, COMPUTER SOC PRESS PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720 BN 0-8186-7870-4 PY 1997 BP 2 EP 7 DI 10.1109/AISPAS.1997.581619 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BH39C UT WOS:A1997BH39C00001 ER PT B AU Hansen, C Krogh, M Painter, J AF Hansen, C Krogh, M Painter, J BE Mirenkov, N Gu, QP Peng, ST Sedukhin, S TI Parallel rendering techniques for massively parallel visualization SO SECOND AIZU INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PARALLEL ALGORITHMS/ARCHITECTURE SYNTHESIS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd AIZU International Symposium on Parallel Algorithms/Architecture Synthesis CY MAR 17-21, 1997 CL AIZU WAKAMATSU, JAPAN SP Univ Aizu, IEEE Comp Soc Tech Comm Comp Architecture, IFIP WG 10.3 Concurrent Syst, ACM SIGARCH, Informat Proc Soc Japan AB As the resolution of simulation models increases, scientific visualization algorithms which take advantage of the large memory and parallelism of Massively Parallel Processors (MPPs) are becoming increasingly important. For large applications rendering on the MPP tends to be preferable to rendering on a graphics workstation due to the MPP's abundant resources: memory, disk, and numerous processors. The challenge becomes developing algorithms that carl exploit these resources while minimizing overhead, typically communication costs. This paper will describe recent efforts in parallel rendering for polygonal primitives as well as parallel volumetric techniques. This paper presents rendering algorithms, developed for massively parallel processors (MPPs), for polygonal, spheres, and volumetric data. The polygon algorithm uses a data parallel approach whereas the sphere and volume render use a MIMD approach. Implementations for these algorithms are presented far the Thinking Machines Corporation CM-5 and the Cray Research Inc T3D. RP Hansen, C (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,ADV COMP LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E, COMPUTER SOC PRESS PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720 BN 0-8186-7870-4 PY 1997 BP 276 EP 281 DI 10.1109/AISPAS.1997.581676 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BH39C UT WOS:A1997BH39C00033 ER PT S AU Crandall, DH Keane, CJ Bieg, K Powers, LV Sluyter, MM AF Crandall, DH Keane, CJ Bieg, K Powers, LV Sluyter, MM BE Andre, ML TI US ICF program: Status and accomplishments SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB The paper describes the structure of the ICF program and highlights its latest results. The pre-construction activities of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) project: have increased their momentum as a result of the recent Congressional decision to appropriate the requested funds for Fiscal Year 1997 to continue the project. The facility is an essential part of United States nuclear defense program in the absence of underground testing. The near-term goal of the U.S. ICF program is to achieve ignition in the laboratory (i.e. NIF) and to achieve high yield in the future. This paper describes some current results in ignition physics and related areas, as well as the progress in some new concepts that may have application to high yield. International collaborations that have been developed in recent years have contributed to the increased rate of progress, The paper closes with a summary of current and planned international initiatives. C1 US DOE, Off Inertial Fus, Washington, DC 20585 USA. RP Crandall, DH (reprint author), US DOE, Off Inertial Fus, Washington, DC 20585 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 2 EP 13 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500001 ER PT S AU Lowdermilk, WH AF Lowdermilk, WH BE Andre, ML TI Status of the National Ignition Facility Project SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB The National ignition Facility (NIF) Project being constructed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) will use advanced Nd-glass laser technology to deliver 1.8 Mr of 0.35-mu m laser light in a shaped pulse, several nanoseconds in duration, achieving a peak power of 500 TW. A national community of U.S. laboratories is participating in this project, now in its final design phase. France and the US have collaborated on numerous technology developments for NIF and the French Megajoule Laser Project (LMJ).(1) Separate and more limited collaborations between the US and UK have taken place under agreements predating NIF and LMJ.(2) This paper presents the status of the laser design and development of its principal components and optical elements. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Lowdermilk, WH (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave,L-490, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 16 EP 37 PN 1&2 PG 22 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500002 ER PT S AU Van Wonterghem, BM Murray, JE Burkhart, SC Penko, F Henesian, MA Auerbach, JA Wegner, PJ Caird, JA AF Van Wonterghem, BM Murray, JE Burkhart, SC Penko, F Henesian, MA Auerbach, JA Wegner, PJ Caird, JA BE Andre, ML TI High fluence 1.05 mu m performance tests using 20 ns shaped pulses on the Beamlet prototype laser SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB Beamlet is a single beamline, nearly full scale physics prototype of the 192 beam Nd:Glass laser driver of the National Ignition Facility. It is used to demonstrate laser performance of the NIF multipass amplifier architecture. Initial system characterization tests have all been performed at pulse durations less than 10 ns. Pinhole closure and modulation at the end of long pulses are a significant concern for the operation of NIF. We recently demonstrated the generation, amplification and propagation of high energy pulses temporally shaped to mimic 20 ns long ignition pulse shapes at fluence levels exceeding the nominal NIF design requirements for Inertial Confinement Fusion by Indirect Drive, We also demonstrated the effectiveness of a new conical pinhole design used in the transport spatial filter to mitigate plasma closure effects and increase closure time to exceed the duration of the 20 ns long pulse. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Van Wonterghem, BM (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 66 EP 72 PN 1&2 PG 7 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500007 ER PT S AU Krupke, WF AF Krupke, WF BE Andre, ML TI Diode-pumped solid state lasers (DPSSLs) for inertial fusion energy (IFE) SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE diode-pumped solid state laser; Yb : S-FAP; inertial fusion energy (IFE); turbulent gas cooling; regenerative amplifier; fusion power reactor AB The status of diode-pumped, transverse-gas-flow cooled, Yb-S-FAP slab lasers is reviewed. Recently acquired experimental performance data are combined with a cost/performance IFE driver design code to define a cost-effective development path for IFE DPSSL drivers. Specific design parameters are described for the Mercury 100J/10 Hz, 1 kW system (first in the development scenario). C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Krupke, WF (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 73 EP 82 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500008 ER PT S AU Henesian, M Renard, P Auerbach, J Caird, J Ehrlich, B Haney, S Hunt, J Lawson, J Manes, K Milam, D Sacks, R Seppala, L Smith, I Speck, R Thompson, C Van Wonterghem, B Wegner, P Weiland, T Widmayer, C Williams, W Trenholme, JB AF Henesian, M Renard, P Auerbach, J Caird, J Ehrlich, B Haney, S Hunt, J Lawson, J Manes, K Milam, D Sacks, R Seppala, L Smith, I Speck, R Thompson, C Van Wonterghem, B Wegner, P Weiland, T Widmayer, C Williams, W Trenholme, JB BE Andre, ML TI The use of beam propagation modeling of Beamlet and Nova to ensure a "Safe" National Ignition Facility laser system design SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE optical damage; beam filamentation; self-focusing; Schlieren; Beamlet; Nova; NIF AB An exhaustive set of Beamlet and Nova Baser system simulations were performed over a wide range of power levels in order to gain understanding about the statistical trends in Nova and Beamlet's experimental data sets, and to provide critical validation of propagation tools' and design "rules" applied to the 192-arm National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The experiments considered for modeling were at 220-ps FWHM duration with unpumped booster slabs on Beamlet, and 100-ps FWHM with pumped 31.5-cm and 46-cm disk amplifiers on Nova.(2) Simulations indicated that on Beamlet, the dB (the intensity-dependent phase shift parameter characterizing the tendency towards beam filamentation) for the booster amplifier stage without pumping, would be nearly identical to the Delta B expected on NIF at the peak of a typical 20-ns long shaped pulse intended for ICF target irradiation, Therefore, with energies less than 1 kJ in short-pulses, we examined on Beamlet the comparable Delta B-driven filamentation conditions predicted for long ICF: pulseshapes in the 18 kJ regime on the NIF, while avoiding fluence dependent surface damage. Various spatial filter pinhole configurations were examined on Nova and Beamlet. Open transport spatial filter pinholes were used in some experiments to allow the direct measurement of the onset of beam filamentation, Schlieren images on Beamlet of the far field irradiance measuring the scattered light fraction outside of 33-mu radians were also obtained and compared to modeled results.(3) C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Henesian, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-490, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Trenholme, John/M-4805-2016 OI Trenholme, John/0000-0003-3673-6653 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 84 EP 95 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500009 ER PT S AU Jancaitis, KS Haney, SW Munro, DH Le Touze, G Cabourdin, O AF Jancaitis, KS Haney, SW Munro, DH Le Touze, G Cabourdin, O BE Andre, ML TI A 3-dimensional ray-trace model for predicting the performance of flashlamp-pumped laser amplifiers SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE amplifiers; flashlamps; Beamlet; laser; NIF; ray-trace AB We have developed a fully three-dimensional model for the performance of flashlamp pumped laser amplifiers. The model uses a reverse ray-trace technique to calculate the pumping of the laser glass by the flashlamp radiation. We have discovered-several different methods by which we can speed up the calculation of the gain profile in a amplifier. The model predicts the energy-storage performance of the Beamlet amplifiers to better than 5%. This model will be used in the optimization of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) amplifier design. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Jancaitis, KS (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-490, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 106 EP 112 PN 1&2 PG 7 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500012 ER PT S AU Erlandson, AC Lambert, H Zapata, LE Pedrotti, L Larson, DW Rotter, MD Dallum, WJ Seznec, SE LeTouze, G Grebot, E Carbourdin, O Fornerod, JC Bosch, P AF Erlandson, AC Lambert, H Zapata, LE Pedrotti, L Larson, DW Rotter, MD Dallum, WJ Seznec, SE LeTouze, G Grebot, E Carbourdin, O Fornerod, JC Bosch, P BE Andre, ML TI The effect of amplifier component maintenance on laser system availability and reliability for the US National Ignition Facility SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE amplifiers; availability; flashlamps; ICF; inertial confinement fusion; laser; LMJ; NIF; maintenance; reliability AB We have analyzed the availability and reliability of the flashlamp-pumped, Pad:glass amplifiers that, as a part of a laser now being designed for future experiments, in inertial confinement fusion (ICF), will be used in the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Clearly, in order for large ICF systems such as the NIF to operate effectively as a whole, all components must meet demanding availability and reliability requirements. Accordingly, the NIF amplifiers can achieve high reliability and availability by using reliable parts, and by using a cassette-based maintenance design that allows most key amplifier par-ts to be replaced within a few hours. in this way, parts that degrade slowly - as the laser slabs, silver reflectors, and blastshields can be expected to do, based on previous experience - can be replaced either between shots or during scheduled maintenance periods, with no effect on availability or reliability. In contrast, parts that fail rapidly - such as the flashlamps - can and do cause unavailability or unreliability. Our analysis demonstrates that the amplifiers for the NIF will meet availability and reliability goals, respectively, of 99.8% and 99.4%, provided that the 7680 NIF flashlamps in NIF have failure rates of less thats, or equal to, those experienced on Nova, a 5000-lamp laser at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Erlandson, AC (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-490, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 138 EP 147 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500016 ER PT S AU Horvath, J AF Horvath, J BE Andre, ML TI NIF/LMJ prototype amplifier mechanical design SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE amplifier; cassette; guillotine; blastshield; flashlamp; slab; maintenance; vehicle; cart; AMPLAB AB Amplifier prototypes for the National ignition Facility and the Laser Megajoule will be tested at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The prototype amplifier, which is an ensemble of modules from LLNL and Centre d'Etudes de Limeil-Valenton, is cassette-based with bottom access For maintenance, A sealed maintenance transfer vehicle which moves optical cassettes between the amplifier and the assembly cleanroom, and a vacuum gripper which holds laser slabs during cassette assembly will also be tested. The prototype amplifier will be used to verify amplifier optical performance, thermal recovery time, and cleanliness of mechanical operations. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Horvath, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 148 EP 157 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500017 ER PT S AU Rotter, M McCracken, R Erlandson, A Guenet, M AF Rotter, M McCracken, R Erlandson, A Guenet, M BE Andre, ML TI Gain measurements on a prototype NIF/LMJ amplifier pump cavity SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB We are currently developing large-aperture amplifiers for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) and Laser Megajoules (LMJ) lasers. These multi-segment amplifiers are of the flashlamp-pumped, Nd:Glass type and are designed to propagate a nominally 36 cm square beam. The apertures within a particular amplifier bundle are arranged in a four-high by two-wide configuration and utilize two side flashlamp arrays and a central flashlamp array for pumping. The configuration is very similar to that used in the Beamlet laser, a single-beam prototype for the NIF/LMJ lasers, which has four apertures arranged in a two-high by two-wide configuration. In designing these amplifiers, one of the more important criteria as the layout and composition of the pump cavity. The pump cavity consists of the laser slab, blast shields, flashlamp cassettes, and any high-reflectivity components that may be used, The current pump cavity design for the NIF/LMJ lasers is in many respects very similar to that of the Beamlet laser: Brewster-angle laser slab, central and side flashlamp cassettes, and top and bottom reflectors (in both the flashlamp cassettes and in the slab cassette). However, there are a number of important differences between the two amplifiers. The NIF/LMJ amplifiers will use 180 cm are-length, 4.3 cm bore-diameter flashlamps as opposed to the 91 cm arc-length, 2.5 cm bore diameter flashlamps used, on Beamlet. In addition, in the NIF/LMJ lasers there will be eight lamps in the central lamp array and six lamps in the side lamp array, vs 16 lamps in the central array and 10 lamps in the side array on Beamlet, Finally, the NIF/LMJ flashlamp pulsewidth will be 360 mu s as compared to 550 mu s on Beamlet. To understand the effect of these differences, we performed a series of experiments In order to characterize the optical performance of the amplifier. These experiments were done on a Beamlet amplifier that was modified to accept the different-sized flashlamps. in addition, our pulsed-power bank was modified to produce the 360 mu s pulsewidths needed, We will present results regarding the full-aperture gain distribution and the effect of pre-pulse conditions on flashlamp pumping efficiency. We also investigated the possibility of steering the pump light to selected regions of the laser slab. We will shaw that this can ameliorate the effects of amplified spontaneous emission on gain uniformity. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Rotter, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 5504,L-490, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 178 EP 187 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500020 ER PT S AU Norton, MA Murray, JE Boley, CD Milam, D Sell, WD Feit, MD Rubenchik, AM AF Norton, MA Murray, JE Boley, CD Milam, D Sell, WD Feit, MD Rubenchik, AM BE Andre, ML TI Development of long-lifetime, low-contamination beam dumps for NIF SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE laser beam dump; ablation; optical contamination AB The laser architecture of the NIF beamlines requires small-area beam dumps to safely absorb back reflections from the output and leakage through the PEPC switch. The problems presented by these beam dumps are that fluences they must absorb are very large, beyond the damage threshold of any material, and ablation of beam dump materials potentially contaminates adjacent optical components, Full scale tests have demonstrated that a stainless steel beam dump will survive fluence levels and energies as high as 820 J/cm(2) and 2,5 kJ, respectively. Small scale tests with tungsten, tantalum, and stainless steel have demonstrated erosion rates less than about 0.5 mu m/shot, With stainless steel having the smallest rate. They also suggest that increased angles of incidence (greater than or equal to 60 degrees) will greatly reduce the material ablated directly back along the beam path. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Norton, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-487, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Feit, Michael/A-4480-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 190 EP 196 PN 1&2 PG 7 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500021 ER PT S AU Barker, CE Auerbach, JM Adams, CH Bumpas, SE Hibbard, RL Lee, CL Roberts, DH Campbell, JH Wegner, PJ Van Wonterghem, BM Caird, JA AF Barker, CE Auerbach, JM Adams, CH Bumpas, SE Hibbard, RL Lee, CL Roberts, DH Campbell, JH Wegner, PJ Van Wonterghem, BM Caird, JA BE Andre, ML TI National Ignition Facility frequency converter development SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE harmonic generation; frequency conversion; nonlinear optics; KDP AB A preliminary error budget for the third harmonic converter for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser driver has been developed using a root-sum-square-accumulation of error sources. Such a budget sets an upper bound on the allowable magnitude of the various effects that reduce conversion efficiency. Development efforts on crystal mounting technology and crystal quality studies are discussed. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Barker, CE (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 5508,L-487, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 197 EP 202 PN 1&2 PG 6 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500022 ER PT S AU Rhodes, MA Fochs, S Alger, T AF Rhodes, MA Fochs, S Alger, T BE Andre, ML TI 2x1 prototype plasma-electrode Pockels cell (PEPC) for the National Ignition Facility SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB A large aperture optical switch based on plasma electrode Pockels cell (PEPC) technology is an integral part of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser design. This optical switch will trap the input optical pulse in the NIF amplifier cavity for four gain passes and then switch the high-energy output optical pulse out of the cavity. The switch will consist of arrays of plasma electrode Pockels cells working in conjunction with thin-film, Brewster's angle polarizes. The 192 beams in the NIF will be arranged in 4x2 bundles. To meet the required beam-to-beam spacing within each bundle, we have proposed a NIF PEPC design based on a 4x1 mechanical module (column) which is in turn comprised of two electrically independent 2x1 PEPC units. In this paper, we report on the design a single 2x1 prototype module and experimental tests of important design issues using our single, 32 cm aperture PEPC prototype. The purpose the 2x1 prototype is to prove the viability of a 2x1 PEPC and to act as an engineering test bed for the NIF PEPC design. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Rhodes, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-490, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 203 EP 206 PN 1&2 PG 4 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500023 ER PT S AU Murray, JE Estabrook, KG Milam, D Sell, WD Van Wonterghem, BM Feit, MD Rubenchik, AM AF Murray, JE Estabrook, KG Milam, D Sell, WD Van Wonterghem, BM Feit, MD Rubenchik, AM BE Andre, ML TI Spatial filter issues SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB Experiments and calculations indicate that the threshold pressure in spatial filters for distortion of a transmitted pulse scales approximately as I-0.2 and (F#)(2) over the intensity range from 10(14) to 2x10(15) W/cm(2). We also demonstrated an interferometric diagnostic that will be used to measure the scaling relationships governing pinhole closure in spatial filters. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Murray, JE (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Feit, Michael/A-4480-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 207 EP 212 PN 1&2 PG 6 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500024 ER PT S AU Stout, EA Kamm, VJM Spann, JM Van Arsdall, PJ AF Stout, EA Kamm, VJM Spann, JM Van Arsdall, PJ BE Andre, ML TI A prototype distributed abject-oriented architecture for image-based automatic laser alignment SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE object-oriented; CORBA; frameworks; automatic alignment AB Designing a computer control system for the National ignition Facility (NIF) is a complex undertaking, because of both the system's large size and its distributed nature. The controls team is addressing that complexity by adopting the object-oriented programming paradigm, designing reusable software frameworks, and using the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) for distribution. A prototype system for image-based automatic laser alignment has been developed to evaluate and gain experience with CORBA and OOP in a small distributed system. The prototype is also important in the evaluation of alignment concepts, image processing techniques, speed and accuracy of automatic alignment for the NIF, and control hardware for alignment devices. The prototype system has met its initial objectives, and provides a basis for continued development. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Stout, EA (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 214 EP 221 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500025 ER PT S AU Caird, JA Nielsen, ND Patton, HG Seppala, LG Thompson, CE Wegner, PJ AF Caird, JA Nielsen, ND Patton, HG Seppala, LG Thompson, CE Wegner, PJ BE Andre, ML TI Beamlet focal plane diagnostic SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB This paper describes the major optical and mechanical design features of the Beamlet Focal Plane Diagnostic system as well as measurements of the system performance, and typical data obtained to date. We also discuss the NIF requirements on the focal spot that we are interested in measuring, and some of our plans for future work using this system. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Caird, JA (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-487, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 239 EP 247 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500028 ER PT S AU Boege, SJ Bliss, ES Chocol, CJ Holdener, FR Miller, JL Toeppen, JS Vann, CS Zacharias, RA AF Boege, SJ Bliss, ES Chocol, CJ Holdener, FR Miller, JL Toeppen, JS Vann, CS Zacharias, RA BE Andre, ML TI NIF pointing and centering systems and target alignment using a 351 nm laser source SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE alignment references; alignment sensors; automatic alignment; laser alignment; NIF AB The operational requirements of the National ignition Facility (NIF) place tight constraints upon its alignment system. In general, the alignment system must establish and maintain the correct relationships between beam position, beam angle, laser component clear apertures, and the target. At the target, this includes adjustment of beam focus to obtain the correct spot size. This must be accomplished for all beamlines in a time consistent with planned shot rates and yet, in the front end and main laser, beam control functions cannot be initiated until the amplifiers have sufficiently cooled so as to minimize dynamic thermal distortions during and after alignment and wavefront optimization. The scope of the task dictates an automated system that implements parallel processes. We describe reticle choices and other alignment references, insertion of alignment beams, principles of operation of the Chamber Center Reference System and Target Alignment Sensor, and the anticipated alignment sequence that will occur between shots. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Boege, SJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 248 EP 258 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500029 ER PT S AU Rushford, MC Dixit, SN Thomas, IM Martin, AM Perry, MD AF Rushford, MC Dixit, SN Thomas, IM Martin, AM Perry, MD BE Andre, ML TI Large aperture kinoform phase plates in fused silica for spatial beam smoothing on Nova and the Beamlet lasers SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Rushford, MC (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 282 EP 291 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500032 ER PT S AU Hartley, R Kartz, M Behrendt, W Hines, A Pollock, G Bliss, E Salmon, T Winters, S Van Wonterghem, B Zacharias, R AF Hartley, R Kartz, M Behrendt, W Hines, A Pollock, G Bliss, E Salmon, T Winters, S Van Wonterghem, B Zacharias, R BE Andre, ML TI Wavefront correction for static and dynamic aberrations to within 1 second of the system shot in the NIF Beamlet demonstration facility SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB The laser wavefront of the NIF Beamlet demonstration system is corrected for static aberrations with a wavefront control system. The system operates closed loop with a probe beam prior to a shot and has a loop bandwidth of about 3 Hz. However, until recently the wavefront control system was disabled several minutes prior to the shot to allow time to manually reconfigure its attenuators and probe beam insertion mechanism to shot mode. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Hartley, R (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 294 EP 300 PN 1&2 PG 7 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500033 ER PT S AU Rothenberg, JE Moran, B Henesian, M Van Wonterghem, B AF Rothenberg, JE Moran, B Henesian, M Van Wonterghem, B BE Andre, ML TI Performance of smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD) on Beamlet SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE beam smoothing; smoothing by spectral dispersion; inertial confinement fusion AB The performance of the Beamlet laser with 1D SSD implemented is investigated. Simulations indicate that the critical issue for laser performance is the amount of additional divergence owing to SSD in comparison to the size of the spatial filter pinholes. At the current +/-200 mu rad pinholes used on Beamlet, simulations indicate that the levels of SSD divergence anticipated for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) results in a very slight degradation to the near field beam quality. Experiments performed with the Beamlet front end show no degradation to the near field beam with up to 100 mu rad of SSD divergence. Measurements of the smoothing of a far field speckle pattern generated by a phase plate show the expected improvement in contrast with increasing amounts of SSD divergence. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Rothenberg, JE (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, L-439,POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 313 EP 322 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500035 ER PT S AU Foley, RJT Karpenko, VP Adams, CH Patel, CS Pittenger, LC Lee, FD Reitz, TC Hibbard, WJ Horton, WR Trummer, DJ Tobin, MT McDonald, A Wavrik, RW AF Foley, RJT Karpenko, VP Adams, CH Patel, CS Pittenger, LC Lee, FD Reitz, TC Hibbard, WJ Horton, WR Trummer, DJ Tobin, MT McDonald, A Wavrik, RW BE Andre, ML TI Design of the target area for the national ignition facility SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB The preliminary design of the target area for the National Ignition Facility has been completed. The target area is required to meet a challenging set of engineering system design requirements and user needs. The target area must provide the appropriate conditions before, during, and after each shot. The repeated introduction of large amounts of laser energy into the chamber and subsequent target emissions represent new design challenges for ICF facility design. Prior to each shot, the target area must provide the required target illumination, target chamber vacuum, diagnostics, and optically stable structures. During the shot, the impact of the target emissions on the target chamber, diagnostics, and optical elements is minimized and the workers and public are protected from excessive prompt radiation doses. After the shot, residual radioactivation is managed to allow the required accessibility. Diagnostic data is retrieved, operations and maintenance activities are conducted, and the facility is ready for the next shot. The target area subsystems include the target chamber, target positioner, structural systems, target diagnostics, environmental systems, and the final optics assembly. The engineering design of the major elements of the target area requires a unique combination of precision engineering, structural analysis, opto-mechanical design, random vibration suppression, thermal stability, materials engineering, robotics, and optical cleanliness. The facility has been designed to conduct both x-ray driven targets and to be converted at a later date for direct drive experiments. The NIF has been configured to provide a wide range of experimental environments for the anticipated user groups of the facility. The design status of the major elements of the target area is described. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Foley, RJT (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 5508,L-479, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 331 EP 342 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500037 ER PT S AU Marshall, CD Speth, JA DeLoach, LD Payne, SA AF Marshall, CD Speth, JA DeLoach, LD Payne, SA BE Andre, ML TI Penetrating radiation impact on NIF final optic components SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE radiation effects; optical materials; National Ignition Facility; inertial confinement fusion AB The principal technical goal of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) is to achieve thermonuclear ignition in a laboratory environment via inertial confinement fusion (ICF). This will enable NIF to service the DOE stockpile stewardship management program (SSMP), inertial fusion energy goals, and advance scientific frontiers.(1) All of these applications will make use of the extreme conditions that the facility will create in the target chamber. In the case of a projected 20 MJ yield scenario, NIF will produce similar to 10(19) neutrons with a characteristic DT fusion 14 MeV energy per neutron. There will also be a substantial amount of high energy x-rays as well as solid, liquid and gaseous target debris produced either directly of indirectly by the inertial confinement fusion process. A critical design issue is the protection of the final optical components as well as sophisticated target diagnostics in such a harsh environment. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Marshall, CD (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 343 EP 363 PN 1&2 PG 21 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500038 ER PT S AU Wegner, PJ Barker, CE Caird, JA Dixit, SN Henesian, MA Seppala, LG Thompson, CE Van Wonterghem, BM AF Wegner, PJ Barker, CE Caird, JA Dixit, SN Henesian, MA Seppala, LG Thompson, CE Van Wonterghem, BM BE Andre, ML TI Third-harmonic performance of the Beamlet prototype laser SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB The Beamlet laser is a nearly full-scale, single-aperture prototype of the driver design for the National Ignition Facility (NIF). As part of a test and validation plan for the NIF design, Beamlet was recently equipped with final focussing optics and diagnostics for the purpose of evaluating integrated component performance and equivalent target-plane irradiance conditions at the 0.351-mu m output wavelength specified for NIF targets. A 37-cm aperture two-crystal converter scheme generates the third harmonic of the Nd:glass 1.053-mu m wavelength with high efficiency. The efficiency of the converter has been characterized and is reported, along with detailed measurements of the near-field and far-field UV irradiance distributions at operating conditions up to and exceeding red-line levels for the NIF. Dependences of observed beam quality on critical laser parameters including output power, B-integral, and spatial filtering are discussed and compared with numerical simulations. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Wegner, PJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 5508, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 370 EP 380 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500040 ER PT S AU Auerbach, JM Barker, C Wegner, PJ Eimerl, D AF Auerbach, JM Barker, C Wegner, PJ Eimerl, D BE Andre, ML TI Frequency tripling of beam noise SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB The characteristics of the 3 omega focal spot are determined by the properties of the 1 omega beam and the frequency tripling process. The size of the 3 omega focal spot depends on the spectrum of spatial noise in the 1 omega beam. A perturbation theory for ripple transfer in frequency tripling is used to predict the characteristics of the 3 omega focalspot. The theory predicts that 1 omega phase noise grows 9X in power in the tripling process. This can cause a significant reduction in 3 omega energy delivered to the target. Results from Beamlet 3 omega focal spot characterization experiments are also presented. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Auerbach, JM (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-490, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 381 EP 386 PN 1&2 PG 6 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500041 ER PT S AU Kurnit, NA Shimada, T Sorem, MS Taylor, AJ Rodriguez, G Clement, TS Fearn, H James, DFV Milonni, PW AF Kurnit, NA Shimada, T Sorem, MS Taylor, AJ Rodriguez, G Clement, TS Fearn, H James, DFV Milonni, PW BE Andre, ML TI Measurement and control of optical nonlinearities of importance to glass laser fusion systems SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE nonlinear refractive index; frequency conversion; Raman scattering AB Experimental and theoretical studies at Los Alamos of nonlinear optical phenomena important to the design of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) are summarized. These include measurements of nonlinear index coefficients, Raman scattering in atmospheric oxygen, and theoretical studies of harmonic conversion. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Kurnit, NA (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI James, Daniel/B-9805-2009; Rodriguez, George/G-7571-2012 OI James, Daniel/0000-0003-3981-4602; Rodriguez, George/0000-0002-6044-9462 NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 387 EP 395 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500042 ER PT S AU Zaitseva, NP De Yoreo, JJ Dehaven, MR Vital, RL Carman, LM Spears, HR AF Zaitseva, NP De Yoreo, JJ Dehaven, MR Vital, RL Carman, LM Spears, HR BE Andre, ML TI Rapid growth of large-scale (40-55 cm) KDP crystals SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB KDP (KH2PO4) single crystals up to 47 cm in size have been grown by the rapid growth technique on the point seed in glass crystallizers of 1000 h. in volume at growth rates of 10 to 25 mm/day in both the [001] and [100] directions. Measurements of the optical quality of 41 x 41 cm single crystal plates are presented. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Zaitseva, NP (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 404 EP 414 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500044 ER PT S AU Dixit, SN Rushford, MC Thomas, IM Herman, SM Britten, JA Shore, BW Perry, MD AF Dixit, SN Rushford, MC Thomas, IM Herman, SM Britten, JA Shore, BW Perry, MD BE Andre, ML TI Color separation gratings for diverting the unconverted light away from the NIF target SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Dixit, SN (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 463 EP 470 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500050 ER PT S AU Feit, MD Rubenchik, AM Faux, DR Riddle, RA Shapiro, A Eder, DC Penetrante, BM Milam, D Genin, FY Kozlowski, MR AF Feit, MD Rubenchik, AM Faux, DR Riddle, RA Shapiro, A Eder, DC Penetrante, BM Milam, D Genin, FY Kozlowski, MR BE Andre, ML TI Surface contamination initiated laser damage SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB We are engaged in a comprehensive effort to understand and model the initiation and growth of laser damage initiated by surface contaminants. This includes, for example, the initial absorption by the contaminant, heating and plasma generation, pressure and thermal loading of the transparent substrate, and subsequent: shockwave propagation, "splashing" of molten material and possible spallation, optical propagation and scattering, and treatment of: material fracture, The integration use of large radiation hydrodynamics codes, optical propagation codes and material strength codes enables a comprehensive view of the damage process The following picture of surface contaminant initiated laser damage is; emerging from our simulations. On the entrance optical surface, small particles can ablate nearly completely. in this case, only relatively weak shockwaves are launched into the substrate, but some particulate material may be left on the surface to act as a diffraction mask and cause further absorption. Diffraction by wavelength scale scattering centers can lead to significant intensity modulation. Larger particles will not be completely vaporized. The shockwave generated in tl-eis case is larger and can lead to spallation of contaminant material which then may be deposited in the substrate. A gaseous atmosphere can lead to radiation trapping with concomitant Increases in temperature and pressure near the surface. In addition, supersonic ionization waves in air may be generated which greatly extend the plasma plume spatially and temporally. Contaminants on the exit optical, surface behave differently. They tend to heat and pop off completely in which case significant damage may not occur. Since plasma formed at the interface of the optic and absorbing particle is confined, much stronger pressures are generated in this case. Imaging of contaminants resulting in "writing" a diffraction pattern the exit surface due to contamination on the entrance surface has been observed experimentally and predicted theoretically. Such imprinted damage regions can seed damage from subsequent pulses. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Feit, MD (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave,Mail Stop L-439, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Feit, Michael/A-4480-2009 NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 480 EP 488 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500052 ER PT S AU Pennington, DM Perry, MD Stuart, BC Boyd, R Britten, JA Brown, CG Herman, S Miller, JL Nguyen, H Shore, B Tietbohl, G Yanovsky, V AF Pennington, DM Perry, MD Stuart, BC Boyd, R Britten, JA Brown, CG Herman, S Miller, JL Nguyen, H Shore, B Tietbohl, G Yanovsky, V BE Andre, ML TI The Petawatt Laser System SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB We recently demonstrated the production of over a petawatt of peak power in the Nova/Petawatt Laser Facility, generating >600 J in similar to 440 Es. The Petawatt Laser Project was initiated to develop the capability to rest the fast ignitor concept for inertial confinement fusion (ICF), and to provide a unique capability in high energy density physics. The laser was designed to produce near kJ pulses with a pulse duration adjustable between 0.5 and 20 ps, At the shortest pulse lengths, this laser is expected to surpass 10(21) W/cm(2) when focused later this year. Currently, this system is limited to 600 J pulses in a 46.3-cm beam. Expansion of the beam to 58 cm, with the installation of 94-cm gratings, will. enable 1 kJ operation. Target experiments with petawatt pulses will be possible either integrated with Nova in the 10 beam target chamber or as a stand alone system in an independent, dedicated chamber. Focusing the beam onto a target will be accomplished using an on axis parabolic mirror. The design of a novel targeting system enabling the production of ultrahigh contrast pulses and an easily variable effective focal length is also described. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Laser Program, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Pennington, DM (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Laser Program, POB 808,L-439, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Yanovsky, Victor/B-5899-2008; Stuart, Brent/K-4988-2015 NR 0 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 490 EP 500 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500053 ER PT S AU Widmayer, CC Erlandson, AC Orth, CD Haney, SW Sacks, RA Henesian, MA Lawson, JK Rotter, MD Speck, DR Trenholme, JB Van Wonterghem, BM Jancaitis, KS Williams, WH AF Widmayer, CC Erlandson, AC Orth, CD Haney, SW Sacks, RA Henesian, MA Lawson, JK Rotter, MD Speck, DR Trenholme, JB Van Wonterghem, BM Jancaitis, KS Williams, WH BE Andre, ML TI The effect of amplifier gain, loss, and gain profile an system performance SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB The effect of a change in the system parameters upon the one micron Baser's power, energy and beam quality will be discussed. The parameters varied in the study were the optical losses, the gain and gain profile of the amplifiers. Additionally, the effect upon power, energy and beam quality as a function of slab count and position will be presented. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Widmayer, CC (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-490, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Trenholme, John/M-4805-2016 OI Trenholme, John/0000-0003-3673-6653 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 518 EP 525 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500056 ER PT S AU Sacks, RA Williams, WW Henesian, MA Orth, CD Haney, SW Trenholme, JB Auerbach, JM Lawson, JK AF Sacks, RA Williams, WW Henesian, MA Orth, CD Haney, SW Trenholme, JB Auerbach, JM Lawson, JK BE Andre, ML TI Propagation modeling in two transverse dimensions of the National Ignition Facility baseline performance SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Sacks, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-490, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Trenholme, John/M-4805-2016 OI Trenholme, John/0000-0003-3673-6653 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 526 EP 539 PN 1&2 PG 14 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500057 ER PT S AU Milam, D Williams, WH Henesian, MA AF Milam, D Williams, WH Henesian, MA BE Andre, ML TI UV beam transport SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB Test results horn the Optical Science Laser are presented that validate the ability of propagation codes to predict beam filamentation in UV optics. A discussion of IL scaling rules will be given, along with system design curves that relate the allowable was phase front roughness. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Milam, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-490, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 540 EP 545 PN 1&2 PG 6 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500058 ER PT S AU Haney, SW Williams, WH Sacks, RA Orth, CD Auerbach, JM Lawson, JK Henesian, MA Jancaitis, KS Renard, PA Trenholme, JB AF Haney, SW Williams, WH Sacks, RA Orth, CD Auerbach, JM Lawson, JK Henesian, MA Jancaitis, KS Renard, PA Trenholme, JB BE Andre, ML TI The optimized NIF laser system based on ICF target requirements SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB The design of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) is the result of optimization studies that maximized laser performance and reliability within a restricted cost budget, We modeled the laser using a suite of tools that included a 1D propagation code, a frequency conversion code, a 2D ray trace code for calculating the gain profile, thermo-mechanical codes for calculating the pump-induced distortions in the slabs, a database giving estimates of optics bulk/finish quality, and costing models of the laser/building, By exploiting parallel processing, we were able to consider approximately 750 possible designs per hour using a cluster of 28 workstations, For our optimization studies, we used a temporally shaped (ICF indirect drive) pulse producing at least 2.2 MJ and 600 TW in a 600 micron diameter hole at the target entrance plane, We varied as many as 20 design variables (e.g., slab counts, slab thickness, Nd concentration, amplifier pulse length) and applied as many as 40 constraints (e.g., flashlamp voltage and fluence damage/filamentation at various points in the chain), We did not vary-the number of beamlets (fixed at 192) of the aperture (fixed at 40 cm), We used three different optimization approaches: a variable metric algorithm, an exhaustive grid search of more than 50,000 candidate designs, and a parabolic interpolation scheme. All three approaches gave similar results, Moreover, a graphical analysis of the parameter scan data (analogous to sorting and pruning designs using a spreadsheet) has allowed us to understand why the optimizers eliminated alternate designs, The most inexpensive main-switch-boost slab configuration meeting the mission requirements and satisfying all constraints was 9-5-3, The cost of this configuration is approximately $10M less than the 9-5-5 conceptual design, However, the NIF Project has chosen a slightly more expensive 11-0-7 configuration for continued Title I engineering because of its similarity to the Beamlet 11-0-5 design and a lower B-integral. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Haney, SW (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-490, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Trenholme, John/M-4805-2016 OI Trenholme, John/0000-0003-3673-6653 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 546 EP 559 PN 1&2 PG 14 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500059 ER PT S AU Sutton, S Marshall, C Petty, C Smith, L van Wonterghem, B Mills, S AF Sutton, S Marshall, C Petty, C Smith, L van Wonterghem, B Mills, S BE Andre, ML TI Thermal recovery of NIF amplifiers SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE National Ignition Facility; laser amplifiers; thermal distortions; gas cooling; thermal recovery; numerical simulations AB The issue of thermal recovery of the NIF amplifiers has taken on increased emphasis as program goals move toward increasing the shot rate to once every four hems. This paper addresses the technical issues associated with achieving thermal recovery in the NIF amplifiers. We identify two temperature related thermal recovery quantities: (I) the difference between the average slab temperature and the temperature of other surfaces in the amplifier cavity, and (2) the temperature difference in the slab over the aperture. The first quantity relates to optical disturbances in the gas columns in the system while the second quantity is associated with optical aberations in the laser media itself. Calculations and experiments are used to quantify recovery criteria, and develop cooling approaches. The cooling approaches discussed are (1) active cooling of the flashlamps with ambient gas and chilled gas, and (2) active cooling of the slab edge cladding, Calculations indicate that the NIF baseline cooling approach of 20 cfm per lamp ambient temperature gas flow in both the central and side flashlamp cassettes is capable of meeting thermal recovery requirements for an 8 hour shot period, while to achieve a 4 hour shot period requires use of chilled gas and edge cladding cooling. In addition, the effect of changing the amplifier cavity and beamtube fill gas from nitrogen to helium is addressed, showing that a factor of 8 reduction in the sensitivity to thermal disturbances is possible. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Sutton, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 560 EP 570 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500060 ER PT S AU Crane, JK Martinez, M Moran, B Laumann, C Davin, J Beach, R Golick, B Jones, R Braucht, J Perry, M Skulina, K Penko, F Herman, S Burkhart, S Mitchell, S AF Crane, JK Martinez, M Moran, B Laumann, C Davin, J Beach, R Golick, B Jones, R Braucht, J Perry, M Skulina, K Penko, F Herman, S Burkhart, S Mitchell, S BE Andre, ML TI Description and performance of the preamplifier for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser system SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB We describe the prototype preamplifier for the NIF laser system and discuss the performance of the regenerative amplifier and 4-pass laser systems that comprise the preamplifier. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Crane, JK (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, L-490,POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 601 EP 609 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500065 ER PT S AU Burkhart, SC Wilcox, R Browning, D Penko, F AF Burkhart, SC Wilcox, R Browning, D Penko, F BE Andre, ML TI Amplitude and phase modulation with waveguide optics SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE amplitude modulation; arbitrary waveform generator; ICF; inertial confinement fusion; integrated electrooptics; laser bandwidth; NIF; optoelectronic; phase modulation; pulse shaping; SBS; stimulated Brillouin scattering; temporal pulseshaping; waveguide optics AB We have developed amplitude and phase modulation systems for glass lasers using integrated electro-optic modulators and solid stare high-speed electronics, The present and future generation of lasers for Inertial Confinement Fusion require laser beams with complex temporal and phase shaping to compensate for laser gain saturation, mitigate parametric processes such as transverse stimulated Brillouin scattering in optics, and to provide specialized drive to the fusion targets, These functions can be performed using bull; optoelectronic modulators, however using high-speed electronics to drive low voltage integrated optical modulators has many practical advantages. In particular, we utilize microwave GaAs transistors to perform precision, 250 ps resolution temporal shaping. Optical bandwidth is generated using a microwave oscillator at 3 GHz amplified by a solid stare amplifier. This drives an integrated electrooptic modulator to achieve laser bandwidths exceeding 30 GHz. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Burkhart, SC (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-490, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 610 EP 617 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500066 ER PT S AU Pennington, DM Milam, D Eimerl, D AF Pennington, DM Milam, D Eimerl, D BE Andre, ML TI Gain saturation studies LG-750 and LG-770 amplifier glass SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE gain saturation; small-signal gain; Nd : doped; phosphate amplifier glass AB Experiments were performed on the 100-J class Optical Sciences Laser (OSL) at LLNL to characterize the saturation fluence and small-signal gain of a solid-stale Nd:glass amplifier utilizing LG-750 and LG-770, an amplifier glass developed for the National Ignition Facility (NIF). These high quality measurements of gain saturation at NIF level fluences, ie., 10-15 J/cm(2), provide essential parameters for the amplifier performance codes used to design NIF and future high power laser systems. The small-signal gain, saturation fluence and square-pulse distortion were measured as a function of input Fluence and pulse length in platinum-free LG-750 and LG-770. The input fluence, output fluence, small-signal gain and passive losses were measured to allow calculation of the saturation fluence. Least squares fits of the output vs. input fluence data using a Frantz-Nodvik[1] model was used to obtain an average saturation fluence for each data set. Overall, gain saturation in LG-750 and LG-770 is corn,Parable at long pulse lengths. For shorter pulse lengths, <5 ns, LG-770 exhibits a stronger pulse length dependence than LG-750, possibly due to a longer terminal level Lifetime. LG-770 also has a higher cross-section, which is reflected by its slightly higher extraction efficiency. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Laser Program, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Pennington, DM (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Laser Program, POB 808,L-439, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 630 EP 642 PN 1&2 PG 13 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500070 ER PT S AU Tietbohl, GL Sommer, SC AF Tietbohl, GL Sommer, SC BE Andre, ML TI Stability design considerations for mirror support systems in ICF lasers SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE mirror; stability; structural support; ambient vibration; damping; laser; ICF AB Some of the major components of laser systems used for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) are the large aperture mirrors which direct the path of the laser. These mirrors are typically supported by systems which consist of mirror mounts, mirror enclosures, superstructures, and foundations. Stability design considerations for the support systems of large aperture mirrors have been developed based on the experience of designing and evaluating similar systems at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Examples of the systems developed at LLNL include Nova, the Petawatt laser, Beamlet, and the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The structural design of support systems of large aperture mirrors has typically been controlled by stability considerations in order for the large laser system to meet its performance requirements for alignment and positioning. This paper will discuss the influence of stability considerations and will provide guidance on the structural design and evaluation of mirror support systems in ICF lasers so that this information can be used on similar systems. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Tietbohl, GL (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 649 EP 660 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500072 ER PT S AU Newton, MA Larson, DW Wilson, JM Harjes, HC Savage, ME Anderson, RL AF Newton, MA Larson, DW Wilson, JM Harjes, HC Savage, ME Anderson, RL BE Andre, ML TI Power conditioning development for the National Ignition Facility SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE National Ignition Facility; NIF; power conditioning; capacitors; energy storage; high power switches; laser AB The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a high energy glass laser system and target chamber that will be used for research in inertial confinement fusion. The 192 beams of the NIF laser system are pumped by over 8600 Xenon flashlamps. The power conditioning system for NIF must deliver nearly 300 MJ of energy to the flashlamps in a cost effective and reliable manner. The present system design has over 200 capacitive energy storage modules that store approximately 1.7 MJ each and deliver that energy through a single switch assembly to 20 parallel sets of two series flashlamps. Although there are many possible system designs, few will meet the aggressive cost goals necessary to make the system affordable. Sandia National Laboratory (SNL) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) are developing the system and component technologies that will be required to build the power conditioning system for the National Ignition Facility. This paper will descibe the ongoing development activities for the NIF power conditioning system. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Newton, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 665 EP 671 PN 1&2 PG 7 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500074 ER PT S AU Boley, CD Rhodes, MA AF Boley, CD Rhodes, MA BE Andre, ML TI Model of the influence of magnetic fields on a plasma electrode Pockels cell SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB We describe a model which gives the effects of magnetic fields oil a plasma electrode Pockels cell. The fields arise from the return currents to the cathode as well as from neighboring devices such as amplifier flashlamps. In effect, electrons are treated as a static, planar fluid moving under the influence of magnetic fields, the electric field of the discharge, electron pressure gradients, and electron-atom elastic collisions. This leads to a closed two-dimensional equation for the electron density, which is solved subject to appropriate boundary collisions. The model is applied to four cases: the baseline NIF configuration with magnetic fields due to balanced return currents; a case with unbalanced return currents; the reverser configuration containing an external field parallel to the main plasma current; and a configuration with a field perpendicular to both the current and the optical direction. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Boley, CD (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 672 EP 679 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500075 ER PT S AU Fochs, SN Rhodes, M Boley, C AF Fochs, SN Rhodes, M Boley, C BE Andre, ML TI B-Field interactions and electrode optimization in the plasma electrode Pockels cell SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB We use a 32 cm plasma electrode Pockels cell (PEPC) prototype at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to determine switching performance in the presence of external magnetic fields. The interaction with external magnetic fields is important because of the B-fields generated by the high current flow through amplifier flashlamp arrays, and their proximity to the PEPC. We have experimentally determined what is the maximum allowable magnetic induction for good PEPC operation, and then we calculate the magnetic induction generated by a flashlamp array to determine the minimum PEPC to amplifier spacing. We have also experimentally determined the effect of a tandem PEPC placement. We consider several cathode designs. We revisit the hollow cathode design and we investigate the tradeoffs between the hollow cathode and planar magnetron. The recent development of a metallic body for the future 1x2 PEPC has led us to do experiments with st biased boundary in the PEPC. Experimental results of various biasing potentials and dielectric coating materials for the PEPC body are discussed. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Fochs, SN (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808 L-490, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 680 EP 691 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500076 ER PT S AU Holdener, FR Ables, E Bliss, ES Boege, SJ Boyd, RD Chocol, CJ Davis, DT Demaret, RD English, RE Laumann, CW Miller, JL Thomas, SW AF Holdener, FR Ables, E Bliss, ES Boege, SJ Boyd, RD Chocol, CJ Davis, DT Demaret, RD English, RE Laumann, CW Miller, JL Thomas, SW BE Andre, ML TI Beam control and diagnostic functions in the NIF transport spatial filter SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE control; diagnostic; laser; pinhole; spatial filter; reticles; wavefront; centroids; target AB Beam control and diagnostic systems are required Po align the National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser prior to a shot as well as to provide diagnostics on 192 beam lines at shot time. A design that allows each beam's large spatial filter lenses to also serve as objective lenses for beam control and diagnostic sensor packages helps to accomplish the task at a reasonable cost. However, this approach also causes a high concentration of small optics near the pinhole plane of the transport spatial filter(TSF) at the output of each beam. This paper describes the optomechanical design in and near the central vacuum vessel of the TSF. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Holdener, FR (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 692 EP 699 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500077 ER PT S AU Thomas, S Boyd, B Davis, DT Hall, B AF Thomas, S Boyd, B Davis, DT Hall, B BE Andre, ML TI Temporal multiplexing for economical measurement of power versus time on NIF SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE NIF laser power; diagnostic transient digitizer; backreflection AB We have designed an economical device to measure the power time history in the National Ignition Facility's (NIF) 192 beam laser. The heart of the system is a commercial, high-speed, four-channel digitizer with a 15,000 point record length. Samples of several beams are taken with fiberoptic pickoffs, separated in time with appropriate fiberoptic delays and presented to high-speed vacuum photodiodes, which convert the samples to electrical signals for the digitizer. Amplitude and time multiplexing are used to cover the required dynamic range and to record 12 samples on the digitizes, making the cost per sample competitive with alternative approaches. Forty-eight digitizers can record the required three samples from each of the 192 beams. An additional similar but lower bandwidth system is used to record the backreflected light from the main laser amplifiers and elsewhere. The recording electronics are discussed in detail. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Thomas, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Box 808,L-495, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 700 EP 706 PN 1&2 PG 7 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500078 ER PT S AU Rothenberg, JE AF Rothenberg, JE BE Andre, ML TI Electro-optic deflectors as a method of beam smoothing for inertial confinement fusion SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE beam smoothing; beam deflection; smoothing by spectral dispersion; inertial confinement fusion AB The electro-optic deflector is analyzed and compared to smoothing by spectral dispersion for efficacy as a beam smoothing method for ICF. It is found that the electro-optic deflector is inherently somewhat less efficient when compared either on the basis of equal peak phase modulation or equal generated bandwidth. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Rothenberg, JE (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-439, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 707 EP 712 PN 1&2 PG 6 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500079 ER PT S AU Rothenberg, JE AF Rothenberg, JE BE Andre, ML TI Improved beam smoothing with SSD using generalized phase modulation SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE beam smoothing; smoothing by spectral dispersion; inertial confinement fusion AB The smoothing of the spatial illumination of an inertial confinement fusion target is examined by its spatial frequency content. It is found that the smoothing by spectral dispersion method, although efficient for glass lasers, can yield poor smoothing at low spatial frequency. The dependence of the smoothed spatial spectrum on the characteristics of phase modulation and dispersion is examined for both sinusoidal and more general phase modulation. It is shown that smoothing with non-sinusoidal phase modulation can result in spatial spectra which are substantially identical to that obtained with the induced spatial incoherence or similar method where random phase plates are present in both methods and identical beam divergence is assumed. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Rothenberg, JE (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-439, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 713 EP 724 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500080 ER PT S AU Pennington, DM Dixit, SN Weiland, TL Ehrlich, R Rothenberg, JE AF Pennington, DM Dixit, SN Weiland, TL Ehrlich, R Rothenberg, JE BE Andre, ML TI Implementation and performance of beam smoothing on 10 beams of the Nova laser SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB Recent simulations and experiments on Nova indicate that some level of smoothing may be required to suppress filamentation in plasmas on the National Ignition Facility (NIF), resulting in the addition of 1-D smoothing capability to the current baseline design. Control of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and filamentation is considered essential to the success of laser fusion because they affect the amount and location of laser energy delivered to the x-ray conversion region (hohlraum wall) for indirect drive and to the absorptive region for direct drive. Smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD)[1], reduces these instabilities by reducing nonuniformities in the focal irradiance when averaged over a finite time interval. We have installed SSD on Nova to produce beam smoothing on all 10 beam lines. A single dispersion grating is located in a position common to all 10 beam lines early in the preamplifier chain. This location limits the 1 omega bandwidth to 2.2 Angstrom with sufficient dispersion to displace the speckle field of each frequency component at the target plane by one half speckle diameter. Several beam lines were modified to allow orientation of the dispersion on each arm relative to the hohlraum wall. After conversion to the third harmonic the beam passes through a kinoform phase plate (KPP) designed to produce an elliptical spot at best focus. The KPPs produce a focal spot having an elliptical flat-top envelope with a superimposed speckle pattern. Over 93% of the energy is contained in the central 400 mu m. Calculations indicate a 16 % rms. intensity variance will be reached after 330 ps for a single beam. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Laser Program, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Pennington, DM (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Laser Program, POB 808,L-439, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 725 EP 735 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500081 ER PT S AU Rothenberg, JE Weber, SV AF Rothenberg, JE Weber, SV BE Andre, ML TI The impact of beam smoothing method on direct direct target performance for the NIF SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB The impact of smoothing method on the performance of a direct drive target is modeled and examined in terms of its l-mode spectrum, In particular, two classes of smoothing methods are compared, smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD) and the induced spatial incoherence (ISI) method. It is found that SSD using sinusoidal phase modulation (FM) results in poor smoothing at low l-modes and therefore inferior target performance at both peak velocity and ignition. This disparity is most notable if the effective imprinting integration time of the target is small, However, using SSD with more generalized phase modulation can result in smoothing at low l-modes which is identical to that obtained with ISI. For either smoothing method, the calculations indicate that at peak velocity the surface perturbations are about 100 times larger than that which leads to nonlinear hydrodynamics, Modeling of the hydrodynamic nonlinearity shows that saturation can reduce the amplified nonuniformities to the level required to achieve ignition for either smoothing method. The low e-mode behavior at ignition is found to be strongly dependent on the induced divergence of the smoothing method, For the NIF parameters the target performance asymptotes fos smoothing divergence larger than similar to 100 mu rad. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Rothenberg, JE (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-439, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 736 EP 745 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500082 ER PT S AU Henesian, MA Haney, SW Thomas, M Trenholme, JB AF Henesian, MA Haney, SW Thomas, M Trenholme, JB BE Andre, ML TI Modeling for deformable mirrors and the adaptive optics optimization program SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE adaptive optics code; deformable mirrors; Beamlet laser; C++ computer language AB We discuss aspects of adaptive optics optimization for large fusion laser systems such as the 192-arm National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). By way of example we considered the discrete actuator deformable mirror and Hartmann sensor system used on the Beamlet laser. Beamlet is a single-aperture prototype of the 11-0-5 slab amplifier design for NIF, and so we expect similar optical distortion levels and deformable mirror correction requirements. We are now in the process of developing a numerically efficient object oriented C++ language implementation of our adaptive optics and wavefront sensor code, but this code is not yet operational, The results shown below are based instead on the prototype algorithms, coded-up in an interpreted array processing computer language. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Henesian, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-490, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Trenholme, John/M-4805-2016 OI Trenholme, John/0000-0003-3673-6653 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 783 EP 791 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500088 ER PT S AU Renard, PA Widmayer, CC Auerbach, JM Haney, SW Henesian, MA Hunt, JT Lawson, JK Manes, KR Milam, D Orth, CD Sacks, RA Speck, DR Trenholme, JB Williams, WH AF Renard, PA Widmayer, CC Auerbach, JM Haney, SW Henesian, MA Hunt, JT Lawson, JK Manes, KR Milam, D Orth, CD Sacks, RA Speck, DR Trenholme, JB Williams, WH BE Andre, ML TI Characterization of the one micron beam profile at the interface between the one micron laser UV generation and transport subsystem SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB The near field irradiance parameters at the interface between the one micron laser, the UV generation, and transport subsystem will be discussed. The test results obtained from the Beamlet and Nova lasers used to validate the mathematical models will be presented. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Renard, PA (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-490, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Trenholme, John/M-4805-2016 OI Trenholme, John/0000-0003-3673-6653 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 792 EP 799 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500089 ER PT S AU Lawson, JK Renard, PA Henesian, MA Sacks, RA Auerbach, JM Speck, DR AF Lawson, JK Renard, PA Henesian, MA Sacks, RA Auerbach, JM Speck, DR BE Andre, ML TI Focal spot characterization SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB We discuss the partitioning of effects on the fundamental focal irradiance distribution from whole beam self-focusing, and PSDs of the optical components in the laser chain, and the resulting third harmonic focal distribution, Beamlet and NIF simulation results are discussed. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Lawson, JK (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-490, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 800 EP 808 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500090 ER PT S AU Lawson, JK Renard, PA Henesian, MA Sacks, RA Auerbach, JM Speck, DR AF Lawson, JK Renard, PA Henesian, MA Sacks, RA Auerbach, JM Speck, DR BE Andre, ML TI The one micron focal spot and the power spectrum of the noise field at the entrance to the UV generation and transport subsystem SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB We discuss the partitioning of effects on the fundamental focal irradiance distribution from whole beam self-focusing, and PSDs of the optical components in the laser chain. Beamlet and NIF simulation results are discussed. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Lawson, JK (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-490, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 809 EP 818 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500091 ER PT S AU Ehrlich, RB Amendt, PA Dixit, SN Hammel, BA Kalantar, DH Pennington, DM Weiland, TL AF Ehrlich, RB Amendt, PA Dixit, SN Hammel, BA Kalantar, DH Pennington, DM Weiland, TL BE Andre, ML TI Developing beam phasing on the Nova laser SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE beam phasing; kinoform phase plates; Nova; power balance; implosion symmetry AB We are presently adding the capability to irradiate indirectly-driven Nova targets with two rings of illumination inside each end of the hohlraum for studies of time-dependent second Legendre (P-2) and time-integrated fourth Legendre (P-4) flux asymmetry control. The rings will be formed with specially designed kinoform phase plates (KPPs), which will direct each half of each beam into two separate rings that are nearly uniform azimuthally. The timing and temporal pulse shape of the outer rings will be controlled independently from those of the inner rings, allowing for phasing of the pulse shapes to control time dependent asymmetry. Modifications to the incident beam diagnostics (IBDs) will enable us to verify that acceptable levels of power balance among the contributing segments of each ring have been achieved on each shot. Current techniques for precision beam pointing and timing are expected to be sufficiently accurate for these experiments. We present a design for an affordable retrofit to achieve beam phasing on Nova, results of a simplified demonstration, and calculations highlighting the anticipated benefits. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Ehrlich, RB (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,M-S L-473, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 819 EP 824 PN 1&2 PG 6 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500092 ER PT S AU Auerbach, JM Barker, CE Eimerl, D Milam, D Milonni, PW AF Auerbach, JM Barker, CE Eimerl, D Milam, D Milonni, PW BE Andre, ML TI Alternate frequency tripling schemes SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France DE frequency converter; conversion efficiency; double crystal; mixer crystal AB A standard third harmonic frequency converter consists of a single doubler crystal and a subsequent mixer crystal. This converter configuration has optimum performance for monochromatic temporally flat pulses. Significant degradation of conversion efficiency occurs when the input pulses have large intensity variations or applied bandwidth. Calculations have shown that dynamic range can be increased and bandwidth sensitivity reduced by adding a second doubler crystal and second mixer crystal, respectively. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Auerbach, JM (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 853 EP 858 PN 1&2 PG 6 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500096 ER PT S AU Feit, MD Rubenchik, AM AF Feit, MD Rubenchik, AM BE Andre, ML TI Laser intensity modulation by nonabsorbing defects SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB Nonabsorbing bulk defects can initiate laser damage in transparent materials. Defects such as voids, microcracks and localized stress concentrations can serve as positive or negative lenses for the incident laser light. The resulting interference pattern between refracted and diffracted light can result in intensity increases on the order of a factor of 2 some distance away from a typical negative microlens, and even larger for a positive microlens. Thus, the initial damage site can be physically removed from the defect which initiates damage. The parameter that determines the strength of such lensing is (Ka)(2) Delta epsilon where the wavenumber K is 2 pi/lambda, 2a is the linear size of the defect and Delta epsilon is the difference in dielectric coefficient between matrix and scatterer. Thus, even a small change in refractive index results in a significant effect for a defect large compared to a wavelength. Geometry is also important. Three dimensional (eg. voids) as well as linear and planar (eg. cracks) microlenses can all have strong effects. The present paper evaluates the intensification due to spherical voids and high refractive index inclusions. We wish to particularly draw attention to the very large intensification that can occur at inclusions. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Feit, MD (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave,Mail Stop L-439, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Feit, Michael/A-4480-2009 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 971 EP 977 PN 1&2 PG 7 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500112 ER PT S AU Genin, FY Kozlowski, MR Brausasco, R AF Genin, FY Kozlowski, MR Brausasco, R BE Andre, ML TI Catastrophic failure of contaminated fused silica optics at 355 nm SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB For years, contamination has been known to degrade the performance of optics and to sometimes initiate laser-induced damage to initiate. This study has started to quantify these effects for fused silica windows used at 355 nm. Contamination particles (Al, eu, TiO2 and ZrO2) were artificially deposited onto the surface and damage test were conducted with a 3 ns Nd:YAG laser, The damage morphology was characterized by Nomarski optical microscopy: The results showed that the damage morphology for input and output surface contamination is different. For input surface contamination, both input and output surfaces can damage. In particular, the; particle can induce pitting or drilling of the surface where the beam exits. Such damage usually grows catastrophically, Output surface contamination is usually ablated away on the first shot but can also induce catastrophic damage. Plasmas ate observed during illumination and seem to play an important role in the damage mechanism. The relationship between fluence and contamination size for which catastrophic damage occurred was plotted for different contamination materials. The results show that particles even as small as 10 mu m can substantially decrease the damage threshold of the window and that metallic particles on the Input surface have a more negative effect than oxide particles. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Laser Mat Dept, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Genin, FY (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Laser Mat Dept, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 978 EP 986 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500113 ER PT S AU Post, RF Vann, CS AF Post, RF Vann, CS BE Andre, ML TI Mechanical beam isolator SO SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LASERS FOR APPLICATION TO INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Commissariat Energie Atom, France AB Back-reflections from a target, lenses, etc. can gain energy passing backwards through a laser just like the main beam gains energy passing forwards. Unless something blocks these back-reflections early in their path, they can seriously damage the laser. A Mechanical Beam Isolator is a device that blocks back-reflections early, relatively inexpensively, and without introducing aberrations to the laser beam. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Post, RF (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-644, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2460-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3047 BP 1009 EP 1020 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics; Physics GA BK18X UT WOS:000071450500116 ER PT B AU Goolsby, TD AF Goolsby, TD BE Alexander, JB Spencer, DD Schmit, S Steel, BJ TI Aqueous foam as a less-than-lethal technology for prison applications SO SECURITY SYSTEMS AND NONLETHAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Security Systems and Nonlethal Technologies for Law Enforcement CY NOV 19-21, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, NIST, Off Natl Drug Control Policy, Oak Ridge Natl Labs, Sandia Natl Labs, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Harris Corp, MITRE Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Natl Inst Justice, US Customs, Fed Bur Investigat, Amer Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, Calif Peace Officers Assoc, Natl Forens Sci Technol Ctr DE aqueous foam; less-than-lethal; prisons; non-lethal; toxicology; aqueous foam respiration; cell extraction; oleoresin capsicum AB High expansion aqueous foam is an aggregation of bubbles that has the appearance of soap suds and is used to isolate individuals both visually and acoustically. It was developed in the 1920's in England to fight coal mine fires and has been widely used since for fire fighting and dust suppression. It was developed at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) in the 1970's for nuclear safeguards and security applications. In late 1994, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the research arm of the Department of Justice, began a project with SNL to determine the applicability of high expansion aqueous foam for correctional applications. NIJ funded the project as part of its search for new and better less-than-lethal weapons for responding to violent and dangerous individuals, where other means of force could lead to serious injuries. The phase one objectives of the project were to select a low-to-no toxicity foam concentrate (foaming agent) with physical characteristics suited for use in a single cell or large prison disturbances, and to determine if the selected foam concentrate could serve as a carrier for Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) irritant. The phase two objectives were to conduct an extensive toxicology review of the selected foam concentrate and OC irritant, and to conduct respiration simulation experiments in the selected high expansion aqueous foam. The phase three objectives were to build a prototype individual cell aqueous foam system and to study the feasibility of aqueous foams for large prison facility disturbances. The phase four and five objectives were to use the prototype system to do large scale foam physical characteristics testing of the selected foam concentrate, and to have the prototype single cell system further evaluated by correctional representatives. Prison rather than street scenarios were evaluated as the first and most likely place for using the aqueous foam since prisons have recurrent incidents where officers and inmates might be seriously injured during violent confrontations. The very low density of the high expansion foam also makes it more suitable for indoor use. This paper summarizes the results of the project. RP Goolsby, TD (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2336-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 2934 BP 86 EP 95 DI 10.1117/12.265401 PG 10 WC Criminology & Penology; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Law; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Optics SC Criminology & Penology; Engineering; Government & Law; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BH14V UT WOS:A1997BH14V00012 ER PT B AU Scott, SH AF Scott, SH BE Alexander, JB Spencer, DD Schmit, S Steel, BJ TI Sticky foam as a less-than-lethal technology SO SECURITY SYSTEMS AND NONLETHAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Security Systems and Nonlethal Technologies for Law Enforcement CY NOV 19-21, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, NIST, Off Natl Drug Control Policy, Oak Ridge Natl Labs, Sandia Natl Labs, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Harris Corp, MITRE Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Natl Inst Justice, US Customs, Fed Bur Investigat, Amer Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, Calif Peace Officers Assoc, Natl Forens Sci Technol Ctr DE sticky foam; less-than-lethal technology; operations other than war; peace keeping missions; prisons; non-lethal AB Sandia National Labs (SNL) in 1994 completed a project funded by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) to determine the applicability of sticky foam for correctional applications. Sticky foam is an extremely tacky, tenacious material used to block, entangle, and impair individuals. The NIJ project developed a gun capable of firing multiple shots of sticky foam, tested the gun and sticky foam effectiveness on SNL volunteers acting out prison and law enforcement scenarios, and had the gun and sticky foam evaluated by correctional representatives. Based on the NIJ project work, SNL supported the Marine Corps Mission, Operation United Shield, with sticky foam guns and supporting equipment to assist in the withdrawal of UN Peacekeepers from Somalia. Prior to the loan of the equipment, the Marines were given training in sticky foam characterization, toxicology, safety issues, cleanup and waste disposal, use limitations, use protocol and precautions, emergency facial clean-up, skin cleanup, gun filling, targeting and firing, and gun cleaning. The Marine Corps successfully used the sticky foam guns as part of that operation. This paper describes these recent developments of sticky foam for non-lethal uses and some of the lessons learned from scenario and application testing. RP Scott, SH (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2336-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 2934 BP 96 EP 103 DI 10.1117/12.265402 PG 8 WC Criminology & Penology; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Law; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Optics SC Criminology & Penology; Engineering; Government & Law; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BH14V UT WOS:A1997BH14V00013 ER PT B AU Rand, PB AF Rand, PB BE Alexander, JB Spencer, DD Schmit, S Steel, BJ TI Foams for barriers and non-lethal weapons SO SECURITY SYSTEMS AND NONLETHAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Security Systems and Nonlethal Technologies for Law Enforcement CY NOV 19-21, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, NIST, Off Natl Drug Control Policy, Oak Ridge Natl Labs, Sandia Natl Labs, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Harris Corp, MITRE Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Natl Inst Justice, US Customs, Fed Bur Investigat, Amer Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, Calif Peace Officers Assoc, Natl Forens Sci Technol Ctr DE foam; sticky; aqueous; non-lethal; oleoresin capsicum AB Our times demand better solutions to conflict resolution than simply shooting someone. Because of this, police and military interest in non-lethal concepts is high. Already in use are pepper sprays, bean-bag guns, flash-bang grenades, and rubber bullets. At Sandia we got a head start on non-lethal weapon concepts. Protection of nuclear materials required systems that went way beyond the traditional bank vault. Dispensable deterrents were used to allow a graduated response to a threat. Sticky foams and stabilized aqueous foams were developed to provide access delay. Foams won out for security systems simply because you could get a large volume from a small container, For polymeric foams the expansion ratio is thirty to fifty to one. In aqueous foams expansion ratio's of one thousand to one are easily obtained. Recent development work on sticky foams has included a changeover to environmentally friendly solvents, foams with very low toxicity, and the development of non-flammable silicone resin based foams. High expansion aqueous foams are useful visual and aural obscurants. Our recent aqueous foam development has concentrated on using very low toxicity foaming agents combined with oleoresin capsicum (OC) irritant to provide a safe but highly irritating foam. RP Rand, PB (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,MAT & PROC SCI CTR,POB 5800,MS 0367,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2336-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 2934 BP 104 EP 107 DI 10.1117/12.265403 PG 4 WC Criminology & Penology; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Law; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Optics SC Criminology & Penology; Engineering; Government & Law; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BH14V UT WOS:A1997BH14V00014 ER PT B AU Steele, BJ AF Steele, BJ BE Alexander, JB Spencer, DD Schmit, S Steel, BJ TI Security systems engineering overview SO SECURITY SYSTEMS AND NONLETHAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Security Systems and Nonlethal Technologies for Law Enforcement CY NOV 19-21, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, NIST, Off Natl Drug Control Policy, Oak Ridge Natl Labs, Sandia Natl Labs, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Harris Corp, MITRE Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Natl Inst Justice, US Customs, Fed Bur Investigat, Amer Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, Calif Peace Officers Assoc, Natl Forens Sci Technol Ctr AB Crime prevention is on the minds of most people today. The concern for public safety and the theft of valuable assets are being discussed at all levels of government and throughout the public sector. There is a growing demand for security systems that can adequately safeguard people and valuable assets against the sophistication of those criminals or adversaries who pose a threat. The crime in this country has been estimated at $70 billion in direct costs and up to $300 billion in indirect costs. Health insurance fraud alone is estimated to cost American businesses $100 billion. Theft, warranty fraud, and counterfeiting of computer hardware totaled $3 billion in 1994. A threat analysis is a prerequisite to any security system design to assess the vulnerabilities with respect to the anticipated threat. Having established a comprehensive definition of the threat, crime prevention, detection, and threat assessment technologies can be used to address these criminal activities. This talk will outline the process used to design a security system regardless of the level of security. This methodology has been applied to many applications including: government high security facilities residential and commercial intrusion detection and assessment anti-counterfeiting/fraud detection technologies (counterfeit currency, cellular phone billing, credit card fraud, health care fraud, passport, green cards, and questionable documents) industrial espionage detection and prevention (intellectual property, computer chips, etc.) security barrier technology (creation of delay such as gates, vaults, etc.). RP Steele, BJ (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,MS 0768,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2336-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 2934 BP 112 EP 115 DI 10.1117/12.265404 PG 4 WC Criminology & Penology; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Law; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Optics SC Criminology & Penology; Engineering; Government & Law; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BH14V UT WOS:A1997BH14V00015 ER PT B AU Green, MW AF Green, MW BE Alexander, JB Spencer, DD Schmit, S Steel, BJ TI Systematic, appropriate, and cost-effective application of security technologies in US public schools to reduce crime, violence, and drugs SO SECURITY SYSTEMS AND NONLETHAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Security Systems and Nonlethal Technologies for Law Enforcement CY NOV 19-21, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, NIST, Off Natl Drug Control Policy, Oak Ridge Natl Labs, Sandia Natl Labs, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Harris Corp, MITRE Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Natl Inst Justice, US Customs, Fed Bur Investigat, Amer Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, Calif Peace Officers Assoc, Natl Forens Sci Technol Ctr AB As problems of violence and crime become more prevalent in our schools (or at least the perception of their prevalence), more and more school districts will elect to use security technologies to control these problems. While the desired change in student and community attitudes will require significant systemic change through intense U.S. social programs, security technologies can greatly augment school staff today by providing services similar to having extra adults present. Technologies such as cameras, sensors, drug detection, biometric and personnel identification, lighting, barriers, weapon and explosives detection, anti-graffiti methods, and duress alarms can all be effective, given they are used in appropriate applications, with realistic expectations and an understanding of limitations. Similar to a high-risk government facility, schools must consider a systems (''big picture'') approach to security, which includes the use of personnel and procedures as well as security technologies, such that the synergy created by all these elements together contributes more to the general ''order maintenance'' of the facility than could be achieved by separate measures not integrated or related. RP Green, MW (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,SECUR SYST & TECHNOL CTR,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2336-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 2934 BP 150 EP 156 DI 10.1117/12.265408 PG 7 WC Criminology & Penology; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Law; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Optics SC Criminology & Penology; Engineering; Government & Law; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BH14V UT WOS:A1997BH14V00019 ER PT B AU Hicks, MJ AF Hicks, MJ BE Alexander, JB Spencer, DD Schmit, S Steel, BJ TI Analysis of costs-benefits tradeoffs of complex security systems SO SECURITY SYSTEMS AND NONLETHAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Security Systems and Nonlethal Technologies for Law Enforcement CY NOV 19-21, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, NIST, Off Natl Drug Control Policy, Oak Ridge Natl Labs, Sandia Natl Labs, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Harris Corp, MITRE Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Natl Inst Justice, US Customs, Fed Bur Investigat, Amer Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, Calif Peace Officers Assoc, Natl Forens Sci Technol Ctr DE security systems design; costs-benefits analysis; software tools; cost effectiveness AB Essential to a systems approach to design of security systems is an analysis of the cost effectiveness of alternative designs. While the concept of analysis of costs and benefits is straightforward, implementation can be at the least tedious and, for complex designs and alternatives, can become nearly intractable without the help of structured analysis tools. CPA - Cost and Performance Analysis - is a prototype integration of existing PC-based cost and performance tools: ACE and ASSESS. ACE is an existing DOD PC-based cost analysis tool that supports cost analysis over the full life-cycle of the system; that is, the cost to procure, operate, maintain and retire the system and ail of its components. ASSESS is an existing DOE PC-based tool for analysis of performance of physical protection systems. These tools are integrated using C++ and Microsoft(R) Excel macros. Cost and performance data are collected into Excel workbooks, making data readily available to analysts and decision makers in both tabular and graphical formats and at both the system and path element levels. RP Hicks, MJ (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,SECUR SYST ANAL & DEV DEPT,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2336-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 2934 BP 157 EP 163 DI 10.1117/12.265410 PG 7 WC Criminology & Penology; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Law; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Optics SC Criminology & Penology; Engineering; Government & Law; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BH14V UT WOS:A1997BH14V00020 ER PT S AU Kamat, PV Meisel, D AF Kamat, PV Meisel, D BE Kamat, PV Meisel, D TI Semiconductor nanoclusters - Physical, chemical, and catalytic aspects - Introduction SO SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCLUSTERS- PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND CATALYTIC ASPECTS SE Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis LA English DT Editorial Material C1 ARGONNE NATL LAB, DIV CHEM, ARGONNE, IL 60439 USA. RP Kamat, PV (reprint author), UNIV NOTRE DAME, RADIAT LAB, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA. RI Kamat, Prashant/B-7969-2008 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2991 BN 0-444-82064-7 J9 STUD SURF SCI CATAL PY 1997 VL 103 BP 1 EP 3 DI 10.1016/S0167-2991(97)81095-6 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA BG91X UT WOS:A1997BG91X00001 ER PT S AU Meisel, D AF Meisel, D BE Kamat, PV Meisel, D TI Charge transfer in nanoparticles SO SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCLUSTERS- PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND CATALYTIC ASPECTS SE Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis LA English DT Article ID LASER FLASH-PHOTOLYSIS; SEMICONDUCTOR PARTICULATE SYSTEMS; INTERFACIAL ELECTRON-TRANSFER; COLLOIDAL TIO2; EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY; PHOTOCHEMICAL EVENTS; PARAMAGNETIC-RES; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; ABSORPTION-EDGE; STRAINED-LAYER RP ARGONNE NATL LAB, DIV CHEM, 9700 S CASS AVE, ARGONNE, IL 60439 USA. NR 70 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2991 BN 0-444-82064-7 J9 STUD SURF SCI CATAL PY 1997 VL 103 BP 79 EP 97 DI 10.1016/S0167-2991(97)81099-3 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA BG91X UT WOS:A1997BG91X00005 ER PT S AU Nozik, AJ AF Nozik, AJ BE Kamat, PV Meisel, D TI Quantum well and superlattice electrodes SO SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCLUSTERS- PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND CATALYTIC ASPECTS SE Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis LA English DT Article ID HOT-CARRIER RELAXATION; SUBPICOSECOND LUMINESCENCE; PHOTOCURRENT SPECTROSCOPY; PICOSECOND RELAXATION; INTERFACIAL QUALITY; STRAINED-LAYER; BULK GAAS; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; HETEROSTRUCTURES; ALGAAS RP Nozik, AJ (reprint author), NATL RENEWABLE ENERGY LAB, GOLDEN, CO 80401 USA. RI Nozik, Arthur/A-1481-2012; Nozik, Arthur/P-2641-2016 NR 53 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2991 BN 0-444-82064-7 J9 STUD SURF SCI CATAL PY 1997 VL 103 BP 135 EP 160 DI 10.1016/S0167-2991(97)81102-0 PG 26 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA BG91X UT WOS:A1997BG91X00008 ER PT S AU Wang, LW Zunger, A AF Wang, LW Zunger, A BE Kamat, PV Meisel, D TI Pseudopotential theory of nanometer silicon quantum dots SO SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCLUSTERS- PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND CATALYTIC ASPECTS SE Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis LA English DT Review ID ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE CALCULATIONS; NORM-CONSERVING PSEUDOPOTENTIALS; SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; MAXIMUM-ENTROPY APPROACH; POROUS SILICON; SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALLITES; LUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; LARGE MATRICES AB We present a systematic approach to the study of the electronic structure of thousand atom (nanometer scale) quantum structures. This approach uses the empirical pseudopotential method to approximate the Hamiltonian and a plane wave basis to expand the wavefunctions. Two complementary, newly developed methods are used to calculate the electronic structure of the system. The first method solves for the discrete near-edge states (the valence band maximum and the conduction band minimum). Its computational time scales linearly with the size of the system. The second method calculates statistically the electronic density of states and optical absorption spectra. For a given resolution and statistical accuracy, its computational time is independent of the size of the system for systems smaller than similar to 10,000 atoms. The combination of these two methods is used to study the electronic and optical properties of up to thousand Si atom quantum dots passivated by hydrogen. The properties studied include: (1) band gap vs size; (2) band gap vs shape; (3) analysis of band edge states in terms of bulk Bloch functions; (4) total electronic density of state and optical absorption spectra; (5) dielectric constant vs size; (6) photoluminescence radiative lifetime vs luminescence photon energy. The results are compared with tight binding and other model calculations. Comparison with experimental data is made whenever possible. Good agreements with experiment are obtained for photoluminescence lifetime and for the ratio between conduction band shift and valence band shift. RP Wang, LW (reprint author), NATL RENEWABLE ENERGY LAB, GOLDEN, CO 80401 USA. NR 116 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2991 BN 0-444-82064-7 J9 STUD SURF SCI CATAL PY 1997 VL 103 BP 161 EP 207 DI 10.1016/S0167-2991(97)81103-2 PG 47 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA BG91X UT WOS:A1997BG91X00009 ER PT J AU Fritz, IJ Brennan, TM AF Fritz, IJ Brennan, TM TI Semiconductor characterization by a new contactless electroreflectance technique employing surface acoustic waves SO SEMICONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-WELL STRUCTURES; SPECTRA AB The interaction between an amplitude modulated surface acoustic wave on a piezoelectric substrate and the surface band bending and charge trapping at an adjacent semiconductor surface is employed to produce a modulated d.c. electric field in the near-surface region of the semiconductor. This field perturbs the optical reflectivity of the semiconductor, allowing derivative reflectance spectra to be obtained in a manner analogous to the familiar technique of photomodulated reflectance. This new contactless electroreflectance technique has been demonstrated by obtaining spectra, including structure above the bandgap, of (ln)GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy. RP Fritz, IJ (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6BE SN 0268-1242 J9 SEMICOND SCI TECH JI Semicond. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 12 IS 1 BP 19 EP 21 DI 10.1088/0268-1242/12/1/004 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA WC627 UT WOS:A1997WC62700003 ER PT S AU Hermon, H Schieber, M James, RB Yang, N Antolak, AJ Morse, DH Kolesnikov, NNP Ivanov, YN Komar, V Goorsky, MS Yoon, H Toney, J Schlesinger, TE AF Hermon, H Schieber, M James, RB Yang, N Antolak, AJ Morse, DH Kolesnikov, NNP Ivanov, YN Komar, V Goorsky, MS Yoon, H Toney, J Schlesinger, TE BE James, RB Schlesinger, TE Siffert, P Dusi, W Squillante, MR OConnell, M Cuzin, M TI Comparison between cadmium zinc telluride crystals grown in Russia and in the Ukraine SO SEMICONDUCTORS FOR ROOM-TEMPERATURE RADIATION DETECTOR APPLICATIONS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium on Semiconductors for Room-Temperature Radiation Detector Applications, at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-05, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Amptek Inc, Bicron Corp, CEA LETI, US DOE, Off Nonproliferat, eV Products, Johnson Matthey Electr, Moxtek Inc, Noranda Adv Mat, RMD Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Spire Corp AB A comparative analysis of different Cd1-xZnxTe (CZT) crystals grown by a vertical high pressure Bridgman (VHPB) method is reported. The results of several analytical techniques, such as triple axis x-ray diffraction (TAD), rocking curves, low temperature photoluminescence (PL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and proton induced x-ray emission (PIXE) are discussed. Segregated carbon inclusions were identified by SEM and energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), and the results are interpreted in terms of constitutional supercooling of the solidifying CZT melt. The carbon inclusions significantly decrease the resistivity, and in some cases, the noise is too large for the fabrication of radiation detectors. Combining these results with other measurements reported by our research team [I], we identify correlations between the growth and the defects identified in these CZT crystals. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Hermon, H (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-392-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 487 BP 13 EP 18 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BL33B UT WOS:000075187100002 ER PT S AU Heffelfinger, JR Medlin, DL James, RB AF Heffelfinger, JR Medlin, DL James, RB BE James, RB Schlesinger, TE Siffert, P Dusi, W Squillante, MR OConnell, M Cuzin, M TI Analysis of grain boundaries, twin boundaries and Te precipitates in Cd1-xZnxTe grown by high-pressure Bridgman method SO SEMICONDUCTORS FOR ROOM-TEMPERATURE RADIATION DETECTOR APPLICATIONS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium on Semiconductors for Room-Temperature Radiation Detector Applications, at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-05, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Amptek Inc, Bicron Corp, CEA LETI, US DOE, Off Nonproliferat, eV Products, Johnson Matthey Electr, Moxtek Inc, Noranda Adv Mat, RMD Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Spire Corp AB Grain boundaries and twin boundaries in commercial Cd1-xZnxTe, which is prepared by a high-pressure Bridgeman technique, have been investigated with transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, infrared-light microscopy and visible-light microscopy. Boundaries inside these materials were found to be decorated with Te precipitates. The shape and local density of the precipitates were found to depend on the particular boundary. For precipitates that decorate gain boundaries, their microstructure was found to consist of a single, saucer-shaped grain of hexagonal Te (space group P3(1)21). Analysis of a Te precipate by selected-area diffraction revealed the Te to be aligned with the surrounding Cd1-xZnxTe grains. This alignment was found to match the (111) Cd1-xZnxTe planes with the (0111) planes of hexagonal Te. Crystallographic alignments between the Cd1-xZnxTe grains were also observed for a high-angle grain boundary. The structures of the grain boundaries and the Te/Cd1-xZnxTe interface are discussed. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Heffelfinger, JR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn, POB 969, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-392-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 487 BP 33 EP 38 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BL33B UT WOS:000075187100005 ER PT S AU Brunett, BA Van Scyoc, JM Yoon, H Gilbert, TS Schlesinger, TE Lund, JC James, RB AF Brunett, BA Van Scyoc, JM Yoon, H Gilbert, TS Schlesinger, TE Lund, JC James, RB BE James, RB Schlesinger, TE Siffert, P Dusi, W Squillante, MR OConnell, M Cuzin, M TI Mapping of large area cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) wafers: Apparatus and methods SO SEMICONDUCTORS FOR ROOM-TEMPERATURE RADIATION DETECTOR APPLICATIONS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium on Semiconductors for Room-Temperature Radiation Detector Applications, at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-05, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Amptek Inc, Bicron Corp, CEA LETI, US DOE, Off Nonproliferat, eV Products, Johnson Matthey Electr, Moxtek Inc, Noranda Adv Mat, RMD Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Spire Corp AB Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) shows great promise as a semiconductor radiation detector material. CZT possesses advantageous material properties over other radiation detector materials in use today, such as a high intrinsic resistivity and a high cross-section for x and gamma-rays. However, presently available CZT is not without limitations. The hole transport properties severely limit the performance of these detectors, and the yield of material possessing adequate electron transport properties is currently much lower than desired. The result of these material deficiencies is a lack of inexpensive CZT crystals of large volume for several radiation detector applications. One approach to help alleviate this problem is to measure the spatial distribution (or map) the electrical properties of large area CZT wafers prior to device fabrication. This mapping can accomplish two goals: identify regions of the wafers suitable for detector fabrication and correlate the distribution of crystalline defects with the detector performance. The results of this characterization can then be used by the crystal manufacturers to optimize their growth processes. In this work, we discuss the design and performance of apparatus for measuring the electrical characteristics of entire CZT wafers (up to 10 cm x 10 cm). The data acquisition and manipulation will be discussed and some typical data will be presented. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Brunett, BA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-392-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 487 BP 39 EP 44 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BL33B UT WOS:000075187100006 ER PT S AU Lund, JC Brunett, BA Viles, TP Hilton, NR James, RB AF Lund, JC Brunett, BA Viles, TP Hilton, NR James, RB BE James, RB Schlesinger, TE Siffert, P Dusi, W Squillante, MR OConnell, M Cuzin, M TI On the active volume of cadmium zinc telluride gamma-ray spectrometers SO SEMICONDUCTORS FOR ROOM-TEMPERATURE RADIATION DETECTOR APPLICATIONS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium on Semiconductors for Room-Temperature Radiation Detector Applications, at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-05, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Amptek Inc, Bicron Corp, CEA LETI, US DOE, Off Nonproliferat, eV Products, Johnson Matthey Electr, Moxtek Inc, Noranda Adv Mat, RMD Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Spire Corp AB In this paper we develop quantitative models to predict the active Volume of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors operated as gamma-ray pulse height spectrometers. Three cases are considered: a conventional planar detector, a unipolar device, and a detector in which electronic signal processing has been applied to correct for charge trapping effects. We find that existing detectors are very limited in their maximum attainable active volume, but unipolar devices with charge correction show promise for producing large active volume devices. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Lund, JC (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-392-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 487 BP 199 EP 204 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BL33B UT WOS:000075187100028 ER PT S AU Hermon, H Schieber, M Yang, N James, RB Kolesnikov, NNP Ivanov, YN Komar, V Goorsky, MS Yoon, H Toney, J Schlesinger, TE AF Hermon, H Schieber, M Yang, N James, RB Kolesnikov, NNP Ivanov, YN Komar, V Goorsky, MS Yoon, H Toney, J Schlesinger, TE BE James, RB Schlesinger, TE Siffert, P Dusi, W Squillante, MR OConnell, M Cuzin, M TI Study of the homogeneity of Cadmium Zinc Telluride detectors SO SEMICONDUCTORS FOR ROOM-TEMPERATURE RADIATION DETECTOR APPLICATIONS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium on Semiconductors for Room-Temperature Radiation Detector Applications, at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-05, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Amptek Inc, Bicron Corp, CEA LETI, US DOE, Off Nonproliferat, eV Products, Johnson Matthey Electr, Moxtek Inc, Noranda Adv Mat, RMD Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Spire Corp AB Several analytical techniques have been used in the study of the homogeneity of Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) single crystals grown by the vertical high pressure Bridgman (VHPB) method. The presence of black inclusions and tubular hollow pipes has been observed by a few methods, such as photoluminescence (PL), infrared (IR) transmission microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The crystals investigated were grown commercially in the USA, at the Institute of Single Crystals in Kharkov, Ukraine, and at the Institute of Solid State Physics, Moscow, Russia. We discuss the homogeneity of the various CZT crystals based on the results from these measurement techniques. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Hermon, H (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-392-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 487 BP 223 EP 228 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BL33B UT WOS:000075187100032 ER PT S AU Hermon, H James, RB Lund, J Cross, E Antolak, A Morse, DH Medlin, DL Soria, E Van Scyoc, J Brunett, B Schieber, M Schlesinger, TE Toney, J Goorsky, M Yoon, H Burger, A Salary, L Chen, KT Chang, YC Shah, K AF Hermon, H James, RB Lund, J Cross, E Antolak, A Morse, DH Medlin, DL Soria, E Van Scyoc, J Brunett, B Schieber, M Schlesinger, TE Toney, J Goorsky, M Yoon, H Burger, A Salary, L Chen, KT Chang, YC Shah, K BE James, RB Schlesinger, TE Siffert, P Dusi, W Squillante, MR OConnell, M Cuzin, M TI Lead iodide x-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers for room and high temperature operation SO SEMICONDUCTORS FOR ROOM-TEMPERATURE RADIATION DETECTOR APPLICATIONS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium on Semiconductors for Room-Temperature Radiation Detector Applications, at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-05, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Amptek Inc, Bicron Corp, CEA LETI, US DOE, Off Nonproliferat, eV Products, Johnson Matthey Electr, Moxtek Inc, Noranda Adv Mat, RMD Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Spire Corp AB In this study we report on the results of the investigation of lead iodide material properties. The effectiveness of a zone refining purification method on the material purity is determined by ICP-MS and ICP-OES and correlated to the electrical and physical material properties. We show that this zone refining method is very efficient in removing impurities from lead iodide, and we also determine the segregation coefficient for some of these impurities. Triple axis x-ray diffraction (TAD) analysis has been used to determine the crystalline perfection of the lead iodide after applying various cutting, etching and fabrication methods. The soft lead iodide crystal was found to be damaged when cleaved by a razor blade, but by using a diamond wheel saw, followed by etching, the crystallinity of the material was much improved, as observed by TAD. Low temperature photoluminescence also indicates an improvement in the material properties of the purified lead iodide. Electrical properties of lead iodide such as carrier mobility, were calculated based on carrier - phonon scattering. The results for the electrical properties were in good agreement with the experimental data. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Hermon, H (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-392-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 487 BP 361 EP 368 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BL33B UT WOS:000075187100050 ER PT S AU Ross, S Zentai, G AF Ross, S Zentai, G BE James, RB Schlesinger, TE Siffert, P Dusi, W Squillante, MR OConnell, M Cuzin, M TI Converting films for x-ray detectors, applied to amorphous silicon arrays. SO SEMICONDUCTORS FOR ROOM-TEMPERATURE RADIATION DETECTOR APPLICATIONS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium on Semiconductors for Room-Temperature Radiation Detector Applications, at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-05, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Amptek Inc, Bicron Corp, CEA LETI, US DOE, Off Nonproliferat, eV Products, Johnson Matthey Electr, Moxtek Inc, Noranda Adv Mat, RMD Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Spire Corp AB This paper presents results from our on-going efforts to characterize semiconductor thin films for direct x-ray conversion. We deposit these thin films onto an amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) readout array with the overall goal of developing a large area x-ray detector for protein crystallography, and for other xray imaging fields. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Ross, S (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-392-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 487 BP 393 EP 397 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BL33B UT WOS:000075187100055 ER PT S AU Wynne, DI Tull, CSR Haller, EE AF Wynne, DI Tull, CSR Haller, EE BE James, RB Schlesinger, TE Siffert, P Dusi, W Squillante, MR OConnell, M Cuzin, M TI High purity liquid phase epitaxial GaAs for radiation detectors SO SEMICONDUCTORS FOR ROOM-TEMPERATURE RADIATION DETECTOR APPLICATIONS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium on Semiconductors for Room-Temperature Radiation Detector Applications, at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-05, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Amptek Inc, Bicron Corp, CEA LETI, US DOE, Off Nonproliferat, eV Products, Johnson Matthey Electr, Moxtek Inc, Noranda Adv Mat, RMD Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Spire Corp AB We report on the growth of high purity n-GaAs using Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE) and the fabrication of room temperature p-i-n radiation detectors. Our epilayers are grown from a Ga solvent in a graphite boat in a pure hydrogen atmosphere. Growth is started at a temperature of approximately 800 degrees C. Our best epilayers show a net-residual-donor concentration of 2x10(13) cm(-3), confirmed by Hall effect measurements. The residual donors have been analyzed by far infrared spectroscopy and found to be sulfur and silicon. Epilayers with thicknesses of up to 120 mu m have been deposited on 650 mu m thick semi-insulating GaAs substrates and on 500 mu m thick n(+)-type GaAs substrates. We report the results obtained with Schottky barrier diodes fabricated from these high purity n-type GaAs epilayers and operated as X-ray detectors. The Schottky barrier contacts consisted of evaporated circular gold contacts on epilayers on n(+) substrates. The ohmic contacts were formed by evaporated and alloyed Ni-Ge-Au films on the back of the substrate. Several of our diodes exhibit currents of the order of 1 to 10 nA at reverse biases depleting approximately 50 mu m of the epilayer. This very encouraging result, demonstrating the possibility for fabricating GaAs p-i-n diodes with depletion layers in high purity GaAs instead of semi-insulating GaAs, is supported by similar results obtained by several other groups. The consequences of using high purity instead of semi-insulating GaAs will be much reduced charge carrier trapping. Diode electrical characteristics and detector performance results using Fe-55 and Am-241 radiation will be discussed. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Wynne, DI (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-392-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 487 BP 465 EP 470 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BL33B UT WOS:000075187100065 ER PT S AU Lee, EY Lund, JC Hilton, NR Brunett, BA James, RB AF Lee, EY Lund, JC Hilton, NR Brunett, BA James, RB BE James, RB Schlesinger, TE Siffert, P Dusi, W Squillante, MR OConnell, M Cuzin, M TI Device simulation of a unipolar gamma-ray detector SO SEMICONDUCTORS FOR ROOM-TEMPERATURE RADIATION DETECTOR APPLICATIONS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium on Semiconductors for Room-Temperature Radiation Detector Applications, at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-05, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Amptek Inc, Bicron Corp, CEA LETI, US DOE, Off Nonproliferat, eV Products, Johnson Matthey Electr, Moxtek Inc, Noranda Adv Mat, RMD Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Spire Corp AB The pulse height spectra from a new kind of unipolar gamma-ray detectors were predicted using a new three-dimensional simulation program developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The detectors were fabricated at Sandia and RMD Inc., and tested at Sandia. They were fabricated from Cd1-xZnxTe crystals and they were electron-transport-only devices. For the simulation, a successive overrelaxation method was used to determine the three-dimensional internal electric field within a detector, and to find the weighting potentials for the anode and the cathode. Uniform irradiation and ionization from a Cs-137 source was assumed, and the charge transport and the signal induction within the detector were numerically computed using the appropriate materials and design parameters. The simulation gave excellent agreement with experimental pulse height spectra, and it demonstrated the power of such a simulation to correlate the materials parameters and the device design to the actual detector performance. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Lee, EY (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-392-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 487 BP 537 EP 543 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BL33B UT WOS:000075187100076 ER PT S AU Viles, TP Brunett, BA Yoon, H Lund, JC Hermon, H Buchenauer, D McCarty, K Ciifft, M Dibble, D James, RB AF Viles, TP Brunett, BA Yoon, H Lund, JC Hermon, H Buchenauer, D McCarty, K Ciifft, M Dibble, D James, RB BE James, RB Schlesinger, TE Siffert, P Dusi, W Squillante, MR OConnell, M Cuzin, M TI Material requirements for a boron phosphide thermal neutron counter SO SEMICONDUCTORS FOR ROOM-TEMPERATURE RADIATION DETECTOR APPLICATIONS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium on Semiconductors for Room-Temperature Radiation Detector Applications, at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-05, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Amptek Inc, Bicron Corp, CEA LETI, US DOE, Off Nonproliferat, eV Products, Johnson Matthey Electr, Moxtek Inc, Noranda Adv Mat, RMD Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Spire Corp AB Electrical characterization (current versus voltage and capacitance versus voltage) of nonstoichiometric amorphous boron phosphide Schottky diodes for neutron detection is presented. These results are incorporated in a Monte Carlo model of detector response to determine material requirements for a boron phosphide neutron counter. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Viles, TP (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-392-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 487 BP 585 EP 590 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BL33B UT WOS:000075187100083 ER PT J AU Nowakowski, J Tinoco, I AF Nowakowski, J Tinoco, I TI RNA structure and stability SO SEMINARS IN VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE nucleic acid; conformation; secondary structure; tertiary structure; stability ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; UNUSUALLY STABLE RNA; MAMMARY-TUMOR VIRUS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; SECONDARY STRUCTURES; NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; RESPONSE ELEMENT; APTAMER COMPLEX; HELIX AB RNA molecules fold into specific base-paired conformations that contain single-stranded regions, A-form double helices, hairpin loops, internal loops, bulges, junctions, pseudoknots, kissing hairpins, and so forth. These structural motifs are recognized by proteins, other RNAs, and other parts of the same RNA. The interactions of these structural elements are crucial to the biological functions of the RNA molecules. We describe the different motifs and discuss their thermodynamic stabilities relative to single strands of RNA. The stabilities determine under what conditions they occur and whether they change when interacting with proteins or other ligands. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Struct Biol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Nowakowski, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 69 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1044-5773 J9 SEMIN VIROL JI Semin. Virol. PY 1997 VL 8 IS 3 BP 153 EP 165 DI 10.1006/smvy.1997.0118 PG 13 WC Virology SC Virology GA 221GC UT WOS:000081715800002 ER PT B AU Feddema, JT Robinett, RD Driessen, BJ AF Feddema, JT Robinett, RD Driessen, BJ BE Schenker, PS McKee, GT TI Explaining finite state machine characteristics using variable structure control SO SENSOR FUSION AND DECENTRALIZED CONTROL IN AUTONOMOUS ROBOTIC SYSTEMS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensor Fusion and Decentralized Control in Autonomous Robotic Systems CY OCT 14-15, 1997 CL PITTSBURGH, PA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, NIST, Coalit Intelligent Mfg Syst, Acad Coalit Intelligent Mfg Syst DE finite state machine; cooperative behavior; robotics; variable structure control; sliding mode control AB This paper describes how variable structure control can be used to describe the overall behavior of multiple autonomous robotic vehicles with simple finite state machine rules. The importance of this result is that we can then begin to design provably asymptotically stable group behaviors from a set of simple control laws and appropriate switching points with variable structure control. The ability to prove convergence to a god is especially important for applications such as locating military targets or land mines. RP Feddema, JT (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,MS 1003,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2641-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3209 BP 46 EP 54 DI 10.1117/12.287654 PG 9 WC Automation & Control Systems; Optics SC Automation & Control Systems; Optics GA BJ64V UT WOS:A1997BJ64V00005 ER PT B AU Kwok, KS Driessen, BJ AF Kwok, KS Driessen, BJ BE Schenker, PS McKee, GT TI Cooperative target convergence using multiple agents SO SENSOR FUSION AND DECENTRALIZED CONTROL IN AUTONOMOUS ROBOTIC SYSTEMS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensor Fusion and Decentralized Control in Autonomous Robotic Systems CY OCT 14-15, 1997 CL PITTSBURGH, PA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, NIST, Coalit Intelligent Mfg Syst, Acad Coalit Intelligent Mfg Syst DE cooperative behavior; multiple agent; emergent behavior; fuzzy logic; multiple target AB This work considers the problem of causing multiple (100's) autonomous mobile robots to converge to a target and provides a ''follow-the-leader'' approach to the problem. Each robot has only a limited-range sensor for sensing the target and also larger but also limited-range robot-to-robot communication capability. Because of the small amount of information available to the robots, a practical approach to improve convergence to the target is to have a robot follow the robot with the best quality of information. Specifically, each robot emits a signal that informs in-range robots what its status is. A robot has a status value of 0 if it is itself in range of the target. A robot has a status of 1 if it is not in range of the target but is is communication range of a robot that is in range of the target. A robot has a status of 2 if it is not in range of the target but is within range of another robot that has status 1, and so on. Of all the mobile robots that any given robot is in range of, it follows the one with the best status. The emergent behavior is the ant-like trails of robots following each other toward the target. If the robot is nor in range of another robot that is either in range of the target or following another robot, the robot will assign -1 to its quality-of-information, and will execute an exhaustive search. The exhuastive search will continue until it encounters either the target or another robot with a nonnegative quality-of-information. The quality of information approach was extended to the case where each robot only has two-bit signals informing it of distance to in-range robots. RP Kwok, KS (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2641-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3209 BP 67 EP 75 DI 10.1117/12.287652 PG 9 WC Automation & Control Systems; Optics SC Automation & Control Systems; Optics GA BJ64V UT WOS:A1997BJ64V00007 ER PT B AU Kwok, KS Driessen, BJ Phillips, CA Tovey, CA AF Kwok, KS Driessen, BJ Phillips, CA Tovey, CA BE Schenker, PS McKee, GT TI Analyzing the multiple-target-multiple-agent scenario using optimal assignment algorithms SO SENSOR FUSION AND DECENTRALIZED CONTROL IN AUTONOMOUS ROBOTIC SYSTEMS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensor Fusion and Decentralized Control in Autonomous Robotic Systems CY OCT 14-15, 1997 CL PITTSBURGH, PA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, NIST, Coalit Intelligent Mfg Syst, Acad Coalit Intelligent Mfg Syst DE cooperative behavior; multiple agent; emergent behavior; network optimization; multiple target; matching; graphs AB This work considers the problem of maximum utilization of a set of mobile robots with limited sensor-range capabilities and limited travel distances. The robots are initially in random positions. A set of robots properly guards or covers a region if every point within the region is within the effective sensor range of at least one vehicle. We wish to move the vehicles into surveillance positions so as to guard or cover a region, while minimizing the maximum distance traveled by any vehicle. This problem can be formulated as an assignment problem, in which we must optimally decide which robot to assign to which slot of a desired matrix of grid points. The cost function is the maximum distance traveled by any robot. Assignment problems can be solved very efficiently. Solution times for one hundred robots took only seconds on a Silicon Graphics Crimson workstation. The initial positions of all the robots can be sampled by a central base station and their newly assigned positions communicated back to the robots. Alternatively, the robots can establish their own coordinate system with the origin fixed at one of the robots and orientation determined by the compass bearing of another robot relative to this robot. This paper presents example solutions to the multiple-target-multiple-agent scenario using a matching algorithm. Two separate cases with one hundred agents in each were analyzed using this method. We have found these mobile robot problems to be a very interesting application of network optimization methods, and we expect this to be a fruitful area for future research. RP Kwok, KS (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2641-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3209 BP 111 EP 122 DI 10.1117/12.287630 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Optics SC Automation & Control Systems; Optics GA BJ64V UT WOS:A1997BJ64V00011 ER PT B AU Rao, NSV AF Rao, NSV BE Dasarathy, BV TI Fusion rule estimation using vector space methods SO SENSOR FUSION: ARCHITECTURES, ALGORITHMS, AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensor Fusion - Architectures, Algorithms, and Applications CY APR 24-25, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE sensor fusion; fusion rule estimation; empirical estimation; vector space methods AB In a system of N sensors, the sensor S-j, j = 1,2...,N, outputs Y-(j) is an element of R, according to an unknown probability distribution P-Y(j/X); corresponding to input X is an element of [0.1]. A training n-sample (X-1, X-1), (X-2, Y-2), ...((X)n, Y-n) is given where Y-i = (Y-i((1)), Y-i((2)),...,Y-i((N))) such that Y-i((j)) is the output of S-j in response to input X-i. The problem is to estimate a fusion rule f: R-N proves [0.1], based on the sample, such that the expected square error is minimized over a family of function F that constitute a vector space. The function f* that minimizes the expected error cannot be computed since the underlying densities are unknown, and only an approximation (f) over cap to f* is feasible. We estimate the sample size sufficient to ensure that f provides a close approximation to f* with a high probability. The advantage of vector space methods are two-fold: (a) the sample size estimate is a simple function of the dimensionality of f and (b) the estimate (f) over cap can be easily computed by well-known least square methods in polynomial time. The results are applicable to the classical potential function methods and also (to a recently proposed) special class of sigmoidal feedforward neural networks. RP Rao, NSV (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,CTR ENGN SYST ADV RES,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. OI Rao, Nageswara/0000-0002-3408-5941 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2482-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3067 BP 130 EP 135 DI 10.1117/12.276123 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BJ13B UT WOS:A1997BJ13B00012 ER PT B AU McKnight, T Hardy, J AF McKnight, T Hardy, J BE Viswanathan, S Reddy, RG Malas, JC TI Accurate, reliable control of process gases by mass flow controllers SO SENSORS AND MODELING IN MATERIALS PROCESSING: TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Application of Sensors and Modeling to Materials Processing, at the 12th Annual Meeting of the Minerals-Metals-and-Materials-Society CY FEB 09-13, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc, EPD MDMD, Synthesis Control & Anal Mat Proc Comm, Minerals Met & Mat Soc, EPD Proc Fundamentals Comm AB The thermal mass flow controller, or MFC, has become an instrument of choice ibr the monitoring and controlling of process gas flow throughout the materials processing industry. In the semiconductor industry, these MFCs are used on over 70% of the processing tools. Reliability and accuracy are major concerns for the users of the MFCs. Calibration and characterization technologies for the development and implementation of mass flew devices are described. Sources of inaccuracy in process gas handling are described, and a model to correct for these inaccuracies is outlined. A gravimetric calibrator is described that allows flow sensors to he calibrated in corrosive, reactive gases to an accuracy of 0.3% of reading, at least an order of magnitude better than previously possible. All described capabilities are implemented in a Department of Energy User Facility which is available to industry and universities to test and develop gas flow sensors and controllers and evaluate their performance related to environmental effects, reliability, reproducibility, and accuracy. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP McKnight, T (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008,Mail Stop 6004,Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI McKnight, Tim/H-3087-2011 OI McKnight, Tim/0000-0003-4326-9117 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSON INT NURSING PUBLICATIONS PI NEW YORK PA 133 EAST 58TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA BN 0-87339-372-4 PY 1997 BP 161 EP 169 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BK38N UT WOS:000071956900012 ER PT B AU Menon, MM Barry, RE Spampinato, PT Slotwinski, A AF Menon, MM Barry, RE Spampinato, PT Slotwinski, A BE Viswanathan, S Reddy, RG Malas, JC TI A remotely operable sensor for precision surface mapping using coherent frequency modulated (FM) laser radar SO SENSORS AND MODELING IN MATERIALS PROCESSING: TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Application of Sensors and Modeling to Materials Processing, at the 12th Annual Meeting of the Minerals-Metals-and-Materials-Society CY FEB 09-13, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc, EPD MDMD, Synthesis Control & Anal Mat Proc Comm, Minerals Met & Mat Soc, EPD Proc Fundamentals Comm AB A coherent FM laser radar based sensor for remote metrology cf plasma facing material surfaces in a fusion reactor is described. The sensor is capable of 3-D mapping of surfaces, based on a series of precise range measurements from large distances (up to 20 m). Other features include the ability to operate under adverse environmental conditions involving very high gamma radiation (3x10(4) Gy/hr), ultra-high-vacuum (<10(-5) Pa), and high temperature (200 degrees C). The paper describes the basic principles of the sensor, together with experimental results obtained with the sensor, The ability of the sensor for remote rendering of "visual quality" images without the need for any external illumination is also illustrated. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Menon, MM (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSON INT NURSING PUBLICATIONS PI NEW YORK PA 133 EAST 58TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA BN 0-87339-372-4 PY 1997 BP 183 EP 197 PG 15 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BK38N UT WOS:000071956900014 ER PT B AU Egert, CM Rajic, S AF Egert, CM Rajic, S BE Viswanathan, S Reddy, RG Malas, JC TI Monolithic micro-spectrometer for low-cost sensing in materials processing SO SENSORS AND MODELING IN MATERIALS PROCESSING: TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Application of Sensors and Modeling to Materials Processing, at the 12th Annual Meeting of the Minerals-Metals-and-Materials-Society CY FEB 09-13, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc, EPD MDMD, Synthesis Control & Anal Mat Proc Comm, Minerals Met & Mat Soc, EPD Proc Fundamentals Comm AB We have developed a monolithic micro-spectrometer suitable for a variety of sensing applications including industrial process monitoring. The device consists of a solid structure with a volume less than 6 cubic centimeters. All optical components of the spectrometer including two aspheric mirrors, a diffraction grating, and entrance and exit surface are fabricated onto the surface of the structure. All light paths are internally contained within the structure. The result is a small, rugged spectroscopic sensor ideally suited for use as a process monitor. Due to its monolithic nature the device requires no post-fabrication alignment; nor can it be knocked out of alignment during use. Although many materials and thus wavelength regions were possible, the prototype device discussed here was produced in PMMA by precision diamond turning. However, lower cost manufacturing approaches involving injection molding are under development to produce an affordable sensor. Due to its rugged monolithic design, small footprint, and low cost the monolithic micro-spectrometer is ideally suited for distributed monitoring applications often required for industrial processes. It is expected that modified versions of this sensor designs will be required for specific applications so as to maximize the performance and resolution over the operating range. For example, the prototype device described here operates over a wavelength range of 500 nm to 1000 nm. The performance of this device as a real-time surface monitoring sensor will be discussed in detail. Our approach of using wavelength dependant scattering resulted in the reduction to practice of a miniature, monolithic, rugged, low-cost, micro-instrument in a sensor sized package. The process sensor applications community has been faced by the cost versus performance issue. Simple go/no-go sensors are typically inexpensive but they provide very limited and sometimes dubious data. Scaled down traditional instruments offer very good measurand information but are typically cost prohibitive, fragile, and still relatively large. This work will bridge the gap between these two extreme sensing alternatives. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Engn Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Egert, CM (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Engn Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSON INT NURSING PUBLICATIONS PI NEW YORK PA 133 EAST 58TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA BN 0-87339-372-4 PY 1997 BP 207 EP 214 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BK38N UT WOS:000071956900016 ER PT B AU Young, JP Dai, S Lee, Y Xiao, HN AF Young, JP Dai, S Lee, Y Xiao, HN BE Viswanathan, S Reddy, RG Malas, JC TI Application of Raman spectroscopy to high-temperature analytical measurements SO SENSORS AND MODELING IN MATERIALS PROCESSING: TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Application of Sensors and Modeling to Materials Processing, at the 12th Annual Meeting of the Minerals-Metals-and-Materials-Society CY FEB 09-13, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc, EPD MDMD, Synthesis Control & Anal Mat Proc Comm, Minerals Met & Mat Soc, EPD Proc Fundamentals Comm AB There are numerous analytical applications of scatter-emission and/or absorption spectroscopy applied to liquids and solids in the temperature range of 0 to 350 degrees C. In this paper an all-silica fiberoptic probe is described which is useful for spectral analyses from 0 to 1600 K and can be used in harsh chemical environments. The probe has been used for Raman spectral analyses of many molten salt and solid material systems to 1000 degrees C. It has applications for such studies at higher temperature ranges. The instrumentation required along with the demonstrated and proposed applications of the all-silica probe are presented and discussed. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Young, JP (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Dai, Sheng/K-8411-2015 OI Dai, Sheng/0000-0002-8046-3931 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSON INT NURSING PUBLICATIONS PI NEW YORK PA 133 EAST 58TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA BN 0-87339-372-4 PY 1997 BP 215 EP 223 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BK38N UT WOS:000071956900017 ER PT J AU Chiarizia, R Horwitz, EP Alexandratos, SD Gula, MJ AF Chiarizia, R Horwitz, EP Alexandratos, SD Gula, MJ TI Diphonix(R) resin: A review of its properties and applications SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab ID ION-EXCHANGE RESIN; METAL-IONS; ACID DEPENDENCIES; ACTINIDES AB The recently developed Diphonix(R) resin isa new multifunctional chelating ion exchange resin containing geminally substituted diphosphonic acid ligands chemically bonded to a styrene-based polymeric matrix. Diphonix can be regarded as a dual mechanism polymer, with a sulfonic acid cation exchange group allowing for rapid access, mostly non-specific, of ions into the polymeric network, and the diphosphonic acid group responsible for specificity (recognition) for a number of metal cations. The Diphonix resin exhibits an extraordinarily strong affinity for actinides, especially in the tetra- and hexavalent oxidation states. Therefore the resin has potential for applications in TRU and mixed waste treatment and characterization, and in the development of new procedures for rapid actinide preconcentration and separation from environmental samples. Metal uptake studies have been extended to alkaline earth cations, to transition and post-transition metal species, and to metal sorption from neutral or near neutral solutions. Also the kinetic behavior of the resin has been investigated in detail. In view of the above applications the influence of the most commonly occurring matrix constituents (Na, Ca, Al, Fe, hydrofluoric, sulfuric, oxalic and phosphoric acids) on the uptake of actinide ions has been measured. This review paper summarizes the most important results obtained in the studies on the properties of the Diphonix resin and gives an overview of the applications already in existence or under development in the fields of mixed waste treatment, actinide separation procedures, treatment of radwaste from nuclear power and fuel processing plants, and removal of iron from copper electrowinning solutions. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT CHEM,KNOXVILLE,TN 37996. EICHROM IND INC,DARIEN,IL 60561. RP Chiarizia, R (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 26 TC 104 Z9 105 U1 1 U2 21 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 35 DI 10.1080/01496399708003184 PG 35 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700002 ER PT J AU Miller, CJ Olson, AL Johnson, CK AF Miller, CJ Olson, AL Johnson, CK TI Cesium absorption from acidic solutions using ammonium molybdophosphate on a polyacrylonitrile support (AMP-PAN) SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab AB Recent efforts at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant (ICPP) have included evaluation of cesium removal technologies as applied to ICPP acidic radioactive waste streams. Ammonium molybdophosphate (AMP) immobilized on a polyacrylonitrile support (AMP-PAN) has been studied as an ion exchange agent for cesium removal from acidic waste solutions. Capacities, distribution coefficients, elutability, and kinetics of cesium extraction have been evaluated. Exchange breakthrough curves using small columns have been determined from 1 (M) under bar HNO3 and simulated waste solutions. The theoretical capacity of AMP is 213 g Cs/kg AMP. The average experimental capacity in batch contacts with various acidic solutions was 150 g Cs/kg AMP. The measured cesium distribution coefficients from actual waste solutions were 3287 mL/g for dissolved zirconia calcines, and 2679 mL/g for sodium-bearing waste. The cesium in the dissolved alumina calcines was analyzed for; however, the concentration was below analytical detectable limits resulting in inconclusive results. The reaction kinetics are very rapid (2-10 minutes). Cesium absorption appears to be independent of acid concentration over the range tested (0.1 (M) under bar to 5 (M) under bar HNO3). RP Miller, CJ (reprint author), LOCKHEED MARTIN IDAHO TECHNOL,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83405, USA. NR 9 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 37 EP 50 DI 10.1080/01496399708003185 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700003 ER PT J AU Wolfgang, J Prior, A Byers, CH AF Wolfgang, J Prior, A Byers, CH TI Continuous separation of carbohydrates by ion-exchange chromatography SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab ID CONTINUOUS ANNULAR CHROMATOGRAPHY; STEP ELUTION AB A synthetic mixture of fructose, mannitol and sorbitol was continuously separated by a chromatographic method using a cation-exchange resin (Dowex 50W-X8) in its Ca2+-form as the stationary phase. An annular chromatograph (AC) was used to achieve a continuous mode of operation. Distribution and mass transfer coefficients of the three substances as well as bed properties were obtained by batch chromatography. The separation was simulated mathematically in terms of an approximate linear chromatographic theory was applied to the modeling of the behavior of the continuous separations. The influence of rotation rate, column loading, eluent flow rate and feed concentration on the resolution of the individual peaks were investigated. C1 UNIV KAISERSLAUTERN,DEPT CHEM ENGN,D-67653 KAISERSLAUTERN,GERMANY. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM TECHNOL,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. RP Wolfgang, J (reprint author), PRIOR TECHNOL GES MBH,VWP,A-6840 GOTZIS,AUSTRIA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 71 EP 82 DI 10.1080/01496399708003187 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700005 ER PT J AU Porter, CE Riley, FD Vandergrift, RD Felker, LK AF Porter, CE Riley, FD Vandergrift, RD Felker, LK TI Fermium purification using TEVA(TM) resin extraction chromatography SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab ID PRECONCENTRATION; SEPARATION; ACTINIDES AB The Radiochemical Engineering Development Center at Oak Ridge National Laboratory processes irradiated targets to recover the transplutonium actinides for research and industrial users. In a typical processing campaign, dekagram quantities of curium are recovered for recycle into targets for subsequent irradiation and processing; decigram quantities of californium are recovered for fabrication into neutron sources; and milligram quantities of einsteinium and berkelium as well as picogram quantities of fermium are recovered for distribution to the research community. The transcurium actinides are separated in a series of chromatographic elutions using a cation-exchange resin and ammonium alpha-hydroxyisobutyrate as the eluant. The fermium fraction from these final purification runs still contains significant amounts of rare earth fission products, such as yttrium, dysprosium, and holmium. In the most recent campaign, a process using a TEVA(TM) resin extraction chromatography column was developed and tested to determine its effectiveness in providing a fermium product free of rare earth fission products. Gamma spectroscopy indicated that dysprosium and holmium were reduced to levels less than minimum detectable limits and that only 0.07 pg of Y-91 remained in the final fermium product, which contained 0.5 pg of Fm-257. An overall decontamination factor of similar to 10(3) was achieved for fission product removal. RP Porter, CE (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 83 EP 92 DI 10.1080/01496399708003188 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700006 ER PT J AU Kaminski, M Landsberger, S Nunez, L Vandegrift, GF AF Kaminski, M Landsberger, S Nunez, L Vandegrift, GF TI Sorption capacity of ferromagnetic microparticles coated with CMPO SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab AB Magnetically assisted chemical separation (MACS) was developed at Argonne National Laboratory as a compact process for reducing the volume of high-level aqueous waste streams that exist at many U.S. Department of Energy sites. In the MACS process, ferromagnetic particles coated with solvent extractants are used to selectively separate transuranic nuclides and heavy metals from aqueous wastes. The contaminant-loaded particles are recovered from the waste stream by using a magnet. For the recovery of transuranic species the extractant used is octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxide (CMPO) dissolved in tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP). To better understand the extraction chemistry of this solvent/particle system, europium was used to monitor the sorption capacity of the MACS particles for lanthanides and actinides. Europium concentrations varying from 10(-7)(M) under bar to 10(-1)(M) under bar were prepared with 3 (M) under bar NaNO3 in 0.1 (M) under bar HNO3. Neutron activation analysis was used to measure the concentration of europium. The sorption capacity was evaluated, along with the sorption isotherms to simulate multiple contact stages. The maximum absorption capacities obtained was 0.62 mmol/g. The adsorption models of Langmuir and Freundlich and the extended Langmuir model of Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) were fitted to the data. The best correlations were obtained from the Langmuir and BET models, a result that supports a monolayer adsorption mechanism. The Langmuir and BET models suggested a loading capacity of 0.33 mmol/g and 0.25 mmol/g, respectively. The Freundlich model results support favorable metal loading with a 1/n value of 0.3. C1 ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM TECHNOL,ARGONNE,IL 60439. RP Kaminski, M (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT NUCL ENGN,103 S GOODWIN AVE,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 9 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 115 EP 126 DI 10.1080/01496399708003190 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700008 ER PT J AU Slater, SA Chamberlain, DB Aase, SA Babcock, BD Conner, C Sedlet, J Vandegrift, GF AF Slater, SA Chamberlain, DB Aase, SA Babcock, BD Conner, C Sedlet, J Vandegrift, GF TI Optimization of magnetite carrier precipitation process for plutonium waste reduction SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab AB Transuranic (TRU) waste that is being generated at Argonne National Laboratory has a TRU activity ranging from 10(2) to 10(7) nCi/g with a wide variety of chemical compositions. Currently, the waste is stored in highly acidic solutions that must be neutralized for intermediate storage. A magnetite carrier precipitation process has been adapted to concentrate TRU isotopes in a noncorrosive solid phase. In this paper, we report the results of a series of laboratory tests done to optimize the process. The parameters we optimized included (1) magnetite concentration used to precipitate plutonium from solution, (2) formation of magnetite (in situ or ex situ), (3) processing pH, and (4) temperature and mixing time of the carrier precipitation. We also studied the effects of anions, cations, and complexing agents in the waste solutions on the carrier precipitation and the effect of magnetite solids loading on the filtration equipment. An overview is given of the planned full-scale process, which will be operated in a glovebox. RP Slater, SA (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM TECHNOL,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 10 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 127 EP 147 DI 10.1080/01496399708003191 PG 21 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700009 ER PT J AU Smith, BF Wilson, KV Gibson, RR Jones, MM Jarvinen, GD AF Smith, BF Wilson, KV Gibson, RR Jones, MM Jarvinen, GD TI Amides as phase modifiers for N,N'-tetraalkylmalonamide extraction of actinides and lanthanides from nitric acid solutions SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab ID ALIPHATIC AMIDES; TRUEX PROCESS; WASTE; N,N,N',N'-TETRAALKYL-2-ALKYL-PROPANE-1,3-DIAMIDES; SOLVENT; HNO3; IONS AB The N,N'-tetraalkylmalonamides are a class of compounds under development for transuranic (TRU) separations under high nitric acid conditions. There are several issues that challenge the further development of these ligands. One is the development of improved synthetic procedures that lend themselves to commercial scale-up. Another major issue is the third-phase formation that occurs when the N,N'-tetraalkylmalonamides are contacted with medium-to-high nitric acid concentrations in hydrocarbon solvents. To address the synthesis issue we have developed a new synthetic approach for preparing these materials. Third-phase formation can be eliminated by addition of diluent modifiers such as tributylphosphate (TBP). TBP is inappropriate if a nonphosphate-containing process stream is required. Amides have been proposed as alternatives for TBP in a variety of applications because of their ease of synthesis and the variety of substituents that can be generated. We have been able to develop an amide phase-modified system that extends the working process range of alkylmalonamides (0.5 (M) under bar) in dodecane (unbranched hydrocarbon) from 3.5 M to 7.5 (M) under bar nitric acid and in Isopar H (branched hydrocarbon) from 4.0 (M) under bar to 10.0 (M) under bar nitric acid using 1.0 (M) under bar di-2-ethylhexylacetamide/0.5 M alkylmalonamide. The K-d values were comparable to extraction with alkylmalonamide in Isopar H or hydrogenated tetrapropylene (TPH) solvents. The overall extraction system was more robust than the phase-unmodified system allowing for greater temperature and acid concentration fluctuations without third-phase formation. RP Smith, BF (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 149 EP 173 DI 10.1080/01496399708003192 PG 25 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700010 ER PT J AU Leonard, RA Chamberlain, DB Conner, C AF Leonard, RA Chamberlain, DB Conner, C TI Centrifugal contactors for laboratory-scale solvent extraction tests SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab AB A 2-cm contactor (minicontactor) was developed and used at Argonne National Laboratory for laboratory-scale testing of solvent extraction flowsheets. This new contactor requires only 1 L of simulated waste feed, which is significantly less than the 10 L required for the 4-cm unit that had previously been used. In addition, the volume requirements for the other aqueous and organic feeds are reduced correspondingly. This paper (1) discusses the design of the minicontactor, (2) describes results from having applied the minicontactor to testing various solvent extraction flowsheets, and (3) compares the minicontactor with the 4-cm contactor as a device for testing solvent extraction flowsheets on a laboratory scale. RP Leonard, RA (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM TECHNOL,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 16 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 193 EP 210 DI 10.1080/01496399708003194 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700012 ER PT J AU Nunez, L Kaminski, M Vandegrift, GF AF Nunez, L Kaminski, M Vandegrift, GF TI Application of single-ion activity coefficients to determine the solvent extraction mechanism for components of high-level nuclear waste SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab DE CMPO; TRUEX-NPH; phosphoric acid; solvent extraction AB The TRUEX solvent extraction process is being developed to remove and concentrate transuranic (TRU) elements from high-level and TRU radioactive wastes that are currently stored at U.S. Department of Energy sites. Phosphoric acid is one of the chemical species of concern in the application of solvent extraction processes for removal of actinides, for instance at the Hanford site, where bismuth phosphate was used to recover plutonium. The mechanism of phosphoric acid extraction with TRUEX-NPH solvent at 25 degrees C was determined from phosphoric acid distribution ratios, which were measured by using a phosphoric acid radiotracer and a variety of aqueous phases containing different concentrations of nitric acid and nitrate. A model was developed for predicting phosphoric acid distribution ratios as a function of the thermodynamic activities of nitrate ion, and hydrogen ion. The Generic TRUEX Model (GTM) was used to calculate these activities based on the Bromley method. The derived model supports extraction by CMPO and TBP in TRUEX-NPH solvent of a phosphoric acid-nitric acid complex and a CMPO-phosphoric acid complex. RP Nunez, L (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM TECHNOL,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 211 EP 221 DI 10.1080/01496399708003195 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700013 ER PT J AU Law, JD Wood, DJ Herbst, RS AF Law, JD Wood, DJ Herbst, RS TI Development and testing of SREX flowsheets for treatment of Idaho chemical processing plant sodium-bearing waste using centrifugal contactors SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab AB Laboratory experimentation has indicated that the SREX process is effective for partitioning Sr-90 from acidic radioactive waste solutions located at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant. A baseline flowsheet has been proposed for the treatment of sodium-bearing waste (SBW) which includes extraction of strontium from liquid SBW into the SREX solvent (0.15 (M) under bar 4',4' (5')-di-(tert-butyldicyclohexo)-18-crown-6 and 1.2 (M) under bar TBP in Isopar L(R)), a 0.01 (M) under bar nitric acid strip section to back-extract components from the loaded solvent, and a 2.0 (M) under bar HNO3 solvent acidification section to equilibrate the solvent with HNO3 prior to recycle to the extraction section. The flowsheet was designed to provide a decontamination factor (DF) of >10(3) which will reduce the Sr-90 activity in the waste solution to below the NRC Class A LLW limit of 0.04 Ci Sr-90/m(3). SREX flowsheet testing was performed using sixteen stages of 5.5-cm diameter centrifugal contactors. The behavior of stable Sr and other components which are potentially extracted by the SREX solvent were evaluated. Specifically, the behavior of the matrix components including Pb, K, Hg, Na, Ca, Zr, and Fe was studied. The described flowsheet achieved 99.98% Sr removal (DF=4250) with one cycle of SREX. Potassium and Zr were partially extracted into the SREX solvent with 35% and 21%, respectively, exiting in the strip product. Sodium, Ca, and Fe were essentially inextractable. Lead was determined to extract and accumulate in the SREX solvent and in the strip section. As a result, a Pb precipitate formed in the strip stages of the contactors. Mercury was also determined to extract and accumulate in the SREX solvent. RP Law, JD (reprint author), LOCKHEED IDAHO TECHNOL CO,POB 1625,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83415, USA. OI Law, Jack/0000-0001-7085-7542 NR 6 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 223 EP 240 DI 10.1080/01496399708003196 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700014 ER PT J AU Wood, DJ Law, JD AF Wood, DJ Law, JD TI Evaluation of the SREX solvent extraction process for the removal of Sr-90 and hazardous metals from acidic nuclear waste solutions containing high concentrations of interfering alkali metal ions SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab AB The SREX process, which was developed at Argonne National Laboratories, has been evaluated for its effectiveness for the decontamination of radioactive liquid waste at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant located at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. The extraction solvent consists of 0.15 M 4',4',(5')-di-(t-butyl-dicyclohexo)-18-crown-6 in either 1.2 (M) under bar TBP/Isopar L(R). Suppressed extraction due to matrix interferences limits D-Sr values to the range of 3-4 in batch extraction experiments. The SREX solvent has been shown to be effective in the removal of non-radioactive Pb from liquid wastes, in addition to the extraction of Sr-90. The information from this study has been used to develop a proposed flowsheet for the treatment of liquid waste in centrifugal contactors. RP Wood, DJ (reprint author), EG&G IDAHO INC,IDAHO NATL ENGN LAB,POB 1625,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83401, USA. NR 6 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 241 EP 253 DI 10.1080/01496399708003197 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700015 ER PT J AU Nash, KL Choppin, GR AF Nash, KL Choppin, GR TI Separations chemistry for actinide elements: Recent developments and historical perspective SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab ID DIFFERENT OXIDATION-STATES; SOLVENT-EXTRACTION; WASTE AB With the end of the cold war, the principal mission in actinide separations has changed from production of plutonium to cleanup of the immense volume of moderately radioactive mixed wastes which resulted from fifty years of processing activities. In order to approach the cleanup task from a proper perspective, it is necessary to understand how the wastes were generated. Most of the key separations techniques central to actinide production were developed in the 40's and 50's for the identification and production of actinide elements. Total actinide recovery, lanthanide/actinide separations, and selective partitioning of actinides from inert constituents are currently of primary concern. To respond to the modern world of actinide separations, new techniques are being developed for separations ranging from analytical methods to detect ultra-trace concentrations (for bioassay and environmental monitoring) to large-scale waste treatment procedures. In this report, the history of actinide separations, both the basic science and production aspects, is examined and evaluated in terms of contemporary priorities. C1 FLORIDA STATE UNIV, DEPT CHEM, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32306 USA. RP Nash, KL (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB, DIV CHEM, 9700 S CASS AVE, ARGONNE, IL 60439 USA. NR 33 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 15 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEP SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 255 EP 274 DI 10.1080/01496399708003198 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700016 ER PT J AU Sachleben, RA Deng, YP Moyer, BA AF Sachleben, RA Deng, YP Moyer, BA TI Ion-pair extraction of alkali metal nitrate salts by lipophilic, benzo-substituted 24-crown-8 ethers SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab ID SOLVENT-EXTRACTION; MACROCYCLE INTERACTION; CROWN ETHERS; KINETIC DATA; CESIUM; TRANSPORT; COMPLEXATION; POLYETHERS; MEMBRANE; CATIONS AB The extraction of alkali metal nitrate salts by 24-crown-8 ethers bearing multiple benzo substituents has been surveyed in 1,2-dichloroethane diluent at 25 degrees C. The results reveal that the addition of benzo-substituents onto the 24-crown-8 increases both the extraction efficiency and the selectivity for the larger cations. Substitution of branched alkyl groups onto the benzo rings of 24-crown-8 ethers has a relatively small influence on their extraction properties. RP Sachleben, RA (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM & ANALYT SCI,MS-6119-4500S,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. RI Solominow, Sonia/A-4021-2008; Moyer, Bruce/L-2744-2016 OI Moyer, Bruce/0000-0001-7484-6277 NR 38 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 275 EP 284 DI 10.1080/01496399708003199 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700017 ER PT J AU Chamberlain, DB Conner, C Hutter, JC Leonard, RA Wygmans, DG Vandegrift, GF AF Chamberlain, DB Conner, C Hutter, JC Leonard, RA Wygmans, DG Vandegrift, GF TI TRUEX processing of plutonium analytical solutions at Argonne National Laboratory SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab ID PROCESS SOLVENT; CLEANUP AB The TRUEX (TRansUranic EXtraction) solvent extraction process was developed at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) for the Department of Energy. A TRUEX demonstration completed at ANL involved the processing of analytical and experimental waste generated there and at the New Brunswick. Laboratory. A 20-stage centrifugal contactor was used to recover plutonium, americium, and uranium from the waste. Approximately 84 g of plutonium, 18 g of uranium, and 0.2 g of americium were recovered from about 118 L of solution during four process runs. Alpha decontamination factors as high as 65,000 were attained, which was especially important because it allowed the disposal of the process raffinate as a low-level waste. The recovered plutonium and uranium were converted to oxide; the recovered americium solution was concentrated by evaporation to approximately 100 mL. The flowsheet and operational procedures were modified to overcome process difficulties. These difficulties included the presence of complexants in the feed, solvent degradation, plutonium precipitation, and inadequate decontamination factors during startup. This paper will discuss details of the experimental effort. RP Chamberlain, DB (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 303 EP 326 DI 10.1080/01496399708003201 PG 24 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700019 ER PT J AU DePaoli, DW Harris, MT Morgan, IL Ally, MR AF DePaoli, DW Harris, MT Morgan, IL Ally, MR TI Investigation of electrokinetic decontamination of concrete SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab ID REMEDIATION; REMOVAL AB Experiments have been conducted to investigate the capabilities of electrokinetic decontamination of concrete. Batch equilibration studies have determined that the loading of cesium and strontium on concrete may be decreased using electrolyte solutions containing competing cations, while solubilization of uranium and cobalt, that precipitate at high pH, will require lixiviants containing complexing agents. Dynamic electrokinetic experiments showed greater mobility of cesium than strontium, while some positive results were obtained for the transport of cobalt through concrete using EDTA and for uranium using carbonate. RP DePaoli, DW (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM TECHNOL,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 12 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 387 EP 404 DI 10.1080/01496399708003205 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700023 ER PT J AU Givens, KR AF Givens, KR TI Remediation of borosilicate Raschig rings SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab ID ANTIBODIES AB A remediation methodology for borosilicate Raschig rings contaminated with radioactivity at a Department of Energy (DOE) Nuclear Facility is demonstrated in which > 99% of the residual radioactive contamination was successfully removed with a combination of nitric acid and ultrasonic agitation. The results obtained from this methodology are directly applicable to other radioactively contaminated Raschig ring waste streams. However, the universal application of the developed methodology is limited to similar historical processing applications of the borosilicate Raschig rings. RP Givens, KR (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM TECHNOL,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 405 EP 411 DI 10.1080/01496399708003206 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700024 ER PT J AU DelCul, GD Toth, LM Bond, WD Davis, GD Dai, S AF DelCul, GD Toth, LM Bond, WD Davis, GD Dai, S TI Citrate-based ''TALSPEAK'' actinide-lanthanide separation process SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab ID 3RD PHASE; EXTRACTION PROCESSES; ACID; ZIRCONIUM; LAURYL; BUTYL AB Lanthanide elements are produced in relatively high yield by fission of U-235. Almost all the lanthanide isotopes decay to stable nonradioactive lanthanide isotopes in a relatively short time. Consequently, it is highly advantageous to separate the relatively small actinide fraction from the relatively large quantities of lanthanide isotopes. The TALSPEAK process (Trivalent Actinide Lanthanide Separations by Phosphorus-reagent Extraction from Aqueous Complexes) is one of the few means available to separate the trivalent actinides from the lanthanides. Previous work based on the use of lactic or glycolic acid has shown deleterious effects of some impurity ions such as zirconium(IV), even at concentrations on the order of 10(-4) M. Other perceived problems were the need to maintain the pH and reagent concentrations within a narrow range and a significant solubility of the organic phase at high carboxylic acid concentrations. Our cold experiments showed that replacing the traditional extractants glycolic or lactic acid with citric acid eliminates or greatly reduces the deleterious effects produced by impurities such as zirconium. An extensive series of batch tests was done using a wide range of reagent concentrations at different pH values, temperatures, and contact times. The results demonstrated that the citrate-based TALSPEAK can tolerate appreciable changes in pH and reagent concentrations while maintaining an adequate lanthanide extraction. Experiments using a three-stage glass mixer-settler showed a good lanthanide extraction, appropriate phase disengagement, no appreciable deleterious effects due to the presence of impurities such as zirconium, excellent pH buffering, and no significant loss of organic phase. RP DelCul, GD (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM TECHNOL,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. RI Dai, Sheng/K-8411-2015 OI Dai, Sheng/0000-0002-8046-3931 NR 34 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 7 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 431 EP 446 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700026 ER PT J AU Peterson, ES Stone, ML Orme, CJ Stewart, FF Cowan, RL AF Peterson, ES Stone, ML Orme, CJ Stewart, FF Cowan, RL TI Preparation and characterization of membranes with adjustable separation performance using polyphosphazene membranes SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab ID DIFFUSION AB Preparation of polymeric membranes with dynamically adjustable separation properties is a new area of research. The approach described herein involves adjusting the permeate pressure of a swollen polymeric membrane to alter its separation properties. For example, during the separation of methylene blue from isopropyl alcohol, pressure on the permeate side was increased such that both methylene blue and alcohol were passed, resulting in no separation. The permeate pressure then was decreased and only colorless isopropyl alcohol passed through the membrane. A subsequent increase in the pressure on the permeate side results in no separation once again demonstrating that the effects were fully reversible. In a mixed dye experiment in isopropyl alcohol, methylene blue and rose bengal were separated with the lower-molecular-weight methylene blue permeating with isopropyl alcohol while the rose bengal was retained in the feed. The new membranes are distinguished by improved control of separation parameters as well as improved flux rates and have been experimentally characterized for their separation abilities using both fat sheets and tubular systems. This approach can be used for virtually any polymer which swells, but does not dissolve in the solvents which are being used. RP Peterson, ES (reprint author), LOCKHEED MARTIN IDAHO TECHOL CO INC,IDAHO NATL ENGN LAB,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83415, USA. RI Peterson, Eric/B-9127-2017 OI Peterson, Eric/0000-0002-2292-4939 NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 541 EP 556 DI 10.1080/01496399708003214 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700032 ER PT J AU Tsouris, C Yiacoumi, S AF Tsouris, C Yiacoumi, S TI Particle flocculation and filtration by high-gradient magnetic fields SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab ID DILUTE POLYDISPERSE SYSTEM; SEPARATION; SPHERES AB Flocculation and filtration of micrometer-sized particles in a high-gradient magnetic field (HGMF) were investigated. Experiments were conducted using a cryogenic magnet of 6 Tesla maximum strength. Hematite particles were used for flocculation and filtration experiments. A new approach of using magnetic fields to enhance separation of weakly magnetic particles was also investigated. This approach is based on magnetic seeding which involves flocculation of existing nonmagnetic particles with injected paramagnetic particles. A particle-flocculation model was developed based on trajectory analysis. External forces due to gravity and magnetism, and interparticle forces such as electrostatic, hydrodynamic, magnetic dipole, and van der Waals forces, were taken into consideration in these models. C1 GEORGIA INST TECHNOL,SCH CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,ATLANTA,GA 30332. RP Tsouris, C (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. RI Tsouris, Costas/C-2544-2016 OI Tsouris, Costas/0000-0002-0522-1027 NR 28 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 599 EP 616 DI 10.1080/01496399708003218 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700036 ER PT J AU Smith, WH Foreman, T AF Smith, WH Foreman, T TI Electrowinning/electrostripping and electrodialysis processes for the recovery and recycle of metals from plating rinse solutions SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab AB Two electrochemical-based methods have been evaluated to remove heavy metals from a tin/zinc electroplating rinse solution with subsequent recycle of the metals back into the original plating bath. The first method uses electrodialysis to move tin to the anolyte strip solution as an anionic citrate complex while zinc is distributed to both the anolyte and catholyte, showing it exists as both an anionic citrate complex and in free cationic form. Zinc can be recovered by scraping the loose deposit from the cathode and dissolving it in mineral acid. The second method is a combined electrowinning/electrostripping technique. The process involves continuously flowing the plating rinse solution through a porous graphite cathode and removing the metal ions via electrodeposition. When a sufficient quantity of metal has been deposited, the electrode is placed in a solution whose chemical composition is similar to that of the original plating bath and the metals ions are stripped from the electrode anodically. The resulting solution is then placed into the original plating bath. Both methods were used to treat a surrogate rinse solution originally containing 100-300 parts per million of each metal and were successful in reducing the metal-ion concentrations to less than 15 parts per million each. Approximately 70% of the tin and 100% of the zinc are recoverable by either method. RP Smith, WH (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,MS E510,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 4 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 669 EP 679 DI 10.1080/01496399708003222 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700040 ER PT J AU Peterson, RA Nash, CA McCabe, DJ AF Peterson, RA Nash, CA McCabe, DJ TI Correlation of filtrate flow rate for irradiated and unirradiated tetraphenylborate slurries SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab ID FLUX; MICROFILTRATION; SUSPENSIONS AB The filtrate flow rates obtained during the cross-flow filtration of slurries are dependent on the properties of the slurry particles. Tetraphenylborate is used to precipitate radioactive cesium from supernate salt solutions at the Savannah River Site. These slurries are then processed by a sequence of filtration steps. However, prior to the last filtration step, the slurries are exposed to significant doses of irradiation that appear to dramatically change the properties of these particles. A concomitant decrease in filter performance has been observed. An empirical model has been developed to predict the impact of irradiation on filtration. This model also predicts the dependency of performance on axial velocity and pressure drop. RP Peterson, RA (reprint author), WESTINGHOUSE SAVANNAH RIVER CO,SAVANNAH RIVER TECH CTR,AIKEN,SC 29808, USA. OI Peterson, Reid/0000-0003-3368-1896 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 721 EP 736 DI 10.1080/01496399708003226 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700044 ER PT J AU Bostick, DT Arnold, WD Guo, B Burgess, MW AF Bostick, DT Arnold, WD Guo, B Burgess, MW TI The evaluation of sodium-modified chabazite zeolite and resorcinol-formaldehyde resin for the treatment of contaminated process wastewater SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab AB Natural chabazite zeolite has been selected as the baseline treatment technology to compare the performance of emerging sorbent materials for the removal of Sr-90 and Cs-137 from contaminated process water. The resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, developed at Savannah River Site, is the first sorbent to be evaluated in this study. This paper summarizes the required contact times for maximum strontium and cesium removal, presents sorption isotherms in wastewater simulant and authentic wastewater, and defines the effects of elevated concentrations of K, Mg, Ca, and Na in wastewater for both sorbents. RP Bostick, DT (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM TECHNOL,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 793 EP 811 DI 10.1080/01496399708003230 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700048 ER PT J AU Harris, MT DePaoli, DW Ally, MR AF Harris, MT DePaoli, DW Ally, MR TI Modeling the electrokinetic decontamination of concrete SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab AB The decontamination of concrete is a major concern in many Department of Energy (DOE) facilities. Numerous techniques (abrasive methods, manual methods, ultrasonics, concrete surface layer removal, chemical extraction methods, etc.) have been used to remove radioactive contamination from the surface of concrete. Recently, processes that are based on electrokinetic phenomena have been developed to decontaminate concrete. Electrokinetic decontamination has been shown to remove from 70 to over 90% of the surface radioactivity. To evaluate and improve the electrokinetic processes, a model has been developed to simulate the transport of ionic radionuclei constituents through the pores of concrete and into the anolyte and catholyte. The model takes into account the adsorption and desorption kinetics of the radionuclei from the pore walls, and ion transport by electro-osmosis, electromigration,and diffusion. A numerical technique, orthogonal collocation, is used to simultaneously solve the governing convective diffusion equations for a porous concrete slab and the current density equation. This paper presents the theoretical framework of the model and the results from the computation of the dynamics of ion transport during electrokinetic treatment of concrete. The simulation results are in good agreement with experimental data. RP Harris, MT (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM TECHNOL,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 827 EP 848 DI 10.1080/01496399708003232 PG 22 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700050 ER PT J AU Rogers, RD Bond, AH Zhang, JH Horwitz, EP AF Rogers, RD Bond, AH Zhang, JH Horwitz, EP TI New technetium-99m generator technologies utilizing polyethylene glycol-based aqueous biphasic systems SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications CY OCT 22-26, 1995 CL GATLINBURG, TN SP US DOE, Amer Chem Soc, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Separat Div, Oak Ridge Natl Lab ID HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY; 2-PHASE SYSTEMS; PARTITIONING BEHAVIOR; EXTRACTION; PHASE AB Two new schemes for TcO4-/MoO42- separations from OH- and MoO42- media using polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) have been developed. The two most important salt solutions in current Tc-99m-generator technologies, OH- and MoO42-, also salt out PEG to form ABS. In liquid/liquid PEG-ABS, pertechnetate can be separated from molybdate with separation factors as high as 10,000. Stripping is accomplished by reduction of the TcO4- and back extraction into a salt solution. The strip solution can be the salt of an imaging agent (e.g., Na(4)HEDPA) and thus may, under the appropriate conditions, be injected directly into the human body. (TcO4-)-Tc-99m can also be concentrated from a dilute load solution of (MoO42-)-Mo-99 in NaOH using an aqueous biphasic extraction chromatographic technique (ABEC). A rinse with K2CO3 assures that all (MoO42-)-Mo-99 is removed from the column, and this is confirmed by a rapid drop in Mo-99 activity by the fourth free column volume (fcv) of rinse. The (TcO4-)-Tc-99m is then eluted with water. This chromatographic separation affords 94% of the (TcO4-)-Tc-99m activity in 5 fcv, with the gamma spectrum showing less than 2 x 10(-4) of the original Mo-99 activity. C1 ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM,ARGONNE,IL 60439. RP Rogers, RD (reprint author), NO ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT CHEM,DE KALB,IL 60115, USA. RI Rogers, Robin/C-8265-2013 OI Rogers, Robin/0000-0001-9843-7494 NR 30 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 867 EP 882 DI 10.1080/01496399708003234 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XE607 UT WOS:A1997XE60700052 ER PT J AU Rais, J Mason, CV Abney, KD AF Rais, J Mason, CV Abney, KD TI Use of PVC plasticized membranes for uptake of radioactive cesium and strontium SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELLULOSE TRIACETATE MEMBRANES; CARRIER-MEDIATED TRANSPORT; POLYMERIC MEMBRANES; LANTHANIDE IONS; EXTRACTION; LIQUID AB A new type of sorbent for the selective uptake of elements based on the use of PVC plasticized membranes, commonly used in electrochemistry as ion selective (ISE) membranes, is described. It is theoretically derived that the material acting as a selective ion sensor of ISE must be also effective as a sorbent. In experimental verification of the hypothesis,; the cobalt dicarbollide and sodium tetraphenylborate with the addition of a synergist of the polyethyleneglycol type were dissolved in several solvents mixed with a tetrahydrofurane solution of 5% PVC and evaporated to produce a membrane used for the sorption experiments. It was found that PVC, besides functioning as a solid support, does not influence significantly the behavior of the prepared materials; however, the kinetics are slower than for the analogous solvent extraction techniques. Practical applications of such membranes for the isolation of radioactive cesium and strontium from acidic and alkaline solutions with a high of Na+ ions content are shown, with emphasis on nontoxic solvents as substitutes for the toxic nitrobenzene. C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. RP Rais, J (reprint author), INST NUCL RES,PRAGUE 25068,CZECH REPUBLIC. NR 33 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 6 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 5 BP 951 EP 969 DI 10.1080/01496399708000938 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA WQ704 UT WOS:A1997WQ70400004 ER PT J AU Stack, EM Dyrkacz, GR Hatcher, PG Cohen, AD AF Stack, EM Dyrkacz, GR Hatcher, PG Cohen, AD TI A density gradient centrifugation method for separation of peat SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE peat; coal; density gradient centrifugation; dispersing agents; pyrolysis ID COAL MACERALS; ANALYTICAL PYROLYSIS; MICRONIZED COALS; ANGIOSPERM; PETROLOGY; KEROGEN AB The conditions necessary for a laboratory-scale separation of the premaceral constituents of peat (i.e., the precursor to coal) are investigated. The method used is an isopycnic density centrifugation (DGC) technique aimed at isolating pure premacerals. This method, which is based on known density differences of various macerals, has been used successfully in coal separations but never with peats. The technique involved grinding the peats in a planetary ball mill to an approximate 10 mu m average particle size and conducting dispersion tests using NaCl, Ca(NO3)(2), CsCl, and TEE as solvents coupled with numerous surfactants. The density gradient centrifugation technique was run with both an aqueous and organic gradient using plain milled peat, demineralized peat, and demineralized methylated peat. The best separations were achieved in a single run if the peat was demineralized and dispersed with a wetting agent in an organic gradient. Analytical-scale separations were used to choose the most responsive peat to be used in a preparative-scale separation. A low and high density weight fraction, analyzed by flash pyrolysis, revealed distinctly different chromatograms, indicating that the pear had reached a reasonable degree of separation. Four peats of differing constitution are reviewed. C1 ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM,ARGONNE,IL 60439. PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,ENERGY & FUELS RES CTR,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP Stack, EM (reprint author), UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT GEOL SCI,COLUMBIA,SC 29208, USA. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 14 BP 2289 EP 2307 DI 10.1080/01496399708000769 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XX384 UT WOS:A1997XX38400003 ER PT J AU Watson, JS AF Watson, JS TI Constant-pattern adsorption fronts with mass transfer resistances in both solid and fluid films SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The shape and width of constant-pattern adsorption fronts can be predicted by relatively simple graphical/numerical methods analogous to methods used for analyzing concentration profiles in countercurrent extraction or adsorption systems when there is significant mass transfer resistance in both the fluid and solid film. This paper presents an extension of procedures described by the author for predicting constant-pattern fronts with film resistance in only one phase. The procedure is illustrated for systems with Langmuir isotherms, and the results are shown in a series of dimensionless figures that cover a wide range of equilibrium conditions and mass transfer coefficients. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT CHEM ENGN,KNOXVILLE,TN 37996. RP Watson, JS (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM TECHNOL,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 32 IS 16 BP 2607 EP 2621 DI 10.1080/01496399708006959 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA YE822 UT WOS:A1997YE82200003 ER PT J AU Bateman, VI Mayes, RL Carne, TG AF Bateman, VI Mayes, RL Carne, TG TI Comparison of force reconstruction methods for a lumped mass beam SO SHOCK AND VIBRATION LA English DT Article AB Two extensions of the force reconstruction method, the sum of weighted accelerations technique (SWAT), are presented in this article. SWAT requires the use of the structure's elastic mode shapes for reconstruction of the applied force. Although based on the same theory, the two new techniques do not rely on mode shapes to reconstruct the applied force and may be applied to structures whose mode shapes are not available. One technique uses the measured force and acceleration responses with the rigid body mode shapes to calculate the scalar weighting vector so the technique is called SWAT-CAL (SWAT using a calibrated force input). The second technique uses the free-decay time response of the structure with the rigid body mode shapes to calculate the scalar weighting vector and is called SWAT-TEEM (SWAT using time eliminated elastic modes). All three methods are used to reconstruct forces for a simple structure. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Bateman, VI (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA VAN DIEMENSTRAAT 94, 1013 CN AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1070-9622 J9 SHOCK VIB JI Shock Vib. PY 1997 VL 4 IS 4 BP 231 EP 239 PG 9 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Acoustics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 112XQ UT WOS:000075520400003 ER PT J AU Smallwood, DO AF Smallwood, DO TI Generation of stationary non-Gaussian time histories with a specified cross-spectral density SO SHOCK AND VIBRATION LA English DT Article ID RADAR CLUTTER; SIMULATION AB The paper reviews several methods for the generation of stationary realizations of sampled time histories with non-Gaussian distributions and introduces a new method which can be used to control the cross-spectral density matrix and the probability density functions (pdfs) of the multiple input problem. Discussed first are two methods for the specialized case of matching the auto (power) spectrum, the skewness, and kurtosis using generalized shot noise and using polynomial functions. It is then shown that the skewness and kurtosis can also be controlled by the phase of a complex frequency domain description of the random process. The general case of matching a target probability density function using a zero memory nonlinear (ZMNL) function is then covered. Next methods for generating vectors of random variables with a specified covariance matrix for a class of spherically invariant random vectors (SIRV) are discussed. Finally the general case of matching the cross-spectral density matrix of a vector of inputs with non-Gaussian marginal distributions is presented. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Mech & Thermal Environm Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Smallwood, DO (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Mech & Thermal Environm Dept, POB 5800,MS-0865, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 37 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1070-9622 J9 SHOCK VIB JI Shock Vib. PY 1997 VL 4 IS 5-6 BP 361 EP 377 PG 17 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Acoustics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 113YT UT WOS:000075582100007 ER PT J AU Brown, PN Walker, HF AF Brown, PN Walker, HF TI GMRES on (nearly) singular systems SO SIAM JOURNAL ON MATRIX ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE GMRES method; residual minimizing methods; Krylov subspace methods; iterative linear algebra methods; singular or ill-conditioned linear systems ID LINEAR-SYSTEMS AB We consider the behavior of the GMRES method for solving a linear system Ax = b when A is singular or nearly so, i.e., ill conditioned. The (near) singularity of A may or may not affect the performance of GMRES, depending on the nature of the system and the initial approximate solution. For singular A, we give conditions under which the GMRES iterates converge safely to a least-squares solution or to the pseudoinverse solution. These results also apply to any residual minimizing Krylov subspace method that is mathematically equivalent to GMRES. A practical procedure is outlined for efficiently and reliably detecting singularity or ill conditioning when it becomes a threat to the performance of GMRES. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT MATH & STAT,LOGAN,UT 84322. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,DIV COMP & MATH RES,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. RICE UNIV,CTR RES PARALLEL COMPUTAT,HOUSTON,TX 77251. RP Brown, PN (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,CTR APPL SCI COMP,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 19 TC 102 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 2 PU SIAM PUBLICATIONS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 SN 0895-4798 J9 SIAM J MATRIX ANAL A JI SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 18 IS 1 BP 37 EP 51 DI 10.1137/S0895479894262339 PG 15 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA WF195 UT WOS:A1997WF19500004 ER PT J AU Wright, S AF Wright, S TI Stability of augmented system factorizations in interior-point methods SO SIAM JOURNAL ON MATRIX ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE interior-point methods; symmetric indefinite matrices ID COMPUTATIONAL EXPERIENCE; ALGORITHMS; CONVERGENCE AB Some implementations of interior-point algorithms obtain their search directions by solving symmetric indefinite systems of linear equations. The conditioning of the coefficient matrices in these so-called augmented systems deteriorates on later iterations, as some of the diagonal elements grow without bound. Despite this apparent difficulty, the steps produced by standard factorization procedures are often accurate enough to allow the interior-point method to converge to high accuracy. When the underlying linear program is nondegenerate, we show that convergence to arbitrarily high accuracy occurs, at a rate that closely approximates the theory. We also explain and demonstrate what happens when the linear program is degenerate, where convergence to acceptable accuracy (but not arbitrarily high accuracy) is usually obtained. RP Wright, S (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV MATH & COMP SCI,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 25 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 1 PU SIAM PUBLICATIONS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 SN 0895-4798 J9 SIAM J MATRIX ANAL A JI SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 18 IS 1 BP 191 EP 222 DI 10.1137/S0895479894271093 PG 32 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA WF195 UT WOS:A1997WF19500015 ER PT B AU Theiler, J Henderson, BG Smith, BW AF Theiler, J Henderson, BG Smith, BW BE Drummond, OE TI Algorithms using inter-band cross-correlation for pixel registration and jitter reconstruction in multi-channel push-broom imagers SO SIGNAL AND DATA PROCESSING OF SMALL TARGETS 1997 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Signal and Data Processing of Small Targets 1997 CY JUL 29-31, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE registration; jitter; multi-spectral; push-broom imager; algorithm AB We present two algorithms for determining sensor motion of a multi-spectral push-broom imager for use in subsequent image registration. The first algorithm, termed the ''pairwise'' method, performs cross-correlations between individual pairs of channels. The offsets of maximum correlation are formulated into a system of linear equations whose solution gives an estimate of the jitter function. The second algorithm performs cross-correlations between channels and a reference image called the ''baseline'' which is constructed by averaging together all the channels in the image cube. An estimated jitter time series is computed for each channel, all of which are overlapped and averaged to obtain a best estimate of the jitter function. The pairwise method is more general in that it can handle a wider range of jitter scenarios. The baseline method, although more restricted, is very simple to implement, and its accuracy can be improved substantially through iteration. In this paper, we describe both methods in detail and present results of simulations performed on thermal-infrared data cubes. RP Theiler, J (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,ASTROPHYS & RADIAT MEASUREMENTS GRP,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2585-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3163 BP 22 EP 32 DI 10.1117/12.279531 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BJ90Z UT WOS:A1997BJ90Z00003 ER PT S AU Luttrell, LM vanBiesen, T Hawes, BE Koch, WJ Krueger, KM Touhara, K Lefkowitz, RJ AF Luttrell, LM vanBiesen, T Hawes, BE Koch, WJ Krueger, KM Touhara, K Lefkowitz, RJ BE Corbin, JD Francis, SH TI G-protein-coupled receptors and their regulation - Activation of the MAP kinase signaling pathway by G-protein-coupled receptors SO SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE SE ADVANCES IN SECOND MESSENGER AND PHOSPHOPROTEIN RESEARCH LA English DT Review CT 9th International Conference on Second Messengers and Phosphoproteins - Signal Transduction in Health and Disease CY OCT 27-NOV 01, 1995 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP Vanderbilt Univ Med Ctr ID BETA-GAMMA-SUBUNITS; PLECKSTRIN HOMOLOGY DOMAINS; HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS; RAS-DEPENDENT ACTIVATION; SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELLS; SHC ADAPTER PROTEIN; TYROSINE-KINASE; LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID; THROMBIN-RECEPTOR; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3-KINASE C1 ABBOTT LABS, DEPT NEUROL & UROL DIS RES, ABBOTT PK, IL 60064 USA. SCHERING PLOUGH CORP, RES INST, CNS CARDIOVASC DEPT, KENILWORTH, NJ 07033 USA. LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB, CHEM SCI & TECHNOL DIV, BIOSCI & BIOTECHNOL GRP, LOS ALAMOS, NM 87545 USA. UNIV TOKYO, DEPT NEUROBIOCHEM, TOKYO 113, JAPAN. RP Luttrell, LM (reprint author), DUKE UNIV, MED CTR, DEPT MED, BOX 3821, ERWIN RD, DURHAM, NC 27710 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL16037] NR 83 TC 87 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA E WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19105 USA SN 1040-7952 BN 0-397-51685-1 J9 ADV SEC MESS PHOSPH JI Adv.Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res. PY 1997 VL 31 BP 263 EP 277 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA BJ66M UT WOS:A1997BJ66M00021 PM 9344257 ER PT S AU Reifman, J Feldman, EE AF Reifman, J Feldman, EE BE Ades, M Fray, R TI Neural networks for control of NOx emissions in fossil plants SO SIMULATORS INTERNATIONAL XIV SE SIMULATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Simulators Conference, at the 1997 Simulation MultiConference CY APR 06-10, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Soc Comp Simulat Int DE neural networks; fossil plant; NOx; emissions; closed-loop control AB We discuss the use of two classes of artificial neural networks, multilayer feedforward networks and fully-recurrent networks, in the development of a closed-loop controller for discrete-time dynamical systems. We apply the neural system to the control of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions for a simplified representation of a furnace of a coal-fired fossil plant. Plant data from one of Commonwealth Edison's (ComEd) fossil power plants were used to build a recurrent neural model of NOx formation which is then used in the training of the feedforward neural controller. Preliminary simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of the approach and additional tests with increasingly realistic models should be pursued. RP Reifman, J (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC COMPUTER SIMULATION INT PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 17900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92177 SN 0735-9276 BN 1-56555-121-4 J9 SIMUL SERIES PY 1997 VL 29 IS 3 BP 64 EP 69 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BH94P UT WOS:A1997BH94P00011 ER PT S AU Wilson, TL AF Wilson, TL BE Ades, M Fray, R TI A three-region, moving boundary model of a furnace flame SO SIMULATORS INTERNATIONAL XIV SE SIMULATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Simulators Conference, at the 1997 Simulation MultiConference CY APR 06-10, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Soc Comp Simulat Int DE dynamic combustion modeling; flame model; moving boundary AB This paper describes a nerv, efficient technique for computing first-order spatial dependence of a furnace flame. The technique, called the moving boundary flame model, creates dynamic state variables that track the size of the flame within the furnace. The approximation is appropriate for full plant training simulators, control system analysis, and engineering analyses in which a higher fidelity model than a point reactor model is needed. In comparison to the point reactor models, the one dimensional spatial dependence should improve the accuracy of distributed quantities such as heat transfer and reaction rates over the range fuel and air flow conditions that exist in normal and abnormal operation. The model is not intended to replace detailed multi-dimension now models of the furnace. Although the flame model is a first principles model, the accuracy depends on data from a more detailed combustion simulation or experimental data for volume-averaged parameters such as the turbulent mixing coefficient for fuel and air, radiative and conductive heat transfer coefficients, and ignition and extinction conditions. These inputs can be viewed as tuning parameters used normalize the moving boundary model to a more accurate model at a particular operating point. The result of the development is a successful flame model. A set of equations has been developed that are physically plausible as well as compact and easy to program. A numerical simulation using the system of equations produces a well-behaved solution. The eigenvalues for the solution are in the frequency range that is significant for controls and engineering analysis. At the same time, the system does not have any extremely fast states (large negative eigenvalues). This indicates that the model has the necessary dynamics for the problems of interest without any properties of a stiff system that would make numerical simulation difficult. Additional work is necessary to validate the model against experimental data or against a more accurate simulation of a furnace flame. RP Wilson, TL (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,POB 2008,BLDG 3500,MAILSTOP 6010,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC COMPUTER SIMULATION INT PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 17900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92177 SN 0735-9276 BN 1-56555-121-4 J9 SIMUL SERIES PY 1997 VL 29 IS 3 BP 70 EP 75 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BH94P UT WOS:A1997BH94P00012 ER PT B AU Adalsteinsson, D Sethian, JA AF Adalsteinsson, D Sethian, JA GP IEEE TI Three-dimensional profile evolution under low sticking coefficient SO SISPAD '97 - 1997 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SIMULATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR PROCESSES AND DEVICES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1997 International Conference on Simulation of Semiconductor Processes and Devices (SISPAD 97) CY SEP 08-10, 1997 CL CAMBRIDGE, MA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB This paper describes a careful numerical study of the effects of low sticking coefficient for two and three dimensional structures. The model for reflection is a cosine re-emission distribution with no dependence on the distribution of incoming particles. We calculate the limiting case for several different initial topologies. We conclude that the limiting profile can not in general be replaced by an isotropic deposition term, and demonstrate the effects of low sticking coefficient on complex structures. RP Adalsteinsson, D (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU I E E E PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 BN 0-7803-3775-1 PY 1997 BP 61 EP 64 DI 10.1109/SISPAD.1997.621336 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BJ53T UT WOS:A1997BJ53T00015 ER PT B AU Disz, T Papka, ME Stevens, R AF Disz, T Papka, ME Stevens, R BE Hensgen, D TI UbiWorld: Art environment integrating virtual reality, supercomputing, and design SO SIXTH HETEROGENEOUS COMPUTING WORKSHOP (HCW '97), PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Heterogeneous Computing Workshop (HCW 97) CY APR 01, 1997 CL GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SP IEEE Comp Soc, USN, Off Naval Res AB UbiWorld is a concept being developed by the Futures Laboratory group at Argonne National Laboratory that ties together the notion of ubiquitous computing (Ubicomp) with that of using virtual reality for rapid prototyping. The goal is to develop an environment where one can explore Ubicomp-type concepts without having to build real Ubicomp hardware. The basic notion is to extend object models in a virtual world by using distributed wide area heterogeneous computing technology to provide complex networking and processing capabilities to virtual reality objects. RP Disz, T (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV MATH & COMP SCI,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E, COMPUTER SOC PRESS PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720 BN 0-8186-7879-8 PY 1997 BP 46 EP 57 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BH54Z UT WOS:A1997BH54Z00004 ER PT B AU Snell, QO Gustafson, JL AF Snell, QO Gustafson, JL GP IEEE COMP SOC TI Parallel hierarchical global illumination SO SIXTH IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HIGH PERFORMANCE DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing CY AUG 05-08, 1997 CL PORTLAND STATE UNIV, PORTLAND, OR SP UEEE Comp Soc, Tech Comm Distributed Proc, Syracuse Univ, HPDC Lab, Oregon State Univ, Portland State Univ, Cabletron Syst HO PORTLAND STATE UNIV DE global illumination; parallel rendering; Monte Carlo AB This paper presents an algorithm that solves the Rendering Equation to any desired accuracy, and can be run in parallel on distributed memory or shared memory computer systems with excellent scaling properties. It appears superior in both speed and physical correctness to recent published methods involving bidirectional ray tracing or hybrid treatments of diffuse and specular surfaces. Like ''progressive radiosity'' methods, it dynamically refines the geometry decomposition where required, but does so without the excessive storage requirements for ''ray histories.''. RP Snell, QO (reprint author), US DOE,AMES LAB,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E, COMPUTER SOC PRESS PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720 BN 0-8186-8118-7 PY 1997 BP 12 EP 19 DI 10.1109/HPDC.1997.622358 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BJ51V UT WOS:A1997BJ51V00002 ER PT B AU Armstrong, R Wyckoff, P Yam, C BuiPham, M Brown, N AF Armstrong, R Wyckoff, P Yam, C BuiPham, M Brown, N GP IEEE COMP SOC TI Frame-based components for generalized particle methods SO SIXTH IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HIGH PERFORMANCE DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing CY AUG 05-08, 1997 CL PORTLAND STATE UNIV, PORTLAND, OR SP UEEE Comp Soc, Tech Comm Distributed Proc, Syracuse Univ, HPDC Lab, Oregon State Univ, Portland State Univ, Cabletron Syst HO PORTLAND STATE UNIV AB Algorithms for generalized particle methods are discussed in the context of high-performance parallel distributed computing. An object-oriented framework for such methods is presented along with the implementation of several very different scientific particle-based applications using the POET framework. RP Armstrong, R (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,DISTRIBUTED SYST RES,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E, COMPUTER SOC PRESS PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720 BN 0-8186-8118-7 PY 1997 BP 50 EP 59 DI 10.1109/HPDC.1997.622362 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BJ51V UT WOS:A1997BJ51V00006 ER PT B AU Disz, T Judson, I Olson, R Stevens, R AF Disz, T Judson, I Olson, R Stevens, R GP IEEE COMP SOC TI The Argonne Voyager multimedia server SO SIXTH IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HIGH PERFORMANCE DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing CY AUG 05-08, 1997 CL PORTLAND STATE UNIV, PORTLAND, OR SP UEEE Comp Soc, Tech Comm Distributed Proc, Syracuse Univ, HPDC Lab, Oregon State Univ, Portland State Univ, Cabletron Syst HO PORTLAND STATE UNIV AB With the growing presence of multimedia-enabled systems, we will see an integration of collaborative computing concepts into future scientific and technical workplaces. Desktop teleconferencing is common today, while more complex teleconferencing technology that relies on the availability of multipoint-enabled tools is starting to become available on PCs. A critical problem when using these collaborative tools is archiving multistream, multipoint meetings and making the content available to others. Ideally, one would like the ability to capture, record, play back, index, annotate, and distribute multimedia stream data as easily as we currently handle text or still-image data. The Argonne Voyager project is exploring and developing media sewer technology needed to provide such a flexible, virtual multipoint recording/playback capability. in this article we describe the motivating requirements, architecture, implementation, operation, performance, and related work. RP Disz, T (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV MATH & COMP SCI,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E, COMPUTER SOC PRESS PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720 BN 0-8186-8118-7 PY 1997 BP 71 EP 80 DI 10.1109/HPDC.1997.622364 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BJ51V UT WOS:A1997BJ51V00008 ER PT B AU Foster, I Karonis, NT Kesselman, C Koenig, G Tuecke, S AF Foster, I Karonis, NT Kesselman, C Koenig, G Tuecke, S GP IEEE COMP SOC TI A secure communications infrastructure for high-performance distributed computing SO SIXTH IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HIGH PERFORMANCE DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing CY AUG 05-08, 1997 CL PORTLAND STATE UNIV, PORTLAND, OR SP UEEE Comp Soc, Tech Comm Distributed Proc, Syracuse Univ, HPDC Lab, Oregon State Univ, Portland State Univ, Cabletron Syst HO PORTLAND STATE UNIV AB Applications that use high-speed networks to connect geographically distributed supercomputers, databases, and scientific instruments may operate over open networks and access valuable resources. Hence, they can require mechanisms for ensuring integrity and confidentiality of communications and for authenticating both users and resources. Security solutions developed for traditional client-server applications do not provide direct support for the program structures, programming tools, and performance requirements encountered in these applications. We address these requirements via a security-enhanced version of the Nexus communication library, which we use to provide secure versions of parallel libraries and languages, including the Message Passing Interface. These tools permit a fine degree of control over what, where, and when security mechanisms are applied. In particular a single application can mix secure and nonsecure communication, allowing the programmer to make fine-grained security/performance tradeoffs. We present performance results that quantify the performance of our infrastructure. RP Foster, I (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,MATH & COMP SCI,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E, COMPUTER SOC PRESS PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720 BN 0-8186-8118-7 PY 1997 BP 125 EP 136 DI 10.1109/HPDC.1997.622369 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BJ51V UT WOS:A1997BJ51V00013 ER PT B AU McMillan, C AF McMillan, C GP IEEE COMP SOC TI ASCI applications SO SIXTH IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HIGH PERFORMANCE DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing CY AUG 05-08, 1997 CL PORTLAND STATE UNIV, PORTLAND, OR SP UEEE Comp Soc, Tech Comm Distributed Proc, Syracuse Univ, HPDC Lab, Oregon State Univ, Portland State Univ, Cabletron Syst HO PORTLAND STATE UNIV RP McMillan, C (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E, COMPUTER SOC PRESS PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720 BN 0-8186-8118-7 PY 1997 BP 179 EP 179 DI 10.1109/HPDC.1997.626687 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BJ51V UT WOS:A1997BJ51V00018 ER PT B AU Evensky, DA Gentile, AC Camp, LJ Armstrong, RC AF Evensky, DA Gentile, AC Camp, LJ Armstrong, RC GP IEEE COMP SOC TI Lilith: Scalable execution of user code for distributed computing SO SIXTH IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HIGH PERFORMANCE DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing CY AUG 05-08, 1997 CL PORTLAND STATE UNIV, PORTLAND, OR SP UEEE Comp Soc, Tech Comm Distributed Proc, Syracuse Univ, HPDC Lab, Oregon State Univ, Portland State Univ, Cabletron Syst HO PORTLAND STATE UNIV AB Lilith is a general purpose tool to provide highly scalable, easy distribution of user code across a heterogeneous computing platform. Lilith's principal task is to span a heterogeneous tree of machines executing user-defined code in a scalable and secure fashion. Lilith will be used for controlling user processes as well as general system administrative tasks. Lilith is written in Java, taking advantage of Java's platform independence and intent to move code across networks. The design of Lilith provides hooks for experimenting with tree-spanning algorithms and security schemes. We present the Lilith Object model, security scheme, and implementation, and present timing results demonstrating Lilith's scalable behavior. RP Evensky, DA (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E, COMPUTER SOC PRESS PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720 BN 0-8186-8118-7 PY 1997 BP 305 EP 314 DI 10.1109/HPDC.1997.626436 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BJ51V UT WOS:A1997BJ51V00031 ER PT S AU Winske, D AF Winske, D BE Dufour, RJ TorresPeimbert, S TI A brief review of dusty plasma effects in the solar system SO SIXTH TEXAS-MEXICO CONFERENCE ON ASTROPHYSICS: ASTROPHYSICAL PLASMAS NEAR AND FAR SE REVISTA MEXICANA DE ASTRONOMIA Y ASTROFISICA, SERIE DE CONFERENCIAS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Texas-Mexico Conference on Astrophysics : Astrophysical Plasmas - Near and Far CY MAR 06-08, 1997 CL RICE UNIV, HOUSTON, TX HO RICE UNIV DE plasmas; solar system, general AB Dusty plasmas are commonly found in the solar system and in the rest of space. In this paper we briefly describe some of the more common dusty plasmas: the rings of Saturn, dust tails of comets, dust streams from Jupiter, and noctilucent clouds in the upper atmosphere. We also discuss some of the theoretical issues related to grain charging, dust particle dynamics, waves in dusty plasmas, and dusty plasma crystals. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Appl Theoret & Computat Phys Div, Plasma Phys & Applicat Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Winske, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Appl Theoret & Computat Phys Div, Plasma Phys & Applicat Grp, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA MEXICO INSTITUTO ASTRONOMIA PI MEXICO CITY PA APARTADO POSTAL 70-264, MEXICO CITY 04510, MEXICO SN 1405-2059 J9 REV MEX AST ASTR PY 1997 VL 7 BP 1 EP 6 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BK86R UT WOS:000073706100001 ER PT S AU Li, H AF Li, H BE Dufour, RJ TorresPeimbert, S TI An overview of the physical issues on pulsar winds SO SIXTH TEXAS-MEXICO CONFERENCE ON ASTROPHYSICS: ASTROPHYSICAL PLASMAS NEAR AND FAR SE REVISTA MEXICANA DE ASTRONOMIA Y ASTROFISICA, SERIE DE CONFERENCIAS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Texas-Mexico Conference on Astrophysics : Astrophysical Plasmas - Near and Far CY MAR 06-08, 1997 CL RICE UNIV, HOUSTON, TX HO RICE UNIV DE ISM, individual objects (Crab Nebula) AB The central mystery on pulsar winds has been the mechanism to convert magnetic energy (i.e., Poynting flux) to particle kinetic energy, from which the radiations light up the whole nebula in the case of Crab. Strong MI-ID shocks have been a popular candidate but exactly how it comes about is quite uncertain. Magnetic reconnection (or inductive heating) may provide such a conversion and is quite promising in explaining the features seen around the equatorial region, but it probably does not apply to the polar region since there is no apparent alternating current sheets. Instead, we postulate that certain resistive instabilities will operate and produce localized energy dissipation regions ("knots" or "hot spots"). Such instabilities seem inevitable in order to close the currents around the pulsar and dissipate flow energies. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Li, H (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, T-6,MS B288, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA MEXICO INSTITUTO ASTRONOMIA PI MEXICO CITY PA APARTADO POSTAL 70-264, MEXICO CITY 04510, MEXICO SN 1405-2059 J9 REV MEX AST ASTR PY 1997 VL 7 BP 98 EP 102 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BK86R UT WOS:000073706100014 ER PT B AU Allison, SW Key, WS Cates, MR Beshears, DL Sanders, AJ Newby, RJ Campbell, JW Shunk, RG AF Allison, SW Key, WS Cates, MR Beshears, DL Sanders, AJ Newby, RJ Campbell, JW Shunk, RG BE Allahdadi, FA Casani, EK Maclay, TD TI Thermal metrology for a space-based gravity experiment SO SMALL SPACECRAFT, SPACE ENVIRONMENTS, AND INSTRUMENTATION TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Small Spacecraft, Space Environments, and Instrumentation Technologies CY JUL 27-28, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers AB A proposed space-based test of gravitational theory(1) requires unique performance for thermometry and ranging instrumentation. The experiment involves a cylindrical test chamber in which two free-floating spherical test bodies are located. The test bodies are spheres which move relative to each other. The direction and rate of motion depend on the relative masses and orbit parameters mediated by the force of gravity. The experiment will determine Newton's gravitational constant, G; its time dependence, as well investigate the equivalence principle, the inverse square law, and post-Einsteinian effects. The absolute value of the temperature at which the experiment is performed is not critical and may range anywhere from approximately 70 to 100K. However, the experimental design calls for a temperature uniformity of approximately 0.001 K throughout the test volume. This is necessary in order to prevent radiation pressure gradients from perturbing the test masses. Consequently, a method is needed for verifying and establishing this test condition. The presentation is an assessment of the utility of phosphor-based thermometry for this application and a description of feasibility experiments. Phosphor thermometry is well suited for resolving minute temperature differences. The first tests in our lab have indicated the feasibility of achieving this desired temperature resolution. RP Allison, SW (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,ENGN TECHNOL DIV,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. OI Newby, Robert/0000-0003-3571-1067; Allison, Stephen/0000-0002-5887-5403 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2538-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3116 BP 97 EP 104 DI 10.1117/12.293328 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BJ97X UT WOS:A1997BJ97X00010 ER PT B AU ReVelle, DO Whitaker, RW Armstrong, WT AF ReVelle, DO Whitaker, RW Armstrong, WT BE Allahdadi, FA Casani, EK Maclay, TD TI Infrasonic observations of bolides on October 4, 1996 SO SMALL SPACECRAFT, SPACE ENVIRONMENTS, AND INSTRUMENTATION TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Small Spacecraft, Space Environments, and Instrumentation Technologies CY JUL 27-28, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE infrasound; meteor acoustics; blast waves; bolides; long-range sound propagation AB During the evening of October 3, 1996, at least 6 bright fireballs were observed over the western United States with reports from California to Louisiana. The event over California produced tremendous sonic boom reports in the Los Angeles area. This event was also detected locally by 31 seismometers which are part of a network of seismic stations operated by the California Institute of Technology. Subsequent investigations of the data from the four infrasound arrays used by LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) and operated for the DOE (Department of Energy) as a part of the CTBT Program (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty) Research and Development program showed the presence of an infrasonic signal from the proper direction at the correct time for this bolide from two of our four arrays (Nevada Test Site; NTS and Pinedale, WY; PDL). Both the seismic and infrasound recordings indicated that an explosion occurred in the atmosphere, having its epicenter near Little Lake, CA for possible sources heights fi om 30-60 km. The infrasonic arrays are each composed of four elements, i.e., low frequency pressure sensors that are in near-continuous operation. The nominal spacing between elements is 150-200 m depending on the specific site. The basic sensor is a Globe Universal Sciences Model 100C microphone whose amplitude response is flat from 0.1 to 300 Hz. Each sensor is connected to 12 porous hoses which act to reduce wind noise. The signal characteristics, analyzed from 0.1 to 5.0 Hz, includes a total duration of 5 (NTS) to 20 minutes (PDL) for a source directed toward 230-240 degrees from true North. The signal trace velocities ranged from 300-360 m/sec with a signal velocity of 0.30 +/- 0.03 km/sec, implying a Stratospheric (S Type) ducted path (with a reflection altitude of from 40-60 km). The dominant signal frequency is from 0.20 to 0.80 Hz, with a peak near 0.2 to 0.25 Hz. These highly correlated signals had a maximum amplitude of 1.0 microbars (0.1 Pa) at PDL and 4.0 microbars (0.4 Pa) at NTS. Our analysis indicates that the bolide had a probable, maximum source energy in the range from 150-390 tons (TNT equivalent). RP ReVelle, DO (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,MS F659,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2538-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3116 BP 156 EP 167 DI 10.1117/12.293343 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BJ97X UT WOS:A1997BJ97X00015 ER PT B AU Eaton, WP Smith, JH AF Eaton, WP Smith, JH BE Varadan, VK McWhorter, PJ TI Micromachined pressure sensors: Review and recent developments SO SMART ELECTRONICS AND MEMS - SMART STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 1997 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Smart Electronics and MEMS - Smart Structures and Materials 1997 CY MAR 04-06, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Soc Exptl Mech Inc, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, USAF Wright Lab, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Phys Soc, Div Mat Phys, Ceram Soc Japan, USA Res Lab, Intelligent Mat Forum, Japan DE MEMS; micromachined pressure sensor; review AB Since the discovery of piezoresistivity in silicon in the mid 1950s, silicon based pressure sensors have been widely produced. Micromachining technology has greatly benefited from the success of the integrated circuits industry, borrowing materials, processes, and toolsets. Because of this, microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) are now poised to capture large segments of existing sensor markets and to catalyze the development of new markets. Given the emerging importance of MEMS, it is instructive to review the history of micromachined pressure sensors, and to examine new developments in the field. Pressure sensors will be the focus of this paper, starting from metal diaphragm sensors with bonded silicon strain gauges, and moving to present developments of surface micromachined, optical, resonant, and smart pressure sensors. Considerations for diaphragm design will be discussed in detail, as well as additional considerations for capacitive and piezor esistive devices. RP Eaton, WP (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,INTELLIGENT MICROMACHINES DEPT,MS 1080,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2459-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3046 BP 30 EP 41 DI 10.1117/12.276606 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics; Optics SC Engineering; Mechanics; Optics GA BJ12Y UT WOS:A1997BJ12Y00003 ER PT B AU Davies, BR Barron, CC Montague, S Smith, JH Murray, JR Christenson, TR Bateman, VI AF Davies, BR Barron, CC Montague, S Smith, JH Murray, JR Christenson, TR Bateman, VI BE Varadan, VK McWhorter, PJ TI High G MEMS integrated accelerometer SO SMART ELECTRONICS AND MEMS - SMART STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 1997 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Smart Electronics and MEMS - Smart Structures and Materials 1997 CY MAR 04-06, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Soc Exptl Mech Inc, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, USAF Wright Lab, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Phys Soc, Div Mat Phys, Ceram Soc Japan, USA Res Lab, Intelligent Mat Forum, Japan DE accelerometer; integrated MEMS; micromachined sensors; shock sensors AB This paper describes the design and implementation of a surface micromachined accelerometer for measuring very high levels of acceleration (up to 50,000 G). Both the mechanical and electronic portions of the sensor were integrated on a single substrate using a process developed at Sandia National Laboratories, In this process, the mechanical components of the sensor were first fabricated at the bottom of a trench etched into the wafer substrate. The trench was then filled with oxide and sealed to protect the mechanical components during subsequent microelectronics processing. The wafer surface was then planarized in preparation for CMOS processing using Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP). Next, the CMOS electronics were fabricated on areas of the wafer adjacent to the embedded structures. Finally, the mechanical structures were released and the sensor tested. The mechanical structure of the sensor consisted of two polysilicon plate masses suspended by multiple springs (cantilevered beam structures) over corresponding polysilicon plates fixed to the substrate to form two parallel plate capacitors. The first polysilicon plate mass was suspended using compliant springs (cantilever beams) and acted as a variable capacitor during sensor acceleration. The second polysilicon plate mass was suspended using very stiff springs and acted as a fixed capacitor during acceleration. Acceleration was measured by comparing the capacitance of the variable capacitor (compliant suspension) with the fixed capacitance (stiff suspension). RP Davies, BR (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,INTEGRATED MICROMECH MICROSENSORS & CMOS TECHNOL,POB 5800,MS 1080,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 20 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2459-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3046 BP 52 EP 62 DI 10.1117/12.276628 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics; Optics SC Engineering; Mechanics; Optics GA BJ12Y UT WOS:A1997BJ12Y00005 ER PT B AU Smith, JH Montague, S Allen, JJ Ellis, JR Burgett, SM AF Smith, JH Montague, S Allen, JJ Ellis, JR Burgett, SM BE Varadan, VK McWhorter, PJ TI Critical issues for the application of integrated MEMS/CMOS technologies to inertial measurement units SO SMART ELECTRONICS AND MEMS - SMART STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 1997 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Smart Electronics and MEMS - Smart Structures and Materials 1997 CY MAR 04-06, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Soc Exptl Mech Inc, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, USAF Wright Lab, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Phys Soc, Div Mat Phys, Ceram Soc Japan, USA Res Lab, Intelligent Mat Forum, Japan DE microelectromechanical systems; MEMS; inertial measurement; accelerometers; gyros AB One of the principal applications of monolithically integrated micromechanical/microelectronic systems has been accelerometers for automotive applications. As integrated MEMS/CMOS technologies such as those developed by U.C. Berkeley, Analog Devices, and Sandia National Laboratories mature, additional systems for more sensitive inertial measurements will enter the commercial marketplace. In this paper, we will examine key technology design rules which impact the performance and cost of inertial measurement devices manufactured in integrated MEMS/CMOS technologies. These design parameters include: 1) Minimum MEMS feature size, 2) Minimum CMOS feature size, 3) Maximum MEMS linear dimension, 4) Number of mechanical MEMS layers, and 5) MEMS/CMOS spacing. In particular, the embedded approach to integration developed at Sandia will be examined in the context of these technology features. Presently, this technology offers MEMS feature sizes as small as 1 mu m, CMOS critical dimensions of 1.25 mu m, MEMS linear dimensions of 1000 mu m, a single mechanical level of polysilicon, and a 100 mu m space between MEMS and CMOS. RP Smith, JH (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,INTELLIGENT MICROMACHINE DEPT,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2459-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3046 BP 242 EP 247 DI 10.1117/12.276613 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics; Optics SC Engineering; Mechanics; Optics GA BJ12Y UT WOS:A1997BJ12Y00024 ER PT B AU Manginell, RP Smith, JH Ricco, AJ AF Manginell, RP Smith, JH Ricco, AJ BE Varadan, VK McWhorter, PJ TI An overview of micromachined platforms for thermal sensing and gas detection SO SMART ELECTRONICS AND MEMS - SMART STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 1997 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Smart Electronics and MEMS - Smart Structures and Materials 1997 CY MAR 04-06, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Soc Exptl Mech Inc, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, USAF Wright Lab, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Phys Soc, Div Mat Phys, Ceram Soc Japan, USA Res Lab, Intelligent Mat Forum, Japan DE microhotplate; microbridge; gas sensor; thermal sensor; heat transfer AB Micromachined hotplates, membranes, filaments, and cantilevers have all been used as platforms for thermal sensing and gas detection. Compared with conventional devices, micromachined sensors are characterized by low power consumption, high sensitivity, and fast response time. Much of these gains can be attributed to the size reductions achieved by micromachining. In addition, micromachining permits easy, yet precise tailoring of the heat transfer characteristics of these devices. By simple alterations in device geometry and materials used, the relative magnitudes of radiation, convection and conduction losses and Joule heat gains can be adjusted, and in this way device response can be optimized for specific applications. The free-standing design of micromachined platforms, for example, reduces heat conduction losses to the substrate, thereby making them attractive as low-power, fast-response heaters suitable for a number of applications. However, while micromachining solves some of the heat transfer problems typical of conventionally produced devices, it introduces some of its own. These tradeoffs will be discussed in the context of several micromachined thermal and gas sensors described in the literature. These include micromachined flow sensors, gas thermal conductivity sensors, pressure sensors, uncooled IR sensors, metal-oxide and catalytic/calorimetric gas sensors. Recent results obtained for a microbridge-based catalytic/calorimetric gas sensor will also be presented as a means of further illustrating the concepts of thermal design in micromachined sensors. RP Manginell, RP (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2459-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3046 BP 273 EP 284 DI 10.1117/12.276616 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics; Optics SC Engineering; Mechanics; Optics GA BJ12Y UT WOS:A1997BJ12Y00027 ER PT B AU Pan, JJ Charych, D AF Pan, JJ Charych, D BE Simmons, WC Aksay, IA Huston, DR TI Molecular recognition and optical detection of biological pathogens at biomimetic membrane interfaces SO SMART MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES: SMART STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 1997 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Smart Materials Technologies CY MAR 03-04, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Soc Exptl Mech Inc, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Air Force Wright Lab, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Phys Soc, Div Mat Phys, Ceram Soc Japan, USA Res Lab, Intelligent Mat Forum, Japan DE biosensor; pathogen; molecular recognition; biomimetic; liposome; cholera; toxin; detection; polydiacetylene; optical AB Molecular recognition sites on cell membranes serve as the main communication channels between the inside of a cell and its surroundings. Upon receptor binding, celular messages such as ion channel opening or activation of enzymes are triggered. In this report, we demonstrate that artificial cell membranes made from conjugated lipid polymers (polydiacetylene) can, on a simple level, mimic membrane processes of molecular recognition and signal transduction. The ganglioside, GM1 was incorporated into polydiacetylene liposomes. Molecular recognition of cholera toxin at the interface of the liposome resulted in a change of the membrane color due to conformational changes in the conjugated (ene-yne) polymer backbone. The 'colored liposomes' might be used as simple colorimetric sensors for drug screening or as new tools to study membrane-membrane or membrane-receptor interactions. RP Pan, JJ (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,CTR ADV MAT,DIV SCI MAT,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2453-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3040 BP 211 EP 217 DI 10.1117/12.267115 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BH27X UT WOS:A1997BH27X00023 ER PT B AU Li, DQ Shi, JX Springer, K Swanson, BI AF Li, DQ Shi, JX Springer, K Swanson, BI BE Simmons, WC Aksay, IA Huston, DR TI Chemical microsensors based on ''smart'' surface-bound receptors SO SMART MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES: SMART STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 1997 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Smart Materials Technologies CY MAR 03-04, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Soc Exptl Mech Inc, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Air Force Wright Lab, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Phys Soc, Div Mat Phys, Ceram Soc Japan, USA Res Lab, Intelligent Mat Forum, Japan DE sensor; cyclodextrin; receptor; surface acoustic wave; self-assembly; self-assembled monolayer; sol-gel; host polymer; thin-film AB Cyclodextrin thin films were fabricated using either self-assembled monolayers (SAM) or sol-gel techniques. The resulting host receptor thin films on the substrates of surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators were studied as a method of tracking organic toxins in vapor phase. The mass loading of surface-attached host monolayers on SAW resonators gave frequency shifts corresponding to typical monolayer surface coverage for SAM methods and ''multilayer'' coverage for sol-gel techniques. Subsequent exposure of the coated SAW resonators to organic vapors at various concentrations, typically 5000 parts per millions (ppm) down to 100 parts per billions (ppb) by mole, gave responses indicating middle-ppb-sensitivity (similar to 50 ppb) for those sensor-host-receptors and organic-toxin pairs with optimum mutual matching of polarity, size, and structural properties. RP Li, DQ (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2453-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3040 BP 257 EP 261 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BH27X UT WOS:A1997BH27X00028 ER PT B AU Vlahinos, AS Wang, YC Demos, G AF Vlahinos, AS Wang, YC Demos, G BE Stubbs, N TI Lateral torsional buckling of tapered members with transverse loads SO SMART SYSTEMS FOR BRIDGES, STRUCTURES, AND HIGHWAYS - SMART STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 1997 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Smart Systems for Bridges, Structures, and Highways - Smart Structures and Materials 1997 CY MAR 05-06, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Soc Exptl Mech Inc, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, USAF, Wright Lab, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Phys Soc, Div Mat Phys, Ceram Soc Japan, UAS Res Lab, Intelligent Mat Forum, Japan DE lateral; torsional; buckling; tapered members; transverse loads AB In recent year tapered beams have become increasingly popular in continuos frame construction due to their efficient utilization of structural material. Although analysis and design methods have been presented by many authors and three experimental programs have been carried out in recent years, further studies and design recommendations are needed. One of the ways to optimize structural components subjected to lateral loads is to generate variable cross sections. Ideally. if all sections must process the minimum amount of required properties then individual sections will be unique for particular loading conditions thus, consequently extremely expensive to construct. In this study, the mathematical formulation and the computer implementation of the elastic stability analysis of doubly symmetric tapered beams are presented. Solutions in the form of tables, charts and approximate formulas for the lateral buckling load are presented for a variety of beam geometry. end restraints and loading conditions. The critical loads corresponding to various buckling modes are plotted versus nondimensionalized parameters in an effort to establish the parameter ranges at which local buckling or lateral-torsional buckling controls. Since it is practically impossible to non-dimensionalized the many parameters in tapered sections. solutions were obtained for a range of tapered members used in present-day pratice. The loading consists of uniform contribution bending loads. The end restraints are applied at the end of the columns with fu;ed pinned, roller and pinned connections. RP Vlahinos, AS (reprint author), NATL RENEWABLE ENERGY LAB,ADV VEHICLE SYST BRANCH,GOLDEN,CO 80401, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2456-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3043 BP 96 EP 107 DI 10.1117/12.274635 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BH93J UT WOS:A1997BH93J00012 ER PT S AU Cooper, JA Ross, TJ AF Cooper, JA Ross, TJ GP IEEE TI Improved safety analysis through enhanced mathematical structures SO SMC '97 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS - 1997 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS, VOLS 1-5: CONFERENCE THEME: COMPUTATIONAL CYBERNETICS AND SIMULATION SE IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNATICS, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1997 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Computational Cybernetics and Simulation (SMC 97) CY OCT 12-15, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP IEEE Syst Man & Cybernet Soc AB In probabilistic safety analyses, the input data and logical combinations of the data can involve considerable subjectivity. It is important that mathematical processing be done in as meaningful a manner as possible, especially for assessing the safety of high consequence operations. We have begun an investigation of some innovative mathematical structures that are potentially useful in such safety analyses, and have developed some practical illustrations of the utility of the approaches. We have addressed active and passive safety systems, independent and dependent inputs, fault trees and event trees, and crisp and distributed logic. Our long-range intent is to provide analysts with a comprehensive selection of mathematically based tools, so that the best match possible is available for a particular system or portions of systems. Some of the mathematical structures investigated are based on various logical norms, Ordered Weighted Averaging implication operations, Gamma operators, sigmoid operators, inference networks, failure ''race'' comparators, min/max ordinate logic, threshold logic, conditional possibility, and Frechet-based dependence operators. RP Cooper, JA (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-4054-X J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 1997 BP 1656 EP 1661 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BJ80Y UT WOS:A1997BJ80Y00289 ER PT S AU Joslyn, C AF Joslyn, C GP IEEE TI Towards general information theoretical representations of database problems SO SMC '97 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS - 1997 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS, VOLS 1-5: CONFERENCE THEME: COMPUTATIONAL CYBERNETICS AND SIMULATION SE IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNATICS, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1997 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Computational Cybernetics and Simulation (SMC 97) CY OCT 12-15, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP IEEE Syst Man & Cybernet Soc AB General database systems are described from the General Systems Theoretical (GST) framework. In this context traditional information theoretical (statistical) and general information theoretical (fuzzy measure and set theoretical, possibilistic, and random set theoretical) representations are derived. A preliminary formal framework is introduced. RP Joslyn, C (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,COMP & INFORMAT RES GRP,MS B265,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-4054-X J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 1997 BP 1662 EP 1667 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BJ80Y UT WOS:A1997BJ80Y00290 ER PT S AU Argo, P Loveland, R Anderson, K Kelley, B Ticknor, L Elling, J Howse, J Linder, K Buenafe, C Berglin, B Adair, K Johnson, C Hruska, S AF Argo, P Loveland, R Anderson, K Kelley, B Ticknor, L Elling, J Howse, J Linder, K Buenafe, C Berglin, B Adair, K Johnson, C Hruska, S GP IEEE TI Adaptive security systems - Combining expert systems with adaptive technologies SO SMC '97 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS - 1997 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS, VOLS 1-5: CONFERENCE THEME: COMPUTATIONAL CYBERNETICS AND SIMULATION SE IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNATICS, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1997 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Computational Cybernetics and Simulation (SMC 97) CY OCT 12-15, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP IEEE Syst Man & Cybernet Soc AB The Adaptive Multisensor Integrated Security System (AMISS) uses a variety of computational intelligence techniques to reason from raw sensor data through an array of processing layers to arrive at an assessment for alarm/alert conditions based on human behavior within a secure facility. In this paper, we give an overview of the system and briefly describe some of the major components of the system. This system is currently under development and testing in a realistic facility setting. C1 ALLIED SIGNAL FED MFG & TECHNOL,ALBUQUERQUE,NM. FLORIDA STATE UNIV,DEPT COMP SCI,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32305. RP Argo, P (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-4054-X J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 1997 BP 2573 EP 2578 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BJ80Y UT WOS:A1997BJ80Y00450 ER PT S AU Elling, JW Johnson, C AF Elling, JW Johnson, C GP IEEE TI Facility security reasoning in a hybrid intelligent tracking system SO SMC '97 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS - 1997 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS, VOLS 1-5: CONFERENCE THEME: COMPUTATIONAL CYBERNETICS AND SIMULATION SE IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNATICS, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1997 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Computational Cybernetics and Simulation (SMC 97) CY OCT 12-15, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP IEEE Syst Man & Cybernet Soc AB A hybrid intelligent expert system is being developed for the Adaptive Multisensor Integrated Security System (AMISS) to identify threatening patterns of behavior in a nuclear facility [2, 3]. The focus of this paper is the sensor fusion strategy used to create the input to the rule-based and neural network: reasoning systems. The sensor fusion components of the AMISS system use a number of data processing techniques to accomplish ifs mission of combining disparate sensor data types in a noisy and uncertain environment. RP Elling, JW (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-4054-X J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 1997 BP 2579 EP 2583 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BJ80Y UT WOS:A1997BJ80Y00451 ER PT S AU Nelson, WR AF Nelson, WR GP IEEE TI Structured methods for identifying and correcting potential human errors in aviation operations SO SMC '97 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS - 1997 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS, VOLS 1-5: CONFERENCE THEME: COMPUTATIONAL CYBERNETICS AND SIMULATION SE IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNATICS, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1997 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Computational Cybernetics and Simulation (SMC 97) CY OCT 12-15, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP IEEE Syst Man & Cybernet Soc AB Human errors have been identified as the source of approximately 60% of the incidents and accidents that occur in commercial aviation. It can be assumed that a very large number of human errors occur in aviation operations, even though in most cases the redundancies and diversities built into the design of aircraft systems prevent the errors from leading to serious consequences. In addition, when it is acknowledged that many system failures have their roots in human errors that occur in the design phase, it becomes apparent that the identification and elimination of potential human errors could significantly decrease the risks of aviation operations. This will become even more critical during the design of advanced automation-based aircraft systems as well as next-generation systems for air traffic management. Structured methods to identify and correct potential human errors in aviation operations have been developed and are currently undergoing testing at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). RP Nelson, WR (reprint author), LOCKHEED MARTIN IDAHO TECHNOL,IDAHO NATL ENGN LAB,POB 1625,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83415, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU I E E E PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-4054-X J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 1997 BP 3132 EP 3136 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BJ80Y UT WOS:A1997BJ80Y00547 ER PT S AU Kercel, SW Dress, WB AF Kercel, SW Dress, WB GP IEEE TI Inductive learning as a fusion engine for mine detection SO SMC '97 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS - 1997 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS, VOLS 1-5: CONFERENCE THEME: COMPUTATIONAL CYBERNETICS AND SIMULATION SE IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNATICS, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1997 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Computational Cybernetics and Simulation (SMC 97) CY OCT 12-15, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP IEEE Syst Man & Cybernet Soc AB Semiotics is defined by some researchers as ''the study of the appearance (visual or otherwise) meaning, and use of symbols and symbol systems.'' Semiotic fusion of data from multiple sensory sources is a potential solution to the problem of landmine detection. This turns out to be significant, because notwithstanding the diversity of sensor technologies being used to attack the problem, there is no single effective landmine sensor technology. The only practical, general-purpose mine detector presently available is the trained dog. Most research into mine-detection technology seeks to emulate the dog's seemingly uncanny abilities. An ideal data-fusion system would mimic animal reaction, with the brain's perceptive power melding multiple sensory cues into an awareness of the size and location of a mine. Furthermore, the fusion process should be adaptive, with the skill at combining cues into awareness improving with experience. Electronic data-fusion systems reported in the countermine literature use conventional vector-based pattern recognition methods. Although neural nets are popular, they have never satisfactorily met the challenge. Despite years of investigation, nobody has ever found a vector space representation that reliably characterizes mine identity. This strongly suggests that the features have not been found because researchers have been looking for the wrong characteristics. It is worth considering that dogs probably do not represent data as mathematical number lists, but they almost certainly represent data via semiotic structures. The most relevant, practical example of semiotic pattern recognition is Goldfarb's concept of the Inductive Learning Paradigm. He implements the concept with a mathematical structure called the Evolving Transformation System (ETS). The scheme is a semiotic-based, unifying theory of pattern recognition in which classical structural methods, vector-based systems, and even fuzzy logic, all fall out as special cases. In the past structural methods have had limited practical value, and vector-based methods attempt to estimate ''decision surfaces'' between classes in ''feature vector space,'' but fail to reveal the structure of the data. In this paper, the authors explore the feasibility of applying Inductive Learning to the problem of mine sensor-fusion. RP Kercel, SW (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV INSTRUMENTAT & CONTROLS,POB 2008 MS 6011,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-4054-X J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 1997 BP 4133 EP 4138 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BJ80Y UT WOS:A1997BJ80Y00720 ER PT B AU Lee, R AF Lee, R BE Hohmeyer, O Ottinger, RL Rennings, K TI Externalities studies: Why are the numbers different? SO SOCIAL COSTS AND SUSTAINABILITY: VALUATION AND IMPLEMENTATION IN THE ENERGY AND TRANSPORT SECTOR LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Social Costs and Sustainability - Valuation and Implementation in the Energy and Transport Sector CY MAY 27-30, 1995 CL LADENBURG, GERMANY SP German Marshall Fund US, European Commiss DG XII, Ctr European Econ Res, Daimler Benz Fdn Ladenburg, City Ladenburg C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN 33 PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, W-1000 BERLIN 33, GERMANY BN 3-540-60177-5 PY 1997 BP 13 EP 28 PG 16 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Social Issues SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Social Issues GA BG93F UT WOS:A1997BG93F00002 ER PT B AU Greene, DL AF Greene, DL BE Hohmeyer, O Ottinger, RL Rennings, K TI The cost of transportation's oil dependence SO SOCIAL COSTS AND SUSTAINABILITY: VALUATION AND IMPLEMENTATION IN THE ENERGY AND TRANSPORT SECTOR LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Social Costs and Sustainability - Valuation and Implementation in the Energy and Transport Sector CY MAY 27-30, 1995 CL LADENBURG, GERMANY SP German Marshall Fund US, European Commiss DG XII, Ctr European Econ Res, Daimler Benz Fdn Ladenburg, City Ladenburg C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN 33 PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, W-1000 BERLIN 33, GERMANY BN 3-540-60177-5 PY 1997 BP 418 EP 430 PG 13 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Social Issues SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Social Issues GA BG93F UT WOS:A1997BG93F00024 ER PT S AU Nilsen, J Moreno, JC Barbee, TW Da Silva, LB AF Nilsen, J Moreno, JC Barbee, TW Da Silva, LB BE Rocca, JJ DaSilva, LB TI Measurement of spatial gain profiles in multiple-pulse driven Ne-like Ge lasers SO SOFT X-RAY LASERS AND APPLICATIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Soft X-Ray Lasers and Applications II CY JUL 28-29, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE X-ray laser; multiple pulse technique; plasma imaging AB We present the first direct spatial measurement of the two dimensional gain profiles for a Ne-like ion using a slab target illuminated by the multiple pulse technique. To understand the spatial dependence of the gain in Ne-Like Ge on the 19.6 nm laser Line for plasmas driven by a series of 100 ps pulses 400 ps apart we did a series of Nova experiments backlighting short Ge amplifiers. Two-dimensional, high-resolution, spatial images of the 19.6 nm laser emission from the output aperture of the amplifiers were measured to determine the spatial position of the gain. The amplifier lengths were chosen to be short enough to avoid significant refraction of the beam. In previous imaging experiments which measured the near field output of the Ge laser, the position of the laser output was dominated by refraction effects. To assure good temporal overlap, we used the traveling wave geometry to illuminate both the amplifier and backlighter. The amplifier design included a wire fiducial which provided an absolute spatial reference and avoided the usual difficulty of determining the location of the target surface. We compare the measured gain with simulations done using LASNEX, which calculates the hydrodynamic evolution of the plasma, and XRASER, which uses the temperature and densities from LASNEX to do the gain and kinetics calculations. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Nilsen, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2578-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3156 BP 65 EP 70 DI 10.1117/12.279416 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA BK08V UT WOS:000071157000007 ER PT S AU Moreno, JC Nilsen, J Barbee, TW Da Silva, LB Fill, E Li, YL Lu, PX AF Moreno, JC Nilsen, J Barbee, TW Da Silva, LB Fill, E Li, YL Lu, PX BE Rocca, JJ DaSilva, LB TI Imaging experiments of Ne-like X-ray lasers SO SOFT X-RAY LASERS AND APPLICATIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Soft X-Ray Lasers and Applications II CY JUL 28-29, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE x-ray laser; laser-plasma interaction; xuv spectroscopy AB We discuss high resolution two-dimensional near-field images of the neon-like nickel and germanium x-ray laser obtained using the Asterix laser at the Max-Planck-Institute and the Nova laser at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Our imaging diagnostic consisted of a concave multilayer minor that imaged the output end of the x-ray laser line onto a backside illuminated x-ray CCD detector. A 25 mu m thick wire positioned at the end of the target provided a spatial fiducial. With the Asterix iodine laser, a prepulse 5.23 ns before the main pulse, was used to irradiate slab targets. A great deal of structure was observed in the near field images, particularly in the J=0-1 emission. We observed a large difference in the spatial dependence of the J=0-1 and J=2-1 lines of germanium, with the J=2-1 emission peaking farther away from the original target surface. A larger prepulse moved the peak emission farther away from the target surface. For the Nova experiments we used a series of 100 ps pulses spaced 400 ps apart to illuminate a germanium target. We obtained high resolution images of both the J=0-1 and J=2-1 lines of Ge. These measurements are compared to hydrodynamic simulations coupled with atomic kinetics and including refraction effects. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Moreno, JC (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2578-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3156 BP 71 EP 77 DI 10.1117/12.279417 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA BK08V UT WOS:000071157000008 ER PT S AU Nilsen, J AF Nilsen, J BE Rocca, JJ DaSilva, LB TI Modeling of psec-laser-driven Ne-like and Ni-like x-ray lasers SO SOFT X-RAY LASERS AND APPLICATIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Soft X-Ray Lasers and Applications II CY JUL 28-29, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE X-ray laser; multiple pulse technique AB This paper models recent experiments in which a solid titanium target was illuminated by several joules of combined energy from a nsec laser pulse to create a preplasma followed by a psec laser pulse to drive the gain. Gains greater than 200 cm(-1) are predicted for the Ne-like Ti 3p(1)S(0) --> 3s(1)P(1) transition at 32.6 nm which is driven by the monopole collisional excitation. High gain is also predicted for the 3d(1)P(1) --> 3p(1)P(1) transition at 30.1 nm which is driven by a combination of collisional excitation and self photopumping. We also discuss the possibilities for driving a Ne-like Ge laser using this approach. For the Ni-Like ions we model a solid molybdenum target under similar conditions used for Ti acid predict gains greater than 300 cm(-1) for the Ni-like Mo 4d(1)S(0) --> 4p P-1(1) transition at 18.9 nm which is driven by the monopole collisional excitation. High gain is also predicted for a self photopumped 4f(1)P(1) --> 4d(1)P(1) transition at 22.0 nm and several other transitions driven by inner shell collisional ionization. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Nilsen, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2578-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3156 BP 86 EP 93 DI 10.1117/12.284820 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BK08V UT WOS:000071157000010 ER PT S AU Decker, CD London, RA AF Decker, CD London, RA BE Rocca, JJ DaSilva, LB TI High gains for a Ni-like tungsten x-ray laser operating in a transient regime SO SOFT X-RAY LASERS AND APPLICATIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Soft X-Ray Lasers and Applications II CY JUL 28-29, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE ultra-short pulse; x-ray source; inner-shell photo-ionized AB We examine a scheme for a compact nickel-like tungsten soft x-ray laser operating on the 4d-4p, J = 0-1 transition at 43.2 Angstrom. High gains are achieved by operating at high electron densities (n(e) > 10(22)cm(-3)). In this regime, the gain during non-equilibrium ionization can greatly exceed that of the steady state. The duration of this transient gain is on the order of the ionization time which makes picosecond-pulsed optical pumps ideal. We predict gains of 220 cm(-1) for a 1 mu m pump of intensity I = 1 x 10(17) W/cm(2). C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Decker, CD (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2578-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3156 BP 94 EP 97 DI 10.1117/12.279406 PG 4 WC Optics SC Optics GA BK08V UT WOS:000071157000011 ER PT S AU Snavely, RA Da Silva, LB Eder, DC Matthews, DL Moon, SJ AF Snavely, RA Da Silva, LB Eder, DC Matthews, DL Moon, SJ BE Rocca, JJ DaSilva, LB TI Traveling wave pumping of ultra-short pulse x-ray lasers SO SOFT X-RAY LASERS AND APPLICATIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Soft X-Ray Lasers and Applications II CY JUL 28-29, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE ultra-short pulse; x-ray laser; reflective optics AB Pumping of proposed inner-shell photo-ionized (ISPI) x-ray lasers places stringent requirements on the optical pump source. We investigate these requirements for an example x-ray laser (XRL) in Carbon lasing on the 2p-1s transition at 45 Angstrom. Competing with this lasing transition is the very fast Auger decay rate out of the upper lasing state, such that the x-ray laser would self-terminate on a femto-second time scale. XRL gain may be demonstrated if pump energy is delivered in a time short when compared to the Auger rate. The fast self-termination also demands that we sequentially pump the length of the xray laser at the group velocity of the x-ray laser. This is the classical traveling wave requirement. It imposes a condition on the pumping source that the phase angle of the pump laser be precisely de-coupled from the pulse front angle. At high light intensities, this must be performed with a vacuum grating delay line. We will also include a discussion of issues related to pump energy delivery, i.e. pulse-front curvature, temporal blurring and pulse fidelity. An all-reflective optical system with low aberration is investigated to see if it fulfills the requirements. It is expected that these designs together with new high energy (> 1 J) ultra-short pulse (< 40 fs.) pump lasers now under construction may fulfill our pump energy conditions and produce a tabletop x-ray laser. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Snavely, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2578-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3156 BP 109 EP 113 DI 10.1117/12.293374 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA BK08V UT WOS:000071157000013 ER PT S AU Dunn, J Osterheld, AL Shepherd, R White, WE Shlyaptsev, VN Bullock, AB Stewart, RE AF Dunn, J Osterheld, AL Shepherd, R White, WE Shlyaptsev, VN Bullock, AB Stewart, RE BE Rocca, JJ DaSilva, LB TI Table-top transient collisional excitation x-ray laser research at LLNL SO SOFT X-RAY LASERS AND APPLICATIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Soft X-Ray Lasers and Applications II CY JUL 28-29, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE x-ray laser; picosecond laser pulse; table-top terawatt laser; transient collisional excitation; Ne-like; Ni-like AB We describe recent experiments at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to produce a tabletop x-ray laser. Using a combination of long 800 ps and short similar to 1 ps high power laser pulses with similar to 6 J in each beam, a transient collisionally excited Ne-like ion x-ray laser scheme has been investigated. We present results of high x-ray laser gain for the Ne-like Ti 3p-3s J = 0-1 transition at 326 Angstrom and have achieved gL product of 15 for target lengths up to 1 cm. We have extended the transient collisional scheme to shorter wavelengths using the Ni-like analog, specifically the 4d-4p J = 0-1 of Ni-like Pd at 147 Angstrom. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Dunn, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2578-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3156 BP 114 EP 121 DI 10.1117/12.293375 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BK08V UT WOS:000071157000014 ER PT S AU Celliers, P Barbee, TW Cauble, R Da Silva, LB Decker, CD Kalantar, DH Key, MH London, RA Moreno, JC Snavely, R Trebes, JE Wan, AS Weber, F AF Celliers, P Barbee, TW Cauble, R Da Silva, LB Decker, CD Kalantar, DH Key, MH London, RA Moreno, JC Snavely, R Trebes, JE Wan, AS Weber, F BE Rocca, JJ DaSilva, LB TI Probing high density plasmas with soft X-ray lasers SO SOFT X-RAY LASERS AND APPLICATIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Soft X-Ray Lasers and Applications II CY JUL 28-29, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE X-ray laser; optical probing; shadowgraphy; radiography; interferometry AB Collisionally pumped x-ray lasers are ideal for a wide variety of plasma diagnostics. They have been demonstrated over a wavelength range extending from 3.5 nm to 40 nn and have output energies as high as 10 mJ in 150 ps pulses. The beam divergence is less than 15 mrad and the linewidth lambda/Delta lambda similar to 10(4) provides sufficient longitudinal coherence for interferometry. Using various arrangements constructed with multi-layer XUV reflective optics we have carried out a variety of experiments with the yttrium x-ray laser operating at 15.5 mn. Initial experiments involved x-ray laser backlighting and Moire deflectometry, while later work demonstrated interferometric determinations of plasma density profiles in various targets. We have also studied hydrodynamic imprinting of laser speckle patterns on directly driven thin foils with 1-2 mu m spatial resolution. These detailed plasma diagnostic capabilities provide an important means to benchmark hydrodynamic calculations of dense plasma flows. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Celliers, P (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2578-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3156 BP 135 EP 145 DI 10.1117/12.293376 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA BK08V UT WOS:000071157000016 ER PT S AU Weber, FA Barbee, TW Celliers, PM Da Silva, LB Tanaka, K Kodama, R Takahashi, K AF Weber, FA Barbee, TW Celliers, PM Da Silva, LB Tanaka, K Kodama, R Takahashi, K BE Rocca, JJ DaSilva, LB TI Soft x-ray laser based moire deflectometry of dense plasmas SO SOFT X-RAY LASERS AND APPLICATIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Soft X-Ray Lasers and Applications II CY JUL 28-29, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE electron density measurements; fast ignition; hole boring; plasma diagnostic; laser-plasma interaction AB Soft X-ray laser based Moire deflectometry has been shown to be a viable and useful diagnostic for probing dense plasmas relevant to inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Collisionally pumped soft x-ray lasers are thereby used as reliable radiation sources which provide unique intensity and coherence characteristics in the soft X-ray region in order to overcome the adverse effects of absorption and refraction of the probe beam in the plasma. We present results obtained from Moire deflectometry experiments carried out at the ILE Gekko XII laser facility where the Neon-like Germanium X-ray laser with line emission at 196 Angstrom has been used to probe laser produced plasmas created from 100 mu m thick CH targets. Besides a high brightness the X-ray laser exhibits small beam divergence (< 4 mrad) and short pulse duration of about 80 ps. The results show that peak electron densities of 3 x 10(21) cm(-3) at the initial target surface can be probed with this diagnostic technique, however, no convincing evidence was found for channel formation in the plasma caused by a 1 omega (1.053 mu m) drill beam. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Weber, FA (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2578-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3156 BP 154 EP 162 DI 10.1117/12.293377 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BK08V UT WOS:000071157000018 ER PT S AU Shlyaptsev, VN Rocca, JJ Kalachnikov, MP Nickles, PV Sandner, W Osterheld, AL Dunn, J Eder, DC AF Shlyaptsev, VN Rocca, JJ Kalachnikov, MP Nickles, PV Sandner, W Osterheld, AL Dunn, J Eder, DC BE Rocca, JJ DaSilva, LB TI Modeling of table-top transient inversion and capillary X-ray lasers SO SOFT X-RAY LASERS AND APPLICATIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Soft X-Ray Lasers and Applications II CY JUL 28-29, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE X-ray lasers; plasma lasers; theory of plasma; high-temperature plasma; atomic kinetics; Z-pinch plasma; electrical discharges AB Numerical modeling of transient inversion and capillary discharge X-ray lasers were performed for the purposes of understanding of recent experiments, improving the laser efficiency and planing their further development. The first demonstration of saturation of a low pump energy X-ray laser utilizing a transient inversion mechanism on the 3p-3s transition at 32.63 nm in Ne-like Ti has been confirmed. A close to saturation amplification was simultaneously achieved for the 3d-3p, J=1-1 transition at 30.15 nm. Small signal effective transient gain coefficients of g similar to 46 cm(-1) and similar to 35 cm(-1) and effective gain-length products of 16.7 and 16.9 for these lines were obtained. Experiments and calculations demonstrate that it is possible to achieve saturated laser action in a transient regime with Ne-like Ti for a pump energy as low as similar to 5 J. With such energies just recently the lasing on Ni-like Pd at 14.7nm has been achieved. MHD simulations of capillary discharges were performed for several elements with shorter lasing wavelengths. A new approach which intends to combine advantages of electrical discharge plasma preparation with CPA-laser excitation was investigated. It will enable a kind of X-ray lasers to be built with ultrashort pulse duration and the high efficiency. In this case the well preformed cylindrical shell of discharge plasmas and the transient population inversion combined with the traveling-wave excitation will enable to achieve lasing at much shorter wavelengths. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Shlyaptsev, VN (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2578-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3156 BP 193 EP 202 DI 10.1117/12.293379 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA BK08V UT WOS:000071157000023 ER PT S AU Ratowsky, RP Kolosov, VV Zemlyanov, AA London, RA AF Ratowsky, RP Kolosov, VV Zemlyanov, AA London, RA BE Rocca, JJ DaSilva, LB TI X-ray laser coherence in the presence of density fluctuations SO SOFT X-RAY LASERS AND APPLICATIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Soft X-Ray Lasers and Applications II CY JUL 28-29, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE x-ray laser; inhomogeneous active media; fluctuations; degree of coherence; ray-tracing technique AB We analyze the effect of plasma density fluctuations on x-ray laser coherence and discuss the implications of our results for exploding-foil x-ray laser experiments. We treat propagation of coherence using a deterministic ray-tracing technique based on the radiation transfer equation, coupled with the phase approximation of Huygens-Kirchhoff method to treat the random fluctuations. First we develop the propagation technique for the zero-fluctuation case, and derive analytical solutions for the intensity distribution and coherence function in the output plane of an active medium with parabolic transverse profiles of dielectric constant and gain coefficient. We discuss under what conditions we may include only the contribution of spontaneous sources adjacent to the far face of the active medium, and show that in many practical cases it is necessary to take into account sources throughout the whole active medium. We then include density fluctuations, and obtain expressions for the coherence function for homogeneous fluctuations with both Gaussian and exponential correlation, as a function of fluctuation amplitude and correlation length. We apply our results to selenium and yttrium exploding foil x-ray lasers, where non-uniformity in the optical laser pump beams or hydrodynamic instabilities may lead to fluctuations. We show how fluctuations can cause the coherence to saturate with increasing laser length, and indicate how a moderate level of fluctuations can explain the observed coherence in experiments on selenium x-ray lasers. We also characterize the sensitivity of the coherence to fluctuations by defining a critical amplitude level above which they dominate the coherence. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Ratowsky, RP (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2578-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3156 BP 260 EP 270 DI 10.1117/12.293383 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA BK08V UT WOS:000071157000030 ER PT S AU Moon, SJ Eder, DC AF Moon, SJ Eder, DC BE Rocca, JJ DaSilva, LB TI Back-side emission from filtered gold targets SO SOFT X-RAY LASERS AND APPLICATIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Soft X-Ray Lasers and Applications II CY JUL 28-29, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE ultra-short pulse; x-ray source; inner-shell photo-ionized AB An investigation of the rapid rise time of incoherent x-ray emission from targets heated by an ultra-short pulse (USP) high-intensity optical laser was conducted for use as the x-ray source for inner-shell photo-ionized (ISPI) x-ray lasing. Previous studies considered front-side x-ray emission; however, ISPI x-ray lasing requires a filtered x-ray source. Modeling using the hydrodynamics/atomic kinetics code LASNEX of a 40 fs USP driving laser with an intensity of 10(17)W/cm(2) incident on a flat target of thin Au layered on a Be filter is presented. The filter has a modest influence on the x-ray emission of the Au via conduction cooling but has a large effect on the backside spectrum by removing low energy x rays as the Au emission passes through the filter. The use of such a filtered source is shown to provide the needed x rays to achieve high gain in C at 45 Angstrom. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Moon, SJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2578-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3156 BP 326 EP 330 DI 10.1117/12.293385 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA BK08V UT WOS:000071157000037 ER PT J AU Halvorson, JJ Bolton, H Smith, JL AF Halvorson, JJ Bolton, H Smith, JL TI The pattern of soil variables related to Artemisia tridentata in a burned shrub-steppe site SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; ORGANIC-CARBON; ECOSYSTEM; HISTORIES; LANDSCAPE; PLANT AB Artemisia tridentata Nutt. is a prominent shrub of cool deserts in the USA that influences the patterns of chemistry and microbiological activity in the soil in which it grows. However, little is known about the fate of these patterns following the death or removal of the live A. tridentata plant. We compared abutting burned and unburned sites to see if patterns in soil could be related to locations where shrubs were removed by fire 9 yr earlier. While most soil variables were significantly higher in the unburned site than in the burned site, total organic C and soil pH appear unaffected by the removal of A. tridentata or the fire itself. Differences between unburned and burned sites were greatest near the location of a plant axis. In contrast, burned soil was not distinguishable from unburned soil at distances greater than approximate to 50 cm away from a live A. tridentata axis or a charred stump indicating that soil patterns were most affected by removal of the plant and not by the fire. Nearly a decade after the fire, significant effects of A. tridentata on patterns of some soil variables in the burned site were still detectable. Significantly higher values for total organic C, total N, water soluble C, electrical conductivity, and soil microbial biomass C were observed near the location of charred A. tridentata stumps than at distances further away. These patterns are a significant source of soil variability that may be difficult to account for because they are not related to the obvious location of live plants. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, LAND MANAGEMENT & WATER CONSERVAT RES UNIT, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. RP Halvorson, JJ (reprint author), PACIFIC NW LAB, POB 999, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. RI Bolton, Harvey/E-5583-2011 NR 32 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 61 IS 1 BP 287 EP 294 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WH680 UT WOS:A1997WH68000041 ER PT B AU Thomas, IM AF Thomas, IM BE Dunn, BS Mackenzie, JD Pope, EJA Schmidt, HK Yamane, M TI A two layer broadband antireflective coating prepared from a methyl silicone and porous silica SO SOL-GEL OPTICS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Sol-Gel Optics Conference CY JUL 30-AUG 01, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers AB Single layer quarterwave antireflective (AR) coatings are widely used on many of the transmissive optics in high power fusion lasers. With these coatings maximum efficiency is only obtained at one wavelength. In those applications involving harmonic converter crystals, however, broader band performance would be advantageous because light of two wavelengths is involved. A simple two layer broadband coating has been developed which consists of a layer of a methyl silicone polymer overcoated with porous silica. This is prepared from methyltriethoxysilane and tetraethyl silicate, respectively. Both reagents are distilled to the highest purity so that the coatings are non-absorptive and have the highest laser damage threshold. Less than 0.5% reflection over a broad wavelength range can be obtained on substrates in the 1.46 to 1.51 index range. RP Thomas, IM (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,7000 EAST AVE,MAIL STOP L-483,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2558-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3136 BP 215 EP 219 DI 10.1117/12.284123 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BJ78V UT WOS:A1997BJ78V00026 ER PT S AU Cesarano, J Baer, TA Calvert, P AF Cesarano, J Baer, TA Calvert, P BE Bourell, DL Beaman, JJ Crawford, RH Marcus, HL Barlow, JW TI Recent developments in freeform fabrication of dense ceramics from slurry deposition SO SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION PROCEEDINGS, SEPTEMBER 1997 SE SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION PROCEEDINGS (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) Symposium CY AUG 11-13, 1997 CL UNIV TEXAS, AUSTIN, TX SP DARPA, Minerals Met & mat Soc, Univ Connecticut Storrs, Univ Texas Austin, Mech Engn Dept, Lab Freeform Fabricat, Univ Texas Austin, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn HO UNIV TEXAS AB A freeform fabrication technique for dense ceramics and composites has been developed. The technique requires less than 2 volume percent of organic additives and relies on the principle of layerwise deposition of highly loaded colloidal slurries. Components can be manufactured into complex geometries with thick solid sections as well as with thin-walled sections with high aspect ratios. Process feasibility and quality is dependent on the processing parameters of solids loading, slurry rheology, deposition rate, and drying rate. These interrelated parameters must be controlled so that sintering defects are prevented and shape tolerance is maintained. A review of this freeform fabrication technique, called robocasting, will be discussed for fabrication of aluminum oxide parts. Recent developments for a finite element analysis technique for modelling the drying process will also be presented. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Cesarano, J (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 11 PU UNIV TEXAS AUSTIN PI AUSTIN PA MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT, AUSTIN, TX 00000 USA SN 1053-2153 J9 SOL FREEFORM FABRIC PY 1997 BP 25 EP 32 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BN63L UT WOS:000082420200004 ER PT S AU Dimos, D Yang, P Garino, TJ Raymond, MV Rodriguez, MA AF Dimos, D Yang, P Garino, TJ Raymond, MV Rodriguez, MA BE Bourell, DL Beaman, JJ Crawford, RH Marcus, HL Barlow, JW TI Direct-write fabrication of integrated, multilayer ceramic components SO SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION PROCEEDINGS, SEPTEMBER 1997 SE SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION PROCEEDINGS (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) Symposium CY AUG 11-13, 1997 CL UNIV TEXAS, AUSTIN, TX SP DARPA, Minerals Met & mat Soc, Univ Connecticut Storrs, Univ Texas Austin, Mech Engn Dept, Lab Freeform Fabricat, Univ Texas Austin, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn HO UNIV TEXAS AB The need for advanced (electronic) ceramic components with smaller size, greater functionality, and enhanced reliability requires the ability to integrate electronic ceramics in complex 3-D architectures. For rapid prototyping and small-lot manufacturing, traditional tape casting and screen printing approaches are poorly suited. To address this need, we are developing a direct-write approach for fabricating highly integrated, multilayer components using a micropen to deposit slurries in precise patterns. With this technique, components can be constructed layer by layer, simplifying fabrication. It can also be used to produce structures combining several materials in a single layer. The parts are either cofired or sequentially fired, after each layer is deposited. Since differential shrinkage can lead to defects in these multilayer structures, we are characterizing the sintering behavior of individual layers. This technique has been used to fabricate devices such integrated RC filters, multilayer voltage transformers, and other passive components. The direct-write approach provides the ability to fabricate multifunctional, multimaterial integrated ceramic components (MMICCs) in an agile and rapid way. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Dimos, D (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV TEXAS AUSTIN PI AUSTIN PA MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT, AUSTIN, TX 00000 USA SN 1053-2153 J9 SOL FREEFORM FABRIC PY 1997 BP 33 EP 40 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BN63L UT WOS:000082420200005 ER PT S AU Griffith, ML Harwell, LD Romero, JT Schlienger, E Atwood, CL Smugeresky, JE AF Griffith, ML Harwell, LD Romero, JT Schlienger, E Atwood, CL Smugeresky, JE BE Bourell, DL Beaman, JJ Crawford, RH Marcus, HL Barlow, JW TI Multi-material processing by LENS (TM) SO SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION PROCEEDINGS, SEPTEMBER 1997 SE SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION PROCEEDINGS (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) Symposium CY AUG 11-13, 1997 CL UNIV TEXAS, AUSTIN, TX SP DARPA, Minerals Met & mat Soc, Univ Connecticut Storrs, Univ Texas Austin, Mech Engn Dept, Lab Freeform Fabricat, Univ Texas Austin, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn HO UNIV TEXAS C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Griffith, ML (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 10 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV TEXAS AUSTIN PI AUSTIN PA MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT, AUSTIN, TX 00000 USA SN 1053-2153 J9 SOL FREEFORM FABRIC PY 1997 BP 387 EP 393 PG 7 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BN63L UT WOS:000082420200045 ER PT S AU Lewis, GK Milewski, JO Thoma, DB Nemec, RB AF Lewis, GK Milewski, JO Thoma, DB Nemec, RB BE Bourell, DL Beaman, JJ Crawford, RH Marcus, HL Barlow, JW TI Properties of near-net shape metallic components made by the Directed Light Fabrication process SO SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION PROCEEDINGS, SEPTEMBER 1997 SE SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION PROCEEDINGS (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) Symposium CY AUG 11-13, 1997 CL UNIV TEXAS, AUSTIN, TX SP DARPA, Minerals Met & mat Soc, Univ Connecticut Storrs, Univ Texas Austin, Mech Engn Dept, Lab Freeform Fabricat, Univ Texas Austin, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn HO UNIV TEXAS C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Lewis, GK (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV TEXAS AUSTIN PI AUSTIN PA MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT, AUSTIN, TX 00000 USA SN 1053-2153 J9 SOL FREEFORM FABRIC PY 1997 BP 513 EP 520 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BN63L UT WOS:000082420200060 ER PT S AU Tikare, V Griffith, M Schlienger, E Smugeresky, J AF Tikare, V Griffith, M Schlienger, E Smugeresky, J BE Bourell, DL Beaman, JJ Crawford, RH Marcus, HL Barlow, JW TI Simulation of coarsening during Laser Engineered Net_Shaping SO SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION PROCEEDINGS, SEPTEMBER 1997 SE SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION PROCEEDINGS (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) Symposium CY AUG 11-13, 1997 CL UNIV TEXAS, AUSTIN, TX SP DARPA, Minerals Met & mat Soc, Univ Connecticut Storrs, Univ Texas Austin, Mech Engn Dept, Lab Freeform Fabricat, Univ Texas Austin, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn HO UNIV TEXAS ID POTTS-MODEL; GROWTH AB Laser Engineered Net_Shaping otherwise known as LENS(TM), is an advanced manufacturing technique used to fabricate complex near net shaped components directly from engineering solid models without the use of dies or machining. The ultimate objective of this project is to develop predictive simulation capability which will allow the LENS(TM) processors to determine fabrication conditions given the material, shape, and application of the final part. In this paper, we will present an incremental achievement to meeting the ultimate goal, a model capable of simulating the coarsening of microstructural features under the unique thermal history to which a LENS(TM) part is subjected during processing. The simulation results show how grains of very different shapes and sizes form within the same deposition line. They also show that relatively minor changes in the dynamic temperature profile results in microstructures with vastly different characteristics. The implications of this work for LENS(TM) fabrication is that controlling the temperature profile is essential to tailoring the microstructure of a component to its application. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Tikare, V (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV TEXAS AUSTIN PI AUSTIN PA MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT, AUSTIN, TX 00000 USA SN 1053-2153 J9 SOL FREEFORM FABRIC PY 1997 BP 699 EP 707 PG 9 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BN63L UT WOS:000082420200081 ER PT S AU Philpott, MR Glosli, JN AF Philpott, MR Glosli, JN BE Jerkiewicz, G Soriaga, MP Uosaki, K Wieckowski, A TI Molecular dynamics simulation of interfacial electrochemical processes: Electric double layer screening SO SOLID-LIQUID ELECTROCHEMICAL INTERFACES SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on Solid-Liquid Electrochemical Interfaces, at the 1995 International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies CY DEC, 1995 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Int Chem Congress Pacific Basin Soc, Digital Instruments Inc, Phys Electr ID LIQUID VAPOR INTERFACE; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; PARTICLE SIMULATIONS; CHARGED ELECTRODES; MERCURY SURFACE; METAL-SURFACES; FERRIC IONS; WATER; ADSORPTION; MODEL AB The status of computer simulations of electric double layers is briefly summarized and a road map for solving the important problems in the atomic scale simulation of interfacial electrochemical processes is proposed. As examples efforts to simulate screening in electric double layers are described. Molecular dynamics simulations on systems about 4 nm thick, containing up to 1600 water molecules and NaCl at 1M to 3M concentration, displayed the main features of double layers at charged metal surfaces including: bulk electrolyte zone, diffuse ionic layer that screens the charge on the electrode and a layer of oriented water next to the surface. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, LIVERMORE, CA 94551 USA. RP IBM CORP, ALMADEN RES CTR, 650 HARRY RD, SAN JOSE, CA 95120 USA. NR 73 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3480-9 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1997 VL 656 BP 13 EP 30 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Electrochemistry SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry GA BH54G UT WOS:A1997BH54G00002 ER PT S AU Markovic, NM Lucas, CA Gasteiger, HA Ross, PN AF Markovic, NM Lucas, CA Gasteiger, HA Ross, PN BE Jerkiewicz, G Soriaga, MP Uosaki, K Wieckowski, A TI The effects of bromide adsorption on the underpotential deposition of copper at the Pt(111)-solution interface SO SOLID-LIQUID ELECTROCHEMICAL INTERFACES SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on Solid-Liquid Electrochemical Interfaces, at the 1995 International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies CY DEC, 1995 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Int Chem Congress Pacific Basin Soc, Digital Instruments Inc, Phys Electr ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; SINGLE-CRYSTAL SURFACES; SULFURIC-ACID-SOLUTION; IN-SITU; PT(111); PLATINUM(111); CU; ELECTRODE; ANIONS AB The Pt(lll)-Cu-Br system was examined by utilizing ex-situ UHV and in-situ surface x-ray scattering (SXS) spectroscopic techniques in combination with the rotating ring-disk measurements. In copper free solution at 0.2V, we observe a hexagonal, close-packed bromide monolayer that is incommensurate, but aligned with the underlying platinum lattice. The nearest neighbor distance is a continuous function of the electrode potential; bromide adsorption begins at ca. -0.15 V and reaches a coverage of approximate to 0.42 +/- 5% ML at 0.5 V. Cu UPD on Pt(lll) in the presence of bromide is a two-step process, with the total amount of Cu deposited at underpotentials approximate to 0.95 +/- 5% ML. The RRDE analysis shows that Br coverage changes relatively little (< 0.05 ML) over the entire Cu UPD region. We propose a model wherein the first stage of deposition occurs by displacement of close packed Br ad-species by Cu adatoms through a ''turn-over'' process in which Cu is sandwiched between the Pt surface and the Br overlayer, leading to the formation of an ordered Pt(lll)-Cu-Br bilayer intermediate phase that closely resembles the (111) planes of the Cu(I)Br crystal. The coverage of both Cu and Br in this intermediate phase is approximate to 0.5 ML. The second stage is the filling-in ofthe Cu plane ofthe bilayer to form a pseudomorphic (1 x 1) Cu monolayer and a disordered Br adlayer with a coverage of approximate to 0.4 +/- 5% ML. RP Markovic, NM (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, DIV MAT SCI, 1 CYCLOTRON RD, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. OI Lucas, Christopher/0000-0001-5743-3868 NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3480-9 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1997 VL 656 BP 87 EP 105 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Electrochemistry SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry GA BH54G UT WOS:A1997BH54G00007 ER PT S AU Fairbrother, DH Johnston, HS Somorjai, GA AF Fairbrother, DH Johnston, HS Somorjai, GA BE Jerkiewicz, G Soriaga, MP Uosaki, K Wieckowski, A TI Electron spectroscopy studies of acidified water surfaces SO SOLID-LIQUID ELECTROCHEMICAL INTERFACES SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on Solid-Liquid Electrochemical Interfaces, at the 1995 International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies CY DEC, 1995 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Int Chem Congress Pacific Basin Soc, Digital Instruments Inc, Phys Electr ID SULFURIC-ACID; SULFATE AEROSOLS; LOW-TEMPERATURES; ANTARCTIC OZONE; VAPOR; GROWTH; SYSTEM AB Acidified water systems, composed principally of nitric and/or sulfuric acid, are catalytically active in many significant heterogenous atmospheric processes (I). Since the initial step in any of these reactions involves adsorption from the gas phase, the surface composition in these systems is important in governing the accommodation coefficient and consequently the overall rate and ultimate reaction pathway. Using modified surface sensitive spectroscopic probes it is possible to monitor the composition of one of these catalytically significant surfaces, notably the H2SO4/H2O binary system, under stratospherically relevant conditions, notably P-H2O approximate to 10(-6) - 10(-4) Torr and T = 180-240K (2). Analysis reveals that under these conditions the chemical composition of the bulk and near surface region are, within experimental error, identical. This result has been interpreted on the basis that in this system the surface composition is much more strongly controlled by complex compound formation than by segregation induced by surface tension differences between the chemical constituents. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT CHEM 1460, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3480-9 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1997 VL 656 BP 106 EP 114 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Electrochemistry SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry GA BH54G UT WOS:A1997BH54G00008 ER PT S AU Brisard, GM Zenati, E Gasteiger, HA Markovic, NM Ross, PN AF Brisard, GM Zenati, E Gasteiger, HA Markovic, NM Ross, PN BE Jerkiewicz, G Soriaga, MP Uosaki, K Wieckowski, A TI Ex situ low-energy electron diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy and electrochemical studies of the underpotential deposition of lead on Cu(100) and Cu(111) SO SOLID-LIQUID ELECTROCHEMICAL INTERFACES SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on Solid-Liquid Electrochemical Interfaces, at the 1995 International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies CY DEC, 1995 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Int Chem Congress Pacific Basin Soc, Digital Instruments Inc, Phys Electr ID PLANES; COPPER; LEED AB The underpotential deposition of Pb was studied on Cu(100) and Cu(lll) single crystal surfaces prepared both by sputtering/annealing in ultrahigh vacuum and by a novel electropolishing procedure. Identical results were found with both methods. A rotating ring disk assembly is used for the unambiguous determination of the lead adsorption isotherm on both Cu(100) and (111). The LEED pattern after emersion experiments shows that Pb atoms are deposited underpotentially on Cu(lll) into a compact non-rotated hexagonal overlayer while on Cu(100) Pb UPD deposits form a (root 2x root 2)R45 degrees. The presence of Cl- in the supporting electrolyte has a strong effect on the potential region where deposition/stripping of Pb occurs and on the reversibility of the reaction. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. RP Brisard, GM (reprint author), UNIV SHERBROOKE, DEPT CHIM, SHERBROOKE, PQ J1K 2R1, CANADA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3480-9 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1997 VL 656 BP 142 EP 155 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Electrochemistry SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry GA BH54G UT WOS:A1997BH54G00011 ER PT S AU Mitchell, JF Argyriou, DN Potter, CD Jorgensen, JD Hinks, DG Bader, SD AF Mitchell, JF Argyriou, DN Potter, CD Jorgensen, JD Hinks, DG Bader, SD BE Davies, PK Jacobson, AJ Torardi, CC Vanderah, TA TI Layered CMR manganites: Structure, properties, and unconventional magnetism SO SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solid-State Chemistry of Inorganic Materials CY DEC 02-05, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Natl Sci Fdn, Univ Houston, Texas Ctr Superconduct, DuPont Co, Exxon Res & Engn Co AB Neutron powder diffraction studies of the layered compounds R1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7, (R = La,Pr, Nd), RSr2Mn2O7 (R = Pr,Nd),and La1.4Sr1.6Mn2O7 show that the degree of distortion of the MnO6 octahedra do not correlate with the appearance of a metal-insulator (MI) transition in these compounds. Instead, the in plane Mn-O bond length appears to be a better indicator of the electronic behavior. Detailed bulk magnetization studies on single crystal La1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7 show that there are three magnetic regimes as a function of temperature: paramagnetic insulator, short-range ordered (SRO) ferromanget, and long-range ordered (LRO) ferromagnet. Scaling analysis indicates that a 2D finite-size XY model is an appropriate description of the magnetic state in the SRO regime. RP Mitchell, JF (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV MAT SCI,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-357-6 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 453 BP 343 EP 348 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BH92W UT WOS:A1997BH92W00049 ER PT S AU Morosin, B Swenson, D AF Morosin, B Swenson, D BE Davies, PK Jacobson, AJ Torardi, CC Vanderah, TA TI On the brass- and silver-colored forms of PTGA(2) SO SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solid-State Chemistry of Inorganic Materials CY DEC 02-05, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Natl Sci Fdn, Univ Houston, Texas Ctr Superconduct, DuPont Co, Exxon Res & Engn Co AB PtGa2 has previously been reported to exist as both a brass-colored, fluorite-structured phase and as a silver-colored alloy of unknown crystal structure. The crystal structure of the silver-colored form is reported here, along with a discussion of the stoichiometric factors responsible for the polymorphy of this phase. The silver-colored form belongs to the space group I4(1)/acd, with the lattice parameters a = 8.5544(4) and c = 21.574(17) Angstrom, and Z = 32. The structure consists of layers of Pt and Ga stacked along the c axis, in which two crystallographically different Pt and Ga atoms have similar environments involving eight and nine nearest neighbors, respectively. This structural arrangement may be the prototype for a family of ternary platinum metal-Group B-based phases. The present investigation also necessitates changes in the currently accepted Ga-Pt phase diagram. Stoichiometric PtGa2 undergoes a structural transformation upon cooling from a brass-colored fluorite structure to this silver-colored, tetragonal structure. However, the transformation is inhibited if the composition of the fluorite-structured phase is Ga-poor. RP Morosin, B (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,ORG 1153,MS 1421,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-357-6 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 453 BP 373 EP 378 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BH92W UT WOS:A1997BH92W00054 ER PT S AU Ma, B Balachandran, U Chao, CC Park, JH AF Ma, B Balachandran, U Chao, CC Park, JH BE Davies, PK Jacobson, AJ Torardi, CC Vanderah, TA TI Defect structure of the mixed-conducting Sr-Fe-Co-O system SO SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solid-State Chemistry of Inorganic Materials CY DEC 02-05, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Natl Sci Fdn, Univ Houston, Texas Ctr Superconduct, DuPont Co, Exxon Res & Engn Co AB Electrical conductivity of the mixed-conducting Sr-Fe-Co-O system was investigated at elevated temperatures and various oxygen partial pressures (pO(2)). The system exhibits not only high combined electrical and oxygen ionic conductivities but also structural stability in both oxidizing and reducing environments. The conductivity of SrFeCo0.5Ox increases with increasing temperature and increasing pO(2), within our experimental pO(2) range (1 greater than or equal to pO(2) greater than or equal to 10(-18) atm). p-type conduction behavior was observed. The activation energy of which increases with decreasing pO(2). A model of the defect chemistry in the Sr-Fe-Co-O system is proposed. The pO(2)-dependent conducting behavior can be understood by considering the trivalent-to-divalent transition of the transition metal ions in the system. RP Ma, B (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV ENERGY TECHNOL,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. RI Ma, Beihai/I-1674-2013 OI Ma, Beihai/0000-0003-3557-2773 NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-357-6 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 453 BP 579 EP 584 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BH92W UT WOS:A1997BH92W00086 ER PT S AU Perry, DL Lewis, C Pugh, M AF Perry, DL Lewis, C Pugh, M BE Davies, PK Jacobson, AJ Torardi, CC Vanderah, TA TI Synthesis of inorganic aromatic hydrocarbon polymers on metal surfaces SO SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solid-State Chemistry of Inorganic Materials CY DEC 02-05, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Natl Sci Fdn, Univ Houston, Texas Ctr Superconduct, DuPont Co, Exxon Res & Engn Co AB Films of copper(II) imidazolate, an aromatic, heterocyclic hydrocarbon polymer, have been synthesized in situ at room temperature on copper surfaces. The films were made using a copper(II) salt formed as a thin film on an metallic copper substrate with subsequent complexation and deprotonation of the imidazole molecule. The in-situ formed copper(II) imidazolate polymer films have been studied by elemental analyses, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron and Auger spectroscopy. The copper Auger parameter has been derived for the films. RP Perry, DL (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-357-6 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 453 BP 733 EP 737 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BH92W UT WOS:A1997BH92W00108 ER PT J AU Sharma, SK Exarhos, GJ AF Sharma, SK Exarhos, GJ TI Raman spectroscopic investigation of ZnO and doped ZnO films, nanoparticles and bulk material at ambient and high pressures SO SOLID STATE PHENOMENA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference and Intensive Tutorial Course on Semiconductor Materials and Technology (ICSMT 96) CY DEC 15-21, 1996 CL UNIV DELHI S CAMPUS, DEPT ELECT SCI, NEW DELHI, INDIA SP Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Trieste, Council Sci & Ind Res, India, Natl Phys Lab, New Delhi, Dept Electr, Govt India, Solid State Phys Lab, Delhi, Indian Natl Sci Acad, New Delhi, Semiconductor Soc, India, Dept Sci & Technol, Govt India, Vin Karola Instruments, US HO UNIV DELHI S CAMPUS, DEPT ELECT SCI DE pressure; Raman spectroscopy; stress; temperature; thin films; ZnO ID THIN-FILMS; RF; DEPOSITION AB Multichannel micro-Raman spectroscopy has been used for systematic investigation of pure and doped-ZnO in the form of thin films, nanosize powders and sintered bulk material under ambient conditions. High-pressure Raman spectra of the sintered ZnO:Al bulk material have been measured to 11.7 GPa in order to evaluate residual stresses in deposited films as well as to characterize the wurtzite to rocksalt phase transition at and above 9.3 GPa. High temperature Raman spectra of Al:ZnO are reported to 973 K that show pre-resonance enhancement of the intensities of several Raman bands above 200 C with blue-green laser excitation. All films studied were of the wurtzite phase, fine-grained, and exhibited varying degrees of c-axis orientation with respect to the substrate normal depending upon the deposition conditions. It has been found that the ratio of intensities of the high-frequency E-1/E-2 and 2LO/E-2 Raman modes increase with increasing defect content of the films and as-prepared powders, The E-2 mode frequency shift of the ZnO films relative to the single crystal frequency indicates varying degrees of residual tensile stresses in these films depending on preparation method and processing. The changes in measured Raman spectra on post deposition annealing of films and nanoscale powders are correlated with defect content of these samples. C1 Univ Hawaii, HIGP, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Sharma, SK (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, HIGP, 2525 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 18 TC 76 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 24 PU TRANS TECH-SCITEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI UETIKON A.S. PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 UETIKON A.S., SWITZERLAND SN 1012-0394 J9 SOLID STATE PHENOM JI Solid State Phenom. PY 1997 VL 55 BP 32 EP 37 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA YX001 UT WOS:000071996400009 ER PT S AU Wu, DT AF Wu, DT BE Ehrenreich, H Spaepen, F TI Nucleation theory SO SOLID STATE PHYSICS - ADVANCES IN RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS, VOL 50 SE Solid State Physics LA English DT Review ID SELF-CONSISTENCY CORRECTION; DILLMANN-MEIER THEORY; HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION; TRANSIENT NUCLEATION; BINARY NUCLEATION; MASTER-EQUATION; KINETIC-MODEL; HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEATION; SUPERSATURATED VAPOR; CRYSTAL NUCLEATION C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB, CTR MAT SCI, LOS ALAMOS, NM 87545 USA. NR 173 TC 100 Z9 100 U1 2 U2 43 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0081-1947 BN 0-12-607750-9 J9 SOLID STATE PHYS JI Solid State Phys. PY 1997 VL 50 BP 37 EP 187 PG 151 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA BH77M UT WOS:A1997BH77M00002 ER PT B AU Naday, I Ross, S Westbrook, EM Zentai, G AF Naday, I Ross, S Westbrook, EM Zentai, G BE Blouke, MM TI Charge-coupled-device/fiberoptic taper array X-ray detector for protein crystallography SO SOLID STATE SENSOR ARRAYS: DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Solid State Sensor Arrays - Development and Applications CY FEB 10-11, 1997 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE CCD; fiberoptic taper; X-ray diffraction; crystallography; imaging detector AB A large area, charge-couple-device (CCD) based fiberoptic taper array detector (APS-1) has been installed at the insertion-device beamline of the Structural Biology Center at the ANL Advanced Photon Source. The detector is used in protein crystallography diffraction experiments, where the objective is to measure the position and intensity of X-ray Bragg peaks in diffraction images. Large imaging area, very high spatial resolution, high X-ray sensitivity, good detective quantum efficiency, low noise, wide dynamic range, excellent stability and short readout time are all fundamental requirements in this application. The APS-1 detector converts the two-dimensional X-ray patterns to a visible light images by a thin layer of X-ray sensitive phosphor. The phosphor coating is directly deposited on the large ends of nine fiberoptic tapers arranged in a 3x3 array. Nine, thermoelectrically cooled 1024 x 1024 pixel CCD's image the patterns, demagnified by the tapers. After geometrical and uniformity corrections, the nine areas give a continuous image of the detector face with virtually no gaps between the individual tapers. The 18 parallel analog signal-processing channels and analog-to-digital converters assure short readout time and low readout noise. RP Naday, I (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2430-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3019 BP 17 EP 34 DI 10.1117/12.275187 PG 18 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BH76F UT WOS:A1997BH76F00003 ER PT J AU Wood, DJ Law, JD Tullock, PA AF Wood, DJ Law, JD Tullock, PA TI Extraction of lead and strontium from hazardous waste streams by solvent extraction with 4',4',(5')-di-(T-butyldicyclohexo)-18-crown-6 SO SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE LA English DT Article ID MACROCYCLE INTERACTION; CHROMATOGRAPHIC RESIN; KINETIC DATA; METAL-IONS; DERIVATIVES; 18-CROWN-6; NITRATE AB Extraction of Pb from nitric acid solutions and simulated acidic hazardous waste streams has been demonstrated with 0.15 M 4',4',(5')-di-(t-butyldicyclohexo) 18-crown-6 and 1.2 M tributyl phosphate in a commercial isoparaffinic hydrocarbon called Isopar L(.). The extraction has been shown to be dependent upon extractant concentration, aqueous nitrate concentration, and the identity of the predominant anion in the aqueous phase. It has been shown that Pb and Sr can be extracted simultaneously and stripped efficiently from the loaded organic phase. The quantitative (> 99 %) removal of Pb and Sr can be achieved in 3 to 4 batch contact extractions. Batch contact flowsheets have been utilized to demonstrate the potential for the simultaneous removal of Sr and Pb from simulated radioactive waste followed by partitioning of the extracted Sr fraction from the Pb fraction. RP Wood, DJ (reprint author), LOCKHEED MARTIN IDAHO TECHNOL CO,POB 1625,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83415, USA. OI Law, Jack/0000-0001-7085-7542 NR 19 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0736-6299 J9 SOLVENT EXTR ION EXC JI Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. PY 1997 VL 15 IS 1 BP 65 EP 78 DI 10.1080/07366299708934466 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WG439 UT WOS:A1997WG43900006 ER PT J AU Bond, EM Engelhardt, U Deere, TP Rapko, BM Paine, RT FitzPatrick, JR AF Bond, EM Engelhardt, U Deere, TP Rapko, BM Paine, RT FitzPatrick, JR TI The solvent extraction of americium(III) in HNO3 solutions by 2,6-bis[(diphenylphosphino)methyl]pyridine N,P,P' trioxide SO SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE LA English DT Article ID AQUEOUS NITRATE MEDIA; NITRIC-ACID; MOLECULAR-STRUCTURES; OXIDES; LANTHANIDES; ELEMENTS; AM(III) AB The liquid/liquid extraction of Am(III) from nitric acid solutions with chloroform solutions of 2,6 bis[(diphenylphosphino)methyl]pyridine N,P,P' trioxide (ENOPOPO) is examined. Americium(III) is efficiently extracted from aqueous solutions at high nitric acid concentrations (D-Am>3000 at 6M HNO3) and can be totally back extracted from the organic phase at 0.01M HNO3. The ligand dependency data suggest that two ligand molecules are coordinated to the americium. Additional aspects of the extraction mechanism are described. C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. RP Bond, EM (reprint author), UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT CHEM,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131, USA. NR 34 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0736-6299 J9 SOLVENT EXTR ION EXC JI Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. PY 1997 VL 15 IS 3 BP 381 EP 400 DI 10.1080/07366299708934484 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WW426 UT WOS:A1997WW42600002 ER PT J AU Herlinger, AW Chiarizia, R Ferraro, JR Rickert, PG Horwitz, EP AF Herlinger, AW Chiarizia, R Ferraro, JR Rickert, PG Horwitz, EP TI Metal extraction by alkyl substituted diphosphonic acids .2. P,P'-di(2-ethylhexyl) ethanediphosphonic acid aggregation and IR study SO SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE LA English DT Article ID DIDODECYLNAPHTHALENE SULFONIC-ACID; EQUILIBRIUM-ANALYSIS AB The complexation and aggregation behavior of P,P'-di(2-ethylhexyl) ethanediphosphonic acid, H2DEH[EDP], a novel solvent extraction reagent for metal ions, was investigated. The aggregation of H2DEH[EDP] was studied in toluene at 25 degrees C by vapor pressure osmometry. H2DEH[EDP] was found to be hexameric in the concentration range 0.2-0.005 (m) under bar. Metal ions introduced into the organic phase were shown to have little effect on the aggregation of the extractant. The infrared spectra of metal containing solutions of the extractant and that of the ligand itself suggest that H2DEH[EDP] exists in toluene as a cyclic hexamer similar to an inverted micelle with a large hydrophilic cavity. Ca(Il), Ba(II), Eu(III), Fe(III), Th(IV) and U(VI) salts of H2DEH[EDP] were also investigated. The infrared spectra of these compounds reveal that the asymmetric, nu(asym)(POO-), and symmetric, nu(sym)(POO-), phosphorus-oxygen stretching modes of the ligand are sensitive to the metal ion present. The shift of both nu(asym)(POO- and nu(sym)(POO-) to lower frequencies relative to their values in the sodium salt indicates symmetrical coordination of the phosphonate groups through chelate and/or bridging interactions. The difference (Delta nu) between the two frequencies, i.e. [nu(asym)(POO-)-nu(sym)(POO-)], becomes smaller as the ionic potential of the metal ion increases. C1 LOYOLA UNIV,DEPT CHEM,CHICAGO,IL 60626. RP Herlinger, AW (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 19 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 10 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0736-6299 J9 SOLVENT EXTR ION EXC JI Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. PY 1997 VL 15 IS 3 BP 401 EP 416 DI 10.1080/07366299708934485 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WW426 UT WOS:A1997WW42600003 ER PT J AU Chiarizia, R Herlinger, AW Horwitz, EP AF Chiarizia, R Herlinger, AW Horwitz, EP TI Metal extraction by alkyl substituted diphosphonic acids .3. P,P'-di(2-ethylhexyl) ethanediphosphonic acid solvent extraction study SO SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE LA English DT Article ID SULFONIC-ACID; EXCHANGE AB As part of an ongoing investigation of the properties of dialkyl substituted diphosphonic acids as solvent extraction reagents for metal cations, we have studied the extraction of alkaline earth cations, Fe(III) and representative actinides (Am(III), U(VI) and Th(IV)) at tracer concentration levels by o-xylene solutions of P,P'-di(2-ethylhexyl) ethanediphosphonic acid, H2DEH[EDP]. The extractant and acid dependencies of these metal ions were determined by measuring their distribution ratio as a function of the concentrations of H2DEH[EDP] and aqueous nitric acid. From an analysis of the extractant dependencies, a micellar extraction process has been proposed for the alkaline earth cations, Am(III), and, under some conditions, for U(VI). The hydrated metal cations are transferred into the hydrophilic internal cavity of the hexameric extractant aggregate with simultaneous release of H+ ions to compensate for the cation charge. With Fe(III), variable slopes were measured for the extractant dependencies, the values being strongly dependent upon the acidity of the aqueous phase. The slope of the extractant dependency has a value of about two if the metal ion is extracted from highly acidic solutions. This value becomes progressively lower as the aqueous acidity is reduced, approaching zero at pH 1. This phenomenon has been attributed to the formation of metal complexes having different stoichiometries and ligand protonation through strong interaction of the metal with the phosphonate groups of the ligand. C1 LOYOLA UNIV,DEPT CHEM,CHICAGO,IL 60626. RP Chiarizia, R (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 18 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0736-6299 J9 SOLVENT EXTR ION EXC JI Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. PY 1997 VL 15 IS 3 BP 417 EP 431 DI 10.1080/07366299708934486 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WW426 UT WOS:A1997WW42600004 ER PT J AU Rogers, RD Griffin, ST Horwitz, EP Diamond, H AF Rogers, RD Griffin, ST Horwitz, EP Diamond, H TI Aqueous biphasic extraction chromatography (ABEC(TM)): Uptake of pertechnetate from simulated Hanford tank wastes SO SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE LA English DT Article ID SYSTEMS AB ABEC(TM)-5000, an aqueous biphasic extraction chromatography resin consisting of monomethylated polyethylene glycol (PEG)-5000 covalently bound to a polystyrene support, was investigated for its ability to remove pertechnetate from simulated Hanford tank wastes. Retention of TcO4- on the resin in batch mode from 2 and 4 M NaOH and from the waste simulants NCAW, SY-101, and SST, indicated that pertechnetate can be selectively removed from these solutions. Column studies were conducted with 4 M NaOH and the NCAW simulant spiked with (NaTcO4)-Tc-99 or (NaTcO4)-Tc-95m. The columns can be easily stripped using water, thus concentrating the pertechnetate. The effects of several matrix ions present in the Hanford tanks were investigated. It was found that nitrite and nitrate lower the retention of TcO4- while citrate, carbonate, and aluminate enhance the retention. It was also observed that raising the temperature from 25 degrees C to 40 degrees C has little effect on retention. Radiation stability studies indicate that ABEC-5000 can still effectively remove pertechnetate after 131 MRads of Co-60 exposure. C1 ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM,ARGONNE,IL 60439. RP Rogers, RD (reprint author), UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT CHEM,BOX 870336,TUSCALOOSA,AL 35487, USA. RI Rogers, Robin/C-8265-2013 OI Rogers, Robin/0000-0001-9843-7494 NR 14 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0736-6299 J9 SOLVENT EXTR ION EXC JI Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. PY 1997 VL 15 IS 4 BP 547 EP 562 DI 10.1080/07366299708934493 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XE986 UT WOS:A1997XE98600001 ER PT J AU Moyer, BA Deng, YP Sun, YF Sachleben, RA Batra, AK Robinson, RB AF Moyer, BA Deng, YP Sun, YF Sachleben, RA Batra, AK Robinson, RB TI Extraction of cesium nitrate from concentrated sodium nitrate solutions with 21-crown-7 ethers: Selectivity and equilibrium modeling SO SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE LA English DT Article ID SOLVENT-EXTRACTION; MACROCYCLIC POLYETHERS; CROWN-ETHERS; KINETIC DATA; 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE; 1-OCTANOL AB The extraction of cesium nitrate from a high concentration of sodium nitrate by a family of 21-crown-7 ethers in 1,2-dichloroethane has been investigated. Dibenzo-21-crown-7 (DB21C7) and bis[4(5),4'(5')-tert-butylbenzo]-21-crown-7 (BtBB21C7) ethers have higher selectivity for cesium but lower extraction efficiency than dicyclohexano-21-crown-7 (DC21C7) ether. As measured by the distribution coefficient ratio D-Cs/D-Na, the cesium selectivity averaged 78 and 93 for DB21C7 and BtBB21C7, respectively. However, in the case of DC21C7, the cesium selectivity was lower and decreased approximately three-fold from 10 to 3 as cesium loading increased. Alkyl substitution on the benzo group has only a small effect an the extraction behavior. It was Shown by use of the equilibrium modeling program SXLSQI that the extraction of sodium and cesium could be adequately modeled by augmenting the previously determined cesium nitrate equilibrium model with a 1:1 Na+:crown organic-phase complex. No evidence for a mixed-metal species was found. In accord with our previous study, cesium nitrate extraction entails formation of a 1:1 Cs+:crown complex, but a minor 1:2 complex also forms in the case of DC21C7. Although the sodium and cesium organic-phase complexes are largely ion-paired with nitrate anion under the experimental conditions employed, observed slope behavior suggests slight dissociation of the nitrate anion, and in fact, improved fits are obtained assuming ion-pair dissociation in the modeling. The modeling further suggests that the three-fold loss of selectivity toward cesium in the case of DC21C7 is related in part to the diminishing contribution of the 1:2 Cs+:crown complex as the crown ether is loaded with cesium. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,KNOXVILLE,TN 37996. RP Moyer, BA (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM & ANALYT SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. RI Solominow, Sonia/A-4021-2008; Moyer, Bruce/L-2744-2016 OI Moyer, Bruce/0000-0001-7484-6277 NR 30 TC 18 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0736-6299 J9 SOLVENT EXTR ION EXC JI Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. PY 1997 VL 15 IS 5 BP 791 EP 810 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XV532 UT WOS:A1997XV53200004 ER PT J AU Wilken, B Axford, WI Daglis, I Daly, P Guttler, W Ip, WH Korth, A Kremser, G Livi, S Vasyliunas, VM Woch, J Baker, D Belian, RD Blake, JB Fennell, JF Lyons, LR Borg, H Fritz, TA Gliem, F Rathje, R Grande, M Hall, D Kecsuemety, K McKennaLawlor, S Mursula, K Tanskanen, P Pu, Z Sandahl, I Sarris, ET Scholer, M Schulz, M Sorass, F Ullaland, S AF Wilken, B Axford, WI Daglis, I Daly, P Guttler, W Ip, WH Korth, A Kremser, G Livi, S Vasyliunas, VM Woch, J Baker, D Belian, RD Blake, JB Fennell, JF Lyons, LR Borg, H Fritz, TA Gliem, F Rathje, R Grande, M Hall, D Kecsuemety, K McKennaLawlor, S Mursula, K Tanskanen, P Pu, Z Sandahl, I Sarris, ET Scholer, M Schulz, M Sorass, F Ullaland, S TI RAPID - The imaging energetic particle spectrometer on Cluster SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID FLUX-TRANSFER EVENTS; EARTHS BOW SHOCK; INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; LATITUDE BOUNDARY-LAYER; UPSTREAM ION EVENTS; DISTANT TAIL LOBES; PLASMA SHEET; NEUTRAL ATOMS; GROWTH-PHASE; MAGNETOSPHERIC SUBSTORMS AB The RAPID spectrometer (Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors) for the Cluster mission is an advanced particle detector for the analysis of suprathermal plasma distributions in the energy range from 20-400 keV for electrons, 40 keV-1500 keV (4000 keV) for hydrogen, and 10 keV nucl(-1)-1500 keV (4000 keV) for heavier ions. Novel detector concepts in combination with pin-hole acceptance allow the measurement of angular distributions over a range of 180 degrees in polar angle for either species. Identification of the ionic component (particle mass A) is based on a two-dimensional analysis of the particle's velocity and energy. Electrons are identified by the well-known energy-range relationship. Details of the detection techniques and in-orbit operations are described. Scientific objectives of this investigation are highlighted the discussion of selected critical issues in geospace. C1 UNIV COLORADO,LAB ASTROPHYS & SPACE PHYS,BOULDER,CO 80309. AEROSP CORP,LOS ANGELES,CA 90009. SWEDISH INST SPACE PHYS,INST RMYDFYS,S-90187 UMEA,SWEDEN. BOSTON UNIV,CTR SPACE PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. TECH UNIV CAROLO WILHELMINA BRAUNSCHWEIG,INST DATENVERARBEITUNGSANLAGEN,D-38023 BRAUNSCHWEIG,GERMANY. SERC,RUTHERFORD APPLETON LAB,CHILTON OX11 0QX,ENGLAND. HUNGARIAN ACAD SCI,CENT RES INST PHYS,H-1525 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. UNIV OULU,DEPT PHYS,FIN-90570 OULU,FINLAND. BEIJING UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,BEIJING 100871,PEOPLES R CHINA. DEMOCRITUS UNIV THRACE,DEPT ELECT ENGN,KIRUNA,SWEDEN. LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. ST PATRICKS COLL,EXPT PHYS DEPT,MAYNOOTH,KILDARE,IRELAND. MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERR PHYS,D-85748 GARCHING,GERMANY. LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RES LABS,PALO ALTO,CA 94304. UNIV BERGEN,DEPT PHYS,N-5007 BERGEN,NORWAY. RP Wilken, B (reprint author), MAX PLANCK INST AERON,D-37191 KATLENBURG DUHM,GERMANY. RI Daglis, Ioannis/L-6100-2013; Mursula, Kalevi/L-8952-2014; Grande, Manuel/C-2242-2013 OI Daglis, Ioannis/0000-0002-0764-3442; Mursula, Kalevi/0000-0003-4892-5056; Grande, Manuel/0000-0002-2233-2618 NR 105 TC 97 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 79 IS 1-2 BP 399 EP 473 DI 10.1023/A:1004994202296 PG 75 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA WN946 UT WOS:A1997WN94600016 ER PT S AU Priedhorsky, WC Peele, AG Nugent, KA AF Priedhorsky, WC Peele, AG Nugent, KA BE ElGenk, MS TI Next generation X-ray all-sky monitor SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM, PTS 1-3: 1ST CONFERENCE ON FUTURE SCIENCE & EARTH SCIENCE MISSIONS; 1ST CONFERENCE ON SYNERGISTIC POWER & PROPULSION SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY; 1ST CONFERENCE ON APPLICATIONS OF THERMOPHYSICS IN MICROGRAVITY; 2ND CONFERENCE ON COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE; - 2ND CONFERENCE ON NEXT GENERATION LAUNCH SYSTEMS; 14TH SYMPOSIUM ON SPACE NUCLEAR POWER AND PROPULSION SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-97) CY JAN 26-30, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Def Special Weapons Agcy, NASA, UN DOE, USAF AB We set forth a conceptual design for x-ray all-sky monitor based on lobster-eye wide-field telescopes. This instrument, suitable for a small satellite, would monitor the flux of objects as faint as 2x10(-15) W/m(2) (0.5-2.4 keV) on a daily basis with a signal-to-noise of 5. Sources would be located to 1-2 are-minutes. Detailed simulations show that crosstalk from the cruciform lobster images would not significantly compromise performance. At this sensitivity limit, we could monitor not just x-ray binaries but fainter classes of x-ray sources. Hundreds of active galactic nuclei, coronal sources, and cataclysmic variables could be tracked on a daily basis. Large numbers of fast transients should be visible, including gamma-ray bursts and the soft x-ray breakout of nearby type II supernovae. Long-term x-ray measurements will advance our understanding of the geometries and perhaps masses of AGN, and coronal energy sources in stars. RP Priedhorsky, WC (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,MAIL STOP D436,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. RI Nugent, Keith/J-2699-2012 OI Nugent, Keith/0000-0003-1522-8991 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-679-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 387 BP 19 EP 24 DI 10.1063/1.51989 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BH56D UT WOS:A1997BH56D00004 ER PT S AU Houts, MG Poston, DI AF Houts, MG Poston, DI BE ElGenk, MS TI Terrestrial applications of the Heatpipe Power System SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM, PTS 1-3: 1ST CONFERENCE ON FUTURE SCIENCE & EARTH SCIENCE MISSIONS; 1ST CONFERENCE ON SYNERGISTIC POWER & PROPULSION SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY; 1ST CONFERENCE ON APPLICATIONS OF THERMOPHYSICS IN MICROGRAVITY; 2ND CONFERENCE ON COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE; - 2ND CONFERENCE ON NEXT GENERATION LAUNCH SYSTEMS; 14TH SYMPOSIUM ON SPACE NUCLEAR POWER AND PROPULSION SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-97) CY JAN 26-30, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Def Special Weapons Agcy, NASA, UN DOE, USAF AB A terrestrial reactor that uses the same design approach as the Heatpipe Power System (HPS) may have applications both on earth and on other planetary surfaces. The baseline HPS is a potential, near-term, low-cost space fission power system. The system will be composed of independent modules, and all components operate within the existing database. The HPS has relatively few system integration issues; thus, the successful development of a module is a significant step toward verifying system feasibility and performance estimates. A prototypic, refractory-metal HPS module is being fabricated, and testing is scheduled to begin in November 1996. A successful test will provide high confidence that the HPS can achieve its predicted performance. An HPS incorporating superalloys will be better suited for some terrestrial or planetary applications. Fabrication and testing of a superalloy HPS module should be less challenging than that of the refractory metal module. A superalloy HPS core capable of delivering >100 kWt to a power conversion subsystem could be fabricated for about $500k (unfueled). Tests of the core with electric heat (used to simulate heat from fission) could demonstrate normal and off-normal operation of the core, including the effects of heatpipe failure. A power conversion system also could be coupled to the core to demonstrate full system operation. RP Houts, MG (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,MS K551,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-679-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 387 BP 299 EP 304 DI 10.1063/1.52006 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BH56D UT WOS:A1997BH56D00046 ER PT S AU Zavadil, KR Olson, DL Klinkov, AE AF Zavadil, KR Olson, DL Klinkov, AE BE ElGenk, MS TI Thermally induced evolution of morphology on ceramic surfaces in a thermionic converter SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM, PTS 1-3: 1ST CONFERENCE ON FUTURE SCIENCE & EARTH SCIENCE MISSIONS; 1ST CONFERENCE ON SYNERGISTIC POWER & PROPULSION SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY; 1ST CONFERENCE ON APPLICATIONS OF THERMOPHYSICS IN MICROGRAVITY; 2ND CONFERENCE ON COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE; - 2ND CONFERENCE ON NEXT GENERATION LAUNCH SYSTEMS; 14TH SYMPOSIUM ON SPACE NUCLEAR POWER AND PROPULSION SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-97) CY JAN 26-30, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Def Special Weapons Agcy, NASA, UN DOE, USAF AB The morphology of alumina and scandia ceramics exposed to controlled vacuum and diffusion modes in a thermionic converter has been studied. Evidence for vaporization at a temperature of 1770 K is manifest in the resulting surface morphologies of both ceramics, consistent with reported sample mass loss. Alumina shows intergranular relief with the formation of terrace - step structure on the grain surfaces. Terrace formation is not directly observed on scandia, however the development of vertical structure and maintenance of voids indicates that surface, possibly mediated by the presence of molybdenum and tungsten. Evidence exists for refractory metal secondary phase formation in this deposit in the form of Sc6MO12 (M = W or Mo). Alumina also shows evidence for materials' interactions in the form of tantalum assisted vaporization which significantly alters the terrace structure. RP Zavadil, KR (reprint author), SANDIA NATL LABS,POB 5800,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-679-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 387 BP 337 EP 343 DI 10.1063/1.52012 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BH56D UT WOS:A1997BH56D00052 ER PT S AU Juric, D Tryggvason, G Han, JH AF Juric, D Tryggvason, G Han, JH BE ElGenk, MS TI Direct numerical simulations of fluid flow, heat transfer and phase changes SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM, PTS 1-3: 1ST CONFERENCE ON FUTURE SCIENCE & EARTH SCIENCE MISSIONS; 1ST CONFERENCE ON SYNERGISTIC POWER & PROPULSION SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY; 1ST CONFERENCE ON APPLICATIONS OF THERMOPHYSICS IN MICROGRAVITY; 2ND CONFERENCE ON COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE; - 2ND CONFERENCE ON NEXT GENERATION LAUNCH SYSTEMS; 14TH SYMPOSIUM ON SPACE NUCLEAR POWER AND PROPULSION SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-97) CY JAN 26-30, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Def Special Weapons Agcy, NASA, UN DOE, USAF AB Direct numerical simulations of fluid flow, heat transfer, and phase changes are presented. The simulations are made possible by a recently developed finite difference/front tracking method based on the ''one-field'' formulation of the governing equations where a single set of conservation equations is written for all the phases involved. The conservation equations are solved on a fixed rectangular grid, but the phase boundaries are kept sharp by tracking them explicitly by a moving grid of lower dimension. The method is discussed and applications to boiling heat transfer and the solidification of drops colliding with a wall are shown. RP Juric, D (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,MS-B216,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87544, USA. RI Tryggvason, Gretar/H-4445-2011 OI Tryggvason, Gretar/0000-0002-9884-8901 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-679-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 387 BP 659 EP 664 DI 10.1063/1.52062 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BH56D UT WOS:A1997BH56D00102 ER PT S AU Houts, MG Poston, DI Emrich, WJ AF Houts, MG Poston, DI Emrich, WJ BE ElGenk, MS TI Heatpipe power system and heatpipe bimodal system design and development options SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM, PTS 1-3: 1ST CONFERENCE ON FUTURE SCIENCE & EARTH SCIENCE MISSIONS; 1ST CONFERENCE ON SYNERGISTIC POWER & PROPULSION SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY; 1ST CONFERENCE ON APPLICATIONS OF THERMOPHYSICS IN MICROGRAVITY; 2ND CONFERENCE ON COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE; - 2ND CONFERENCE ON NEXT GENERATION LAUNCH SYSTEMS; 14TH SYMPOSIUM ON SPACE NUCLEAR POWER AND PROPULSION SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-97) CY JAN 26-30, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Def Special Weapons Agcy, NASA, UN DOE, USAF AB The Heatpipe Power System (HPS) is a potential, near-term, low-cost space fission power system. The Heatpipe Bimodal System (HBS) is a potential, near-term, low-cost space fission power and/or propulsion system. Both systems will be composed of independent modules, and all components operate within the existing database. The HPS and HBS have relatively few system integration issues; thus, the successful development of a module is a significant step toward verifying system feasibility and performance estimates. A prototypic HPS module is being fabricated, and testing is scheduled to begin in November 1996. A successful test will provide high confidence that the HPS can achieve its predicted performance. RP Houts, MG (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,MS K551,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-679-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 387 BP 1317 EP 1322 DI 10.1063/1.51941 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BH56D UT WOS:A1997BH56D00195 ER PT S AU Takahashi, H Yu, A AF Takahashi, H Yu, A BE ElGenk, MS TI Use of an ions thruster to dispose of type II long-lived fission products into outer space SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM, PTS 1-3: 1ST CONFERENCE ON FUTURE SCIENCE & EARTH SCIENCE MISSIONS; 1ST CONFERENCE ON SYNERGISTIC POWER & PROPULSION SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY; 1ST CONFERENCE ON APPLICATIONS OF THERMOPHYSICS IN MICROGRAVITY; 2ND CONFERENCE ON COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE; - 2ND CONFERENCE ON NEXT GENERATION LAUNCH SYSTEMS; 14TH SYMPOSIUM ON SPACE NUCLEAR POWER AND PROPULSION SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-97) CY JAN 26-30, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Def Special Weapons Agcy, NASA, UN DOE, USAF AB To dispose of long-lived fission products (LLFPs) into outer space, an ions thruster can be used instead of a static accelerator. The specifications of the ions thrusters which are presently studied for space propulsion are presented, and their usability discussed. Using of a rocket with an ions thruster for disposing of the LLFPs directly into the sun requires a larger amount of energy than does the use of an accelerator. RP Takahashi, H (reprint author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,UPTON,NY 11973, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-679-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 387 BP 1347 EP 1352 DI 10.1063/1.51947 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BH56D UT WOS:A1997BH56D00200 ER PT S AU Rinehart, GH AF Rinehart, GH BE ElGenk, MS TI Light weight radioisotope heater unit (LWRHU) production for the Cassini mission SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM, PTS 1-3: 1ST CONFERENCE ON FUTURE SCIENCE & EARTH SCIENCE MISSIONS; 1ST CONFERENCE ON SYNERGISTIC POWER & PROPULSION SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY; 1ST CONFERENCE ON APPLICATIONS OF THERMOPHYSICS IN MICROGRAVITY; 2ND CONFERENCE ON COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE; - 2ND CONFERENCE ON NEXT GENERATION LAUNCH SYSTEMS; 14TH SYMPOSIUM ON SPACE NUCLEAR POWER AND PROPULSION SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-97) CY JAN 26-30, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Def Special Weapons Agcy, NASA, UN DOE, USAF AB The LWRHU is a (PuO2)-Pu-238 fueled heat source designed to provide one thermal watt in each of various locations on a spacecraft. The heat sources are required to maintain the temperature of specific components within normal operating ranges. The heat source consists of a hot-pressed (PuO2)-Pu-238 fuel pellet, a Pt-30Rh vented capsule, a pyrolytic graphite insulator, and a woven graphite aeroshell assembly. Los Alamos National Laboratory has fabricated 180 heat sources, 157 of which will be used on the Cassini mission. RP Rinehart, GH (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DIV NUCL MAT TECHNOL,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-679-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 387 BP 1375 EP 1380 DI 10.1063/1.51951 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BH56D UT WOS:A1997BH56D00205 ER PT S AU Reimus, MAH Hinckley, JE AF Reimus, MAH Hinckley, JE BE ElGenk, MS TI End-on radioisotope thermoelectric generator impact tests SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM, PTS 1-3: 1ST CONFERENCE ON FUTURE SCIENCE & EARTH SCIENCE MISSIONS; 1ST CONFERENCE ON SYNERGISTIC POWER & PROPULSION SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY; 1ST CONFERENCE ON APPLICATIONS OF THERMOPHYSICS IN MICROGRAVITY; 2ND CONFERENCE ON COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE; - 2ND CONFERENCE ON NEXT GENERATION LAUNCH SYSTEMS; 14TH SYMPOSIUM ON SPACE NUCLEAR POWER AND PROPULSION SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-97) CY JAN 26-30, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Def Special Weapons Agcy, NASA, UN DOE, USAF AB The General-Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) provides power for space missions by transmitting the heat of Pu-238 decay to an array of thermoelectric elements in a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG). The modular GPHS design was developed to address both survivability during launch abort and return from orbit. The first two RTG Impact Tests were designed to provide information on the response of a fully loaded RTG to end-on impact against a concrete target. The results of these tests indicated that at impact velocities up to 57 m/s the converter shell and internal components protect the GPHS capsules from excessive deformation. At higher velocities, some of the internal components of the RTG interact with the GPHS capsules to cause excessive localized deformation and failure. RP Reimus, MAH (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,POB 1663,MS-E502,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-679-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 387 BP 1425 EP 1434 DI 10.1063/1.51957 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BH56D UT WOS:A1997BH56D00210 ER PT S AU Reimus, MAH AF Reimus, MAH BE ElGenk, MS TI High-silicon (PuO2)-Pu-238 fuel characterization study: Half module impact tests SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM, PTS 1-3: 1ST CONFERENCE ON FUTURE SCIENCE & EARTH SCIENCE MISSIONS; 1ST CONFERENCE ON SYNERGISTIC POWER & PROPULSION SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY; 1ST CONFERENCE ON APPLICATIONS OF THERMOPHYSICS IN MICROGRAVITY; 2ND CONFERENCE ON COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE; - 2ND CONFERENCE ON NEXT GENERATION LAUNCH SYSTEMS; 14TH SYMPOSIUM ON SPACE NUCLEAR POWER AND PROPULSION SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-97) CY JAN 26-30, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Def Special Weapons Agcy, NASA, UN DOE, USAF AB The General-Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) provides power for space missions by transmitting the heat of Pu-238 decay to an array of thermoelectric elements. The modular GPHS design was developed to address both survivability during launch abort and return from orbit. Previous testing conducted in support of the Galileo and Ulysses missions documented the response of GPHSs to a variety of fragment-impact, aging, atmospheric reentry, and Earth-impact conditions. The evaluations documented in this report are part of an ongoing program to determine the effect of fuel impurities on the response of the heat source to conditions baselined during the Galileo/Ulysses test program. In the first two tests in this series, encapsulated GPHS fuel pellets containing high levels of silicon were aged, loaded into GPHS module halves, and impacted against steel plates. The results show no significant differences between the response of these capsules and the behavior of relatively low-silicon fuel pellets tested previously. RP Reimus, MAH (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DIV NUCL MAT TECHNOL,POB 1663,MS-E502,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-679-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 387 BP 1435 EP 1442 DI 10.1063/1.51958 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BH56D UT WOS:A1997BH56D00211 ER PT S AU Schulte, LD Silver, GL Avens, LR Jarvinen, GD Espinoza, J Foltyn, EM Rinehart, GH AF Schulte, LD Silver, GL Avens, LR Jarvinen, GD Espinoza, J Foltyn, EM Rinehart, GH BE ElGenk, MS TI Development program to recycle and purify plutonium-238 oxide fuel from scrap SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM, PTS 1-3: 1ST CONFERENCE ON FUTURE SCIENCE & EARTH SCIENCE MISSIONS; 1ST CONFERENCE ON SYNERGISTIC POWER & PROPULSION SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY; 1ST CONFERENCE ON APPLICATIONS OF THERMOPHYSICS IN MICROGRAVITY; 2ND CONFERENCE ON COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE; - 2ND CONFERENCE ON NEXT GENERATION LAUNCH SYSTEMS; 14TH SYMPOSIUM ON SPACE NUCLEAR POWER AND PROPULSION SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-97) CY JAN 26-30, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Def Special Weapons Agcy, NASA, UN DOE, USAF AB Nuclear Materials Technology (NMT) Division of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) has initiated a development program to recover & purify plutonium-238 oxide from impure sources. A glove box line has been designed and a process flowsheet developed to perform this task on a large scale. Our initial effort has focused on purification of (PuO2)-Pu-238 fuel that fails to meet General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) specifications because of impurities. The most notable non-actinide impurity was silicon, but aluminum, chromium, iron and nickel were also near or in excess of limits specified by GPHS fuel powder specifications. U-234 was by far the largest actinide impurity observed in the feed material because it is the daughter product of Pu-238 by alpha decay. An aqueous method based on nitric acid was selected for purification of the (PuO2)-Pu-238 fuel. All aqueous processing used high purity reagents, and was performed in PTFE apparatus to minimize introduction of new contaminants. Impure (PuO2)-Pu-238 was finely milled, then dissolved in refluxing HNO3/HF and the solution filtered. The dissolved Pu-238 was adjusted to the trivalent state by an excess of reducing reagents to compensate for radiolytic effects, precipitated as plutonium(III) oxalate, and recovered by filtration. The plutonium(III) oxalate was subsequently calcined to convert the plutonium to the oxide. Decontamination factors for silicon, phosphorus and uranium were excellent. Decontamination factors for aluminum, chromium, iron and nickel were very good. The purity of the (PuO2)-Pu-238 recovered from this operation was significantly better than specifications. Efforts continue to develop the capability for efficient, safe, cost-effective, and environmentally acceptable methods to recover and purify (PuO2)-Pu-238 fuel in a glove box environment. Plutonium-238 materials targeted for recovery includes impure oxide and scrap items that are lean in Pu-238 values. RP Schulte, LD (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,ADV TECHNOL GRP NMT6,DIV NUCL MAT TECHNOL,MAIL STOP E510,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-679-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 387 BP 1443 EP 1446 DI 10.1063/1.51960 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BH56D UT WOS:A1997BH56D00212 ER PT B AU Small, W Celliers, PM DaSilva, LB Matthews, DL Soltz, BA AF Small, W Celliers, PM DaSilva, LB Matthews, DL Soltz, BA BE Katzir, A Harrington, JA TI Two-color infrared thermometer for low-temperature measurement using a hollow glass optical fiber SO SPECIALTY FIBER OPTICS FOR BIOMEDICAL AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS, PROCEEDINGS OF SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Specialty Fiber Optics for Biomedical and Industrial Applications CY FEB 10, 1997 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Int Biomed Opt Soc, Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Amer Soc Laser Med & Surg Inc DE radiation thermometry; infrared; lock-in amplification; blackbody; emissivity; hollow glass waveguide AB A low-temperature fiber optic two-color infrared thermometer has been developed. Radiation from a target is collected via a single 700 mu m-bore hollow glass optical fiber coated with a metallic/dielectric layer on the inner surface, simultaneously split into two paths and modulated by a gold-coated reflective chopper, and focused onto two thermoelectrically-cooled mid-infrared HgCdZnTe photoconductors by 128.8 mm-radius gold-coated spherical mirrors. The photoconductors have spectral bandpasses of 2-6 mu m and 2-12 mu m, respectively. The modulated detector signals are recovered using lock-in amplification. The two signals are calibrated using a blackbody (emissivity equal to 1) of known temperature, and exponential fits are applied to the two resulting voltage versus temperature curves. Using the two calibration equations, a computer algorithm calculates the temperature and emissivity of a target in real time, taking into account reflection of the background radiation field from the target surface. RP Small, W (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,POB 808,L-399,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2388-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 2977 BP 115 EP 120 DI 10.1117/12.271014 PG 6 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BH74Y UT WOS:A1997BH74Y00016 ER PT S AU Huang, Y Merkle, KL AF Huang, Y Merkle, KL BE Anderson, RM Walck, SD TI A new procedure for making TEM specimens of superconductor devices SO SPECIMEN PREPARATION FOR TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF MATERIALS IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Specimen Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy of Materials IV CY APR 02, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, IBM Anal Serv, Wright Lab, Delaware Diamond Knives, Diatome US, E A Fischione Instruments Inc, FEI Co, Gatan Inc, Jeol US Inc, LEO Electron Microscopy Inc, Micron Corp, South Bay Technol Inc, Ted Pella Incorp AB A new procedure is developed for making TEM specimens of thin film devices. In this procedure the sample is flatly polished to an overall ''ion-mill-ready'' thickness so that any point in the 2-D sample plane can be thinned to an electron-transparent thickness by subsequent ion-milling. Using this procedure small regions of interest can be easily reached in both cross-section and plan-view samples. This is specially useful in device studies. Applications of this procedure to the study of superconductor devices yield good results. This procedure, using commercially available equipment and relatively cheap materials, is simple and easy to realize. RP Huang, Y (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV MAT SCI,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-384-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 480 BP 235 EP 243 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BJ94J UT WOS:A1997BJ94J00023 ER PT S AU Wall, MA Barbee, TW AF Wall, MA Barbee, TW BE Anderson, RM Walck, SD TI Preparation of multilayered materials in cross-section for in-situ TEM tensile deformation studies SO SPECIMEN PREPARATION FOR TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF MATERIALS IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Specimen Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy of Materials IV CY APR 02, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, IBM Anal Serv, Wright Lab, Delaware Diamond Knives, Diatome US, E A Fischione Instruments Inc, FEI Co, Gatan Inc, Jeol US Inc, LEO Electron Microscopy Inc, Micron Corp, South Bay Technol Inc, Ted Pella Incorp AB The success of in-situ transmission electron microscopy experimentation is often dictated by proper specimen preparation. We report here a novel technique permitting the production of cross-sectioned tensile specimens of multilayered films for in-situ deformation studies. Of primary importance in the development of this technique is the production of an electron transparent micro-gauge section using focused ion beam technology. This micro-gauge section predetermines the position at which plastic deformation is initiated; crack nucleation, growth and failure are then subsequently observed. RP Wall, MA (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,DEPT CHEM & MAT SCI,L-350,7000 E AVE,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-384-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1997 VL 480 BP 245 EP 250 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BJ94J UT WOS:A1997BJ94J00024 ER PT S AU Savchenko, VI Fisch, NJ Panteleev, AA Starostin, AN AF Savchenko, VI Fisch, NJ Panteleev, AA Starostin, AN BE Zoppi, M Ulivi, L TI Redistribution function of resonance radiation for atoms with degenerate structure SO SPECTRAL LINE SHAPES, VOL 9 - 13TH ICSLS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Spectral Line Shapes (13th ICSLS) CY JUN 16-21, 1996 CL FLORENCE, ITALY SP Consiglio Nazl Ric, Banca Toscana, Fdn Carlo Marchi, Univ Firenze, Comune Firenze, Azienda Promoz Turist Firenz, Int Sci Fdn, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys AB An analytical expression for the redistribution function of resonance radiation in plasma is found, using an atom + field density matrix approach to describe interaction with the quantized radiation fields. The relaxation of the atoms with degenerate structure of the levels is modeled using relaxation constants. The polarization of the emitted and absorbed photons are thus taken into account easily, with the scattering event being described by the redistribution tenser. RP Savchenko, VI (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,PLASMA PHYS LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08544, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-656-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 386 BP 33 EP 34 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics; Spectroscopy GA BH28Z UT WOS:A1997BH28Z00010 ER PT S AU Back, CA Woolsey, NC Asfaw, A Glenzer, SH Hammel, BA Keane, CJ Lee, RW Liedahl, D Moreno, JC Nash, JK Osterheld, AL Calisti, A Stamm, R Talin, B Godbert, L Mosse, C Ferri, S Klein, L AF Back, CA Woolsey, NC Asfaw, A Glenzer, SH Hammel, BA Keane, CJ Lee, RW Liedahl, D Moreno, JC Nash, JK Osterheld, AL Calisti, A Stamm, R Talin, B Godbert, L Mosse, C Ferri, S Klein, L BE Zoppi, M Ulivi, L TI Experiments on hot and dense laser-produced plasmas SO SPECTRAL LINE SHAPES, VOL 9 - 13TH ICSLS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Spectral Line Shapes (13th ICSLS) CY JUN 16-21, 1996 CL FLORENCE, ITALY SP Consiglio Nazl Ric, Banca Toscana, Fdn Carlo Marchi, Univ Firenze, Comune Firenze, Azienda Promoz Turist Firenz, Int Sci Fdn, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys AB Plasmas generated by irradiating targets with similar to 20 kJ of laser energy are routinely created in inertial confinement fusion research. X-ray spectroscopy provides one of the few methods for diagnosing the electron temperature and electron density. For example, electron densities approaching 10(24) cm(-3) have been diagnosed by spectral linewidths. However, the accuracy of the spectroscopic diagnostics depends the population kinetics, the radiative transfer, and the line shape calculations. Analysis for the complex line transitions has recently been improved and accelerated by the use of a database where detailed calculations can be accessed rapidly and interactively. Examples of data from Xe and Ar doped targets demonstrate the current analytic methods. First we will illustrate complications that arise from the presence of a multitude of underlying spectral lines. Then, we will consider the Ar He-like 1s(2) (S-1(0)) - 1s3p (P-1(0)) transition where ion dynamic effects may affect the profile. Here, the plasma conditions are such that the static ion microfield approximation is no longer valid; therefore in addition to the width, the details of the line shape can be used to provide additional information. We will compare the data to simulations and discuss the possible pitfalls involved in demonstrating the effect of ion dynamics on lineshapes. RP Back, CA (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,POB 808,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIP PRESS PI WOODBURY PA AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 500 SUNNYSIDE BOULEVARD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-656-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1997 IS 386 BP 35 EP 44 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics; Spectroscopy GA BH28Z UT WOS:A1997BH28Z00011 ER PT J AU Fajer, J AF Fajer, J TI Untitled SO SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Editorial Material RP Fajer, J (reprint author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT APPL SCI,UPTON,NY 11973, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1386-1425 J9 SPECTROCHIM ACTA A JI Spectroc. Acta Pt. A-Molec. Biomolec. Spectr. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 53 IS 1 BP R1 EP R1 PG 1 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA WD210 UT WOS:A1997WD21000001 ER PT B AU Theiler, J Bloch, J AF Theiler, J Bloch, J BE Babu, GJ Feigelson, ED TI Nested test for point sources SO STATISTICAL CHALLENGES IN MODERN ASTRONOMY II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Statistical Challenges in Modern Astronomy II Conference (SCMA II) CY JUN, 1996 CL PENN STATE UNIV, UNIVERSITY PK, PA SP Int Astron Union, Int Stat Inst, Inst Math Stat HO PENN STATE UNIV AB We describe an extension of a test proposed by Lampton for detecting weak and/or short-lived transient point sources in finite resolution photon-limited maps of the sky. We test the null hypothesis that the count density is spatially uniform (i.e., no point sources) over a limited region of the sky by decomposing that region into a nested set of source regions and background annuli, and testing whether the count density in each source region differs significantly from the count density in each associated background. The tests are by construction independent, so a combined p-value can be rigorously defined. RP Theiler, J (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,MS-D436,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 BN 0-387-98203-5 PY 1997 BP 407 EP 408 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BJ16X UT WOS:A1997BJ16X00030 ER PT S AU Garde, S Hummer, G Paulaitis, ME Garcia, AE AF Garde, S Hummer, G Paulaitis, ME Garcia, AE BE Wirtz, D Halsey, TC TI Hydration of biological macromolecules: From small solutes to proteins and nucleic acids SO STATISTICAL MECHANICS IN PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Statistical Mechanics in Physics and Biology CY DEC 02-05, 1996 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB We present a method that uses two- and three-particle correlation functions between solute atoms and water molecules to approximate the density profile of water surrounding biomolecules. The method is based on a potential of mean force expansion and uses X-ray crystallography, NMR, or modeling structural input information on the biomolecule. For small hydrophobic solutes, we have calculated entropies of hydration using the predicted water densities that are in good agreement with experimental results. We have also predicted the hydration of the catabolite activator protein-DNA complex. The method is extremely efficient and makes possible the study of hydration of large biomolecules within CPU minutes. RP Garde, S (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,MS K710,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 SN 0886-7860 BN 1-55899-367-3 J9 MAT RES S C PY 1997 VL 463 BP 21 EP 28 PG 8 WC Biology; Biophysics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics; Materials Science; Mechanics; Mathematics GA BJ28G UT WOS:A1997BJ28G00003 ER PT J AU Woloschak, GE Paunesku, T AF Woloschak, GE Paunesku, T TI Mechanisms of radiation-induced gene responses SO STEM CELLS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on the Biological Effects of Radiation Injury CY MAR 22-25, 1996 CL MINSK, BYELARUS SP Bridgeport Hosp, US, US DOE, European Comm, Int Consortium Res Hlth Effects Rad, Med & Chernobyl, Belarus, Minist Hlth, Belarus, NIH, US DE ultraviolet radiation; NF-kappa B; HeLa cells ID NF-KAPPA-B; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; PROTEIN-KINASE-C; DOSE IONIZING-RADIATION; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; DNA-DAMAGING AGENTS; LOW-LET RADIATIONS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; GAMMA-RAYS; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION AB While identifying genes differentially expressed in cells exposed to ultraviolet radiation, we identified a transcript with a 25-nucleotide region that is highly conserved among a variety of species, including Bacillus circulans, pumpkin, yeast, Drosophila, mouse, and man. In the 5' untranslated region of a gene, the sequence is predominantly in a +/+ orientation with respect to the coding DNA strand; while in the coding region and the 3' untranslated region, the sequence is most frequently in a -/+ orientation. The element is found in many different genes that have diverse functions. Gel mobility shift assays demonstrated the presence of a protein in HeLa cell extracts that binds to the sense and antisense single-stranded consensus oligomers, as well as to double-stranded oligonucleotide. When double-stranded oligomer was used, the size shift demonstrated an additional protein-oligomer complex larger than the one bound to either sense or antisense single-stranded consensus oligomers alone. This element may bind to protein(s) that maintain DNA in a single-stranded orientation for transcription, or be important in the transcription-coupled DNA repair process. RP ARGONNE NATL LAB, CTR MECHANIST BIOL & BIOTECHNOL, 9700 S CASS AVE, ARGONNE, IL 60439 USA. RI Paunesku, Tatjana/A-3488-2017; Woloschak, Gayle/A-3799-2017 OI Paunesku, Tatjana/0000-0001-8698-2938; Woloschak, Gayle/0000-0001-9209-8954 NR 74 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1066-5099 EI 1549-4918 J9 STEM CELLS JI Stem Cells PY 1997 VL 15 SU 1 BP 15 EP 25 PG 11 WC Cell & Tissue Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Hematology SC Cell Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Oncology; Hematology GA YF082 UT WOS:A1997YF08200005 PM 9368283 ER PT J AU Neta, R AF Neta, R TI Modulation of radiation damage by cytokines SO STEM CELLS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on the Biological Effects of Radiation Injury CY MAR 22-25, 1996 CL MINSK, BYELARUS SP Bridgeport Hosp, US, US DOE, European Comm, Int Consortium Res Hlth Effects Rad, Med & Chernobyl, Belarus, Minist Hlth, Belarus, NIH, US DE cytokines; radiation damage; radiation protection; hematopoiesis; gastrointestinal syndrome ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA; COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM-CELLS; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 1-ALPHA; MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; BONE-MARROW CELLS; GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE; FACTOR-ALPHA; IONIZING-RADIATION AB Cytokines, hormone-like proteins that are produced by stimulated cells and tissues, serve as intercellular messengers. The production of an expanding number of recombinant cytokines in pharmacological quantities has permitted an assessment of the benefit they may provide in preserving and restoring functions of tissues compromised by irradiation. Included here are studies indicating that the cytokines interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor, stem cell factor and interleukin 12 protect mice from radiation lethality when given prior to irradiation, and even in untreated mice these cytokines serve in innate defenses against external stimuli. In contrast, transforming growth factor beta, interleukin 6 and interferon, given before irradiation, sensitize the mice to radiation lethality. Myeloprotection against ionizing radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs by interleukin 1 depends on the regimen of treatment and may be related to the temporary patterns of induced cytokines and to the resulting changes in the cycling status of the progenitor cells. Interleukin 12, through induction and interaction with additional cytokines, has contrasting effects on different tissues, i.e., protecting the bone marrow but sensitizing the gut. Insights gained from such studies into the cellular mechanisms of regulation of radiation-induced damage by cytokines are discussed. Whether a ''trade-off'' of protection of some tissues and sensitization of other tissues applies to cytokine therapy in humans is unknown. RP US DOE, INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF, EH 63, CC 270, 19901 GERMANTOWN RD, GERMANTOWN, MD 20874 USA. NR 60 TC 54 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1066-5099 EI 1549-4918 J9 STEM CELLS JI Stem Cells PY 1997 VL 15 SU 1 BP 87 EP 94 PG 8 WC Cell & Tissue Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Hematology SC Cell Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Oncology; Hematology GA YF082 UT WOS:A1997YF08200012 PM 9368290 ER PT J AU Straume, T Anspaugh, LR Haskell, EH Lucas, JN Marchetti, AA Likhtarev, IA Chumak, VV Romanyukha, AA Khrouch, VT Gavrilin, YI Minenko, VF AF Straume, T Anspaugh, LR Haskell, EH Lucas, JN Marchetti, AA Likhtarev, IA Chumak, VV Romanyukha, AA Khrouch, VT Gavrilin, YI Minenko, VF TI Emerging technological bases for retrospective dosimetry SO STEM CELLS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on the Biological Effects of Radiation Injury CY MAR 22-25, 1996 CL MINSK, BYELARUS SP Bridgeport Hosp, US, US DOE, European Comm, Int Consortium Res Hlth Effects Rad, Med & Chernobyl, Belarus, Minist Hlth, Belarus, NIH, US DE biodosimetry; accelerator mass spectrometry; fluorescence in situ hybridization; thermoluminescence; electron paramagnetic resonance ID OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE; CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATIONS; THYROID-CANCER; TOOTH ENAMEL; ATOMIC-BOMB; RADIATION; HIROSHIMA; HYBRIDIZATION; RADIONUCLIDES; NEUTRONS AB In this article we discuss examples of challenging problems in retrospective dosimetry and describe some promising solutions. The ability to make measurements by accelerator mass spectrometry and luminescence techniques promises to provide improved dosimetry for regions of Belarus, Ukraine and Russian Federation contaminated by radionuclides from the Chernobyl accident. In addition, it may soon be possible to resolve the large neutron discrepancy in the dosimetry system for Hiroshima through novel measurement techniques that can be used to reconstruct the fast-neutron fluence emitted by the bomb some 51 years ago. Important advances in molecular cytogenetics and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements have produced biodosimeters that show potential in retrospective dosimetry. The most promising of these are the frequency of reciprocal translocations measured in chromosomes of blood lymphocytes using fluorescence in situ hybridization and the electron paramagnetic resonance signal in tooth enamel. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, HLTH & ECOL ASSESSMENT DIV, LIVERMORE, CA USA. RADIAT PROTECT INST, KIEV, UKRAINE. SCI CTR RADIAT MED, KIEV, UKRAINE. INST MET PHYS, EKATERINBURG, RUSSIA. MINIST PUBL HLTH RUSSIA, INST BIOPHYS, MOSCOW, RUSSIA. RES INST RADIAT MED, MINSK, BYELARUS. RP UNIV UTAH, CTR APPL DOSIMETRY, BLDG 586, 40 N 2030 E FRONT ST, SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84112 USA. RI Chumak, Vadim/N-6960-2015 OI Chumak, Vadim/0000-0001-6045-9356 NR 49 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1066-5099 EI 1549-4918 J9 STEM CELLS JI Stem Cells PY 1997 VL 15 SU 1 BP 183 EP 193 PG 11 WC Cell & Tissue Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Hematology SC Cell Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Oncology; Hematology GA YF082 UT WOS:A1997YF08200025 PM 9368303 ER PT B AU Johnston, W Jin, GJ Lee, J Thompson, M Tierney, B AF Johnston, W Jin, GJ Lee, J Thompson, M Tierney, B BE Sethi, IK Jain, RC TI Distributed large data-object management architecture SO STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL FOR IMAGE AND VIDEO DATABASES V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases V CY FEB 13-14, 1997 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE large data-objects; distributed architectures; digital images; Web-based libraries AB We are exploring the use of highly distributed computing and storage architectures to provide all aspects of collecting, storing, analyzing, and accessing large data-objects. These data-objects can be anywhere from tens of MBytes to tens of GBytes in size. Examples are: single large images from electron microscopes, video images such as cardio-angiography, sets of related images such as MRI data and images and numerical data such as the output from a particle accelerator experiment. The sources of such data objects are often remote from the users of the data and from available large-scale storage and computation systems. Our Large Data-object Management system provides network interface between the object sources, the data management system and the user of the data As the data is being stored, a cataloguing system automatically creates and stores condensed versions of the data, textual metadata and pointers to the original data. The catalogue system provides a Web based graphical interface to the data The user is able the view the low-resolution data with a standard internet connection and Web browser, or if high-resolution is required can use a high-speed connection and special application programs to view the high-resolution original data. RP Johnston, W (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,DIV INFORMAT & COMP SCI,IMAGING & DISTRIBUTED COMP GRP,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2433-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 3022 BP 478 EP 482 DI 10.1117/12.263437 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Optics SC Computer Science; Optics GA BH07C UT WOS:A1997BH07C00044 ER EF