FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT S AU Peters, NE Buell, GR Frick, EA AF Peters, NE Buell, GR Frick, EA BE Webb, B TI Spatial and temporal variability in nutrient concentrations in surface waters of the Chattahoochee River basin near Atlanta, Georgia, USA SO FRESHWATER CONTAMINATION SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium S4 on Freshwater Contamination, at the 5th Scientific Assembly of the International-Association-of-Hydrological-Sciences CY APR 23-MAY 03, 1997 CL RABAT, MOROCCO SP UNESCO, World Meteorol Org, Moroccan Water Resources Assoc, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Sci Commiss Water Quality, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Groundwater AB Nutrient concentrations from the early 1970s through 1995 were evaluated at several sites along the Chattahoochee River and-its tributaries near Atlanta, to determine general patterns and processes controlling nutrient concentrations in the river. A spatial analysis was conducted on data collected in 1994 and 1995 from an intensive nutrient study of the Chattahoochee River and its tributaries by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division. The 1994-1995 data show step increases in ammonium (NH4-N), nitrite plus nitrate (NO2 + NO3-N), and total-phosphorus (Tot-P) concentrations in the river. The step increases occur downstream of two wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs) and Peachtree Creek, a small tributary inflow with degraded water quality draining a predominantly urban and industrial area. Median NO2 + NO3-N and Tot-P concentrations in the mainstem increase downstream of these inputs from 0.5 to 1 mg l(-1) and from 0.04 to 0.13 mg I-1, respectively. NH4-N concentrations were typically low with 95% of 2575 observations less than 0.2 mg l(-1) throughout the river system, except some high values (>1 mg l(-1)) in some tributaries, particularly near the central part of Atlanta. High NH4-N concentrations are attributed to sewage discharge as they also are associated with high biological oxygen demand and faecal coliform bacteria concentrations. Nutrient concentrations vary temporally. An assessment of four sites, two mainstem and two tributaries, from 1970 to 1995 indicates a progressive increase and variability in NO2 + NO3-N concentration during the period. The progressive increase in NO2 + NO3-N concentrations and their variability is similar to that reported fdr surface waters throughout the world and for which increased fertilizer usage has been attributed. Tot-P concentrations increase at mainstem sites through the middle to late 1980s and decrease markedly thereafter, due to improvements to WWTFs and a 1990 phosphate detergent ban. NH4-N concentrations, although less pronounced than Tot-P, display a similar decrease from the late 1980s to 1995 at the four sites. Tot-P concentration variability has increased at the tributary sites since 1993, although recent concentrations, on average, are the lowest since 1970 at each of the four sites. RP Peters, NE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,3039 AMWILER RD,ATLANTA,GA 30360, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD, ENGLAND OX10 8BB SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-20-1 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 1997 IS 243 BP 153 EP 165 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA BJ43H UT WOS:A1997BJ43H00016 ER PT S AU Hubbard, EF Landwehr, JM Barker, AR AF Hubbard, EF Landwehr, JM Barker, AR BE Gustard, A Blazkova, S Brilly, M Demuth, S Dixon, J VanLanen, H Llasat, C Mkhandi, S Servat, E TI Temporal variability in the hydrologic regimes of the United States SO FRIEND'97-REGIONAL HYDROLOGY: CONCEPTS AND MODELS FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on FRIEND - Regional Hydrology CY SEP 30-OCT 04, 1997 CL POSTOJNA, SLOVENIA SP UNESCO, WMO, European Commiss, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Minist Sci & Technol, Republic Slovenia AB Discharge records where flows have not been subject to overt anthropogenic controls have been identified for over 1500 streamflow gauging stations throughout the United States in the US Geological Survey Hydro-Climatic Data Network. These stations fall within all 21 water resources regions of the United States. Analysis of runoff in 20 regions, where long-term daily records are available, shows an increasing trend in 16 regions. Further analysis using a stratified subset of 65 sites shows an increase in baseflow at approximately 90% of the sites during the past 50 years, regardless of the size of the drainage area. Because anthropogenic alterations of watershed characteristics cannot explain these hydrologic changes, then meteorological or climatic forces are implicated. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Hubbard, EF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 415 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-35-X J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 1997 IS 246 BP 97 EP 103 PG 3 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA BL05X UT WOS:000074136200011 ER PT S AU Majewski, MS AF Majewski, MS BE Seiber, JN Woodrow, JE Yates, MV Knuteson, JA Wolfe, NL Yates, SR TI Error evaluation of methyl bromide aerodynamic flux measurements SO FUMIGANTS: ENVIRONMENTAL FATE, EXPOSURE, AND ANALYSIS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Fumigants, at the 210th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society CY AUG 20-25, 1996 CL CHICAGO, IL SP ACS, Div Agrochemicals ID MEASURING PESTICIDE EVAPORATION; SOIL; VOLATILIZATION AB Methyl bromide volatilization fluxes were calculated for a tarped and a nontarped field using 2 and 4 hour sampling periods. These field measurements were averaged in 8, 12, and 24 hour increments to simulate longer sampling periods. The daily flux profiles were progressively smoothed and the cumulative volatility losses increased by 20 to 30% with each longer sampling period. Error associated with the original flux measurements was determined from Linear regressions of measured wind speed and air concentration as a function of height, and averaged approximately 50%. The high errors resulted from long application times, which resulted in a nonuniform source strength; and variable tarp permeability, which is influenced by temperature, moisture, and thickness. The increase in cumulative volatilization losses that resulted from longer sampling periods were within the experimental error of the flux determination method. RP Majewski, MS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2800 COTTAGE WAY,SACRAMENTO,CA 95825, USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3475-2 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1997 VL 652 BP 135 EP 153 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BG89Z UT WOS:A1997BG89Z00012 ER PT J AU Cobban, WA Kennedy, WJ Scott, GR AF Cobban, WA Kennedy, WJ Scott, GR TI Didymoceras puebloense, a new species of heteromorph ammonite from the Upper Campanian of Colorado and Wyoming SO GEOBIOS LA English DT Article DE Cretaceous; Campanian; ammonoidea; United States AB Didymoceras puebloense nov. sp. is described from the upper Campanian zones of Didymoceras nebrascense and Didymoceras stevensoni in Pueblo and Pitkin Counties, Colorado, and Weston County, Wyoming in the United States Western Interior. The species is characterized by a middle helical growth stage in which the successive whorls are widely separated followed by a terminal pendant U-shaped sector of the adult body chamber. Ornament is of distant, narrow bituberculate ribs usually separated by a nontuberculate rib. Widely separated poorly-defined constrictions with associated collar ribs are occasionally present. The style of coiling in middle and later growth resembles that of those growth stages in upper Campanian Didymoceras, whereas the ornament recalls that of middle Campanian representatives of the genus in the Western Interior. C1 UNIV MUSEUM,OXFORD OX1 3PW,ENGLAND. RP Cobban, WA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MAIL STOP 913,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CLAUDE BERNARD-LYONI PI VILLEURBANNE CEDEX PA CENTRE DES SCI DE LA TERRE 43 BLVD DU 11 NOVEMBRE, 69622 VILLEURBANNE CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0016-6995 J9 GEOBIOS-LYON JI Geobios PY 1997 VL 30 IS 2 BP 225 EP 230 DI 10.1016/S0016-6995(97)80229-X PG 6 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA XF931 UT WOS:A1997XF93100006 ER PT J AU Matsumoto, A Hinkley, TK AF Matsumoto, A Hinkley, TK TI Determination of lead, cadmium, indium, thallium and silver in ancient ices from Antarctica by isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry SO GEOCHEMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ANTHROPOGENIC LEAD; SNOW AB The concentrations of five chalcophile elements (Pb, Cd, In, Tl and Ag) and the lead isotope ratios in ancient ices from the Taylor Dome near coastal Antarctica, have been determined by the isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS), with ultra-clean laboratory techniques. The samples were selected from segments of cores, one of which included a visible ash layer. Electric conductivity measurement (ECM) or dielectric properties (DEP) gave distinctive sharp peaks for some of the samples chosen. Exterior portions of the sample segments were trimmed away by methods described here. Samples were evaporated to dryness and later separated into fractions for the five elements using an HBr-HNO3 anion exchange column method. The concentrations are in the range 2.62-36.7 pg Pb/g of ice, 0.413-2.83 pg Cd/g, 0.081-0.34 pg In/g, 0.096-2.8 pg Tl/g and 0.15-0.84 pg Ag/g, respectively. The dispersions in duplicate analyses are about +/- 1% for lead and cadmium, +/- 2% for indium, +/- 4% for thallium and +/- 6% for silver, respectively. The concentrations of lead obtained are commonly higher than those in the present-day Antarctic surface snows, but the isotope ratios are distinctively higher than those of the present-day snows and close to those of the other ancient ice collected from a different Antarctic area. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. RP Matsumoto, A (reprint author), GEOL SURVEY JAPAN, 1-1-3 HIGASHI, TSUKUBA, IBARAKI 305, JAPAN. NR 10 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU GEOCHEMICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA 358-5 YAMABUKI-CHO, SHINJUKU-KU, TOKYO, 162-0801, JAPAN SN 0016-7002 EI 1880-5973 J9 GEOCHEM J JI Geochem. J. PY 1997 VL 31 IS 3 BP 175 EP 181 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA XB973 UT WOS:A1997XB97300005 ER PT J AU Bullen, T White, A Blum, A Harden, J Schulz, M AF Bullen, T White, A Blum, A Harden, J Schulz, M TI Chemical weathering of a soil chronosequence on granitoid alluvium .2. Mineralogic and isotopic constraints on the behavior of strontium SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID MASS BALANCE; SR-87/SR-86 RATIOS; SIERRA-NEVADA; NEW-ZEALAND; CALIFORNIA; RATES; MOUNTAINS; EVOLUTION; SYSTEMS; CHRONOFUNCTIONS AB The use of strontium isotopes to evaluate mineral weathering and identify sources of base cations in catchment waters requires an understanding of the behavior of Sr in the soil environment as a function of time. Our approach is to model the temporal evolution of Sr-87/Sr-86 Of the cation exchange pool in a soil chronosequence developed on alluvium derived from central Sierra Nevada granitoids during the past 3 Ma. With increasing soil age, Sr-87/Sr-86 of ammonium-acetate extractable Sr initially decreases from values typical of K-feldspar to those of plagioclase and hornblende and then remains constant, even though plagioclase and hornblende are absent from the soils after approximately 1 Ma of weathering. The temporal variation of Sr-87/Sr-86 of exchangeable Sr is modeled by progressively equilibrating Sr derived from mineral weathering and atmospheric deposition with Sr on exchange sites as waters infiltrate a soil column. Observed decreases in quartz-normalized modal abundances of plagioclase, hornblende, and K-feldspar with time, and the distinct Sr-87/Sr-86 values of these minerals can be used to calculate Sr flux from weathering reactions. Hydrobiotites in the soils have nearly constant modal abundances, chemistry, and Sr-87/Sr-86 over the chronosequence and provide negligible Sr input to weathering solutions. The model requires time and soil horizon-dependent changes in the amount of exchangeable Sr and the efficiency of Sr exchange, as well as a biologic cycling term. The model predicts that exchangeable Sr initially has Sr-87/Sr-86 identical to that of K-feldspar, and thus could be dominated by Sr leached from K-feldspar following deposition of the alluvium. The maximum value of Sr-87/Sr-86 observed in dilute stream waters associated with granitoids of the Yosemite region is likewise similar to that of the K-feldspars, suggesting that K-feldspar and not biotite may be the dominant source of radiogenic Sr in the streams. This study reveals that, when attempting to use Strontium isotopes to identify sources of base cations in catchment waters and biomass, both preferential leaching of Sr from minerals during incipient soil development and changing Sr exchange efficiency must be considered along with chemical contributions due to mineral dissolution. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Bullen, T (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 47 TC 101 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JAN PY 1997 VL 61 IS 2 BP 291 EP 306 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00344-4 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WG851 UT WOS:A1997WG85100004 ER PT J AU Ozima, M Tatsumoto, M AF Ozima, M Tatsumoto, M TI Radiation-induced diamond crystallization: Origin of carbonados and its implications on meteorite nano-diamonds SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID INTERSTELLAR DIAMONDS; PRIMITIVE CHONDRITES; GRAPHITE; ABUNDANCES; PB AB Ten carbonades from Central Africa were studied for U-Tn-Pb systematics. To extract U, Th, and Pb from the samples, we developed a cold combustion technique wherein diamond was burnt in liquid oxygen. The technique gave low blanks; 25-50 pg for Pb, 3 pg for U, and 5 pg for Th. After very thorough acid treatments of the carbonades with hot HNO3, HF, and HCl over one week, most of U, Th, and Pb were removed from the samples. Lead in the acid-leached diamonds was highly radiogenic (Pb-206/Pb-204 up to 470). However, the amounts of U and Th in the acid-leached diamonds are too low to account for the radiogenic Pb even if we assume 4.5 Ga for the age of the diamonds. Therefore, we conclude that the radiogenic Pb was implanted into the diamonds from surroundings by means of recoil energy of radioactive decays of U and Th. From the radiogenic lead isotopic composition, we estimate a minimum age of 2.6 Ga and a maximum age of 3.8 Ga for the formation of the carbonados. The above findings of the implantation of recoiled radiogenic Pb into carbonades is consistent with the process of radiation-induced crystallization which was proposed for carbonade by Kaminsky (1987). We show from some theoretical considerations that when highly energetic particles, such as those emitted from radioactive decay of U and Th, interact with carbonaceous materials, they give rise to cascades of atomic disturbance (over regions of about a few nanometer), and the disturbed atoms are likely to recrystallize to form micro-diamonds because of increasing surface energy due to small size. The radiation-induced diamond formation mechanism may be relevant to the origin of nano-diamonds in primitive meteorites. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 UNIV TOKYO,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY PHYS,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Ozima, M (reprint author), WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,ST LOUIS,MO 63130, USA. NR 33 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JAN PY 1997 VL 61 IS 2 BP 369 EP 376 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00346-8 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WG851 UT WOS:A1997WG85100009 ER PT J AU Golmshtok, AY Duchkov, AD Hutchinson, DR Khanukaev, SB Elnikov, AI AF Golmshtok, AY Duchkov, AD Hutchinson, DR Khanukaev, SB Elnikov, AI TI Estimations of heat flow on Baikal from seismic data on the lower boundary of the gas hydrate layer SO GEOLOGIYA I GEOFIZIKA LA Russian DT Article DE Lake Baikal; gas hydrates; heat flow; thermal conductivity; bottom sediments; geothermal measurements ID BOTTOM-SIMULATING-REFLECTORS; ACCRETIONARY PRISM; COMPACTION AB As a result of seismic works carried out by the CDP-reflected wave method on Baikal in 1989-92, seismic boundaries were recognized for the first time for a fresh-water basin in the sedimentary cover, which may be identified with the lower boundary of a methane hydrate layer. Thus, for a considerable part of Baikal the thickness of the gas hydrate layer (its upper boundary coincides with the bottom) is estimated to range from 0 to 350-400 m. Depths of occurrence of the lower boundary of the gas hydrate layer were mapped; then this map was used to estimate an terrestrial heat flow. A technique for the calculation of a heat flow is described in this paper. Along with typical seismic boundaries, the heat flow was estimated from data on depth and temperature of the bottom, from the thermal conductivity of bottom sediments within the gas hydrate layer. The temperature at the lower boundary of the layer was determined from the most known phase diagram of the methane hydrate stability. The number of estimates of heat flow in the central and southern parts of the lake totalled to 480, averaging to 76 mW/m(2) with variations from 58 to 116 mW/m(2). Comparison of calculated and measured values of heat flow shows their general correspondence. At the same time, the seismic data predict a higher and more uniform heat flow, probably, because of its increase with depth. Analysis shows that the calculations are accurate within +/-10 mW/m(2) The study performed is tentative. It is shown that the seismic data can principally be used for estimation of thermal regime of bottom sediments of the Baikal basin. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Oceanol, So Div, Gelendzhik 353470, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Siberian Div, Inst Geophys, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. US Geol Survey, Atlantic Div Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Golmshtok, AY (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Oceanol, So Div, Golubaya Bukhta, Gelendzhik 353470, Russia. NR 40 TC 16 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU RUSSIAN ACAD SCIENCES SIBERIAN BRANCH PI NOVOSIBIRSK PA 3 UNIVERSITETSKY PROSPECT, 630090 NOVOSIBIRSK, RUSSIA SN 0016-7886 J9 GEOL GEOFIZ JI Geol. Geofiz. PY 1997 VL 38 IS 10 BP 1677 EP 1691 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YH038 UT WOS:000070587000013 ER PT S AU Nordstrom, DK Southam, G AF Nordstrom, DK Southam, G BE Banfield, JF Nealson, KH TI Geomicrobiology of sulfide mineral oxidation SO GEOMICROBIOLOGY: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MICROBES AND MINERALS SE REVIEWS IN MINERALOGY LA English DT Review CT Short Course on Geomicrobiology CY OCT 18-19, 1997 CL ALTA, UT SP Mineral Soc Amer ID X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON; THIOBACILLUS-FERROOXIDANS; SP-NOV; HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA; PYRITE OXIDATION; FERRIC IRON; SULFOLOBUS-ACIDOCALDARIUS; ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; PYRRHOTITE OXIDATION C1 NO ARIZONA UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86011 USA. RP Nordstrom, DK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 3215 MARINE ST, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. RI Southam, Gordon/D-1983-2013 OI Southam, Gordon/0000-0002-8941-1249 NR 252 TC 217 Z9 224 U1 1 U2 33 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0275-0279 BN 0-939950-45-6 J9 REV MINERAL JI Rev. Mineral. PY 1997 VL 35 BP 361 EP 390 PG 30 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA BJ74J UT WOS:A1997BJ74J00011 ER PT J AU Eaton, G AF Eaton, G TI Update: The new USGS SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article RP Eaton, G (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,100 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JAN PY 1997 VL 42 IS 1 BP 21 EP 23 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WB164 UT WOS:A1997WB16400020 ER PT J AU Peterson, DL Schreiner, EG Buckingham, NM AF Peterson, DL Schreiner, EG Buckingham, NM TI Gradients, vegetation and climate: spatial and temporal dynamics in the Olympic mountains, USA SO GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Mountain Ecology - Organism Responses to Environmental Change, at the VI International Congress of Ecology CY 1994 CL MANCHESTER, ENGLAND SP European Ecol Federat, Specialist Grp High Altitude Ecol DE global climate change; habitat diversity; mountain biogeography; plant species distribution ID WASHINGTON; PALYNOLOGY; PENINSULA; HISTORY; FOREST AB The steep environmental gradients of mountains result in the juxtaposition of diverse vegetation associations with narrow ecotones because life zones are compressed. Variation in geologic substrate, landforms, and soils, in combination with steep environmental gradients, create habitat diversity across spatial scales from 10(6) ha to <10 m(2). This leads to higher biodiversity in a smaller space than in landscapes with less topographic variation. Mountains are often considered to be refuges for biological diversity at the regional scale, although variation in landscape features creates refuges at a fine scale as well. Mountains should also be considered a source of biological diversity, because they provide the germplasm for migration into lowland areas following glacial recession. Many taxa are distributed over a broad range of elevations andhabitats, which maximizes the potential to respond to environmental perturbations. Reorganization of species distribution and abundance as a result of climatic change may be impacted considerably by human-caused fragmentation of landscape features, especially at lower elevations. This paper uses palaeoecological and biogeographical data to investigate the spatial and temporal vegetation dynamics of a steep maritime range, the Olympic Mountains (USA). The role of resource management in protecting vegetation in a fragmented landscape is discussed, with emphasis on how to address uncertainties such as climatic change. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,OLYMP FIELD STN,PORT ANGELES,WA 98362. RP Peterson, DL (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,COOPERAT PK STUDIES UNIT,BOX 352100,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. NR 39 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0960-7447 J9 GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR JI Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. Lett. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 6 IS 1 BP 7 EP 17 DI 10.2307/2997523 PG 11 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA XL651 UT WOS:A1997XL65100003 ER PT J AU Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH Landmeyer, JE Schumacher, JG AF Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH Landmeyer, JE Schumacher, JG TI Potential for intrinsic bioremediation of a DNT-contaminated aquifer SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION; 2,4-DINITROTOLUENE; BIOTRANSFORMATION; IDENTIFICATION AB Microorganisms indigenous to a shallow aquifer, which underlies an explosives-contaminated site, mineralized 28% of [U-ring-C-14] 2,4-dinitrotoluene to (CO2)-C-14 within 28 days under aerobic conditions. Approximately 20% of added 2,4-dinitrotoluene remained undegraded at the end of the incubation while approximately 22% and 6% were transformed to 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene and 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene, respectively. In aquifer microcosms containing 2,6-dinitrotoluene, approxinately 67% of the substrate remained undegraded and approximately 14% was transformed to 2-amino-6-nitrotoluene. The radiolabeled study indicated that about 8% of the 2,6-dinotrotoluene was mineralized to CO2. The demonstrated degradation and subsequent mineralization of dinitrotoluene compounds by aquifer microorganisms are consistent with the decline in dissolved dinitrotoluene concentrations observed along the general ground-water flowpath Pt the site. The results indicate that intrinsic bioremediation may be a viable alternative for remediating contaminated ground water at this site. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,ROLLA,MO 65401. RP Bradley, PM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,STEPHENSON CTR,SUITE 129,720 GRACERN RD,COLUMBIA,SC 29210, USA. NR 19 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 35 IS 1 BP 12 EP 17 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00054.x PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA WA679 UT WOS:A1997WA67900007 ER PT J AU Lessoff, SC Konikow, LF AF Lessoff, SC Konikow, LF TI Ambiguity in measuring matrix diffusion with single-well injection/recovery tracer tests SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Single-well injection/recovery tracer tests are considered for use in characterizing and quantifying matrix diffusion in dual-porosity aquifers. Numerical modeling indicates that neither regional drift in homogeneous aquifers, nor heterogeneity in aquifers having no regional drift, nor hydrodynamic dispersion significantly affects these tests. However, when drift is coupled simultaneously with heterogeneity, they can have significant confounding effects on tracer return. This synergistic effect of drift and heterogeneity may help explain irreversible flow and inconsistent results sometimes encountered in previous single-well injection/recovery tracer tests. Numerical results indicate that in a hypothetical single-well injection/recovery tracer test designed to demonstrate and measure dual-porosity characteristics in a fractured dolomite, the simultaneous effects of drift and heterogeneity sometimes yields responses similar to those anticipated in a homogeneous dual-porosity formation. In these cases, tracer recovery could provide a false indication of the occurrence of matrix diffusion. Shortening the shut-in period between injection and recovery periods may make the test less sensitive to drift. Using multiple tracers having different diffusion characteristics, multiple tests having different pumping schedules, and testing the formation at more than one location would decrease the ambiguity in the interpretation of test data. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 22 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 35 IS 1 BP 166 EP 176 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00072.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA WA679 UT WOS:A1997WA67900025 ER PT B AU Kolpin, DW Squillace, PJ Zogorski, JS Barbash, JE AF Kolpin, DW Squillace, PJ Zogorski, JS Barbash, JE BE Chilton, J TI Pesticides and volatile organic compounds in shallow urban groundwater of the United States SO GROUNDWATER IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT - VOL I: PROBLEMS, PROCESSES AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XXVII International-Association-of-Hydrogeologists Congress CY SEP 22-26, 1997 CL E MIDLANDS CONF CTR, NOTTINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Int Assoc Hydrogeologists, British Geol Survey, Hydrogeol Grp, Golder Associates, Geol Soc London, Hydrogeol Grp, Overseas Dev Adm, UNESCO, Div Water Sci, WHO UNEP Global Environm Monitoring Syst, Severn Trent Water, Entec Europe Ltd, NIREX UK Ltd, Environm Agcy HO E MIDLANDS CONF CTR AB The widespread use of pesticides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) over the past half century has led to their detection in many hydrologic systems in the United States. However, few systematic investigations of occurrence have been carried out over multistate regions using a consistent study design. Nine urban studies of shallow groundwater have been conducted to date as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Pesticide compounds were detected in 48.6% of the 208 urban wells sampled. Sixteen different pesticide compounds were detected in samples from these wells. Prometon was by far the most frequently detected pesticide compound, being found in 8 of the 9 urban studies. VOCs were detected in 53.4% of the 208 urban wells sampled, with 36 different VOC compounds being found. Measured VOC concentrations exceeded current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water regulations in 19 wells. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a common fuel oxygenate, was the most frequently detected VOC for this study. C1 US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA USA. RP Kolpin, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-923-8 PY 1997 BP 469 EP 474 PG 6 WC Engineering, Geological; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BK72N UT WOS:000073221600079 ER PT B AU Squillace, PJ Zogorski, JS Price, CV Wilber, WG AF Squillace, PJ Zogorski, JS Price, CV Wilber, WG BE Chilton, J TI Preliminary assessment of the occurrence and possible sources of MTBE in groundwater in the United States, 1993-1994 SO GROUNDWATER IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT - VOL I: PROBLEMS, PROCESSES AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XXVII International-Association-of-Hydrogeologists Congress CY SEP 22-26, 1997 CL E MIDLANDS CONF CTR, NOTTINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Int Assoc Hydrogeologists, British Geol Survey, Hydrogeol Grp, Golder Associates, Geol Soc London, Hydrogeol Grp, Overseas Dev Adm, UNESCO, Div Water Sci, WHO UNEP Global Environm Monitoring Syst, Severn Trent Water, Entec Europe Ltd, NIREX UK Ltd, Environm Agcy HO E MIDLANDS CONF CTR AB Out of 60 volatile organic chemicals analyzed, MTBE was the second most frequently detected chemical in samples of shallow groundwater from urban areas that were collected during 1993-94 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Samples were collected from 5 drinking-water wells, 12 springs, and 193 monitoring wells in urban areas. At a reporting level of 0.2 mu g/L, MTBE was detected most frequently in shallow groundwater from urban areas (27% of 210 wells and springs sampled in 8 areas) as compared to shallow groundwater from agricultural areas (1.3% of 549 wells sampled in 21 areas) or deeper groundwater from major aquifers (1.0% of 112 wells sampled in 9 areas). Only 3% of the shallow wells sampled in urban areas had concentrations of MTBE that exceed 20 mu g/L, which is the estimated lower limit of the United States Environmental Protection Agency draft lifetime drinking-water health advisory. Because MTBE is persistent and mobile in groundwater, it can move from shallow to deeper aquifers with time. Possible sources of MTBE in groundwater include point sources, such as leaking storage tanks, and nonpoint sources, such as recharge of precipitation and storm-water runoff. C1 US Geol Survey, Rapid City, SD USA. RP Squillace, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Rapid City, SD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-923-8 PY 1997 BP 537 EP 542 PG 6 WC Engineering, Geological; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BK72N UT WOS:000073221600094 ER PT B AU Squillace, PJ Zogorski, JS Price, CV AF Squillace, PJ Zogorski, JS Price, CV BE Chilton, J TI Urban land-use study plan for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program, US Geological Survey SO GROUNDWATER IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT - VOL I: PROBLEMS, PROCESSES AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XXVII International-Association-of-Hydrogeologists Congress CY SEP 22-26, 1997 CL E MIDLANDS CONF CTR, NOTTINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Int Assoc Hydrogeologists, British Geol Survey, Hydrogeol Grp, Golder Associates, Geol Soc London, Hydrogeol Grp, Overseas Dev Adm, UNESCO, Div Water Sci, WHO UNEP Global Environm Monitoring Syst, Severn Trent Water, Entec Europe Ltd, NIREX UK Ltd, Environm Agcy HO E MIDLANDS CONF CTR AB A study plan for Urban Land-Use Studies has been initiated as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The two Urban Land-Use Study objectives are to define water quality in recharge areas of shallow aquifers underlying areas of new residential and commercial land in large metropolitan areas, and to determine which natural and human factors most strongly affect the occurrence of contaminants in these shallow aquifers. To meet the first objective, each NAWQA Study Unit will install and collect water samples from at least 30 randomly located monitoring wells in a metropolitan area. To meet the second objective, aquifer characteristics and land-use information will be documented. These include particle-size analysis and percentage of organic carbon of each major lithologic unit in the unsaturated zone and in the aquifer near the water table. Geographic information system coverages will be created to document existing land use around the wells. C1 US Geol Survey, Rapid City, SD USA. RP Squillace, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Rapid City, SD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-923-8 PY 1997 BP 665 EP 670 PG 6 WC Engineering, Geological; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BK72N UT WOS:000073221600116 ER PT S AU Peters, NE Ratcliffe, EB AF Peters, NE Ratcliffe, EB BE Peters, NE CoudrainRibstein, A TI Tracing hydrologic pathways at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia, USA SO HYDROCHEMISTRY SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium S5 on Hydrochemistry, at the 5th Scientific Assembly of the International-Association-of-Hydrological-Sciences CY APR 23-MAY 03, 1997 CL RABAT, MOROCCO SP UNESCO, World Meteorol Org, Moroccan Water Resources Assoc, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Water Qual, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Tracers AB An analysis of Cl- concentrations and fluxes at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed indicates that Cl- may be effectively used to differentiate ''new'' and ''old'' water flow through the hillslope and their respective contributions to streamwater. Rainfall and throughfall, the ''new'' water inputs, are marked by low Cl- concentrations (<15 mu eq l(-1)). Stormwater moves rapidly to depth along preferred pathways in a deciduous forest hillslope, as evidenced by low concentrations (<20 mu eq l(-1)) in mobile soil water from zero-tension stainless-steel pan lysimeters. ''Old'' waters, matrix soil waters and groundwater, typically have high concentrations (>20 mu eq l(-1)). Timing of soil water transport is not sufficiently rapid to suggest that soil water from the hillslope contributes to streamwater for an individual rainstorm. The source of streamflow, therefore, must be a combination of channel interception, runoff from near-channel areas, and runoff from a 3-ha bedrock outcrop in the headwaters. Groundwater contribution to streamflow was estimated using Cl- concentrations of throughfall and groundwater as the two end members for a two-component hydrograph separation. For the study period, groundwater contributed 79% of the runoff and from 1985 to 1995, contributed 75% of the runoff. Rainfall was the source of 45% of the Cl- flux from the watershed in the long term; the remaining Cl- is hypothesized to be derived from dry deposition, consistent with the enrichment noted for throughfall. At peak flow during individual rainstorms, ''new'' water can contribute 95% of the runoff. RP Peters, NE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,3039 AMWILER RD,SUITE 130,ATLANTA,GA 30360, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD, ENGLAND OX10 8BB SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-25-2 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 1997 IS 244 BP 275 EP 289 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BJ43J UT WOS:A1997BJ43J00027 ER PT S AU Aga, DS Thurman, EM AF Aga, DS Thurman, EM BE Aga, DS Thurman, EM TI Environmental immunoassays: Alternative techniques for soil and water analysis SO IMMUNOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on Immunochemical Technology for Environmental Applications, at the 211th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 24-29, 1996 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Environm Chem Inc ID FIBER OPTIC IMMUNOSENSOR; ANTIBODIES AB Analysis of soil and water samples for environmental studies and compliance testing can be formidable, time consuming, and costly. As a consequence, immunochemical techniques have become popular for environmental analysis because they are reliable, rapid, and cost effective. During the past 5 years, the use of immunoassays for environmental monitoring has increased substantially, and their use as an integral analytical tool in many environmental laboratories is now commonplace. This chapter will present the basic concept of immunoassays, recent advances in the development of immunochemical methods, and examples of successful applications of immunoassays in environmental analysis. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, LAWRENCE, KS 66049 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 29 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3487-6 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1997 VL 657 BP 1 EP 20 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BH17H UT WOS:A1997BH17H00001 ER PT S AU Dombrowski, TR Thurman, EM Mohrman, GB AF Dombrowski, TR Thurman, EM Mohrman, GB BE Aga, DS Thurman, EM TI Evaluation of immunoassay for the determination of pesticides at a large-scale groundwater contamination site SO IMMUNOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on Immunochemical Technology for Environmental Applications, at the 211th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 24-29, 1996 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Environm Chem Inc ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; HERBICIDES; WATER; METABOLITES AB Pesticide concentrations in ground water at Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA) near Denver, Colorado, were determined using solid-phase extraction (SPE) gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) procedures and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for cyclodiene insecticides and triazine herbicides. Matrix interferences resulted in inconclusive results for some GC/MS analyses due to baseline disturbances and co-elution, but ELISA analyses consistently gave definitive results in a minimum amount of time. ELISA was used initially as a screening method, and pesticide concentrations and plume extents identified by ELISA were confirmed by SPE-GC/MS. A high degree of correlation was seen between results from GC/MS and ELISA methods for the triazine herbicides (correlation coefficient (R(2)) = 0.99). All areas with high pesticide concentrations were found to be within the boundaries of RMA. C1 ROCKY MT ARSENAL, COMMERCE CITY, CO 80022 USA. RP Dombrowski, TR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 4821 QUAIL CREST PL, LAWRENCE, KS 66049 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3487-6 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1997 VL 657 BP 221 EP 233 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BH17H UT WOS:A1997BH17H00018 ER PT B AU Kane, AC Wilson, TP Fischer, JM AF Kane, AC Wilson, TP Fischer, JM GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Cometabolic biodegradation of trichloroethylene in microcosms SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 3 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr AB Laboratory microcosms were used to determine the concentrations of oxygen (O-2) and methane (CH4) that optimize trichloroethylene (TCE) biodegradation in sediment and ground-water samples from a TCE-contaminated aquifer at Picatinny Arsenal, Morris County, New Jersey. The mechanism for degradation is the cometabolic activity of methanotrophic bacteria. The laboratory data will be used to support a field study designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of combining air sparging with cometabolic degradation of TCE for the purpose of aquifer remediation. Microcosms were constructed in autoclaved 250-mL (milliliter) amber glass bottles with valves for repeated headspace sampling. Equal volumes (25 mL) of sediment and ground water, collected from a depth of 40 feet, were added. TCE was added to attain initial aqueous concentrations equal to the field level of 1,400 mu g/L (micrograms per liter). Nine microcosms were constructed with initial headspace O-2 concentrations of 5%, 10%, or 14% and CH4 concentrations of 0.5%, 3%, or 5%, with nitrogen making up the balance. Sterile controls, controls without CH4, and controls without sediment were also constructed. A 4-mL gas sample was removed periodically and TCE, O-2, CH4, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations were measured by using gas chromatography. As biodegradation proceeded, the decrease in O-2, CH4, and TCE concentrations and the production of CO2 were monitored. An initial acclimation period of at least 100 days was observed in those microcosms in which significant microbial activity occurred, as determined from decreases in O-2 and CH4 concentrations and an increase in CO2 content. Degradation of TCE occurred with O-2 concentrations of 2.7 to 8.7% and CH4 concentrations of 0.5 to 3.5%. Microcosms that initially contained 10% O-2 and 3% CH4 showed the greatest microbial activity and the greatest amount of TCE degradation. The greatest rates of TCE degradation occurred when O-2 and CH4 headspace concentrations reached levels of 7.7 to 8.7% and 1.7 to 2.7%, respectively, which correspond to aqueous concentrations of 2.9 to 3.5 mg/L and 0.4 to 0.6 mglL, respectively. Over these ranges, TCE degradation rates ranged from 15 to 20 mu g of TCE per kilogram of sediment per day. Analysis of the control microcosms indicated that these TCE degradation rates are much greater than those attributable to experimental variation. The results indicate that the microbial community of the sediment is capable of TCE degradation and that significant rates of degradation can be achieved with obtainable O-2 and CH4 concentrations. RP Kane, AC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,W TRENTON,NJ, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(3) IS 3 BP 115 EP 123 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89U UT WOS:A1997BH89U00031 ER PT B AU Lorah, MM Olsen, LD Smith, BL AF Lorah, MM Olsen, LD Smith, BL GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Natural attenuation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in a freshwater wetland SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 3 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr AB Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOC's) occurs as ground water discharges from a sand aquifer to a freshwater wetland at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. Field and laboratory results indicate that biotransformation in the anaerobic wetland sediments is an important attenuation process. Relatively high concentrations of the parent compounds trichloroethylene (TCE) and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (PCA) and low or undetectable concentrations of daughter products were measured in the aquifer. In contrast, relatively high concentrations of the daughter products cis- and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (12DCE); vinyl chloride (VC); 1,1,2-trichloroethane (112TCA); and 1,2-dichloroethane (12DCA) were measured in ground water in the wetland sediments, although total VOC concentrations decreased upward from about 1 mu mol/L, (micromoles per liter) at the base of the wetland sediments to less than 0.2 near the surface. Microcosm experiments showed that 12DCE and VC are produced from anaerobic degradation of both TCE and PCA; PCA degradation also produced 112TCA and 12DCA. RP Lorah, MM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,TOWSON,MD, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(3) IS 3 BP 207 EP 212 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89U UT WOS:A1997BH89U00051 ER PT B AU Bekins, BA Warren, E Godsy, EM AF Bekins, BA Warren, E Godsy, EM GP BATTELE MEM INST TI Comparing zero- and first-order approximations to the Monod model SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 5 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr AB First-order kinetics can be poor representation of biotransformation rates in contaminated aquifers. A quantitative expression of the relative error in the first- and zero-order approximations shows that significant errors occur outside the valid range of approximation The problems that arise are illustrated by a comparison of laboratory data to simulation results using first- and zero-order approximations and Monod kinetics. In particular, compared to Monod kinetics, first-order approximations predict slower biotransformation rates for concentrations below the half-saturation constant, and faster rates above the half-saturation constant. A literature survey of maximum field concentrations of benzene and measured aerobic half-saturation constants suggests that an assumption of first-order degradation kinetics is not necessarily valid, and use of a zero-order assumption or a full solution may be more appropriate. A solution for steady-state, one-dimensional, advection with Monod degradation kinetics is described and applied to groundwater concentration data. The results indicate that Monod kinetics more closely models the aerobic biotransformation of benzene at the study site. RP Bekins, BA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(5) IS 5 BP 547 EP 552 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89W UT WOS:A1997BH89W00121 ER PT S AU Galat, DL Kubisiak, JF Hooker, JB Sowa, LM AF Galat, DL Kubisiak, JF Hooker, JB Sowa, LM BE Williams, WD Sladeckova, A TI Geomorphology, distribution and connectivity of lower Missouri River floodplain water bodies scoured by the Flood of 1993 SO INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED LIMNOLOGY, VOL 26, PT 2 SE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED LIMNOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th Congress of the International-Association-of-Theoretical-and-Applied-Limnology CY 1995 CL SAO PAULO, BRAZIL SP Int Assoc Theoret & Appl Limnol C1 Univ Missouri, Biol Resources Div, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Galat, DL (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Biol Resources Div, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, 112 Stephens Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESTRASSE 3, W-7000 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0368-0770 BN 3-510-54046-8 J9 INT VER THEOR ANGEW PY 1997 VL 26 BP 869 EP 878 PN 2 PG 10 WC Limnology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BK83J UT WOS:000073592700137 ER PT J AU Simon, NS AF Simon, NS TI Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction and liquid chromatographic separation with electrochemical detection of methylmercury from biological samples SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE methylmercury; supercritical fluid extraction (SFE); liquid chromatography; electrochemical detection; biological samples ID LEVEL ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; METHYL MERCURY-COMPOUNDS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY; IN-SITU; SEDIMENTS; SPECIATION; WATER; SOILS; ORGANOMERCURY AB Using the coupled methods presented in this paper, methylmercury can be accurately and rapidly extracted from biological samples by modified supercritical fluid carbon dioxide and quantitated using liquid chromatography with reductive electrochemical detection. Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide modified with methanol effectively extracts underivatized methylmercury from certified reference materials Dorm-1 (dogfish muscle) and Dolt-2 (dogfish liver). Calcium chloride and water, with a ratio of 5:2 (by weight), provide the acid environment required for extracting methylmercury from sample matrices. Methylmercury chloride is separated from other organomercury chloride compounds using HPLC. The acidic eluent, containing 0.06 mol L-1 NaCl, insures the presence of methylmercury chloride and facilitates the reduction of mercury on a glassy carbon electrode. If dual glassy carbon electrodes are used, a positive peak is observed at -0.65 to -0.70 V and a negative peak is observed at -0.90V with the organomercury compounds that were tested. The practical detection limit for methylmercury is 5 x 10(-8) mol L-1 (1 x 10(-12) mol injected) when a 20 mu L injection loop is used. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 21092 USA. RP Simon, NS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 432, Reston, VA 21092 USA. EM nssimon@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0306-7319 J9 INT J ENVIRON AN CH JI Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. PY 1997 VL 68 IS 3 BP 313 EP 330 DI 10.1080/03067319708030498 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 123RK UT WOS:000076138000002 ER PT J AU Brandt, SB Rasskazov, SV Brandt, IS Ivanov, AV Kunk, MJ AF Brandt, SB Rasskazov, SV Brandt, IS Ivanov, AV Kunk, MJ TI The inverse problem of argon diffusion from minerals: Determination of kinetic parameters from stepwise-heating experiments SO ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES LA English DT Article DE argon 39; argon 40; diffusion; kinetics; minerals; models; recoil ID AR-39 RECOIL; AR-40; AGE AB Results of two routine Ar-40/Ar-39 stepwise heating experiments on a biotite and a basanite are interpreted in terms of Fick's and Arrhenius' laws. Both patterns represent a saddle-shaped Ar-39 release. Argon isotope spectra are suggested to be controlled by the activation energy of diffusion E and the frequency factor D-0. The activation energy of Ar-39 in lower than the one of Ar-40. This results in a preferable release of Ar-40 relatively to Ar-39 at high-temperature steps and an increasing high-temperature wing in the saddle-shaped age spectrum. At low temperatures, considerable losses and irregularities in release of mainly Ar-39 are observed, which cause the decreasing low-temperature wing in the "saddle". The suggestion of argon losses (mainly of Ar-39) from a loose, "unstable" zone of the mineral structures becomes justified. The n-irradiation of the samples and the shift of E of Ar-39 towards lower values seems to explain the saddle-shaped age-spectra often encountered in Ar-40/Ar-39-geochronometry. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Earth Crust, Siberian Branch, Irkutsk 664033, Russia. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Brandt, SB (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Earth Crust, Siberian Branch, Lermontov Str 128, Irkutsk 664033, Russia. RI ivanov, Alexei/B-2933-2011; Rasskazov, Sergei/G-2977-2014 OI ivanov, Alexei/0000-0002-6410-5237; Rasskazov, Sergei/0000-0001-9084-1652 NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1025-6016 J9 ISOT ENVIRON HEALT S JI Isot. Environ. Health Stud. PY 1997 VL 33 IS 4 BP 399 EP 409 DI 10.1080/10256019708234052 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZC074 UT WOS:000072536900007 ER PT J AU Chalokwu, CI Ghazi, MA Foord, EE AF Chalokwu, CI Ghazi, MA Foord, EE TI Geochemical characteristics and K-Ar ages of rare-metal bearing pegmatites from the Birimian of southeastern Ghana SO JOURNAL OF AFRICAN EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ELEMENT PEGMATITE; EQUILIBRIUM; PLAGIOCLASE; TRANSITION AB The peg matite-aplite rocks at Mankwadzi (Ejisimanku Hills) in southeastern Ghana are part of the pegmatite district that extends from Cape Coast to Winneba along the Atlantic coastline. The pegmatites are associated with the Cape Coast granite complex and were intruded during the waning phase of the Eburnian Orogeny (similar to 2.0 Ga). Three muscovite separates from pegmatite give K-Ar retention ages of 1909 +/- 13 Ma, 1965 +/- 13 Ma and 2019 +/- 14 Ma. A biotite separate from granite yields a K-Ar age of 1907 +/- 13 Ma. These ages are similar to K-Ar dates previously reported for the Cape Coast granites, indicating that the granites and pegmatites are coeval and probably genetically linked. The pegmatites are enriched in Li, Be, Nb and Sn and considerably impoverished in Rb, Th, Y and REEs. Microscopic examination of quartz from the pegmatites shows a large number of low salinity fluid inclusions that can be divided into two types: (1) one-phase liquid or gas-filled inclusions; and (2) two-phase liquid-vapour inclusions, with the vapour occupying 2-5% of the volume. The homogenisation temperature of the fluid inclusions clusters between 129 and 144 degrees C. These homogenisation temperatures lead to an inferred entrapment temperature of similar to 300 degrees C at a pressure of similar to 2.5 kbar, which is estimated for the metamorphism of host hornblende schists. The pegmatite fluid inclusions are interpreted as being secondary to the quartz hosts. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Limited. C1 AUBURN UNIV,DEPT GEOL,AUBURN,AL 36849. GEORGIA STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,ATLANTA,GA 30303. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0899-5362 J9 J AFR EARTH SCI JI J. Afr. Earth Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 24 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00022-5 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA XD900 UT WOS:A1997XD90000001 ER PT J AU Custer, CM Custer, TW AF Custer, CM Custer, TW TI Occurrence of zebra mussels in near-shore areas of western Lake Erie SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE biomass; distribution; Dreissena polymorpha; Lake Erie; underwater videography; zebra mussels ID DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; DISPERSAL; BIVALVES AB We measured biomass, percent coverage, and length-frequency of zebra mussels in nearshore areas of western Lake Erie between 16 September and 10 November 1993 as part of a larger study on the ecological relationship between diving ducks and zebra mussels. Wet weight biomass of zebra mussels, determined by SCUBA diving, ranged from 0 to 3,611 g/m(2) and averaged (+/- 1 SE) 1,270 +/- 380 g/m(2) (n = 11). Percent coverage of lake bottom by zebra mussels ranged from 0 to 70% and averaged 17 +/- 4.0% (n = 27). Percent coverage of zebra mussels was relatively high in the northern portion (28-70% covet-age) and in the southwestern portion (18-40%), but relatively low (< 5%) in the southeastern portion of the study area. Percent coverage by zebra mussels, determined from underwater videography, was highly correlated (r(2) = 0.96) with zebra mussel biomass. Analysis of length-frequency data indicated that there was prominent recruitment of juvenile zebra mussels at only three of eight sites. Average shell length ranged from 11 mm to 15 mm at the other-five sites. The non-uniform distribution of zebra mussels, as determined from biomass and videography, may have important ramifications when assessing zebra mussel impacts on waterfowl. These data may also be used when assessing impact of zebra mussels on other aquatic organisms in the near-shore areas of western Lake Erie. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,PATUXENT ENVIRONM SCI CTR,LA CROSSE,WI 54602. RP Custer, CM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NO PRAIRIE SCI CTR,POB 818,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. RI Custer, Christine/H-4871-2014; OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 1 BP 108 EP 115 DI 10.1016/S0380-1330(97)70889-X PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WZ207 UT WOS:A1997WZ20700010 ER PT J AU Schrank, CS Cormier, SM Blazer, VS AF Schrank, CS Cormier, SM Blazer, VS TI Contaminant exposure, biochemical, and histopathological biomarkers in white suckers from contaminated and reference sites in the Sheboygan River, Wisconsin SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE PCBs; PAHs; histopathology; EROD; white suckers; Sheboygan River ID KRAFT MILL EFFLUENT; CATOSTOMUS-COMMERSONI POPULATIONS; ST-MAURICE RIVER; AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS; CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS; STEROID-LEVELS; EROD ACTIVITY; ENGLISH SOLE; MFO ACTIVITY; FISH AB Fish populations of the lower Sheboygan River, located in east-central Wisconsin, are considered impaired under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the United States and Canada. Pollutants in the Sheboygan River system include: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals. This study compared general health and biochemical parameters, histology of selected organs, and contaminant residues and metabolites in a population of white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) from a contaminated reach of the Sheboygan River and an upstream reference site. Fish from the contaminated site had significantly lower hematocrits, significantly induced ethoxyresourfin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity as a measurement of hepatic mixed-function oxygenase activity, higher biliary metabolites of PAHs, and higher tissue concentrations of PCBs and p,p'-DDE relative to art upstream reference population. Analysis of covariance suggests that both PCB and PAH exposure may be influencing EROD activities. Fish from the contaminated site featured more basophilic clusters and developing nephrons in kidney tissue suggesting the presence of a nephro-toxicant. Also, more fish exhibited hepatic lesions including diffuse cellular vacuolation, multifocal coagulative necrosis, bile ductal hyperplasia, and foci of cellular alteration which may be biomarkers for contaminant impacts. This study demonstrates that white suckers residing in the lower reaches of the Sheboygan River absorbed significant amounts of PAHs and PCBs and also exhibited hematological, biochemical and histological alterations some of which suggest impaired fish condition. C1 US EPA,ECOL EXPOSURE RES DIV,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. USGS,NATL FISH HLTH RES LAB,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. RP Schrank, CS (reprint author), DEPT NAT RESOURCES,MADISON,WI 53707, USA. NR 58 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 2 BP 119 EP 130 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XK458 UT WOS:A1997XK45800001 ER PT J AU Hoff, MH Link, J Haskell, C AF Hoff, MH Link, J Haskell, C TI Piscivory by Lake Superior Lake Herring (Coregonus artedi) on rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) in winter, 1993-1995 SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake herring; rainbow smelt; piscivory; Lake Superior AB The stomach contents of 31 lake herring (Coregonus artedi), captured by anglers from western Lake Superior in the winters of 1993-1995, were examined to determine if predation on rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) was occurring as indicated by anglers. Twenty-six (84%) of the stomachs contained rainbow smelt, with an average of 7.0 rainbow smelt/stomach. This was the first documentation of piscivory by lake herring on rainbow smelt in the Great Lakes. C1 MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,HOUGHTON,MI 49931. RP Hoff, MH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,GREAT LAKES SCI CTR,2800 LAKE SHORE DR E,ASHLAND,WI 54806, USA. NR 3 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 2 BP 210 EP 211 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XK458 UT WOS:A1997XK45800009 ER PT J AU Robertson, DM AF Robertson, DM TI Regionalized loads of sediment and phosphorus to Lakes Michigan and Superior - High flow and long-term average SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE suspended sediment; phosphorus; water quality; sediment load; yield ID CONSTITUENT AB Daily loads of suspended sediment total phosphorus for the 10-year; 1-day design high flow and average of the 16 year period (1975 to 1990) were computed for 18 well-monitored tributaries to Lake Michigan and Lake Superior by us of constituent-transport models. The loads from these 18 reference tributaries were used to estimate the loads from all the United States tributaries (with drainage basins greater than 325 km(2)) to Lake Michigan and Lake Superior by selection of a reference tributary with the most similar physical characteristics and use of a unit-area yield. Statistical comparisons between computed yields and environmental factors were used to determine the physical characteristics that were most influential in selecting a reference tributary. Suspended sediment yields were affected primarily by river gradient and secondarily by the texture of superficial deposits and secondarily by river gradient . Average total phosphorus loads were greatest in rivers entering the middle to southern part of Lake Michigan, especially those draining clayey superficial deposits in agricultural areas. During high flow, loads of phosphorus and suspended sediment from tributaries entering the southwestern part of Lake Superior dominate the total input of these constituents because of the steep gradients of the rivers and the clayey surficial deposits that they drain. These loads were used to compute regional loads and to rank the tributaries on the basis of their respective loads during a specified high flow and over extended periods. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP Robertson, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. EM dzrobert@usgs.gov OI Robertson, Dale/0000-0001-6799-0596 NR 30 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 4 BP 416 EP 439 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YT495 UT WOS:000071611900004 ER PT J AU Hoff, MH Pronin, NM Baldanova, DR AF Hoff, MH Pronin, NM Baldanova, DR TI Parasites of lake herring (Coregonus artedi) from Lake Superior, with special reference to use of parasites as markers of stock structure SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lake herring; Coregonus artedi; parasites; stock structure; Lake Superior AB We examined parasites of 152 lake herring (Coregonus artedi) collected from three locations in Wisconsin waters of Lake Superior in 1994, four locations in Wisconsin waters in 1996, and one location in Minnesota waters in 1996 to determine: 1) the species composition and relative abundances of parasites in lake herring, 2) the differences in parasite relative abundances across locations sampled, and 3) the utility of parasite relative abundances as markers of stock structure. Parasites form 19 taxa infected lake herring collected in 1994 and 1996; Henneguya zschokkei, Chloromyxum sp., and Cyathocephalus truncatus were reported in fishes from Lake Superior for the first time, and Clinostomum marginatum was reported in lake herring for the first time. Significant differences in abundances of eight parasite taxa were found across locations sampled in 1996, with most of the differences occurring between fish from Minnesota and Wisconsin waters Nonparametric discriminant function analyses correctly classified 105 of the 108 fish (97%) from Wisconsin waters in 1994 and 1996 and also correctly classified 9 of the 13 fish (69%) from the one location in Minnesota waters. This indicated that little mixing of lake herring from those regions occurred and that the potential exists to use parasite abundances as a marker of lake herring stock structure. This was the first time that multivariate analysis of parasites have been used in the Great Lakes to access stock structure of fishes. Because the technique was highly successful at classifying locations of our samples, we recommend that parasite abundances in lake herring from all areas of the lake be analyzed as part of a larger study to determine whether lake herring from populations throughout the lake can be as accurately classified as were fish in our study. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI USA. Russian Acad Sci, Buryat Inst Biol, Ulan Ude, Russia. RP Hoff, MH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, 2800 Lake Shore Dr E, Ashland, WI USA. EM michael_hoff@usgs.gov NR 39 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 4 BP 458 EP 467 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YT495 UT WOS:000071611900007 ER PT J AU Edsall, TA Frank, AM AF Edsall, TA Frank, AM TI The effect of temperature on growth of juvenile bloater SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bloater; optimum temperature; fish; growth ID LAKE-MICHIGAN; MODEL AB The bloater (Coregonus hoyi), which feeds mainly on invertebrates and in turn is eaten by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and burbot (Lota lota), is a major tropic integrator in coldwater ecosystems in the upper Great Lakes. To better understand their thermal niche and habitat distribution, we acclimated groups of yearling bloater to 3,5,10,15,20, or 25 degrees C and then fed them ad libitum for 35 days, Bloater increase in length and weight at all of the test temperatures and at the end of the study were heaviest and longest at 15-20 degrees C. The specific growth rate was highest at 20 degrees C and progressively lower at 15,25,10,5, and 3 degrees C. A curve fitted to the specific growth rate data indicated that the optimum temperature for growth was 18.6 degrees C. Our results are in agreement with other published information on the thermal ecology of juvenile bloater. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Edsall, TA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM thomas_edsall@nbs.gov NR 16 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 4 BP 468 EP 471 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YT495 UT WOS:000071611900008 ER PT J AU Sepulveda, N AF Sepulveda, Nicasio TI APPLICATION OF TWO DIRECT RUNOFF PREDICTION METHODS IN PUERTO RICO SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB Two methods for predicting direct runoff from rainfall data were applied to several basins and the resulting hydrographs compared to measured values. The first method uses a geomorphology-based unit hydrograph to predict direct runoff through its convolution with the excess rainfall hyetograph. The second method shows how the resulting hydraulic routing flow equation from a kinematic wave approximation is solved using a spectral method based on the matrix representation of the spatial derivative with Chebyshev collocation and a fourth-order Runge-Kutta time discretization scheme. The calibrated Green-Ampt (GA) infiltration parameters are obtained by minimizing the sum, over several rainfall events, of absolute differences between the total excess rainfall volume computed from the GA equations and the total direct runoff volume computed from a hydrograph separation technique. The improvement made in predicting direct runoff using a geomorphology-based unit hydrograph with the ephemeral and perennial stream network instead of the strictly perennial stream network is negligible. The hydraulic routing scheme presented here is highly accurate in predicting the magnitude and time of the hydrograph peak although the much faster unit hydrograph method also yields reasonable results. C1 US Geol Survey, Res Hydro, Altamonte Springs, FL 32714 USA. RP Sepulveda, N (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Res Hydro, 224 W Cent Pkwy,Suite 1006, Altamonte Springs, FL 32714 USA. FU Puerto Rico Aqueduct; Sewer Authority FX This research was partially funded by the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 2 IS 1 BP 10 EP 17 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA V15AG UT WOS:000207774300002 ER PT J AU Pfenning, KS McMahon, PB AF Pfenning, KS McMahon, PB TI Effect of nitrate, organic carbon, and temperature on potential denitrification rates in nitrate-rich riverbed sediments SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NITROUS-OXIDE; GROUNDWATER AB A study conducted in 1994 as part of the US Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program, South Piatte River Basin investigation, examined the effect of certain environmental factors on potential denitrification rates in nitrate-rich riverbed sediments. The acetylene block technique was used to measure nitrous oxide (N2O) production rates in laboratory incubations of riverbed sediments to evaluate the effect of varying nitrate concentrations, organic carbon concentrations and type, and water temperature on potential denitrification rates. Sediment incubations amended with nitrate, at concentrations ranging from 357 to 2142 mu mol l(-1) (as measured in the field), produced no significant increase (P > 0.05) in N2O production rates, indicating that the denitrification potential in these sediments was not nitrate limited. In contrast, incubations amended with acetate as a source of organic carbon, at concentrations ranging from 0 to 624 mu mol l(-1), produced significant increases (P < 0.05) in N2O production rates with increased organic carbon concentration, indicating that the denitrification potential in these sediments was organic carbon limited. Furthermore, N2O production rates also were affected by the type of organic carbon available as an electron donor. Acetate and surface-water-derived fulvic acid supported higher N2O production rates than groundwater-derived fulvic acid or sedimentary organic carbon. Lowering incubation temperatures from 22 to 4 degrees C resulted in about a 77% decrease in the N2O production rates. These results help to explain findings from previous studies indicating that only 15-30% of nitrate in groundwater was denitrified before discharging to the South Platte River and that nitrate concentrations in the river generally were higher in winter than in summer. RP Pfenning, KS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, MAIL STOP 415, DENVER, CO 80255 USA. NR 22 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 4 U2 31 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 187 IS 3-4 BP 283 EP 295 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03052-1 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA WC907 UT WOS:A1997WC90700002 ER PT J AU Gosselin, DC Nabelek, PE Peterman, ZE Sibray, S AF Gosselin, DC Nabelek, PE Peterman, ZE Sibray, S TI A reconnaissance study of oxygen, hydrogen and strontium isotopes in geochemically diverse lakes, Western Nebraska, USA SO JOURNAL OF PALEOLIMNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Session on Modern and Ancient Lake Environments of the Great Plains, at the Geological-Society-of-America Meeting CY APR 27-28, 1995 CL LINCOLN, NE SP Geol Soc Amer DE stable isotopes; strontium isotopes; hydrology; paleolimnology ID ESTIMATING GROUNDWATER EXCHANGE; STABLE ISOTOPE; WATER; EVOLUTION; SANDHILLS; RATIOS; BRINES; BASIN; ZINC AB Reconnaissance delta 18O,, delta D, and delta(87)Sr data for fifteen lakes in the Western Lakes Region of the Sand Hills of Nebraska indicate dynamic hydrologic systems. The rather narrow range of delta(87)Sr from lake water (1.1 to 2.1) and groundwater (0.9 to 1.7) indicates that the groundwater is generally unradiogenic. Groundwater residence times and relatively unradiogenic volcanic ash within the dune sediments control the delta(87)Sr values. Based on the mutual variations of delta(18)O and delta D, the lakes can be divided into three groups. In Group 1, both delta(18)O and delta D values increase from spring to fall, The delta(18)O and 6D values in Group 2 decreased from spring to fall. Group 3 are ephemeral lakes that went dry some time during 1992. The data and isotopic modeling show that variations in the ratio of evaporation relative to groundwater inflow, local humidity conditions, and the delta(a) has substantial influence on the isotopic composition. In addition, isotopic behavior in ephemeral lakes can be rather unusual because of the changing activities of water and mineral precipitation and redissolution. The annual and interannual isotopic variability of these lakes which is reflected in the paleonvironmental indicators may be the rule rather than the exception in these types of systems. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT GEOL SCI,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Gosselin, DC (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,INST AGR & NAT RESOURCES,CONSERVAT & SURVEY DIV,113 NEBRASKA HALL,LINCOLN,NE 68588, USA. NR 51 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2728 J9 J PALEOLIMNOL JI J. Paleolimn. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 17 IS 1 BP 51 EP 65 DI 10.1023/A:1007913010057 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WK965 UT WOS:A1997WK96500006 ER PT J AU Kennedy, WJ Cobban, WA AF Kennedy, WJ Cobban, WA TI Upper Campanian (upper Cretaceous) ammonites from the Marshalltown formation Mount Laurel boundary beds in Delaware SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article AB New collections from the Marshalltown Formation and basal Mount Laurel Sand along the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal in Delaware clarify the ammonite dating of the interval. The Marshalltown Formation yields Pachydiscus (Pachydiscus) sp., Menuites portlocki (Sharpe, 1855) complexus (Hall and Meek, 1856), a subspecies restricted to the Baculites gregoryensis and Baculites scotti zones in the Western Interior of the United States, and Didymoceras binodosum (Kennedy and Cobban, 1993a) known only from the B. scotti zone of the Western Interior and correlatives in Arkansas and Texas. The basal part of the Mount Laurel Sand contains a complex assemblage preserved as phosphatic molds: Nostoceras (Nostoceras) monotuberculatum Kennedy and Cobban, 1993a, Nostoceras (N.) sp., Didymoceras platycostatum (Kennedy and Cobban, 1993b), D. stevensoni (Whitfield, 1877) (previously thought to be from the Marshalltown) and Exiteloceras jenneyi (Whitfield, 1877). The last two are index species of their eponymous zones in the Western Interior. This sequence is compatible with ammonites from the Wenonah Formation, which lies between the Marshalltown and Mount Laurel to the north and contains ammonites indicative of the Baculites scotti zone, and the fauna from higher in the Mount Laurel Sand, which includes elements of the Didymoceras cheyennense and Baculites compressus zones of the Western Interior sequence. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Kennedy, WJ (reprint author), UNIV OXFORD,UNIV MUSEUM,S PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3PW,ENGLAND. NR 58 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 71 IS 1 BP 62 EP 73 PG 12 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA WG104 UT WOS:A1997WG10400008 ER PT J AU Chernykh, VV Ritter, SM Wardlaw, BR AF Chernykh, VV Ritter, SM Wardlaw, BR TI Streptognathodus isolatus new species (Conodonta): Proposed index for the Carboniferous-Permian boundary SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV,DEPT GEOL,PROVO,UT 84602. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR MS 970,RESTON,VA 22092. RP Chernykh, VV (reprint author), RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,URALIAN BRANCH,POCHTOVYI PER 7,EKATERINBURG 620219,RUSSIA. NR 8 TC 21 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 71 IS 1 BP 162 EP 164 PG 3 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA WG104 UT WOS:A1997WG10400018 ER PT J AU Price, LC McNeil, R AF Price, LC McNeil, R TI Thoughts on the birth, evolution, and current state of petroleum geochemistry SO JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOURCE-ROCK DATA; METASTABLE EQUILIBRIUM; WILLISTON BASIN C1 SHELL E&P TECH CO,HOUSTON,TX 77001. RP Price, LC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS906,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SCIENTIFIC PRESS LTD PI BEACONSFIELD PA PO BOX 21, BEACONSFIELD, BUCKS, ENGLAND HP9 1NS SN 0141-6421 J9 J PETROL GEOL JI J. Pet. Geol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 20 IS 1 BP 118 EP 123 DI 10.1111/j.1747-5457.1997.tb00763.x PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WH592 UT WOS:A1997WH59200011 ER PT J AU Sorensen, SS Grossman, JN Perfit, MR AF Sorensen, SS Grossman, JN Perfit, MR TI Phengite-hosted LILE enrichment in eclogite and related rocks: Implications for fluid-mediated mass transfer in subduction zones and arc magma genesis SO JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY LA English DT Review DE geochemistry; LT eclogite; mineral chemistry; metasomatism; phengite ID CATALINA-SCHIST TERRANE; CENTRAL BAJA-CALIFORNIA; NORTHERN MARIANA ARC; B-BE SYSTEMATICS; FRANCISCAN-COMPLEX; OCEANIC-CRUST; HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; METAMORPHIC ROCKS; SHOSHONITIC VOLCANISM AB Geochemical differences between island arc basalts (IAB) and ocean-floor basalts (mid-ocean ridge basalts; MORB) suggest that the large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) K, Ba, Rb and Cs are probably mobilized in subduction zone fluids and melts. This study documents LILE enrichment of eclogite, amphibolite, and epidote +/- garnet blueschist tectonic blocks and related rocks from melanges of two subduction complexes. The samples are from six localities of the Francisan Complex, California, and related terranes of Oregon and Baja California, and from the Samana Metamorphic Complex, Samana Peninsula, Dominican Republic. Most Franciscan blocks are MORB-like in their contents of rare earth elements (REE) and high field strength elements (HFSE); in contrast, most Samana blocks show an IAB signature of these elements. The whole-rock K2O contents of both groups range from 1 to 3 wt %; K, Ba, Rb and Cs are all strongly intercorrelated. Many blocks display K/Ba similar to metasomatized transitions zones and rinds at their outer margins. Some transition zones and rinds are enriched in LILE compared with host blocks; others are relatively depleted in these elements. Some LILE-rich blocks contain 'early' coarse-grained muscovite that is aligned in the foliation defined by coarse-grained omphacite or amphibole grains. Others display 'late' muscovite in veins and as a partial replacement of garnet; many contain both textural types. The muscovite is phengite that contains similar to 3.25-3.55 Si per 11 oxygens, and similar to 0.25-0.50 Mg per 11 oxygens. Lower-Si phengite has a significant paragonite component: Na per 11 oxygens ranges to similar to 0.12. Ba contents of phengite range to over 1 wt % (0.027 per 11 oxygens). Ba in phengite does not covary strongly with either Na or K. Ba contents phengite increase from some blocks to their transition zones or rinds, or from blocks to their veins. Averaged K/Ba ratios for phengite and host samples define an array which describes other subsamples of the block and other analyzed block. Phengite carries essentially all of the LILE in otherwise mafic eclogite, amphibolite, and garnet blueschist blocks that are enriched in these elements compared with MORB. It evidently tracks a distinctive type of LILE metasomatism that attends both high-land retrograde subduction zone metamorphism. An obvious source for the LILE is a fluid in equilibrium with metasedimentary rocks. High-grade semipelitic schists from subduction complexes and subductable sediment display LILE values that resemble those seen in the most LILE-rich blocks. Modeling of Ba and Ti suggests that 1-40 wt % of phengite added to MORB can produce their observed LILE enrichment. Thus, the release of LILE from such rocks to fluids or melts in very high-T and -P parts of subduction zones probably depends critically on the stability and solubility relations of phengite, which is thought to be stable at pressures as high as 95-110 kbar at T = 750-1050 degrees C. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22094. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT GEOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. RP Sorensen, SS (reprint author), NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,DEPT MINERAL SCI,NHB-119,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 135 TC 98 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 27 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0022-3530 J9 J PETROL JI J. Petrol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 38 IS 1 BP 3 EP 34 DI 10.1093/petrology/38.1.3 PG 32 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WK733 UT WOS:A1997WK73300002 ER PT J AU Mattox, TN Mangan, MT AF Mattox, TN Mangan, MT TI Littoral hydrovolcanic explosions: A case study of lava-seawater interaction at Kilauea Volcano SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE littoral cone; explosion phenomenon; lava; pahoehoe; pyroclasts; Kilauea; basalt ID WATER; MECHANISMS; ERUPTIONS; HAWAII; MELTS; FLOWS AB A variety of hydrovolcanic explosions may occur as basaltic lava flows into the ocean. Observations and measurements were made during a two-year span of unusually explosive littoral activity as tube-fed pahoehoe from Kilauea Volcano inundated the southeast coastline of the island of Hawai'i. Our observations suggest that explosive interactions require high entrance fluxes (greater than or equal to 4 m(3)/s) and are most often initiated by collapse of a developing lava delta. Two types of interactions were observed. ''Open mixing'' of lava and seawater occurred when delta collapse exposed the mouth of a severed lava tube or incandescent fault scarp to wave action. The ensuing explosions produced unconsolidated deposits of glassy lava fragments or lithic debris. Interactions under ''confined mixing'' conditions occurred when a lava tube situated at or below sea level fractured. Explosions ruptured the roof of the tube and produced circular mounds of welded spatter. We estimate a water/rock mass ratio of 0.15 for the most common type of littoral explosion and a kinetic energy release of 0.07-1.3 kJ/kg for the range of events witnessed. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERV,HAWAII NATL PK,HI 96718. NR 37 TC 86 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 75 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(96)00048-0 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WF858 UT WOS:A1997WF85800001 ER PT J AU Wolf, KJ Eichelberger, JC AF Wolf, KJ Eichelberger, JC TI Syneruptive mixing, degassing, and crystallization at Redoubt Volcano, eruption of December, 1989 to May 1990 SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE magmas; eruptions; lava; petrology; volcanic processes ID MOUNT-ST-HELENS; SILICIC VOLCANISM; MAGMA ASCENT; RESERVOIRS; AMPHIBOLE; SYSTEM; DACITE; MELTS AB The 1989-1990 eruption of Redoubt Volcano included initial energetic vertical venting of pumiceous tephra followed by shedding of dense pyroclastic flows from successive unstable domes. The suite of quenched magmatic materials thus produced, coupled with detailed seismic observations, provides a record of establishment and subsequent evolution of an active magma column in the upper crust. The initial eruptive event involved a dacite magma with rhyolite melt and an andesite magma with dacite melt. The dacite magma contains reaction rim-free hornblende, high Cl concentrations (0.12 +/- 0.02 wt.% of melt), and is microlite-free: all evidence for rapid ascent from depth. In contrast, the andesite component is microlite-rich, though this characteristic may have arisen by mixing between the two magmas rather than by slow ascent. Abundant dense juvenile lava-like clasts, with low H2O (0.1-0.3 wt.%), were ejected in the initial eruption event, implying that the magma column had reached the near surface and its upper portion had undergone degassing and bubble collapse prior to explosive disruption. Later eruptive events contain evidence of progressive blending of the two magmatic components, as well as mixing between fresh reservoir-derived and old conduit-resident magma. Magma apparently ascended to the surface from the 6-10-km-deep source chamber in a series of pulses, rather than by steady flow or gradual emptying of a shallowly intruded body. Increased shallow long-period seismicity, which may indicate subsurface degassing from the flowing magma column, occurred less than or equal to 5 days before each major eruptive event. Petrologic evidence indicates that each eruption contained some magma that ascended quickly from the chamber. With time, the proportion of new magma in eruptive batches may have decreased. However, even the final dome contains magma that left the chamber no more than a few days before extrusion. Together, the pulses apparently record passage of an andesite plume through Redoubt's dacite magma reservoir. C1 UNIV ALASKA,INST GEOPHYS,ALASKA VOLCANO OBSERV,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. RI Eichelberger, John/H-6199-2016 NR 34 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 75 IS 1-2 BP 19 EP 37 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(96)00055-8 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA WF858 UT WOS:A1997WF85800002 ER PT J AU Johnson, FA Moore, CT Kendall, WL Dubovsky, JA Caithamer, DF Kelley, JR Williams, BK AF Johnson, FA Moore, CT Kendall, WL Dubovsky, JA Caithamer, DF Kelley, JR Williams, BK TI Uncertainty and the management of mallard harvests SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE adaptive management; Anas platyrhynchos; decisions; harvest; hunting; objectives; optimization; population dynamics; recruitment; regulations; stochastic control; survival; uncertainty ID ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT; SURVIVAL; RATES AB Those charged with regulating waterfowl harvests must cope with random environmental variations, incomplete control over harvest rates, and uncertainty about biological mechanisms operative in the population. Stochastic dynamic programming can be used effectively to account for these uncertainties if the probabilities associated with uncertain outcomes can be estimated. To use this approach managers must have clearly-stated objectives, a set of regulatory options, and a mathematical description of the managed system. We used dynamic programming to derive optimal harvest strategies for mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in which we balanced the competing objectives of maximizing long-term cumulative harvest and achieving a specified population goal. Model-specific harvest strategies, which account for random variation in wetland conditions on the breeding grounds and for uncertainty about the relation between hunting regulations and harvest rates, are provided and compared. We also account for uncertainty in population dynamics with model probabilities, which express the relative confidence that alternative models adequately describe population responses to harvest and environmental conditions. Finally, we demonstrate hew the harvest strategy thus derived can ''evolve'' as model probabilities are updated periodically using comparisons of model predictions and estimates of population size. C1 UNIV VERMONT,VERMONT COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,BURLINGTON,VT 05405. RP Johnson, FA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OFF MIGRATORY BIRD MANAGEMENT,11500 AMER HOLLY DR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 45 TC 95 Z9 100 U1 1 U2 17 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 61 IS 1 BP 202 EP 216 DI 10.2307/3802429 PG 15 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA WL788 UT WOS:A1997WL78800021 ER PT J AU Rocke, TE Brand, CJ Mensik, JG AF Rocke, TE Brand, CJ Mensik, JG TI Site-specific lead exposure from lead pellet ingestion in sentinel mallards SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE lead exposure; lead pellets; lead poisoning; lead toxicity; mallards; mortality; Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge; sentinels; waterfowl; wetlands ID WATERFOWL; SHOT; BOTULISM AB We monitored lead poisoning from the ingestion of spent lead pellets in sentinel mallards (Anas platyhrynchos) at the Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR), Willows, California for 4 years (1986-89) after the conversion to steel shot for waterfowl hunting on refuges in 1986. Sentinel mallards were held in 1.6-ha enclosures in 1 hunted (P8) and 2 non-hunted (T19 and TF) wetlands. We compared site-specific rates of lead exposure, as determined by periodic measurement of blood lead concentrations, and lead poisoning mortality between wetlands with different lead pellet densities, between seasons, and between male and female sentinels. In 1966, the estimated 2-week rate of lead exposure was significantly higher (P < 0.005) in P8 (43.8%), the wetland with the highest density of spent lead pellets (>2,000,000 pellets/ha), than in those with lower densities of lead pellets, T19 (18.1%; 173,200 pellets/ha) and TF (0.9%; 15,750 pellets/ha). The probability of mortality from lead poisoning was also significantly higher (P < 0.01) in sentinel mallards enclosed in P8 (0.25) than T19 (0) and TF (0) in 1966 and remained significantly higher (P < 0.001) during the 4-year study. Both lead exposure and the probability of lead poisoning mortality in P8 were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the fall of 1986 (43.8%; 0.25), before hunting season, than in the spring of 1987 (21.6%; 0.04), after hunting season. We found no significant differences in the rates of lead exposure or lead poisoning mortality between male and female sentinel mallards. The results of this study demonstrate that in some locations, lead exposure and lead poisoning in waterfowl will continue to occur despite the conversion to steel shot for waterfowl hunting. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,SACRAMENTO NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,WILLOWS,CA 95988. RP Rocke, TE (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL WILDLIFE HLTH RES CTR,6006 SCHROEDER RD,MADISON,WI 53711, USA. OI Rocke, Tonie/0000-0003-3933-1563 NR 41 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 61 IS 1 BP 228 EP 234 DI 10.2307/3802432 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA WL788 UT WOS:A1997WL78800024 ER PT B AU Highland, LM AF Highland, LM BE Cruden, DM Fell, R TI Landslide hazard and risk: Current and future directions for the United States Geological Survey's Landslide Program SO LANDSLIDE RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Landslide Risk Assessment CY FEB 19-21, 1997 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Int Union Geol Sci, Working Grp Landslides AB Risk analysis is being increasingly used as a mitigation tool toward reducing landslide hazards. The United States Geological Survey's (USGS) Landslide Program is adopting plans to increase landslide hazard mapping both nationally and regionally. These maps will provide the basis for future risk analysis efforts. Initial work toward this goal is the current compilation of a GIS-based, digitally produced national landslide hazard base map for the contiguous United States. This map will contain landslide inventories and many digitally produced site-specific landslide hazard maps, as layers within the base map. Landslide process studies will continue, as a traditional, and integral part of the USGS Landslide Program. C1 US Geol Survey, Golden, CO USA. RP Highland, LM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Golden, CO USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-914-9 PY 1997 BP 207 EP 213 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological; Geology SC Engineering; Geology GA BK50Q UT WOS:000072384300012 ER PT B AU Perkins, DM AF Perkins, DM BE Cruden, DM Fell, R TI Landslide hazard maps analogues to probabilistic earthquake ground motion hazard maps SO LANDSLIDE RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Landslide Risk Assessment CY FEB 19-21, 1997 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Int Union Geol Sci, Working Grp Landslides AB The development of small-scale, national, probabilistic earthquake ground motion hazard maps suggests paradigms for landslide maps. National maps of landslide incidence already exist for the United States. Maximum landslide "intensity" maps await a suitable definition of intensity. Spatial generalization of such maps is viable where the causes act over an area, as with rainfall or earthquake shaking, or where similar geology and topography are widespread. Probabilistic landslide intensity maps await functions connecting landslide intensity with variation in causes (magnitude and distance for earthquake-induced slides, rainfall amount or rate for rain-induced slides). However, as an interim product, useful probabilistic maps of landslide "opportunity" are feasible for earthquake-induced slides and rainfall-induced slides for a standard site condition, independent of variations in susceptibility. For the former, one needs a locus defining the maximum distance at which a given magnitude earthquake can produce landslides. For the latter, one needs a threshold value of rainfall amount or rate sufficient to cause landsliding. Combined with a geographic description of the time rate of earthquake magnitude or rainfall amount or rate, a map showing the probability of getting threshold landsliding can be produced. Likelihood adjustment to other site conditions ought to be possible using logistic regression, thus accounting for variations in susceptibility. C1 US Geol Survey, Golden, CO USA. RP Perkins, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Golden, CO USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-914-9 PY 1997 BP 327 EP 332 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological; Geology SC Engineering; Geology GA BK50Q UT WOS:000072384300023 ER PT J AU Callender, E Granina, L AF Callender, E Granina, L TI Geochemical mass balances of major elements in Lake Baikal SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article AB Major element mass balances for Lake Baikal are calculated with mostly previously published data for soluble fluxes and new, unpublished data for riverine suspended particulate matter chemistry. Physical transport seems to be the most important riverine process. The elements Ca, Mg, and Na seem to be very mobile in the weathering mantle and K and Si seem to be relatively mobile. A comparison of elemental input-output budgets and mass accumulation rates (MAR) in bottom sediments shows that most major elements, except Ca, Si, and Mn, have comparable riverine particulate matter fluxes and MARs. The addition of wet atmospheric deposition fluxes results in an excess of Ca, Mg, and Na entering the lake. The additive effect of these excess inputs during a 40-year period amounts to undetectable concentration increases in the water column. If erosion of weathered bedrock is the source of most dissolved and all particulate matter transported to the lake, theoretical elemental fluxes can be calculated with Al as the conservative element. Flux ratios (observed/theoretical) range from 0.7 to 2.2, but most fall within the acceptable range of 0.7-1.5. Major rock-forming elements are carried by rivers as weathering products and there are minimal biogeochemical processes that modify these inputs as suspended particulate matter accumulates in the bottom sediments of the lake. C1 RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST LIMNOL,IRKUTSK 664033,RUSSIA. RP Callender, E (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 432,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 45 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 42 IS 1 BP 148 EP 155 PG 8 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA XK601 UT WOS:A1997XK60100015 ER PT B AU Gogan, PJP Cochrane, JF Olexa, EM AF Gogan, PJP Cochrane, JF Olexa, EM BE Harmon, D TI Home ranges and survival of gray wolves in and adjacent to voyageurs National Park, Minnesota SO MAKING PROTECTION WORK: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PARKS AND ON PUBLIC LANDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands - Making Protection Work CY MAR 17-21, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP George Wright Soc, US Natl Park Serv, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, E Natl Park & Monument Assoc, US Natl Park Serv, Park Planning & Special Studies Div ID KERNEL C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Biol, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEORGE WRIGHT SOCIETY, INC. PI HANCOCK PA PO BOX 65, HANCOCK, MI 49930-0065 USA PY 1997 BP 171 EP 179 PG 9 WC Environmental Studies; Public Administration; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA BN83M UT WOS:000083133100033 ER PT B AU Zimmerman, JAC Wright, K Thomas, K AF Zimmerman, JAC Wright, K Thomas, K BE Harmon, D TI Exotic plant species of the Colorado Plateau: A profile of the status and threat of some invasive aliens in the southwest SO MAKING PROTECTION WORK: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PARKS AND ON PUBLIC LANDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands - Making Protection Work CY MAR 17-21, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP George Wright Soc, US Natl Park Serv, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, E Natl Park & Monument Assoc, US Natl Park Serv, Park Planning & Special Studies Div C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Colorado Plateau Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGE WRIGHT SOCIETY, INC. PI HANCOCK PA PO BOX 65, HANCOCK, MI 49930-0065 USA PY 1997 BP 193 EP 196 PG 4 WC Environmental Studies; Public Administration; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA BN83M UT WOS:000083133100036 ER PT B AU Swantek, PJ Halvorson, WH Schwalbe, CR AF Swantek, PJ Halvorson, WH Schwalbe, CR BE Harmon, D TI Will increased fire cause a shift in species composition of the Arizona Upland subdivision in the Sonoran Desert? Development of a GIS system to analyze the fire history of southern Arizona SO MAKING PROTECTION WORK: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PARKS AND ON PUBLIC LANDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands - Making Protection Work CY MAR 17-21, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP George Wright Soc, US Natl Park Serv, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, E Natl Park & Monument Assoc, US Natl Park Serv, Park Planning & Special Studies Div ID VEGETATION RESPONSES; WILDFIRE C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Cooperat Pk Studies Unit, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGE WRIGHT SOCIETY, INC. PI HANCOCK PA PO BOX 65, HANCOCK, MI 49930-0065 USA PY 1997 BP 210 EP 217 PG 8 WC Environmental Studies; Public Administration; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA BN83M UT WOS:000083133100039 ER PT B AU Kendall, KC Schirokauer, D AF Kendall, KC Schirokauer, D BE Harmon, D TI Alien threats and restoration dilemmas in whitebark and limber pine communities SO MAKING PROTECTION WORK: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PARKS AND ON PUBLIC LANDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands - Making Protection Work CY MAR 17-21, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP George Wright Soc, US Natl Park Serv, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, E Natl Park & Monument Assoc, US Natl Park Serv, Park Planning & Special Studies Div C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, No Rocky Mt Res Grp, W Glacier, MT 59936 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEORGE WRIGHT SOCIETY, INC. PI HANCOCK PA PO BOX 65, HANCOCK, MI 49930-0065 USA PY 1997 BP 218 EP 225 PG 8 WC Environmental Studies; Public Administration; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA BN83M UT WOS:000083133100040 ER PT B AU Bennett, PS AF Bennett, PS BE Harmon, D TI Arizona GAP Program: A reality check SO MAKING PROTECTION WORK: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PARKS AND ON PUBLIC LANDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands - Making Protection Work CY MAR 17-21, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP George Wright Soc, US Natl Park Serv, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, E Natl Park & Monument Assoc, US Natl Park Serv, Park Planning & Special Studies Div C1 Univ Arizona, US Geol Survey, Cooperat Pk Studies Unit, Biol Resources Div, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGE WRIGHT SOCIETY, INC. PI HANCOCK PA PO BOX 65, HANCOCK, MI 49930-0065 USA PY 1997 BP 385 EP 388 PG 4 WC Environmental Studies; Public Administration; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA BN83M UT WOS:000083133100070 ER PT B AU Loftus, WF Bass, OL Trexler, JC AF Loftus, WF Bass, OL Trexler, JC BE Harmon, D TI Long-term fish monitoring in the Everglades: Looking beyond the park boundary SO MAKING PROTECTION WORK: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PARKS AND ON PUBLIC LANDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands - Making Protection Work CY MAR 17-21, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP George Wright Soc, US Natl Park Serv, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, E Natl Park & Monument Assoc, US Natl Park Serv, Park Planning & Special Studies Div C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Everglades Natl Pk Field Stn, Homestead, FL 33034 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGE WRIGHT SOCIETY, INC. PI HANCOCK PA PO BOX 65, HANCOCK, MI 49930-0065 USA PY 1997 BP 389 EP 392 PG 4 WC Environmental Studies; Public Administration; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA BN83M UT WOS:000083133100071 ER PT B AU Kunzmann, MR Halvorson, WL AF Kunzmann, MR Halvorson, WL BE Harmon, D TI National Biological Information Infrastructure protocols, partnerships, and implementation issues at the USGS-BRD Cooperative Park Studies Unit, University of Arizona SO MAKING PROTECTION WORK: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PARKS AND ON PUBLIC LANDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands - Making Protection Work CY MAR 17-21, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP George Wright Soc, US Natl Park Serv, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, E Natl Park & Monument Assoc, US Natl Park Serv, Park Planning & Special Studies Div C1 Univ Arizona, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Cooperat Pk Studies Unit, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGE WRIGHT SOCIETY, INC. PI HANCOCK PA PO BOX 65, HANCOCK, MI 49930-0065 USA PY 1997 BP 401 EP 405 PG 5 WC Environmental Studies; Public Administration; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA BN83M UT WOS:000083133100074 ER PT B AU Thomas, K Crist, P Thompson, BC AF Thomas, K Crist, P Thompson, BC BE Harmon, D TI The Four-Corners Project: Assessing the contribution of protected areas with ecoregional Gap Analyses SO MAKING PROTECTION WORK: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PARKS AND ON PUBLIC LANDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands - Making Protection Work CY MAR 17-21, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP George Wright Soc, US Natl Park Serv, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, E Natl Park & Monument Assoc, US Natl Park Serv, Park Planning & Special Studies Div C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Colorado Plateau Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGE WRIGHT SOCIETY, INC. PI HANCOCK PA PO BOX 65, HANCOCK, MI 49930-0065 USA PY 1997 BP 415 EP 419 PG 5 WC Environmental Studies; Public Administration; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA BN83M UT WOS:000083133100076 ER PT B AU Rogers, CS AF Rogers, CS BE Harmon, D TI What long-term research offers National Park Service managers: A case study from the Virgin Islands SO MAKING PROTECTION WORK: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PARKS AND ON PUBLIC LANDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands - Making Protection Work CY MAR 17-21, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP George Wright Soc, US Natl Park Serv, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, E Natl Park & Monument Assoc, US Natl Park Serv, Park Planning & Special Studies Div ID HURRICANE HUGO; ST-JOHN C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, St John, VI 00830 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGE WRIGHT SOCIETY, INC. PI HANCOCK PA PO BOX 65, HANCOCK, MI 49930-0065 USA PY 1997 BP 438 EP 443 PG 6 WC Environmental Studies; Public Administration; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA BN83M UT WOS:000083133100082 ER PT B AU Halvorson, WL AF Halvorson, WL BE Harmon, D TI Landscape management: Changing concepts and expectations SO MAKING PROTECTION WORK: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PARKS AND ON PUBLIC LANDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands - Making Protection Work CY MAR 17-21, 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP George Wright Soc, US Natl Park Serv, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, E Natl Park & Monument Assoc, US Natl Park Serv, Park Planning & Special Studies Div C1 Univ Arizona, Cooperat Pk Studies Unit, USGS, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGE WRIGHT SOCIETY, INC. PI HANCOCK PA PO BOX 65, HANCOCK, MI 49930-0065 USA PY 1997 BP 463 EP 466 PG 4 WC Environmental Studies; Public Administration; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA BN83M UT WOS:000083133100087 ER PT J AU Ribic, CA Ainley, DG Spear, LB AF Ribic, CA Ainley, DG Spear, LB TI Scale-related seabird-environmental relationships in Pacific equatorial waters, with reference to El Nino Southern Oscillation events SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE seabirds; eastern tropical Pacific; water masses; currents; El Nino Southern Oscillation; species-habitat relationships ID EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; BERING SEA; MARINE BIRDS; DISTRIBUTIONS; OCEAN; DOLPHINS; MASS AB We assessed the spatial scales at which variability in ocean climate could affect habitat associations of tropical seabirds and whether species-environmental variable relationships at the smallest scale provide insight into occurrence patterns at larger scales. In the eastern tropical Pacific (10 degrees N to 10 degrees S and 140 degrees to 90 degrees W), seabirds were censused on 16 cruises that followed the same tracks every spring and autumn, 1984 to 1991. This study area possesses closely spaced, well-defined water types and the time period was sufficient to include 2 ENSOs (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) and 1 cold water event (LNSO), thus insuring maximum environmental variability. On the cruises, we measured physical features such as sea-surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS) at a coarse scale (1 to 100 km) as well as, at the large scale, the identity of surface water masses and current systems. During spring, at the coarse scale, seabirds were associated mainly with a canonical axis consisting of SST and SSS. During autumn, coarse scale seabird/environment associations were defined by a canonical axis composed of SST and thermocline depth; SSS was of secondary importance. Using SST and SSS optima from the coarse scale analysis, we could predict only the water mass associations for individual species during spring. Consistent between-year associations with water masses were not found in either season. Regardless of season, seabirds at the large scale were associated most consistently with current systems rather than water masses. At the coarse scale, neither the canonical axes nor the seabird associations with these axes were affected by ENSO/LNSO events. At the large scale, seabird associations with currents remained the same during the ENSO/LNSO events for sooty tern, black-winged and white-winged petrels, and wedge-tailed shearwater. Juan Fernandez petrel, wedge-rumped storm-petrel, and Leach's storm-petrel had different associations with currents during the ENSO/LNSO events. We hypothesize that the effect of ENSO/LNSO events on individual species is mitigated by the ability of species to persist in low productivity waters during the non-ENSO/LNSO years. C1 HT HARVEY & ASSOCIATES, ALVISO, CA 95002 USA. RP UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT WILDLIFE ECOL, RUSSELL LABS 226, USGS BRD, WISCONSIN COOPERAT WILDLIFE RES UNIT, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. NR 58 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1997 VL 156 BP 183 EP 203 DI 10.3354/meps156183 PG 21 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA XZ981 UT WOS:A1997XZ98100019 ER PT J AU Collie, JS Escanero, GA Valentine, PC AF Collie, JS Escanero, GA Valentine, PC TI Effects of bottom fishing on the benthic megafauna of Georges bank SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICES Working-Group-on-Ecosystem-Effects-of-Fishing-Activities Meeting CY MAR, 1996 CL COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SP ICES Working Grp Ecosyst Effects Fishing activ DE benthic communities; fishing impacts; habitat disturbance; scallop dredging ID ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; SCALLOP GROUNDS; IMPACT; SEA; DISTURBANCE; COMMUNITIES; ATLANTIC; JUVENILE; FAUNA AB This study addresses ongoing concerns over the effects of mobile fishing gear on benthic communities. Using side-scan sonar, bottom photographs and fishing records, we identified a set of disturbed and undisturbed sites on the gravel pavement area of northern Georges Bank in the northwest Atlantic. Replicate samples of the megafauna were collected with a 1 m Naturalists' dredge on 2 cruises in 1994. Compared with the disturbed sites, the undisturbed sites had higher numbers of organisms, biomass, species richness and species diversity; evenness was higher at the disturbed sites. Undisturbed sites were characterized by an abundance of busby epifaunal taxa (bryozoans, hydroids, worm tubes) that provide a complex habitat for shrimps, polychaetes, brittle stars, mussels and small fish. Disturbed sites were dominated by larger, hard-shelled molluscs, and scavenging crabs and echinoderms. Many of the megafaunal species in our samples have also been identified in stomach contents of demersal fish on Georges Bank; the abundances of at least some of these species were reduced at the disturbed sites. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA. RP Collie, JS (reprint author), UNIV RHODE ISL, GRAD SCH OCEANOG, NARRAGANSETT, RI 02882 USA. NR 37 TC 250 Z9 255 U1 4 U2 45 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1997 VL 155 BP 159 EP 172 DI 10.3354/meps155159 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA XY395 UT WOS:A1997XY39500014 ER PT J AU Jaffe, BE List, JH Sallenger, AH AF Jaffe, BE List, JH Sallenger, AH TI Massive sediment bypassing on the lower shoreface offshore of a wide tidal inlet - Cat Island Pass, Louisiana SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE inlet; sediment-transport; bypassing; Louisiana; erosion; historical ID COMBINED WAVE; TRANSPORT; OVERWASH AB Analysis of a series of historical bathymetric and shoreline surveys along the Louisiana coast west of the Mississippi River mouth detected a large area of deposition in water depths of 2.0-8.5 m offshore of a 9-km-wide tidal inlet, the Cat Island Pass/Wine Island Pass system. A 59.9 . 10(6) m(3) sandy deposit formed from the 1930s-1980s, spanning 27 km in the alongshore direction, delineating the transport pathway for sediment bypassing offshore of the inlet on the shoreface. Bypassing connected the shorefaces of two barrier island systems, the Isles Dernieres and the Bayou Lafourche. The processes responsible for formation of this deposit are not well understood, but sediment-transport modeling suggests that sediment is transported primarily by wind-driven coastal currents during large storms and hurricanes. Deposition appears to be related to changes in shoreline orientation, closing of transport pathways into a large bay to the east and the presence of tidal inlets. This newly documented type of bypassing, an offshore bypassing of the inlet system, naturally nourished the immediate downdrift area, the eastern Isles Dernieres, where shoreface and shoreline erosion rates are about half of pre-bypassing rates. Erosion rates remained the same farther downdrift, where bypassing has not yet reached. As this offshore bypassing continues, the destruction of the Isles Dernieres will be slowed. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. US GEOL SURVEY,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701. RP Jaffe, BE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS-999,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Jaffe, Bruce/A-9979-2012 OI Jaffe, Bruce/0000-0002-8816-5920 NR 49 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 136 IS 3-4 BP 131 EP 149 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(96)00050-3 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA WE372 UT WOS:A1997WE37200001 ER PT J AU Crovelli, RA AF Crovelli, RA TI Probabilistic and statistical relationships between number of vehicles and number of visitors at a geologic site in a national park SO MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE National Park Service; visitor use management; parking-lot size; Delicate Arch; probabilistic and statistical methodologies AB The National Park Service needs to establish in all of the national parks how large the parking lots should be in order to enjoy and preserve our natural resources, for example, in the Delicate Arch in the Arches National Park. Probabilistic and statistical relationships were developed between the number of vehicles (N) at one time in the Wolfe Ranch parking lot and the number of visitors (X) al Delicate Arch 1.5 miles away in the Arches National Park, southeastern Utah, The value of N is determined such that 30 or more visitors are at the arch only 10% of the time. RP Crovelli, RA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 939,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0882-8121 J9 MATH GEOL JI Math. Geol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 29 IS 1 BP 173 EP 182 DI 10.1007/BF02769624 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Geology; Mathematics GA WH733 UT WOS:A1997WH73300008 ER PT B AU Stein, HJ Markey, RJ Morgan, JW Hannah, JL Zak, K Sundblad, K AF Stein, HJ Markey, RJ Morgan, JW Hannah, JL Zak, K Sundblad, K BE Papunen, H TI Re-Os dating of shear-hosted Au deposits using molybdenite SO MINERAL DEPOSITS: RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION, WHERE DO THEY MEET? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Biennial SGA Meeting on Mineral Deposits - Research and Exploration: Where do They Meet CY AUG 11-13, 1997 CL TURKU, FINLAND SP Acad Finland, BHP Minerals Int Explorat Ltd, Finnair, Geol Soc Finland, Geol Soc Sweden, Geol Survey Finland, Int Geol Correlat Programme, Outokumpu Mining Oy, City Turku, Soc Econ Geologists, Soc Geol Appl Mineral Deposits, Terra Mining Oy, Univ Turku AB Molybdenite is a common accessory mineral in shear-hosted Au deposits. To test the Re-Os molybdenite chronometer in structurally and thermally complex localities, we have selected three important Au-Mo deposits in large scale shear structures. These are the Kasperske Hory deposit in the Bohemian Massif (Czech Republic), the Ridgeway and Haile deposits in the Carolina Slate Belt (southeastern USA), and the Antoinette deposit in the southwestern part of the Fennoscandian Shield (southeast Norway). The Re-Os chronometer in molybdenite, unlike most other chronometers, does not appear to be disturbed by subsequent regional metamorphic events. In addition to directly dating the time of Au-Mo deposition, the Re-Os method should prove useful in untangling structurally complex geologic terranes. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Stein, HJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RI Zak, Karel/I-8802-2014 NR 0 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-889-4 PY 1997 BP 313 EP 317 PG 5 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA BK51A UT WOS:000072399400080 ER PT B AU Chaffee, MA Eppinger, RG Lason, K Slosarz, J Podemski, M AF Chaffee, MA Eppinger, RG Lason, K Slosarz, J Podemski, M BE Papunen, H TI A geological, alteration and geochemical model of the Myszkow porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, southern Poland SO MINERAL DEPOSITS: RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION, WHERE DO THEY MEET? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Biennial SGA Meeting on Mineral Deposits - Research and Exploration: Where do They Meet CY AUG 11-13, 1997 CL TURKU, FINLAND SP Acad Finland, BHP Minerals Int Explorat Ltd, Finnair, Geol Soc Finland, Geol Soc Sweden, Geol Survey Finland, Int Geol Correlat Programme, Outokumpu Mining Oy, City Turku, Soc Econ Geologists, Soc Geol Appl Mineral Deposits, Terra Mining Oy, Univ Turku AB Porphyry copper mineralization occurs in a number of localities in south-central Poland within a poorly defined belt of Paleozoic rocks. The Myszkow copper-molybdenum deposit is hosted in a complex of early Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks that were intruded in the late Paleozoic by a predominantly granodioritic pluton. New isotopic dating indicates that the deposit formed in Late Carboniferous time (290-305 Ma). The deposit is strongly enriched in copper,molybdenum, and tungsten but contains only low concentrations of gold and other ore-related elements. Anomalous distributions of molybdenum and tungsten closely coincide spatially with the causative stock, whereas the distribution of anomalous copper does not. Alteration representing the potassic zone of a typical porphyry copper deposit is dominant. The effects of weathering are minor and no supergene enrichment zone is present. The tectonic setting and structural style of veining are typical of most calc-alkaline porphyry copper deposits. Unusual features at Myszkow include the high concentrations of tungsten, the oblong shape of the overall deposit, and the late Paleozoic (Variscan) age. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Chaffee, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-889-4 PY 1997 BP 851 EP 854 PG 4 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA BK51A UT WOS:000072399400215 ER PT B AU Gray, JE AF Gray, JE BE Papunen, H TI Environmental geochemistry: Mercury speciation, and effects to surrounding ecosystems of a belt of mercury deposits and abandoned mercury mines in southwestern Alaska, USA SO MINERAL DEPOSITS: RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION, WHERE DO THEY MEET? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Biennial SGA Meeting on Mineral Deposits - Research and Exploration: Where do They Meet CY AUG 11-13, 1997 CL TURKU, FINLAND SP Acad Finland, BHP Minerals Int Explorat Ltd, Finnair, Geol Soc Finland, Geol Soc Sweden, Geol Survey Finland, Int Geol Correlat Programme, Outokumpu Mining Oy, City Turku, Soc Econ Geologists, Soc Geol Appl Mineral Deposits, Terra Mining Oy, Univ Turku AB Mercury-rich deposits and abandoned mercury mines are scattered over several thousand square kilometers in southwestern Alaska, USA. Stream-sediment, stream-water, and fish collected downstream from mercury mines contain highly elevated mercury concentrations when compared to that in corresponding samples collected from background sites. Stream-sediment samples collected near mines contain abundant cinnabar and as much as 5,000 ppm mercury. Generally, mercury concentrations in collected stream-water samples are below the 2.0 ppb drinking-water standard recommended by the State of Alaska. Mercury concentrations are much higher in unfiltered streamwater samples than in filtered water samples, indicating that suspended particles transport most of the mercury. Speciation studies indicate that methylmercury in stream-sediment and stream-water samples is low, generally less than 1 percent of the total mercury. Greater than 90 percent of the total mercury in the fish is methylmercury, which is typical of freshwater fish. However, all mercury concentrations in fish are below the 1.0 ppm (wet weight) action level for edible fish recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Gray, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-889-4 PY 1997 BP 899 EP 902 PG 4 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA BK51A UT WOS:000072399400227 ER PT B AU Tasker, GD AF Tasker, GD BE Scott, DW TI Estimating magnitude and frequency of flood peaks at ungaged sites using regression SO MINING AND MODELING MASSIVE DATA SETS IN SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND BUSINESS WITH A SUBTHEME IN ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS SE COMPUTING SCIENCE AND STATISTICS (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th Symposium on the Interface between Computing Science and Statistics CY MAY 14-17, 1997 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Univ Texas M D Anderson Cancer Ctr, Univ Texas Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Public Hlth, W M Keck Ctr Computational Biol ID REGIONAL HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS; DISTRIBUTIONS; APPRAISAL; MODEL AB A common hydrologic problem is the estimation of the magnitude and frequency of floods at sites where no flood data are available. An approach to the solution of this problem is to develop a group of regression equations relating specific quantile estimates, such as the 0.5, 0.2, 0.1, 0.04, 0.02, and 0.01 probability of exceedence peak flows, determined at gaged sites, to a set of physiographic and climatic watershed characteristics, such as drainage area, basin slope, and mean annual precipitation. Generalized least squares (GLS) regression is used to account for differences in record length and the spatial correlation structure of sample estimates at the gaged sites for each individual equation. Then the variables and error terms for these equations are transformed to a ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model by multiplying by a square root of the inverse of the GLS covariance matrix of error terms. Seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) is used to estimate the final regression parameters for the group of equations when there are significant correlations in the error terms of independently estimated regression equations and the explanatory variables are not the same for each equation. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Tasker, GD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 430 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTERFACE FOUNDATION NORTH AMERICA PI FAIRFAX PA PO BOX 7460, FAIRFAX, VA 22039-7460 USA BN 1-886658-04-8 J9 COMP SCI STAT PY 1997 VL 29 IS 1 BP 106 EP 111 PG 6 WC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied; Statistics & Probability SC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BM60M UT WOS:000079222400027 ER PT S AU Paillet, FL Morin, RH AF Paillet, FL Morin, RH BE McCann, DM Eddleston, M Fenning, PJ Reeves, GM TI Hydraulic tomography in fractured bedrock aquifers using high-resolution borehole flowmeter measurements SO MODERN GEOPHYSICS IN ENGINEERING GEOLOGY SE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENGINEERING GEOLOGY SPECIAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual Conference of the Engineering-Group of the Geological-Society on Modern Geophysics in Engineering Geology CY SEP 12-15, 1994 CL UNIV LIEGE, LIEGE, BELGIUM SP Geol Soc, Engn Grp HO UNIV LIEGE AB Geophysical soundings and tomographs can provide two-and sometimes three-dimensional images of the structure of fractured rock masses, but regions of anomalous geophysical properties are only indirectly related to the hydraulic properties of rocks. Hydraulic tomography based on cross-borehole flow tests cannot rigidly constrain all possible fracture flow connections, but such tests provide direct measurements of hydraulic connections between boreholes. The combination of how tomographs based on high-resolution flowmeter measurements and conventional geophysical tomography can provide information about the hydraulic connections and large-scale how paths that cannot be obtained by either method alone. The effectiveness of this combination of flowmeter and geophysical measurements is illustrated by results obtained in cross-borehole flow measurements at Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, and a hydraulic fracture experiment near Boulder, Colorado. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Paillet, FL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 403,DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC PUBLISHING HOUSE PI BATH PA UNIT 7, BRASSMILL ENTERPRISE CTR, BRASSMILL LANE, BATH BA1 3JN, AVON, ENGLAND SN 0267-9914 BN 1-897799-92-6 J9 GEOL SOC ENG GEOL SP PY 1997 IS 12 BP 267 EP 272 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BK30Q UT WOS:000071738100023 ER PT S AU Eganhouse, RP AF Eganhouse, RP BE Eganhouse, RP TI Molecular markers and environmental organic geochemistry: An overview SO MOLECULAR MARKERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on the Application of Molecular Markers in Environmental Geochemistry, at the 212th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 25-29, 1996 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Environm Chem Inc, Amer Chem Soc, Div Geochem Inc ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; COASTAL WATERS; ALPHA-HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE; LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; MARINE-ENVIRONMENT; SEWAGE SLUDGES; URBAN SEWAGE; OIL-SPILL RP Eganhouse, RP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 12201 SUNRISE VALLEY DR, RESTON, VA 20192 USA. NR 85 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3518-X J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1997 VL 671 BP 1 EP 20 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Chemistry; Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BJ87C UT WOS:A1997BJ87C00001 ER PT S AU Takada, H Satoh, F Bothner, MH Tripp, BW Johnson, CG Farrington, JW AF Takada, H Satoh, F Bothner, MH Tripp, BW Johnson, CG Farrington, JW BE Eganhouse, RP TI Anthropogenic molecular markers: Tools to identify the sources and transport pathways of pollutants SO MOLECULAR MARKERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on the Application of Molecular Markers in Environmental Geochemistry, at the 212th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 25-29, 1996 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Environm Chem Inc, Amer Chem Soc, Div Geochem Inc ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; LINEAR ALKYLBENZENES LABS; LONG-CHAIN ALKYLBENZENES; RESOLUTION PCB ANALYSIS; TOKYO BAY SEDIMENTS; PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; CONGENERS; OCEAN AB The activities of modem civilization have released to the oceans wide variety of both mobilized natural compounds and synthetic compounds not found prior to modem times. Many of these compounds provide a means of identifying sources of inputs and pathways of movement of chemicals through oceanic ecosystems and serve as molecular markers of human activities. a coastal ocean (Tokyo Bay) and a deep ocean (Deep Water Dump Site 106 in the Western North Atlantic Ocean) example are presented. In the deep ocean study, the correlation between potential sewage marker, i.e. linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) concentrations indicates a contribution of sewage sludge PCBs to the dump site sediments. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA. WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA. RP Takada, H (reprint author), TOKYO UNIV AGR & TECHNOL, FAC AGR, FUCHU, TOKYO 183, JAPAN. RI Takada, Hideshige/G-1096-2013 NR 44 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3518-X J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1997 VL 671 BP 178 EP 195 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Chemistry; Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BJ87C UT WOS:A1997BJ87C00012 ER PT S AU Fitzgerald, SA Steuer, JJ AF Fitzgerald, SA Steuer, JJ BE Eganhouse, RP TI Polychlorinated biphenyls as probes of biogeochemical processes in rivers SO MOLECULAR MARKERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on the Application of Molecular Markers in Environmental Geochemistry, at the 212th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 25-29, 1996 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Environm Chem Inc, Amer Chem Soc, Div Geochem Inc ID ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SEDIMENTS; ACCUMULATION; SORPTION; KINETICS; MODEL; WATER; PCBS AB A field study was conducted to investigate the use of PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) congener and homolog assemblages as tracers of biogeochemical processes in the Milwaukee and Manitowoc Rivers in southeastern Wisconsin from 1993 to 1995. PCB congeners in the dissolved and suspended particle phases, along with various algal indicators (algal carbon and pigments), were quantitated in the water seasonally. In addition, PCB congener assemblages were determined seasonally in surficial bed sediments. Biogeochemical processes investigated included: determination of the source of suspended particles and bottom sediments by comparison with known Aroclor mixtures, water-solid partitioning, and algal uptake of PCBs. Seasonal differences among the PCB assemblages were observed mainly in the dissolved phase, somewhat less in the suspended particulate phase, and not at all in the bed sediments. RP Fitzgerald, SA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 6417 NORMANDY LANE, MADISON, WI 53719 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3518-X J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1997 VL 671 BP 382 EP 397 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Chemistry; Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BJ87C UT WOS:A1997BJ87C00025 ER PT S AU Furlong, ET Koleis, JC Aiken, GR AF Furlong, ET Koleis, JC Aiken, GR BE Eganhouse, RP TI Transport and degradation of semivolatile hydrocarbons in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer, Bemidji, Minnesota SO MOLECULAR MARKERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on the Application of Molecular Markers in Environmental Geochemistry, at the 212th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 25-29, 1996 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Environm Chem Inc, Amer Chem Soc, Div Geochem Inc ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; NATURAL ORGANIC-MATTER; CRUDE-OIL; GRAVEL AQUIFER; SHALLOW SAND; GROUNDWATER; SEDIMENTS; WATER; MACROMOLECULES; GEOCHEMISTRY AB Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were used as probes to identify the processes controlling the transport and fate of aqueous semivolatile hydrocarbons (SVHCs) in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer near Bemidji, Minnesota. PAH and other SVHCs were isolated from ground water by field solid-phase extraction and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Close to the oil body, aqueous aliphatic hydrocarbon compositions are substantially different from the parent oil, suggesting microbial alteration prior to or during dissolution. Aqueous PAH concentrations are elevated above oil-water equilibrium concentrations directly beneath the oil and decrease dramatically at distances ranging from the 25 to 65 m downgradient from the leading edge of the oil body. Variations in downgradient distributions of naphthalene, fluorene and phenanthrene, coupled with their biodegradation, partitioning and volatility characteristics, suggest that the PAH are useful probes for distinguishing between the biogeochemical processes affecting SVHC transport and persistence in ground water. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, NATL RES PROGRAM, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. RP Furlong, ET (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, NATL WATER QUAL LAB, 5293 WARD RD, ARVADA, CO 80002 USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603 NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3518-X J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1997 VL 671 BP 398 EP 412 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Chemistry; Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BJ87C UT WOS:A1997BJ87C00026 ER PT B AU Stumpf, RP Frayer, ML AF Stumpf, RP Frayer, ML BE Ackleson, SG Frouin, R TI Long time-series of turbid coastal water using AVHRR: An example from Florida Bay, USA SO OCEAN OPTICS XIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ocean Optics XIII CY OCT 22-25, 1996 CL HALIFAX, CANADA SP USN, Off Naval Res, NASA, Russian Acad Sci, Amer Geophys Union, Oceanog Soc, US, Amer Soc Limnol & Oceanog, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Canada, Def Res Estab Valcartier, Canada, Alliance Marine Remote Sensing, Canada DE AVHRR; attenuation; turbidity; time series; case II water; Florida Bay AB The AVHRR can provide information on the reflectance of turbid case II water, permitting examination of large estuaries and plumes from major rivers. The AVHRR has been onboard several NOAA satellites, with afternoon overpasses since 1981, offering a long time-series to examine changes in coastal water. We are using AVHRR data starting in December 1989 (with plans to extend the record backward), to examine water clarity in Florida Bay, which has undergone a decline since the late 1980's. The processing involves obtaining a nominal reflectance for red light (AVHRR channel 1 at 580-680 nm) with standard corrections including those for Rayleigh and aerosol path radiances. Established relationships between reflectance and the water properties being measured in the Bay provide estimates of diffuse attenuation and light limitation for phytoplankton and seagrass productivity studies. Processing also includes monthly averages of reflectance and attenuation. The AVHRR data set describes spatial and temporal patterns, including resuspension of bottom sediments in the winter, and changes in water clarity. The AVHRR also indicates that Florida Bay has much higher reflectivity relative to attenuation than other southeastern US estuaries. RP Stumpf, RP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CTR COASTAL GEOL,600 4TH ST S,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2367-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 2963 BP 796 EP 801 DI 10.1117/12.266402 PG 2 WC Oceanography; Optics SC Oceanography; Optics GA BH31C UT WOS:A1997BH31C00126 ER PT B AU Cheng, RT Wilmot, WL Galt, JA AF Cheng, RT Wilmot, WL Galt, JA GP IEEE TI A nowcast model for hazardous material spill prevention and response, San Francisco Bay, California SO OCEANS '97 MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 97 MTS/IEEE Conference CY OCT 06-09, 1997 CL HALIFAX, CANADA SP IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Marine Technol Soc AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) installed Physical Oceanography Real-Time System (PORTS) in San Francisco Bay, California to provide real-time observations of tides, tidal currents, and meteorological conditions. PORTS data are used for optimizing vessel operations and for increasing margin of safety for navigation. The real-time data are also used to guide hazardous material spill prevention and response. Furthermore, archived long-term field data are invaluable in other studies of San Francisco Bay ecosystem. Tides and tidal current patterns are quite complex in San Francisco Bay because the geometry and bathymetry of the bay are very complicated. Clearly, limited real-time observations are insufficient to resolve large spatial variabilities of tides and tidal currents in a complex tidal basin such as San Francisco Bay, California. A high-resolution, depth averaged numerical model has been implemented for the Bay. The numerical model has been expanded and modified to operate in a nowcast mode with which the numerical model continuously computes the tides and tidal currents every hour starting from 24 hours before the present time for a total of 48 hours simulation. Data assimilation techniques, which are common in numerical weather predictions, have been adapted to derive boundary conditions for the nowcasting model. The nowcast modeling system integrates emerging technologies used in PORTS for real-time data collection, nowcast numerical modeling techniques, and dissemination of real-time data and the nowcast model results through internet on the World Wide Web. Users can download the nowcasting results for tides and tidal current distributions in San Francisco Bay for their specific applications and/or for further analysis. RP Cheng, RT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 BN 0-7803-4108-2 PY 1997 BP 1442 EP 1447 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Acoustics; Engineering; Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BJ68T UT WOS:A1997BJ68T00254 ER PT J AU Homer, CG Ramsey, RD Edwards, TC Falconer, A AF Homer, CG Ramsey, RD Edwards, TC Falconer, A TI Landscape cover-type modeling using a multi-scene thematic mapper mosaic SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES AB Landscape ecological applications of remotely sensed data are needed over increasingly larger areas and at finer spatial scales. Within the framework of the National Biological Service Gap Analysis program, 36 Utah cover types were modeled from a state-wide Landsat TM mosaic created from 24 scenes at 30-metre resolution (219,883 sq km). The state was subset into three ecoregions for classification, with cover-type association to spectral classes defined using a two-step modeling approach. Steps included post-classification correlation of 1,758 state-wide field training sites to spectral classes, and post-classification ancillary GIS modeling using ecological parameters of elevation, slope, aspect, and location to further refine spectral classes representing multiple cover types. Thirty-four of 36 cover-type classes were totally or partially identified using digital modeling, with five of 36 classes requiring both digital and analog methods. This methodology provides a framework to optimize landscape remote sensing cover-type modeling using a multiple scene mosaic. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,USGS BIOL RESOURCES DIV,UTAH COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,LOGAN,UT 84322. RP Homer, CG (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOG & EARTH RESOURCES,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. RI Ramsey, R. Douglas/D-3504-2009 NR 29 TC 79 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 63 IS 1 BP 59 EP 67 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA WC714 UT WOS:A1997WC71400017 ER PT B AU Olsen, GH AF Olsen, GH BE Marx, KL Roston, MA TI Conservation and avian medicine SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 18TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery CY APR 27-29, 1997 CL CLINTON, MD SP Mid-Atlantic States Assoc Avian Vet C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Olsen, GH (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC AVIAN VETERINARIANS PI ORLANDO PA PO BOX 18372, ORLANDO, FL 32861 USA PY 1997 BP 100 EP 102 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ornithology; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Zoology; Veterinary Sciences GA BL23Z UT WOS:000074796800018 ER PT B AU Duwelius, RF AF Duwelius, RF GP PURDUE UNIV TI The hydrologic framework of northwestern Indiana: A background for planning remediation SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 51ST INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st Industrial Waste Conference CY MAY 06-08, 1996 CL PURDUE UNIV, W LAFAYETTE, IN SP Purdue Univ, Continuing Educ, Sch Civil Engn, Indiana Dept Environm Management, Indiana Dept Nat Resources, Indiana Environm Management Board, Purdue Univ, Indiana Pollut Prevent & Safe Mat Inst, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Indiana Sect, Amer Water Works Assoc, Indiana Sect, Indiana State Board Hlth, Indiana Stream Pollut Control Board, Indiana Water Pollut Control Assoc HO PURDUE UNIV RP Duwelius, RF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46278, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ANN ARBOR PRESS, INC PI CHELSEA PA 121 SOUTH MAIN STREET, CHELSEA, MI 48118 BN 1-57504-052-2 J9 PROC IND WASTE CONF PY 1997 BP 105 EP 114 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH42A UT WOS:A1997BH42A00012 ER PT B AU Twedt, DJ Brown, MW Nassar, JR AF Twedt, DJ Brown, MW Nassar, JR BE Eversole, AG TI Evaluation of a mallard HSI model for the lower Mississippi Valley SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-FIRST ANNUAL CONFERENCE - SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE AGENCIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st Annual Conference of the Southeastern-Association-of-Fish-and-Wildlife-Agencies CY OCT 04-08, 1997 CL OKLAHOMA CITY, OK SP SE Assoc Fish & Wildlife Agencies ID HABITAT AB We evaluated a habitat suitability (HSI) model developed for mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) wintering in the Lower Mississippi Valley by comparing mallard densities obtained from aerial surveys with habitat suitability indices derived from satellite imagery for 25, 256-km(2) sampling units. Regression models that related mallard densities to habitat suitability indices accounted for only 29% of the variability in the data and the 95% confidence interval of predicted mallard densities included zero for most habitat suitability indices evaluated. Thus, we conclude that the published HSI model is a poor predictor of wintering mallard density in the Lower Mississippi Valley. We suggest model revision to allow users to remotely obtain model inputs for habitat characteristics at landscape scales. Further, we suggest the model be revised to consider yearly variation in habitat and flood conditions that better reflect the ability of an area to support wintering mallards. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Mississippi Valley Res Field Stn, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. RP Twedt, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Mississippi Valley Res Field Stn, 2524 S Frontage Rd,Suite C, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION FISH & WILDLIFE AGENCIES (SEAFWA) PI TALLAHASSEE PA 8005 FRESHWATER FARMS RD, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32308 USA PY 1997 BP 319 EP 328 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Forestry; Zoology SC Fisheries; Forestry; Zoology GA BN40S UT WOS:000081833300041 ER PT B AU Leslie, DM Wood, GK Carter, TS AF Leslie, DM Wood, GK Carter, TS BE Eversole, AG TI Attributes of least tern colonies along the Arkansas River, Oklahoma SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-FIRST ANNUAL CONFERENCE - SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE AGENCIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st Annual Conference of the Southeastern-Association-of-Fish-and-Wildlife-Agencies CY OCT 04-08, 1997 CL OKLAHOMA CITY, OK SP SE Assoc Fish & Wildlife Agencies ID HABITAT; SUCCESS AB We investigated attributes of 5 colony sites of endangered least terns (Sterna antillarum athalassos) nesting on the Arkansas River from Tulsa to Muskogee, Oklahoma, in 1992 and 1993. We tested hypotheses that least terns selected areas to nest with the lowest amount and height of vegetation and nested near driftwood or similar debris. River flows prior to the nesting season in May 1993 scoured all sandbars, removing vegetation and increasing abundance of driftwood. Attributes of colony sites of nesting least terns varied substantially from one location to another. Distances from nests and random points to vegetation and driftwood varied among colony sites. Occurrence of driftwood at colony sites increased after floods in 1993, and least tem nests at 4 of 5 colony sites were significantly closer to driftwood than were random points inside a colony. Nests at all colony sites surveyed were situated on sandbars at maximal distances to the narrowest water barrier from shores of sandbars to the river bank. Our results suggest that river flows that elevate sandbars before the nesting season ultimately will enhance recovery of endangered least terns on the Arkansas River by reducing losses of nests to flooding, retarding establishment of vegetation, and increasing abundance of driftwood. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Leslie, DM (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION FISH & WILDLIFE AGENCIES (SEAFWA) PI TALLAHASSEE PA 8005 FRESHWATER FARMS RD, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32308 USA PY 1997 BP 467 EP 475 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Forestry; Zoology SC Fisheries; Forestry; Zoology GA BN40S UT WOS:000081833300055 ER PT B AU Corley, BA Fisher, WL Leslie, DM AF Corley, BA Fisher, WL Leslie, DM BE Eversole, AG TI Validation of the great blue heron HSI model Reproductive Index for the southcentral Great Plains SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-FIRST ANNUAL CONFERENCE - SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE AGENCIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st Annual Conference of the Southeastern-Association-of-Fish-and-Wildlife-Agencies CY OCT 04-08, 1997 CL OKLAHOMA CITY, OK SP SE Assoc Fish & Wildlife Agencies ID COLONIES AB We field-tested the Reproductive Index (RI) of the great blue heron (Ardea herodias) Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model in the southcentral Great Plains with the aid of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. From January 1993 through May 1993, populations of great blue herons in 18 rookeries located throughout Oklahoma were monitored, and GIS was used to evaluate data on rookery habitat structure and surrounding landscape features. Eighteen rookeries were classified as potential nest sites and RI ratings were determined for each rookery according to model criteria. The RI identified only 3 (17%) of the 18 rookeries as suitable habitat for reproduction. After modifying the RI using habitat and landscape data from the 18 rookeries in Oklahoma, the RI more reliably characterized the habitat suitability of rookeries in the southcentral Great Plains. However, it was not significantly related to initial size of the rookery population or its size at the end of the breeding season. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ft Myers, FL 33913 USA. RP Corley, BA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1660 Chamberlin Pkwy,Suite 8663, Ft Myers, FL 33913 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION FISH & WILDLIFE AGENCIES (SEAFWA) PI TALLAHASSEE PA 8005 FRESHWATER FARMS RD, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32308 USA PY 1997 BP 476 EP 488 PG 3 WC Fisheries; Forestry; Zoology SC Fisheries; Forestry; Zoology GA BN40S UT WOS:000081833300056 ER PT B AU Rohrbacher, RJ AF Rohrbacher, RJ BE Damberger, HH Godwin, P TI Coal resource assessments using coal availability and recoverability methods SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ILLINOIS MINING INSTITUTE - 1996 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 104th Annual Meeting of the Illinois-Mining-Institute CY SEP 26-27, 1996 CL COLLINSVILLE, IL SP Illinois Min Inst RP Rohrbacher, RJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ILLINOIS MINING INST PI CHAMPAIGN PA 203 NATURAL RESOURCES BLDG, EAST PEABODY DR, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 PY 1997 BP 64 EP 77 PG 14 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA BH87R UT WOS:A1997BH87R00006 ER PT S AU Collett, TS Ginsburg, GD AF Collett, TS Ginsburg, GD BE Chung, JS Das, BM Matsui, T Thiel, H TI Gas hydrates in the Messoyakha gas field of the west Siberian basin - A re-examination of the geologic evidence SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH (1997) INTERNATIONAL OFFSHORE AND POLAR ENGINEERING CONFERENCE, VOL I, 1997 SE International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE-97) CY MAY 25-30, 1997 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Int Soc Offshore & Polar Engineers DE gas hydrates; natural gas; West Siberia; Russia; resources AB The amount of natural gas within the gas hydrate accumulations of the world is believed to greatly exceed the volume of known conventional natural gas reserves. The hydrocarbon production history of the Russian Messoyakha field, located in the West Siberian Basin, has been used as evidence that gas hydrates are an immediate source of natural gas that can be produced by conventional means. Re-examination of available geologic, geochemical, and hydrocarbon production data suggests, however, that gas hydrates may not have contributed to gas production in the Messoyakha field. More field and laboratory studies are needed to assess the historical contribution of gas hydrate production in the Messoyakha field. RP Collett, TS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, BOX 25046, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OFFSHORE& POLAR ENGINEERS PI CUPERTINO PA PO BOX 189, CUPERTINO, CA 95015-0189 USA SN 1098-6189 BN 1-880653-29-X J9 INT OFFSHORE POLAR E PY 1997 BP 96 EP 103 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Petroleum SC Engineering GA BJ14B UT WOS:A1997BJ14B00017 ER PT S AU Smith, JG AF Smith, JG BE DeFelice, BJ TI Future publication plans of the US Geological Survey: Paper plans, electronic dreams SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTY-FIRST MEETING OF THE GEOSCIENCE INFORMATION SOCIETY: EXPANDING BOUNDARIES: GEOSCIENCE INFORMATION FOR EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOSCIENCE INFORMATION SOCIETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st Meeting of the Geoscience-Information-Society on Expanding Boundaries - Geoscience Information for Earth System Science CY OCT 28-31, 1996 CL DENVER, CO SP Geosci Informat Soc AB The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is a large publisher of books and maps. Unusual factors influence its publication policies: USGS publications are not copyrighted; anyone may reproduce USGS data. Money from book sales goes to the U.S. Treasury, reducing incentives for large press runs and reprinting ''best sellers,'' and encouraging less expensive ways of releasing information. The Administration and Congress encourage Federal Agencies to distribute data and publications online. National Mapping, Water Resources, and Geologic Divisions are presently developing plans for product redesign and for streamlining information and publication processing. However, issues such as archiving and version control of electronic documents remain largely unaddressed. The National Biological Service joined the USGS as the Biological Resources Division in October 1996, bringing its own publication issues. Trends are clear, while details remain uncertain, but the future USGS will move toward the following: 1) Consolidate existing formal publication series. 2) Disseminate electronic versions of paper products (for example, a Professional Paper available in Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) or recast in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) for World Wide Web (Web) distribution). 3) Distribute many books and maps using print-on-demand technologies to fill customer orders and make files available on the Web for on-site printing. 4) Publish purely electronic documents to save printing costs, speed delivery, and facilitate updates. For now, management is still requiring initial paper publication before electronic replicas or mimics. 5) Distribute information electronically that cannot be printed or that is unwanted in paper form (for example, video fly-through animation of Mount Rainier, Wash. eruption scenarios or a spatial data base used to generate a complex geologic map). 6) Distribute more information via the Web without series title, version number, etc. (for example, near real-time stream-flow data; periodically updated statements of status and recent activity for Long Valley Caldera, California; computer-generated, near realtime, earthquake-epicenter maps). 7) Allow mass customization of products (for example, users access Water Resource Division's stream-flow data on the Web, select a particular stream gage, time interval, and tabular or graphic output to create a customized data set before downloading). RP Smith, JG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,VOLCANO HAZARDS PROGRAM,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOSCIENCE INFORMATION SOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302 SN 0072-1409 BN 0-934485-28-3 J9 P GEOS INF PY 1997 VL 27 BP 37 EP 44 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BJ75R UT WOS:A1997BJ75R00007 ER PT S AU Blome, CD Wardlaw, BR AF Blome, CD Wardlaw, BR BE DeFelice, BJ TI The new USGS Geologic Names Committee: Looking toward the future SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTY-FIRST MEETING OF THE GEOSCIENCE INFORMATION SOCIETY: EXPANDING BOUNDARIES: GEOSCIENCE INFORMATION FOR EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOSCIENCE INFORMATION SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 31st Meeting of the Geoscience-Information-Society on Expanding Boundaries - Geoscience Information for Earth System Science CY OCT 28-31, 1996 CL DENVER, CO SP Geosci Informat Soc RP Blome, CD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 913,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOSCIENCE INFORMATION SOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302 SN 0072-1409 BN 0-934485-28-3 J9 P GEOS INF PY 1997 VL 27 BP 79 EP 79 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BJ75R UT WOS:A1997BJ75R00011 ER PT J AU Rach, JJ Schreier, TM Howe, GE Redman, SD AF Rach, JJ Schreier, TM Howe, GE Redman, SD TI Effect of species, life stage, and water temperature on the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide to fish SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article AB Hydrogen peroxide is a drug of low regulatory priority status that is effective in treating fish and fish eggs infected by fungi. However, only limited information is available to guide fish culturists in administering hydrogen peroxide to diseased fish. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine (1) the sensitivity of brown trout Salmo trutta, lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, fathead minnow Pimephales promelas, walleye Stizostedion vitreum, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, and bluegill Lepomis, machrochirus to hydrogen peroxide treatments; (2) the sensitivity of various life stages of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to hydrogen peroxide treatments; and (3) the effect of water temperature on the acute toxicity of hydrogen peroxide to three fish species. Fish were exposed to hydrogen peroxide concentrations ranging from 100 to 5,000 mu L/L (ppm) for 15-min or 45-min treatments every other day for four consecutive treatments to determine the sensitivity of various species and life stages of fish. Except for walleye, most species of fish tested (less than or equal to 2 g) tolerated hydrogen peroxide of 1,000 mu L/L or greater. Walleyes were sensitive to hydrogen peroxide concentrations as low as 100 mu L/L. A correlation was found between the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide and the life stages of rainbow trout; larger fish were more sensitive. Generally, the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide increased for all species as water temperature increased. The results of these experiments demonstrate that it is important to consider the effects of species, life stage, and water temperature when conducting hydrogen peroxide treatments. RP Rach, JJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,UPPER MISSISSIPPI SCI CTR,POB 818,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. NR 14 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 59 IS 1 BP 41 EP 46 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0041:EOSLSA>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA WK787 UT WOS:A1997WK78700007 ER PT J AU Lemarie, DP Weller, DA Theisen, DD Woods, LC AF Lemarie, DP Weller, DA Theisen, DD Woods, LC TI Evaluation of an electronic fry counter with striped bass embryos and larvae SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article AB We evaluated an electronic fry counter (Jensorter, Inc., model FC-2) for accuracy, precision, and effects on embryo hatchability and larval survival of striped bass Morone saxatilis. Hatching success of embryos and 96-h survival of 5-d larvae passed through the counter did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from controls. Mean electronic counts of embryos and larvae differed from hand counts by -5.2% and -9.7%, respectively. Precision was estimated by the coefficient of variation of repeated counts and ranged as high as 4.43% for embryos and 8.62% for larvae. Site- and species-specific factors may have increased variability that resulted in the reduced levels of accuracy and precision. The advantages of greatly increased speed of counting and ease of use, as well as potentially better performance under other conditions, warrant further evaluation of this counter with other species and water supplies. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ANIM SCI,CRANE AQUACULTURE FACIL,BALTIMORE,MD 21203. RP Lemarie, DP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,LEETOWN SCI CTR,AQUAT ECOL LAB,1700 LEETOWN RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 59 IS 1 BP 71 EP 74 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0071:TNEOAE>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA WK787 UT WOS:A1997WK78700013 ER PT B AU Wangsness, DJ AF Wangsness, DJ BE Murphy, IL TI Design and implementation of the National Water-Quality Assessment program - A United States example - Understanding the limitations of using compliance-monitoring data to assess the water quality of a large river basin SO PROTECTING DANUBE RIVER BASIN RESOURCES: ENSURING ACCESS TO WATER QUALITY DATA AND INFORMATION SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SER 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on an International Data-Sharing Programme for the Effective Management of Danube River Basin Resources CY MAY 27-30, 1996 CL BUDAPEST, HUNGARY SP NATO DE United States Geological Survey; National Water-Quality Assessment; water quality monitoring; water quality data-sharing AB In the 1980s it was determined that existing ambient and compliance-monitoring data could not satisfactorily evaluate the results of hundreds of billions of dollars spent for water-pollution abatement in the United States. At the request of the US Congress, a new programme, the National Water-Quality Assessment, was designed and implemented by government agency, the US Geological Survey (USGS). The Assessment has reported status and trends in surface-and ground-water duality at national, regional, and local scales since 1991. The legislative basis for US monitoring and data-sharing policies are identified as well as the successive phases of tile design and implementation of the USGS Assessment. Application to the Danube Basin is suggested. Much of the water-quality monitoring conducted in the United States is designed to comply with Federal and State laws mandated primarily by the Clean Water Act of 1987 and the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1986. Monitoring programs generally focus on rivers upstream and downstream of point-source discharges and at water-supply intakes. Few data are available for aquifer systems, and chemical analyses are often limited to those constituents required by law. In most cases, the majority of the available chemical and streamflow data have provided the information necessary to meet the objectives of the compliance-monitoring programs, but do not necessarily provide the information required for basin-wide assessments of water quality at the local, regional, or national scale. RP Wangsness, DJ (reprint author), USGS,DIV WATER RESOURCES,PEACHTREE BUSINESS CTR,3039 AMWILER RD,SUITE 130,ATLANTA,GA 30360, USA. NR 0 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-4382-4 J9 NATO ASI 2 PY 1997 VL 24 BP 89 EP 103 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BJ51P UT WOS:A1997BJ51P00009 ER PT J AU Roeloffs, E Quilty, E AF Roeloffs, E Quilty, E TI Case 21: Water level and strain changes preceding and following the August 4, 1985 Kettleman Hills, California, earthquake SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE earthquakes; hydrogeology; earthquake prediction; crustal deformation; aquifers; earth tides; strain; hydraulic diffusivity ID FAULT; WELLS; TIDES AB Two of the four wells monitored near Parkfield, California, during 1985 showed water level rises beginning three days before the M(w) 6.1 Kettleman Hills earthquake. In one of these wells, the 3.0 cm rise was nearly unique in five years of water level data. However, in the other well, which showed a 3.8 cm rise, many other changes of comparable size have been observed. Both wells that did not display pre-earthquake rises tap partially confined aquifers that cannot sustain pressure changes due to tectonic strain having periods longer than several days. We evaluate the effect of partial aquifer confinement on the ability of these four wells to display water level changes in response to aquifer strain. Although the vertical hydraulic diffusivities cannot be determined uniquely, we can find a value of diffusivity for each site that is consistent with the site's tidal and barometric responses as well as with the rate of partial recovery of the coseismic water level drops. Furthermore, the diffusivity for one well is high enough to explain why the preseismic rise could not have been detected there. For the fourth well, the diffusivity is high enough to have reduced the size of the preseismic signal as much as 50%, although it should still have been detectable. Imperfect confinement cannot explain the persistent water level changes in the two partially confined aquifers, but it does show that they were not due to volume strain. The pre-earthquake water level rises may have been precursors to the Kettleman Hills earthquake. If so, they probably were not caused by accelerating slip over the part of the fault plane that ruptured in that earthquake because they are of opposite sign to the observed coseismic water level drops. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Roeloffs, E (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,5400 MACARTHUR BLDG,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. NR 23 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 3 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA PO BOX 133 KLOSTERBERG 23, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 149 IS 1 BP 21 EP 60 DI 10.1007/BF00945160 PG 40 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WP079 UT WOS:A1997WP07900004 ER PT J AU Kossobokov, VG Healy, JH Dewey, JW AF Kossobokov, VG Healy, JH Dewey, JW TI Testing an earthquake prediction algorithm SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE intermediate-term earthquake prediction; prediction algorithms; testing and evaluating hypothesis; null hypothesis ID M8 AB A test to evaluate earthquake prediction algorithms is being applied to a Russian algorithm known as M8. The M8 algorithm makes intermediate term predictions for earthquakes to occur in a large circle, based on integral counts of transient seismicity in the circle. In a retroactive prediction for the period January 1, 1985 to July 1, 1991 the algorithm as configured for the forward test would have predicted eight of ten strong earthquakes in the test area. A null hypothesis, based on random assignment of predictions, predicts eight earthquakes in 2.87% of the trials. The forward test began July 1, 1991 and will run through December 31, 1997. As of July 1, 1995, the algorithm had forward predicted five out of nine earthquakes in the test area, which success ratio would have been achieved in 53% of random trials with the null hypothesis. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Kossobokov, VG (reprint author), RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INT INST EARTHQUAKE PREDICT THEORY & MATH GEOPHYS,MOSCOW,RUSSIA. NR 13 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA PO BOX 133 KLOSTERBERG 23, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 149 IS 1 BP 219 EP 232 DI 10.1007/BF00945168 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WP079 UT WOS:A1997WP07900012 ER PT J AU Bradbury, JP AF Bradbury, JP TI Sources of glacial moisture in Mesoamerica SO QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL MEXICO; LAKE VALENCIA; PLEISTOCENE; PALEOENVIRONMENTS; FLUCTUATIONS; VENEZUELA; RECORD; CHALCO; BASIN AB Paleoclimatic records from Mesoamerica document the interplay between Atlantic and Pacific sources of precipitation during the last glacial stage and Holocene. Today, and throughout much of the Holocene, the entire region receives its principal moisture in the summer from an interaction of easterly trade winds with the equatorial calms. Glacial records from sites east of 95 degrees W in Guatemala, Florida, northern Venezuela and Colombia record dry conditions before 12 ka, however. West of 95 degrees W, glacial conditions were moister than in the Holocene. For example, pollen and diatom data show that Lake Patzcuaro in the central Mexican highlands was cool, deep and fresh during this time and fossil pinyon needles in packrat middens in Chihuahua, Sonora, Arizona, and Texas indicate cooler glacial climates with increased winter precipitation. Cold Gulf of Mexico sea-surface temperatures and reduced strength of the equatorial calms can explain arid full and late glacial environments east of 95 degrees W whereas an intensified pattern of winter, westerly air flow dominated hydrologic balances as far south as 20 degrees N. Overall cooler temperatures may have increased effective moisture levels during dry summer months in both areas. (C) 1997 INQUA/Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Bradbury, JP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 980,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 33 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1040-6182 J9 QUATERN INT JI Quat. Int. PY 1997 VL 43-4 BP 97 EP 110 DI 10.1016/S1040-6182(97)00025-6 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA YV755 UT WOS:000071859700013 ER PT J AU Bradbury, JP AF Bradbury, JP TI A diatom record of climate and hydrology for the past 200 ka from Owens Lake, California with comparison to other great basin records SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID EASTERN SIERRA-NEVADA; DEVILS-HOLE; VEGETATION; SEDIMENTS; CHRONOLOGY; LACUSTRINE; MINERALS; PLIOCENE; MAXIMUM; CALCITE AB Diatoms from lake sediments beneath Owens Lake playa, Inyo County, California, document a nearly continuous paleolimnological record of climate and hydrologic change since the penultimate glacial-interglacial cycle based on a chronology established by radiocarbon, tephrochronology, and paleomagnetic control. Freshwater planktic diatoms (especially species of Stephanodiscus), plagioclase feldspar-rich sediments with high magnetic susceptibility, and Juniperus-type pollen characterized the penultimate glaciation at Owens Lake. Saline diatoms dominated in the following interglacial period, and there are several episodes during which freshwater planktic diatoms became abundant between 100 and 50 ka that may represent interstadial climatic conditions. Saline diatoms fell to low values after 50 ka, but warm-season Aulacoseira species indicate episodes of significant summer precipitation in the hydrologic balance of Owens Lake prior to the last glacial maximum. By 25 ka, glacial environments were again characterized by abundant Juniperus, plagioclase feldspar, and Stephanodiscus species. Generally arid Holocene climates were recorded in Owens Lake by short-term fluctuations of saline and freshwater diatoms, desiccation, and oolitic sediments barren of diatoms. Comparison to paleoclimate records both noah and south of Owens Lake suggest a southerly displacement of storm tracks originating from the Aleutian Low during glacial episodes. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Bradbury, JP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 919,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 71 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 203 EP 219 DI 10.1016/S0277-3791(96)00054-6 PG 17 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA WR233 UT WOS:A1997WR23300005 ER PT J AU Hostetler, SW Clark, PU AF Hostetler, SW Clark, PU TI Climatic controls of western US glaciers at the last glacial maximum SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; PALEOCLIMATIC IMPLICATIONS; EQUILIBRIUM-LINE; SENSITIVITY; MOUNTAINS; CORALS; MODEL; AGES AB We use a nested atmospheric modeling strategy to simulate precipitation and temperature of the western United States 18,000 years ago (18 ka). The high resolution of the nested model allows us to isolate the regional structure of summer temperature and winter precipitation that is crucial to determination of the net mass balance of late-Pleistocene mountain glaciers in this region of diverse topography and climate. Modeling results suggest that climatic controls of these glaciers varied significantly over the western U.S. Glaciers in the northern Rocky Mountains existed under relatively cold July temperatures and low winter accumulation, reflecting anticyclonic, easterly wind flow off the Laurentide Ice Sheet. In contrast, glaciers that existed under relatively warmer and wetter conditions are located along the Pacific coast south of Oregon, where enhanced westerlies delivered higher precipitation than at present. Between these two groupings lie glaciers that were controlled by a mix of cold and wet conditions attributed to the cold air from the ice sheet and moisture derived from the westerlies. Sensitivity tests suggest that, for our simulated 18 ka climate, many of the glaciers exhibit a variable response to climate but were generally more sensitive to changes in temperature than to changes in precipitation, particularly those glaciers in central Idaho and the Yellowstone Plateau. Our results support arguments that temperature depression generally played a larger role in lowering equilibrium line altitudes in the western U.S. during the last glacial maximum than did increased precipitation, although the magnitude of temperature depression required for steady-state mass balance varied from 8-18 degrees C. Only the Sierra Nevada glaciers required a substantial increase in precipitation to achieve steady-state mass balance, while glaciers in the Cascade Range existed with decreased precipitation. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. NR 44 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PY 1997 VL 16 IS 6 BP 505 EP 511 DI 10.1016/S0277-3791(96)00116-3 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA XL386 UT WOS:A1997XL38600003 ER PT J AU Lyons, PC Zodrow, EL Millay, MA Dolby, G Gillis, KS Cross, AT AF Lyons, PC Zodrow, EL Millay, MA Dolby, G Gillis, KS Cross, AT TI Coal-ball floras of Maritime Canada and palynology of the Foord seam: Geologic, paleobotanical and paleoecological implications SO REVIEW OF PALAEOBOTANY AND PALYNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Walter A Bell Memorial Symposium on Euramerican Carboniferous Paleobotany and Coal Geology CY MAY 18-JUN 01, 1995 CL SYDNEY, CANADA ID NOVA-SCOTIA; LEPIDOSTROBUS; ENVIRONMENT; EURAMERICA; SYDNEY; AREA AB Coal balls in the Canadian Carboniferous System are known from the Clifton Formation (late Bolsovian) of New Brunswick and from the Foord seam (Stellarton Formation, late Bolsovian) of the Stellarton Basin of Nova Scotia. Coal balls from these two units are dominated by arborescent lycopods but ferns, seed ferns, calamiteans, and cordaiteans also occur. Baxter's list (Baxter, 1960) of coal-ball plants from New Brunswick is updated and these fossil plants are illustrated here for the first time on the basis of an examination of his peels. The palynomorphs and coal-ball plants of the Foord seam of the Stellarton Basin are illustrated and their paleoecology is discussed. Five genera of arborescent lycopods were present in the Foord swamp: Diaphorodendron, Paralycopodites, Lepidophloios, Sigillaria and Lepidodendron. The first three genera are represented in coal balls; the second two are also represented as compressions in the Foord seam; and all genera are represented in the spore assemblages from the Foord seam. The palynostratigraphy indicates that Sigillaria and Diaphorodendron were almost exclusively confined to the upper bench, whereas the other three genera were probably present in the Foord mire throughout its entire history. Palynomorphic changes in the Foord mire probably reflect gradual changes in wet and dry conditions. C1 UNIV COLL CAPE BRETON,SYDNEY,NS B1P 6L2,CANADA. OHIO UNIV SO CAMPUS,DEPT ENVIRONM & PLANT BIOL,IRONTON,OH 45638. NOVA SCOTIA DEPT NAT RESOURCES,STELLARTON,NS B0K 1S0,CANADA. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,E LANSING,MI 48824. RP Lyons, PC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,MS 956,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. NR 53 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0034-6667 J9 REV PALAEOBOT PALYNO JI Rev. Palaeobot. Palynology PD JAN PY 1997 VL 95 IS 1-4 BP 31 EP 50 DI 10.1016/S0034-6667(96)00026-7 PG 20 WC Plant Sciences; Paleontology SC Plant Sciences; Paleontology GA WG716 UT WOS:A1997WG71600004 ER PT J AU Lesnikowska, AD Willard, DA AF Lesnikowska, AD Willard, DA TI Two new species of Scolecopteris (Marattiales), sources of Torispora securis Balme and Thymospora thiessenii (Kosanke) Wilson et Venkatachala SO REVIEW OF PALAEOBOTANY AND PALYNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Walter A Bell Memorial Symposium on Euramerican Carboniferous Paleobotany and Coal Geology CY MAY 18-JUN 01, 1995 CL SYDNEY, CANADA ID COAL AB Two biostratigraphically significant miospore species, Thymospora thiessenii and Torispora securis, were isolated from marattialean synangia preserved in coal-bah permineralizations from Pennsylvanian strata of the Illinois Basin and Western Interior coal region. Synangia containing Thymospora thiessenii were recovered from the Missourian Parker Coal Member (Patoka Formation) of Indiana and are described here as Scolecopteris parkerensis Lesnikowska et Willard, sp. nov. The uniformly thin outer sporangial walls and broadly enclosing, hirsute pinnule margins place the species in the Latifolia group sensu Millay (1979). It is distinguished from the other species of the group by the size of the synangia, by the size and shape of the pinnules, by features of the pedicel and by the spores. Coal balls from the Desmoinesian Cliffland Coal Member (Kalo Formation) of Iowa yielded synangia producing two different spore types: a peripheral layer of spores with a distinct apical crassitude (Torispora securis) and interior spores assignable to Laevigatosporites globosus. The crassitude of Torispora is shown to be a structure distinct from the main spore body but is enclosed with it by the exine. The fructifications are described as Scolecopteris dispora Lesnikowska et Willard, sp. nov., which belongs to the Oliveri group sensu Millay (1979) on the basis of the uniformly thick outer sporangial wall and downturned, hairless pinnule margins. It is distinguished from the other members of the group by the large size of the synangia, the uniform histology of the outer sporangial walls, features of the pedicel, and by the spores. This is the first reported association of either of these spores with permineralized fructifications from coal. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 20192. UNIV ILLINOIS,URBANA,IL 61801. RP Lesnikowska, AD (reprint author), GEORGIA SOUTHWESTERN COLL,DEPT BIOL,AMERICUS,GA 31709, USA. NR 46 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0034-6667 J9 REV PALAEOBOT PALYNO JI Rev. Palaeobot. Palynology PD JAN PY 1997 VL 95 IS 1-4 BP 211 EP 225 DI 10.1016/S0034-6667(96)00035-8 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences; Paleontology SC Plant Sciences; Paleontology GA WG716 UT WOS:A1997WG71600013 ER PT J AU Wagner, RH Lyons, PC AF Wagner, RH Lyons, PC TI A critical analysis of the higher Pennsylvanian megafloras of the Appalachian region SO REVIEW OF PALAEOBOTANY AND PALYNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Walter A Bell Memorial Symposium on Euramerican Carboniferous Paleobotany and Coal Geology CY MAY 18-JUN 01, 1995 CL SYDNEY, CANADA DE megafloras; Appalachia; Pennsylvanian; Stephanian; Rotliegend; correlations ID SOUTH-WALES; BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AB Published records of Stephanian megafloras in eastern North America are critically reviewed and the results of personal investigations in the AppaIachian region are reported. This includes a partial revision of the lower Conemaugh flora of eastern Ohio reported by McComas (1988); selected elements of this flora are reported here. The megafloral records of this region are scattered, incomplete and of variable quality. Nevertheless, our analysis allows the conclusion that the succession in the Appalachian area hides a large stratigraphic gap, at the base of the Upper Pennsylvanian Series. This gap is in the same position and of similar magnitude to that below the Rotliegend of northwestern Europe. The highest Allegheny, below the gap, reaches a basal Cantabrian level at the Upper Freeport coal bed and perhaps already at the Upper Kittanning horizon. The lower Conemaugh, above this gap, belongs to the (upper?) Stephanian C. Thus, most of the Stephanian is missing in the Appalachian region. Analysis of the floral records in the Southern Anthracite held shows evidence of a similar gap. Megafloral data from the Narragansett basin are analysed, but are found insufficient for determining if there is a stratigraphic gap. Published data from the Maritime Provinces of Canada are used to suggest that the same pre-Rotliegend gap exists in this area. Recognition of this important regional unconformity in eastern North America, which is similar to that in the British Isles and throughout northwestern Europe, strengthens the view that the Appalachian region and the paralic coal belt of northwestern Europe constitute a single, major palaeogeographic area. Three new combinations are proposed: Lobatopteris pseudovestita (White) Wagner, comb. nov., L. tenuinervis (Fontaine et White) Wagner, comb. nov. and Mixoneura nervosa (Fontaine et White) Wagner et Lyons, comb. nov. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 20192. RP Wagner, RH (reprint author), JARDIN BOT CORDOBA,AVE LINNEO S-N,CORDOBA 14004,SPAIN. NR 68 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0034-6667 J9 REV PALAEOBOT PALYNO JI Rev. Palaeobot. Palynology PD JAN PY 1997 VL 95 IS 1-4 BP 255 EP 283 DI 10.1016/S0034-6667(96)00037-1 PG 29 WC Plant Sciences; Paleontology SC Plant Sciences; Paleontology GA WG716 UT WOS:A1997WG71600015 ER PT B AU McGarr, A Simpson, D AF McGarr, A Simpson, D BE Gibowicz, SJ Lasocki, S TI Keynote lecture: A broad look at induced and triggered seismicity SO ROCKBURSTS AND SEISMICITY IN MINES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Rockbursts and Seismicity in Mines CY AUG 11-14, 1997 CL KRAKOW, POLAND SP Polish Acad Sci, Inst Geophys, Univ Min & Met, Inst Geophys, Polish Acad Sci, Comm Geophys, Minist Educ, Poland, State Comm Sci Res, Poland, Natl Fund Environm Protect & Water Management, Univ Min Krakow, Tech Univ Silesia Gliwice, ISRM Polish Natl Grp, KGHM Polska Miedz SA, Polish Oil & Gas Co SA, Stefan Batory Fdn AB In contrast to the poorly-understood processes that control natural tectonic earthquakes, there are numerous better-understood perturbations to the Earth's upper crust that also result in earthquakes. Many of these perturbations are due to human activities, including underground mining, reservoir impoundment, liquid injection and fluid extraction (e.g. hydrocarbon exploitation). Additionally, earthquakes themselves perturb the crust so as to stimulate other earthquakes or to suppress background seismicity. The causes of stimulated seismicity can be quantified in terms of at least one of the following: stress changes, pore pressure change, volume change and application or removal of a load. To illustrate these quantifications, we review a series of case histories that are intended to cover the spectrum of stimulated seismic activity from seismic events in deep hard-rock mines, for which cause and effect are well understood, to situations for which the relationship between stimulus and seismicity is tenuous, debatable or both. For each case, we classify the seismicity as either induced or triggered. The adjective "induced" applies to seismicity resulting from a substantial change in crustal stress or pore pressure from its ambient state; whereas "triggered" connotes a situation for which the crust is sufficiently close to failure state due to natural tectonic processes that only a small change in either stress or pore pressure stimulates earthquakes. For example, earthquakes due to deep, hard-rock mining operations are generally induced; whereas, those associated with reservoir impoundment are triggered. Generally the maximum magnitudes for induced earthquakes are determined largely by the scale of the causative activity and for triggered earthquakes by tectonic factors, such as preexisting fault segments or the thickness of the seismogenic upper crust. Lessons learned from one type of stimulated seismicity can provide insights that apply to other types of induced or triggered events as well as to natural tectonic earthquakes. Our understanding of how both artificial and natural perturbations to the Earth's crust control seismicity has an obvious practical importance in the exploitation of natural resources, as well as in forecasting seismic hazard associated with natural tectonic earthquakes. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP McGarr, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 6 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-890-8 PY 1997 BP 385 EP 396 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Geological; Geology; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Geology; Mining & Mineral Processing GA BK51H UT WOS:000072400300062 ER PT J AU Moscariello, A Costa, F AF Moscariello, A Costa, F TI The Upper Laacher See Tephra in Lake Geneva sediments: paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatological implications SO SCHWEIZERISCHE MINERALOGISCHE UND PETROGRAPHISCHE MITTEILUNGEN LA English DT Article DE sedimentology; geochemistry; tephra; glass shard; Late glacial; Lake Geneva ID YOUNGER DRYAS; FAROE-ISLANDS; ERUPTIONS; ATMOSPHERE; CHRONOLOGY; RECORD; FRANCE; SULFUR; YR; BP AB Microstratigraphical analysis of Late glacial lacustrine sediments from Geneva Bay provided evidence of a tephra layer within the upper Allerod biozone. The layer consists of alkali feldspar, quartz, plagioclase, amphibole, pyrex ene, opaques, titanite and glass shards. Electron microprobe analyses and morphological study of glass shards allowed correlation with the upper part of the Laacher See Tephra of the Laacher See volcano (Eifel Mountains, Germany). Sedimentological features of enclosing lacustrine sediments suggest that a momentary decrease in precipitation occurred in the catchment area and consequent reduction in detrital supply in the lake, after the ash fall-out. This has been interpreted as the environmental response to a momentary cooling following the Laacher See Tephra aerosols emission. Comparison with sedimentological features characterizing the Allerod-Younger Dryas transition highlights the sensitivity of Lake Geneva system in recording both short and long-terms climate-induced environmental changes. C1 UNIV GENEVA, SECT SCI TERRE, CH-1211 GENEVA 4, SWITZERLAND. US GEOL SURVEY, CENT REG GEOL HAZARDS TEAM, GOLDEN, CO 80401 USA. RI Costa, Fidel/B-7035-2011 OI Costa, Fidel/0000-0002-1409-5325 NR 55 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU STAUBLI VERLAG AG PI ZURICH PA POSTFACH 566, CH-8045 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 0036-7699 J9 SCHWEIZ MINER PETROG JI Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. PY 1997 VL 77 IS 2 BP 175 EP 185 PG 11 WC Geology; Mineralogy SC Geology; Mineralogy GA XR437 UT WOS:A1997XR43700005 ER PT J AU Collier, MP Webb, RH Andrews, ED AF Collier, MP Webb, RH Andrews, ED TI Experimental flooding in Grand Canyon SO SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN LA English DT Article ID COLORADO-RIVER; ARIZONA; FLOW C1 UNIV ARIZONA,TUCSON,AZ 85721. UNIV COLORADO,BOULDER,CO 80309. RP Collier, MP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 5 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU SCI AMERICAN INC PI NEW YORK PA 415 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0036-8733 J9 SCI AM JI Sci.Am. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 276 IS 1 BP 82 EP 89 PG 8 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VY022 UT WOS:A1997VY02200029 ER PT B AU Nehlsen, W AF Nehlsen, W BE Hall, JD Bisson, PA Gresswell, RE TI Restoration strategies for the Umpqua basin SO SEA-RUN CUTTHROAT TROUT: BIOLOGY, MANAGEMENT, AND FUTURE CONSERVATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sea-Run Cutthroat Trout CY OCT 12-14, 1995 CL REEDSPORT, OR SP Amer Fisheries Soc, OR Chapter, Amer Fisheries Soc, Humboldt Chapter, ArToday, CA Trout, CBSI, City of Reedsport, Clark-Skamania Fly Fishers, Dunes Family Hlth Care Inc, Federat Fly Fishers, Funk & Assoc, Humboldt State Univ, Int Paper Co, Lower Columbia Fly Fishers, McKenzie Flyfishers, N Coast Fly Fishers, NW Power Planning Council, OR Council Federat Fly Fishers, OR State Univ, OR Trout, PacifiCorp, Rainland Flycasters, Reedsport Sch Dist, Reedsport/Winchester Bay Chamber Commerce, Santiam Flycasters Inc, Sea-Run Cutthroat Coalition, Shelton-Turnbull, Printers, S Sound Fly Fishers, SO OR Fly Fishers, Pacific Rivers Council, Steamboaters, USDA Forest Serv, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Bureau Land Management, Fish & Wildlife Serv, Redwood Natl & St Pk, Weyerhaeuser Co AB There is very little information on the current distribution and abundance of sea-run cutthroat trout in the Umpqua River basin. In its 1994 status review, the National Marine Fisheries Service pointed out that this lack of information is a serious impediment to consecration and management of coastal cutthroat trout. With so Little information available, how can a freshwater habitat restoration strategy be crafted? In the face of such Limited information, the most sensible strategy is to take an ecosystem approach to aquatic restoration. The initial focus of an ecosystem approach is protection and restoration of areas that have relatively intact aquatic ecosystems and relatively good salmon productivity. This paper develops an ecosystem-based strategy for the Umpqua River basin, and concludes that an ecosystem approach provides a useful framework for identifying priority areas for protection and restoration. Such a strategy has a high likelihood of benefiting aquatic ecosystems and species of concern such as sea-run cutthroat trout. However, protecting and restoring the priority areas, although a necessary first step, is not sufficient to recover a migratory species such as the sea-run cutthroat trout, which depends on many habitats. C1 Pacific Rivers Council, Portland, OR 97205 USA. RP Nehlsen, W (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Oregon State Off, 2600 SE 98th Ave,Suite 100, Portland, OR 97266 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA BN 0-913235-99-7 PY 1997 BP 125 EP 128 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BM26R UT WOS:000078223100017 ER PT B AU Gresswell, RE Harding, RD AF Gresswell, RE Harding, RD BE Hall, JD Bisson, PA Gresswell, RE TI The role of special angling regulations in management of coastal cutthroat trout SO SEA-RUN CUTTHROAT TROUT: BIOLOGY, MANAGEMENT, AND FUTURE CONSERVATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sea-Run Cutthroat Trout CY OCT 12-14, 1995 CL REEDSPORT, OR SP Amer Fisheries Soc, OR Chapter, Amer Fisheries Soc, Humboldt Chapter, ArToday, CA Trout, CBSI, City of Reedsport, Clark-Skamania Fly Fishers, Dunes Family Hlth Care Inc, Federat Fly Fishers, Funk & Assoc, Humboldt State Univ, Int Paper Co, Lower Columbia Fly Fishers, McKenzie Flyfishers, N Coast Fly Fishers, NW Power Planning Council, OR Council Federat Fly Fishers, OR State Univ, OR Trout, PacifiCorp, Rainland Flycasters, Reedsport Sch Dist, Reedsport/Winchester Bay Chamber Commerce, Santiam Flycasters Inc, Sea-Run Cutthroat Coalition, Shelton-Turnbull, Printers, S Sound Fly Fishers, SO OR Fly Fishers, Pacific Rivers Council, Steamboaters, USDA Forest Serv, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Bureau Land Management, Fish & Wildlife Serv, Redwood Natl & St Pk, Weyerhaeuser Co AB Sea-run coastal cutthroat trout are vulnerable to overharvest by sport angling, and special angling regulations have often been proposed to maintain or rebuild naturally reproducing populations. These regulations include creel (number) limits, size limits, terminal-gear specifications, and season-length restrictions used either singly, or in combination, to reduce harvest. In most portions of the current range of the subspecies, harvest is governed by general angling regulations, but restrictions that are specific to sea-run cutthroat trout have been implemented in some areas. For numerous fishes (including several subspecies of cutthroat trout), size limits, in conjunction with a reduced creel limit, have been successful in reducing negative effects of overharvest, provided that (1) size structure of the population (both current and historical) and size distribution of angler-captured fish are monitored closely, and (2) mortality associated with hooking and handling is minimal. If a substantial proportion of anglers fish with bait, regulations that require the release of some fish may require a bait exclusion. Because coastal cutthroat trout have developed diverse life-histories, including complex migratory patterns, sportfishing regulations designed to limit harvest must provide protection for all life stages. Information concerning biological parameters such as (1) size and age at maturity, (2) growth rates, (3) age and length structure, (4) migratory behavior, and (5) exploitation and natural mortality rates greatly increases the probability that specific angling regulations will meet management objectives. Although harvest reduction is only one part of an integrated management program, evidence suggests that special regulations should probably be incorporated in efforts to maintain or rebuild populations of coastal cutthroat trout. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Gresswell, RE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 54 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA BN 0-913235-99-7 PY 1997 BP 151 EP 156 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BM26R UT WOS:000078223100024 ER PT B AU Connolly, PJ AF Connolly, PJ BE Hall, JD Bisson, PA Gresswell, RE TI Influence of stream characteristics and age-class interactions on populations of coastal cutthroat trout SO SEA-RUN CUTTHROAT TROUT: BIOLOGY, MANAGEMENT, AND FUTURE CONSERVATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Symposium on Sea-Run Cutthroat Trout CY OCT 12-14, 1995 CL REEDSPORT, OR SP Amer Fisheries Soc, OR Chapter, Amer Fisheries Soc, Humboldt Chapter, ArToday, CA Trout, CBSI, City of Reedsport, Clark-Skamania Fly Fishers, Dunes Family Hlth Care Inc, Federat Fly Fishers, Funk & Assoc, Humboldt State Univ, Int Paper Co, Lower Columbia Fly Fishers, McKenzie Flyfishers, N Coast Fly Fishers, NW Power Planning Council, OR Council Federat Fly Fishers, OR State Univ, OR Trout, PacifiCorp, Rainland Flycasters, Reedsport Sch Dist, Reedsport/Winchester Bay Chamber Commerce, Santiam Flycasters Inc, Sea-Run Cutthroat Coalition, Shelton-Turnbull, Printers, S Sound Fly Fishers, SO OR Fly Fishers, Pacific Rivers Council, Steamboaters, USDA Forest Serv, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Bureau Land Management, Fish & Wildlife Serv, Redwood Natl & St Pk, Weyerhaeuser Co C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605, Australia. RP Connolly, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605, Australia. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA BN 0-913235-99-7 PY 1997 BP 173 EP 174 PG 2 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BM26R UT WOS:000078223100029 ER PT B AU Borcherdt, RD AF Borcherdt, RD BE Frost, JD TI Spatial ground-motion amplification analysis SO SPATIAL ANALYSIS IN SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING SE GEOTECHNICAL SPECIAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference Session on Spatial Analysis in Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering / Geo-Logan 97 CY JUL 16-19, 1997 CL UTAH STATE UNIV, LOGAN, UT SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Geo Inst HO UTAH STATE UNIV AB Modern Geographic Information System (GIS) technology provides a powerful tool for the compilation, archival, analysis, and display of geographic earth science information necessary for spatial analyses of ground motion amplification. Geologic, seismic, and physical property data bases, as compiled in a GIS for the San Francisco Bay region, are used to illustrate the application of GIS to the preparation of predictive GIS maps of amplification capability for strong ground shaking. These maps are consistent with new provisions recently adopted for U.S. building codes. They are used in conjunction with predictive maps of ground shaking opportunity to prepare predictive maps of ground shaking potential. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Borcherdt, RD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0258-2 J9 GEOTECH SP PY 1997 IS 67 BP 56 EP 69 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Remote Sensing GA BK55F UT WOS:000072554300005 ER PT B AU Safak, E AF Safak, E BE Chang, FK TI New directions in seismic monitoring of multi-story buildings SO STRUCTURAL HEALT H MONITORING: CURRENT STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring CY SEP 18-20, 1997 CL STANFORD UNIV, STANFORD, CA SP USAF Off Sci Res, USA Res Off, Natl Sci Fdn HO STANFORD UNIV AB Seismic response of multi-story buildings has customarily been formulated as a vibration poblem in terms of mode shapes, modal frequencies, damping ratios, and participation factors. The same problem can also be formulated as a wave propagation problem in terms of wave travel times, and reflection and transmission coefficients. When compared to the vibration approach, the wave propagation approach is simpler, more accurate, and can account for the energy absorbtion by the soil layers under the foundation. It also provides better tools for identification and damage detection from vibration records, and allows utilization of digital simulation software packages. The standard instrumentation schemes currently used to monitor the response of multi-story buildings to earthquakes do not provide the data necessary to study wave propagation in buildings. The U.S. Geological Survey is currently instrumenting two buildings in Southern California to investigate this problem. The buildings are being instrumented with multiple sensors at every floor, and will be supplemented with synchronized free field and downhole sensors in the near future. Records from these buildings will provide the crucial data to investigate wave propagation in buildings. C1 US Geol Survey, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Safak, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1711 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU TECHNOMIC PUBL CO INC PI LANCASTER PA 851 NEW HOLLAND AVE, BOX 3535, LANCASTER, PA 17604 USA BN 1-56676-605-2 PY 1997 BP 418 EP 429 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BP91G UT WOS:000086581600035 ER PT B AU Lee, WHK Shin, TC AF Lee, WHK Shin, TC BE Chang, FK TI Realtime seismic monitoring of buildings and bridges in Taiwan SO STRUCTURAL HEALT H MONITORING: CURRENT STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring CY SEP 18-20, 1997 CL STANFORD UNIV, STANFORD, CA SP USAF Off Sci Res, USA Res Off, Natl Sci Fdn HO STANFORD UNIV AB A realtime seismic monitoring system was designed using commercially available hardware components and software published by the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI) in collaboration with the Seismological Society of America (SSA). Since 1992, about 50 such systems were installed in selected buildings and bridges in Taiwan to monitor their structural health under strong ground motions caused by large earthquakes. During the past six years in operation, these systems performed extremely well and recorded hundreds of earthquakes with maximum ground motion exceeding the threshold level (usually set to be about 0.05 g in acceleration). We will present the monitoring results of a bridge in Taipei during a magnitude 6 earthquake located about 60 km away. This realtime monitoring system can be easily adapted for other applications and had been used for monitoring volcanoes, explosions, and missle flights, etc. worldwide. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Lee, WHK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 4 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU TECHNOMIC PUBL CO INC PI LANCASTER PA 851 NEW HOLLAND AVE, BOX 3535, LANCASTER, PA 17604 USA BN 1-56676-605-2 PY 1997 BP 777 EP 787 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BP91G UT WOS:000086581600064 ER PT J AU Choy, GL Zednik, J AF Choy, George L. Zednik, Jan TI THE RUPTURE PROCESS OF THE MANJIL, IRAN EARTHQUAKE OF 20 JUNE 1990 AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INTRAPLATE STRIKE-SLIP EARTHQUAKES SO STUDIA GEOPHYSICA ET GEODAETICA LA English DT Article ID RUDBAR-TAROM EARTHQUAKE; RADIATED SEISMIC ENERGY; SEISMOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS; TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE; PRELIMINARY FIELD; NW PERSIA; GDSN DATA; SEQUENCE; ATTENUATION; STRESS AB In terms of seismically radiated energy or moment release, the earthquake of 20 January 1990 in the Manjil Basin-Alborz Mountain region of Iran is the second largest strike-slip earthquake to have occurred in an intracontinental setting in the past decade. It caused enormous loss of life and the virtual destruction of several cities. Despite a very large meizoseismal area, the identification of the causative faults has been hampered by the lack of reliable earthquake locations and conflicting field reports of surface displacement. Using broadband data from global networks of digitally recording seismographs, we analyse broadband seismic waveforms to derive characteristics of the rupture process. Complexities in waveforms generated by the earthquake indicate that the main shock consisted of a tiny precursory subevent followed in the next 20 seconds by a series of four major subevents with depths ranging from 10 to 15 km. The focal mechanisms of the major subevents, which are predominantly strike-slip, have a common nodal plane striking about 285 degrees-295 degrees. Based on the coincidence of this strike with the dominant tectonic fabric of the region we presume that the EW striking planes are the fault planes. The first major subevent nucleated slightly south of the initial precursor. The second subevent occurred northwest of the initial precursor. The last two subevents moved progressively southeastward of the first subevent in a direction collinear with the predominant strike of the fault planes. The offsets in the relative locations and the temporal delays of the rupture subevents indicate heterogeneous distribution of fracture strength and the involvement of multiple faults. The spatial distribution of teleseismic aftershocks, which at first appears uncorrelated with meizoseismal contours, can be decomposed into stages. The initial activity, being within and on the periphery of the rupture zone, correlates in shape and length with meizoseismal lines. In the second stage of activity the aftershock zone expands and appears to cluster about the geomorphic and geologic features several tens of kilometres from the rupture zone. The activity is interpreted as a regional response to quasistatic stress migration along zones of tectonic weakness. The radiated energy of the main shock and the estimate of seismic moment yields an apparent stress of 20 bars. High apparent stress may be typical of strike slip earthquakes occurring in intracontinental environments undergoing continental collision. C1 [Choy, George L.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80255 USA. [Zednik, Jan] Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Geophys, CR-14131 Prague 4, Czech Republic. RP Choy, GL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,MS 967, Denver, CO 80255 USA. EM choy@neis.cr.usgs.gov; jzd@ig.cas.cz RI Zednik, Jan/H-6390-2014 FU U.S.-Czech Science and Technology Program FX This research was supported by a grant from the U.S.-Czech Science and Technology Program. The authors gratefully acknowledge J. W. Dewey and W. Spence for reviews and valuable comments. The authors are also grateful for the encouragement and support of Axel Plesinger in pursuing the study of the Manjil earthquake. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0039-3169 EI 1573-1626 J9 STUD GEOPHYS GEOD JI Stud. Geophys. Geod. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 41 IS 1 BP 45 EP 63 DI 10.1023/A:1023336723587 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA V16PI UT WOS:000207881100004 ER PT B AU Campbell, DL Wynn, JC Box, SE Bookstrom, AA Horton, RJ AF Campbell, DL Wynn, JC Box, SE Bookstrom, AA Horton, RJ BE Bell, RS TI Tests of ground penetrating radar and induced polarization for mapping fluvial mine tailings on the floor of Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho SO SYMPOSIUM ON THE APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICS TO ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, VOLS 1 & 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP) CY MAR 23-26, 1997 CL JOHN ASCUAGAS NUGGET HOTEL, RENO, NV SP Environm & Engn Geophys Soc, ABEM Instrument AB, COLOG Inc, Geonics Ltd, Geophys Survey Syst Inc, Mt Sporis Instruments HO JOHN ASCUAGAS NUGGET HOTEL AB In order to investigate sequences of mine tailings that have settled in the bed of the Coeur d'Alene River, we improvised ways to make geophysical measurements on the river floor. To make ground penetrating radar (GPR) profiles, we mounted borehole antennas on a skid that was towed along the river bottom. To make induced polarization (IP) profiles, we devised a bottom streamer from a garden hose, Pb strips, and insulated wire. Both expedients worked well. GPR showed shallow stratigraphy, but did not directly detect the presence of contaminating metals. IP showed a zone of high chargeability that is probably due to pockets of relatively higher metal content. Neither method was able to define the base of the fluvial tailings section. C1 US Geol Survey, Mineral Resources Program, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Campbell, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mineral Resources Program, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI WHEAT RIDGE PA 10200 W 44TH AVE #304, WHEAT RIDGE, CO 80033 USA PY 1997 BP 81 EP 87 DI 10.4133/1.2922461 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Environmental Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK73B UT WOS:000073241900009 ER PT B AU Paillet, F AF Paillet, F BE Bell, RS TI Borehole geophysics used to characterize vertical fractures and their connections to bedding plane aquifers by dolomite SO SYMPOSIUM ON THE APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICS TO ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, VOLS 1 & 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP) CY MAR 23-26, 1997 CL JOHN ASCUAGAS NUGGET HOTEL, RENO, NV SP Environm & Engn Geophys Soc, ABEM Instrument AB, COLOG Inc, Geonics Ltd, Geophys Survey Syst Inc, Mt Sporis Instruments HO JOHN ASCUAGAS NUGGET HOTEL AB Geophysical logs in an array of six boreholes in argillaceous dolomite at a contamination site in northern Illinois intersect four aquifers: a shallow bedding plane fracture, a vertical fracture, and two deeper permeable beds. The vertical fracture aquifer appears to be representative of a set of such fractures dipping at about 85 degrees and striking approximately northeast. Cross-borehole flow measurement techniques are used to investigate the properties of the three horizontal aquifers, and to infer the character of the connection between the vertical fracture and the deeper horizontal aquifers. The data indicate that the vertical fracture and the shallow bedding plane have transmissivities nearly an order of magnitude greater than those of the two deeper horizontal aquifers in the vicinity of the point where they intersect boreholes. The data also indicate that the deeper aquifers are characterized by a storage coefficient of about 2x10(-5). The bedding plane and vertical fracture aquifers cannot be modeled as confined aquifers, although relatively large storage coefficient values characterize models that most closely approximate the variation of flow in the shallow bedding plane aquifer. The cross-borehole flow experiments suggest that the vertical fracture is hydraulically connected with the deeper horizontal fractures, but that fracture aperture decreases somewhat with depth. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Paillet, F (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,MS 403, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI WHEAT RIDGE PA 10200 W 44TH AVE #304, WHEAT RIDGE, CO 80033 USA PY 1997 BP 195 EP 203 DI 10.4133/1.2922389 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Environmental Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK73B UT WOS:000073241900020 ER PT B AU Lucius, JE Powers, MH AF Lucius, JE Powers, MH BE Bell, RS TI Multi-frequency GPR surveys SO SYMPOSIUM ON THE APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICS TO ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, VOLS 1 & 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP) CY MAR 23-26, 1997 CL JOHN ASCUAGAS NUGGET HOTEL, RENO, NV SP Environm & Engn Geophys Soc, ABEM Instrument AB, COLOG Inc, Geonics Ltd, Geophys Survey Syst Inc, Mt Sporis Instruments HO JOHN ASCUAGAS NUGGET HOTEL AB Ground penetrating radar (GPR) antenna selection must be based on specific survey objectives. The choice of antenna is primarily a compromise between resolution and depth of penetration. This paper briefly presents three case histories of multi-frequency GPR surveys that explain and illustrate how the antenna and the electromagnetic (EM) properties of the ground affect wavelength, loss mechanisms, far-field radiation, and the near-field. Changes in these parameters are important because they affect vertical and horizontal resolution, and depth of penetration. In general, when the depth of penetration is limited by conductive losses instead of scattering losses, changing to a lower-frequency antenna will not help in detecting shallow features, and may not help in detecting deeper features. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Lucius, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,DFC MS 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI WHEAT RIDGE PA 10200 W 44TH AVE #304, WHEAT RIDGE, CO 80033 USA PY 1997 BP 355 EP 364 DI 10.4133/1.2922408 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Environmental Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK73B UT WOS:000073241900036 ER PT B AU Cardinell, AP Daniel, CC AF Cardinell, AP Daniel, CC BE Bell, RS TI Application of multiple geophysical methods to hydrologic and environmental investigations at US Marine Corps installations in North Carolina SO SYMPOSIUM ON THE APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICS TO ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, VOLS 1 & 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP) CY MAR 23-26, 1997 CL JOHN ASCUAGAS NUGGET HOTEL, RENO, NV SP Environm & Engn Geophys Soc, ABEM Instrument AB, COLOG Inc, Geonics Ltd, Geophys Survey Syst Inc, Mt Sporis Instruments HO JOHN ASCUAGAS NUGGET HOTEL AB Hydrologic information for ongoing environmental studies at two U.S. Marine Corps Bases in the Coastal Plain Province of North Carolina was obtained by using a combination of high-resolution land seismic reflection, continuous marine seismic profiling, and borehole geophysics, that included vertical seismic profiling. The geometry of areas of missing confining units at the southern end of Cherry Point Marine Corps Air Station was mapped by using land seismic-reflection compressional (P) waves, marine seismic profiling, and borehole-geophysical and -lithologic data from mon than 100 water-supply and monitoring wells. The hydrogeologic framework at Camp Lejeune was mapped by using 100 miles of continuous single-channel, marine seismic-profiling data that were con elated with land-based borehole geophysical and lithologic data from 180 water-supply, monitoring, and stratigraphic test wells. These data are being used by both Marine Corps Bases to manage drinking-water supplies and plan investigations of hazardous-waste sites. C1 US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. RP Cardinell, AP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3916 Sunset Ridge Rd, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI WHEAT RIDGE PA 10200 W 44TH AVE #304, WHEAT RIDGE, CO 80033 USA PY 1997 BP 619 EP 634 DI 10.4133/1.2922438 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Environmental Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK73B UT WOS:000073241900064 ER PT B AU Bisdorf, RJ AF Bisdorf, RJ BE Bell, RS TI Electrical geophysical study over the Norman Landfill, near Norman, Oklahoma SO SYMPOSIUM ON THE APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICS TO ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, VOLS 1 & 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP) CY MAR 23-26, 1997 CL JOHN ASCUAGAS NUGGET HOTEL, RENO, NV SP Environm & Engn Geophys Soc, ABEM Instrument AB, COLOG Inc, Geonics Ltd, Geophys Survey Syst Inc, Mt Sporis Instruments HO JOHN ASCUAGAS NUGGET HOTEL AB In 1995 and 1996 the US Geological Survey made 40 Schlumberger de electrical resistivity soundings at the Norman Landfill, near Norman, Oklahoma. Interpretation of the resistivity data indicates that high resistivities (>300 ohm-m) are related to dry sand, intermediate resistivities (45-300 ohm-m) are related to freshwater saturated sand, and low resistivities (<45 ohm-m) are related to fine-grained materials or materials saturated with the conductive fluids. Interpreted resistivity maps show a low resistivity anomaly that extends from under the landfill to just past a nearby slough. This anomaly corresponds to known areas of ground water contamination. A resistivity cross section, constructed from interpreted Schlumberger soundings, shows that this low resistivity anomaly is about 5 m deep and up to 9 m thick. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Bisdorf, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI WHEAT RIDGE PA 10200 W 44TH AVE #304, WHEAT RIDGE, CO 80033 USA PY 1997 BP 657 EP + DI 10.4133/1.2922442 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Environmental Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK73B UT WOS:000073241900067 ER PT B AU Smith, BD Bisdorf, R Slack, LJ Mazzella, A AF Smith, BD Bisdorf, R Slack, LJ Mazzella, A BE Bell, RS TI Evaluation of electromagnetic mapping methods to delineate subsurface saline waters in the Brookhaven oil field, Mississippi SO SYMPOSIUM ON THE APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICS TO ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, VOLS 1 & 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP) CY MAR 23-26, 1997 CL JOHN ASCUAGAS NUGGET HOTEL, RENO, NV SP Environm & Engn Geophys Soc, ABEM Instrument AB, COLOG Inc, Geonics Ltd, Geophys Survey Syst Inc, Mt Sporis Instruments HO JOHN ASCUAGAS NUGGET HOTEL AB Hydrologic and geophysical studies of saline waters at the Brookhaven oil field (Mississippi) began in 1985. Past and present practices to dispose of brines produced with oil and gas poise an environmental risk to ground water resources, agriculture, and other land uses. At Brookhaven, there is an elevated total chloride content in shallow (<100m) water wells within the field. Background levels of total chloride in the region are around 20 milligrams per liter (mg/L), which is exceptionally fresh water in comparison to other oil producing areas, particularly in the western United States. Contamination in the oil field at some sites is several hundred mg/L chloride as determined from water well samples taken in the mid-1980s. The EPA funded a feasibility study that included a de resistivity survey which showed low resistivities in one area of known saline water contamination. Detailed electrical geophysical surveys are not possible due to numerous metallic features associated with oil production. In 1988 a helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) survey of the oil field was flown under contract to the USGS as part of an EPA funded research project. An interpreted resistivity map for a depth of 30m showed low resistivities associated with clays, shales, and saline waters near some of the abandoned brine disposal pits. In 1995 water wells were re-sampled and two areas of high changes in chloride content were found. Also in 1995, a new HEM survey was flown and new de resistivity soundings were made. Comparison of the ground and airborne survey along a profile where there has been a high change in chloride content shows good agreement for interpreted subsurface resistivities. The HEM survey shows greater detail than the ground measurements and suggests there may be local vertical migration of saline waters in areas where there has been a large increase in ground water chloride content. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Smith, BD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI WHEAT RIDGE PA 10200 W 44TH AVE #304, WHEAT RIDGE, CO 80033 USA PY 1997 BP 685 EP 693 DI 10.4133/1.2922445 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Environmental Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK73B UT WOS:000073241900070 ER PT S AU Lucchitta, BK Rosanova, CE AF Lucchitta, BK Rosanova, CE GP ESA TI Velocities of Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers, West Antarctica, from ERS-1 SAR images SO THIRD ERS SYMPOSIUM ON SPACE AT THE SERVICE OF OUR ENVIRONMENT, VOLS. II & III SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd ERS Symposium on Space at the Service of Our Environment CY MAR 14-21, 1997 CL FLORENCE, ITALY SP European Space Agcy AB Average velocities of Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers were measured for the time periods between 1992 and 1994 by tracking ice-surface patterns. Velocities of the central flow of the Pine Island Glacier range from 1.5 km/yr above the grounding line (separating the grounded from the floating parts of a glacier) to 2.8 km/yr near the terminus; velocities of the central Thwaites Glacier range from 2.2 km/yr above the grounding line to 3.4 km/yr at the limit of measurements an the tongue. Both glaciers show an increase in velocity of about 1 km/yr where they cross their grounding lines. The velocities derived from ERS-1 images are higher than those previously derived from Landsat images, perhaps reflecting acceleration of the glaciers. Both glaciers are exceptionally fast. The high velocities may be due to high precipitation rates over West Antarctica and the lack of a major buttressing ice shelf. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Lucchitta, BK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 9 PU EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY PI PARIS PA 8-10 RUE MARIO NIKIS, 75738 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-656-2 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 1997 VL 414 BP 819 EP 824 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL05P UT WOS:000074128900043 ER PT J AU Verschuren, D Marnell, LF AF Verschuren, D Marnell, LF TI Fossil zooplankton and the historical status of westslope cutthroat trout in a headwater lake of Glacier National Park, Montana SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ROCKY-MOUNTAIN LAKES; RESTING EGGS; CHAOBORUS DIPTERA; FISH POPULATIONS; FOREST FIRE; DAPHNIA; CLADOCERA; SEDIMENTS; COMMUNITY; PREDATION AB Surviving pure-strain populations of westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi in headwater lakes of Glacier National Park could play an important role in the managed recovery of regional cutthroat trout fisheries. However, uncertainty exists about whether native trout could have naturally invaded several park lakes where they now occur. This study used paleolimnological techniques to address the question of whether the population of native trout in Avalanche Lake is indigenous or became established through an undocumented introduction. The validity of using fossil diapause eggs (ephippia) of the fish-sensitive cladocerans Daphnia spp. as indicators for the historical presence of zooplanktivorous fish was tested with a survey of live zooplankton and corresponding surface-sediment fossil assemblages in eight Glacier Park lakes with and without trout. Analysis of a sediment core from Avalanche Lake dated by lead radioisotopes, historical wildfires, and a flood allowed reconstruction of zooplankton dynamics from about 1700 A.D. to the present. Fossil Daphnia ephippia were rare or absent in Avalanche Lake sediments deposited before 1910, suggesting intense zooplanktivory due to sustained presence of an indigenous population of native cutthroat trout. Fossil evidence for larger Daphnia populations in the 1930s and early 1940s revealed a temporary disturbance of the lake's normal food web interactions during which zooplanktivory was significantly reduced. This disturbance may have resulted from a collapse of the native trout population caused indirectly by failed attempts between 1915 and 1943 to stock Avalanche Lake with Yellowstone cutthroat trout O. clarki bouvieri. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,CTR SCI,W GLACIER,MT 59936. RP Verschuren, D (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,LIMNOL RES CTR,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455, USA. NR 82 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 126 IS 1 BP 21 EP 34 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0021:FZATHS>2.3.CO;2 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA WK869 UT WOS:A1997WK86900002 ER PT J AU OGorman, R Johannsson, OE Schneider, CP AF OGorman, R Johannsson, OE Schneider, CP TI Age and growth of alewives in the changing Pelagia of Lake Ontario, 1978-1992 SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES WATERS; ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; RAINBOW SMELT; ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES; PHOSPHORUS CONTROL; PREY FISHES; MICHIGAN; FOOD; DYNAMICS; ABUNDANCE AB We documented the age and growth of alewives Alosa pseudoharenqus in Lake Ontario during 1978-1992 and determined if growth was affected by intraspecific competition for epilimnetic zooplankton, lake temperature, or demand of salmonine piscivores for prey. Ages of juvenile alewives were determined from scales during 1978-1983, and ages of juvenile and adult alewives were determined from otoliths during 1984-1992. Indices of abundance for alewives were calculated from spring bottom trawl catches in 1978-1992; zooplankton density and epilimnetic temperature were monitored at two stations during 1981-1991; and salmonine demand each year during 1978-1992 was calculated with a simulation model. Although we encountered 11-year-old alewives, few fish lived longer than 7 years, and most fish in the population were younger than 6 years. Mean sizes at ages 1, 2, and 3 in spring averaged 93 mm (5.1 g), 133 mm (17 g), and 149 mm (22 g), but from age 3 to age 8, mean size increased by only 5-7 mm and 2-3 g per year. Female alewives lived longer than male alewives and were always longer than male alewives at age 4 and older. Epilimnetic temperatures were suitable for rapid growth of juvenile alewives each year. Lake temperature had the potential to affect growth of adults but adult growth was not correlated with temperature suitability indices perhaps because temperature regimes differed among lake regions and alewives were mobile. Growth of alewives was not correlated with salmonine demand for prey. Competition for zooplankton among the two youngest alewife cohorts affected growth of age-1 alewives. Zooplankton density declined sharply in 1986, and should it decline again, growth of age-1 alewives will slow, unless numbers of age-0 alewives fall. Whether growth of age-1 fish declines or numbers of age-0 fish fall, the result of another decline in zooplankton density will be a reduction in the production of alewives needed to support piscivores. C1 ENVIRONM CANADA,CANADA CTR INLAND WATERS,GREAT LAKES LAB FISHERIES & AQUAT SCI,BURLINGTON,ON L7R 4A6,CANADA. NEW YORK DEPT ENVIRONM CONSERVAT,CAPE VINCENT FISHERIES RES STN,CAPE VINCENT,NY 13618. RP OGorman, R (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,GREAT LAKES SCI CTR,LAKE ONTARIO BIOL STN,17 LAKE ST,OSWEGO,NY 13126, USA. NR 56 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 126 IS 1 BP 112 EP 126 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0112:AAGOAI>2.3.CO;2 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA WK869 UT WOS:A1997WK86900009 ER PT J AU Stafford, CP Haines, TA AF Stafford, CP Haines, TA TI Mercury concentrations in Maine sport fishes SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER; LAKES; ACCUMULATION; SIZE; BASS AB To assess mercury contamination of fish in Maine, fish were collected from 120 randomly selected lakes. The collection goal for each lake was five fish of the single most common sport fish species within the size range commonly harvested by anglers. Skinless, boneless fillets of fish from each lake were composited, homogenized, and analyzed for total mercury. The two most abundant species, brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu, were also analyzed individually. The composite fish analyses indicate high concentrations of mercury, particularly in large and long-lived nonsalmonid species. Chain pickerel Esox niger, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, and white perch Morone americana had the highest average mercury concentrations, and brook trout and yellow perch Perca flavescens had the lowest. The mean species composite mercury concentration was positively correlated with a factor incorporating the average size and age of the fish. Lakes containing fish with high mercury concentrations were not clustered near known industrial or population centers but were commonest in the area within 150 km of the seacoast, reflecting the geographical distribution of species that contained higher mercury concentrations. Stocked and wild brook trout were not different in length or weight, but wild fish were older and had higher mercury concentrations. Fish populations maintained by frequent introductions of hatchery-produced fish and subject to high angler exploitation rates may consist of younger fish with lower exposure to environmental mercury and thus contain lower concentrations than wild populations. C1 ORONO FIELD STN, LEETOWN SCI CTR, US GEOL SURVEY, ORONO, ME 04469 USA. RP Stafford, CP (reprint author), UNIV MAINE, DEPT ZOOL, 5751 MURRAY HALL, ORONO, ME 04469 USA. NR 33 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 5 U2 20 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 126 IS 1 BP 144 EP 152 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0144:MCIMSF>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA WK869 UT WOS:A1997WK86900012 ER PT J AU Johnson, JH Dropkin, DS Warkentine, BE Rachlin, JW Andrews, WD AF Johnson, JH Dropkin, DS Warkentine, BE Rachlin, JW Andrews, WD TI Food habits of Atlantic sturgeon off the central New Jersey coast SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID WHITE STURGEON; NORTH-AMERICA; RIVER AB Limited information exists on the marine diet of the Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinhcus. We examined the food habits of 275 Atlantic sturgeon (total length, 106-203 cm) caught in the commercial fishery off the coast of New Jersey. Stomachs were provided by fishermen. Significantly more stomachs were empty in the spring than in the fall. Sand and organic debris were a major component in the stomachs (26.3-75.4% by weight). Polycheates were the primary prey group consumed, although the isopod Politolana concharum was the most important individual prey eaten. Mollusks and fish contributed little to the diet. Some prey taxa (i.e., polychaetes, isopods, amphipods) exhibited seasonal variation in importance in the diet of Atlantic sturgeon. Identification of the offshore diet of Atlantic sturgeon is an important step in developing a better understanding of the life history requirements and marine ecology of this species. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCE DIV,RES & DEV LAB,WELLSBORO,PA 16901. SUNY,MARITIME COLL,DEPT SCI,BRONX,NY 10465. CUNY HERBERT H LEHMAN COLL,NAT & SOCIAL SCI DEPT,BRONX,NY 10468. NACOTE CREEK RES STN,NEW JERSEY DIV FISH GAME & WILDLIFE,PORT REPUBLIC,NJ 08241. RP Johnson, JH (reprint author), TUNISON LAB AQUAT SCI,US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCE DIV,3075 GRACIE RD,CORTLAND,NY 13045, USA. NR 15 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 126 IS 1 BP 166 EP 170 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0166:FHOASO>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA WK869 UT WOS:A1997WK86900016 ER PT J AU MacDonald, D AF MacDonald, D BE Wadsworth, KG TI The US fish and wildlife service/extension connection: A partnership in action SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-SECOND NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE: CONFERENCE THEME: FINDING COMMON GROUND IN UNCOMMON TIMES SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 62nd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference - Finding Common Ground in Uncommon Times CY MAR 14-18, 1997 CL WASHINGTON, DC RP MacDonald, D (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20240, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE PI WASHINGTON PA 1101 14TH STREET NW, SUITE 801, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 1997 BP 118 EP 122 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BJ46L UT WOS:A1997BJ46L00017 ER PT J AU Guynn, DE AF Guynn, DE BE Wadsworth, KG TI Miracle in Montana: Managing conflicts over private lands and public wildlife issues SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-SECOND NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE: CONFERENCE THEME: FINDING COMMON GROUND IN UNCOMMON TIMES SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 62nd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference - Finding Common Ground in Uncommon Times CY MAR 14-18, 1997 CL WASHINGTON, DC RP Guynn, DE (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,FT COLLINS,CO, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE PI WASHINGTON PA 1101 14TH STREET NW, SUITE 801, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 1997 BP 146 EP 154 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BJ46L UT WOS:A1997BJ46L00021 ER PT J AU Hays, RL AF Hays, RL BE Wadsworth, KG TI Beyond command and control SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-SECOND NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE: CONFERENCE THEME: FINDING COMMON GROUND IN UNCOMMON TIMES SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 62nd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference - Finding Common Ground in Uncommon Times CY MAR 14-18, 1997 CL WASHINGTON, DC RP Hays, RL (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,FED AID PROGRAM,FT COLLINS,CO, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE PI WASHINGTON PA 1101 14TH STREET NW, SUITE 801, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 1997 BP 164 EP 169 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BJ46L UT WOS:A1997BJ46L00024 ER PT S AU Morgenweck, RO AF Morgenweck, RO BE Wadsworth, KG TI Good management and benign neglect SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-SECOND NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE: CONFERENCE THEME: FINDING COMMON GROUND IN UNCOMMON TIMES SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 62nd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference - Finding Common Ground in Uncommon Times CY MAR 14-18, 1997 CL WASHINGTON, DC RP Morgenweck, RO (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE PI WASHINGTON PA 1101 14TH STREET NW, SUITE 801, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 1997 BP 176 EP 181 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BJ46L UT WOS:A1997BJ46L00026 ER PT S AU Sullivan, GL AF Sullivan, GL BE Wadsworth, KG TI Partnerships in practice: The fine line between success and failure SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-SECOND NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE: CONFERENCE THEME: FINDING COMMON GROUND IN UNCOMMON TIMES SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 62nd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference - Finding Common Ground in Uncommon Times CY MAR 14-18, 1997 CL WASHINGTON, DC RP Sullivan, GL (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,GREAT FALLS,MT, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE PI WASHINGTON PA 1101 14TH STREET NW, SUITE 801, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 1997 BP 194 EP 198 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BJ46L UT WOS:A1997BJ46L00028 ER PT S AU Angus, S AF Angus, S BE Wadsworth, KG TI The cultural audit process: A compelling new tool for fish and wildlife agencies in the nick of time SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-SECOND NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE: CONFERENCE THEME: FINDING COMMON GROUND IN UNCOMMON TIMES SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 62nd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference - Finding Common Ground in Uncommon Times CY MAR 14-18, 1997 CL WASHINGTON, DC RP Angus, S (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE TEAM,FT COLLINS,CO, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE PI WASHINGTON PA 1101 14TH STREET NW, SUITE 801, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 1997 BP 327 EP 339 PG 13 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BJ46L UT WOS:A1997BJ46L00040 ER PT S AU Johnson, FA Koneff, MD Anderson, MG Bailey, RO Baydack, RK Martin, TE Nelson, JW Ringelman, JK Rubec, C AF Johnson, FA Koneff, MD Anderson, MG Bailey, RO Baydack, RK Martin, TE Nelson, JW Ringelman, JK Rubec, C BE Wadsworth, KG TI Enhancing biological performance of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-SECOND NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE: CONFERENCE THEME: FINDING COMMON GROUND IN UNCOMMON TIMES SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 62nd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference - Finding Common Ground in Uncommon Times CY MAR 14-18, 1997 CL WASHINGTON, DC RP Johnson, FA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE PI WASHINGTON PA 1101 14TH STREET NW, SUITE 801, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 1997 BP 377 EP 385 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BJ46L UT WOS:A1997BJ46L00044 ER PT B AU Anthony, RM Stehn, RA Anderson, WH AF Anthony, RM Stehn, RA Anderson, WH GP ASPRS ASPRS TI Aerial videography for estimating goose populations staging in Izembek Lagoon, Alaska SO VIDEOGRAPHY AND COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY IN RESOURCE ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th Biennial Workshop on Videography and Color Photography in Resource Assessment CY APR 29-MAY 01, 1997 CL WESLACO, TX SP Amer Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, USDA Subtrop Agr Res Lab ID BRANT AB We conducted experimental photographic surveys of black brant and Canada geese in a pre-migration staging area on the Alaska Peninsula to compare the precision and efficiency of this technique to currently employed ocular estimates. Video and digital cameras sensitive to near infrared and visible radiation were tested at various altitudes and with lenses of different focal lengths. Using information from these tests, we constructed an artificial population of geese to determine sampling effort and efficiency of the technique. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Anthony, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM mike_anthony@nbs.gov; bander@umich.edu NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY & REMOTE SENSING PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LAND, SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA BN 1-57083-050-9 PY 1997 BP 289 EP 299 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Remote Sensing SC Agriculture; Forestry; Remote Sensing GA BM62X UT WOS:000079306700029 ER PT B AU Wood, EC Tappan, GG Mbaye, M AF Wood, EC Tappan, GG Mbaye, M GP ASPRS ASPRS TI Aerial videography for local and national natural resource management in Senegal SO VIDEOGRAPHY AND COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY IN RESOURCE ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th Biennial Workshop on Videography and Color Photography in Resource Assessment CY APR 29-MAY 01, 1997 CL WESLACO, TX SP Amer Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, USDA Subtrop Agr Res Lab AB Aerial videography was systematically collected over Senegal in 1994 as part of a long-term effort to monitor natural resources. The large-scale video images serve as an intermediate scale data collection platform, complementing extensive field work and satellite remote sensing analysis on biophysical and socioeconomic conditions. At the level of the village territory, the video image data were used as a new tool to supplement an information-gathering method called Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), a social science tool used in developing countries to efficiently gather indigenous knowledge about rural development issues. A village case study on the human dimensions of changing natural resources was conducted using a unique combination of traditional RRA techniques and aerial videography. Video image transects were interpreted with the aid of local villagers to evaluate current land use patterns and were used as a basis for discussions on how natural and agricultural resources have changed since the 1940's. The video images proved valuable for engaging the villagers in discussions,and they have high potential for helping to monitor changing natural resources at the village territory scale. At the national level, video transects flown over the west half of Senegal (which includes most of the country's agricultural region), were sampled to construct a detailed database on the distribution and abundance of a variety of natural resource management practices. The practices were then plotted on a map, providing insight into their spatial distribution in relation to land use and land cover information derived from Landsat image interpretations. C1 Hughes STX Corp, USGS EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Wood, EC (reprint author), Hughes STX Corp, USGS EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY & REMOTE SENSING PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LAND, SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA BN 1-57083-050-9 PY 1997 BP 382 EP 393 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Remote Sensing SC Agriculture; Forestry; Remote Sensing GA BM62X UT WOS:000079306700037 ER PT S AU Ingersoll, G Turk, J McClure, C Lawlor, S Clow, D Mast, A AF Ingersoll, G Turk, J McClure, C Lawlor, S Clow, D Mast, A GP CANADIAN GEOPHYS UNION CANADIAN GEOPHYS UNION CANADIAN GEOPHYS UNION TI Snowpack chemistry as an indicator of pollutant emission levels from motorized winter vehicles in Yellowstone National Park SO WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE, 65TH ANNUAL MEETING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Sessions on Hydrology and Snow, at 65th Annual Western Snow Conference / 54th Annual Eastern Snow Conference / 23rd Annual Meeting of the Canadian-Geophysical-Union CY MAY 04-08, 1997 CL BANFF, CANADA SP Canadian Geophys Union, Hydrol Sect, E Snow Conf, W Snow Conf AB Wintertime visitors to Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, consider scenery, wildlife, and clean air as three important qualities of their experience in the Park. Because the majority of winter visitors tour Yellowstone by motorized winter vehicles, and winter visitation has increased nearly tenfold since 1968, the effects of vehicle use are a growing concern for resource managers. The extent of effects on air quality and ecosystem health from increasing vehicular emissions throughout the Park is not fully understood. Snowpack chemistry provides a composite record of atmospheric deposition of airborne pollutants throughout winter. Pollutant levels from vehicular emissions inside the Park were characterized by snowmelt-chemical data from three sites at a variety of high-and low-traffic locations. At each site snow samples representing most of the annual snowpack were collected at an off-road site 20 m to 100 m from motorized-traffic routes, and at a site directly in snow-packed roadways used by over-snow vehicles. Snowmelt chemistries were compared between these three pairs of samples collected in-road and off-road to determine whether concentrations decreased with distance from the source. Concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate in snowmelt positively correlated with vehicle usage. Ammonium and sulfate levels were consistently higher for the in-road snow compared to off-road snow for each pair of sites, but nitrate concentrations did not decrease within a distance of 100 m from the emission source. This method demonstrates that snowpack chemistry can be used as a quantifiable indicator of airborne pollutants from vehicular traffic. A correlation was shown between pollutant levels and vehicle traffic. Additional results indicate the nitrate ion may be used to distinguish between local and regional emissions sources. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Ingersoll, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Mail Stop 415, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE PI PORTLAND PA PO BOX 2646, PORTLAND, OR 97208 USA SN 0161-0589 J9 P WEST SNOW CONF PY 1997 BP 103 EP 113 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA BK24L UT WOS:000071608400011 ER PT B AU Bissonette, JA AF Bissonette, JA BE Bissonette, JA TI Scale-sensitive ecological properties: Historical context, current meaning SO WILDLIFE AND LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY: EFFECTS OF PATTERN AND SCALE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual Meeting of the Wildlife-Society on Wildlife and Landscape Ecology - Effects of Pattern and Scale CY SEP, 1995 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Wildlife Soc RP Bissonette, JA (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,UTAH COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,US GEOL SURVEY,COLL NAT RESOURCES,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 0 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 BN 0-387-94789-2 PY 1997 BP 3 EP 31 PG 29 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BJ79L UT WOS:A1997BJ79L00001 ER PT B AU Hargis, CD Bissonette, JA David, JL AF Hargis, CD Bissonette, JA David, JL BE Bissonette, JA TI Understanding measures of landscape pattern SO WILDLIFE AND LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY: EFFECTS OF PATTERN AND SCALE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual Meeting of the Wildlife-Society on Wildlife and Landscape Ecology - Effects of Pattern and Scale CY SEP, 1995 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Wildlife Soc RP Hargis, CD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,ROCKY MT RES STN,SW FOREST SCI COMPLEX,2500 S PINE KNOLL DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 0 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 BN 0-387-94789-2 PY 1997 BP 231 EP 261 PG 31 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BJ79L UT WOS:A1997BJ79L00009 ER PT B AU Bissonette, JA Harrison, DJ Hargis, CD Chapin, TG AF Bissonette, JA Harrison, DJ Hargis, CD Chapin, TG BE Bissonette, JA TI The influence of spatial scale and scale-sensitive properties in habitat selection by American marten SO WILDLIFE AND LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY: EFFECTS OF PATTERN AND SCALE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual Meeting of the Wildlife-Society on Wildlife and Landscape Ecology - Effects of Pattern and Scale CY SEP, 1995 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Wildlife Soc RP Bissonette, JA (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,UTAH COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 0 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 BN 0-387-94789-2 PY 1997 BP 368 EP 385 PG 18 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BJ79L UT WOS:A1997BJ79L00015 ER PT B AU Busiahn, TR AF Busiahn, TR BE DItri, FM TI Ruffe control: A case study of an aquatic nuisance species control program SO ZEBRA MUSSELS AND AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Zebra Mussel and Other Aquatic Nuisance Species Conference CY MAR 05-07, 1996 CL DEARBORN, MI SP Michigan Sea Grant Coll Program, US Coast Guard, USA Corps Engineers, Detroit Edison Co, Canadian Coast Guard, Transport Canada Ship Safety, Calgon Corp, Ontario Hydro, Michigan Dept Nat Resources RP Busiahn, TR (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,2800 LAKE SHORE DR E,ASHLAND,WI 54806, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ANN ARBOR PRESS, INC PI CHELSEA PA 121 SOUTH MAIN STREET, CHELSEA, MI 48118 BN 1-57504-036-0 PY 1997 BP 69 EP 86 PG 18 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BJ34N UT WOS:A1997BJ34N00004 ER PT B AU Drees, LR AF Drees, LR BE DItri, FM TI The western zebra mussel task force SO ZEBRA MUSSELS AND AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Zebra Mussel and Other Aquatic Nuisance Species Conference CY MAR 05-07, 1996 CL DEARBORN, MI SP Michigan Sea Grant Coll Program, US Coast Guard, USA Corps Engineers, Detroit Edison Co, Canadian Coast Guard, Transport Canada Ship Safety, Calgon Corp, Ontario Hydro, Michigan Dept Nat Resources RP Drees, LR (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,315 HOUSTON ST,SUITE E,MANHATTAN,KS 66502, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ANN ARBOR PRESS, INC PI CHELSEA PA 121 SOUTH MAIN STREET, CHELSEA, MI 48118 BN 1-57504-036-0 PY 1997 BP 607 EP 610 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BJ34N UT WOS:A1997BJ34N00042 ER PT J AU Nelson, JT Gee, GF Slack, RD AF Nelson, JT Gee, GF Slack, RD TI Food consumption and retention time in captive whooping cranes (Grus americana) SO ZOO BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE digesta retention time; food consumption; food preference; Grus americana; whooping crane ID SANDHILL CRANES AB Food consumption, digesta retention time, and food preference were measured for captive whooping cranes fed pelleted diets. The basal commercial diet was compared to four mixtures containing 70% basal and 30% of one of four important winter foods for the whooping crane: blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), wolfberry fruit (Lycium carolinianum), live oak acorn (Quercus virginiana), or common Rangia clam (Rangia cuneata). Because captive birds would not eat whole foods, we were prevented from direct food preference tests. Food passed through the gut rapidly, with almost complete elimination within 7 hr. There was some indication that retention time was shorter for the low fiber and high ash and calcium clam diet. Cranes ate less wolfberry feed (g/day) than the other feeds, and all birds ate less wolfberry feed on the day it was first fed, compared to basal diet the previous day. Birds ate more low energy feed than high energy feed. Due to combined effects of low energy content: lower metabolizable energy coefficients, and reduced feed consumption, less energy was assimilated for study diets than basal diet. Apparent shorter retention times for some diets containing whooping crane foods may partly explain lower digestibilities and metabolizable energy of winter whooping crane foods compared to commercial crane diet. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 USGS,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,ENDANGERED SPECIES RES BRANCH,LAUREL,MD 20707. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT WILDLIFE & FISHERIES SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 11 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0733-3188 J9 ZOO BIOL JI Zoo Biol. PY 1997 VL 16 IS 6 BP 519 EP 531 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:6<519::AID-ZOO5>3.0.CO;2-D PG 13 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA YJ320 UT WOS:A1997YJ32000005 ER PT J AU Schweig, ES VanArsdale, RB AF Schweig, ES VanArsdale, RB TI Neotectonics of the upper Mississippi embayment SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Geology in the Lower Mississippi Valley - Implications for Engineering, the Half Century Since Fisk 1944 CY DEC 05-08, 1994 CL VICKSBURG, MS ID MADRID SEISMIC ZONE; CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; PREHISTORIC EARTHQUAKES; VALLEY EARTHQUAKES; REELFOOT RIFT; ORIGIN; MISSOURI; UPLIFT; FAULT AB Although the upper Mississippi embayment is an area of low relief the region has been subjected to tectonic influence throughout its history and continues to be so today. Tectonic activity can be recognized through seismicity patterns and geological indicators of activity, either those as a direct result of earthquakes, or longer term geomorphic, structural, and sedimentological signatures. The rate of seismic activity in the upper Mississippi embayment is generally lower than at the margins of tectonic plates; the embayment, however, is the most seismically active region east of the Rocky Mountains, with activity concentrated in the New Madrid seismic zone. This zone produced the very large New Madrid earthquakes of 1811 and 1812. Geological and geophysical evidence of neotectonic activity in the upper Mississippi embayment includes faulting in the Benton Hills and Thebes Gap in Missouri, paleoliquefaction in the Western Lowlands of Missouri, subsurface faulting beneath and tilting of Crowley's Ridge in northeastern Arkansas and southeastern Missouri, subsurface faulting along the Crittenden County fault zone near Memphis, Tennessee, faulting along the east flank of the Tiptonville dome, and numerous indicators of historic and prehistoric large earthquakes in the New Madrid seismic zone. Paleoearthquake studies in the New Madrid seismic zone have used trenching, seismic reflection, shallow coring, pedology, geomorphology, archaeology, and dendrochronology to identify and date faulting, deposits of liquefied sand, and areas of uplift and subsidence. The cause of today's relatively high rate of tectonic activity in the Mississippi embayment remains elusive. It is also not clear whether this activity rate is a short term phenomenon or has been constant over millions of years. Ongoing geodetic and geological studies should provide more insight as to the precise manner in which crustal strain is accumulating, and perhaps allow improved regional neotectonic models. RP Schweig, ES (reprint author), UNIV MEMPHIS,US GEOL SURVEY,MEMPHIS,TN 38152, USA. NR 102 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD DEC 30 PY 1996 VL 45 IS 1-4 BP 185 EP 203 DI 10.1016/S0013-7952(96)00013-0 PG 19 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA WE891 UT WOS:A1996WE89100011 ER PT J AU Starliper, CE AF Starliper, CE TI Genetic diversity of North American isolates of Renibacterium salmoninarum SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE genetic diversity; Renibacterium salmoninarum; electromorphs; multilocus enzyme electrophoresis; bacterial kidney disease ID MULTILOCUS ENZYME ELECTROPHORESIS; STARCH-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; BACTERIAL KIDNEY-DISEASE; POPULATION-GENETICS; CAUSATIVE AGENT; NOV AB Genetic diversity of Renibacterium salmoninarum was evaluated by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE). Whole cell lysates were prepared for 40 isolates representing 5 groups based on host and geographic area. Each lysate was assessed for activity of 44 enzymes with a pH 6.5 amine-citrate and a pH 8.0 buffer. Genetic variation was scored at 26 loci. Two zones of activity (presumptive loci) were scored each for esterase (EC 3.1.1.1) and glycyl-leucine peptidase (EC 3.4.11.x). There were no monomorphic loci and there was an average of 2.65 electromorphs per locus. There were 21 electrophoretic types. Mean genetic diversity (HT) was 0.161 and the percentage of this explained by diversity between groups was G(st),, = 8.1%; thus 91.9% of the genetic diversity was due to heterogeneity between individual isolates. The 2 groups with the highest genetic diversity were from chinook Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and coho O. kisutch salmon, both from the Manistee Weir, Michigan, USA; i.e. 0.270 and 0.298, respectively. The highest genetic diversity for a locus (h(T)) was 0.587 for EST-1. At this locus, diversity between groups explained a higher percentage of the total diversity (G(st) = 36.5%). Other loci with relatively high genetic diversity were succinate dehydrogenase (0.385; EC 1.3.99.1), cytochrome c oxidase (0.273; EC 1.9.3.1) and aconitase (0.311; EC 4.2.1.3). The results of this study indicate relatively low genetic diversity of R. salmoninarum. RP Starliper, CE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,LEETOWN SCI CTR,NATL FISH HLTH RES LAB,1700 LEETOWN RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 31 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD DEC 12 PY 1996 VL 27 IS 3 BP 207 EP 213 DI 10.3354/dao027207 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA WF910 UT WOS:A1996WF91000005 ER PT J AU Cipriano, RC Ford, LA Teska, JD Schachte, JH Petrie, C Novak, BM Flint, DE AF Cipriano, RC Ford, LA Teska, JD Schachte, JH Petrie, C Novak, BM Flint, DE TI Use of non-lethal procedures to detect and monitor Aeromonas salmonicida in potentially endangered or threatened populations of migrating and post-spawning salmon SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Aeromonas salmonicida; furunculosis; Non-lethal detection; mucus kidneys; Salmon salar; Oncorhynchus kisutch; O-tshawytscha ID ABERRANT STRAIN; FURUNCULOSIS; TROUT; SEA AB Non-lethal assay of mucus was assessed for detection of Aeromonas salmonicida among feral populations of salmon returning to the Salmon River (Altmar, NY, USA). A. salmonicida was isolated from returns of 2 year classes of coho Oncorhynchus kisutch and chinook O. tshawytscha salmon. Data suggested that non-lethal assay of mucus was comparable to standard lethal procedures used to detect and isolate A. salmonicida from kidney tissues. Non-lethal procedures were also used to detect A, salmonicida and monitor the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy for the control of furunculosis among valuable Atlantic salmon Salmo salar broodstock maintained at the Richard Cronin National Salmon Station (Sunderland, MA, USA). C1 NY STATE DEPT ENVIRONM CONSERVAT,FISH DIS CONTROL UNIT,ROME,NY 13440. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,RICHARD CRONIN NATL SALMON STN,SUNDERLAND,MA 01375. RP Cipriano, RC (reprint author), NATL BIOL SERV,NATL FISH HLTH RES LAB,1700 LEETOWN RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 20 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD DEC 12 PY 1996 VL 27 IS 3 BP 233 EP 236 DI 10.3354/dao027233 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA WF910 UT WOS:A1996WF91000008 ER PT J AU Dorbath, C Oppenheimer, D Amelung, F King, G AF Dorbath, C Oppenheimer, D Amelung, F King, G TI Seismic tomography and deformation modeling of the junction of the San Andreas and Calaveras faults SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID 3-DIMENSIONAL VELOCITY STRUCTURE; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; LOMA-PRIETA; COYOTE LAKE; EARTHQUAKE; REGION; SLIP; AFTERSHOCKS; LOCATIONS AB Local earthquake P traveltime data is inverted to obtain a three-dimensional tomographic image bf the region centered on the junction of the San Andreas and Calaveras faults. The resulting velocity model is then used to relocate more than 17,000 earthquakes and to produce 8 model of fault structure in the region. These faults serve as the basis for modeling the topography using elastic dislocation methods. The region is of interest because active faults join, it marks the transition zone from creeping to locked fault behavior on the San Andreas fault, it exhibits young topography, and it has a good spatial distribution of Seismicity. The tomographic data set is extensive, consisting of 1445 events, 96 stations, and nearly 95,000 travel time readings. Tomographic images are resolvable to depths of 12 km and show significant velocity contrasts across the San Andreas and Calaveras faults, a low-velocity zone associated with the creeping section of the San Andreas fault, and shallow low-velocity sediments in the southern Santa Clara valley and northern Salinas valley. Relocated earthquakes only occur where v(p)>5 km/s and indicate that portions of the San Andreas and Calaveras faults are non vertical, although we cannot completely exclude the possibility that all or part of this results from ray tracing problems. The new dips are more consistent with geological observations that dipping faults intersect the surface where surface traces have been mapped. The topographic modeling predicts extensive subsidence in regions characterized by shallow low-velocity material, presumably the result of recent sedimentation. Some details of the topography at the junction of the San Andreas and Calaveras faults are not consistent with the modeling results, suggesting that the current position of this ''triple junction'' has changed with time. The model also predicts those parts of the fault subject to contraction or extension perpendicular to the fault strike and hence the sense of any dip-sip component. In each locality the relative vertical motion accross the fault is consistent with the fault dips found with the new hypocentral locations. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. INST FRANCAIS RECH SCI DEV COOPERAT, ORSTOM, PARIS, FRANCE. RP Dorbath, C (reprint author), EOPG, URA 1356 CNRS, 5 RUE RENE DESCARTES, F-67084 STRASBOURG, FRANCE. RI Amelung, Falk/J-9042-2012 NR 37 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD DEC 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B12 BP 27917 EP 27941 DI 10.1029/96JB02092 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VX663 UT WOS:A1996VX66300019 ER PT J AU Kustas, WP Stannard, DI Allwine, KJ AF Kustas, WP Stannard, DI Allwine, KJ TI Variability in surface energy flux partitioning during Washita '92: Resulting effects on Penman-Monteith and Priestley-Taylor parameters SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMPROVED CAPACITANCE TECHNIQUE; TEMPERATE GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM; CANOPY STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; SOIL-MOISTURE MEASUREMENT; SENSIBLE HEAT; EVAPORATION; MODEL; FOREST; LEAF; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AB During the Washita '92 field experiment, the local surface energy balance was evaluated at four locations in the USDA-ARS Little Washita River Watershed near Chickasha, OK, using the Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB) approach, For any given day, differences in the partitioning of the available energy appeared to be mostly a function of the type of vegetation at the site, while the actual magnitude of the fluxes was mostly affected by cloud cover, The soil surface was initially wet, and gradually dried during the field experiment, However, there was not a corresponding decrease in the evaporative fraction, which would have indicated a decreasing contribution of soil evaporation to the total latent heat flux. Ground weather data indicated a large shift in the direction and magnitude of the surface winds, and a significant increase in air temperature and vapor pressure deficit. During this period, the evaporative fraction actually increased at two of the four sites. The response of the different sites to the changing near-surface atmospheric conditions was studied in more detail by evaluating the canopy resistance (r(c)) to evaporation using the Penman-Monteith equation and the Priestley-Taylor parameter (alpha), Midday averages of r(c) and (alpha) tended to decrease (increase) with increasing vapor pressure deficit for two of the sites while such a trend was not evident for the other two sites, Estimates of stomatal resistances indicated that significant plant physiological differences existed between the sites containing weedy vegetation versus the grasses at the pasture/rangeland sites. Even though soil moisture conditions were relatively wet, alpha was less than 1 at all sites and there was no trend in alpha as a function of surface soil moisture conditions, These findings suggest that vegetation types in mixed agricultural/rangeland ecosystems can have significantly different responses to similar atmospheric forcing conditions. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. PACIFIC NW LAB, DEPT ATMOSPHER SCI, RICHLAND, WA USA. RP Kustas, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 51 TC 34 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 82 IS 1-4 BP 171 EP 193 DI 10.1016/0168-1923(96)02334-9 PG 23 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VM085 UT WOS:A1996VM08500009 ER PT J AU James, WF Barko, JW Field, SJ AF James, WF Barko, JW Field, SJ TI Phosphorus mobilization from littoral sediments of an inlet region in Lake Delavan, Wisconsin SO ARCHIV FUR HYDROBIOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSION-COEFFICIENTS; PHOSPHATE RELEASE; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; WATER; PH; EXCHANGE; SHALLOW; IONS AB Rates of P release from littoral sediments of the inlet region of Lake Delavan, Wisconsin, were examined in the laboratory under different redox and pH regimes using sediment systems and also in situ using sediment peepers. In the laboratory, rates of P release from sediments increased about two-fold (i.e., to 7 mg m(-2) d(-1)) under oxic conditions as a result of adjusting the pH of the overlying water from 8.5 to about 9.0. Laboratory rates increased to a maximum of 23 mg m(-2) d(-1) under anoxic conditions. Both in situ pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) exhibited marked seasonal fluctuations due, primarily, to metabolism by submersed macrophytes, which occupied over 50% of the inlet region. Using continuous records of in situ pH and DO and ranges in rates of P release measured in the laboratory, we estimated an overall mean rate of P release of 5.7 mg m(-2) d(-1) from the littoral sediments during the summer (April-September) of 1994. Rates of P release estimated from Fickean diffusional fluxes were similar to rates estimated from pH and DO. Our results suggest that aquatic macrophyte communities of the inlet region enhance the mobilization of P from littoral sediment by regulating pH and DO in the surrounding environment. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MADISON,WI 53719. RP James, WF (reprint author), EAU GALLE AQUAT ECOL LAB,ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPT STN,SPRING VALLEY,WI 54767, USA. NR 32 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGS PI STUTTGART PA NAEGELE U OBERMILLER JOHANNESSTRASSE 3A, D 70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0003-9136 J9 ARCH HYDROBIOL JI Arch. Hydrobiol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 138 IS 2 BP 245 EP 257 PG 13 WC Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA VY761 UT WOS:A1996VY76100008 ER PT J AU Hatfield, JS Link, WA Dawson, DK Lindquist, EL AF Hatfield, JS Link, WA Dawson, DK Lindquist, EL TI Coexistence and community structure of tropical trees in a Hawaiian montane rain forest SO BIOTROPICA LA English DT Article DE Acacia koa; coexistence; competition; Hawaii; lottery model; Metrosideros polymorpha; montane rain forest ID NEOTROPICAL FOREST; CANOPY DIEBACK; LAVA FLOWS; DIVERSITY; METROSIDEROS; MAINTENANCE; DYNAMICS; REGENERATION; RECRUITMENT; COMPETITION AB We measured che diameter at breast height of all trees and shrubs greater than or equal to 5 meters in height, including standing dead trees, on 68 0.04-hectare study plots in a montane, subtropical rain forest on Mauna Loa, Hawai'i. The canopy species consisted of 88 percent Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) and 12 percent Acacia koa (koa). Negative associations were found between the densities of koa and ohia, the density of koa and the total basal area of ohia, and the total basal areas of koa and ohia. The two-species lottery competition model, a stochastic model in which the coexistence of two species in a space-limited community results from temporal variation in recruitment and death rates, predicts a quadratic-beta distribution for the proportion of space occupied by each species. A discrete version of the quadratic-beta distribution, the quadratic-beta binomial distribution, was fit to the live koa and ohia densities and assessed with goodness-of-fit tests. Likelihood ratio tests provided evidence that the mean adult death races of the two species were equal but that the relative competitive abilities of che two species favored ohia. These tests were corroborated by a contingency table analysis of death rates based on standing dead trees and growth rate studies which report that koa grows much faster than ohia. The lottery model predicts a positive covariance between death rates and ohia recruitment when mean death rates are equal and koa has a higher growth race than ohia. We argue that the competitive advantage of ohia is due to its superior dispersal ability into large gaps, which would yield the positive covariance described above, and ic is this positive covariance term chat skews the occupation of space in favor of ohia. C1 US FOREST SERV,SUPER NATL FOREST,DULUTH,MN 55801. RP Hatfield, JS (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,NATL BIOL SERV,11510 AMER HOLLY DR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 66 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU ASSOC TROPICAL BIOLOGY INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0006-3606 J9 BIOTROPICA JI Biotropica PD DEC PY 1996 VL 28 IS 4 BP 746 EP 758 DI 10.2307/2389061 PN B PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WG737 UT WOS:A1996WG73700015 ER PT J AU Catchings, RD Lee, WHK AF Catchings, RD Lee, WHK TI Shallow velocity structure and Poisson's ratio at the Tarzana, California, strong-motion accelerator site SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB The 17 January 1994, Northridge, California, earthquake produced strong ground shaking at the Cedar Hills Nursery (referred to here as the Tarzana site) within the city of Tarzana, California, approximately 6 km from the epicenter of the mainshock. Although the Tarzana site is on a hill and is a rock site, accelerations of approximately 1.78 g horizontally and 1.2 g vertically at the Tarzana site are among the highest ever instrumentally recorded for an earthquake. To investigate possible site effects al the Tarzana site, we used explosive-source seismic refraction data to determine the shallow (<70 m) P- and S-wave velocity structure. Our seismic velocity models for the Tarzana site indicate that the local velocity structure may have contributed significantly to the observed shaking. P-wave velocities range from 0.9 to 1.65 km/sec, and S-wave velocities range from 0.20 and 0.6 km/sec for the upper 70 m. We also found evidence for a local S-wave low-velocity zone (LVZ) beneath the tup sf the hill, The LVZ underlies a CDMG strong-motion recording site at depths between 25 and 60 m below ground surface (BGS), Our velocity model is consistent with the near-surface (<30 m) P- and S-wave velocities and Poisson's ratios measured in a nearby (<30 m) borehole. High Poisson's ratios (0.477 to 0.494) and S-wave attenuation within the LVZ suggest that the LVZ may be composed of highly saturated shales of the Modelo Formation. Because the lateral dimensions of the LVZ approximately correspond to the areas of strongest shaking, we suggest that the highly saturated zone may have contributed to localized strong shaking. Rock sites are generally considered to be ideal locations for site response in urban areas; however, localized, highly saturated rack sites may be a hazard in urban areas that requires further investigation. RP Catchings, RD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 14 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 86 IS 6 BP 1704 EP 1713 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WB765 UT WOS:A1996WB76500005 ER PT J AU Hough, SE Field, EH AF Hough, SE Field, EH TI On the coherence of ground motion in the San Fernando Valley SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE; CALIFORNIA; AFTERSHOCK AB We present im analysis of the coherence of seismic ground motion recorded on alluvial sediments in the San Fernando Valley, California. Using aftershocks of the 17 January 1994 M(w)6.7 earthquake recorded at a quasi-dense array of portable stations, we analyze the coherence of three well-recorded, magnitude 3.7 to 4.0 events over the frequency range 0.5 to 15 Hz and a distance range of 0.5 to 5.3 km. All stations are located at sites with broadly similar near-site geology, characterized by medium to fine-grain Quaternary alluvial sediments. On average, relatively high values of coherence are observed for distances up to 3 to 4 km and frequencies up to 2 to 3 Hz; coherence drops sharply at frequencies near and above 3 Hz. Although average coherence functions are described reasonably well by a log-linear relationship with frequency, the curves at all distances exhibit a flattening at low frequencies that is not consistent with previous observations of coherence at hard-rock sites. The distance decay of coherence is also markedly less strong, with high coherence values observed over station separations corresponding to multiple wavelengths, This may reflect fundamental differences in shallow-wave propagation in the two environments, with high-frequency scattering relatively more dominant in regions of hard-rock near-surface geology, Within a sedimentary basin of valley, the sire response itself generally reflects a resonance phenomenon that may tend to give rise to more uniform ground motions, However, previous studies have demonstrated the existence of pathological focusing and amplification effects within complex sedimentary basin environments such as the greater Los Angeles region; our results undoubtedly do not quantify the full range of ground-motion variability at all sites, but rather represent the level of that variability that fan be expected, and quantified, for typical source/receiver paths. C1 SO CALIF EARTHQUAKE CTR, LOS ANGELES, CA 94035 USA. RP Hough, SE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, PASADENA, CA 91106 USA. NR 23 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 86 IS 6 BP 1724 EP 1732 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WB765 UT WOS:A1996WB76500007 ER PT J AU Spence, W Langer, CJ Choy, GL AF Spence, W Langer, CJ Choy, GL TI Rare, large earthquakes at the Laramide deformation front - Colorado (1882) and Wyoming (1984) SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICAN EARTHQUAKES; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; GROUND MOTION; EASTERN; SEISMICITY; FREQUENCY; LINEAMENT; SPECTRA; PLATEAU; MODELS AB The largest historical earthquake known in Colorado occurred on 7 November 1882. Knowledge of its size, location, and specific tectonic environment is important for the design of critical structures in the rapidly growing region of the Southern Rocky Mountains. More than one century later, on 18 October 1984, an m(b) 5.3 earthquake occurred in the Laramie Mountains, Wyoming. By studying the 1984 earthquake, we are able to provide constraints on the location and size of the 1882 earthquake. Analysis of broadband seismic data shows the 1984 mainshock to have nucleated at a depth of 27.5 +/- 1.0 km and to have ruptured similar to 2.7 km updip, with a corresponding average displacement of about 48 cm and average stress drop of about 180 bars. This high stress drop may explain why the earthquake was felt over an area about 3.5 times that expected for a shallow earthquake of the same magnitude in this region. A microearthquake survey shows aftershocks to be just above the mainshock's rupture, mostly in a volume measuring 3 to 4 km across. Focal mechanisms for the mainshock and aftershocks have NE-SE trending T axes, a feature shared by most earthquakes in western Colorado and by the induced Denver earthquakes of 1967. The only data for the 1882 earthquake were intensity reports from a heterogeneously distributed population. Interpretation of these reports might be affected by ground-motion amplification from fluvial deposits and possible significant focal depth for the mainshock. The primary aftershock of the 1882 earthquake was felt most strongly in the northern Front Range, leading Kirkham and Rogers (1985) to locate the epicenters of the aftershock and the mainshock there. The Front Range is a geomorphic extension of the Laramie Mountains. Both features are part of the eastern deformation front of the Laramide orogeny. Based on knowledge of regional tectonics and using intensity maps for the 1984 and the 1967 Denver earthquakes, we reinterpret prior intensity maps for the 1882 earthquake as reflecting low population to the north adn east of available intensity data. We estimate that, had there been a more evenly distributed population, the 1882 earthquake would have been felt over an area of about 850,000 km(2), with a corresponding moment magnitude (M(w)) of 6.6 +/- 0.6. Our study, in the context of regional tectonics, implies that rare earthquakes of magnitude up to M(w) 6.6 +/- 0.6, at depths from shallow to mid-crustal, are possible throughout the Laramie Mountains and the Front Range, approximately from Casper, Wyoming, to Pueblo, Colorado. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BRANCH EARTHQUAKE & LANDSLIDE HAZARDS,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Spence, W (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL EARTHQUAKE INFORMAT CTR,CENT GEOL HAZARDS TEAM,MS 967,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 67 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 86 IS 6 BP 1804 EP 1819 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WB765 UT WOS:A1996WB76500014 ER PT J AU Mori, J Helmberger, D AF Mori, J Helmberger, D TI Large-amplitude Moho reflections (SmS) from Landers aftershocks, Southern California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; GROUND MOTION; SAN-FRANCISCO; ML SCALE; SEQUENCE; VELOCITY AB Closely spaced aftershocks of the 28 June 1992 Landers earthquake (M(w) 7.3) were used to make event record sections that show the transverse components of S and SmS arrivals at a distance of 70 to 170 km. For the data recorded toward the north in the Mojave desert, large SmS phases are observed with amplitudes 2 to 5 times greater than the direct S. For similar distances to the south, the SmS arrival is comparable to or smaller than the S. Comparisons to synthetic seismograms indicate that the large-amplitude SmS phases are produced by the simple crustal structure of the Mojave desert that allows a large Moho reflection, In contrast, the more complex geologic structure to the south partitions the seismic energy into a more complicated set of seismic phases, so that the Moho reflection is diminished in amplitude. The large SmS phases observed in the Mojave enhance the overall ground motions by a factor of 2 to 3. This suggests that when damaging earthquakes occur in other regions of simple crustal structures, Moho reflections will produce amplified strong motions at distance ranges around 100 km depending on the local structure. C1 CALTECH,PASADENA,CA 91125. RP Mori, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,525 S WILSON AVE,PASADENA,CA 91106, USA. NR 18 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 86 IS 6 BP 1845 EP 1852 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WB765 UT WOS:A1996WB76500017 ER PT J AU Guatteri, M Cocco, M AF Guatteri, M Cocco, M TI On the variation of slip direction during earthquake rupture: Supporting and conflicting evidence from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; IMPERIAL-VALLEY EARTHQUAKE; STRONG-MOTION; CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKE; BROAD-BAND; 1992 LANDERS; OCTOBER 18; INVERSION; STRESS; HISTORY AB The direction of the slip can change during a rupture episode as a function of time and/or of the position on the fault plane. In this work, we focus on the spatial variations of slip direction during an earthquake. Theoretically, the spatial variations of rake are caused by changes in the direction of the static and dynamic traction. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake provides one of the most striking examples of slip direction rotation during the coseismic rupture. All the source models obtained by using different inversion procedures show strong spatial partitioning nf slip into strike-slip motion SE of the epicenter and dip-slip motion in the NW section. In this study, we perform both forward waveform modeling and waveform inversion tests to check if the previously observed variations of rake are constrained by seismological data. We use the isochrone approach and a tomographic back-projection algorithm to solve the forward modeling and the inverse problem, respectively. Results show that observed ground velocities can be well reproduced by source models having spatial slip distribution similar to the Beroza's (1991) inversion solution, but having constant rake. Synthetic inversion tests point out that the inversion procedure does not constrain the slip direction. We have analyzed the S-wave polarization in order to constrain the direction of slip along the fault. This analysis confirms that a predominant strike component (rake similar to 160 degrees) characterizes the slip direction in the southeastern section, while an increase of the reverse component in the northwest section of the fault allows one to explain the observed polarization well. An oblique mechanism is consistent with the fault-plane solution, confirming a spatial variation of the slip direction during the earthquake. If the rake actually varied, then a nonuniform prestress condition (due to a change in fault geometry or to a redistribution of static stress) or a spatially inhomogeneous stress release should be proposed in order to explain the observed changes of slip direction. We conclude that a nonuniform prestress is a likely explanation for the inferred rake rotations. These variations of the direction of slip involve a low value of the initial stress. RP Guatteri, M (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 911,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Cocco, Massimo/G-6872-2012 NR 50 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 86 IS 6 BP 1935 EP 1951 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WB765 UT WOS:A1996WB76500024 ER PT J AU Harlan, SS Snee, LW Geissman, JW AF Harlan, SS Snee, LW Geissman, JW TI Ar-40/Ar-39 geochronology and paleomagnetism of Independence volcano, Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup, Beartooth Mountains, Montana SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MANTLE AB Independence volcano is a major volcanic complex in the lower part of the Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup (AVS) of Montana and Wyoming. Recently reported Rb-Sr mineral dates from the complex give apparent ages of 91 and 84 Ma, whereas field relationships and the physical and compositional similarity of the rocks with other dated parts of the AVS indicate an Early to Middle Eocene age for eruption and deposition. To resolve the conflict between age assignments based on stratigraphic correlations and Rb-Sr dates, we report new paleomagnetic data and Ar-40/Ar-39 dates for Independence volcano. Paleomagnetic data for the stock and an andesite plug that cuts the stock are well grouped, of reverse polarity, and yield a virtual geomagnetic pole that is essentially identical to Late Cretaceous and Tertiary reference poles. The reverse polarity indicates that the magnetization of these rocks is probably younger than the Cretaceous normal superchron, or less than about 83.5 Ma. Hornblende from a volcanic breccia near the base of the volcanic pile gives a Ar-40/Ar-39 age of 51.57 Ma, whereas biotites from a dacite sill and a granodiorite stock that forms the core of the volcano give dates that range from 49.96 to 48.50 Ma. These dates record the age of eruption and intrusion of these rocks and clearly show that the age of Independence volcano is Early to Middle Eocene, consistent with stratigraphic relations. We suggest that the Rb-Sr mineral dates from the Independence stock and related intrusions are unreliable. C1 UNIV NEW MEXICO, DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87131 USA. RP Harlan, SS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, POB 25046, MS 963, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 33 IS 12 BP 1648 EP 1654 DI 10.1139/e96-125 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VX996 UT WOS:A1996VX99600006 ER PT J AU Paragi, TF Johnson, WN Katnik, DD Magoun, AJ AF Paragi, TF Johnson, WN Katnik, DD Magoun, AJ TI Marten selection of postfire seres in the Alaskan taiga SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID SOUTH-CENTRAL ALASKA; NORTHWEST-TERRITORIES; HABITAT SELECTION; FOOD-HABITS; AMERICANA; MAINE; POPULATION; MOVEMENTS; SITES AB During 1991-1994 we tested whether martens (Martes americana) selectively used postfire seres in the Alaskan taiga and whether selection could be explained by differences in marten hunting behaviour, habitat, prey abundance, or demography. Forest seral stages included early-successional tall shrub - sapling (1985 burn), midsuccessional dense tree (1966 burn), and mature coniferous (100-115 years old). Most studies of marten-habitat relationships from lower latitudes suggest that martens require coniferous forest and avoid open areas. We found that martens did not select forest cover types or burn features at the stand scale (within the home range). However, marten abundance was greatest in the 1985 burn, which had the lowest canopy cover but the highest coarse woody debris density, autumn arvicoline biomass, and winter hunting intensity (index to foraging suitability). Martens in the 1985 burn were predominantly juvenile, with few adult (greater than or equal to 2 years old) females present. We hypothesize that our study area of predominantly early -midsuccessional forest was a ''sink'' for immature and transient martens dispersing from surrounding mature forest. If our hypothesis is correct and applies elsewhere in the taiga, then fur trapping for martens in recent burns could be a productive yet conservative harvest strategy. Future research should focus on habitat requirements of parturient females. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,GALENA,AK 99741. ALASKA DEPT FISH & GAME,FAIRBANKS,AK 99701. NR 48 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 74 IS 12 BP 2226 EP 2237 DI 10.1139/z96-253 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VX997 UT WOS:A1996VX99700014 ER PT J AU Laurs, BM Dilles, JH Snee, LW AF Laurs, BM Dilles, JH Snee, LW TI Emerald mineralization and metasomatism of amphibolite, Khaltaro granitic pegmatite hydrothermal vein system, Haramosh Mountains, northern Pakistan SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Review DE granitic pegmatite; hydrothermal vein; leucogranite; emerald; amphibolite; metasomatism; Khaltaro; Nanga Parbat Haramosh massif; Pakistan ID NANGA-PARBAT MASSIF; ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION; REGIONAL METAMORPHISM; HYDROXYL EXCHANGE; RAPID DENUDATION; STABLE-ISOTOPE; SOUTH-DAKOTA; BLACK HILLS; DEPOSITS; HIMALAYA AB Emerald mineralization is found within 0.1- to 1-m-thick hydrothermal veins and granitic pegmatites cutting amphibolite within the Nanga Parbat- Haramosh massif, in northern Pakistan. The amphibolite forms a sill-like body within garnet-mica schist, and both are part of a regional layered gneiss unit of Proterozoic (?) age. The Ar-40/Ar-39 data for muscovite from a pegmatite yield a plateau age of 9.13 +/- 0.04 Ma. Muscovite from mica schist and hornblende from amphibolite yield disturbed spectra with interpreted ages of 9 to 10 Ma and more than 225 Ma, respectively, which indicate that peak Tertiary metamorphism reached 325 to 550 degrees C prior to 10 Ma. Pegmatites were emplaced after peak metamorphism during this interval and are older than pegmatites farther south in the massif. At Khaltaro, simply zoned albite-rich miarolitic pegmatites and hydrothermal veins containing various proportions of quartz, albite, tourmaline, muscovite, and beryl are associated with a 1- to 3-m-thick heterogeneous leucogranite sill, that is locally albitized. The pegmatites likely crystallized at 650 to 600 degrees C at pressures of less than 2 kbar. Crystals of emerald form within thin (<30 cm) veins of quartz and tourmaline-albite, and more rarely in pegmatite, near the contacts with altered amphibolite. The emerald-green coloration is produced by Cr and Fe. The Cr and total Fe contents, expressed as Cr2O3 and Fe2O3, respectively, decrease systematically from emerald (>0.20, 0.54-0.89 wt%), to pale blue beryl (less than or equal to 0.07, 0.10-0.63%), to colorless beryl (<0.07, 0.07-0.28%). The amphibolite is metasomatized in less than 20-cm-wide selvages that are symmetrically zoned around veins or pegmatites. A sporadic inner zone containing F-rich biotite, tourmaline, and fluorite, with local albite, muscovite, quartz, and rare beryl, gives way to an intermediate zone containing biotite and fluorite with local plagioclase and quartz, and to an outer zone of amphibolite containing sparse biotite and local quartz. The inner and intermediate zones experienced gains of K, H, F, B, Li, Rb, Cs, Be, Ta, Nb, As, Y and Sr, and losses of Si, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cr, V and Sc. The outer alteration zone has gained F, Li, Rb, Cs, and As. Oxygen isotope analyses of igneous and hydrothermal minerals indicate that a single fluid of magmatic origin with delta(18)O(H2O) = 8 parts per thousand produced the pegmatite-vein system and hydrothermal alteration at temperatures between 550 and 400 degrees C. The formation of emerald results from introduction of HF-rich magmatic-hydrothermal fluids into the amphibolite, which caused hydrogen ion metasomatism and released Cr and Fe into the pegmatite-vein system. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Laurs, BM (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 105 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 5 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI NEPEAN PA CITYVIEW 78087, NEPEAN ON K2G 5W2, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 34 BP 1253 EP 1286 PN 6 PG 34 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA WJ500 UT WOS:A1996WJ50000013 ER PT J AU Uncles, RJ Peterson, DH AF Uncles, RJ Peterson, DH TI The long-term salinity field in San Francisco Bay SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LAGRANGIAN RESIDUAL CURRENT; CALIFORNIA; ESTUARY; TRANSPORT; DYNAMICS; MODEL AB Data are presented on long-term salinity behaviour in San Francisco Bay, California. A two-level, width averaged model of the tidally averaged salinity and circulation has been written in order to interpret the long-term (days to decades) salinity variability. The model has been used to simulate daily averaged salinity in the upper and lower levels of a 51 segment discretization of the Bay over the 22-yr period 1967-1988. Monthly averaged surface salinity from observations and monthly-averaged simulated salinity are in reasonable agreement. Good agree ment is obtained from comparison with daily averaged salinity measured in the upper reaches of North Bay. The salinity variability is driven primarily by freshwater inflow with relatively minor oceanic influence. All stations exhibit a marked seasonal cycle in accordance with the Mediterranean climate, as well as a rich spectrum of variability due to extreme inflow events and extended periods of drought. Monthly averaged salinity intrusion positions have a pronounced seasonal variability and show an approximately linear response to the logarithm of monthly averaged Delta inflow. Although few observed data are available for studies of long-term salinity stratification, modelled stratification is found to be strongly dependent on freshwater inflow; the nature of that dependence varies throughout the Bay. Near the Golden Gate, stratification tends to increase up to very high inflows. In the central reaches of North Bay, modelled Stratification maximizes as a function of inflow and further inflow reduces stratification. Near the head of North Bay, lowest summer inflows are associated with the greatest modelled stratification. Observations from the central reaches of North Bay show marked spring-neap variations in stratification and gravitational circulation, both being stronger at neap tides. This spring-neap variation is simulated by the model. A feature of the modelled stratification is a hysteresis in which, for a given spring-neap tidal range and fairly steady inflows, the stratification is higher progressing from neaps to springs than from springs to neaps. The simulated responses of the Bay to perturbations in coastal sea salinity and Delta inflow have been used to further delineate the time-scales of salinity variability. Simulations have been performed about low inflow, steady-state conditions for both salinity and Delta inflow perturbations. For salinity perturbations a small, sinusoidal salinity signal with a period of 1 yr has been applied at the coastal boundary as well as a pulse of salinity with a duration of one day. For Delta inflow perturbations a small, sinusoidally varying inflow signal with a period of 1 yr has been superimposed on an otherwise constant Delta inflow, as well as a pulse of inflow with a duration of one day. Perturbations in coastal salinity dissipate as they move through the Bay. Seasonal perturbations require about 40-45 days to propagate from the coastal ocean to the Delta and to the head of South Bay. The response times of the model to perturbations in freshwater inflow are faster than this in North Bay and comparable in South Bay. In North Bay, time-scales are consistent with advection due to lower level, up-estuary transport of coastal salinity perturbations; for inflow perturbations, faster response times arise from both upper level, down-estuary advection and much faster, down-estuary migration of isohalines in response to inflow volume continuity. In South Bay, the dominant time-scales are governed by tidal dispersion. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP Uncles, RJ (reprint author), PLYMOUTH MARINE LAB, CITADEL HILL, PLYMOUTH PL1 3DH, DEVON, ENGLAND. NR 36 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 16 IS 15 BP 2005 EP 2039 DI 10.1016/0278-4343(96)00032-5 PG 35 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA VU373 UT WOS:A1996VU37300006 ER PT J AU Sisson, TW Grove, TL Coleman, DS AF Sisson, TW Grove, TL Coleman, DS TI Hornblende gabbro sill complex at Onion Valley, California, and a mixing origin for the Sierra Nevada batholith SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HIGH-ALUMINA BASALTS; MEDICINE LAKE VOLCANO; ALKALINE SERIES LAVAS; PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; TRACE-ELEMENT; SILICATE MELTS; LAMARCK GRANODIORITE; INTRUSIVE SUITE; GRANITIC-ROCKS; SR AB The steep crest of the Sierra Nevada, California, near Onion Valley, exposes natural cross sections through a mafic intrusive complex that formed as part of the Mesozoic Sierra Nevada batholith. Sheeted sills of hornblende gabbro to hornblende diorite, individually as thick as 1.5 m, form the upper 200 to 300 m of the com complex. Thicker, multiply-injected sills, as well as mafic stocks, lie underneath at elevations below 3600 m. Lens-shaped cumulate bodies, as thick as 200 m and more than 700 m broad, lie near the base of the sheeted sill suite. Cumulates are flat-lying, modally layered hornblende gabbro with subsidiary ultramafic olivine hornblendite, plagioclase hornblendite, and late-mobile hornblendeplagioclase pegmatite. Fine grain size, scarce phenocrysts and xenocrysts, and quench mineral textures are evidence that hornblende gabbro sills injected in a largely liquid state and preserve basaltic melt compositions. Most sills reached volatile saturation, as shown by tiny miarolitic cavities that are also widespread in cumulates. Although some sills chilled directly against others, most chilled against septa, millimeters to a few centimeters thick, of medium-grained diorite to granodiorite. Mutually crosscutting relations, as well as chilling, show that the septa were partly molten at the time the sills injected and likely formed the lower portions of an overlying more silicic magma chamber that has since been removed by erosion. Sill compositions range from evolved high-alumina basalt to aluminous andesite with major and trace element abundances similar to those of modern are magmas. Experimental phase equilibria indicate dissolved water contents near 6 wt% (Sisson and Grove 1993a). The sills show unequivocally that hydrous are basaltic magmas reached shallow levels in the crust during formation of the largely granodioritic Sierra Nevada batholith. The basaltic magmas appear to have been pro produced from an enriched mantle source with Sr-87/Sr-86 similar to 0.7065, is an element of Nd similar to-4.3, Pb-206/Pb-204 similar to 8.6, Pb-207/Pb-204 similar to 5.6, Pb-208/Pb-204 similar to 38.6. Although crystal fractionation contributed to forming the sill suite and the associated cumulates, nearly constant concentrations of Na2O, P2O5, Nb, Zr, and light rare earth elements in the sills indicate that mixing between sill basaltic and more evolved septa magmas was important for producing sills with andesitic compositions. Average Sierran granodiorite major and trace element concentrations are readily reproduced by a simple mixture of average basaltic sill from Onion Valley and average Sierran low-silica granite. This result supports the inference that Sierran granitoids formed chiefly by mixing between crustal and mantle-derived magmas, although in some cases these crustal melts may have been derived by refusion of earlier mafic intrusions near the base of the crust. The common mafic inclusions (enclaves) in Sierran granodiorites bear a superficial resemblance to Onion Valley mafic sills; however, high concentrations of lithophile elements in the inclusions point to extensive chemical exchange between inclusions and their host magmas. The prevalence of hornblende-rich mafic intrusive rocks at Onion Valley, elsewhere in the Sierra Nevada, and in other shallow subduction batholiths stems from two effects of high melt water concentrations (similar to 4-6 wt% H2O). The hydrous parent basaltic and basaltic andesite magmas had low liquidus temperatures, compared to nearly dry basaltic melts, and thus were chilled less during ascent through the crust and were more capable of ascent as liquids. More importantly, their high water concentrations led to low melt densities, higher than granitoid liquids, but comparable to or less dense than partly solidified granitoid magmas. Thus, the hydrous basaltic and basaltic andesite magmas were neutrally or positively buoyant and were capable of penetrating and rising through partly crystallized granitoids and their partly molten source regions to reach upper crustal emplacement levels. Drier basaltic magmas were probably abundant at depth and contributed heat and mass to granite generation, but were insufficiently buoyant to ascend to shallow levels. C1 MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02136. RP Sisson, TW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS-910,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Grove, Timothy/M-9638-2013 OI Grove, Timothy/0000-0003-0628-1969 NR 88 TC 148 Z9 150 U1 2 U2 20 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0010-7999 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 126 IS 1-2 BP 81 EP 108 DI 10.1007/s004100050237 PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA WH809 UT WOS:A1996WH80900006 ER PT J AU Brophy, JG Dorais, MJ DonnellyNolan, J Singer, BS AF Brophy, JG Dorais, MJ DonnellyNolan, J Singer, BS TI Plagioclase zonation styles in hornblende gabbro inclusions from Little Glass Mountain, Medicine Lake Volcano, California: Implications for fractionation mechanisms and the formation of composition gaps SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ALKALINE MAGMA CHAMBERS; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; SERIES LAVAS; BASALT; CRYSTALLIZATION; ORIGIN; GEOCHEMISTRY; ASSIMILATION; DYNAMICS; ANDESITE AB The rhyolite of Little Glass Mountain (73-74% SiO2) is a single eruptive unit that contains inclusions of quenched andesite liquid (54-61% SiO2) and partially crystalline cumulate hornblende gabbro (53-55% SiO2). Based on previous studies, the quenched an desire inclusions and host rhyolite lava are related to one another through fractional crystallization and represent an example of a fractionation-generated composition gap. The hornblende gabbros represent the cumulate residue associated with the rhyolite-producing and composition gap-forming fractionation event. This study combines textural (Nomarski Differential Interference Contrast, NDIC, imaging), major element (An content) and trace element (Mg, Fe, Sr, K, Ti, Ba) data on the style of zonation of plagioclase crystals from representative andesite and gabbro inclusions, to assess the physical environment in which the fractionation event and composition gap formation took place. The andesite inclusions (54-61% SiO2) are sparsely phyric with phenocrysts of plagioclase, augite and Fe-oxide+/-olivine, +/-orthopyroxene, +/-hornblende set within a glassy to crystalline matrix. The gabbro cumulates (53-55% SiO2) consist of an interconnected framework of plagioclase, augite, olivine, orthopyroxene, hornblende and Fe-oxide along with highly vesicular interstitial glass (70-74% SiO2). The gabbros record a two-stage crystallization history of plagioclase+olivine+augite (Stage I) followed by plagioclase+orthopyroxene+hornblende+Fe-oxide (Stage II). Texturally, the plagioclase crystals in the andesite inclusions are characterized by complex, fine-scale oscillatory zonation and abundant dissolution surfaces. Compositionally (An content) the crystals are essentially unzoned from core-to-rim. These features indicate growth within a dynamic (convecting?), reservoir of an desite magma. In contrast, the plagioclase crystals in the gabbros are texturally smooth and featureless with strong normal zonation from An,, at the core to around An(30). K, and Ba abundances increase and Mg abundances decrease steadily towards the rim. Ti, Fe, and Sr abundances increase and then decrease towards the rim. The trace element variations are fully consistent with the two-stage crystallization sequence inferred from the gabbro mineralogy. These results indicate progressive closed-system in situ crystallization in a quiescent magmatic boundary layer environment located along the margins of the andesite magma body. The fractional crystallization that generated the host rhyolite lava is one of inward solidification of a crystallizing boundary layer followed by melt extraction and accumulation of highly evolved interstitial liquid. This mechanism explains the formation of the composition gap between parental andesite and rhyolite magma compositions. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. UNIV GENEVA, DEPT MINERAL, GENEVA, SWITZERLAND. RP Brophy, JG (reprint author), INDIANA UNIV, DEPT GEOL SCI, BLOOMINGTON, IN 47405 USA. RI Singer, Bradley/F-4991-2012; Facility, NENIMF/B-8811-2015 OI Singer, Bradley/0000-0003-3595-5168; NR 64 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0010-7999 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 126 IS 1-2 BP 121 EP 136 DI 10.1007/s004100050239 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA WH809 UT WOS:A1996WH80900008 ER PT J AU Link, WA Hahn, DC AF Link, WA Hahn, DC TI Empirical Bayes estimation of proportions with application to Cowbird parasitism rates SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bayes; Brown-headed Cowbirds; Empirical Bayes; Molothrus ater; neotropical migrants; parasitism; Wood Thrush AB Bayesian models provide a structure for studying collections of parameters such as are considered in the investigation of communities, ecosystems, and landscapes. This structure allows for improved estimation of individual parameters by considering them in the context of a group of related parameters. Individual estimates are differentially adjusted toward an overall mean, with the magnitude of their adjustment based on their precision. Consequently, Bayesian estimation allows for a more reliable ranking of parameters and, in particular, a more credible identification of extreme values from a collection of estimates. In Bayesian models, individual parameters are regarded as values sampled from a specified probability distribution, called a prior. The requirement that the prior be known is often regarded as an unattractive feature of Bayesian analysis and may be the reason Bayesian analyses are not frequently applied in ecological studies. Empirical Bayes methods provide an alternative approach that incorporates the structural advantages of Bayesian models while requiring a less stringent specification of prior knowledge. Empirical Bayes methods require only that the prior be in a certain family of distributions, indexed by hyperparameters that can be estimated from the available data. This structure is of interest per se, in addition to its value in allowing for improved estimation of individual parameters: for example, hypotheses regarding the existence of distinct subgroups in a collection of parameters can be considered under the empirical Bayes framework by allowing the hyperparameters to vary among subgroups. We describe the empirical Bayes approach in application to estimation of proportions, rising data obtained in a community-wide study of Brown-headed Cowbird parasitism rates for illustration. Empirical Bayes estimates identify those species for which there is the greatest evidence of extreme parasitism rates. Subgroup analysis of our data on cowbird parasitism rates indicates that parasitism rater For neotropical migrants as a group are no greater than those of resident/short-distance migrant species in this forest community. Our data and analyses demonstrate that the parasitism rates for certain neotropical migrant species (Wood Thrush and nose-breasted Grosbeak) are remarkably low while those for others (Ovenbird and Red-eyed Vireo) are remarkably high. RP Link, WA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 32 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD DEC PY 1996 VL 77 IS 8 BP 2528 EP 2537 DI 10.2307/2265751 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VY497 UT WOS:A1996VY49700022 ER PT J AU DrewsArmitage, SP Romberger, SB Whitney, CG AF DrewsArmitage, SP Romberger, SB Whitney, CG TI Clay alteration and gold deposition in the Genesis and Blue Star deposits, Eureka County, Nevada SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID ORE AB The Genesis and Blue Star sedimentary rock-hosted gold deposits occur within the 40-mile-long Carlin trend and are located in Eureka County, Nevada. The deposits are hosted within the Devonian calcareous Popovich Formation, the siliciclastic Rodeo Creek unit and the siliciclastic Vinini Formation. The host rocks have undergone contact metamorphism, decalcification, silicification, argillization, and supergene oxidation. Detailed characterization of the alteration patterns, mineralogy, modes of occurrence, and associated geochemistry of clay minerals resulted in the following classifications: least altered rocks, found distal to the orebody, consisting of both metamorphosed and unmetamorphosed host rock that has not been completely decalcified; and altered rocks, found proximal to the orebody that have been decalcified. Altered rocks are classified further into the following groups based on clay mineral content: silicic, 1 to 10 percent clay; silicicargillic, 10 to 35 percent clay; and argillic, 35 to 80 percent clay. Clay species identified are 1M illite, 2M(1) illite, kaolinite, halloysite, and dioctahedral smectite. An early hydrothermal event resulted in the precipitation of euhedral kaolinite and at least one generation of silica. This event occurred contemporaneously with decalcification which increased rock permeability and porosity. A second clay alteration event resulted in the precipitation of hydrothermal 1M illite which replaced hydrothermal kaolinite and is associated with gold deposition. Silver and silica deposition is also associated with this phase of hydrothermal alteration. Hydrothermal alteration was followed by supergene alteration which resulted in the formation of supergene kaolinite, halloysite, and smectite as well as the oxidation of iron-bearing minerals. Supergene clays are concentrated along faults, dike margins, and within rocks containing carbonate. Gold mineralization is not associated with supergene clay minerals within the Genesis and Blue Star deposits. Rocks classified as silicic-argillic in the Popovich Formation represent the most significant gold host. Silicicargillic rocks commonly exhibit bedding-parallel alteration zones. This pattern of alteration indicates that stratigraphy as well as northwest-trending structures played a significant role in the migration of gold-bearing fluids. Based on K-Ar age determinations of hydrothermal 1M illite associated with gold, the main event of mineralization in the Genesis and Blue Star deposits occurred between 93 and 100 Ma, during mid-Cretaceous time. C1 COLORADO SCH MINES,DEPT GEOL & GEOL ENGN,GOLDEN,CO 80401. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP DrewsArmitage, SP (reprint author), STILLWATER SOLUT,27677 CAMARGO DR,GOLDEN,CO 80401, USA. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 91 IS 8 BP 1383 EP 1393 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WV893 UT WOS:A1996WV89300004 ER PT J AU Kamilli, RJ Criss, RE AF Kamilli, RJ Criss, RE TI Genesis of the Silsilah tin deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID SYNTHETIC FLUID INCLUSIONS; OXYGEN ISOTOPE-EXCHANGE; IGNEOUS ROCKS; WATER; MINERALIZATION; AUSTRALIA; SYSTEMS; TEMPERATURES; BATHOLITH; GEOLOGY AB The Silsilah tin deposit (lat 25 degrees 06' N, long 42 degrees 40' E) consists of a group of pervasively greisenized, flat-topped granite cupolas within a 12-km-diam ring complex. The greisens contain varying amounts of disseminated cassiterite and wolframite. Several types of quartz veins are peripheral to the greisens; some of these contain minor wolframite. The deposit is genetically associated with a highly differentiated, peraluminous alkali-feldspar granite (587 +/- 8 Ma) that is part of a mostly peralkaline, igneous ring complex intruded into Late Proterozoic, immature sandstones of the Murdama Group. We recognize four distinct phases of the peraluminous granite. Only the smallest, most highly differentiated cupolas contain significant tin greisen mineralization. Greisens developed beneath aplitic carapaces that overlie the granite and created impermeable barriers to rising volatiles. The geometry of a cupola correlates strongly with the intensity of alteration; cupolas with the smallest cross sectional areas and steepest marginal contacts have the most intensely greisenized apexes. The paragenetic sequence can be divided into five stages: pegmatite formation, locally pervasive albitization, locally pervasive greisenization and deposition of cassiterite, deposition of quartz-wolframite veins, and deposition of quartz veins with minor base metal sulfides. Pressure-corrected fluid inclusion filling temperatures indicate that the hydrothermal system generally cooled as it evolved and that the delta(18)O values of the hydrothermal quartz increased from 10.8 to 15.7 per mil. Calculated delta(18)O values of the hydrothermal fluid varied concomitantly from the pegmatite stage (delta(18)O fluid similar to 8.6 parts per thousand; T approximate to 550 degrees C) to the greisen stage (5.4 and 5.6 parts per thousand; T approximate to 360 degrees C), the quartz-wolframite vein stage (6.3 and 7.5 parts per thousand; T approximate to 390 degrees C), and the late vein stage (4.0 and 5.1 parts per thousand; T approximate to 270 degrees C). This evolution probably reflects the admixture of generally increasing amounts of meteoric or formation water having a lower delta(18)O value into the cooling magmatic hydrothermal system. In delta(18)O-delta(18)O plots for mineral separates from fresh to altered samples of the peraluminous granite the values for quartz and feldspar conform to a steep, positive-sloped disequilibrium trend that indicates interaction with high O-18 hydrothermal fluid, mirrored by a negative-sloped disequilibrium trend for quartz and mica. These complementary trends suggest strongly that individual granite cupolas were essentially closed systems during alteration. To our knowledge, this is the first oxygen isotope demonstration of a closed-system, hydrothermal metal deposit. The sandstone country rock has whole-rock delta(18)O values of 12.4 +/- 2.0 per mil. The highest values (>13 parts per thousand) form a similar to 3-km-nide high delta(18)O annulus immediately peripheral to the ring complex. The data suggest that the country rocks were pervasively exchanged with an outward-migrating, high delta(18)O fluid moving down a temperature gradient. This fluid was probably formation water that flowed radially inward toward the pluton at a deeper level, forming a largely horizontal, unicellular flow system that had fluid-flow lines nearly vertical next to the intrusion, and directed upward and outward at higher levels. Low delta(18)O fluids that formed quartz associated with the tin-tungsten mineralization and later veins are inferred to be the result of a subsequent and distinct phase of the hydrothermal system. Almost all the geologic processes necessary for the formation of an economically viable tin deposit occurred at Silsilah, but the lack of a strong localizing mechanism for cassiterite mineralization resulted in an economically marginal deposit. If the greisenized cupolas had been vertically stacked, as are the intrusions and ore zones in Climax-type molybdenum deposits, or if the mineralizing fluids had been channeled into veins, as in the tin deposits in Cornwall, England, a higher grade deposit might have formed. The generally closed-system behavior of the hydrothermal system at Silsilah may have prevented additional scavenging of metals and the formation of a larger, richer deposit. C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,ST LOUIS,MO 63130. RP Kamilli, RJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,520 N PK AVE,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 68 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 91 IS 8 BP 1414 EP 1434 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WV893 UT WOS:A1996WV89300006 ER PT J AU Kido, MH Asquith, A Vargas, RI AF Kido, MH Asquith, A Vargas, RI TI Nontarget insect attraction to methyl eugenol traps used in male annihilation of the oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in riparian Hawaiian stream habitat SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fruit fly eradication; plant kairomones; fruit fly attractants ID ABUNDANCE; ISLANDS; KAUAI AB This study set out to identify insect species associated with the riparian habitat of Hawaiian streams that were susceptible to deployment of the plant kairomone, methyl eugenol, used in male annihilation of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Six teen nontarget insect species (13 Diptera and 3 Coleoptera) were found to be attracted to methyl eugenol traps deployed in riparian habitat in a variety of stream ecotypes at various elevations. Only 2 Diptera attracted to the lure, Drosophila perissopoda Hardy and D. crucigera Grimshaw (Drosophilidae), were Hawaiian endemics, whereas the remainder were alien (nonnative) species. Alien drosophilids Drosophila immigrans Sturtevant and D. suzukii (Matsumura) and alien Desmometopa tarsalis Loew (Milichiidae) were the most abundant species captured in traps overall. Both plant-associated as well as carrion-associated species were captured in methyl eugenol traps. It is suggested that the fruiting cycle of wild guava, Psidium guajava and P. cattelianum, in mountainous and lowland areas of Hawaii is an important mechanism driving the population dynamics of insects attracted to methyl eugenol traps. Host plant demographics and species similarities in ecological requirements are important factors influencing the occurrences of susceptible species between sites. Seasonal periods of low oriental fruit fly numbers coupled with low abundances of nontarget insects create windows of opportunity during which male annihilation procedures with methyl eugenol can achieve maximum effect with minimal environmental risk. Environmentally acceptable use patterns for methyl eugenol can be developed through the modification of delivery systems and adaptation of these systems in surgical procedures tailored to specific ecotypes. These procedures can then provide Hawaiian agriculture with badly needed farm-level or area-wide control of destructive oriental fruit flies. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PACIFIC ISL OFF,HONOLULU,HI 96850. USDA ARS,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,HILO,HI 96720. RP Kido, MH (reprint author), UNIV HAWAII,HAWAII STREAM RES CTR,7370A KUAMOO RD,KAPAA,HI 96746, USA. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 13 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 25 IS 6 BP 1279 EP 1289 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA WA854 UT WOS:A1996WA85400004 ER PT J AU VanMetre, PC Callender, E AF VanMetre, PC Callender, E TI Identifying water-quality trends in the Trinity River, Texas, USA, 1969-1992, using sediment cores from Lake Livingston SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sediment cores; trend; reservoir; DDT; lead; Texas ID CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; MICHIGAN SEDIMENTS; LEAD; GASOLINE AB Chemical analyses were done on cores of bottom sediment from three locations in Lake Livingston, a reservoir on the Trinity River in east Texas to identify trends in water quality in the Trinity River using the chemical record preserved in bottom sediments trapped by the reservoir. Sediment cores spanned the period from 1969, when the reservoir was impounded, to 1992, when the cores were collected. Chemical concentrations in reservoir sediment samples were compared to concentrations for 14 streambed sediment samples from the Trinity River Basin and to reported concentrations for soils in the eastern United States and shale. These comparisons indicate that sediments deposited in Lake Livingston are representative of the environmental setting of Lake Livingston within the Trinity River Basin. Vertical changes in concentrations within sediment cores indicate temporal trends of decreasing concentrations of lead, sodium, barium, and total DDT (DDT plus its metabolites DDD and DDE) in the Trinity River. Possible increasing temporal trends are indicated for chlordane and dieldrin. Each sediment-derived trend is related to trends in water quality in the Trinity River of known changes in environmental factors in its drainage basin or both. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL RES PROGRAM,RESTON,VA 22092. RP VanMetre, PC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NAWQA,8011 CAMERON RD,AUSTIN,TX 78754, USA. OI Van Metre, Peter/0000-0001-7564-9814 NR 42 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0177-5146 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 28 IS 4 BP 190 EP 200 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA WE893 UT WOS:A1996WE89300004 ER PT J AU Leahy, PP AF Leahy, PP TI New geologic directions in the USGS SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article RP Leahy, PP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,MS 911,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0177-5146 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 28 IS 4 BP 229 EP 230 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA WE893 UT WOS:A1996WE89300008 ER PT J AU Smith, RL Garabedian, SP Brooks, MH AF Smith, RL Garabedian, SP Brooks, MH TI Comparison of denitrification activity measurements in groundwater using cores and natural-gradient tracer tests SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER; CAPE-COD; GRAVEL AQUIFER; SANDY AQUIFER; BACTERIA; MASSACHUSETTS; TRANSPORT; METHANE; WATER; BIODEGRADATION AB The transport of many solutes in groundwater is dependent upon the relative rates of physical flow and microbial metabolism. Quantifying rates of microbial processes under subsurface conditions is difficult and is most commonly approximated using laboratory studies with aquifer materials. In this study, we measured in situ rates of denitrification in a nitrate-contaminated aquifer using small-scale, natural-gradient tracer tests and compared the results with rates obtained from laboratory incubations with aquifer core material. Activity was measured using the acetylene block technique. For the tracer tests, co-injection of acetylene and bromide into the aquifer produced a 30 mu M increase in nitrous oxide after 10 m of transport (23-30 days). An advection-dispersion transport model was modified to include an acetylene-dependent nitrous oxide production term and used to simulate the tracer breakthrough curves. The model required a 4-day lag period and a relatively low sensitivity to acetylene to match the narrow nitrous oxide breakthrough curves. Estimates of in situ denitrification rates were 0.60 and 1.51 nmol of N2O produced cm(-3) aquifer day(-1) for two successive tests. Aquifer core material collected from the tracer test site and incubated as mixed slurries in flasks and as intact cores yielded rates that were 1.2-26 times higher than the tracer test rate estimates. Results with the coring-dependent techniques were variable and subject to the small-scale heterogeneity within the aquifer, while the tracer tests integrated the heterogeneity along a flow path, giving a rate estimate that is more applicable to transport at the scale of the aquifer. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MARLBOROUGH, MA 01752 USA. RP Smith, RL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 3215 MARINE ST, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. RI Smith, Richard/A-6733-2008 OI Smith, Richard/0000-0002-3829-0125 NR 39 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 30 IS 12 BP 3448 EP 3456 DI 10.1021/es960042g PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VV205 UT WOS:A1996VV20500029 ER PT J AU Breault, RF Colman, JA Aiken, GR McKnight, D AF Breault, RF Colman, JA Aiken, GR McKnight, D TI Copper speciation and binding by organic matter in copper-contaminated streamwater SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID EDTA; AQUATIC HUMIC SUBSTANCES; NATURAL-WATERS; NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID; TRACE-ELEMENTS; ION-BINDING; COMPLEXATION; TOXICITY; METALS; MODEL AB Fulvic acid binding sites (1.3-70 mu M) and EDTA (0.0017-0.18 mu M) accounted for organically bound Cu in seven stream samples measured by potentiometric titration. Cu was 84-99% organically bound in filtrates with 200 nM total Cu. Binding of Cu by EDTA was limited by competition from other trace metals. Water hardness was inversely related to properties of dissolved organic carbon (DOG) that enhance fulvic acid binding: DOC concentration, percentage of DOC that is fulvic acid, and binding sites per fulvic acid carbon. Dissolved trace metals, stabilized by organic binding, occurred at increased concentration in soft water as compared to hard water. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MARLBOROUGH,MA 01752. US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80303. OI MCKNIGHT, DIANE/0000-0002-4171-1533 NR 46 TC 92 Z9 98 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 30 IS 12 BP 3477 EP 3486 DI 10.1021/es9601301 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VV205 UT WOS:A1996VV20500033 ER PT J AU Chapelle, FH Haack, SK Adriaens, P Henry, MA Bradley, PM AF Chapelle, FH Haack, SK Adriaens, P Henry, MA Bradley, PM TI Comparison of E(h) and H-2 measurements for delineating redox processes in a contaminated aquifer SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-ACCEPTING PROCESSES; GROUNDWATER AB Measurements of oxidation-reduction potential (E(h)) and concentrations of dissolved hydrogen (H-2) were made in a shallow groundwater system contaminated with solvents and jet fuel to delineate the zonation of redox processes. E(h) measurements ranged from +69 to -158 mV in a cross section of the contaminated plume and accurately delineated oxic from anoxic groundwater. Plotting measured E(h) and pH values on an equilibrium stability diagram indicated that Fe(III) reduction was the predominant redox process in the anoxic zone and did not indicate the presence of methanogenesis and sulfate reduction. In contrast, measurements of H-2 concentrations indicated that methanogenesis predominated in heavily contaminated sediments near the water table surface (H-2 similar to 7.0 nM) and that the methanogenic zone was surrounded by distinct sulfate-reducing (H-2 similar to 1-4 nM) and Fe(Ill)-reducing (H-2 similar to 0.1-0.8 nM) zones. The presence of methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, and Fe(III) reduction was confirmed by the distribution of dissolved oxygen, sulfate, Fe(II), and methane in groundwater. These results show that H-2 concentrations were more useful for identifying anoxic redox processes than E(h) measurements in this groundwater system. However, H-2-based redox zone delineations are more reliable when H-2 concentrations are interpreted in the context of electron-acceptor (oxygen, nitrate, sulfate) availability and the presence of final products [Fe(II), sulfide, methane] of microbial metabolism. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, LANSING, MI 48911 USA. UNIV MICHIGAN, DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA. NATL CTR INTEGRATED BIOREMEDIAT RES, OSCODA, MI 48750 USA. RP Chapelle, FH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 720 GRACERN RD, SUITE 129, COLUMBIA, SC 29210 USA. NR 16 TC 96 Z9 100 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 30 IS 12 BP 3565 EP 3569 DI 10.1021/es960249+ PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VV205 UT WOS:A1996VV20500045 ER PT J AU von Blanckenburg, F O'nions, RK Hein, JR AF von Blanckenburg, F O'nions, RK Hein, JR TI Distribution and sources of pre-anthropogenic lead isotopes in deep ocean water from Fe-Mn crusts SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; METALLIFEROUS SEDIMENTS; FERROMANGANESE DEPOSITS; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; RESIDENCE TIME; NORTH-ATLANTIC; PB; ND; EVOLUTION; MANTLE AB The lead isotope composition of ocean water is not well constrained due to contamination by anthropogenic lead. Here the global distribution of lead isotopes in deep ocean water is presented as derived from dated (ca. 100 ka) surface layers of hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts. The results indicate that the radiogenic lead in North Atlantic deep water is probably supplied from the continents by river particulates, and that lead in Pacific deep water is similar to that characteristic of island and continental volcanic area. Despite a short residence time in deep water (80-100 a), the isotopes of lead appear to be exceedingly well mixed in the Pacific basin. There is no evidence for the import of North Atlantic deep water-derived lead into the Pacific ocean, nor into the North Indian Ocean. This implies that the short residence time of lead in deep water prohibits advection over such long distances. Consequently, any climate-induced changes in deep-water flow are not expected to result in major changes in the seawater Pb-isotope record of the Pacific Ocean. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP von Blanckenburg, F (reprint author), UNIV OXFORD, DEPT EARTH SCI, PARKS RD, OXFORD OX1 3PR, ENGLAND. RI von Blanckenburg, Friedhelm/K-4711-2013 OI von Blanckenburg, Friedhelm/0000-0002-2964-717X NR 34 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 4 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD DEC PY 1996 VL 60 IS 24 BP 4957 EP 4963 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00310-9 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WC737 UT WOS:A1996WC73700006 ER PT J AU Katz, BG Bullen, TD AF Katz, BG Bullen, TD TI The combined use of Sr-87/Sr-86 and carbon and water isotopes to study the hydrochemical interaction between groundwater and lakewater in mantled karst SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL EVOLUTION; NORTHERN FLORIDA; SINKHOLE LAKE; HYDROGEN; PATTERNS; AQUIFER; RATIOS; OXYGEN; RATES AB The hydrochemical interaction between groundwater and lakewater influences the composition of water that percolates downward from the surficial aquifer system through the underlying intermediate confining unit and recharges the Upper Floridan aquifer along highlands in Florida. The Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio along with the stable isotopes, D, O-18, and C-13 were used as tracers to study the interaction between groundwater, lakewater, and aquifer minerals near Lake Barco, a seepage lake in the mantled karst terrane of northern Florida. Upgradient from the lake, the Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio of groundwater decreases with depth (mean values of 0.71004, 0.70890, and 0.70852 for water from the surficial aquifer system, intermediate confining unit, and Upper Floridan aquifer, respectively), resulting from the interaction of dilute oxygenated recharge water with aquifer minerals that are less radiogenic with depth. The concentrations of Sr2+ generally increase with depth, and higher concentrations of Sr2+ in water from the Upper Floridan aquifer (20-35 mu g/L), relative to water from the surficial aquifer system and the intermediate confining unit, result from the dissolution of Sr-bearing calcite and dolomite in the Eocene limestone. Dissolution of calcite [delta(13)C = -1.6 permil (parts per thousand)] is also indicated by an enriched delta(13)C(DIC) (-8.8 to -11.4 parts per thousand) in water from the Upper Floridan aquifer, relative to the overlying hydrogeologic units (delta(13)C(DIC) < -16 parts per thousand). Groundwater downgradient from Lake Barco was enriched in O-18 and D relative to groundwater upgradient from the lake, indicating mixing of lakewater leakage and groundwater. Downgradient from the lake, the Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio of groundwater and aquifer material become less radiogenic and the Sr2+ concentrations generally increase with depth. However, Sr2+ concentrations are substantially less than in upgradient groundwaters at similar depths. The lower Sr2+ concentrations result from the influence of anoxic lakewater leakage on the mobility of Sr2+ from clays. Based on results from mass-balance modeling, it is probable that cation exchange plays the dominant role in controlling the Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio of groundwater, both upgradient and downgradient from Lake Barco. Even though groundwater from the three distinct hydrogeologic units displays considerable variability in Sr concentration and isotopic composition, the dominant processes associated with the mixing of lakewater leakage with groundwater, as well as the effects of mineral-water interaction, can be ascertained by integrating the use of stable and radiogenic isotopic measurements of groundwater, lakewater, and aquifer minerals. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Katz, BG (reprint author), USGS,227 N BRONOUGH ST,SUITE 3015,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32301, USA. NR 39 TC 50 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD DEC PY 1996 VL 60 IS 24 BP 5075 EP 5087 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00296-7 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WC737 UT WOS:A1996WC73700017 ER PT J AU McKee, EH Conrad, JE AF McKee, EH Conrad, JE TI A tale of 10 plutons-revisited: Age of granitic rocks in the White Mountains, California and Nevada SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB Ar-40/Ar-39 incremental heating analysis and conventional K-Ar age determinations on plutonic rocks of the White Mountains define two stages of magmatic emplacement: Late Cretaceous, between ca, 90 Ma and 75 Ma, and Middl-Late Jurassic, between ca. 180 and 140 Ma. The Jurassic stage can be divided into two substages, 180-165 Ma and 150-140 Ma. Thermal effects of the younger plutons on the older granitoids partially to completely reset ages, making it difficult to determine the age of emplacement and cooling of several of the plutons even by Ar-40/Ar-39 incremental heating analyses. New data together with published ages and regional geochronological synthesis of the Sierra Nevada batholith indicate that regions within the batholith have coherent periods or episodes of magmatic activity. In the White Mountains and Sierra Nevada directly to the west there mas little or no activity in Early Jurassic and Early Cretaceous time; magmatism took place during relatively short intervals of 15 m.y. or less in the Middle and Late Jurassic and Late Cretaceous periods. The new K-Ar and Ar-40/Ar-39 analyses of granitoids from the White Mountains help, but do not completely clarify the complex history of emplacement, cooling, and reheating of the batholith. RP McKee, EH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 19 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 108 IS 12 BP 1515 EP 1527 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1515:ATOPRA>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VZ943 UT WOS:A1996VZ94300001 ER PT J AU Leventer, A Domack, EW Ishman, SE Brachfeld, S McClennen, CE Manley, P AF Leventer, A Domack, EW Ishman, SE Brachfeld, S McClennen, CE Manley, P TI Productivity cycles of 200-300 years in the Antarctic Peninsula region: Understanding linkages among the sun, atmosphere, oceans, sea ice, and biota SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Review ID WESTERN BRANSFIELD STRAIT; BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL ASSEMBLAGES; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; RESTING SPORES; HEMIPELAGIC SEDIMENTS; HYSTERESIS PROPERTIES; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; HOLOCENE SEDIMENTS; DIATOM ASSEMBLAGES; CONTINENTAL-SHELF AB Compared to the rest of the world's oceans, high-resolution late Holocene paleoclimatic data from the Southern Ocean are still rare. We present a multiproxy record from a sediment core retrieved from a deep basin on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula that reveals a dramatic perspective on paleoclimatic changes over the past 3700 yr. Analyses completed include measurement of magnetic susceptibility and granulometry, bed thickness, particle size, percent organic carbon, bulk density, and microscopic evaluation of diatom and benthic foraminiferal assemblages and abundances. Downcore variability of these parameters demonstrates the significance of both short-term cycles, which recur approximately every 200 yr, and longer term events (approximate to 2500 yr cycles) that are most likely related to global climatic fluctuations. In the upper 600 cm of the core, lower values of magnetic susceptibility (MS) are correlated with lower bulk density, the presence of thinly laminated units, specific diatom assemblages, and generally higher total organic carbon content. Below 600 cm, magnetic susceptibility is uniformly ion; though variability in other parameters continues, The magnetic susceptibility signal is controlled primarily by dilution of ferromagnetic phases with biosiliceous material. This signal may be enhanced further by dissolution of magnetite in the magnetic susceptibility lows (high total organic carbon). The role of variable primary productivity and its relationship to paleoclimate is assessed through the diatom data,In particular, magnetic susceptibility lows are characterized by higher than normal abundances of Chaetoceros resting spores. Corethron criophilum and/or Rhizosolenia spp, also are found, as is a higher ratio of the most common species of Fragilariopsis versus species of Thalassiosira., These assemblages are indicative of periods of high primary productivity driven by the presence of a meltwater stabilized water column, The 200 yr cyclicity noted in other paleoclimatic records around the world suggests a global forcing mechanism, possibly solar variability, In addition to the cyclic changes in productivity, overall elevated productivity is noted below 600 cm, or prior to ca, 2500 yr B.P. This increased productivity may represent the tail end of a Holocene climatic optimum, which is widely recognized in other parts of the world, but as yet is poorly documented in Antarctica. C1 HAMILTON COLL,DEPT GEOL,CLINTON,NY 13323. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. UNIV MINNESOTA,INST ROCK MAGNETISM,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. COLGATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,HAMILTON,NY 13346. MIDDLEBURY COLL,DEPT GEOL,MIDDLEBURY,VT 05753. RP Leventer, A (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,LIMNOL RES CTR,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455, USA. NR 131 TC 155 Z9 157 U1 0 U2 18 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 108 IS 12 BP 1626 EP 1644 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1626:PCOYIT>2.3.CO;2 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VZ943 UT WOS:A1996VZ94300008 ER PT J AU Ingebritsen, SE Scholl, MA Sherrod, DR AF Ingebritsen, SE Scholl, MA Sherrod, DR TI Heat flow from four new research drill holes in the Western Cascades, Oregon, USA - Reply SO GEOTHERMICS LA English DT Editorial Material DE heat flow; Cascades; Oregon; USA ID RANGE; SUBDUCTION; GRAVITY; ARC C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA. US GEOL SURVEY,VANCOUVER,WA 98661. RP Ingebritsen, SE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0375-6505 J9 GEOTHERMICS JI Geothermics PD DEC PY 1996 VL 25 IS 6 BP 715 EP 724 DI 10.1016/S0375-6505(96)00024-7 PG 10 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA VV870 UT WOS:A1996VV87000006 ER PT J AU Coyne, M Mullane, R Fletcher, C AF Coyne, M Mullane, R Fletcher, C TI Losing Oahu: Erosion on the Hawaiian coast SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WESTERN REG MARINE & COASTAL GEOL SURVEYS,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Coyne, M (reprint author), UNIV HAWAII,SCH OCEAN & EARTH SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,2525 CORREA RD,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD DEC PY 1996 VL 41 IS 12 BP 23 EP 26 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VV691 UT WOS:A1996VV69100018 ER PT J AU Kutzbach, JE Bartlein, PJ Foley, JA Harrison, SP Hostetler, SW Liu, Z Prentice, IC Webb, T AF Kutzbach, JE Bartlein, PJ Foley, JA Harrison, SP Hostetler, SW Liu, Z Prentice, IC Webb, T TI Potential role of vegetation feedback in the climate sensitivity of high-latitude regions: A case study at 6000 years BP SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Science Conference of the Global Analysis, Interpretation and Modelling Task Force CY SEP 24-29, 1995 CL GARMISCH PARTENKI, GERMANY ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; JULY TEMPERATURES; NORTHERN CANADA; GLOBAL CLIMATE; BOREAL FORESTS; POLLEN DATA; HOLOCENE; EUROPE; SIMULATION; INSOLATION AB Previous climate model simulations have shown that the configuration of the Earth's orbit during the early to mid-Holocene (approximately 10-5 kyr) can account for the generally warmer-than-present conditions experienced by the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere. New simulations for 6 kyr with two atmospheric/mixed-layer ocean models (Community Climate Model, version 1, CCM1, and Global ENvironmental and Ecological Simulation of Interactive Systems, version 2, GENESIS 2) are presented here and compared with results from two previous simulations with GENESIS 1 that were obtained with and without the albedo feedback due to climate-induced poleward expansion of the boreal forest. The climate model results are summarized in the form of potential vegetation maps obtained with the global BIOME model, which facilitates visual comparisons both among models and with pollen and plant macrofossil data recording shifts of the forest-tundra boundary. A preliminary synthesis shows that the forest limit was shifted 100-200 km north in most sectors. Both CCM1 and GENESIS 2 produced a shift of this magnitude. GENESIS 1 however produced too small a shift, except when the boreal forest albedo feedback was included. The feedback in this case was estimated to have amplified forest expansion by approximately 50%. The forest limit changes also show meridional patterns (greatest expansion in central Siberia and little or none in Alaska and Labrador) which have yet to be reproduced by models. Further progress in understanding of the processes involved in the response of climate and vegetation to orbital forcing will require both the deployment of coupled atmosphere-biosphere-ocean models and the development df more comprehensive observational data sets. C1 UNIV OREGON,DEPT GEOG,EUGENE,OR 97403. LUND UNIV,S-22100 LUND,SWEDEN. US GEOL SURVEY,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ATOMOSPHER & OCEAN SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. LUND UNIV,DEPT ECOL,GLOBAL SYST GRP,S-22362 LUND,SWEDEN. BROWN UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912. RP Kutzbach, JE (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,INST ENVIRONM STUDIES,CLIN RES CTR,1225 W DAYTON,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. RI Bartlein, Patrick/E-4643-2011; OI Bartlein, Patrick/0000-0001-7657-5685; Harrison, Sandy/0000-0001-5687-1903 NR 52 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC PY 1996 VL 10 IS 4 BP 727 EP 736 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VV175 UT WOS:A1996VV17500013 ER PT J AU HemphillHaley, E AF HemphillHaley, E TI Diatoms as an aid in identifying late-Holocene tsunami deposits SO HOLOCENE LA English DT Article DE Diatoms; tsunamis; earthquakes; palaeoecology; Pacific Northwest; Cascadia subduction zone; Seattle fault ID PUGET-SOUND; COASTAL WASHINGTON; VANCOUVER-ISLAND; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; NORTHERN OREGON; USA; EARTHQUAKES; SUBSIDENCE; MARSHES; STATE AB Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) help identify the onshore deposits of tsunamis from earthquakes on the Cascadia subduction zone along the Pacific coast of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, and on faults high in the North American plate in the Puget Sound area of Washington. At the Copalis River, Washington, diatom analyses suggest that a tsunami deposit about 300 calendric years old (300 yr BP) originated from sandy shoals of the lower estuary rather than nearby beaches or coastal dunes. At Cultus Bay and West Point, Washington, well-preserved benthic estuarine diatoms in sand sheets overlying tidal-marsh peat indicate that the deposits came from intertidal or nearshore areas of Puget Sound. On an abruptly uplifted mudflat at the landward end of Hood Canal at Lynch Cove, Washington, tidal-flat diatoms refute the possibility of a terrestrial source for the sand. Diatoms in 300-yr-BP tsunami deposits on the Niawiakum River, Washington, confirm that the sand in these deposits had a marine source, and help to identify the landward extent of tsunami inundation. Diatom assemblages in deposits of the 300 yr BP and AD 1964 tsunamis at Port Alberni, British Columbia, consist of different dominant taxa, but both indicate that the sand units originated from Alberni Inlet. Diatoms add to stratigraphic evidence that tsunamis flooded Bradley Lake, a freshwater lake on the south-central Oregon coast, three times during the past 1700 years. Planktonic marine diatoms only found above 1-70-cm-thick sand layers in otherwise clayey lacustrine sediment imply tsunami inundation. RP HemphillHaley, E (reprint author), UNIV OREGON,US GEOL SURVEY,1272 GEOL SCI,EUGENE,OR 97405, USA. NR 33 TC 92 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 14 PU ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 3BH SN 0959-6836 J9 HOLOCENE JI Holocene PD DEC PY 1996 VL 6 IS 4 BP 439 EP 448 DI 10.1177/095968369600600406 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA VY517 UT WOS:A1996VY51700006 ER PT J AU Wiche, GJ Lent, RM Rannie, WF AF Wiche, GJ Lent, RM Rannie, WF TI 'Little ice age' aridity in the North American great plains - A high-resolution reconstruction of salinity fluctuations from Devils Lake, North Dakota, USA - Comment SO HOLOCENE LA English DT Article DE Palaeoclimate; drought; lake-level fluctuations; saline lakes; palaeolimnology; 'Little Ice Age'; Devils Lake; North Dakota; Great Plains AB On the basis of three sediment-based chronologies, Fritz et al. (1994) concluded that during the 'Little Ice Age' (about AD 1500 to 1850), the Devils Lake Basin generally had less effective moisture (precipitation minus evaporation) and warmer temperatures than at present. In this comment we argue that historic data indicate that runoff and effective moisture were greater than at present. The largest nineteenth-century hoods (AD 1826, 1852 and 1861) were significantly greater than the twentieth-century floods, and flooding in the Red River of the North Basin occurred more frequently from AD 1800 to 1870 than since 1870. Between AD 1776 and 1870, the ratio of wet to dry years was about 2 to 1. Mean temperatures in all seasons were cooler for 1850-70 than for 1931-60. Lake levels of Devils Lake during the first half of the nineteenth century were higher than they are today, and, even when Devils Lake was almost dry, the salinity was less than the 'diatom-inferred' salinity values that Fritz et al. (1994) estimated for 1800 through about 1850. We acknowledge the importance of high-resolution palaeoclimatic records, but interpretation of these records must be consistent with historic information. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WRD,MARLBOROUGH,MA 01752. UNIV WINNIPEG,DEPT GEOG,WINNIPEG,MB R3B 2E9,CANADA. RP Wiche, GJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WRD,821 E INTERSTATE AVE,BISMARCK,ND 58501, USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 3BH SN 0959-6836 J9 HOLOCENE JI Holocene PD DEC PY 1996 VL 6 IS 4 BP 489 EP 490 DI 10.1177/095968369600600413 PG 2 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA VY517 UT WOS:A1996VY51700013 ER PT J AU McCabe, GJ AF McCabe, GJ TI Effects of winter atmospheric circulation on temporal and spatial variability in annual streamflow in the western United States SO HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL-JOURNAL DES SCIENCES HYDROLOGIQUES LA English DT Article ID MONTHLY MEAN CIRCULATION; MONTHLY PRECIPITATION; SPECIFICATION; ANOMALIES; SNOWPACK; CLIMATE AB Winter mean 700-hectoPascal (hPa) height anomalies, representing the average atmospheric circulation during the snow season, are compared with annual streamflow measured at 140 streamgauges in the western United States. Correlation and anomaly pattern analyses are used to identify relationships between winter mean atmospheric circulation and temporal and spatial variability in annual streamflow. Results indicate that variability in winter mean 700-Hpa height anomalies accounts for a statistically significant portion of the temporal variability in annual streamflow in the western United States. In general, above-average annual streamflow is associated with negative winter mean 700-Hpa height anomalies over the eastern North Pacific Ocean and/or the western United States. The anomalies produce an anomalous flow of moist air from the eastern North Pacific Ocean into the western United States that increases winter precipitation and snowpack accumulations, and subsequently streamflow. Winter mean 700-hPa height anomalies also account for statistically significant differences in spatial distributions of annual streamflow. As part of this study, winter mean atmospheric circulation patterns for the 40 years analysed were classified into five winter mean 700-hPa height anomaly patterns. These patterns are related to statistically significant and physically meaningful differences in spatial distributions of annual streamflow. RP McCabe, GJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 412,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 21 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU IAHS PRESS, INST HYDROLOGY PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O SARAH CAGE, WALLINGFORD, ENGLAND OX10 8BB SN 0262-6667 J9 HYDROLOG SCI J JI Hydrol. Sci. J.-J. Sci. Hydrol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 41 IS 6 BP 873 EP 887 DI 10.1080/02626669609491556 PG 15 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA VV164 UT WOS:A1996VV16400004 ER PT J AU Lyons, PC Palmer, CA Bustin, RM Vassallo, AM AF Lyons, PC Palmer, CA Bustin, RM Vassallo, AM TI Special issue - New techniques in the chemical analysis of coal - A selection of papers presented at a symposium, which was part of the 1995 International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies, held in Honolulu, Hawaii, December 17-22, 1995 - Introduction SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT GEOL SCI,VANCOUVER,BC V6T 1Z4,CANADA. CSIRO,DIV COAL & ENERGY TECHNOL,N RYDE,NSW 2113,AUSTRALIA. RP Lyons, PC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,MS 956,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. RI Vassallo, Tony/H-1351-2011 OI Vassallo, Tony/0000-0001-8133-5096 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 3 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(96)90008-7 PG 3 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA VW807 UT WOS:A1996VW80700001 ER PT J AU Palmer, CA Lyons, PC AF Palmer, CA Lyons, PC TI Selected elements in major minerals from bituminous coal as determined by INAA: Implications for removing environmentally sensitive elements from coal SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1995 International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies CY DEC 17-22, 1995 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Agrochem DE bituminous coal; mass balance; trace elements; mineralogy; Carboniferous; environment ID TRACE-ELEMENTS; LAMMA-1000; VITRINITE AB The four most abundant minerals generally found in Euramerican bituminous coals are quartz, kaolinite, illite and pyrite. These four minerals were isolated by density separation and handpicking from bituminous coal samples collected in the Ruhr Basin, Germany and the Appalachian basin, U.S.A. Trace-element concentrations of relatively pure (similar to 99(+)%) separates of major minerals from these coals were determined directly by using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). As expected, quartz contributes little to the trace-element mass balance. Illite generally has higher trace-element concentrations than kaolinite, but, for the concentrates analyzed in this study, Hf, Ta, W, Th and U are in lower concentrations in illite than in kaolinite. Pyrite has higher concentrations of chalcophile elements (e.g., As and Se) and is considerably lower in lithophile elements as compared to kaolinite and illite. Our study provides a direct and sensitive method of determining trace-element relationships with minerals in coal. Mass-balance calculations suggest that the trace-element content of coal can be explained mainly by three major minerals: pyrite, kaolinite and illite. This conclusion indicates that the size and textural relationships of these major coal minerals may be a more important consideration as to whether coal cleaning can effectively remove the most environmentally sensitive trace elements in coal than what trace minerals are present. RP Palmer, CA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,MS 956,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 37 TC 43 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 32 IS 1-4 BP 151 EP 166 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(96)00035-3 PG 16 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA VW807 UT WOS:A1996VW80700009 ER PT J AU Schwab, WC Rodriquez, RW Danforth, WW Gowen, MH AF Schwab, WC Rodriquez, RW Danforth, WW Gowen, MH TI Sediment distribution on a storm-dominated insular shelf, Luquillo, Puerto Rico, USA SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sea-floor mapping; sediment transport; coastal erosion; sidescan sonar; Puerto Rico; Luquillo AB A sea-floor mapping investigation designed to assess the sediment distribution, the movement of the nearshore sand supply, and the fate of sediment eroded from the shoreline was conducted using high-resolution sidescan-sonar, seismic reflection, and sediment sampling techniques on the northern insular shelf of Puerto Rico, off the town of Luquillo. sea-Boor structures and the distribution of sediment texture and composition suggest that regional oceanographic processes result in a net offshore direction for cross-shelf sediment transport on the middle and outer shelf during storms. If these same processes are active on the inner shelf, mapping results indicate that this sediment is not transported seaward of a series of east-west trending Pleistocene-age eolianite ridges that outcrop on the middle shelf. The eolianite ridges may act as natural dams, preventing the removal of sediment from the nearshore area. sand deposits behind the ''dams'' are up to 20 m thick on the shoreward flank of the ridges. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,PUERTA TIERRA STN,SAN JUAN,PR 00906. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Schwab, WC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,384 WOODS HOLE RD,QUISSETT CAMPUS,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD WIN PY 1996 VL 12 IS 1 BP 147 EP 159 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA TW334 UT WOS:A1996TW33400016 ER PT J AU Williams, LR Toepfer, CS Martinez, AD AF Williams, LR Toepfer, CS Martinez, AD TI The relationship between fish assemblages and environmental gradients in an Oklahoma prairie stream SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HABITAT STRUCTURE; ORDER; COMMUNITY; EASTERN AB We examined fish community structure and habitat correlates at 10 stations on Lagoon Creek, a fifth-order tributary of the Cimarron River in east-central Oklahoma, during spring summer, and fall 1995. Lagoon Creek is contained within the Sandstone Hills physiographic region, a transition zone between the Redbeds Plains and the Ozark Plateau. We collected 33 species, several of which are ''upland'' species that may occur nowhere else in the Cimarron River drainage. Longitudinal zonation was evident, with addition of species and increasing species diversity in the downstream direction Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) identified upstream, midstream, and downstream fish assemblages with the downstream assemblage being the most distinctive. There appeared to be little seasonal effect, indicating that Lagoon Creek may be a more ''stable'' stream than many other prairie systems. C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV, DEPT ZOOL, STILLWATER, OK 74078 USA. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, ECOL SERV, TULSA, OK 74127 USA. RP OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV, OKLAHOMA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT, STILLWATER, OK 74078 USA. NR 26 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0270-5060 EI 2156-6941 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 11 IS 4 BP 459 EP 468 DI 10.1080/02705060.1996.9664474 PG 10 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA VV565 UT WOS:A1996VV56500010 ER PT J AU Perez, CJ Zwank, PJ Smith, DW AF Perez, CJ Zwank, PJ Smith, DW TI Survival, movements and habitat use of aplomado falcons released in southern Texas SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Aplomado falcon; Falco femoralis; habitat use; mortality; movements; radio telemetry AB Aplomado falcons (Falco femoralis) formerly bred in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Nesting in the U.S. was last documented in 1952. In 1986, aplomado falcons were listed as endangered and efforts to reestablish them in their former range were begun by releasing captive-reared individuals in southern Texas. From 1993-94, 38 hatch-year falcons were released on Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge. Two to 3 wk after release, 28 falcons were recaptured for attachment of tail-mounted radio-transmitters. We report on survival, movements, and habitat use of these birds. In 1993 and 1994, four and five mortalities occurred within 2 and 4 wk of release, respectively. From 2-6 mo post-release, 11 male and three female radio-tagged aplomado falcons used a home range of about 739 km(2) (range = 36-281 km(2)). Most movements did not extend beyond 10 km from the refuge boundary, but a monitored male dispersed 136 km north when 70 d old. Average linear distance of daily movements was 34 +/- 5 (SD) km. After falcons had been released 75 d, they consistently used specific areas to forage and roost. Woody plant density averaged 2.6 plants/ha on forage areas and 3.6 plants/ha at roost sites. Ground surface area was 60% vegetated in foraging areas and 46% vegetated at roost sites. C1 NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,NEW MEXICO COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,US NATL BIOL SERV,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. RP Perez, CJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,320 N MAIN,ROOM 225,MCALLEN,TX 78501, USA. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 30 IS 4 BP 175 EP 182 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA WE460 UT WOS:A1996WE46000001 ER PT J AU Moser, ML Ross, SW Sulak, KJ AF Moser, ML Ross, SW Sulak, KJ TI Metabolic responses to hypoxia of Lycenchelys verrillii (wolf eelpout) and Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (witch flounder): Sedentary bottom fishes of the Hatteras/Virginia Middle Slope SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE deep sea fishes; Continental slope; respiration; anoxia; Zoarcidae; Pleuronectidae ID OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; TERM HYPOXIA; DEPTH; RESPIRATION; BEHAVIOR; RATES AB We collected wolf eelpouts Lycenchelys verrillii and witch flounder Glyptocephalus cynoglossus from Hatteras (North Carolina, USA) and Virginia (USA) Middle Slope sites using a submersible, and made shipboard measurements of their respiration rates and survival in hypoxic (<10% O-2 saturation) and anoxic conditions. Both species from the Hatteras site reduced their respiration rates as ambient oxygen decreased, but eelpouts from the Virginia site maintained a constant respiration rate until oxygen saturation dropped below 20%. Moreover, eelpouts from the Hatteras site were significantly more tolerant of hypoxic conditions than fish from the Virginia site and survived anoxia for short periods. These results and our submersible observations of fish behavior support the hypothesis that the Hatteras Middle Slope fauna is exposed to short-term hypoxia events. C1 N CAROLINA NATL ESTUARINE RES RESERVE, WILMINGTON, NC 28403 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, BIOL RESOURCES DIV, FLORIDA CARIBBEAN SCI CTR, GAINESVILLE, FL 32653 USA. RP Moser, ML (reprint author), MARINE SCI RES CTR, 7205 WRIGHTSVILLE AVE, WILMINGTON, NC 28403 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 144 IS 1-3 BP 57 EP 61 DI 10.3354/meps144057 PG 5 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA WB521 UT WOS:A1996WB52100005 ER PT J AU Bird, RT Searle, RC Paskevich, V Twichell, DC AF Bird, RT Searle, RC Paskevich, V Twichell, DC TI Merged GLORIA sidescan and Hydrosweep pseudo-sidescan: Processing and creation of digital mosaics SO MARINE GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCHES LA English DT Article DE GLORIA; sidescan sonar; Hydrosweep; multibeam bathymetry; image processing; transform fault; Juan Fernandez microplate; East Pacific Rise ID JUAN-FERNANDEZ MICROPLATE; EAST PACIFIC RISE; IMAGES AB We have replaced the usual band of poor-quality data in the near-nadir region of our GLORIA long-range sidescan-sonar imagery with a shaded-relief image constructed from swath bathymetry data (collected simultaneously with GLORIA) which completely cover the nadir area. We have developed a technique to enhance these ''pseudo-sidescan'' images in order to mimic the neighbouring GLORIA backscatter intensities. As a result, the enhanced images greatly facilitate the geologic interpretation of the adjacent GLORIA data, and geologic features evident in the GLORIA data may be correlated with greater confidence across track. Features interpreted from the pseudo-sidescan may be extrapolated from the near-nadir region out into the GLORIA range where they may not have been recognized otherwise, and therefore the pseudo-sidescan can be used to ground-truth GLORIA interpretations. Creation of digital sidescan mosaics utilized an approach not previously used for GLORIA data. Pixels were correctly placed in cartographic space and the time required to complete a final mosaic was significantly reduced. Computer software for digital mapping and mosaic creation is incorporated into the newly-developed Woods Hole Image Processing System (WHIPS) which can process both low- and high-frequency sidescan, and can interchange data with the Mini Image Processing System (MIPS) most commonly used for GLORIA processing. These techniques are tested by creating digital mosaics of merged GLORIA sidescan and Hydrosweep pseudo-sidescan data from the vicinity of the Juan Fernandez microplate along the East Pacific Rise (EPR). C1 UNIV RHODE ISL,GRAD SCH OCEANOG,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. UNIV DURHAM,DEPT GEOL SCI,DURHAM DH1 3LE,ENGLAND. US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3235 J9 MAR GEOPHYS RES JI Mar. Geophys. Res. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 18 IS 6 BP 651 EP 661 DI 10.1007/BF00313879 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography GA VW680 UT WOS:A1996VW68000004 ER PT J AU Sohn, IG AF Sohn, IG TI On the central muscle attachment scar pattern of Suchonella Spizharsky 1939 SO MICROPALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The fortuitous spalling of a carapace of the nonmarine Permian Suchonella typica Spizharsky 1939 disclosed the adductor muscle attachment scar as well as two accessory scars on both the right side of the steinkern and the inside of the spalled right valve. This central muscle field is illustrated and discussed. An objective list of species described in or referred to Suchonella Spizharsky 1939 is appended. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Sohn, IG (reprint author), NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,ROOM E-308,MRC 137,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 50 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MICROPALEONTOLOGY PRESS PI NEW YORK PA AMER MUSEUM NAT HISTORY 79TH ST AT CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 SN 0026-2803 J9 MICROPALEONTOLOGY JI Micropaleontology PD WIN PY 1996 VL 42 IS 4 BP 380 EP 386 DI 10.2307/1485960 PG 7 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA WC924 UT WOS:A1996WC92400006 ER PT J AU Sohn, IG AF Sohn, IG TI The adductor muscle attachment scars in kirkbyids (Ostracoda) SO MICROPALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The history of the nomenclature of the ''kirkbyan pit'' in the Paleozoic Kirkbyacea is discussed. This ''pit'' has been considered a diagnostic feature in the Paleozoic Kirkbyacea. C1 NATL MUSEUM,WASHINGTON,DC 20560. RP Sohn, IG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RM E-308,MRC 137,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MICROPALEONTOLOGY PRESS PI NEW YORK PA AMER MUSEUM NAT HISTORY 79TH ST AT CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 SN 0026-2803 J9 MICROPALEONTOLOGY JI Micropaleontology PD WIN PY 1996 VL 42 IS 4 BP 387 EP 389 DI 10.2307/1485961 PG 3 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA WC924 UT WOS:A1996WC92400007 ER PT J AU Sohn, IG AF Sohn, IG TI Possible passive distribution of ostracodes by high-altitude winds SO MICROPALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Although passive distribution of ostracodes by high-altitude winds has been previously postulated (Angell and Hancock 1989, and references therein, Marmonier and Ward 1990, and references therein), this paper is an effort to subject the postulations to experiment. This report is based on the comparison of the weight of living ostracodes with the weight of volcanic particles distributed by high-altitude winds. C1 NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,DEPT PALEOBIOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20560. RP Sohn, IG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,ROOM E-308,MRC 137,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU MICROPALEONTOLOGY PRESS PI NEW YORK PA AMER MUSEUM NAT HISTORY 79TH ST AT CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 SN 0026-2803 J9 MICROPALEONTOLOGY JI Micropaleontology PD WIN PY 1996 VL 42 IS 4 BP 390 EP 391 DI 10.2307/1485962 PG 2 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA WC924 UT WOS:A1996WC92400008 ER PT J AU Pamic, J Lanphere, M Belak, M AF Pamic, J Lanphere, M Belak, M TI Hercynian I-type and S-type granitoids from the Slavonian Mountains (southern Pannonian Basin, northern Croatia) SO NEUES JAHRBUCH FUR MINERALOGIE-ABHANDLUNGEN LA English DT Article ID BOHEMIAN MASSIF; IGNEOUS ROCKS; EVOLUTION; WESTERN; MARGIN; EUROPE; ZONE AB Two genetically different groups of Hercynian granitoids occur in the Slavonian Mountains which are included in the southern Pannonian Basin. I-type granitoids occur in Barrovian-type progressive metamorphic sequences which originated during the Hercynian orogeny from the Late Silurian to Lower Carboniferous magmatic-sedimentary complex. S-type granitoids, enriched in incompatible trace elements, are accompanied by penecontemporaneous migmatites which originated from rocks of the same progressive metamorphic sequences and lower continental crust. I-type granitoids are represented mostly by granodiorite and monzogranite impoverished in incompatible trace elements, with rare diorite and monzodiorite and basic to intermediate rocks. Hercynian age of the crystalline rocks is supported by numerous K-Ar, Ar-40- Ar-39 and Rb-Sr measurements carried out mostly on monomineralic concentrates. About 20 representative samples of S-type and I-type granites and associated rocks were selected from over 1000 samples and analyzed in derail for major and trace elements, including REE, Sr and O isotopic compositions; microprobe chemical composition of the main rock-forming minerals was determined. Although most major and trace element diagrams do not provide the best genetic discrimination between the Slavonian granitoids, Sr and O isotope composition, REE data and some other data for the S-type granitoids are indicative of their sedimentary and continental crust source, whereas the I-type granitoids were derived by partial melting of the upper mantle with slight crustal contamination. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. INST GEOL,ZAGREB 10000,CROATIA. RP Pamic, J (reprint author), CROATIAN ACAD SCI & ARTS,CROATIAN NATL IGCP COMM,ANTE KOVACICA 5,ZAGREB 10000,CROATIA. NR 46 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGS PI STUTTGART PA NAEGELE U OBERMILLER JOHANNESSTRASSE 3A, D 70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0077-7757 J9 NEUES JB MINER ABH JI Neues Jahrb. Mineral.-Abh. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 171 IS 2 BP 155 EP 186 PG 32 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA WB539 UT WOS:A1996WB53900003 ER PT J AU Koopmans, MP deLeeuw, JW Lewan, MD Damste, JSS AF Koopmans, MP deLeeuw, JW Lewan, MD Damste, JSS TI Impact of dia- and catagenesis on sulphur and oxygen sequestration of biomarkers as revealed by artificial maturation of an immature sedimentary rock SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry CY SEP 04-08, 1995 CL DONOSTIA, SPAIN SP Board European Assoc Organ Geochemists (EAOG) DE organic sulphur compounds; sequestered biomarkers; multifunctionalised lipids; polysulphide-linked carbon skeletons; artificial maturation; hydrous pyrolysis; alkylthiophenes; ketones; biomarker maturity parameters ID ORGANIC SULFUR-COMPOUNDS; VENA-DEL-GESSO; MICROALGA BOTRYOCOCCUS-BRAUNII; PYROLYSIS-GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; BLACK-SEA SEDIMENTS; SINGLE MARL BED; HYDROUS PYROLYSIS; EVAPORITIC SEQUENCE; FLASH PYROLYSIS; MULHOUSE BASIN AB Hydrous pyrolysis of an immature (R-0 approximate to 0.25%) sulphur-rich marl from the Gessoso-solfifera Formation (Messinian) in the Vena del Gesso Basin was carried out at 160 degrees C less than or equal to T less than or equal to 330 degrees C for 72 h, to study the effect of progressive diagenesis and early catagenesis on the abundance and distribution of sulphur-containing and sulphur- and oxygen-linked carbon skeletons in low-molecular-weight and high-molecular-weight fractions (e.g, kerogen). To this end, compounds in the saturated hydrocarbon fraction, monoaromatic hydrocarbon fraction, polyaromatic hydrocarbon fraction, alkylsulphide fraction and ketone fraction were quantified, as well as compounds released after desulphurisation of the polar fraction and HI/LiAlH4 treatment of the desulphurised polar fraction. Sulphur-bound phytane and (20R)-5 alpha,14 alpha,17 alpha(H) and (20R)-5 beta,14 alpha,17 alpha(H) C-27-C-29 steranes in the polar fraction become less abundant with increasing maturation temperature, whereas the amount of their corresponding hydrocarbons increases in the saturated hydrocarbon fraction. Carbon skeletons that are bound in the kerogen by multiple bonds (e.g. C-38 n-alkane and isorenieratane) are first released into the polar fraction, and then as free hydrocarbons. These changes occur at relatively low levels of thermal maturity (R-0 < 0.6%), as evidenced by the ''immature'' values of biomarker maturity parameters such as the beta beta/(beta beta + alpha beta + alpha beta) C-35 hopane ratio and the 22S/(22S + 22R)-17 alpha,21 beta(H) C-35 hopane ratio. Sulphur- and oxygen-bound moieties, present in the polar fraction, are not stable with increasing thermal maturation. However, alkylthiophenes, ketones, 1,2-di-n-alkylbenzenes and free n-alkanes seem to be stable thermal degradation products of these sulphur- and oxygen-bound moieties. Thus, apart from free n-alkanes, which are abundantly present in more mature sedimentary rocks and crude oils, alkylthiophenes, 1,2-di-n-alkylbenzenes and ketones can also be expected to occur. The positions of the thiophene moiety and the carbonyl group coincide with the original positions of the functional groups of their precursors. Thus, important information about palaeobiochemicals is retained throughout the sequestration/degradation process. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Koopmans, MP (reprint author), NETHERLANDS INST SEA RES,INST MARINE BIOGEOCHEM & TOXICOL,POB 59,NL-1790 AB DEN BURG,NETHERLANDS. RI de Leeuw, Jan/F-6471-2011; Sinninghe Damste, Jaap/F-6128-2011 OI Sinninghe Damste, Jaap/0000-0002-8683-1854 NR 87 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 25 IS 5-7 BP 391 EP 426 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00144-1 PG 36 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WY875 UT WOS:A1996WY87500012 ER PT J AU Bowers, TL Rowan, LC AF Bowers, TL Rowan, LC TI Remote mineralogic and lithologic mapping of the ice river alkaline complex, British Columbia, Canada, using AVIRIS data SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID IMAGING SPECTROMETER AVIRIS; DEATH-VALLEY; CALIFORNIA AB The Ice River Alkaline Complex is a late Paleozoic intrusion of mafic alkaline racks, syenite, and carbonatite exposed in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. The complex intrudes Cambrian and Ordovician shales, slates, and limestones of the Chancellor and Ottertail Formations and the McKay Group. We examined the alkaline complex and adjacent country rocks using Airborne Visible-infrared imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data. The data were first calibrated to relative reflectance and then used to spectrally map mineralogies in the study area by using a linear spectral unmixing program. This technique models each pixel spectrum in an AVIRIS image as a linear combination of unique endmember spectra. We selected endmember spectra from well-exposed and spectrally distinct mineralogic units, vegetation, and snow. Four of the endmembers reflect mineralogic variations within the McKay group in the study area, and may represent lateral and vertical variations of sedimentary or metamorphic facies. Otherwise, the resultant spatial distribution of endmembers shows generally close agreement with the published geologic map, although, in several places, our image-map is more accurate than the published map. C1 NMSS,DWN,NUCL REGULATORY COMMISS,WASHINGTON,DC 20555. RP Bowers, TL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,954 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 13 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 62 IS 12 BP 1379 EP 1385 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA VV454 UT WOS:A1996VV45400015 ER PT J AU Coplen, TB AF Coplen, TB TI Atomic weights of the elements 1995 SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB The biennial review of atomic weight, A(r)(E), determinations and other cognate data has resulted in changes for the standard atomic weight of the following elements: [GRAPHICS] An annotation for potassium has been changed in the Table of Standard Atomic Weights. To eliminate possible confusion in the reporting of relative lithium isotope-ratio data, the Commission recommends that such data be expressed using Li-7/Li-6 ratios and that reporting using Li-6/Li-7 ratios be discontinued. Because relative isotope-ratio data for sulfur are commonly being expressed on noncorresponding scales, the Commission recommends that such isotopic data be expressed relative to VCDT (Vienna Canon Diablo Troilite) on a scale such that S-34/S-32 of IAEA-S-1 silver sulfide is 0.9997 times that of VCDT. Many elements have a different isotopic composition in some non-terrestrial materials. Some recent data on of oxygen are included in this report for the information of the interested scientific community. RP Coplen, TB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA, USA. NR 11 TC 114 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 68 IS 12 BP 2339 EP 2359 DI 10.1351/pac199668122339 PG 21 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WD176 UT WOS:A1996WD17600007 ER PT J AU Seiler, RL AF Seiler, RL TI Synthesis of data from studies by the national irrigation water-quality program SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE water quality; irrigation; Western United States; selenium; uranium; boron; molybdenum; arsenic; DDT ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; GROUND-WATER; SELENIUM; USA; GUIDELINES; VALLEY AB From 1986 to 1993, the National Irrigation Water-Quality Program (NIWQP) of the U.S. Department of the Interior studied whether contamination was induced by irrigation drainage in 26 areas of the Western United States. In 1992, a study to evaluate and synthesize data collected during these 26 investigations began. Selenium, boron, and molybdenum are the trace elements and DDT the pesticide most commonly found in surface water. at concentrations exceeding chronic criteria for the protection of aquatic life. In six of the areas, the median selenium concentration exceeded the criterion. Aquatic-life criteria have not been developed for uranium, but the median uranium concentration exceeded the proposed Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water in seven areas. A principal components analysis indicates that severity of selenium contamination is not related to the severity of contamination by boron, molybdenum, and arsenic. Arsenic, boron, molybdenum, and selenium concentrations are nearly the same in both filtered and unfiltered samples, which indicates that contaminant concentrations in filtered samples can be directly compared with biological-effects data developed using unfiltered samples. At a given site, selenium concentrations in surface water can change by an order of magnitude during the course of a year and from one year to another. RP Seiler, RL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,333 W NYE LANE,CARSON CITY,NV 89706, USA. NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 32 IS 6 BP 1233 EP 1245 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA WA717 UT WOS:A1996WA71700012 ER PT J AU Boyd, RA AF Boyd, RA TI Distribution of nitrate and orthophosphate in selected streams in Central Nebraska SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE water quality; nutrients; Platte River; Nebraska; surface-water hydrology; agricultural hydrology; nitrate; orthophosphate AB The Central Nebraska Basins is one of 60 study units in the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. The study unit includes the Platte River and two major tributaries, the Loup and Elkhorn Rivers. Agriculture is the predominant land use in the study unit, with only eight urbanized communities exceeding a population of 10,000. Water samples were collected from selected streams in the study unit during 1993-1995. The data were used to assess the distribution of nitrogen compounds and phosphorus in the streams and to relate the concentrations of these constituents to environmental settings. This article focuses on dissolved nitrate and orthophosphate. Dissolved nitrate concentrations were highest (90th percentiles were less than 7.0 milligrams per liter as nitrogen) in areas with extensive cropland and pasture, where chemical fertilizers are intensively applied. Synoptic measurements conducted in March and August 1994 indicate that relatively little residual fertilizer, as nitrate, applied during a single crop-growing season enters streams. Dissolved nitrate concentrations showed a seasonal pattern, being highest during winter months and lowest during the late spring and summer. Dissolved orthophosphate concentrations tended to be low across the study unit, 90 percent of all analyses did not exceed 1.7 milligrams per liter as phosphorus. RP Boyd, RA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,2617 E LINCOLN WAY,CHEYENNE,WY 82001, USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 32 IS 6 BP 1247 EP 1257 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA WA717 UT WOS:A1996WA71700013 ER PT J AU Scholl, MA Ingebritsen, SE Janik, CJ Kauahikaua, JP AF Scholl, MA Ingebritsen, SE Janik, CJ Kauahikaua, JP TI Use of precipitation and groundwater isotopes to interpret regional hydrology on a tropical volcanic island: Kilauea volcano area, Hawaii SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA; RIVER AB Isotope tracer methods were used to determine flow paths, recharge areas, and relative age for groundwater in the Kilauea volcano area of the Island of Hawaii. A network of up to 66 precipitation collectors was emplaced in the study area and sampled twice yearly for a 3-year period. Stable isotopes in rainfall show three distinct isotopic gradients with elevation, which are correlated with trade wind, rain shadow, and high: elevation climatological patterns. Temporal variations in precipitation isotopes are controlled more by the frequency of storms than by seasonal temperature fluctuations. Results from this study suggest that (1) sampling network design must take into account areal variations in rainfall patterns on islands and in continental coastal areas and (2) isotope/elevation gradients on other tropical islands may be predictable on the basis of similar climatology. Groundwater was sampled yearly in coastal springs, wells, and a few high-elevation springs. Areal contrasts in groundwater stable isotopes and tritium indicate that the volcanic rift zones compartmentalize the regional groundwater system, isolating the groundwater south of Kilauea's summit and rift zones. Part of the Southwest Rift Zone appears to act as a conduit for water from higher elevation, but there is no evidence for downrift flow in the springs and shallow wells sampled in the lower East Rift Zone. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERV,HAWAII NATL PK,HI 96718. RP Scholl, MA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,431 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA, USA. OI Scholl, Martha/0000-0001-6994-4614 NR 58 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 3 U2 29 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 32 IS 12 BP 3525 EP 3537 DI 10.1029/95WR02837 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA VW153 UT WOS:A1996VW15300010 ER PT J AU Kohler, M Curtis, GP Kent, DB Davis, JA AF Kohler, M Curtis, GP Kent, DB Davis, JA TI Experimental investigation and modeling of uranium(VI) transport under variable chemical conditions SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID OXIDE-WATER INTERFACE; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; EQUILIBRIUM CHEMISTRY; ION-EXCHANGE; ADSORPTION; GROUNDWATER; MIGRATION; COMPLEXATION; SIMULATION; BATCH AB The transport of adsorbing and complexing metal ions in porous media was investigated with a series of batch and column experiments and with reactive solute transport modeling. Pulses of solutions containing U(VI) were pumped through columns filled with quartz grains, and the breakthrough of U(VI) was studied as a function of variable solution composition (pH, total U(VI) concentration, total fluoride concentration, and pH-buffering capacity). Decreasing pH and the formation of nonadsorbing aqueous complexes with fluoride increased U(VI) mobility. A transport simulation with surface complexation model (SCM) parameters estimated from batch experiments was able to predict U(VI) retardation in the column experiments within 30%. SCM parameters were also estimated directly from transport data, using the results of three column experiments collected at different pH and U(VI) pulse concentrations. SCM formulations of varying complexity (multiple surface types and reaction stoichiometries) were tested to examine the trade-off between model simplicity and goodness of fit to breakthrough. A two-site model (weak- and strong-binding sites) with three surface complexation reactions fit these transport data well. With this reaction set the model was able to predict (1) the effects of fluoride complexation on U(VI) retardation at two different pH values and (2) the effects of temporal variability of pH on U(VI) transport caused by low pH buffering. The results illustrate the utility of the SCM approach in modeling the transport of adsorbing inorganic solutes under variable chemical conditions. C1 COLORADO SCH MINES, GOLDEN, CO 80401 USA. RP Kohler, M (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, MS 465, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 48 TC 128 Z9 130 U1 1 U2 30 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 EI 1944-7973 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 32 IS 12 BP 3539 EP 3551 DI 10.1029/95WR02815 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA VW153 UT WOS:A1996VW15300011 ER PT J AU Wiele, SM Graf, JB Smith, JD AF Wiele, SM Graf, JB Smith, JD TI Sand deposition in the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon from flooding of the Little Colorado River SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RECIRCULATING FLOW; SEDIMENTATION; ARIZONA AB Methods for computing the volume of sand deposited in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park by floods in major tributaries and for determining redistribution of that sand by main-channel flows are required for successful management of sand-dependent riparian resources. We have derived flow, sediment transport, and bed evolution models based on a gridded topography developed from measured channel topography and used these models to compute deposition in a short reach of the river just downstream from the Little Colorado River, the largest tributary in the park. Model computations of deposition from a Little Colorado River flood in January 1993 were compared to bed changes measured at 15 cross sections. The total difference between changes in cross-sectional area due to deposition computed by the model and the measured changes was 6%. A wide reach with large areas of recirculating flow and large depressions in the main channel accumulated the most sand, whereas a reach with similar planimetric area but a long, narrow shape and relatively small areas of recirculating flow and small depressions in the main channel accumulated only about a seventh as much sand. About 32% of the total deposition was in recirculation zones, 65% was in the main channel, and 3% was deposited along the channel margin away from the recirculation zone. Overall, about 15% of the total input of sand from this Little Colorado River flood was deposited in the first 3 km below the confluence, suggesting that deposition of the flood-derived material extended for only several tens of kilometers downstream from the confluence. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,TUCSON,AZ. RP Wiele, SM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,3215 MARINE ST,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. NR 44 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 32 IS 12 BP 3579 EP 3596 DI 10.1029/96WR02842 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA VW153 UT WOS:A1996VW15300014 ER PT J AU Constantz, J Thomas, CL AF Constantz, J Thomas, CL TI The use of streambed temperature profiles to estimate the depth, duration, and rate of percolation beneath arroyos SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TIME-SERIES; RECHARGE; FIELD; CREEK AB Temporal variations in a streambed temperature profile between 30 and 300 cm beneath Tijeras Arroyo, New Mexico, were analyzed at 30-min intervals for 1990 to estimate the depth, duration, and rate of percolation during streamflows. The depth of percolation was clearly documented by the rapid response of the streambed temperature profile to streamflows. Results indicate that the streambed possessed small thermal gradients with significant diurnal variations from late November to late May, indicating that ephemeral streamflows created continuous, advection-dominated heat transport to depths below 300 cm during this period. Timing and duration of percolation suggested by temporal variations in the temperature profile were verified by comparison with measured streamflow records for the study reach over 1990. Percolation rates were estimated using a technique based on the travel time of the daily maximum temperature into the streambed. Percolation rates were compared with streambed seepage rates determined from measurements of streamflow loss, stream surface area, and stream evaporative loss for the entire study reach. Travel time estimates of streambed percolation rates ranged from 9 to 40 cm/hr, while streamflow estimates of streambed seepage rates ranged from 6 to 26 cm/hr during the study period. Discrepancies between streambed percolation and seepage rates may be caused by differences in the areal extent of measurements for percolation versus seepages rates. In summary, the depth, timing, and duration of streamflow-induced percolation were well documented by temporal variations in a single streambed temperature profile, while rates of percolation based on the temperature profile were about double the seepage rates based on streamflow records for the entire study reach. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ALBUQUERQUE,NM. RP Constantz, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 496,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 19 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 32 IS 12 BP 3597 EP 3602 DI 10.1029/96WR03014 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA VW153 UT WOS:A1996VW15300015 ER PT J AU DeLong, DC AF DeLong, DC TI Defining biodiversity SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Review DE biodiversity; biological diversity; definition; diversity; etymology; semantics ID BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; CONSERVATION RP DeLong, DC (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,STILLWATER NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,POB 1236,FALLON,NV 89407, USA. NR 119 TC 45 Z9 53 U1 4 U2 24 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1996 VL 24 IS 4 BP 738 EP 749 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA WD879 UT WOS:A1996WD87900025 ER PT J AU Messmer, TA Lively, CA MacDonald, DD Schroeder, SA AF Messmer, TA Lively, CA MacDonald, DD Schroeder, SA TI Motivating landowners to implement wildlife conservation practices using calendars SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE agricultural producers; calendar; communications ID PERCEPTIONS; MANAGEMENT; DAMAGE C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL & EDUC & TRAINING CTR,ARLINGTON,VA 22203. RP Messmer, TA (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,BERRYMAN INST,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1996 VL 24 IS 4 BP 757 EP 763 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA WD879 UT WOS:A1996WD87900027 ER PT J AU Nozette, S Lichtenberg, CL Spudis, P Bonner, R Ort, W Malaret, E Robinson, M Shoemaker, EM AF Nozette, S Lichtenberg, CL Spudis, P Bonner, R Ort, W Malaret, E Robinson, M Shoemaker, EM TI The Clementine bistatic radar experiment SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID OUTER PLANET SATELLITES; GREENLAND ICE-SHEET; COHERENT-BACKSCATTER; MOON; MERCURY; STABILITY; MODEL; POLARIZATION; GANYMEDE; CRATERS AB During the Clementine 1 mission, a bistatic radar experiment measured the magnitude and polarization of the radar echo versus bistatic angle, beta, for selected lunar areas. Observations of the lunar south pole yield a same-sense polarization enhancement around beta = 0. Analysis shows that the observed enhancement is localized to the permanently shadowed regions of the lunar south pole. Radar observations of periodically solar-illuminated lunar surfaces, including the north pole, yielded no such enhancement. A probable explanation for these differences is the presence of low-loss volume scatterers, such as water ice, in the permanently shadowed region at the south pole. C1 USN,RES LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20375. LUNAR & PLANETARY INST,HOUSTON,TX 77058. PROTASIS INC,ALEXANDRIA,VA 22314. APPL COHERENT TECHNOL,HERNDON,VA 22070. US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. RP Nozette, S (reprint author), USAF,PHILLIPS LAB,SPACE EXPT DIRECTORATE,711 N FAYETTE ST,ALEXANDRIA,VA 22314, USA. NR 34 TC 192 Z9 206 U1 0 U2 19 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 29 PY 1996 VL 274 IS 5292 BP 1495 EP 1498 DI 10.1126/science.274.5292.1495 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VV775 UT WOS:A1996VV77500038 PM 8929403 ER PT J AU Rathbun, RE AF Rathbun, RE TI Bromine incorporation factors for trihalomethane formation for the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio Rivers SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE bromine incorporation factor; free-chlorine concentration; Mississippi River; pH; trihalomethane formation potential ID DBP FORMATION; SPECIATION; OZONATION AB The bromine incorporation factor describes the distribution of the four trihalomethane compounds in the mixture formed when a natural water is chlorinated. This factor was determined for the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio Rivers by chlorinating water samples at three levels each of pH and free chlorine concentration. Samples were collected during the summer, fall, and spring seasons of the year at 12 sites on the Mississippi River from Minneapolis, MN, to New Orleans, LA, and on the Missouri and Ohio Rivers 1.6 kilometers upstream from their confluences with the Mississippi. The bromine incorporation factor increased as the bromide concentration increased, and decreased as the pH, initial free-chlorine and dissolved organic-carbon concentrations increased. Variation; of the bromine incorporation factor with distance along the Mississippi River approximately paralleled the variation gf the bromide concentration with distance along the river, with the Missouri River samples having the highest bromine incorporation factors for all combinations of pH and free-chlorine concentration. RP Rathbun, RE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,5293 WARD RD,ARVADA,CO 80002, USA. NR 17 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD NOV 29 PY 1996 VL 192 IS 1 BP 111 EP 118 DI 10.1016/0048-9697(96)05302-8 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VV105 UT WOS:A1996VV10500010 ER PT J AU Gillard, D Rubin, AM Okubo, P AF Gillard, D Rubin, AM Okubo, P TI Highly concentrated seismicity caused by deformation of Kilauea's deep magma system SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID SOUTH FLANK; VOLCANO; HAWAII; BENEATH; AFTERSHOCKS; EARTHQUAKE; MECHANICS; MOTION; SUMMIT AB FREQUENT shallow earthquakes within the rift zones of the Hawaiian volcano Kilauea have been interpreted as resulting from stress changes associated with a shallow magma conduit system(1,2). Here, by using a precise earthquake relocation technique(3), we show that what had been imaged as a diffuse cloud of seismicity in the Upper East Rift in 1991 is in fact a narrow ribbon, defining vertical strike-slip faults that extend 2.5 km along the rift, but less than 100 to 200 m vertically, This extreme aspect ratio in the seismicity is unexpected and has not been recognized in other fault systems, The observed earthquake depths, left-lateral focal mechanisms, limited vertical extent and increasing moment release rate since 1983 can be explained in terms of a growing stress concentration above the deeper, aseismic portion of Kilauea's rift system, which deforms in response to the seaward displacement of the south flank of the volcano, The shallow background seismicity within Kilauea's rifts can therefore be tied to large scale motions of the volcanic edifice, and need not be interpreted as resulting from magma migration, The observed pattern of seismicity may also have implications for the mechanical erosion of locked patches along major strike-slip faults elsewhere. C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,PRINCETON,NJ 08544. US GEOL SURVEY,HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERV,HAWAII NATL PK,HI 96718. NR 26 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 11 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD NOV 28 PY 1996 VL 384 IS 6607 BP 343 EP 346 DI 10.1038/384343a0 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VV271 UT WOS:A1996VV27100044 ER PT J AU Golombek, MP Tanaka, KL Franklin, BJ AF Golombek, MP Tanaka, KL Franklin, BJ TI Extension across Tempe Terra, Mars, from measurements of fault scarp widths and deformed craters SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID THARSIS REGION; TECTONIC HISTORY; DISCONTINUITIES; PROVINCE; GRABENS; SYRIA AB Two independent methods, with no common assumptions, have been used to estimate the extension across the heavily deformed Tempe Terra province of the Tharsis region of Mars. One method uses measurements of normal fault scarp width with average scarp slope data for simple grabens and rifts on Mars to estimate the fault throw, which, combined with sparse fault dip data, can be used to estimate extension. Formal uncertainties in this method are only slightly greater than those in other methods, given that the total uncertainty is dominated by the likely uncertainty in the fault dip (assumed to be 60 degrees +/- 15 degrees). Measurement of normal fault scarp widths along two N25 degrees-50 degrees W directed traverses across Tempe Terra both yield about 22 +/- 16 km of extension (or similar to 2% strain across the northern traverse and nearly 3% across the southern one). About three quarters of the extension has occurred during the two main phases of Tharsis-related deformation from Middle/Late Noachian to Early Hesperian and from Late Hesperian to Early Amazonian, with mow extension closer to the center of Tharsis during the first phase. Extension across the region was also determined by measuring the elongation and elongation direction of all ancient Noachian impact craters without ejecta blankets, which predate most of the deformation. Results have been corrected for initial non circularity of craters, established from similar measurements of young (post deformation) impact craters, yielding a statistically significant mean strain of 1.96 +/- 0.35% in a N38 degrees +/- 10 degrees W direction across Tempe Terra (extension of similar to 20 +/- 4, comparable in magnitude and direction to the average result from the scarp measurement method). Both methods indicate an average extension for single normal fault scarps (and shortening across wrinkle ridges for the crater method) of similar to 100 m. The agreement between the results of the two independent methods in overall extension and average single normal fault extension argues that the average scarp slope and fault dip data in the fault scarp width method accurately represent the actual extension across the observed structures. This conclusion supports existing geometric and kinematic models for structural features on Mars. A preliminary estimate of the total circumferential extension around Tharsis (at a radius of similar to 2500 km) is roughly 60 +/- 42 km; total hoop strain is about 0.4% distributed heterogeneously (Tempe Terra is the most highly strained region on Mars). C1 US GEOL SURVEY, BRANCH ASTROGEOL, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86001 USA. RP Golombek, MP (reprint author), CALTECH, JET PROP LAB, MAIL STOP 183-501, 4800 OAK GROVE DR, PASADENA, CA 91109 USA. NR 28 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD NOV 25 PY 1996 VL 101 IS E11 BP 26119 EP 26130 DI 10.1029/96JE02709 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VU802 UT WOS:A1996VU80200007 ER PT J AU Rathbun, RE AF Rathbun, RE TI Regression equations for disinfection by-products for the Mississippi, Ohio and Missouri rivers SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID TRIHALOMETHANE FORMATION; WATER-TREATMENT; COAGULATION; PRECURSORS; MODEL AB Trihalomethane and nonpurgeable total organic-halide formation potentials were determined for the chlorination of water samples from the Mississippi, Ohio and Missouri Rivers. Samples were collected during the summer and fall of 1991 and the spring of 1992 at twelve locations on the Mississippi from New Orleans to Minneapolis, and on the Ohio and Missouri 1.6 km upstream from their confluences with the Mississippi. Formation potentials were determined as a function of pH, initial free-chlorine concentration, and reaction time. Multiple linear regression analysis of the data indicated that pH, reaction time, and the dissolved organic carbon concentration and/or the ultraviolet absorbance of the water were the most significant variables. The initial free-chlorine concentration had less significance and bromide concentration had little or no significance. Analysis of combinations of the dissolved organic carbon concentration and the ultraviolet absorbance indicated that use of the ultraviolet absorbance alone provided the best prediction of the experimental data. Regression coefficients for the variables were generally comparable to coefficients previously presented in the literature for waters from other parts of the United States. RP Rathbun, RE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,5293 WARD RD,ARVADA,CO 80002, USA. NR 30 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD NOV 22 PY 1996 VL 191 IS 3 BP 235 EP 244 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(96)05266-7 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VT398 UT WOS:A1996VT39800005 ER PT J AU Phillips, DL Marks, DG AF Phillips, DL Marks, DG TI Spatial uncertainty analysis: Propagation of interpolation errors in spatially distributed models SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE error; evapotranspiration; kriging; spatial patterns; uncertainty analysis ID FOREST EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; GEOSTATISTICS; SIMULATION; CLIMATE AB In simulation modelling, it is desirable to quantify model uncertainties and provide not only point estimates for output variables but confidence intervals as well. Spatially distributed physical and ecological process models are becoming widely used, with runs being made over a grid of points that represent the landscape. This requires input values at each grid point, which often have to be interpolated from irregularly scattered measurement sites, e.g., weather stations. Interpolation introduces spatially varying errors which propagate through the model. We extended established uncertainty analysis methods to a spatial domain for quantifying spatial patterns of input variable interpolation errors and how they propagate through a model to affect the uncertainty of the model output. We applied this to a model of potential evapotranspiration (PET) as a demonstration. We modelled PET for three time periods in 1990 as a function of temperature, humidity, and wind on a 10-km grid across the U.S. portion of the Columbia River Basin. Temperature, humidity, and wind speed were interpolated using kriging from 700-1000 supporting data points. Kriging standard deviations (SD) were used to quantify the spatially varying interpolation uncertainties. For each of 5693 grid points, 100 Monte Carlo Simulations were done, using the kriged values of temperature, humidity, and wind, plus random error terms determined by the kriging SDs and the correlations of interpolation errors among the three variables. For the spring season example, kriging SDs averaged 2.6 degrees C for temperature, 8.7% for relative humidity, and 0.38 m s(-1) for wind. The resultant PET estimates had coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 14% to 27% for the 10-km grid cells. Maps of PET means and CVs showed the spatial patterns of PET with a measure of its uncertainty due to interpolation of the input variables. This methodology should be applicable to a variety of spatially distributed models using interpolated inputs. RP Phillips, DL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 26 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD NOV 15 PY 1996 VL 91 IS 1-3 BP 213 EP 229 DI 10.1016/0304-3800(95)00191-3 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VL664 UT WOS:A1996VL66400015 ER PT J AU Geist, EL AF Geist, EL TI Relationship between the present-day stress field and plate boundary forces in the Pacific Northwest SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKE; FAULT; WASHINGTON; TECTONICS; PATTERNS; OREGON; STRAIN; RATES; ZONE AB The relationship between plate boundary forces and the observed stress field in the Pacific Northwest is established using numerical models of continental deformation. Because the orientation of the greatest horizontal principal stress throughout the Pacific Northwest differs considerably from the direction of convergence between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates, the relationship between the stress field and forces acting along the subduction zone has been unclear. To address this relationship, a two-dimensional finite element model developed by Bird [1989] is used that incorporates critical aspects of continental deformation such as a stratified rheology and interaction between thermal and mechanical components of deformation. Boundary conditions are specified in terms of either velocity or shear traction, depending on whether the computed shear stress at the plate boundary is less than or exceeds, respectively, a prescribed limit. Shear-stress limits on the subduction and transform plate boundaries are independently varied to determine the relative effect of forces along these boundaries on intraplate deformation. Results from this study indicate that the shear stress limit of both subduction and transform boundaries is low, and that the intraplate stress field is attributed, in part, to the normal component of relative plate motion along the transform boundaries. However, the models also indicate that although the subduction zone fault is weak, a minimum shear strength (greater than or equal to 10 MPa) for the fault is necessary to explain the observed stress field. The balance among forces along the tectonic boundaries of North America results in a surprising degree of variation in the present-day stress field. RP Geist, EL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 999,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 1996 VL 23 IS 23 BP 3381 EP 3384 DI 10.1029/96GL03157 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VU346 UT WOS:A1996VU34600025 ER PT J AU Luoma, SN AF Luoma, SN TI The developing framework of marine ecotoxicology: Pollutants as a variable in marine ecosystems? SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Review ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; SEDIMENT QUALITY CRITERIA; SINGLE-SPECIES TOXICITY; SOLE PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; ACID VOLATILE SULFIDE; MYTILUS-EDULIS; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS; POTAMOCORBULA-AMURENSIS; CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS AB Marine ecosystems include a subset in which at least some interrelated geochemical, biochemical, physiological, population and community characteristics are changed by pollutants. Moderate contamination is relatively widespread in coastal and estuarine ecosystems, so the subset of ecosystems with at least some processes affected could be relatively large. Pollutant influences have changed and will probably continue to change on time scales of decades. Biological exposures and dose in such ecosystems are species-specific and determined by how the species is exposed to different environmental media and the geochemistry of individual pollutants within those media. Bioaccumulation models offer significant promise for interpreting such exposures. Biological responses to pollutants need to be more directly linked to exposure and dose. At the level of the individual this might be improved by better understanding relationships between tissue concentrations of pollutants and responses to pollutants. Multi-discipline field and laboratory studies combined with advanced understanding of some basic processes have reduced the ambiguities in interpreting a few physiological/organismic responses to pollutants in nature. Recognition of pollutant-induced patterns in population responses could lead to similar advances. A rational framework for ecotoxicology is developing, but its further advance is dependent upon better integration of ecotoxicology with basic marine ecology and biology. RP Luoma, SN (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 465,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 140 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD NOV 15 PY 1996 VL 200 IS 1-2 BP 29 EP 55 DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(96)02679-2 PG 27 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA VV020 UT WOS:A1996VV02000003 ER PT J AU Noble, MA Schroeder, WW Wiseman, WJ Ryan, HF Gelfenbaum, G AF Noble, MA Schroeder, WW Wiseman, WJ Ryan, HF Gelfenbaum, G TI Subtidal circulation patterns in a shallow, highly stratified estuary: Mobile Bay, Alabama SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID CHESAPEAKE-BAY; SIMPLE-MODEL; WIND-STRESS; SEA-LEVEL; EXCHANGE; FLOW AB Mobile Bay is a wide (25-50 km), shallow (3 m), highly stratified estuary on the Gulf coast of the United States. In May 1991 a series of instruments that measure near-surface and near-bed current, temperature, salinity, and middepth pressure were deployed for a year-long study of the bay. A full set of measurements were obtained at one site in the lower bay; all but current measurements were obtained at a midbay site. These observations show that the subtidal currents in the lower bay are highly sheared, despite the shallow depth of the estuary. The sheared flow patterns are partly caused by differential forcing from wind stress and river discharge. Two wind-driven flow patterns actually exist in lower Mobile Bay. A barotropic response develops when the difference between near-surface and near-bottom salinity is less than 5 parts per thousand. For stronger salinity gradients the wind-driven currents are larger and the response resembles a baroclinic flow pattern. Currents driven by river flows are sheared and also have a nonlinear response pattern. Only near-surface currents are driven seaward by discharges below 3000 m(3)/s. At higher discharge rates, surface current variability uncouples from the river flow and the increased discharge rates drive near-bed current seaward. This change in the river-forced flow pattern may be associated with a hydraulic jump in the mouth of the estuary. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701. UNIV ALABAMA,MARINE SCI PROGRAM,DAUPHIN ISL SEA LAB,DAUPHIN ISL,AL 36528. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,INST COASTAL STUDIES,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. RP Noble, MA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 40 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD NOV 15 PY 1996 VL 101 IS C11 BP 25689 EP 25703 DI 10.1029/96JC02506 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA VT419 UT WOS:A1996VT41900009 ER PT J AU McMahon, PB Bohlke, JK AF McMahon, PB Bohlke, JK TI Denitrification and mixing in a stream-aquifer system: Effects on nitrate loading to surface water SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC COASTAL-PLAIN; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS CCL3F; NATURAL DENITRIFICATION; HYDROLOGIC TRACERS; HYPORHEIC ZONE; SANDY AQUIFER; DATING TOOLS; GROUNDWATER; NITROGEN; REDUCTION AB Ground water in terrace deposits of the South Platte River alluvial aquifer near Greeley, Colorado, USA, had a median nitrate concentration of 1857 mu mol l(-1). Median nitrate concentrations in ground water from adjacent floodplain deposits (468 mu mol l(-1)) and riverbed sediments (461 mu mol l(-1)), both of which are downgradient from the terrace deposits, were lower than the median concentration in the terrace deposits. The concentrations and delta(15)N values of nitrate and N-2 in ground water indicated that denitrifying activity in the floodplain deposits and riverbed sediments accounted for 15-30% of the difference in nitrate concentrations. Concentrations of Cl- and SiO2 indicated that mixing between river water and ground water in the floodplain deposits and riverbed sediments accounted for the remainder of the difference in nitrate concentrations. River flux measurements indicated that ground-water discharge in a 7.5 ion segment of river had a nitrate load of 1718 kg N day(-1) and accounted for about 18% of the total nitrate load in the river at the downstream end of that segment. This nitrate load was 70% less than the load predicted on the basis of the median nitrate concentration in the terrace deposits and assuming no denitrification or mixing in the aquifer. Water exchange between the river and aquifer caused ground water that originally discharged to the river to reenter denitrifying sediments in the riverbed and floodplain, thereby further decreasing the nitrate load in this stream-aquifer system. Results from this study indicated that denitrification and mixing within alluvial aquifer sediments may substantially decrease the nitrate load added to rivers by discharging ground water. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA. RP McMahon, PB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MAIL STOP 415,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 29 TC 95 Z9 98 U1 5 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD NOV 15 PY 1996 VL 186 IS 1-4 BP 105 EP 128 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03037-5 PG 24 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA VZ634 UT WOS:A1996VZ63400006 ER PT J AU Bruce, BW McMahon, PB AF Bruce, BW McMahon, PB TI Shallow ground-water quality beneath a major urban center: Denver, Colorado, USA SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article AB A survey of the chemical quality of ground water in the unconsolidated alluvial aquifer beneath a major urban center (Denver, Colorado, USA) was performed in 1993 with the objective of characterizing the quality of shallow ground-water in the urban area and relating water quality to land use. Thirty randomly selected alluvial wells were each sampled once for a broad range of dissolved constituents. The urban land use at each well site was sub-classified into one of three land-use settings: residential, commercial, and industrial. Shallow ground-water quality was highly variable in the urban area and the variability could be related to these land-use setting classifications. Sulfate (SO4) was the predominant anion in most samples from the residential and commercial land-use settings, whereas bicarbonate (HCO3) was the predominant anion in samples from the industrial land-use setting, indicating a possible shift in redox conditions associated with land use. Only three of 30 samples had nitrate concentrations that exceeded the US national drinking-water standard of 10 mg l(-1) as nitrogen, indicating that nitrate contamination of shallow ground water may not be a serious problem in this urban area. However, the highest median nitrate concentration (4.2 mg l(-1)) was in samples from the residential setting, where fertilizer application is assumed to be most intense. Twenty-seven of 30 samples had detectable pesticides and nine of 82 analyzed pesticide compounds were detected at low concentrations, indicating that pesticides are widely distributed in shallow ground water in this urban area. Although the highest median total pesticide concentration (0.17 mu g l(-1)) was in the commercial setting, the herbicides prometon and atrazine were found in each land-use setting. Similarly, 25 of 29 samples analyzed had detectable volatile organic compounds (VOCs) indicating these compounds are also widely distributed in this urban area. The total VOC concentrations in sampled wells ranged from nondetectable to 23 442 mu g l(-1). Widespread detections and occasionally high concentrations point to VOCs as the major anthropogenic ground-water impact in this urban environment. Generally, the highest VOC concentrations occurred in samples from the industrial setting. The most frequently detected VOC was the gasoline additive methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, in 23 of 29 wells). Results from this study indicate that the quality of shallow ground water in major urban areas can be related to land-use settings. Moreover, some VOCs and pesticides may be widely distributed at low concentrations in shallow ground water throughout major urban areas. As a result, the differentiation between point and non-point sources for these compounds in urban areas may be difficult. RP Bruce, BW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,NATL WATER QUAL ASSESSMENT NAWQA PROGRAM,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 12 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD NOV 15 PY 1996 VL 186 IS 1-4 BP 129 EP 151 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03031-4 PG 23 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA VZ634 UT WOS:A1996VZ63400007 ER PT J AU Bazuhair, AS Wood, WW AF Bazuhair, AS Wood, WW TI Chloride mass-balance method for estimating ground water recharge in arid areas: Examples from western Saudi Arabia SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article AB The chloride mass-balance method, which integrates time and aerial distribution of ground water recharge, was applied to small alluvial aquifers in the wadi systems of the Asir and Hijaz mountains in western Saudi Arabia. This application is an extension of the method shown to be suitable for estimating recharge in regional aquifers in semi-arid areas. Because the method integrates recharge in time and space it appears to be, with certain assumptions, particularly well suited for and areas with large temporal and spatial variation in recharge. In general, recharge was found to be between 3 to 4% of precipitation - a range consistent with recharge rates found in other arid and semi-arid areas of the earth. C1 KING ABDULAZIZ UNIV,FAC EARTH SCI,JEDDAH 21441,SAUDI ARABIA. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22091. NR 10 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD NOV 15 PY 1996 VL 186 IS 1-4 BP 153 EP 159 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03028-4 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA VZ634 UT WOS:A1996VZ63400008 ER PT J AU Chen, YS Smith, PE Evensen, NM York, D Lajoie, KR AF Chen, YS Smith, PE Evensen, NM York, D Lajoie, KR TI The edge of time: Dating young volcanic ash layers with the Ar-40-Ar-39 laser probe SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CALIBRATION; POTASSIUM; PRECISION; RANGE; BC AB Argon-40-argon-39 single-crystal dating of young (5000 to 30,000 years ago) volcanic ash layers erupted from the Mono Craters, California, shows that the method can yield meaningful ages in Holocene tephra. Because of ubiquitous xenocrystic contamination, the data do not form isochrons but plot in wedge-shaped regions on an argon isotopic diagram. The upper boundary of the region is an isochron matching the C-14-derived age of the eruption. Such contamination-related patterns may be common in dating young materials by the single-crystal method. Argon dating by this method can help refine the time scale of physical and biological evolution over the past 100,000 years. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Chen, YS (reprint author), UNIV TORONTO,DEPT PHYS,60 ST GEORGE ST,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A7,CANADA. NR 27 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 15 PY 1996 VL 274 IS 5290 BP 1176 EP 1178 DI 10.1126/science.274.5290.1176 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VT335 UT WOS:A1996VT33500049 ER PT J AU Mueller, PA Heatherington, AL DArcy, KA Wooden, JL Nutman, AP AF Mueller, PA Heatherington, AL DArcy, KA Wooden, JL Nutman, AP TI Contrasts between Sm-Nd whole-rock and U-Pb zircon systematics in the Tobacco Root batholith, Montana: Implications for the determination of crustal age provinces SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE crust; neodymium; igneous granite ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTHEASTERN IDAHO BATHOLITH; RB-SR; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS; TERTIARY GRANITE; ARCHEAN BASEMENT; WYOMING CRATON; K-AR; LAURENTIA; MOUNTAINS AB Proper documentation of the extent and age of crust in the western US is critical for constraining a variety of geologic problems ranging from the growth rate of continents to Precambrian continental reconstructions. The secondary isotopic systematics of granitoids have been one of the principal means used to characterize continental crust in areas where the basement is covered. In southwestern Montana and eastern Idaho a group of Late Mesozoic to Cenozoic, dioritic to quartz monzonitic batholiths (e.g., Tobacco Root, Idaho, Pioneer, Boulder, etc.) share a limited range of Paleoproterozoic Sm-Nd depleted mantle model ages. The Tobacco Root batholith (TRB) has a Nd isotopic composition (E(Nd) = -17.9 to -19.1) and Sm-Nd model age (T-DM = 1.63 to 1.90 Ga) typical of this group. The TRB, however, intruded Archean crust (similar to 3.3 Ga, epsilon(Nd) = similar to -35), rather than the presumed Proterozoic crust intruded by the other plutons. The Archean heritage of the TRB is confirmed by the presence of premagmatic zircons which range from 2.2 to 3.0 Ga. The combination of U-Pb zircon and Nd model ages suggest that the batholith was derived from both Archean and Proterozoic crustal sources, as well as an similar to 80 Ma mantle component. This contrasts with a sample from the northern Idaho batholith which exhibits concordancy between its Sm-Nd and premagmatic zircon systems at similar to 1.74 Ga. These data point to the difficulties that can occur if crustal age provinces are defined solely on the basis of Nd model ages of younger plutons, particularly in areas such as the northwestern US where Archean and Proterozoic crust is poorly exposed and dispersed over a large area. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,RES SCH EARTH SCI,CANBERRA,ACT,AUSTRALIA. RP Mueller, PA (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT GEOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. RI Mueller, Paul/B-3974-2013; OI Mueller, Paul/0000-0003-2608-193X NR 63 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD NOV 15 PY 1996 VL 265 IS 1-2 BP 169 EP 179 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00151-5 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VZ481 UT WOS:A1996VZ48100009 ER PT J AU Hodgkinson, KM Stein, RS Marshall, G AF Hodgkinson, KM Stein, RS Marshall, G TI Geometry of the 1954 Fairview Peak-Dixie Valley earthquake sequence from a joint inversion of leveling and triangulation data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; CALIFORNIA; DEFORMATION; PARKFIELD; BASIN; ZONE; SLIP AB In 1954, four earthquakes greater than M(S) = 6.0 occurred within a 30-km radius and in a period of 6 months. Elevation and angle changes calculated from repeated leveling and triangulation surveys which span the coseismic period provide constraints on the fault geometries and coseismic slip of the faults which were activated. The quality of the coseismic geodetic data is assessed. Corrections are applied to the leveling data for subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal in the Fallen area, and a rod miscalibration error of 150 +/- 30 ppm is isolated in leveling surveys made in 1967. The leveling and triangulation observations are then simultaneously inverted using the single value decomposition (SVD) inversion method to determine fault geometries and coseismic slip. Using SVD, it is possible to determine on which faults slip is resolvable given the data distribution. The faults are found to dip between 50 degrees and 80 degrees and extend to depths of 5 to 14 km. The geodetically derived slip values are generally equal to, or greater than, the maximum observed displacement along the surface scarps. Where slip is resolvable the geodetic data indicates the 1954 sequence contained a significant component of right-lateral slip. This is consistent with the N15 degrees W trending shear zone which geodetic surveys have detected in western Nevada. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP Hodgkinson, KM (reprint author), TRIMBLE NAV LTD, 485 POTRERO AVE, SUNNYVALE, CA 94086 USA. NR 31 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B11 BP 25437 EP 25457 DI 10.1029/96JB01643 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VR645 UT WOS:A1996VR64500031 ER PT J AU Hodgkinson, KM Stein, RS King, GCP AF Hodgkinson, KM Stein, RS King, GCP TI The 1954 rainbow Mountain-Fairview Peak-Dixie Valley earthquakes: A triggered normal faulting sequence SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID STATIC STRESS CHANGES; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; LANDER EARTHQUAKE; DEFORMATION; SEISMICITY; GEOMETRY; PROVINCE; NEVADA; BASIN AB In 1954, four earthquakes of M > 6.0 occurred within a 30 km radius in a period of six months. The Rainbow Mountain-Fairview Peak-Dixie Valley earthquakes are among the largest to have been recorded geodetically in the Basin and Range province. The Fairview Peak earthquake (M = 7.2, December 12, 1954) followed two events in the Rainbow Mountains (M = 6.2, July 6, and M = 6.5, August 24, 1954) by 6 months. Four minutes later the Dixie Valley fault ruptured (M = 6.7, December 12, 1954). The changes in static stresses caused by the events are calculated using the Coulomb-Navier failure criterion and assuming uniform slip on rectangular dislocations embedded in an elastic half-space. Coulomb stress changes are resolved on optimally oriented faults and on each of the faults that ruptured in the chain of events. These calculations show that each earthquake in the Rainbow Mountain-Fairview Peak-Dixie Valley sequence was preceded by a static stress change that encouraged failure. The magnitude of the stress increases transferred from one earthquake to another ranged from 0.01 MPa (0.1 bar) to over 0.1 MPa (1 bar). Stresses were reduced by up to 0.1 MPa over most of the Rainbow Mountain-Fairview Peak area as a result of the earthquake sequence. C1 INST PHYS GLOBE, F-75252 PARIS, FRANCE. RP Hodgkinson, KM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 977, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 28 TC 69 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B11 BP 25459 EP 25471 DI 10.1029/96JB01302 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VR645 UT WOS:A1996VR64500032 ER PT J AU Fournier, RO AF Fournier, RO TI Compressive and tensile failure at high fluid pressure where preexisting fractures have cohesive strength, with application to the San Andreas Fault SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID PORE-FLUID; RUPTURE NUCLEATION; PUNCHBOWL FAULT; STRESS; CALIFORNIA; MECHANISM; BEHAVIOR; SLIP; DEFORMATION; ROCKS AB In thrusting and strike-slip situations, when the maximum principal horizontal stress S-1 acts nearly normal to a fault (a misoriented fault, such as the San Andreas), pore-fluid pressure > the lithostatic load, P-f > S-nu, is required to reactivate movement on that fault. P-f > S-nu may be achieved without causing hydraulic tensile fracturing if (1) previously existing cracks have regained cohesive strength by chemical processes, (2) subcritical crack growth has been blunted, and (3) the least principal horizontal stress S-3 nearly equals S-nu. Where P-f > S-nu has been attained within a misaligned fault, increasing the stress difference (S-1 - S-3) at constant P-f > S-nu will not lead to shear failure, while a decrease in (S-1 - S-3) can lead to shear failure of that fault. However, where the cohesive strength of material in a broad misaligned fault zone is less than that of the surrounding intact rock, increasing (S-1 - S-3) while P-f > S-nu can result in shear failure of fractures at near optimum angles to S-1, but confined within this weak fault zone. If this faulting results in the local short-lived attainment of P-f > S-nu (cataclastic deformation and frictional heating overcoming dilation) and a simultaneous decrease in (S-1 - S-3), this combination of effects can trigger movement along the main trace of the misaligned fault. When increasing P-f results in hydraulic failure, anisotropy in tensile strength or fracture toughness resulting from foliation within faults allows fractures to propagate along the planes of weakness rather than across the foliation perpendicular to S-3. RP Fournier, RO (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 910, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 66 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B11 BP 25499 EP 25509 DI 10.1029/96JB02293 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VR645 UT WOS:A1996VR64500035 ER PT J AU Bahr, DB Peckham, SD AF Bahr, DB Peckham, SD TI Observations and analysis of self-similar branching topology in glacier networks SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FLOW AB Glaciers, like rivers, have a branching structure which can be characterized by topological trees or networks. Probability distributions of various topological quantities in the networks are shown to satisfy the criterion for self-similarity, a symmetry structure which might be used to simplify future models of glacier dynamics. Two analytical methods of describing river networks, Shreve's random topology model and deterministic self-similar trees, are applied to the six glaciers of south central Alaska studied in this analysis. Self-similar trees capture the topological behavior observed for all of the glaciers, and most of the networks are also reasonably approximated by Shreve's theory. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. RP Bahr, DB (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO, COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI, CAMPUS BOX 216, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B11 BP 25511 EP 25521 DI 10.1029/96JB02536 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VR645 UT WOS:A1996VR64500036 ER PT J AU Savage, JC Lisowski, M Prescott, WH AF Savage, JC Lisowski, M Prescott, WH TI Observed discrepancy between Geodolite and GPS distance measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; STRAIN ACCUMULATION; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; CALIFORNIA; PRECISION; ACCURACY AB Comparison of contemporaneous measurements of 84 distances in the range of 10 to 50 km by both Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geodolite (an electro-optical distance-measuring instrument) indicates that the Geodolite measurements are systematically longer by 0.283 +/- 0.100 parts per million of the measured distance. Quoted uncertainty is 1 standard deviation. This amounts to 11.3 +/- 4.0 mm at 40 km, which is near the maximum Geodolite range. The systematic difference is within the random uncertainty of an individual GPS-Geodolite comparison and was detected only from an analysis of a large number (84) of such comparisons. The source of the systematic difference has not been identified. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA USA. NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B11 BP 25547 EP 25552 DI 10.1029/96JB02288 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VR645 UT WOS:A1996VR64500039 ER PT J AU Trexler, JH Cole, JC Cashman, PH AF Trexler, JH Cole, JC Cashman, PH TI Middle Devonian Mississippian stratigraphy on and near the Nevada Test Site: Implications for hydrocarbon potential SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID ANTLER FORELAND BASIN; STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK; MESOZOIC DEFORMATION; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; OROGENY; NORTH; CALIFORNIA; EVOLUTION; MOUNTAINS; TECTONISM AB Paleozoic strata on the Nevada Test Sire and surrounding area are affected. by the intersection of several important geologic trends, including the early Paleozoic rift margin and the Late Devonian-Early Mississippian Antler orogenic foredeep. Upper Paleozoic strata are lithologically diverse and include siliciclastic sediments (carbonaceous shale, clean quartzose sands, bedded chert, and chert-lithic conglomerate and sand) and various carbonates, These are interpreted to have been deposited in a range of environments and water depths. The resulting complex stratigraphy with its dramatic vertical and lateral changes is difficult to correlate, even between nearby surface and subsurface sections. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Trexler, JH (reprint author), UNIV NEVADA,DEPT GEOL SCI,RENO,NV 89557, USA. NR 78 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSN PETROL GEOLOGISTS PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 80 IS 11 BP 1736 EP 1762 PG 27 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VT418 UT WOS:A1996VT41800006 ER PT J AU Mattick, RE Teleki, PG Phillips, RL Clayton, JL David, G Pogacsas, G Bardocz, B Simon, E AF Mattick, RE Teleki, PG Phillips, RL Clayton, JL David, G Pogacsas, G Bardocz, B Simon, E TI Structure, stratigraphy, and petroleum geology of the Little Plain basin, northwestern Hungary SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID PANNONIAN BASIN; EASTERN ALPS; KINEMATICS; HISTORY AB The basement of the Little Plain (Kisalfold) basin is composed of two parts: an eastern part comprised of folded and overthrusted Triassic and Paleozoic rocks of the Pelso block (Transdanubian Central Range) compressed in the Early Cretaceous, and a western part consisting of stacked nappes of the Austroalpine zone of Paleozoic rocks, significantly metamorphosed during Cretaceous and later compression, overriding Jurassic oceanic rift-zone rocks of the Penninic zone, The evolution of the basin began in the late Karpatian-early Badenian (middle Miocene) when the eastern part of the basin began to open along conjugate sets of northeast- and northwest-trending normal faults. Neogene rocks in the study area, on the average, contain less than 0.5 wt, % total organic carbon (TOC) and, therefore, are not considered effective source rocks. Locally, however, where TOC values are as high as 3 wt, %, significant amounts of gas may have been generated and expelled, Although potential stratigraphic traps are numerous in the Neogene section, these potential traps must be downgraded because of the small amount of hydrocarbons discovered in structural traps to date. With the exception of the Cretaceous, the Mesozoic section has not been actively explored. Large anticlinal and overthrust structures involving pre-Cretaceous strata remain undrilled. C1 TELEKI & ASSOCIATES,HERNDON,VA 22071. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94303. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. MOL PLC,HUNGARIAN OIL & GAS CO,H-1117 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. RP Mattick, RE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,MS 909,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 48 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSN PETROL GEOLOGISTS PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 80 IS 11 BP 1780 EP 1800 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VT418 UT WOS:A1996VT41800008 ER PT J AU Tollo, RP Aleinikoff, JN AF Tollo, RP Aleinikoff, JN TI Petrology and U-Pb geochronology of the Robertson River Igneous Suite, Blue Ridge province, Virginia - Evidence for multistage magmatism associated with an early episode of Laurentian rifting SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID A-TYPE GRANITES; GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS; RED-SEA; SOUTHERN; ZIRCON; MODEL; PETROGENESIS; ORIGIN; AGE; DISCRIMINATION AB The Late Neoproterozoic (735-702 Ma) Robertson River Igneous Suite includes at least eight plutons ranging in composition from syenogranite to alkali feldspar granite to alkali feldspar syenite. These plutons intruded Mesoproterozoic (1.2-1.0 Ga) gneissic basement of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium in northern and central Virginia during an early episode of Laurentian rifting. Robertson River plutons range In composition from metaluminous to peralkaline and, relative to other granite types, exhibit compositional characteristics of A-type granitoids including (1) marked enrichment in Nb, Zr, Y, REE (except Eu), and Ga, (2) high Ga/Al and FeO(total)/MgO, and (3) depletion of Ba an and Sr. High Ga/Al ratios are particularly diagnostic of the suite and serve as an effective discriminant between originally metaluminous and peralkaline bulk compositions, providing a useful proxy for widely used indicators based on major elements that are prone to remobilization. U-Pb isotopic analyses of zircons indicate that the suite was emplaced in two pulses, occurring at 735 to 722 and 706 to 702 Ma. Metaluminous magmas were emplaced during both pulses, formed most of the main batholith, and fractionated as independent, time-correlative groups. Peralkaline magmas were emplaced only during the final pulse, formed a volcanic center that erupted unknown quantities of rhyolite, and experienced a style of fractionation similar to the metaluminous types. Differences in Ce/Nb, Y/Nb, and Yb/Ta ratios suggest that the metaluminous and peralkaline magmas were derived from different sources. The Robertson River Igneous Suite is part of a regional group of Late Neoproterozoic (760-700 Ma) plutons including at least 20 other A-type granitoid bodies exposed throughout the Laurentian terrane of Virginia and northwestern North Carolina. Like the Robertson River, most of the other granitoids are metaluminous in composition, typically form multi-intrusive, elongate plutons, and are not geographically constrained to the vicinity of major Neoproterozoic volcanic centers. The Late Neoproterozoic plutons of the Laurentian Appalachians are similar in lithology, composition, and style of emplacement to Miocene granitoids that occur on the southern flanks of the present Red Sea rift and that are considered a younger analog of the Appalachian plutons. However, the Red Sea granitoids were emplaced within a few million years of the initial development of oceanic crust whereas the Appalachian plutons appear largely to have pre-dated development of the Iapetus Ocean by about 130 my. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Tollo, RP (reprint author), GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT GEOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20052, USA. NR 75 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLINE GEOLOGY LABORATORY PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 SN 0002-9599 J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 296 IS 9 BP 1045 EP 1090 PG 46 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VV126 UT WOS:A1996VV12600004 ER PT J AU Kharaka, YK Ambats, G Presser, TS Davis, RA AF Kharaka, YK Ambats, G Presser, TS Davis, RA TI Removal of selenium from contaminated agricultural drainage water by nanofiltration membranes SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY; CALIFORNIA; GROUNDWATER; SOILS AB Seleniferous agricultural drainage wastewater has become a new major source of pollution in the world. In the USA, large areas of farmland in 17 western states, generate contaminated salinized drainage with Se concentrations much higher than 5 mu g/l, the US Environmental Protection Agency water-quality criterion for the protection of aquatic life; Se values locally reach 4200 mu g/l in western San Joaquin Valley, California. Wetland habitats receiving this drainage have generally shown Se toxicosis in aquatic birds causing high rates of embryonic deformity and mortality, or have indicated potential ecological damage. Results of our laboratory flow experiments indicate that nanofiltration, the latest membrane separation technology, can selectively remove >95% of Se and other multivalent anions from >90% of highly contaminated water from the San Joaquin Valley, California. Such membranes yield greater water output and require lower pressures and less pretreatment, and therefore, are more cost effective than traditional reverse osmosis membranes. Nanofiltration membranes offer a potential breakthrough for the management of Se contaminated wastes not only from agricultural drainage, but from other sources also. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 DOW CHEM CO USA, LARKIN LAB, LIQUID SEPARAT, MIDLAND, MI 48674 USA. RP Kharaka, YK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 38 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 11 IS 6 BP 797 EP 802 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(96)00044-3 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WG247 UT WOS:A1996WG24700006 ER PT J AU Carr, RS Chapman, DC Presley, BJ Biedenbach, JM Robertson, L Boothe, P Kilada, R Wade, T Montagna, P AF Carr, RS Chapman, DC Presley, BJ Biedenbach, JM Robertson, L Boothe, P Kilada, R Wade, T Montagna, P TI Sediment porewater toxicity assessment studies in the vicinity of offshore oil and gas production platforms in the Gulf of Mexico SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TESTS; MARINE AB As part of a multidisciplinary program to assess the potential long-term impacts of offshore oil and gas exploration and production activities in the Gulf of Mexico, sediment chemical analyses and porewater toxicity tests were conducted in the vicinity of five offshore platforms. Based on data from sea urchin fertilization and embryological development assays, toxicity was observed near four of the five platforms sampled; the majority of the toxic samples were collected within 150 m of a platform. There was excellent agreement among the results of porewater tests with three different species (sea urchin embryological development, polychaete reproduction, and copepod nauplii survival). The sediment concentrations of several metals were well in excess of sediment quality assessment guidelines at a number of stations, and good agreement was observed between predicted and observed toxicity. Porewater metal concentrations compared with EC(50), LOEC, and NOEC values generated for water-only exposures indicated that the porewater concentrations for several metals were high enough to account for the observed toxicity. Results of these studies utilizing highly sensitive toxicity tests suggest that the contaminant-induced impacts from offshore platforms are limited to a localized area in the immediate vicinity of the platforms. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT OCEANOG,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. UNIV TEXAS,INST MARINE SCI,PORT ARANSAS,TX 78373. TEXAS A&M UNIV,GEOCHEM & ENVIRONM RES GRP,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. RP Carr, RS (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,USGS,MERS,CTR COASTAL STUDIES,NAT RESOURCES CTR,SUITE 3200,6300 OCEAN DR,CORPUS CHRISTI,TX 78412, USA. RI Wade, Terry/A-4012-2012 NR 21 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 53 IS 11 BP 2618 EP 2628 DI 10.1139/cjfas-53-11-2618 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WK898 UT WOS:A1996WK89800020 ER PT J AU Longcore, JR McAuley, DG Sepik, GF Pendleton, GW AF Longcore, JR McAuley, DG Sepik, GF Pendleton, GW TI Survival of breeding male American woodcock in Maine SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID TERM POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS; FENNOSCANDIA; MAMMALS; BIRDS AB We radio-marked 150 male American woodcock (Scolopax minor) during 1987-1989 and estimated period survival for 1 April-15 June. Survival varied from 0.690 (1989) to 0.924 (1988), with a 3-year mean (95% confidence interval) of 0.789 (0.693-0.885). Woodcock were killed by raptors (n=14, 53.8%), mammals (n=1, 3.8%), or unknown predators (n=5, 19.2%); six deaths (23.1%) were from miscellaneous causes, including three (11.5%) from entanglement in the transmitter harness. A composite survival estimate based on telemetry studies for the breeding, postbreeding, and wintering periods was 0.471 (0.789x0.923x0.647). The calculated survival rates were 0.881 for the spring migration period and 0.853 for the combined hunting and fall migration period. In a proportional hazards model, body mass at capture was not related to survival. Forest type (hardwood versus conifers) affected survival (P <0.016), which was lower for woodcock using mostly conifer sites. Survival was related positively to mean snow depth in December (P <0.038), negatively to snow depth in April (P <0.046), and positively to minimum temperature in December(P <0.054) and April (P <0.066) in some analyses. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,MOOSEHORN NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,BARING,ME 04694. NATL BIOL SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. RP Longcore, JR (reprint author), NATL BIOL SERV,NE RES GRP,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,5768 S ANNEX A,ORONO,ME 04469, USA. NR 51 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 74 IS 11 BP 2046 EP 2054 DI 10.1139/z96-232 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VQ081 UT WOS:A1996VQ08100012 ER PT J AU Hilderbrand, GV Farley, SD Robbins, CT Hanley, TA Titus, K Servheen, C AF Hilderbrand, GV Farley, SD Robbins, CT Hanley, TA Titus, K Servheen, C TI Use of stable isotopes to determine diets of living and extinct bears SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID BONE-COLLAGEN; FOOD-HABITS; TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS; CARBON ISOTOPES; GRIZZLY BEARS; URSUS-ARCTOS; FRACTIONATION; DELTA-C-13; DELTA-N-15; TURNOVER AB The potential use of stable-isotope analyses (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) to estimate bear diets was assessed in 40-day feeding trials using American black bears (Ursus americanus). Bear plasma and red blood cells have half-lives of similar to 4 days and similar to 28 days, respectively. The isotopic signature of bear plasma is linearly related to that of the diet, and with the exception of adipose tissue, there is no isotopic fractionation across bear tissues. Isotopic analyses were used to estimate the diets of three bear populations: Pleistocene cave bears (U. speleaus) in Europe, grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) inhabiting the Columbia River drainage prior to 1931, and brown bears (U. arctos) of Chichagof and Admiralty islands, Alaska. Cave bears were omnivores with terrestrially produced meat contributing from 41 to 78% (58+/-14%) of their metabolized carbon and nitrogen. Salmon contributed from 33 to 90% (58+/-23%) of the metabolized carbon and nitrogen in grizzly bears from the Columbia River drainage. Finally, most brown bears on Chichagof and Admiralty islands feed upon salmon during the late summer and fall; however, a subpopulation of bears exists that does not utilize salmon. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, DEPT NAT RESOURCE SCI, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. US FOREST SERV, FORESTRY SCI LAB, JUNEAU, AK 99801 USA. ALASKA DEPT FISH & GAME, DIV WILDLIFE, DOUGLAS, AK 99824 USA. UNIV MONTANA, US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, FORESTRY SCI LAB, MISSOULA, MT 59812 USA. RP Hilderbrand, GV (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, DEPT ZOOL, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. NR 46 TC 297 Z9 305 U1 6 U2 47 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 74 IS 11 BP 2080 EP 2088 DI 10.1139/z96-236 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VQ081 UT WOS:A1996VQ08100016 ER PT J AU Cockey, E Hallock, P Lidz, BH AF Cockey, E Hallock, P Lidz, BH TI Decadal-scale changes in benthic foraminiferal assemblages off Key Largo, Florida SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article ID ARCHAIAS-ANGULATUS; MASS MORTALITY; CORAL REEFS; POPULATION; WATERS; BAY; ENVIRONMENTS; RESPONSES; RECOVERY; DISEASE AB Assemblages of foraminiferal tests in sediments sampled off Key Large, Florida, in 1982, 1991, and 1992 were significantly different from assemblages sampled along the same traverses in 1959-1961. Larger, algal symbiont-bearing taxa, primarily Soritidae, comprised 50-80% of the specimens in samples collected in 1959-1961, whereas Miliolidae and Rotaliidae comprised 65-90% of the specimens collected in 1991 and 1992. Test abundance in 1992 samples ranged from 1.0 x 10(2)/g to 8.1 x 10(4)/g; tests were least abundant in coarse, well-sorted sediments. The lack of test-density data for the 1959-1961 samples prevented assessment of whether densities of smaller foraminifera have increased, symbiotic foraminifera have decreased, or both. Between 1982 and 1992, densities of smaller foraminifera appear to have increased. Although the causes of these changes in foraminiferal assemblages are not known, possible factors include nutrient loading inshore, winnowing and transport of tests by storm activity, and disease. The shift in dominance from long-lived, algal symbiont-bearing taxa in 1959-1961 to small, fast-growing, heterotrophic taxa in 1992 is consistent with predictions of community response to gradually increasing nutrient flux into south Florida's coastal waters. This study indicates that published accounts of foraminiferal assemblages from sediments collected 30 or more years ago can be valuable resources in efforts to determine if biotic changes have occurred in coastal ecosystems. This study also indicates that family-level identifications may be sufficient to detect decadal-scale changes in foraminiferal assemblages in reef-tract sediments. C1 UNIV S FLORIDA,DEPT MARINE SCI,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701. US GEOL SURVEY,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701. NR 90 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD NOV PY 1996 VL 15 IS 4 BP 237 EP 248 DI 10.1007/BF01787458 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA VW920 UT WOS:A1996VW92000009 ER PT J AU Taylor, BL Wade, PR Stehn, RA Cochrane, JF AF Taylor, BL Wade, PR Stehn, RA Cochrane, JF TI A Bayesian approach to classification criteria for spectacled eiders SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Bayesian inference; decision analysis; extinction; risk classification; spectacled eider; trends; uncertainty ID CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; POWER AB To facilitate decisions to classify species according to risk of extinction, we used Bayesian methods to analyze trend data for the Spectacled Elder an arctic sea duck. Trend data from three independent surveys of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta were analyzed individually and in combination to yield posterior distributions for population growth rates. We used classification criteria developed by the recovery team for Spectacled Elders that seek to equalize errors of under- or overprotecting the species. We conducted both a Bayesian decision analysis and a frequentist (classical statistical inference) decision analysis. Bayesian decision analyses are computationally easier, yield basically the same results, and yield results that are easier to explain to nonscientists. With the exception of the aerial survey analysis of the 10 most recent years, both Bayesian and frequentist methods indicated that an endangered classification is warranted. The discrepancy between surveys warrants further research, Although the trend data are abundance indices, we used a preliminary estimate of absolute abundance to demonstrate how to calculate extinction distributions using the joint probability distributions for population growth rate and Variance in growth rate generated by the Bayesian analysis, Recent apparent increases in abundance highlight the need for models that apply to declining and then recovering species. C1 ALASKA SCI CTR, NATL BIOL SERV, ANCHORAGE, AK 99503 USA. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, ANCHORAGE, AK 99501 USA. NATL MARINE MAMMAL LAB, OFF PROTECTED RESOURCES, NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA. RP Taylor, BL (reprint author), SW FISHERIES SCI CTR, POB 271, LA JOLLA, CA 92038 USA. NR 34 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 7 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 6 IS 4 BP 1077 EP 1089 DI 10.2307/2269592 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VR856 UT WOS:A1996VR85600013 ER PT J AU Haney, A Power, RL AF Haney, A Power, RL TI Adaptive management for sound ecosystem management SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Managing for Biodiversity - Emerging Ideas for the Electric Utility Industry CY MAR 19-20, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP Elect Power Res Inst DE adaptive management; ecosystem management; monitoring; restoration; savanna ID PERTURBATIONS AB Sound ecosystem management meshes socioeconomic attitudes and values with sustainable natural resource practices. Adaptive management is a model for guiding natural resource managers in this process. Ecosystems and the societies that use them are continually evolving. Therefore, managers must be flexible and adaptable in the lace of uncertainty and lack of knowledge. To couple good science to management, it is important to develop goals, models, and hypotheses that allow us to systematically learn as we manage. Goals and models guide the development and implementation oi management practices. The need to evaluate models and test hypotheses mandates monitoring, which feeds into a continuous cycle of goal and model reformulation, This paper reviews the process of adaptive management and describes how it is being applied to oak/pine savanna restoration at Necedah National Wildlife Refuge as an illustration. Our aim is to help managers design their own adaptive management models for successful ecosystem management. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NECEDAH NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,NECEDAH,WI 54646. RP Haney, A (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,COLL NAT RESOURCES,STEVENS POINT,WI 54481, USA. NR 23 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 5 U2 17 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 20 IS 6 BP 879 EP 886 DI 10.1007/BF01205968 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VQ941 UT WOS:A1996VQ94100015 ER PT J AU Perry, MC Sibrel, CB Gough, GA AF Perry, MC Sibrel, CB Gough, GA TI Wetlands mitigation: Partnership between an electric power company and a federal wildlife refuge SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Managing for Biodiversity - Emerging Ideas for the Electric Utility Industry CY MAR 19-20, 1996 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP Elect Power Res Inst DE wetlands; mitigation; wildlife; partnership; biodiversity AB Nine hectares (23 acres) of a degraded section of Patuxent Research Refuge in Laurel, Maryland, USA, were converted to wetland habitat by the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company in 1994. The wetlands were created as mitigation for 5.7 ha(14 acres) of wetlands that were impacted as part of the construction of an 8.5-km (5.3-mile) 500-kV overhead transmission line on the refuge. The area consists of a created forested wetland of 5.5 ha(13.5 acres), a seasonally inundated green-tree reservoir of 7.6 ha (6.5 acres), and an impounded pond wetland of 1.2 ha (3 acres). Construction included the planting of 6131 trees, 4276 shrubs, and 15,102 emergent plants. Part of the site has been studied intensively since completion and survival oi trees and shrubs after two years was 88%. Measurements of these transplants have shown growth greater than on other created sites in Maryland. Grasses and other herbaceous vegetation were dominant plants in the meter-square plots in the first two years of sampling of the created forested wetland. Wildlife surveys for birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles have revealed diverse communities, Although these communities represent species consistent with open habitat, more typical forest species should colonize the area as it undergoes succession into a more mature forested wetland. The creation, management, and research of this mitigation site represents an excellent example of a partnership between a private electric power company and a federal wildlife refuge. This partnership has increased local biodiversity and improved regional water quality of the Patuxent River and the Chesapeake Bay. RP Perry, MC (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,NATL BIOL SERV,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 20 IS 6 BP 933 EP 939 DI 10.1007/BF01205974 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VQ941 UT WOS:A1996VQ94100021 ER PT J AU Shiller, AM Taylor, HE AF Shiller, AM Taylor, HE TI Problems associated with using filtration to define dissolved trace element concentrations in natural water samples SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID AQUATIC COLLOIDS; MACROMOLECULES; FE; AL; MN C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80303. RP Shiller, AM (reprint author), UNIV SO MISSISSIPPI,INST MARINE SCI,BAY ST LOUIS,MS 39529, USA. NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 30 IS 11 BP 3397 EP 3398 DI 10.1021/es960387z PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VR631 UT WOS:A1996VR63100059 ER PT J AU Horowitz, AJ Lum, KR Garbarino, JR Hall, GEM Lemieux, C Demas, CR AF Horowitz, AJ Lum, KR Garbarino, JR Hall, GEM Lemieux, C Demas, CR TI Problems associated with using filtration to define dissolved trace element concentrations in natural water samples SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 ENVIRONM CANADA,CTR ST LAURENT,MONTREAL,PQ H2Y 2E7,CANADA. US GEOL SURVEY,BRANCH ANALYT SERV,ARVADA,CO 80002. GEOL SURVEY CANADA,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0E8,CANADA. US GEOL SURVEY,BATON ROUGE,LA 70816. RP Horowitz, AJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,PEACHTREE BUSINESS CTR,3039 AMWILER RD,ATLANTA,GA 30360, USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 30 IS 11 BP 3398 EP 3400 DI 10.1021/es962006n PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VR631 UT WOS:A1996VR63100060 ER PT J AU Schoellhamer, DH AF Schoellhamer, DH TI Anthropogenic sediment resuspension mechanisms in a shallow microtidal estuary SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sediment transport; vessel wakes; trawling; waves; tides; estuaries; Hillsborough Bay; Florida ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF; MOVING DISTURBANCES; WAVES; BAY; TRANSPORT; EROSION; MOTION AB The mechanisms that resuspend bottom sediments in Hillsborough Bay, a shallow, microtidal, subtropical estuary in West-central Florida, were determined by analysing hydrodynamic and suspended-solids concentration data collected during several instrument deployments made in 1990 and 1991. Large vessels in a dredged ship channel can generate forced solitary long waves that cause large water velocities and sediment resuspension at the study sites. An experiment was conducted with a trawler that resuspended bottom sediments, and some of the resuspended sediments remained in suspension for at least 8 h. A secondary impact of vessel-generated long waves and trawling is that sediments that are resuspended and newly deposited are more susceptible to resuspension by tidal currents than undisturbed bottom sediments. Natural sediment resuspension by wind waves and tidal current is less frequent or of smaller magnitude than anthropogenic sediment resuspension. The annual mass of sediment resuspended by vessel-generated long waves is estimated to be one order of magnitude greater than the annual mass of sediment resuspended by wind waves generated by winter storms. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited RP Schoellhamer, DH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2800 COTTAGE WAY,ROOM W-2233,SACRAMENTO,CA 95825, USA. NR 32 TC 90 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 43 IS 5 BP 533 EP 548 DI 10.1006/ecss.1996.0086 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA VU658 UT WOS:A1996VU65800001 ER PT J AU Belkin, HE DeVivo, B Lima, A Torok, K AF Belkin, HE DeVivo, B Lima, A Torok, K TI Magmatic (silicates/saline/sulfur-rich/CO2) immiscibility and zirconium and rare-earth element enrichment from alkaline magma chamber margins: Evidence from Ponza island, Pontine Archipelago, Italy. SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MINERALOGY LA English DT Article DE fluid inclusions; melt inclusions; immiscibility; baddeleyite; zirkelite; chloride and sulfate daughter crystals; volcanology; Ponza ID FLUID INCLUSION EVIDENCE; HYDROTHERMAL SOLUTIONS; XENOLITHS; CHLORINE; GEOCHEMISTRY; PANTELLERIA; EVOLUTION; VOLCANO; MELTS AB Fluid inclusions were measured from a feldspathoid-bearing syenite xenolith entrained in trachyte from Ponza, one of the islands of the Pontine Archipelago, located in the Gulf of Gaeta, Italy. The feldspathoid-bearing syenite consists mainly of potassium feldspar, clinopyroxene, amphibole, biotite, titanite, manganoan magnetite, apatite with minor nosean, Na-rich feldspar, pyrrhotite, and rare cheralite. Baddeleyite and zirkelite occur associated with manganoan magnetite. Detailed electron-microprobe analysis reveals enrichments in REE, Y, Nb, U, Tn as well as Cl and F in appropriate phases. Fluid inclusions observed in potassium feldspar are either silicate-melt or aqueous inclusions. The aqueous inclusions can be further classified as. (1) one-phase vapor, (2) two-phase (V + L) inclusions, vapor-rich inclusions with a small amount of CO2 in most cases; homogenization of the inclusions always occurred in the vapor phase between 359 and 424 degrees C, salinities vary from 2.9 to 8.5 wt. % NaCl equivalent; and. (3) three-phase and multiphase inclusions (hypersaline/sulfur-rich aqueous inclusions sometimes with up to 8 or more solid phases). Daughter minerals dissolve on heating before vapor/liquid homogenization. Standardless quantitative scanning electron microscope X-ray fluorescence analysis has tentatively identified the following chloride and sulfate daughter crystals; halite, sylvite, glauberite, arcanite, anhydrite, and thenardite. Melting of the daughter crystals occurs between 459 and 536 degrees C (54 to 65 wt. % NaCl equivalent) whereas total homogenization is between 640 and 755 degrees C. The occurrence of silicate-melt inclusions and high temperature, solute-rich aqueous inclusions suggests that the druse or miarolitic texture of the xenolith is late-stage magmatic. The xenolith from Ponza represents a portion of the peripheral magma chamber wall that has recorded the magmatic/hydrothermal transition and the passage of high solute fluids enriched in chlorides, sulfur, and incompatible elements. C1 UNIV NAPLES FEDERICO II, DIPARTIMENTO GEOFIS & VULCANOL, I-80134 NAPLES, ITALY. EOTVOS LORAND UNIV, DEPT PETROG & GEOCHEM, H-1088 BUDAPEST, HUNGARY. RP Belkin, HE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MS 959, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. OI Belkin, Harvey/0000-0001-7879-6529 NR 56 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU E SCHWEIZERBARTSCHE VERLAGS PI STUTTGART PA NAEGELE U OBERMILLER, SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, JOHANNESSTRASSE 3A, D 70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0935-1221 J9 EUR J MINERAL JI Eur. J. Mineral. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 8 IS 6 BP 1401 EP 1420 PG 20 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA WB923 UT WOS:A1996WB92300017 ER PT J AU duBray, EA Harlan, SS AF duBray, EA Harlan, SS TI The Eocene Big Timber Stock, south-central Montana: Development of extensive compositional variation in an arc-related intrusion by side-wall crystallization and cumulate glomerocryst remixing SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID VOLCANIC-ROCKS; CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION; LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE; HIGHWOOD-MOUNTAINS; MAGMATIC PROCESSES; ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE; CRAZY-MOUNTAINS; TRACE-ELEMENTS; SIERRA-NEVADA; CALIFORNIA AB The Eocene Big Timber stock in the Crazy Mountains of southcentral Montana is an elliptical, 8 by 13 km, compositionally and texturally diverse composite intrusion with a well-developed radial dike swarm. A sharp intrusive contact separates its two phases: the core of the intrusion is fine-grained quartz monzodiorite, and the volumetrically dominant remainder is composed of medium-grained diorite and gabbro. Differentiation-related major oxide variation within the stock is extensive and spatially nonsystematic. However, abundances of most trace elements were not strongly influenced by differentiation; late zircon and apatite fractionation caused moderate heavy and slight light rare earth element abundance depletions, respectively. Mineral compositions and assemblages indicate crystallization between approximate to 950 and 700 degrees C at a pressure of approximate to 0.8 kbar (3 km). Mixing models indicate that fractionation of varying amounts of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, magnesio-hastingsite, hornblende, biotite, titanite, apatite, and magnetite (the stock's principal constituents, with quartz and potassium feldspar) and remixing of these minerals and residual liquids controlled compositional evolution in the reservoir. Crystals apparently nucleated at the reservoir wall while residual silicate liquid was displaced inward and remixed. Some crystals were plucked from the solidification front, as indicated by glomerocrysts present throughout the stock, and also remixed with residual liquid. Solidification of the reservoir represented by the stock involved heat loss to enclosing wall rock, side-wall crystallization, and subsequent, variably effective, crystal-liquid remixing. This process is an important variant of conventionally invoked models pertaining to solidification of intrusions and explains extensive, relatively nonsystematic compositional variation. The genesis of compositional evolution in other intrusions characterized by extensive, spatially nonsystematic variation may result from the important process documented herein. Compositional and geologic relationships are consistent with magma genesis related to subduction and magmatic-arc processes inboard from the western edge of the early Cenozoic North American plate. Are magmatism in south-central Montana during Eocene time is consistent with models pertaining to early Cenozoic southward sweep and westward retreat of magmatism. Magmatism represented by the Big Timber stock provides significant new support for steepening subduction. Data Repository item 9670 contains additional material related to this article westward retreat of the subduction hinge line, and development of an asthenospheric mantle wedge that fueled renewed magmatism beneath the western edge of the North American continent following early Cenozoic shallow subduction. RP duBray, EA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, MS 905, BOX 25046, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 60 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 108 IS 11 BP 1404 EP 1424 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1404:TEBTSS>2.3.CO;2 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VW100 UT WOS:A1996VW10000004 ER PT J AU Aleinikoff, JN Horton, JW Walter, M AF Aleinikoff, JN Horton, JW Walter, M TI Middle Proterozoic age for the Montpelier Anorthosite, Goochland terrane, eastern Piedmont, Virginia SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID AIR-ABRASION TECHNIQUE; U-PB AGES; NEW-YORK; SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS; GRENVILLE PROVINCE; SUSPECT TERRANES; NORTH-CAROLINA; SUITE ROCKS; ZIRCON AGES; HYLAS ZONE AB Uranium-lead dating of zircons from the Montpelier Anorthosite confirms previous interpretations, based on equivocal evidence, that the Goochland terrane in the eastern Piedmont of Virginia contains Grenvillian basement rocks of Middle Proterozoic age, A very few prismatic, elongate, euhedral zircons, which contain 12-29 ppm uranium, are interpreted to be igneous in origin, The vast majority of zircons are mare equant, subangular to anhedral, contain 38-52 ppm uranium, and are interpreted to be metamorphic in origin, One fraction of elongate zircon, and four fragments of a very large zircon (occurring in a nelsonite segregation) yield an upper intercept age of 1045 +/- 10 Ma, interpreted as the time of anorthosite crystallization. Irregularly shaped metamorphic zircons are dated at 1011 +/- 2 Ma (weighted average of the Pb-207/Pb-206 ages), The U-Pb isotopic systematics of metamorphic titanite were reset during the Alleghanian orogeny at 297 +/- 5 Ma, These data provide a minimum age for gneisses of the Goochland terrane that are intruded by the anorthosite, Middle Proterozoic basement rocks of the Goochland terrane may be correlative with those in the Shenandoah massif of the Blue Ridge tectonic province, as suggested by similarities between the Montpelier Anorthosite and the Roseland anorthosite, Although the areal extent of Middle Proterozoic basement and basement-cover relations in the eastern Piedmont remain unresolved, results of this investigation indicate that the Goochland terrane is an internal massif of Laurentian crust rather than an exotic accreted terrane. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA. RP Aleinikoff, JN (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25096,MS 963,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 80 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 108 IS 11 BP 1481 EP 1491 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1481:MPAFTM>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VW100 UT WOS:A1996VW10000009 ER PT J AU Moore, DE Lockner, DA Summers, R Shengli, M Byerlee, JD AF Moore, DE Lockner, DA Summers, R Shengli, M Byerlee, JD TI Strength of chrysotile-serpentinite gouge under hydrothermal conditions: Can it explain a weak San Andreas fault? SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FRICTIONAL BEHAVIOR; STABILITY; LIZARDITE; STRESS; STATE; CREEP AB Chrysotile-bearing serpentinite is a constituent of the San Andreas fault zone in central and northern California. At room temperature, chrysotile gouge has a very low coefficient of friction (mu approximate to 0.2), raising the possibility that under hydrothermal conditions mu might be reduced sufficiently (to less than or equal to 0.1) to explain the apparent weakness of the fault. To test this hypothesis, we measured the frictional strength of a pure chrysotile gouge at temperatures to 290 degrees C and axial-shortening velocities as low as 0.001 mu m/s. As temperature increases to approximate to 100 degrees C, the strength of the chrysotile gouge decreases slightly at low velocities, but at temperatures greater than or equal to 200 degrees C, it is substantially stronger and essentially independent of velocity at the lowest velocities tested. We estimate that pure chrysotile gouge at hydrostatic fluid pressure and appropriate temperatures would have shear strength averaged over a depth of 14 km of 50 MPa. Thus, on the sole basis of its strength, chrysotile cannot be the cause of a weak San Andreas fault. However, chrysotile may also contribute to low fault strength by forming mineral seals that promote the development of high fluid pressures. C1 STATE SEISMOL BUR, INST GEOL, BEIJING 100029, PEOPLES R CHINA. RP Moore, DE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 33 TC 64 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 EI 1943-2682 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD NOV PY 1996 VL 24 IS 11 BP 1041 EP 1044 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<1041:SOCSGU>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA VW098 UT WOS:A1996VW09800020 ER PT J AU Johnson, PR Stewart, ICF AF Johnson, PR Stewart, ICF TI Early Precambrian gneiss terranes and Pan-African island arcs in Yemen: Crustal accretion of the eastern Arabian shield - Comment SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAUDI-ARABIA RP Johnson, PR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY MISS,POB 1488,JEDDAH 21431,SAUDI ARABIA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD NOV PY 1996 VL 24 IS 11 BP 1055 EP 1056 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<1055:EPGTAP>2.3.CO;2 PG 2 WC Geology SC Geology GA VW098 UT WOS:A1996VW09800026 ER PT J AU Reilly, TE Pollock, DW AF Reilly, TE Pollock, DW TI Sources of water to wells for transient cyclic systems SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Many state agencies are currently (1995) developing wellhead protection programs. The thrust of some of these programs is to protect water supplies by determining the areas contributing recharge to water-supply wells and by specifying regulations to minimize the opportunity for contamination of the recharge water by activities at the land surface. The area contributing recharge to a discharging well is the surface area at the water table through which the water flowing to the well entered the ground-water system. In the analyses of ground-water flow systems, steady-state average conditions are commonly used to simplify the problem and make a solution tractable. However, recharge is usually cyclic in nature, with seasonal cycles and longer term climatic cycles. The effect of these cyclic stresses on the area contributing recharge to wells is quantitatively analyzed for a hypothetical alluvial valley aquifer system that is representative of a large class of ground-water systems that are extensively developed for water supply. The analysis shows that, in many cases, these cyclic changes in the recharge rates do not significantly affect the location and size of the areas contributing recharge to wells. The ratio of the mean travel time to the length of the cyclic stress period appears to be an indicator of whether the transient effects of the cyclic stress must be explicitly represented in the analysis of contributing areas to wells. For the cases examined, if the ratio of the mean travel time to the period of the cyclic stress was much greater than one, then the transient area contributing recharge to wells was similar to the area calculated using an average steady-state condition. However, cyclic stresses on systems with ratios less than one do have an effect on the location and size of the areas contributing recharge to wells. RP Reilly, TE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,431 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. OI Reilly, Thomas/0000-0002-2988-9881 NR 13 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 34 IS 6 BP 979 EP 988 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02163.x PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA VQ575 UT WOS:A1996VQ57500006 ER PT J AU Anderman, ER Hill, MC Poeter, EP AF Anderman, ER Hill, MC Poeter, EP TI Two-dimensional advective transport in ground-water flow parameter estimation SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID GRADIENT TRACER TEST; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; CAPE-COD; IDENTIFICATION; MASSACHUSETTS; AQUIFER; GRAVEL; MODEL; HEAD; SAND AB Nonlinear regression is useful in ground-water flow parameter estimation, but problems of parameter insensitivity and correlation often exist given commonly available hydraulic-head and head-dependent flow (for example, stream and lake gain or loss) observations. To address this problem, advective-transport observations are added to the ground-water flow, parameter-estimation model MODFLOWP using particle-tracking methods. The resulting model is used to investigate the importance of advective-transport observations relative to head-dependent now observations when either or both are used in conjunction with hydraulic-head observations in a simulation of the sewage-discharge plume at Otis Air Force Base, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. The analysis procedure for evaluating the probable effect of new observations on the regression results consists of two steps: (1) parameter sensitivities and correlations calculated at initial parameter values are used to assess the model parameterization and expected relative contributions of different types of observations to the regression; and (2) optimal parameter values are estimated by nonlinear regression and evaluated. In the Cape Cod parameter-estimation model, advective-transport observations did not significantly increase the overall parameter sensitivity; however: (1) inclusion of advective-transport observations decreased parameter correlation enough for more unique parameter values to be estimated by the regression; (2) realistic uncertainties in advective-transport observations had a small effect on parameter estimates relative to the precision with which the parameters were estimated; and (3) the regression results and sensitivity analysis provided insight into the dynamics of the ground-water flow system, especially the importance of accurate boundary conditions. In this work, advective-transport observations improved the calibration of the model and the estimation of ground-water flow parameters, and use of regression and related techniques produced significant insight into the physical system. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAKEWOOD,CO 80226. RP Anderman, ER (reprint author), COLORADO SCH MINES,DEPT GEOL & GEOL ENGN,GOLDEN,CO 80401, USA. NR 24 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 6 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1001 EP 1009 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02165.x PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA VQ575 UT WOS:A1996VQ57500008 ER PT J AU Hsieh, PA AF Hsieh, PA TI Deformation-induced changes in hydraulic head during ground-water withdrawal SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Ground-water withdrawal from a confined or semiconfined aquifer causes three-dimensional deformation in the pumped aquifer and in adjacent layers (overlying and underlying aquifers and aquitards). In response to the deformation, hydraulic head in the adjacent layers could rise or fall almost immediately after the start of pumping. This deformation-induced effect is analyzed by a linear poroelasticity model using properties typical of unconsolidated sedimentary materials. Model simulations suggest that an adjacent layer undergoes horizontal compression and vertical extension when pumping begins. Hydraulic head initially drops in a region near the well and close to the pumped aquifer, but rises outside this region, Magnitude of head change varies from a few centimeters to more than 10 centimeters. Factors that influence the development of deformation-induced effects includes matrix rigidity (shear modulus), the arrangement of aquifer and aquitards, their thicknesses, and proximity to land surface. Induced rise in hydraulic head is prominent in an aquitard that extends from land surface to a shallow pumped aquifer. Induced drop in hydraulic head is likely observed close to the well In an aquifer that is separated from the pumped aquifer by a relatively thin aquitard. Induced effects might last for hours in an aquifer, but could persist for many days in an aquitard. Induced effects are eventually dissipated by fluid flow from regions of higher head to regions of lower head, and by propagation of drawdown from the pumped aquifer into adjacent layers. RP Hsieh, PA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MAIL STOP 496,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 15 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 6 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1082 EP 1089 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02174.x PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA VQ575 UT WOS:A1996VQ57500017 ER PT J AU Delin, GN Landon, MK AF Delin, GN Landon, MK TI Multiport well design for sampling of ground water at closely spaced vertical intervals SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; MULTILEVEL AB Detailed vertical sampling is useful in aquifers where vertical mixing is limited and steep vertical gradients in chemical concentrations are expected. Samples can be collected at closely spaced vertical intervals from nested wells with short screened intervals. However, this approach may not be appropriate in all situations. An easy-to-construct and easy-to-install multiport sampling well to collect ground-water samples from closely spaced vertical intervals was developed and tested. The multiport sampling well was designed to sample ground water from surficial sand-and-gravel aquifers. The device consists of multiple stainless-steel tubes within a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) protective casing. The tubes protrude through the wall of the PVC casing at the desired sampling depths. A peristaltic pump is used to collect ground-water samples from the sampling ports. The difference in hydraulic head between any two sampling ports can be measured with a vacuum pump and a modified manometer. The usefulness and versatility of this multiport well design was demonstrated at an agricultural research site near Princeton, Minnesota where sampling ports were installed to a maximum depth of about 12 m below land surface. Tracer experiments were conducted using potassium bromide to document the degree between sampling ports. Samples were successfully collected for analysis of major cations and anions, nutrients, selected herbicides, isotopes, dissolved,eases, and chlorofluorcarbon concentrations. RP Delin, GN (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2280 WOODALE DR,MOUNDS VIEW,MN 55112, USA. NR 27 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 5 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1098 EP 1104 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02176.x PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA VQ575 UT WOS:A1996VQ57500019 ER PT J AU Hower, JC Ruppert, LF Eble, CF Graham, UM AF Hower, JC Ruppert, LF Eble, CF Graham, UM TI Geochemical and palynological indicators of the paleoecology of the River Gem coal bed, Whitley County, Kentucky SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EASTERN KENTUCKY; SWAMP AB The River Gem coal bed (upper Westphalian A) was sampled at five sites in a single mine in Whitley County, Kentucky. Previous petrographic and sulfur analyses of the collected interval samples showed that the coal bed could be divided into a basal low-sulfur lithotype, a middle hi,oh-sulfur bone lithotype and an upper high-sulfur lithotype. At one location a high-sulfur rider unit is present. In this study we have conducted detailed palynological analyses on all of the interval samples and ash geochemistry on the upper high-sulfur lithotype intervals and two of the basal high-sulfur basal lithotype intervals. Geochemical analyses show that As and Pb are generally high in the high-sulfur upper lithotypes from all five sites. Carbonates, having associated high levels of Ba and Sr, are important in the ash geochemistry of the lower, low-sulfur lithotypes. Ga, Ge and W are enriched in the higher vitrinite lithotypes among the low-sulfur samples. The basal lithotype at each of two sites, which was analyzed in detail, is enriched in yttrium plus the lighter rare earth elements. The basal low-sulfur lithotypes are dominated by arboreous lycopod spores. The middle, low-sulfur portion of the bed is dominated by herbaceous lycopsids (Densosporites) at the base of the unit and becomes increasingly enriched in Lycospora towards the top of the unit indicating that the peat-forming environment became wetter, The greatest arboreous lycopod spore abundances in the upper, high-sulfur portion the bed, along with an overlying marine roof, indicates that peat deposition was terminated by a marine inundation. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. KENTUCKY GEOL SURVEY,LEXINGTON,KY 40506. RP Hower, JC (reprint author), UNIV KENTUCKY,CTR APPL ENERGY RES,LEXINGTON,KY 40511, USA. OI Ruppert, Leslie/0000-0002-7453-1061 NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 31 IS 1-4 BP 135 EP 149 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(96)00014-6 PG 15 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA VV654 UT WOS:A1996VV65400007 ER PT J AU Hower, JC Eble, CF Pierce, BS AF Hower, JC Eble, CF Pierce, BS TI Petrography, geochemistry and palynology of the Stockton coal bed (Middle Pennsylvanian), Martin County, Kentucky SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PALEOBOTANY; VIRGINIA AB The Middle Pennsylvanian (Westphalian D) Stockton (also known as the Broas) coal bed of the Breathitt Formation is an important energy resource in Kentucky. Petrographic, geochemical and palynologic studies were undertaken from mine, core and highway exposures in Martin and northern Pike counties, Kentucky, in order to determine the influence of the Stockton depositional ecosystem on those parameters. Vitrinite-rich Stockton lithotypes are dominated by Lycospora. Dull lithotypes, including both high- and low-ash yield durains, generally have abundant Densosporites, suggesting that the parent plant inhabited a fairly wide range of environments. Lithologies having tree ferns as an important component also have high fusinite + semifusinite and a low telinite/gelocollinite ratio. The aerial root bundles of the tree ferns were susceptible to oxidation and, for tissue not oxidized to inertinite, to preservation as gelocollinite. In the initial stages of formation, the Stockton mire was discontinuous and had a rather restricted floral assemblage. The presence of durains higher in the Stockton section, particularly the low-ash yield durains having petrographic indicators of degradation, suggests that portions of the mire developed as a domed peat. The termination of the mire as a high-sulfur, arboreous lycopod-domimated mire is consistent with the return to more planar mire development. C1 KENTUCKY GEOL SURVEY,LEXINGTON,KY 40506. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 956,RESTON,VA 22092. RP Hower, JC (reprint author), UNIV KENTUCKY,CTR APPL ENERGY RES,3572 IRON WORKS PIKE,LEXINGTON,KY 40511, USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 31 IS 1-4 BP 195 EP & DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(96)00017-1 PG 19 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA VV654 UT WOS:A1996VV65400010 ER PT J AU Stamer, JK Wieczorek, ME AF Stamer, JK Wieczorek, ME TI Pesticide distributions in surface water SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID STREAM-AQUIFER SYSTEM; DRINKING-WATER; UNITED-STATES; ATRAZINE; NEBRASKA; GROUNDWATER AB Distributions of concentrations of 46 pesticides were documented from May 1992 through March 1994 for Maple Creek near Nickerson, Neb, and Platte River at Louisville, Neb. As their source of public water supplies, Lincoln and the western part of groundwater from the adjacent alluvium near the Platte River site, which is hydraulically connected to the Platte River. Organonitrogen herbicides dominated the pesticide distributions at each site. Variations in the distributions of pesticides at the two sites partly reflect differences in land use and land management practices. Diazinon, an insecticide used in areas, was commonly detected at the Platte River site but not at the Maple Creek site. Of the 46 pesticides analyzed at the Platte River site, the herbicides atrazine and alachlor were more likely to exceed their respective maximum contaminant levels of 3.0 and 2.0 mu g/L; cyanazine was more likely to exceed the health level of 1.0 mu g/L. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,COLUMBUS,OH 43212. RP Stamer, JK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,4821 QUAIL CREST PL,LAWRENCE,KS 66049, USA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 88 IS 11 BP 79 EP 87 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA VT944 UT WOS:A1996VT94400011 ER PT J AU Obermeier, SF AF Obermeier, SF TI Reconsideration of initiation of liquefaction in sandy soils - Discussion SO JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material RP Obermeier, SF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,959 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9410 J9 J GEOTECH ENG-ASCE JI J. Geotech. Eng.-ASCE PD NOV PY 1996 VL 122 IS 11 BP 956 EP 957 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:11(956) PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA VN856 UT WOS:A1996VN85600019 ER PT J AU Summer, CL Giesy, JP Bursian, SJ Render, JA Kubiak, TJ Jones, PD Verbrugge, DA Aulerich, RJ AF Summer, CL Giesy, JP Bursian, SJ Render, JA Kubiak, TJ Jones, PD Verbrugge, DA Aulerich, RJ TI Effects induced by feeding organochlorine-contaminated carp from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, to laying white leghorn hens .1. Effects on health of adult hens, egg production, and fertility SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; HEPATOMA-CELL BIOASSAY; CHICK-EDEMA DISEASE; FISH-EATING BIRDS; 3 MICHIGAN RIVERS; GREAT-LAKES; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN EQUIVALENTS; PHALACROCORAX-AURITUS; REPRODUCTION AB This study was conducted to determine the effects of consumption of halogenated hydrocarbon compounds, primarily polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), contained in Great Lakes fish by the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus), in this article we report the results of feeding White Leghorn hens for a period of a wk diets that contained 31-35% ocean fish and/or carp (Cyprinus carpio) from Saginaw Bay, lake Huron, Ml, which provided 0.3 (control), 0.8 (low-dose group), or 6.6 (high-dose group) mg PCB/kg, wet weight (ww). These concentrations were analogous to 3.3, 26, or 59 pg 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents (TEQs)/g diet, ww, respectively. There were no significant effects on feed consumption among the groups. An unexpectedly high incidence of fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) was observed in hens from the control (78% FLHS) and low-dose (75% FLHS) groups when compared to the high-dose group (15% FLHS). Birds in the control and low-dose groups had a significant increase in liver and body weights. Significant decreases in egg production, weight, and fertility were immediate in all dose groups, with the effect being permanent in the control and low-dose groups. Although the incidence of FLHS was an unexpected complication, the tact chat there were no significant effects on egg production, egg weights, or fertility in the high-dose group suggests that the no-observable-adverse-effect concentration (NOAEC) for these parameters is in excess of 26 mg total weathered PCBs/kg egg, ww. This value was the average concentration of PCBs in the high-dose group eggs during the last week of the study. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,INST ENVIRONM TOXICOL,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,PESTICIDE RES CTR,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT PATHOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,ANIM HLTH DIAGNOST LAB,E LANSING,MI 48824. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,DIV ENVIRONM CONTAMINANTS,ARLINGTON,VA. RI Jones, Paul/O-2046-2015 OI Jones, Paul/0000-0002-7483-5380 NR 56 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD NOV PY 1996 VL 49 IS 4 BP 389 EP 407 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VU212 UT WOS:A1996VU21200005 PM 8931740 ER PT J AU Summer, CL Giesy, JP Bursian, SJ Render, JA Kubiak, TJ Jones, PD Verbrugge, DA Aulerich, RJ AF Summer, CL Giesy, JP Bursian, SJ Render, JA Kubiak, TJ Jones, PD Verbrugge, DA Aulerich, RJ TI Effects induced by feeding orcanochlorine-contaminated carp from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, to laying white leghorn hens .2. Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID 3 MICHIGAN RIVERS; DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; HEPATOMA-CELL BIOASSAY; FISH-EATING BIRDS; GREAT-LAKES; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; MONO-ORTHO; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN EQUIVALENTS; AVIAN EMBRYOS; CHICK-EMBRYOS AB Carp from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, MI, was fed to While Leghorn chickens for a period of 8 wk. The diets contained 0.3 (control; 0% carp), 0.8 (3.4% carp), and 6.6 (35% carp) mg polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)/kg diet by wet weight (ww). These concentrations corresponded to 3.3, 26, and 59 pg 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents/g diet ww, respectively. Though the diets were not acutely toxic to the adult laying hens, dose- and time-dependent responses were observed in the embryos and chicks. Toxicity was manifested as a dose-dependent increase in embryo mortality and decreased hatching races. Furthermore, embryos and chicks displayed Various deformities, including iii head and neck edema and hemorrhage, (2) abdominal edema and hemorrhage, (3) foot and leg deformities, (4) skull and brain deformities, (5) yolk-sac deformities, and (6) miscellaneous deformities. The types of deformities observed were similar to those reported for embryos and chicks of colonial waterbirds in Saginaw Bay, as well as in controlled studies where technical mixtures or individual congeners of polychlorinated diaromatic hydrocarbons (PCDAHs) were fed to chickens. increasing concentrations of carp also significantly affected the various organ weights in 18-d embryos and hatched chicks. At 18 d of incubation, weights of the embryos' fivers were directly proportional to the concentration of PCBs in the diets. The weights oi the spleens and bursae were inversely proportional to the dietary PCB concentration. After 3 additional days of incubation, significant effects in body, brain, fiver, heart, and bursa weights were observed in hatched chicks. The concentrations of total PCBs, as well as 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents (TEQs) in the diets, were in the range of those that have been shown to cause similar adverse effects in other species. This study has shown that fish, the primary food source of colonial waterbirds in Saginaw Bay, are capable of causing adverse reproductive effects in a model avian species, the chicken. However, due to differences in the relative potency to cause effects on different endpoints in different species, the results of this study should not be used to predict the threshold for effects in other species. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,INST ENVIRONM TOXICOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,PESTICIDE RES CTR,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT PATHOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,ANIM HLTH DIAGNOST LAB,E LANSING,MI 48824. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,DIV ENVIRONM CONTAMINANTS,ARLINGTON,VA. RI Jones, Paul/O-2046-2015 OI Jones, Paul/0000-0002-7483-5380 NR 71 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD NOV PY 1996 VL 49 IS 4 BP 409 EP 438 PG 30 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VU212 UT WOS:A1996VU21200006 PM 8931741 ER PT J AU Lyons, WB Lent, RM Burnett, WC Chin, P Landing, WM Orem, WH McArthur, JM AF Lyons, WB Lent, RM Burnett, WC Chin, P Landing, WM Orem, WH McArthur, JM TI Jellyfish Lake, Palau: Regeneration of C, N, Si, and P in anoxic marine lake sediments SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL-MARGIN SEDIMENTS; INTERSTITIAL WATER CHEMISTRY; ISLAND SOUND SEDIMENTS; ORGANIC-MATTER; EARLY DIAGENESIS; PORE WATERS; SULFATE REDUCTION; SAANICH INLET; SEAWATER; CARBON AB Sediment cores from Jellyfish Lake were processed under an inert atmosphere and the pore waters extracted and analyzed for the following parameters: pH, titration alkalinity (TA), Cl-, H4SiO4, PO43-, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, and H2S. Additionally, in one set of pore-water samples (core 10), the delta(13)C of the Sigma CO2 was also determined. The TA, H4SiO4, PO43-, NH4+, and H2S increased with depth in the pore waters above anoxic bottom-water values. H2S values increased to 3.8 mu M. In one case, both H4SiO4 and PO43- concentrations increased to a maximum value and then decreased with depth, suggesting removal into solid phases, The H4SiO4 concentrations are equal to or greater than pore-water values observed in sediments underlying upwelling areas, PO43- concentrations are, in general, lower than pore-water values from terrigenous nearshore areas but higher than nearshore carbonate pore-water values from Florida Bay or Bermuda. The Ca2+, Cl-, and Mg2+:Cl- ratios show slight decreases in the tap 15-20 cm, suggesting that authigenic carbonate may be forming. This suggestion is supported by the fact that the pore waters are saturated with respect to CaCO3 due to the very high TAs. The delta(13)C measurements of the pore-water Sigma CO2 are from a shorter core. These measurements reach their most negative concentration at 72 cm and then become slightly heavier: This change is accompanied by a decrease in TA, suggesting the onset of methanogenesis at this location in this core. C1 UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE, BIOGEOCHEM SYST CTR, INST STUDY EARTH OCEANS & SPACE, DURHAM, NH 03824 USA. FLORIDA STATE UNIV, DEPT OCEANOG, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32306 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. UCL, DEPT GEOL SCI, LONDON, ENGLAND. RI McArthur, John/C-2705-2008 OI McArthur, John/0000-0003-1461-7805 NR 48 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 41 IS 7 BP 1394 EP 1403 PG 10 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA WU273 UT WOS:A1996WU27300003 ER PT J AU Robinson, WC AF Robinson, WC TI Writing user selectable data on the extended header of seismic recordings made on the Texas Instruments DFS-V SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE auxiliary data; DFS-V; extended header; external data; multichannel seismic AB A circuit has been developed to allow the writing of up to 192 digits of user-selectable data on a portion of tape called extended header, which is always available for use before each DFS-V seismic record is written. Such data could include navigation information, air gun and streamer depth and shot times. RP Robinson, WC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MARINE & COASTAL SURVEYS 599 SEAPORT BLVD,REDWOOD CITY,CA 94063, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 135 IS 1-4 BP 159 EP 162 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(96)00049-7 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA VX840 UT WOS:A1996VX84000010 ER PT J AU Singer, DA Kouda, R AF Singer, DA Kouda, R TI Application of a feedforward neural network in the search for kuroho deposits in the Hokuroku District, Japan SO MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE neural network; kuroko massive sulfide; exploration AB A feedforward neural network with one hidden layer and five neurons was trained to recognize the distance to kuroko mineral deposits. Average amounts per hole of pyrite, sericite, and gypsum plus anhydrite as measured by X-rays in 69 drillholes were used to train the net. Drillholes near and between the Fukazawa, Furutobe, and Shakanai mines were used. The training data were selected carefully to represent well-explored areas where some confidence of the distance to ore was assured. A logarithmic transform was applied to remove the skewness of distance and each variable was scaled and centered by subtracting the median and dividing by the interquartile range. The learning algorithm of annealing plus conjugate gradients was used to minimize the mean squared error of the scaled distance to ore. The trained network then was applied to all of the 152 drillholes that had measured gypsum, sericite, and pyrite. A contour plot of the neural net predicted distance to ore shows fairly wide areas of 1 km or less to ore; each of the known deposit groups is within the I km contour. The high and low distances on the margins of the contoured distance plot are irt parr the result of boundary effects of the contouring algorithm. For example, the short distances to ore predicted west of the Shakanai (Hanaokai deposits are in basement. However, the short distances to ore predicted northeast of Furotobe, just off the figure, coincide with the location of the Nurukawa kuroko deposit and the Omaki deposit, south of the Shakanai-Hanaoka deposits, seems to be on an extension of short distance to ore contour, but is beyond the 3 km limit from drillholes. Also of interest are some areas only a few kilometers from the Fukazawa and Shakanai groups of deposits that are estimated to be many kilometers from ore, apparently reflecting the network's recognition of the extreme local variability of the geology near some deposits. . C1 GEOL SURVEY JAPAN, TSUKUBA, IBARAKI 305, JAPAN. RP Singer, DA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 12 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0882-8121 J9 MATH GEOL JI Math. Geol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 28 IS 8 BP 1017 EP 1023 DI 10.1007/BF02068587 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Geology; Mathematics GA VY724 UT WOS:A1996VY72400004 ER PT J AU Sperduto, MB Congalton, RG AF Sperduto, MB Congalton, RG TI Predicting rare orchid (Small whorled Pogonia) habitat using GIS SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID IMAGERY; MODEL AB Isotria medeoloides (Pursh) Raf., commonly known as the small whorled pogonia, is the rarest orchid in eastern North America, north of Florida. Although it has a wide ranging distribution, more than 80 percent of the known plants are found in New Hampshire and Maine. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to facilitate locating potential habitat for Isotria medeoloides in the two states. Field characteristics, including physiography, soils, and forest and herbaceous cover, were evaluated at 27 extant locations of the orchid. Site locations were digitized, and general habitat characteristics at each site were identified using the cls. Digital habitat information included topographic data derived from the USGS Digital Elevation Model, soil types from the USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service, and spectral data from Landsat Thematic Mapper. Intervals within each habitat parameter were defined and weighted according to their frequency of occurrence at extant sites. Two predictive GIS overlay models were developed: an equal weight model and a chi-square model. In the first scenario, each habitat characteristic was weighted equally. in the second, the importance of each habitat parameter was evaluated with a chi-square test of habitat features at sites with and without orchids. As a result of the chi-square evaluation, the following general characteristics were determined to be positively associated with small whorled pogonia sites: soils with a pan layer percent slopes between 11 and 17 percent, and a digital reflectance greater than 68 for the near infra-red band of Landsat Thematic Mapper data. To determine the effectiveness of each model in predicting potential habitat, field surveys of eight USGS topographic quadrangles in New Hampshire and the town of Acton, Maine were conducted. Nine previously undiscovered populations of Isotria medeoloides were found. The accuracy of the models was assessed at 23 Isotria medeoloides populations, 13 of which were excluded from model development. The equal weight model correctly predicted 57 percent of the sites as potential habitat, and the chi-square model correctly predicted 78 percent of the sites. The GIS provided a useful tool for combining ecological habitat characteristics to successfully predict potential habitat for Isotria medeoloides. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NEW ENGLAND FIELD OFF,CONCORD,NH 03301. RP Sperduto, MB (reprint author), UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,DEPT NAT RESOURCES,DURHAM,NH 03824, USA. NR 41 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 62 IS 11 BP 1269 EP 1279 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA VP795 UT WOS:A1996VP79500006 ER PT J AU Carr, MH AF Carr, MH TI Channels and valleys on Mars: Cold climate features formed as a result of a thickening cryosphere SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on INTERMARSNET CY SEP 28-30, 1995 CL CAPRI, ITALY SP European Space Agcy ID THERMAL HISTORY; ORIGIN; WATER; EVOLUTION; ATMOSPHERE; ABUNDANCE; PLAINS; ICE; AGE; D/H AB Large flood channels, valley networks, and a variety of features attributed to the action of ground ice indicate that Mars emerged from heavy bombardment around 3.8 Gyr ago, with an inventory of water at the surface equivalent to at least a few hundred meters spread over the whole planet, as compared with 3 km for the Earth. The surface water resided primarily in a porous, kilometers thick, megaregolith created by the high impact rates. At the end of heavy bombardment a rapid decline in erosion rates by a factor of 1000 suggests a major change in the global climate. It is proposed that at this time the climate became similar to today's and that this climate has been maintained throughout the rest of Mars' history. The various drainage features represent an adjustment of the distribution of water to the surface relief inherited from the period of heavy bombardment and to a thickening of the cryosphere as the heat flow declined. The valley networks formed mostly at the end of heavy bombardment when erosion rates were high and climatic conditions permitted an active water cycle. They continued to form after heavy bombardment when the cryosphere started to form by a combination of episodic flooding and mass-wasting aided by the presence of liquid water at shallow depths. As the cryosphere thickened with declining heat flow, water could no longer easily access the surface and the rate of valley formation declined. Hydrostatic pressures built below the cryosphere. Eruptions of groundwater became more catastrophic and massive floods resulted, mainly in upper Hesperian time. Flood sources were preferentially located in low-lying, low-latitude areas where the cryosphere was thin, or near volcanoes where a thinner than typical cryosphere is also expected. Floods caused a drawdown in the global water table so that few formed in the second half of Mars' history. The floodwaters pooled in low-lying areas, mostly in the northern plains. Some of the water may still be present as thick ice deposits, some has been lost to space, particularly during periods of high obliquity. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS-975, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 49 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 44 IS 11 BP 1411 EP + DI 10.1016/S0032-0633(96)00053-0 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA WC340 UT WOS:A1996WC34000016 ER PT J AU Benson, LV Burdett, JW Kashgarian, M Lund, SP Phillips, FM Rye, RO AF Benson, LV Burdett, JW Kashgarian, M Lund, SP Phillips, FM Rye, RO TI Climatic and hydrologic oscillations in the Owens Lake basin and adjacent Sierra Nevada, California SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LATE PLEISTOCENE GLACIATION; SURFACE-WATER SYSTEM; NORTH-ATLANTIC; HEINRICH EVENTS; ICEBERG DISCHARGES; STABLE ISOTOPES; PYRAMID LAKE; OXYGEN; SEDIMENTS; HYDROGEN AB Oxygen isotope and total inorganic carbon values of cored sediments from the Owens Lake basin, California, indicate that Owens Lake overflowed most of the time between 52,500 and 12,500 carbon-14 (C-14) years before present (B.P.). Owens Lake desiccated during or after Heinrich event H1 and was hydrologically closed during Heinrich event H2. The magnetic susceptibility and organic carbon content of cored sediments indicate that about 19 Sierra Nevada glaciations occurred between 52,500 and 23,500 C-14 years B.P. Most of the glacial advances were accompanied by decreases in the amount of discharge reaching Owens Lake. Comparison of the timing of glaciation with the lithic record of North Atlantic core V23-81 indicates that the number of mountain glacial cycles and the number of North Atlantic lithic events were about equal between 39,000 and 23,500 C-14 years B.P. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. UNIV SO CALIF,DEPT EARTH SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089. NEW MEXICO INST MIN & TECHNOL,DEPT EARTH & ENVIRONM SCI,SOCORRO,NM 87801. RP Benson, LV (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,3215 MARINE ST,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. RI Kashgarian, Michaele/E-1665-2011 OI Kashgarian, Michaele/0000-0001-7824-8418 NR 34 TC 113 Z9 119 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 1 PY 1996 VL 274 IS 5288 BP 746 EP 749 DI 10.1126/science.274.5288.746 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VQ145 UT WOS:A1996VQ14500031 ER PT J AU Phillips, FM Zreda, MG Benson, LV Plummer, MA Elmore, D Sharma, P AF Phillips, FM Zreda, MG Benson, LV Plummer, MA Elmore, D Sharma, P TI Chronology for fluctuations in late Pleistocene Sierra Nevada glaciers and lakes SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID COSMOGENIC CL-36 ACCUMULATION; NORTH-ATLANTIC; UNSTABLE LANDFORMS; CLIMATE; ICE; CHLORINE-36; DISCHARGES; GLACIATION; CALIFORNIA; ISOTOPES AB Mountain glaciers, because of their small size, are usually close to equilibrium with the local climate and thus should provide a test of whether temperature oscillations in Greenland late in the last glacial period are part of global-scale climate variability or are restricted to the North Atlantic region. Correlation of cosmogenic chlorine-36 dates on Sierra Nevada moraines with a continuous radiocarbon-dated sediment record from nearby Owens Lake shows that Sierra Nevada glacial advances were associated with Heinrich events 5, 3, 2, and 1. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80303. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT PHYS,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Phillips, FM (reprint author), NEW MEXICO INST MIN & TECHNOL,DEPT EARTH & ENVIRONM SCI,SOCORRO,NM 87801, USA. NR 30 TC 122 Z9 126 U1 4 U2 17 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 1 PY 1996 VL 274 IS 5288 BP 749 EP 751 DI 10.1126/science.274.5288.749 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VQ145 UT WOS:A1996VQ14500032 ER PT J AU Diters, CE AF Diters, CE TI Northern exposure SO SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN LA English DT Letter C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Diters, CE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCI AMERICAN INC PI NEW YORK PA 415 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0036-8733 J9 SCI AM JI Sci.Am. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 275 IS 5 BP 8 EP 8 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA V2969 UT WOS:000169018200006 ER PT J AU Kargel, JS Strom, RG AF Kargel, JS Strom, RG TI Global climatic change on Mars - Today a frozen world, Mars at one time may have had more temperate conditions; with flowing rivers, thawing seas, melting glaciers and, perhaps, abundant life SO SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN LA English DT Article AB Today a frozen world, Mars at one time may have had more temperate conditions, with flowing rivers, thawing seas, melting glaciers and, perhaps, abundant life. C1 US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Grp, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Kargel, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Grp, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 7 PU SCI AMERICAN INC PI NEW YORK PA 415 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0036-8733 J9 SCI AM JI Sci.Am. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 275 IS 5 BP 80 EP 88 PG 9 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA V2969 UT WOS:000169018200026 PM 11536741 ER PT J AU Ross, DS David, MB Lawrence, GB Bartlett, RJ AF Ross, DS David, MB Lawrence, GB Bartlett, RJ TI Exchangeable hydrogen explains the pH of Spodosol Oa horizons SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FOREST SOILS; ALUMINUM SOLUBILITY; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; ORGANIC-MATTER; NEW-ENGLAND; ACID SOILS; CATIONS; DEPOSITION; STANDS; CARBON AB The chemistry of extremely acid Oa horizons does not conform to traditional pH, Al, and base saturation relationships. Results from two separate studies of northeastern U.S. forested soils were used to investigate relationships between pH in water or dilute salt solutions and other soil characteristics. In Oa horizons with pH below 4, soil pH in dilute CaCl2 solution was correlated with exchangeable H+ measured either by titration (r = -0.88, P = 0.0001, n = 142) or by electrode (r = -0.89, P = 0.0001, n = 45). Exchangeable H+ expressed as a percentage of the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) was linear with pH and showed similar slopes for data from both studies. For all samples, pHw = 4.21 - 1.80 x H+/CEC (R(2) = 0.69, n = 194). The reciprocal of the H+/CEC ratio is base saturation with Al added to the bases. Because of the low pH, exchangeable Al does not appear to behave as an acid. Exchangeable Ht remains an operationally defined quantity because of the difficulty in separating exchange and hydrolysis reactions. In a variety of neutral-salt extractants, concentrations of H+ were correlated with 0.1 M BaCl2-exchangeable H+ (r > 0.91, P = 0.0001, n = 26) regardless of the strength of the extract. Nine successive extractions with 0.33 mM CaCl2 removed more He than was removed by single batch extractions with either 1 M KCl or 0.1 M BaCl2 (average H+ of 70, 43, and 49 mmol kg(-1), respectively for 26 samples). The data showed little difference in the chemical behavior of Oa horizons from a variety of geographical sites and vegetation types. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT NAT RESOURCES & ENVIRONM SCI, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, TROY, NY 12180 USA. RP Ross, DS (reprint author), UNIV VERMONT, DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI, HILLS BLDG, BURLINGTON, VT 05405 USA. RI Ross, Donald/A-4477-2008 OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-5390-6602 NR 36 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 60 IS 6 BP 1926 EP 1932 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WA786 UT WOS:A1996WA78600044 ER PT J AU Lohr, SC Byorth, PA Kaya, CM Dwyer, WP AF Lohr, SC Byorth, PA Kaya, CM Dwyer, WP TI High-temperature tolerances of fluvial Arctic Grayling and comparisons with summer river temperatures of the Big Hole River, Montana SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID THERMAL TOLERANCES; FLUCTUATING ENVIRONMENTS; CONSTANT AB Critical thermal maximum (CTM) and resistance time to high temperature were determined for juvenile Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus from the fluvial population of the Big Hole River, Montana. Grayling were tested after acclimation to 8.4, 16.0, and 20.0 degrees C. Thermal tolerances increased with acclimation temperatures; mean CTM was 26.4 degrees C for the 8.4 degrees C acclimation group, 28.5 degrees C for the 16.0 degrees C group, and 29.3 degrees C for the 20.0 degrees C group; median resistance time at given test temperature also increased with acclimation. The upper incipient lethal temperature (UILT) was 23.0 degrees C for fish acclimated to 8.4 degrees C and 16.0 degrees C, and was 25.0 degrees C for those acclimated to 20.0 degrees C, temperatures that were similar to the median tolerance limits of Arctic grayling in Alaska. Comparisons of mean CTM and UILT for juvenile Arctic grayling with levels and durations of maximum river temperatures recorded during summers 1992-1994 indicated that resident fish may occasionally be subjected to potentially lethal temperatures in the warmest reaches of the Big Hole River. C1 MONTANA STATE UNIV,MONTANA COOPERAT FISHERY RES UNIT,NATL BIOL SERV,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. MONTANA FISH WILDLIFE & PK,DILLON,MT 59725. MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,BOZEMAN FISH TECHNOL CTR,BOZEMAN,MT 59715. NR 24 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 125 IS 6 BP 933 EP 939 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0933:HTTOFA>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA VV462 UT WOS:A1996VV46200012 ER PT J AU Lovley, DR Woodward, JC AF Lovley, DR Woodward, JC TI Mechanisms for chelator stimulation of microbial Fe(III)-oxide reduction SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANAEROBIC SEDIMENTS; ORGANIC-MATTER; IRON REDUCTION; FERRIC IRON; OXIDATION; BIODEGRADATION; MICROORGANISM; DISSOLUTION; MANGANESE; AQUIFER AB The mechanisms by which nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) stimulated Fe(III) reduction in sediments from a petroleum-contaminated aquifer were investigated in order to gain insight into how added Fe(III) chelators stimulate the activity of hydrocarbon-degrading, Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms in these sediments, and how naturally occurring Fe(III) chelators might promote Fe(III) reduction in aquatic sediments. NTA solubilized Fe(III) from the aquifer sediments. NTA stimulation of microbial Fe(III) reduction did not appear to be the result of making calcium, magnesium, potassium, or trace metals more available to the microorganisms. Stimulation of Fe(III) reduction could not be attributed to NTA serving as a source of carbon or fixed nitrogen for Fe(III)-reducing bacteria as NTA was not degraded in the sediments. Studies with the Fe(III)-reducing microorganism, Geobacter metallireducens, and pure Fe(III)-oxide forms, demonstrated that NTA stimulated the reduction of a variety of Fe(III) forms, including highly crystalline Fe(III)-oxides such as goethite and hematite. The results suggest that NTA solubilization of insoluble Fe(III)-oxide is an important mechanism for the stimulation of Fe(III) reduction by NTA in aquifer sediments. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 19 TC 91 Z9 100 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD OCT 30 PY 1996 VL 132 IS 1-4 BP 19 EP 24 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00037-X PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VR951 UT WOS:A1996VR95100004 ER PT J AU Clow, DW Drever, JI AF Clow, DW Drever, JI TI Weathering rates as a function of flow through an alpine soil SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISSOLUTION; TRANSPORT; KINETICS AB The effect of flow on release rates of solutes from soil in a 39-m(2) alpine catchment in the Colorado Rockies was measured during the summers of 1990-1994. Flow rates through the soil were varied by augmenting natural rainfall with deionized irrigation water. Daily water inputs averaged between 96 and 216 1 day(-1) during the five field seasons, and mean discharge (inputs minus evapotranspiration) varied from 35 to 175 1 day(-1). Volume-weighted mean concentrations of base cations and silica decreased only moderately in response to the increased water inputs. Input fluxes of solutes in precipitation were similar in each of the study seasons, but output fluxes of base cations and silica in surface outflow increased substantially in conjunction with the average water input rate for the season. Weathering rates calculated from the chemical fluxes increased substantially in response to increases in water input rates. The increases appear to be largely attributable to enhanced transport of solutes from the soil matrix under high flow conditions. At high flow, physical flushing of micropores presumably occurs to a greater extent than during low-flow periods because of greater soil wetness and higher hydrologic head. Increased flushing would also cause an increased rate of diffusion of solutes, from microcracks in mineral surfaces and constricted pore spaces in response to an increased concentration gradient between those regions and adjacent areas in the soil matrix. Another consequence of the increased flushing that occurs during periods of high flow is that concentrations throughout the soil matrix tend to be lower, which might increase chemical weathering rates of some silicate minerals such as microcline, which are relatively close to saturation. Decreased Si concentrations under high-flow conditions appear to promote dissolution of amorphous aluminosilicates or desorption of Si from mineral surfaces, buffering Si concentrations in the soil solutions. Thus, both physical transport of solutes and subsequent chemical effects appear to be responsible for the positive relation observed between fluxes of weathering products and water input rates. C1 UNIV WYOMING,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,LARAMIE,WY 82071. RP Clow, DW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 415,BOX 25046,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. OI Clow, David/0000-0001-6183-4824 NR 28 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD OCT 30 PY 1996 VL 132 IS 1-4 BP 131 EP 141 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00048-4 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VR951 UT WOS:A1996VR95100015 ER PT J AU Hoch, AR Reddy, MM Drever, JI AF Hoch, AR Reddy, MM Drever, JI TI The effect of iron content and dissolved O-2 on dissolution Fates of clinopyroxene at pH 5.8 and 25 degrees C: Preliminary results SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID KINETICS AB Dissolution experiments using augite (Mg0.87Ca0.85Fe0.19Na0.09Al0.03Si2O6) and diopside (Mg0.91Ca0.93Fe0.07Na0.03Al0.03Si2O6) were conducted in flow-through reactors (5-ml/h flow rate). A pH of 5.8 was maintained by bubbling pure CO2 through a solution of 0.01 M KHCO3 at 25 degrees C. Two experiments were run for each pyroxene type. In one experiment dissolved O-2 concentration in reactors was 0.6 (+/-0.1) ppm and in the second dissolved O-2 was 1.5 (+/-0.1) ppm. After 60 days, augite dissolution rates (based on Si release) were approximately three times greater in the 1.5 ppm dissolved O-2 experiments than in the sealed experiments, In contrast, diopside dissolution rates were independent of dissolved O-2 concentrations. Preliminary results from the augite experiments suggest that dissolution rate is directly related to oxidation of iron. This effect was not observed in experiments performed on iron-poor diopside. Additionally, dissolution rates of diopside were much slower than those of augite, again suggesting a relationship between Fe content, Fe oxidation and dissolution rates. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80303. RP Hoch, AR (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. NR 11 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD OCT 30 PY 1996 VL 132 IS 1-4 BP 151 EP 156 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00050-2 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VR951 UT WOS:A1996VR95100017 ER PT J AU Herwitz, SR Muhs, DR Prospero, JM Mahan, S Vaughn, B AF Herwitz, SR Muhs, DR Prospero, JM Mahan, S Vaughn, B TI Origin of Bermuda's clay-rich Quaternary paleosols and their paleoclimatic significance SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SAHARAN DUST; SEA-LEVEL; ATLANTIC; LIMESTONES; DEPOSITION; HISTORY; STRATIGRAPHY; HYDROGEOLOGY; RECORD; ISLAND AB Red clayey paleosols that are chiefly the product of aerosolic dust deposition are interbedded in the Quaternary carbonate formations of the Bermuda oceanic island system. These paleosols provide a basis for reconstructing Quaternary atmospheric circulation patterns in the northwestern Atlantic. Geochemical analyses were performed on representative paleosol samples to identify their parent dust source. Fine-grained fractions were analyzed by energy-dispersive X ray fluorescence to determine trace element (Zr, Y, La, Ti, and Nb) concentrations and to derive geochemical signatures based on immobile element ratios. These ratios were compared with geochemical signatures determined for three possible sources of airborne dust: (1) Great Plains loess, (2) Mississippi River Valley loess, and (3) Saharan dust. The Zr/Y and Zr/La ratios provided the dearest distinction between the hypothesized dust sources. The low ratios in the paleosol B horizons most closely resemble Saharan dust in the <2-mu m size class fraction. Contributions from the two North American loessial source areas could. not be clearly detected. Thus Bermuda paleosols have a predominantly Saharan aerosolic dust signature. Saharan dust deposition on Bermuda during successive Quaternary glacial periods is consistent with patterns of general circulation models, which indicate that during glacial maxima the northeast summer trade winds were stronger than at present and reached latitudes higher than 30 degrees N despite lower-than-present sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic. C1 CLARK UNIV, DEPT BIOL, WORCESTER, MA 01610 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, DENVER, CO 80255 USA. UNIV MIAMI, ROSENSTIEL SCH MARINE & ATMOSPHER SCI, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA. RP Herwitz, SR (reprint author), CLARK UNIV, DEPT GEOG, WORCESTER, MA 01610 USA. OI Prospero, Joseph/0000-0003-3608-6160; Mahan, Shannon/0000-0001-5214-7774 NR 66 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 27 PY 1996 VL 101 IS D18 BP 23389 EP 23400 DI 10.1029/96JD02333 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VP976 UT WOS:A1996VP97600011 ER PT J AU Izenberg, NR Arvidson, RE Brackett, RA Saatchi, SS Osburn, GR Dohrenwend, J AF Izenberg, NR Arvidson, RE Brackett, RA Saatchi, SS Osburn, GR Dohrenwend, J TI Erosional and depositional patterns associated with the 1993 Missouri river floods inferred from SIR-C and TOPSAR radar data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article AB The Missouri River floods of 1993 caused significant and widespread damage to the floodplains between Kansas City and St. Louis. Immediately downstream of levee breaks, flood waters scoured the bottoms. As the floodwaters continued, they spread laterally and deposited massive amounts of sand as crevasse splays on top of agricultural fields. We explore the use of radar interferometry and backscatter data for quantitative estimation of scour and deposition for Jameson Island/Arrow Rock Bottoms and Lisbon Bottoms, two bottoms that were heavily damaged during the floods and subsequently abandoned. Shuttle imaging radar C (SIR-C) L band (24 cm) HH (horizontally transmitted and horizontally received) radar backscatter data acquired in October 1994 were used together with a distorted Born approximation canopy scattering model to determine that the abundance of natural leafy forbs controlled the magnitude of backscatter for former agricultural fields. Forb areal density was found to be inversely correlated with thickness of sand deposited during the floods, presumably because thick sands prevented roots from reaching nutrient rich, moist bottoms soils. Using the inverse relationship, a lower bound for the mass of sand added was found to be 6.3 million metric tons over the 17 km(2) study area. Digital elevation data from topographic synthetic aperture radar (TOPSAR) C band (5.6 cm) interferometric observations acquired in August 1994 were compared to a series of elevation profiles collected on the ground. Vertical errors in TOPSAR were estimated to range from 1 to 2 m, providing enough accuracy to generate an estimate of total mass (4.7 million metric tons) removed during erosion of levees and scour of the bottoms terrains. Net accretion of material to the study areas is consistent with the geologic record of major floods where sediment-laden floodwaters crested over natural levees, initially scoured into the bottoms, and then deposited sands as crevasse splays as the flows spread out and slowed by frictional dissipation. The addition of artificial levees to the Missouri River system has undoubtedly enhanced flood damage, although quantitative estimation of the degree of enhancement will require additional work. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,CIMRI,TUCSON,AZ 85705. CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109. RP Izenberg, NR (reprint author), WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,CAMPUS BOX 1169,1 BROOKINGS DR,ST LOUIS,MO 63130, USA. RI Izenberg, Noam/F-3952-2015 OI Izenberg, Noam/0000-0003-1629-6478 NR 38 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD OCT 25 PY 1996 VL 101 IS E10 BP 23149 EP 23167 DI 10.1029/96JE01975 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VP977 UT WOS:A1996VP97700008 ER PT J AU Powell, DC Aulerich, RJ Stromberg, KL Bursian, SJ AF Powell, DC Aulerich, RJ Stromberg, KL Bursian, SJ TI Effects of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,3',4,4'-pentachlorobiphenyl, and 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl on the developing chicken embryo when injected prior to incubation SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; GREAT-LAKES; PHALACROCORAX-AURITUS; AVIAN EMBRYOS; COPLANAR PCBS; TOXICITY; EGGS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; SENSITIVITY AB Great Lakes waterbird populations have experienced less-than-expected hatchability of eggs and a greater-than-expected incidence of developmental abnormalities. Such deleterious effects have been attributed to polyhalogenated hydrocarbons such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PCBs are of primary concern since they are present in significant quantities in the environment. Specific PCB congeners, 3,3',4,4'5-pentachlorobiphenyl (IUPAC number 126), 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (IUPAC number 77), and 2,3,3',4,4'-pentachlorobiphenyl (IUPAC number 105), were injected (singly or in combination) into the yolks of White Leghorn chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs prior to incubation. Teratogenicity was assessed in dead embryos and in hatchlings. Hatchlings were raised for 3 wk to assess body weight gain and mortality. At the end of the 3-wk period, chicks were subjected to necropsy and the brain, bursa, heart, liver, spleen, and testes were removed and weighed. All 3 congeners caused increased embryo mortality with approximately 50% mortality occurring at 0.6, 8.8, and 5592 mu g/kg egg for congeners 126, 77, and 105, respectively. All three congeners also produced significantly more abnormalities than the vehicle. Chicks from PCB-injected eggs had lower body weights at wk 2 and 3 of age. Congener 126 caused lower relative bursa weights, congener 77 caused greater relative spleen weights and lower relative liver weights, and all three congeners caused relative heart weights to be greater when compared to control. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,INST ENVIRONM TOXICOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,GREEN BAY,WI. RI Wilkinson, Stuart/C-2802-2013 NR 42 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD OCT 25 PY 1996 VL 49 IS 3 BP 319 EP 338 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VN688 UT WOS:A1996VN68800005 PM 8876657 ER PT J AU Belton, MJS Head, JW Ingersoll, AP Greeley, R McEwen, AS Klaasen, KP Senske, D Pappalardo, R Collins, G Vasavada, AR Sullivan, R Simonelli, D Geissler, P Carr, MH Davies, ME Veverka, J Gierasch, PJ Banfield, D Bell, M Chapman, CR Anger, C Greenberg, R Neukum, G Pilcher, CB Beebe, RF Burns, JA Fanale, F Ip, W Johnson, TV Morrison, D Moore, J Orton, GS Thomas, P West, RA AF Belton, MJS Head, JW Ingersoll, AP Greeley, R McEwen, AS Klaasen, KP Senske, D Pappalardo, R Collins, G Vasavada, AR Sullivan, R Simonelli, D Geissler, P Carr, MH Davies, ME Veverka, J Gierasch, PJ Banfield, D Bell, M Chapman, CR Anger, C Greenberg, R Neukum, G Pilcher, CB Beebe, RF Burns, JA Fanale, F Ip, W Johnson, TV Morrison, D Moore, J Orton, GS Thomas, P West, RA TI Galileo's first images of Jupiter and the Galilean satellites SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ICE SHELL; IO; GANYMEDE; EUROPA; EVOLUTION; SURFACE; PLUMES; STATE AB The first images of Jupiter, Io, Europa, and Ganymede from the Galileo spacecraft reveal new information about Jupiter's Great Red Spot (GRS) and the surfaces of the Galilean satellites. Features similar to clusters of thunderstorms were found in the GRS. Nearby wave structures suggest that the GRS may be a shallow atmospheric feature. Changes in surface color and plume distribution indicate differences in resurfacing processes near hot spots on to. Patchy emissions were seen while lo was in eclipse by Jupiter. The outer margins of prominent linear markings (triple bands) on Europa are diffuse, suggesting that material has been vented from fractures. Numerous small circular craters indicate localized areas of relatively old surface. Pervasive brittle deformation of an ice layer appears to have formed grooves on Ganymede. Dark terrain unexpectedly shows distinctive albedo variations to the limit of resolution. C1 BROWN UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912. CALTECH,DEPT GEOL & PLANETARY SCI,PASADENA,CA 91125. ARIZONA STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,TEMPE,AZ 85287. UNIV ARIZONA,LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85721. CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109. CORNELL UNIV,DEPT ASTRON,ITHACA,NY 14853. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. SW RES INST,BOULDER,CO 80302. ITTRES LTD,CALGARY,AB T1Y 5Z6,CANADA. DEUTSCH FORSCH ANSTALT LUFT & RAUMFAHRT,INST PLANETARY EXPLORAT,BERLIN,GERMANY. NASA,WASHINGTON,DC 20546. NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT ASTRON,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. MAX PLANCK INST AERON,LINDAU,GERMANY. NASA,AMES RES CTR,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035. RP Belton, MJS (reprint author), NATL OPT ASTRON OBSERV,950 N CHERRY AVE,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. OI Banfield, Don/0000-0003-2664-0164 NR 67 TC 105 Z9 105 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 18 PY 1996 VL 274 IS 5286 BP 377 EP 385 PG 9 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VN173 UT WOS:A1996VN17300040 ER PT J AU Carlson, R Smythe, W Baines, K Barbinis, E Becker, K Burns, R Calcutt, S Calvin, W Clark, R Danielson, G Davies, A Drossart, P Encrenaz, T Fanale, F Granahan, J Hansen, G Herrera, P Hibbitts, C Hui, J Irwin, P Johnson, T Kamp, L Kieffer, H Leader, F Lellouch, E LopesGautier, R Matson, D McCord, T Mehlman, R Ocampo, A Orton, G RoosSerote, M Segura, M Shirley, J Soderblom, L Stevenson, A Taylor, F Torson, J Weir, A Weissman, P AF Carlson, R Smythe, W Baines, K Barbinis, E Becker, K Burns, R Calcutt, S Calvin, W Clark, R Danielson, G Davies, A Drossart, P Encrenaz, T Fanale, F Granahan, J Hansen, G Herrera, P Hibbitts, C Hui, J Irwin, P Johnson, T Kamp, L Kieffer, H Leader, F Lellouch, E LopesGautier, R Matson, D McCord, T Mehlman, R Ocampo, A Orton, G RoosSerote, M Segura, M Shirley, J Soderblom, L Stevenson, A Taylor, F Torson, J Weir, A Weissman, P TI Near-infrared spectroscopy and spectral mapping of Jupiter and the Galilean satellites: Results from Galileo's initial orbit SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MU-M; 5-MU-M; WATER; BELT AB The Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer performed spectral studies of Jupiter and the Galilean satellites during the June 1996 perijove pass of the Galileo spacecraft. Spectra for a 5-micrometer hot spot on Jupiter are consistent with the absence of a significant water cloud above 8 bars and with a depletion of water compared lo that predicted for solar composition, corroborating results from the Galileo probe. Great Red Spot (GRS) spectral images show that parts of this feature extend upward to 240 millibars, although considerable altitude-dependent structure is found within it. A ring of dense clouds surrounds the GRS and is lower than it by 3 to 7 kilometers. Spectra of Callisto and Ganymede reveal a feature at 4.25 micrometers, attributed to the presence of hydrated minerals or possibly carbon dioxide on their surfaces. Spectra of Europa's high latitudes imply that fine-grained water frost overlies larger grains. Several active volcanic regions were found on lo, with temperatures of 420 to 620 kelvin and projected areas of 5 to 70 square kilometers. C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095. UNIV OXFORD,DEPT ATMOSPHER OCEAN & PLANETARY SCI,OXFORD OX1 3PU,ENGLAND. US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. CALTECH,DIV GEOL & PLANETARY SCI,PASADENA,CA 91125. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. OBSERV PARIS,F-92150 MEUDON,FRANCE. UNIV HAWAII,HAWAII INST GEOPHYS & PLANETOL,HONOLULU,HI 96822. RP Carlson, R (reprint author), CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,4800 OAK GROVE DR,PASADENA,CA 91109, USA. RI Lopes, Rosaly/D-1608-2016; Hibbitts, Charles/B-7787-2016; OI Lopes, Rosaly/0000-0002-7928-3167; Hibbitts, Charles/0000-0001-9089-4391; Calcutt, Simon/0000-0002-0102-3170; Irwin, Patrick/0000-0002-6772-384X NR 25 TC 106 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 18 PY 1996 VL 274 IS 5286 BP 385 EP 388 DI 10.1126/science.274.5286.385 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VN173 UT WOS:A1996VN17300041 PM 8832878 ER PT J AU Castle, RO Bernknopf, RL AF Castle, RO Bernknopf, RL TI The southern California uplift and associated earthquakes SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID REFRACTION ERROR; FIELD-TEST; PALMDALE AB Southern California earthquakes greater than or equal to M5.5 during the period 1955/01/01-1994/01/17 were concentrated along or adjacent to the south flank of the southern California uplift, as defined both at its culmination and following its partial collapse. Spatial clustering of these earthquakes within three more-or-less distinct groups suggests either gaps along the south flank that were previously filled or are yet to be filled. Nearly all of the indicated earthquakes accompanied or followed partial collapse of the uplift, and seismic activity within this regime seems to have been increasing through at least 1994/01/17. RP Castle, RO (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 975,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 23 IS 21 BP 3011 EP 3014 DI 10.1029/96GL02894 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VM610 UT WOS:A1996VM61000037 ER PT J AU Ingebritsen, SE Rojstaczer, SA AF Ingebritsen, SE Rojstaczer, SA TI Geyser periodicity and the response of geysers to deformation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID DOMINATED HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS; GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR SIMULATION; OLD FAITHFUL; DYNAMICS; SEISMICITY; CALIFORNIA; EARTHQUAKE; CRUST; WELLS; FLOW AB Numerical simulations of multiphase fluid and heat transport through a porous medium define combinations of rock properties and boundary conditions which lead to geyser-like periodic discharge. Within the rather narrow range of conditions that allow geyser-like behavior, eruption frequency and discharge are highly sensitive to the intrinsic permeabilities of the geyser conduit and the surrounding rock matrix, to the relative permeability functions assumed, and to pressure gradients in the matrix. In theory, heat pipes (concomitant upward flow of steam and downward flow of liquid) can exist under similar conditions, but our simulations suggest that the periodic solution is more stable. Simulated time series of geyser discharge are chaotic, but integrated quantities such as eruption frequency and mass discharge per eruption are free of chaos. These results may explain the observed sensitivity of natural geysers to small strains such as those caused by remote earthquakes, if ground motion is sufficient to induce permeability changes. Changes in geyser behavior caused by minor preseismic deformation, periodic surface loading, and Earth tides are more difficult to explain in the context of our current model. C1 DUKE UNIV, DEPT GEOL, DURHAM, NC 27708 USA. DUKE UNIV, CTR HYDROL SCI, DURHAM, NC 27708 USA. RP Ingebritsen, SE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 439, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 54 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B10 BP 21891 EP 21905 DI 10.1029/96JB02285 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VM544 UT WOS:A1996VM54400006 ER PT J AU Hildenbrand, TG Griscom, A VanSchmus, WR Stuart, WD AF Hildenbrand, TG Griscom, A VanSchmus, WR Stuart, WD TI Quantitative investigations of the Missouri gravity low: A possible expression of a large, Late Precambrian batholith intersecting the new Madrid seismic zone SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT; NORTH-AMERICA; RIFT; MIDCONTINENT; BASEMENT; ANOMALIES; HISTORY; REGION; BODIES AB Analysis of gravity and magnetic anomaly data helps characterize the geometry and physical properties of the source of the Missouri gravity low, an important cratonic feature of substantial width (about 125 km) and length (> 600 km). Filtered anomaly maps show that this prominent feature extends NW from the Reelfoot rift to the Midcontinent Rift System. Geologic reasoning and the simultaneous inversion of the gravity and magnetic data lead to an interpretation that the gravity anomaly reflects an upper crustal, Il-km-thick batholith with either near vertical or outward dipping boundaries. Considering the modeled characteristics of the batholith, structural fabric of Missouri, and relations of the batholith with plutons and regions of alteration, a tectonic model for the formation of the batholith is proposed. The model includes a mantle plume that heated the crust during Late Precambrian and melted portions of lower and middle crust, from which the low-density granitic rocks forming the batholith were partly derived. The batholith, called the Missouri batholith, may be currently related to the release of seismic energy in the New Madrid seismic zone (earthquake concentrations occur at the intersection of the Missouri batholith and the New Madrid seismic zone). Three qualitative mechanical models are suggested to explain this relationship with seismicity. C1 UNIV KANSAS, DEPT GEOL, LAWRENCE, KS 66045 USA. RP Hildenbrand, TG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 989, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 65 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B10 BP 21921 EP 21942 DI 10.1029/96JB01908 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VM544 UT WOS:A1996VM54400008 ER PT J AU Savage, JC Lockner, DA Byerlee, JD AF Savage, JC Lockner, DA Byerlee, JD TI Failure in laboratory fault models in triaxial tests SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID GOUGE AB A model of a fault in the Earth is a sand-filled saw cut in a granite cylinder subjected to a triaxial test. The saw cut is inclined at an angle alpha to the cylinder axis, and the sand filling is intended to represent gouge. The triaxial test subjects the granite cylinder to a constant confining pressure and increasing axial stress to maintain a constant rate of shortening of the cylinder. The required axial stress increases at a decreasing rate to a maximum, beyond which a roughly constant axial stress is sufficient to maintain the constant rate of shortening. Such triaxial tests were run for saw cuts inclined at angles alpha of 20 degrees, 25 degrees, 30 degrees, 35 degrees, 40 degrees, 45 degrees, and 50 degrees to the cylinder axis, and the apparent coefficient of friction mu(a) (ratio of the shear stress to the normal stress, both stresses resolved onto the sam cut) at failure was determined. Subject to the assumption that the observed failure involves slip on Coulomb shears (orientation unspecified), the orientation of the principal compression asis within the gouge call be calculated as a function of mu(a) for a given value of the coefficient of internal friction mu(i). The rotation of the principal stress axes within the gouge in a triaxial test can then be followed as the shear strain across the gouge layer increases. For mu(i) similar to 0.8, an appropriate value for highly sheared sand, the observed values mu(a) imply that the principal axis of compression within the gouge rotates so as to approach being parallel to the cylinder axis for all saw cut angles (20 degrees < alpha < 50 degrees). In the limiting state (principal compression axis parallel to cylinder asis) the stress state in the gouge layer would be the same as that in the granite cylinder, and the failure criterion would be independent of the saw cut angle. RP Savage, JC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MS-977, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B10 BP 22215 EP 22224 DI 10.1029/96JB02094 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VM544 UT WOS:A1996VM54400025 ER PT J AU Holbrook, WS Brocher, TM tenBrink, US Hole, JA AF Holbrook, WS Brocher, TM tenBrink, US Hole, JA TI Crustal structure of a transform plate boundary: San Francisco Bay and the central California continental margin SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID ANDREAS FAULT; GREAT-VALLEY; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; SEISMIC EVIDENCE; COAST RANGES; BENEATH; EDGE; DEFORMATION; EVOLUTION; INVERSION AB Wide-angle seismic data collected during the Bay Area Seismic Imaging Experiment provide new glimpses of the deep structure of the San Francisco Bay Area Block and across the offshore continental margin. San Francisco Bay is underlain by a veneer (<300 m) of sediments, beneath which P wave velocities increase rapidly from 5.2 km/s to 6.0 km/s at 7 km depth, consistent with rocks of the Franciscan subduction assemblage. The base of the Franciscan at 15-18 km depth is marked by a strong wide-angle reflector, beneath which lies an 8- to 10-km-thick lower crust with an average velocity of 6.75+/-0.15 km/s. The lower crust of the Bay Area Block may be oceanic in origin, but its structure and reflectivity indicate that it has been modified by shearing and/or magmatic intrusion. Wide-angle reflections define two layers within the lower crust, with velocities of 6.4-6.6 km/s and 6.9-7.3 km/s. Prominent subhorizontal reflectivity observed at near-vertical incidence resides principally in the lowermost layer, the top of which corresponds to the ''6-s reflector'' of Brocher et al. [1994]. Rheological modeling suggests that the lower crust beneath the 6-s reflector is the weakest part of the lithosphere; the horizontal shear zone suggested by Furlong et al. [1989] to link the San Andreas and Hayward/Calaveras fault systems may actually be a broad zone of shear deformation occupying the lowermost crust. A transect across the continental margin from the paleotrench to the Hayward fault shows a deep crustal structure that is more complex than previously realized. Strong lateral variability in seismic velocity and wide-angle reflectivity suggests that crustal composition changes across major transcurrent fault systems. Pacific oceanic crust extends 40-50 km landward of the paleotrench but, contrary to prior models, probably does not continue beneath the Salinian Block, a Cretaceous are complex that lies west of the San Andreas fault in the Bay Area. The thickness (10 km) and high lower-crustal velocity of Pacific oceanic crust suggest that it was underplated by magmatism associated with the nearby Pioneer seamount. The Salinian Black consists of a 15-km-thick layer of velocity 6.0-6.2 km/s overlying a 5-km-thick, high-velocity (7.0 km/s) lower crust that may be oceanic crust, Cretaceous are-derived lower crust, or a magmatically underplated layer. The strong structural variability across the margin attests to the activity of strike-slip faulting prior to and during development of the transcurrent Pacific/North American plate boundary around 29 Ma. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, BRANCH SEISMOL, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. STANFORD UNIV, DEPT GEOPHYS, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, BRANCH ATLANTIC MARINE GEOL, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA. RP Holbrook, WS (reprint author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, 360 WOODS HOLE RD, MS 22, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA. RI Holbrook, W. Steven/G-9800-2011; ten Brink, Uri/A-1258-2008; OI Holbrook, W. Steven/0000-0003-0065-8841; ten Brink, Uri/0000-0001-6858-3001; Brocher, Thomas/0000-0002-9740-839X NR 56 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B10 BP 22311 EP 22334 DI 10.1029/96JB01642 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VM544 UT WOS:A1996VM54400031 ER PT J AU Dodge, DA Beroza, GC Ellsworth, WL AF Dodge, DA Beroza, GC Ellsworth, WL TI Detailed observations of California foreshock sequences: Implications for the earthquake initiation process SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID 1992 LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; 28 JUNE 1992; STATIC STRESS; NUCLEATION; RUPTURE; FAULTS; LOCATIONS; STRAIN; SYSTEM; PHASE AB We find that foreshocks provide clear evidence for an extended nucleation process before some earthquakes. In this study, we examine in detail the evolution of six California foreshock sequences, the 1986 Mount Lewis (M(L)=5.5), the 1986 Chalfant (M(L)=6.4), the 1986 Stone Canyon (M(L)=4.7), the 1990 Upland (M(L)=5.2), the 1992 Joshua Tree (M(W)=6.1), and the 1992 Landers (M(W)=7.3) sequence. Typically, uncertainties in hypocentral parameters are too large to establish the geometry of foreshock sequences and hence to understand their evolution. However, the similarity of location and focal mechanisms for the events in these sequences leads to similar foreshock waveforms that we cross correlate to obtain extremely accurate relative locations. We use these results to identify small-scale fault zone structures that could influence nucleation and to determine the stress evolution leading up to the mainshock. In general, these foreshock sequences are not compatible with a cascading failure nucleation model in which the foreshocks all occur on a single fault plane and trigger the mainshock by static stress transfer. Instead, the foreshocks seem to concentrate near structural discontinuities in the fault and may themselves be a product of an aseismic nucleation process. Fault zone heterogeneity may also be important in controlling the number of foreshocks, i.e., the stronger the heterogeneity, the greater the number of foreshocks. The size of the nucleation region, as measured by the extent of the foreshock sequence, appears to scale with mainshock moment in the same manner as determined independently by measurements of the seismic nucleation phase. We also find evidence for slip localization as predicted by some models of earthquake nucleation. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP Dodge, DA (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV, DEPT GEOPHYS, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA. NR 45 TC 115 Z9 119 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B10 BP 22371 EP 22392 DI 10.1029/96JB02269 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VM544 UT WOS:A1996VM54400034 ER PT J AU Minor, R Grant, WC AF Minor, R Grant, WC TI Earthquake-induced subsidence and burial of late holocene archaeological sites, northern Oregon coast SO AMERICAN ANTIQUITY LA English DT Article ID CASCADIA SUBDUCTION-ZONE; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; WASHINGTON-STATE; VANCOUVER-ISLAND; MARINE TERRACES; UNITED-STATES; DEFORMATION; TECTONICS; UPLIFT; PALEOSEISMICITY AB Fire hearths associated with prehistoric Native American occupation lie within the youngest buried lowland soil oft he estuaries along the Salmon and Nehalem rivets on the northern Oregon coast. This buried soil is the result of sudden subsidence induced by a great earthquake about 300 years agi along the Cascadia subduction tone, which extends offshore along the North Pacific Coast from Vancouver Island to northern California. The earthquake 300 years ago was the latest in a series of subsidence events along the Cascadia subduction zone over the last several thousand years. Over the long term, subsidence and burial of prehistoric settlements as a result of Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes have almost certainly been an important factor contributing to the limited time depth of the archaeological record along this section of the North Pacific Coast. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,US GEOL SURVEY,SEATTLE,WA 98195. RP Minor, R (reprint author), HERITAGE RES ASSOCIATES,1997 GARDEN AVE,EUGENE,OR 97403, USA. NR 74 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 4 U2 13 PU SOC AMER ARCHAEOLOGY AMERICAN ANTIQUITY PI WASHINGTON PA 900 SECOND ST., NE #12 ATTN: BRIGHID BRADY-DE LAMBERT, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-3557 SN 0002-7316 J9 AM ANTIQUITY JI Am. Antiq. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 61 IS 4 BP 772 EP 781 DI 10.2307/282017 PG 10 WC Anthropology; Archaeology SC Anthropology; Archaeology GA VV131 UT WOS:A1996VV13100009 ER PT J AU Lydy, MJ Carter, DS Crawford, CG AF Lydy, MJ Carter, DS Crawford, CG TI Comparison of gas chromatography mass spectrometry and immunoassay techniques on concentrations of atrazine in storm runoff SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; WATER AB Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques were used to measure concentrations of dissolved atrazine in 149 surface-water samples. Samples were collected during May 1992-September 1993 near the mouth of the White River (Indiana) and in two small tributaries of the river. GC/MS was performed on a Hewlett-Packard 5971A(1) with electron impact ionization and selected ion monitoring of filtered water samples extracted by C-18 solid phase extraction; ELISA was performed with a magnetic-particle-based assay with photometric analysis. ELISA results compared reasonably well to GC/MS measurements at concentrations below the Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (3.0 mu g/L), but a systematic negative bias was observed at higher concentrations. When higher concentration samples were diluted into the linear range of calibration, the relation improved. A slight positive bias was seen in all of the ELISA data compared to the GC/MS results, and the bias could be partially explained by correcting the ELISA data for cross reactivity with other triazine herbicides. The highest concentrations of atrazine were found during the first major runoff event after the atrazine was applied. Concentrations decreased throughout the rest of the sampling period even though large runoff events occurred during this time, indicating that most atrazine loading to surface waters in the study area occurs within a few weeks after application. C1 UNIROYAL CHEM CO,CROP PROD RES & DEV,MIDDLEBURY,CT 06749. US GEOL SURVEY,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46278. RP Lydy, MJ (reprint author), WICHITA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,WICHITA,KS 67260, USA. OI Crawford, Charles/0000-0003-1653-7841 NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 31 IS 3 BP 378 EP 385 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VQ162 UT WOS:A1996VQ16200010 PM 8854831 ER PT J AU Powell, DC Aulerich, RJ Meadows, JC Tillitt, DE Giesy, JP Stromborg, RL Bursian, SJ AF Powell, DC Aulerich, RJ Meadows, JC Tillitt, DE Giesy, JP Stromborg, RL Bursian, SJ TI Effects of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) injected into the yolks of chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs prior to incubation SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; DEETHYLASE-INDUCING POTENCY; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS PAHS; AVIAN EMBRYOS; FACTORS TEFS; TOXICITY; INDUCTION; SUPPORT; 3,3',4,4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL; FABRICIUS AB The yolks of White Leghorn chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs were injected prior to incubation with either 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) at doses ranging from 0.1 to 12.8 mu g/kg egg or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) at doses ranging from 0.04 to 0.64 mu g/kg egg. Chicks were subjected to necropsy within 24 h of hatching. The brain, bursa, heart, liver, and spleen were removed and weighed. Assessment of the rate of hatching indicated an LD(50)+/-S.E. of 2.3+/-0.19 mu g/kg egg (7.1+/-0.58 nmol/kg egg) for PCB 126 and 0.15+/-0.012 mu g/kg egg (0.47+/-0.037 nmol/kg egg) for TCDD. No significant differences in the incidence of developmental abnormalities (structural defects and edema) were observed in TCDD-exposed embryos, while PCB 126 caused significantly more developmental abnormalities at 3.2, 6.4, and 12.8 mu g/kg egg than the vehicle control. PCB 126 caused lower hatchling weights and greater relative brain, heart, and liver weights when compared to the vehicle control group at a dose of 3.2 mu g/kg egg which is greater than the LD(50). TCDD at 0.08 mu g/kg egg caused relative bursa weights to be less than those of the vehicle control. A toxic equivalency factor (TEF) of 0.07 was determined for PCB 126 in relation to TCDD based on overt lethality. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,INST ENVIRONM TOXICOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. NATL BIOL SERV,MIDW SCI CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,PESTICIDE RES CTR,E LANSING,MI 48824. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,GREEN BAY,WI 54311. NR 28 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 13 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 31 IS 3 BP 404 EP 409 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VQ162 UT WOS:A1996VQ16200014 PM 8854835 ER PT J AU Rathbun, RE AF Rathbun, RE TI Disinfection byproduct yields from the chlorination of natural waters SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER; TRIHALOMETHANE FORMATION; DBP FORMATION; REMOVAL; COAGULATION; ADSORPTION; SPECIATION; PRECURSORS; OZONATION; BROMIDE AB Yields for the formation of trihalomethane and non-purgeable total organic-halide disinfection byproducts were determined as a function of pH and initial free-chlorine concentration for the chlorination of water from the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio Rivers. Samples were collected at 12 sites on the Mississippi River from Minneapolis, MN, to New Orleans, LA, and on the Missouri and Ohio Rivers 1.6 km above their confluences with the Mississippi during the summer, fall, and spring seasons of the year. Yields varied little with distance along the Mississippi River, although the dissolved organic-carbon concentration decreased considerably with distance downstream. Yields for the Missouri and Ohio were comparable to yields for the Mississippi, despite much higher bromide concentrations for the Missouri and Ohio. Trihalomethane yields increased as the pH and initial free-chlorine concentration increased. Nonpurgeable total organic-halide yields also increased as the initial free-chlorine concentration increased, but decreased as the pH increased. RP Rathbun, RE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,5293 WARD RD,ARVADA,CO 80002, USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 31 IS 3 BP 420 EP 425 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VQ162 UT WOS:A1996VQ16200016 ER PT J AU Kendall, WL Peterjohn, BG Sauer, JR AF Kendall, WL Peterjohn, BG Sauer, JR TI First-time observer effects in the North American Breeding Bird Survey SO AUK LA English DT Article AB Currently the operational analysis of Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data by the National Biological Service accounts for observer differences in estimating the trend for each route, but within-observer differences are not modeled. We tested for the existence of a form of within-observer differences in skill level, namely a change in ability to count birds of a given species after an observer's first year on a given route. An increase in ability could positively bias the trend estimate. Removal of an observer's first year of observation on each route for the period 1966 to 1991 resulted in lower average unweighted trend estimates for 415 of 459 species (90%). These reductions were statistically significant for 213 species (46%). The average reduction in trend was 1.8% change per year (SD = 5.4%). In route-regression analysis, route data are weighted by a measure of precision. Removing first-year observer counts reduced the weighted trend estimate for 275 of 416 species (66%), but differences generally were small. C1 NATL BIOL SERV,DIV INVENTORY & MONITORING,LAUREL,MD 20708. NATL BIOL SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. RP Kendall, WL (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OFF MIGRATORY BIRD MANAGEMENT,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 9 TC 101 Z9 106 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 1996 VL 113 IS 4 BP 823 EP 829 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA VN963 UT WOS:A1996VN96300008 ER PT J AU Waring, GH Robbins, CS AF Waring, GH Robbins, CS TI Harvey I. Fisher, 1916-1994 - In memoriam SO AUK LA English DT Item About an Individual C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. RP Waring, GH (reprint author), SO ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,CARBONDALE,IL 62901, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 1996 VL 113 IS 4 BP 928 EP 930 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA VN963 UT WOS:A1996VN96300018 ER PT J AU Howarth, RW Billen, G Swaney, D Townsend, A Jaworski, N Lajtha, K Downing, JA Elmgren, R Caraco, N Jordan, T Berendse, F Freney, J Kudeyarov, V Murdoch, P Zhu, ZL AF Howarth, RW Billen, G Swaney, D Townsend, A Jaworski, N Lajtha, K Downing, JA Elmgren, R Caraco, N Jordan, T Berendse, F Freney, J Kudeyarov, V Murdoch, P Zhu, ZL TI Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N&P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: Natural and human influences SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE anthropogenic; atmospheric deposition; eutrophication; fertilizer; nitrogen; nitrogen budget; nitrogen fixation; N:P ratio; phosphorus; pristine; rivers; temperate; tropical ID NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY; COASTAL EUTROPHICATION; NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS; INORGANIC NITROGEN; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; AMAZON BASIN; WEST-AFRICA; ST-LAWRENCE; COSTA-RICA AB We present estimates of total nitrogen and total phosphorus fluxes in rivers to the North Atlantic Ocean from 14 regions in North America, South America, Europe, and Africa which collectively comprise the drainage basins to the North Atlantic. The Amazon basin dominates the overall phosphorus flux and has the highest phosphorus flux per area. The total nitrogen flux from the Amazon is also large, contributing 3.3 Tg yr(-1) out of a total for the entire North Atlantic region of 13.1 Tg yr(-1). On a per area basis, however, the largest nitrogen fluxes are found in the highly disturbed watersheds around the North Sea, in northwestern Europe, and in the northeastern U.S., all of which have riverine nitrogen fluxes greater than 1,000 kg N km(-2) yr(-1). Non-point sources of nitrogen dominate riverine fluxes to the coast in all regions. River fluxes of total nitrogen from the temperate regions of the North Atlantic basin are correlated with population density, as has been observed previously for fluxes of nitrate in the world's major rivers. However, more striking is a strong linear correlation between river fluxes of total nitrogen and the sum of anthropogenically-derived nitrogen inputs to the temperate regions (fertilizer application, human-induced increases in atmospheric deposition of oxidized forms of nitrogen, fixation by leguminous crops, and the import/export of nitrogen in agricultural products). On average, regional nitrogen fluxes in rivers are only 25% of these anthropogenically derived nitrogen inputs. Denitrification in wetlands and aquatic ecosystems is probably the dominant sink, with storage in forests perhaps also of importance. Storage of nitrogen in groundwater, although of importance in some localities, is a very small sink for nitrogen inputs in all regions. Agricultural sources of nitrogen dominate inputs in many regions, particularly the Mississippi basin and the North Sea drainages. Deposition of oxidized nitrogen, primarily of industrial origin, is the major control over river nitrogen export in some regions such as the northeastern U.S. Using data from relatively pristine areas as an index of change, we estimate that riverine nitrogen fluxes in many of the temperate regions have increased from pre-industrial times by 2 to 20 fold, although some regions such as northern Canada are relatively unchanged. Fluxes from the most disturbed region, the North Sea drainages, have increased by 6 to 20 fold. Fluxes from the Amazon basin are also at least 2 to 5 fold greater than estimated fluxes from undisturbed temperate-zone regions, despite low population density and low inputs of anthropogenic nitrogen to the region. This suggests that natural riverine nitrogen fluxes in the tropics may be significantly greater than in the temperate zone. However, deforestation may be contributing to the tropical fluxes. In either case, projected increases in fertilizer use and atmospheric deposition in the coming decades are likely to cause dramatic increases in nitrogen loading to many tropical river systems. C1 FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, GRP MICROBIOL MILIEUX AQUAT, B-1050 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM. US EPA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, NARRAGANSETT, RI 02882 USA. OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. IOWA STATE UNIV, AMES, IA 50011 USA. UNIV STOCKHOLM, DEPT SYST ECOL, S-10691 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN. UNIV STOCKHOLM, CTR MARINE RES, S-10691 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN. INST ECOSYST STUDIES, MILLBROOK, NY 12545 USA. SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONM RES CTR, EDGEWATER, MD 21037 USA. DLO, CABO, NL-6700 AA WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS. CSIRO, DIV PLANT IND, CANBERRA, ACT 2601, AUSTRALIA. INST SOIL SCI & PHOTOSYNTH, PUSHCHINO 142292, RUSSIA. US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, ALBANY, NY 12201 USA. INST SOIL SCI, LAB MAT CYCLING PEDOSPHERE, NANJING, PEOPLES R CHINA. RP Howarth, RW (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. RI Freney, John/E-9462-2011; Elmgren, Ragnar/A-1854-2013; OI Freney, John/0000-0001-7545-6529; Kudeyarov, Valery/0000-0002-0217-2872 NR 217 TC 931 Z9 996 U1 61 U2 379 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD OCT PY 1996 VL 35 IS 1 BP 75 EP 139 DI 10.1007/BF02179825 PG 65 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA VU200 UT WOS:A1996VU20000004 ER PT J AU Meremonte, M Frankel, A Cranswick, E Carver, D Worley, D AF Meremonte, M Frankel, A Cranswick, E Carver, D Worley, D TI Urban seismology - Northridge aftershocks recorded by multi-scale arrays of portable digital seismographs SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-BERNARDINO VALLEY; 3-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATIONS; DENSE ARRAY; CALIFORNIA AB We deployed portable digital seismographs in the San Fernando Valley (SFV), the Los Angeles basin (LAB), and surrounding hills to record aftershocks of the 17 January 1994 Northridge California earthquake. The purpose of the deployment was to investigate factors relevant to seismic zonation in urban areas, such as site amplification, sedimentary basin effects, and the variability of ground motion over short baselines. We placed seismographs at 47 sites (not all concurrently) and recorded about 290 earthquakes with magnitudes up to 5.1 at five stations or more. We deployed widely spaced stations for profiles across the San Fernando Valley, as well as five dense arrays (apertures of 200 to 500 m) in areas of high damage, such as the collapsed Interstate 10 overpass, Sherman Oaks, and the collapsed parking garage at CalState Northridge. Aftershock data analysis indicates a correlation of site amplification with mainshock damage. We found several cases where the site amplification depended on the azimuth of the aftershock, possibly indicating focusing from basin structures. For the parking garage array, we found large ground-motion variabilities (a factor of 2) over 200-m distances for sites on the same mapped soil unit. Array analysis of the aftershock seismograms demonstrates that sizable arrivals after the direct S waves consist of surface waves traveling from the same azimuth as that of the epicenter. These surface waves increase the duration of motions and can have frequencies as high as about 4 Hz. For the events studied here, we do not observe large arrivals reflected from the southern edge of the San Fernando Valley. RP Meremonte, M (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,GEOL HAZZARDS TEAM,BOX 25046,MS 966,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 13 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 86 IS 5 BP 1350 EP 1363 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VP989 UT WOS:A1996VP98900012 ER PT J AU Catchings, RD Kohler, WM AF Catchings, RD Kohler, WM TI Reflected seismic waves and their effect on strong shaking during the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STRONG GROUND MOTION; SAN-FRANCISCO; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; INVERSION; AFTERSHOCKS; SEISMOGRAMS; SEQUENCE; VELOCITY AB Our data indicate that critical and postcritical reflections from crustal layers and the Moho produced increased shaking at discrete distances along the San Francisco Peninsula during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. These reflections may have produced an increase in amplitude that is as much as 10 times greater than that of the direct arrival. Peak amplitude-distance patterns measured from explosive sources, synthetic seismograms, aftershocks, and the mainshock of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake indicate that (1) point sources, such as explosions, produce similar peak amplitude-distance relations as distributed, double-couple sources when the crustal structure is approximately a Poisson solid; (2) peak amplitudes from smaller point sources (explosions) may be scaled to those of larger sources (earthquakes); and (3) reflections caused a pattern of high amplitudes at specific distances along the San Francisco Peninsula that geographically correlates with areas of reported damage following from the Loma Prieta mainshock. Our study indicates that critical and postcritical reflections were stronger influences on the locations of strong shaking than local geology because a number of sites around the San Francisco Bay that are underlain by unconsolidated sediments experienced much less shaking than sites that were underlain by hard rock, Furthermore, some severely shaken hard-rock sites were farther from the epicenter than many of the less severely shaken ''soft-sediment'' sites. Models of the regional crustal structure and seismic-wave propagation paths may be useful in identifying sites around the San Francisco Bay region that are at risk due to reflected seismic energy, and this type of analysis may be useful in other seismically active regions. RP Catchings, RD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 27 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 86 IS 5 BP 1401 EP 1416 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VP989 UT WOS:A1996VP98900016 ER PT J AU Cai, J McMechan, GA Fisher, MA AF Cai, J McMechan, GA Fisher, MA TI Application of ground-penetrating radar to investigation of near-surface fault properties in the San Francisco Bay region SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ANDREAS FAULT; CALIFORNIA AB In many geologic environments, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) provides high-resolution images of near-surface Earth structure. GPR data collection is nondestructive and very economical. The scale of features detected by GPR lies between those imaged by high-resolution seismic reflection surveys and those exposed in trenches and is therefore potentially complementary to traditional techniques for fault location and mapping. Sixty-two GPR profiles were collected at 12 sites in the San Francisco Bay region. Results show that GPR data correlate with large-scale features in existing trench observations, can be used to locate faults where they are buried or where their positions are not well known, and can identify previously unknown fault segments. The best data acquired were on a profile across the San Andreas fault, traversing Pleistocene terrace deposits south of Olema in Marin County; this profile shows a complicated multi-branched fault system from the ground surface down to about 40 m, the maximum depth for which data were recorded. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BRANCH PACIFIC MARINE GEOL,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Cai, J (reprint author), UNIV TEXAS,CTR LITHOSPHER STUDIES,RICHARDSON,TX 75083, USA. NR 33 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 86 IS 5 BP 1459 EP 1470 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VP989 UT WOS:A1996VP98900020 ER PT J AU Palmer, HC MacDonald, WD Gromme, CS Ellwood, BB AF Palmer, HC MacDonald, WD Gromme, CS Ellwood, BB TI Magnetic properties and emplacement of the Bishop tuff, California SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ASH-FLOW TUFFS; SOUTHWESTERN NEW-MEXICO; WELDED TUFFS; SUSCEPTIBILITY MEASUREMENTS; DISTRIBUTION ANISOTROPY; PALEOMAGNETIC DATA; BANDELIER TUFF; DIRECTION; USA; IGNIMBRITE AB Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and characteristic remanence were measured for 45 sites in the 0.76 Ma Bishop tuff, eastern California. Thirty-three sites were sampled in three stratigraphic sections, two in Owens gorge south of Long Valley caldera, and the third in the Adobe lobe north of Long Valley. The remaining 12 sites are widely distributed, but of limited stratigraphic extent. Weakly indurated, highly porous to dense, welded ash-flow tuffs were sampled. Saturation magnetization vs temperature experiments indicate two principal iron oxide phases: low Ti magnetites with 525-570 degrees C Curie temperatures, and maghemite with 610 degrees-640 degrees C Curie temperatures. AF demagnetization spectra of isothermal remanent magnetizations are indicative of magnetite/maghemite predominantly in the multidomain to pseudo-single domain size ranges. Remeasurement of AMS after application of saturating direct fields indicates that randomly oriented single-domain grains are also present. The degree of anisotropy is only a few percent, typical of tuffs. The AMS ellipsoids are oblate with K-min axes normal to subhorizontal foliation and K-max axes regionally aligned with published source vents. For 12 of 16 locality means, K-max axes plunge sourceward, confirming previous observations regarding flow sense. Topographic control on flow emplacement is indicated by the distribution of tuff deposits and by flow directions inferred from K-max axes. Deposition east of the Benton range occurred by flow around the south end of the range and through two gaps (Benton notch and Chidago gap). Flow down Mammoth pass of the Sierra Nevada is also evident. At least some of the Adobe lobe in the northeast flowed around the west end of Glass mountain. Eastward flow directions in the upper Owens gorge and southeast directions in the lower Owens gorge are parallel to the present canyon, suggesting that the present drainage has been established along the pre-Bishop paleodrainage. Characteristic remanence directions from 45 sites (267 samples) yield an overall mean of D = 348 degrees, I = 53 degrees for the Bishop tuff. A correlation is found in two of the three profiles between density and remanence inclination. A mean remanence direction based on 13 localities together with data from uncompacted xenoliths and data from the ash-fall tuff at Lake Tecopa is: D = 353 degrees, I = 54 degrees, k = 172, alpha(95) = 2.9 degrees, N = 15. C1 SUNY BINGHAMTON,DEPT GEOL SCI,BINGHAMTON,NY 13902. US GEOL SURVEY,BRANCH ISOTOPE GEOL,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV TEXAS,DEPT GEOL,ARLINGTON,TX 76019. RP Palmer, HC (reprint author), UNIV WESTERN ONTARIO,DEPT EARTH SCI,LONDON,ON N6A 5B7,CANADA. RI Asavin, Alex/F-5800-2012 OI Asavin, Alex/0000-0002-0202-2970 NR 49 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 58 IS 2-3 BP 101 EP 116 DI 10.1007/s004450050129 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VQ524 UT WOS:A1996VQ52400002 ER PT J AU Stasiuk, MV Barclay, J Carroll, MR Jaupart, C Ratte, JC Sparks, RSJ Tait, SR AF Stasiuk, MV Barclay, J Carroll, MR Jaupart, C Ratte, JC Sparks, RSJ Tait, SR TI Degassing during magma ascent in the Mule Creek vent (USA) SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rhyolite; volatiles; vent; eruption transitions; shear; permeable; tuffisite ID RHYOLITIC MAGMA; GAS; CRYSTALLIZATION; CALIFORNIA; ERUPTION; DYNAMICS; GLASSES; GROWTH; FLOW; H2O AB The structures and textures of the rhyolite in the Mule Creek vent (New Mexico, USA) indicate mechanisms by which volatiles escape from silicic magma during eruption. The vent outcrop is a 300-m-high canyon wall comprising a section through the top of a feeder conduit, vent and the base of an extrusive lava dome. Field relations show that eruption began with an explosive phase and ended with lava extrusion. Analyses of grass inclusions in quartz phenocrysts from the lava indicate that the magma had a pre-eruptive dissolved water content of 2.5-3.0 wt% and, during eruption, the magma would have been water-saturated over the vertical extent of the present outcrop. However, the vesicularity of the rhyolite is substantially lower than that predicted from closed-system models of vesiculation under equilibrium conditions. At a given elevation in the vent, the volume fraction of primary vesicles in the rhyolite increases from zero close to the vent margin to values of 20-40 vol.% in the central part. In the centre the vesicularity increases upward from approximately 20 vol.% at 300 m below the canyon rim to approximately 40 vol.% at 200 m, above which it shows little increase. To account for the discrepancy between observed vesicularity and measured water content, we conclude that gas escaped during ascent, probably beginning at depths greater than exposed, by flow through the vesicular magma. Gas escape was most efficient near the vent margin, and we postulate that this is due both to the slow ascent of magma there, giving the most lime for gas to escape, and to shear, favouring bubble coalescence. Such shear-related permeability in erupting magma is supported by the preserved distribution of textures and vesicularity in the rhyolite: Vesicles are flattened and overlapping near the dense margins and become progressively more isolated and less deformed toward the porous centre. Local zones have textures which suggest the coalescence of bubbles to form permeable, collapsing foams, implying the former existence of channels for gas migration. Local channelling of gas into the country rocks is suggested by the presence of sub-horizontal syn-eruptive rhyolitic tuffisite veins which depart from the vent margin and invade the adjacent country rock. In the central part of the vent, similar local channelling of gas is indicated by steep syn-eruption tuffisite veins which cut the rhyolite itself. We conclude that the suppression of explosive eruption resulted from gas separation from the ascending magma and vent structure by shear-related porous flow and channelling of gas through tuffisite veins. These mechanisms of gas loss may be responsible for the commonly observed transition from explosive to effusive behaviour during the eruption of silicic magma. C1 UNIV PARIS 07, F-5252 PARIS 05, FRANCE. INST PHYS GLOBE, F-5252 PARIS 05, FRANCE. UNIV BRISTOL, DEPT GEOL, BRISTOL BS8 1RJ, AVON, ENGLAND. US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. RI Barclay, Jenni/C-2731-2011; Asavin, Alex/F-5800-2012; Tait, Stephen/E-8258-2017; Claude, Jaupart/J-7016-2012 OI Barclay, Jenni/0000-0002-6122-197X; Asavin, Alex/0000-0002-0202-2970; Claude, Jaupart/0000-0001-7961-0538 NR 26 TC 102 Z9 102 U1 3 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 EI 1432-0819 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 58 IS 2-3 BP 117 EP 130 DI 10.1007/s004450050130 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VQ524 UT WOS:A1996VQ52400003 ER PT J AU Federoff, NE AF Federoff, NE TI Malocclusion in the jaws of captive bred arctic wolves, Canis lupus arctos SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Arctic Wolf; Canis lupus; skull abnormalities; captive; wild; recessive; inbreeding; malocclusion; Ellesmere Island; Northwest Territories ID WOLF AB Similar abnormalities in the skulls of captive Arctic Wolves (Canis lupus arctos) and a wild Arctic Wolf found dead on Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories, in 1986 are described. The malocclusion is likely to be recessively inherited and would be expressed more frequently in association with increased levels of inbreeding. A re-shaping of the skulls may have occurred due to the effects of the malocclusive trait. The Ellesmere skull was shea and wide in comparison to the captive skulls which were long and narrow. The focus of effect was in a foreshortening of the rostrum and the resulting shortened toothrow. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR, NATL BIOL SERV, ENDANGERED SPECIES RES BRANCH, LAUREL, MD 20708 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 110 IS 4 BP 683 EP 687 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WW029 UT WOS:A1996WW02900015 ER PT J AU Campbell, WR Barton, PB AF Campbell, WR Barton, PB TI Occurrence and significance of stalactites within the epithermal deposits at Creede, Colorado SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE stalactites; speleothems; quartz; chalcedony; pyrite; sphalerite; galena; Creede; Colorado; vapor-dominated; ore deposits ID SAN-JUAN MOUNTAINS; ORE DEPOSITION; MINING DISTRICT; SOUTHEAST MISSOURI; VIBURNUM TREND; ENVIRONMENT; FLUID; MINE; MINERALIZATION; MIDCONTINENT AB In addition to the common and abundant features in karst terranes, stalactites involving a wide variety of minerals have also been found in other settings, including epigenetic mineral deposits, bur these are almost always associated with supergene stages. Here we describe a different mode of occurrence from the Creede epithermal ore deposits, in Colorado, wherein stalactites of silica, sphalerite, galena, or pyrite formed in a vapor-dominated setting, below the paleo-water table, and except possibly for pyrite, as part of the hypogene mineralization. Axial cavities may, or may not, be present. No stalagmites have been recognized. The stalactites are small, from a few millimeters to a few centimeters long and a few millimeters in outer diameter. They represent only a small fraction of one percent of the total mineralization, and are covered by later crystals. Their growth orientation usually is unobservable; however, the parallel arrangement of all stalactites in a given specimen, consistency with indicators of gravitational settling, and the common presence of axial structures make the stalactitic interpretation almost unavoidable. In contrast with common carbonate stalactites, the growth mechanism for th sulfide and silica stalactites requires extensive evaporation. Stalactitic forms have also been reported from other deposits, mostly epithermal or Mississippi Valley-type occurrences, but we caution that stalactite-like features can form by alternative processes. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. NR 74 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI QUEBEC PA 490, RUE DE LA COURONNE, QUEBEC, QC G1K 9A9, CANADA SN 0008-4476 EI 1499-1276 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 34 BP 905 EP 930 PN 5 PG 26 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA VV070 UT WOS:A1996VV07000001 ER PT J AU Foord, EE Erd, RC Robie, SB Lichte, FE King, VT AF Foord, EE Erd, RC Robie, SB Lichte, FE King, VT TI Li- and F-bearing alkali amphibole from granitic pegmatite at Hurricane Mountain, Carroll County, New Hampshire SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE amphibole; arfvedsonite; riebeckite; granitic pegmatite; Hurricane Mountain; New Hampshire AB At Hurricane Mountain, Carroll County, New Hampshire, bodies of granitic pegmatite in riebeckite granite contain large (up to 10 cm long and 2 cm across) primary crystals of Li-bearing fluor-arfvedsonite in miarolitic cavities, grading to euhedral Li- and F-poor arfvedsonite. Fine-grained, fibrous, light blue-gray riebeckite occurs as a late-stage hydrothermal filling in the miarolitic cavities. The early, Li-rich, fluor-arfvedsonite has: a 9.836(5), b 17.997(7), c 5.316(4) Angstrom, beta 103.735(4)degrees, V 914.20(6) Angstrom(3); Z = 2, D-meas. 3.34 g/cm(3), D-calc. 3.353 g/cm(3); biaxial (-), 2V(meas.) 44(1)degrees, 2V(calc.) 46 degrees; alpha 1.681(2), beta 1.692(2), gamma 1.694(2), inclined dispersion, r > v; X boolean AND c -7 degrees, Y = b, Z boolean AND a +7 degrees; X dark blue, Y lavender gray, Z pale yellowish brown; X > Y > Z; X is opaque at 0.03 mm thickness. A structural formula, on the basis of 24 (O,OH,F) atoms is: (Na0.86K0.25)Na-2(Fe2.542+Fe1.4853+Mn0.10Zn0.02Li0.49Ti0.07)(Si7.71Al0.07)O-22(F1.34OH0.63). Arfvedsonite within the miarolitic cavities contains less Li and F than that of the earlier generation, and the still later riebeckite contains only 0.09 wt.% Li2O and 0.3 wt.% F. The Fe3+:Fe2+ ratio of the early Li-bearing fluor-arfvedsonite and that of the euhedral arfvedsonite crystals within miarolitic cavities is 0.58. The late, fibrous, cavity-filling riebeckite has an Fe3+:Fe2+ ratio of 0.99. The total iron content of the three amphiboles increases with continued crystallization. These amphiboles are products of peralkaline pegmatites locally derived from peralkaline granite. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. SCINTAG INC,SUNNYVALE,CA 94086. ROCHESTER ACAD SCI,ROCHESTER,NY 14609. RP Foord, EE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 905,BOX 25046,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI NEPEAN PA CITYVIEW 78087, NEPEAN ON K2G 5W2, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 34 BP 1011 EP 1014 PN 5 PG 4 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA VV070 UT WOS:A1996VV07000010 ER PT J AU Hawthorne, FC Oberti, R Ottolini, L Foord, EE AF Hawthorne, FC Oberti, R Ottolini, L Foord, EE TI Lithium-bearing fluor-arfvedsonite from Hurricane Mountain, New Hampshire: A crystal-chemical study SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE amphibole; fluor-arfvedsonite; lithium; crystal structure; cation order; electron-microprobe analysis; Hurricane Mountain; New Hampshire ID AMPHIBOLES AB The structures of two crystals of Li-bearing fluor-arfvedsonite (1) (K0.32Na0.68)Na-2(Li0.48Fe2.832+Mn0.102+Zn0.06Fe1.463+Ti0.07) (Si7.88Al0.12)O-22[F-1.15(OH)(0.85)] and (2) (K0.25Na0.75)Na-2(Li0.48Fe2.842+Mn0.112+Zn0.05Fe1.453+Ti0.07)(Si7.89Al0.11)O-22[F-1.35(OH)(0.65)] from a granitic pegmatite, Hurricane Mountain, New Hampshire, have been refined to R indices of 1.5(1.6)% based on 1380(1387) reflections measured with MoK alpha X-radiation. The unit cell parameters are (1) a 9.838(4), b 17.991(6), c 5.315(2) Angstrom, beta 103.78(3)degrees, V 913.7 Angstrom(3) and (2) a 9.832(3), b 17.990(7), c 5.316(3) Angstrom, beta 103.79(3)degrees, V 913.2 Angstrom(3). Site-scattering refinement shows Li to be completely ordered at the M(3) site in these crystals. The amphibole composition is intermediate between fluor-arfvedsonite and fluor-ferro-leakeite with a small component (similar to 10%) of fluor-ferro-ferri-nyboite. These amphibole crystals project into miarolitic cavities in a pegmatitic phase of a riebeckite granite. The early-crystallizing amphibole is close to fluor-ferro-leakeite in composition, but becomes progressively depleted in Li and F as crystals project out into miarolitic cavities; the final amphibole to crystallize is a fibrous Li-poor riebeckite. Li plays a significant role in late-stage fractionation involving the crystallization of alkali amphibole in peralkaline granitic environments. C1 CNR,CTR STUDIO CRISTALLOCHIM & CRISTALLOG,I-27100 PAVIA,ITALY. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. RI Hawthorne, Frank/F-6864-2011; Oberti, Roberta/L-7650-2014 OI Hawthorne, Frank/0000-0001-6405-9931; Oberti, Roberta/0000-0002-2724-0042 NR 14 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI NEPEAN PA CITYVIEW 78087, NEPEAN ON K2G 5W2, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 34 BP 1015 EP 1019 PN 5 PG 5 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA VV070 UT WOS:A1996VV07000011 ER PT J AU Friedman, JM Osterkamp, WR Lewis, WM AF Friedman, JM Osterkamp, WR Lewis, WM TI Channel narrowing and vegetation development following a Great Plains flood SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bottomland vegetation; channel narrowing; Colorado; cottonwood; dendrochronology; disturbance; flood; patch dynamics; succession ID RIPARIAN-FOREST; ALASKAN FLOODPLAIN; PRIMARY SUCCESSION; RIVER FLOODPLAIN; PASSAGE-CREEK; STREAM; DISTURBANCE; VIRGINIA; PATTERNS; CLIMATE AB Streams in the plains of eastern Colorado are prone to intense floods following summer thunderstorms. Here, and in other semiarid and arid regions, channel recovery after a flood may take several decades. As a result, flood history strongly influences spatial and temporal variability in bottomland vegetation. Interpretation of these patterns must be based on understanding the long-term response of bottomland morphology and vegetation to specific floods. A major flood in 1965 on Plum Creek, a perennial sandbed stream, removed most of the bottomland vegetation and transformed the single-thread stream into a wider, braided channel. Channel narrowing began in 1973 and continues today. In 1991, we determined occurrences of 150 vascular plant species in 341 plots (0.5 m(2)) along a 7-km reach of Plum Creek near Louviers, Colorado. We related patterns of vegetation to elevation, litter cover, vegetative cover, sediment particle size, shade, and year of formation of the underlying surface (based on age of the excavated root flare of the oldest woody plants). Geomorphic investigation determined that Plum Creek fluvial surfaces sort into five groups by year of formation: terraces of fine sand formed before 1965; terraces of coarse sand deposited by the 1965 flood; stable bars formed by channel narrowing during periods of relatively high bed level (1973-1986); stable bars similarly formed during a recent period of low bed level (1987-1990); and the present channel bed (1991). Canonical correspondence analysis indicates a strong influence of elevation and litter cover, and lesser effects of vegetative cover, shade, and sediment particle size. However, the sum of all canonical eigenvalues explained by these factors is less than that explained by an analysis including only the dummy variables that define the five geomorphically determined age groups. The effect of age group is significant even when all five other environmental variables are specified as covariables. Therefore, the process of postflood channel narrowing has a dominant influence on vegetation pattern. Channel narrowing at Plum Creek includes a successional process: annual and perennial plants become established on the channel bed, sediment accretes around the vegetation, and increasing litter cover, shade, and scarcity of water eliminate species that are not rhizomatous perennials. However, successional trajectories of individual surfaces are modified by flow-related fluctuations of the bed level; surfaces deposited by the 1965 flood have had distinct sediment and vegetation since their formation. Species richness is highest on surfaces dating to 1987-1990; the many species restricted to this transitory assemblage are perpetuated by flood-related fluctuations in channel width. Since the 1965 flood, seedling establishment of the dominant trees (genus Populus) has occurred only on low surfaces formed during channel narrowing. Thus, the flood has indirectly promoted Populus establishment over a 26-yr period. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,TUCSON,AZ 85745. UNIV COLORADO,CTR LIMNOL,BOULDER,CO 80309. RP Friedman, JM (reprint author), NATL BIOL SERV,MIDCONTINENT ECOL SCI CTR,4512 MCMURRY AVE,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. OI Friedman, Jonathan/0000-0002-1329-0663 NR 73 TC 105 Z9 107 U1 1 U2 18 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD OCT PY 1996 VL 77 IS 7 BP 2167 EP 2181 DI 10.2307/2265710 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VM421 UT WOS:A1996VM42100020 ER PT J AU Obermeier, SF AF Obermeier, SF TI Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis - An overview of how seismic liquefaction features can be distinguished from other features and how their regional distribution and properties of source sediment can be used to infer the location and strength of Holocene paleo-earthquakes SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Review DE liquefaction-induced features; paleoseismic analysis; seismic liquefaction features; regional distribution; source sediment properties; Holocene paleo-earthquakes ID LARGE PREHISTORIC EARTHQUAKES; CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; SOIL LIQUEFACTION; MIMA MOUNDS; ZONE; WASHINGTON; LANDSLIDES; LAKE; HYPOTHESIS; RECURRENCE AB Liquefaction features can be used in many held settings to estimate the recurrence interval and magnitude of strong earthquakes through much of the Holocene. These features include dikes, craters, vented sand, sills, and laterally spreading landslides. The relatively high seismic shaking level required for their formation makes them particularly valuable as records of strong paleo-earthquakes. This state-of-the-art summary for using liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic interpretation and analysis takes into account both geological and geotechnical engineering perspectives. The driving mechanism for formation of the features is primarily the increased pore-water pressure associated with liquefaction of sand-rich sediment. The role of this mechanism is often supplemented greatly by the direct action of seismic shaking at the ground surface, which strains and breaks the clay-rich cap that lies immediately above the sediment that liquefied. Discussed in the text are the processes involved in formation of the features, as well as their morphology and characteristics in field settings. Whether liquefaction occurs is controlled mainly by sediment grain size, sediment packing, depth to the water table, and strength and duration of seismic shaking. Formation of recognizable features in the held generally requires a low-permeability cap above the sediment that liquefied. Field manifestations are controlled largely by the severity of liquefaction and the thickness and properties of the low-permeability cap. Criteria are presented for determining whether observed sediment deformation in the field originated by seismically induced liquefaction. These criteria have been developed mainly by observing historic effects of liquefaction in varied field settings. The most important criterion is that a seismic liquefaction origin requires widespread, regional development of features around a core area where the effects are most severe. In addition, the features must have a morphology that is consistent with a very sudden application of a large hydraulic force. This article discusses case studies in widely separated and different geological settings: coastal South Carolina, the New Madrid seismic zone, the Wabash Valley seismic zone, and coastal Washington State. These studies encompass most of the range of settings and the types of liquefaction-induced features likely to be encountered anywhere. The case studies describe the observed features and the logic for assigning a seismic liquefaction origin to them. Also discussed are some types of sediment deformations that can be misinterpreted as having a seismic origin. Two independent methods for estimating prehistoric magnitude are discussed briefly. One method is based on determination of the maximum distance from the epicenter over which liquefaction-induced effects have formed. The other method is based on use of geotechnical engineering techniques at sites of marginal liquefaction, in order to bracket the peak accelerations as a function of epicentral distance; these accelerations can then be compared with predictions from seismological models. RP US GEOL SURVEY, RESTON, VA 22090 USA. NR 169 TC 276 Z9 313 U1 3 U2 349 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 EI 1872-6917 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 44 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 76 DI 10.1016/S0013-7952(96)00040-3 PG 76 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA VX923 UT WOS:A1996VX92300001 ER PT J AU Broshears, RE Runkel, RL Kimball, BA McKnight, DM Bencala, KE AF Broshears, RE Runkel, RL Kimball, BA McKnight, DM Bencala, KE TI Reactive solute transport in an acidic stream: Experimental pH increase and simulation of controls on pH, aluminum, and iron SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOUNTAIN STREAM; TRANSIENT STORAGE; SURFACE WATERS; NATURAL-WATERS; MINE DRAINAGE; FRESH-WATER; METAL-RICH; OXIDATION; COLORADO; PHOTOREDUCTION AB Solute transport simulations quantitatively constrained hydrologic and geochemical hypotheses about field observations of a pH modification in an acid mine drainage stream. Carbonate chemistry, the formation of solid phases, and buffering interactions with the stream bed were important factors in explaining the behavior of pH, aluminum, and iron. The precipitation of microcrystalline gibbsite accounted for the behavior of aluminum; precipitation of Fe(OH)(3) explained the general pattern of iron solubility. The dynamic experiment revealed limitations on assumptions that reactions were controlled only by equilibrium chemistry. Temporal variation in relative rates of photoreduction and oxidation influenced iron behavior. Kinetic limitations on ferrous iron oxidation and hydrous oxide precipitation and the effects of these limitations on field filtration were evident. Kinetic restraints also characterized interaction between the water column and the stream bed, including sorption and desorption of protons from iron oxides at the sediment-water interface and post-injection dissolution of the precipitated aluminum solid phase. RP Broshears, RE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, MS 415, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. RI Bencala, Kenneth/A-6650-2010; OI MCKNIGHT, DIANE/0000-0002-4171-1533 NR 54 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 30 IS 10 BP 3016 EP 3024 DI 10.1021/es960055u PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VL046 UT WOS:A1996VL04600038 ER PT J AU Boyle, TP Fairchild, JF RobinsonWilson, EF Haverland, PS Lebo, JA AF Boyle, TP Fairchild, JF RobinsonWilson, EF Haverland, PS Lebo, JA TI Ecological restructuring in experimental aquatic mesocosms due to the application of diflubenzuron SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE diflubenzuron; aquatic; indirect effects; ecological restructuring ID TROPHIC CASCADES; COMMUNITY-LEVEL; INSECTICIDE; FISH; LAKE; PERSISTENCE; RESPONSES; TOXICITY; BLUEGILL; PONDS AB Diflubenzuron is a chitin-inhibiting insecticide that is registered for use in controlling a multitude of invertebrate pests. The selective mode of action of diflubenzuron provided us with a unique tool for examining the indirect responses of an experimental aquatic ecosystem following direct impacts at the primary consumer (invertebrate) trophic level. Twelve outdoor aquatic mesocosms (0.1 ha each) were randomly assigned to three treatments of diflubenzuron (four mesocosms/treatment): control, monthly (five total 10-mu g/L applications), or biweekly (twice monthly; nine total 10-mu g/L applications). Direct impacts on invertebrates (numbers and species composition of insects and zooplankton) and indirect impacts on fish (mortality, growth, and reproduction of bluegill sunfish and largemouth bass), phytoplankton (biomass and productivity), and water quality were measured over 16 weeks posttreatment. Both monthly and biweekly treatments of diflubenzuron decreased total numbers (fivefold reduction) and species richness (twofold reduction) and increased dominance (twofold increase) of zooplankton within 4 weeks posttreatment; Cladocerans, Copepods, and Rotifers were all sensitive. Diflubenzuron reduced species richness of emergent insects, which resulted in increased dominance by a few species; however, impacts on emergent insects were confounded by a treatment x time interaction. Direct reductions in invertebrate grazers caused indirect increases in algal biomass. Indirect effects on biomass (50% reduction) and individual weight (50% reduction) of juvenile bluegill occurred because of apparent decreases in invertebrate food resources. No statistically significant impacts were observed on adult bluegill or largemouth bass for the duration of the experiment. Results indicated that di8ubenzuron had both direct and indirect impacts on the experimental aquatic ecosystems under the conditions tested. C1 NATL BIOL SERV,MIDWEST SCI CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. COLORADO STATE UNIV,NATL BIOL SERV,MIDCONTINENT ECOL SCI CTR,AYLESWORTH NW,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ANCHORAGE,AK 99519. NR 36 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 15 IS 10 BP 1806 EP 1814 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1806:ERIEAM>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VK145 UT WOS:A1996VK14500023 ER PT J AU Stabile, J Waldman, JR Parauka, F Wirgin, I AF Stabile, J Waldman, JR Parauka, F Wirgin, I TI Stock structure and homing fidelity in gulf of Mexico sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) based on restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analyses of mitochondrial DNA SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID GENE FLOW; POPULATIONS; CONSERVATION; PADDLEFISHES; HETEROPLASMY; DIVERSITY; ATLANTIC; DYNAMICS; HISTORY; BIOLOGY AB Efforts have been proposed worldwide to restore sturgeon populations through the use of hatcheries to supplement natural reproduction and to reintroduce sturgeon where they have become extinct. We examined the population structure and inferred the extent of homing in the anadromous Gulf of Mexico (Gulf) sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi). Restriction fragment length polymorphism and control region sequence analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were used to identify haplotypes of Gulf sturgeon specimens obtained from eight drainages spanning the subspecies' entire distribution from Louisiana to Florida. Significant differences in haplotype frequencies indicated substantial geographic structuring of populations. A minimum of four regional or river-specific populations were identified (from west to east): (1) Pearl River, LA and Pascagoula River, MS, (2) Escambia and Yellow rivers, FL, (3) Choctawhatchee River, FL, and (4) Apalachicola, Ochlockonee, and Suwannee rivers, FL. Estimates of maternally mediated gene flow between any pair of the four regional or river-specific stocks ranged between 0.15 to 1.2. Tandem repeats in the mtDNA control region of Gulf sturgeon were not perfectly conserved. This result, together with an absence of heteroplasmy and length variation in Gulf sturgeon mtDNA, indicates that the molecular mechanisms of mtDNA control region sequence evolution differ among acipenserids. C1 NYU, MED CTR, INST ENVIRONM MED, TUXEDO PK, NY 10987 USA. HUDSON RIVER FDN SCI & ENVIRONM RES, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, PANAMA CITY, FL 32405 USA. FU PHS HHS [260] NR 43 TC 49 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 4 PU GENETICS SOCIETY AMERICA PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE AVE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0016-6731 EI 1943-2631 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD OCT PY 1996 VL 144 IS 2 BP 767 EP 775 PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA VK261 UT WOS:A1996VK26100028 PM 8889537 ER PT J AU White, AF Peterson, ML AF White, AF Peterson, ML TI Reduction of aqueous transition metal species on the surfaces of Fe(II)-containing oxides SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; NATURAL-WATERS; IRON; MAGNETITE; OXIDATION; KINETICS; 25-DEGREES-C; DISSOLUTION; BIOTITE; HYDROLYSIS AB Experimental studies demonstrate that structural Fe(II) in magnetite and ilmenite heterogeneously reduce aqueous ferric, cupric, vanadate, and chromate ions at the oxide surfaces over a pH range of 1-7 at 25 degrees C. For an aqueous transition metal m, such reactions are 3[Fe2+Fe23+]O-4(magnetite) + 2/nm(z) --> 4[Fe-2(3+)]O-3(maghemite) + Fe2+ + 2/nm(z-n) 3[Fe2+Ti]O-3(ilmenite) + 2/nm(z) --> Fe23+Ti3O9(pseudorutile) + Fe2+ + 2/nm(z-n), where z is the valance state and n is the charge transfer number. The half cell potential range for solid state oxidation [Fe(II)] --> [Fe(III)] is -0.34 to -0.65 V, making structural Fe(II) a stronger reducing agent than aqueous Fe2+ (-0.77 V). Reduction rates for aqueous metal species are linear with time (up to 36 h), decrease with pH, and have rate constants between 0.1 and 3.3 x 10(-10) mol m(-2) s(-1). Iron is released to solution both from the above reactions and from dissolution of the oxide surface. In the presence of chromate, Fe2+ is oxidized homogeneously in solution to Fe3+. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) denotes a Fe(III) oxide surface containing reduced Cr(III) and V(IV) species. Magnetite and ilmenite electrode potentials are insensitive to increases in divalent transition metals including Zn(II), Co(II), Mn(II), and Ni(II) and reduced V(IV) and Cr(III) but exhibit a log-linear concentration-potential response to Fe(III) and Cu(II). Complex positive electrode responses occur with increasing Cr(VI) and V(V) concentrations. Potential dynamic scans indicate that the high oxidation potential of dichromate is capable of suppressing the cathodic reductive dissolution of magnetite. Oxide electrode potentials are determined by the Fe(II)/Fe(III) composition of the oxide surface and respond to aqueous ion potentials which accelerate this oxidation process. Natural magnetite sands weathered under anoxic conditions are electrochemically reactive as demonstrated by rapid chromate reduction and the release of aqueous Fe(III) to experimental solution. In contrast, magnetite weathered under oxidizing vadose conditions show minimum reactivity toward chromate ions. The ability of Fe(II) oxides to reduce transition metals in soils and groundwaters will be strongly dependent on the redox environment. C1 STANFORD UNIV, DEPT GEOL & ENVIRONM SCI, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA. RP White, AF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 48 TC 160 Z9 160 U1 3 U2 78 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 20 BP 3799 EP 3814 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(96)00213-X PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VN495 UT WOS:A1996VN49500002 ER PT J AU Bischoff, JL Rosenbauer, RJ AF Bischoff, JL Rosenbauer, RJ TI The alteration of rhyolite in CO2 charged water at 200 and 350 degrees C: The unreactivity of CO2 at higher temperature SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; LONG VALLEY CALDERA; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; DISSOLUTION; MINERALS; KINETICS AB Geochemical and hydrologic modeling indicates that geothermal waters in the T > 270 degrees C reservoirs beneath Yellowstone National Park have HCO3 much less than Cl and contrast with waters in reservoirs at lower temperatures which attain HCO3 about equal to Cl. Experiments reacting rhyolite with 0.5 molal solutions of CO2 at 200 degrees and 350 degrees C were carried out to test the hypothesis of Fournier (1981, 1989) to explain the chemistry of these springs: that CO2 is relatively unreactive with volcanic rocks at temperatures > 270 degrees C. The experimental results strongly support this hypothesis. Extent of alteration is twenty-seven times greater at 200 degrees C than at 350 degrees C. The dominant process in the experiments appears to be the alteration of the albitic component of the rhyolite by dissolved CO2 to form a kaolinite-like alteration product plus quartz: 2NaAlSi(3)O(8) + 2CO(2) + 3H(2)O = 2Na(+) + 2HCO(3)(-) + Al2Si2O5(OH)(4) + 4SiO(2). CO2 reacts with water to form H2CO3 which dissociates to H+ and HCO3-, more so at lower temperatures. Kinetic and thermodynamic considerations suggest that the reactivity of H2CO3 With wallrocks is at its maximum between 150 degrees and 200 degrees C, consuming most of the H+ and liberating equivalent amounts of cations and bicarbonate. Wallrocks in higher temperature reservoirs are relatively unreactive to dissolved CO2 which is eventually lost from the system by boiling. These observations also offer a possible explanation for the change in chemical sediments from chloride-dominated to bicarbonate-dominated salts found in the stratigraphic section at Searles Lake, California, the terminus of the Owens River which derives its dissolved load from hot springs of the Long Valley caldera. RP Bischoff, JL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 21 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 20 BP 3859 EP 3867 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(96)00208-6 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VN495 UT WOS:A1996VN49500007 ER PT J AU Rosenbaum, JG Reynolds, RL Adam, DP Drexler, J SarnaWojcicki, AM Whitney, GC AF Rosenbaum, JG Reynolds, RL Adam, DP Drexler, J SarnaWojcicki, AM Whitney, GC TI Record of middle Pleistocene climate change from Buck Lake, Cascade Range, southern Oregon - Evidence from sediment magnetism, trace-element geochemistry, and pollen SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS; BACTERIAL MAGNETITE; HOLOCENE SEDIMENTS; ROCKLAND TEPHRA; MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY; CALIFORNIA; GREIGITE; LAPPLAND; SOILS; AGE AB Comparison of systematic variations in sediment magnetic properties to changes in pollen assemblages in middle Pleistocene lake sediments from Buck Lake indicates that the magnetic properties are sensitive to changes in climate. Buck Lake is located in southern Oregon just east of the crest of the Cascade Range, Lacustrine sediments, from 5.2 to 19.4 m in depth in core, contain tephra layers with ages of approximate to 300-400 ka at 9.5 m and approximate to 400-470 ka at 19.9 m, in these sediments magnetic properties reflect the absolute amount and relative abundances of detrital Fe-oxide minerals, titanomagnetite and hematite. The lacustrine section is divided into four zones on the basis of magnetic properties. Two zones (19.4-17.4 m and 14.5-10.3 m) of high magnetic susceptibility contain abundant Fe oxides and correspond closely to pollen zones that are indicative of cold, dry environments. Two low-susceptibility zones (17.4-14.5 m and 10.3-5.3 m) contain lesser amounts of Fe oxides and largely coincide with zones of warm-climate pollen. Transitions from cold to warm climate based on pollen are preceded by sharp changes in magnetic properties. This relation suggests that land-surface processes responded to these climate changes more rapidly than did changes in vegetation as indicated by pollen frequencies. Magnetic properties have been affected by three factors: (1) dissolution of Fe oxides, (2) variation in heavy-mineral content, and (3) variation in abundance of fresh volcanic rock fragments. Trace-element geochemistry, employing Fe and the immobile elements Ti and Zr, is utilized to detect postdepositional dissolution of magnetic minerals that has affected the magnitude of magnetic properties with little effect on the pattern of magnetic-property variation. Comparison of Ti and Zr values, proxies for heavy-mineral content, to magnetic properties demonstrates that part of the variation in the amount of magnetite and nearly all of the variation in the amount of hematite are due to changes in heavy-mineral content. Variation in the quantity of fresh volcanic rock fragments is the other source of change in magnetite content, Magnetic-property variations probably arise primarily from changes in peak runoff. At low to moderate flows magnetic properties reflect only the quantities of heavy minerals derived from soil and highly weathered rock in the catchment. At high flows, however fresh volcanic rock fragments may be produced by breaking of pebbles and cobbles, and such fragments greatly increase the magnetite content of the resulting sediment. Climatically controlled factors that would affect peak runoff levels include the accumulation and subsequent melting of winter snow park, the seasonality of precipitation, and the degree of vegetation cover of the land surface, Our results do not distinguish among the possible contributions of these disparate factors. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. RP Rosenbaum, JG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 980,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 47 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 6 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 108 IS 10 BP 1328 EP 1341 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1328:ROMPCC>2.3.CO;2 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VM223 UT WOS:A1996VM22300009 ER PT J AU Chapelle, FH Bradley, PM AF Chapelle, FH Bradley, PM TI Microbial acetogenesis as a source of organic acids in ancient Atlantic coastal plain sediments SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FATTY-ACIDS; SUBSURFACE SEDIMENTS; DIAGENESIS; WATERS AB Field and laboratory evidence shows that deeply buried (90-888 m) fine-grained sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain contain viable acetogenic microorganisms, and that these microorganisms actively produce organic acids. Concentrations of formate, acetate, and propionate in pore waters extracted from fine-grained sediments ranged from 50 mu M to 5 mM and were much higher than in adjacent pore waters associated with sandy sediments (<2 mu M). Laboratory studies showed that asceptically cored fine-grained sediments incubated under a H-2 atmosphere produced formate and acetate, and that (HCO3-)-C-14 was converted to C-14-acetate and C-14-formate over time. An enrichment culture of these acetogenic microorganisms was recovered from one long-term incubation that showed the presence of several morphologically distinct gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria. These microorganisms were capable of growth under autotrophic (H-2 + CO2), heterotrophic (syringate), and mixotrophic (H-2 + CO2 + syringate) conditions. These results suggest that microbial acetogenesis, rather than abiotic processes, is the most important organic acid-producing mechanism during low-temperature (similar to 30 degrees C) diagenesis of Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments. RP Chapelle, FH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,720 GRACERN RD,SUITE 129,COLUMBIA,SC 29210, USA. NR 22 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD OCT PY 1996 VL 24 IS 10 BP 925 EP 928 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0925:MAAASO>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA VM224 UT WOS:A1996VM22400015 ER PT J AU McCrory, PA AF McCrory, PA TI Tectonic model explaining divergent contraction directions along the Cascadia subduction margin, Washington SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEFORMATION; EVOLUTION; COMPLEX; UPLIFT AB Differential motion across the central Cascadia subduction boundary in Washington results in a complex pattern of folds and faults within the shelf and onshore parts of the accretionary margin, Faults and folds above a coastal, north-northwest-trending thrust system provide evidence of ongoing subduction-related contraction, South of this coastal thrust system many fold axes and thrust faults trend east-northeast, in the direction of convergence, These structures are not consistent with a simple subduction system undergoing northeastward convergence. This deformation, adjacent to the boundary between the subduction complex and the Siletz terrane, may be driven by relative convergence between the northward-translating Siletz terrane and the subduction complex, The regional pattern of modern uplift rates is consistent with ongoing north-south contraction across this boundary and the north-south compressional stress held in the area. RP McCrory, PA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 21 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD OCT PY 1996 VL 24 IS 10 BP 929 EP 932 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0929:TMEDCD>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA VM224 UT WOS:A1996VM22400016 ER PT J AU Roberts, AP Reynolds, RL Verosub, KL Adam, DP AF Roberts, AP Reynolds, RL Verosub, KL Adam, DP TI Environmental magnetic implications of greigite (Fe3S4) formation in a 3 my lake sediment record from Butte Valley, northern California SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION AB Authigenic greigite (Fe3S4) has been identified in several horizons of lake beds in a 102-m core from Butte Valley, northern California, using mineral magnetic methods and x-ray diffraction analysis. The presence of greigite has several implications for the paleoenvironmental record from Butte Valley. First, its occurrence in 2.5 - 3.0 Ma strata confirms that greigite can persist in the geological record for long periods of time. Second, the detrital mineral magnetic record may be partially obscured by the presence of authigenic greigite and care must be taken in interpreting magnetic variations in the greigite-bearing zones as paleoclimate proxies. Third, differences in the timing of remanence acquisition for authigenic and detrital phases may compromise studies of high-frequency geomagnetic field variations. Fourth, greigite may also be significant as a paleoenvironmental indicator of lake and sediment chemistry, The magnetic detection of greigite may therefore provide important information about paleolimnological conditions. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT GEOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP Roberts, AP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Roberts, Andrew/E-6422-2010 OI Roberts, Andrew/0000-0003-0566-8117 NR 23 TC 54 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 1 PY 1996 VL 23 IS 20 BP 2859 EP 2862 DI 10.1029/96GL02831 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VL370 UT WOS:A1996VL37000037 ER PT J AU Kruse, CG Hubert, WA Rahel, FJ AF Kruse, CG Hubert, WA Rahel, FJ TI Sources of variation in counts of meristic features of Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri) SO GREAT BASIN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE meristic counts; Yellowstone cutthroat trout; meristic variation; genetics; rainbow trout; conservation biology ID RAINBOW-TROUT; SALMO-CLARKI; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATIONS AB We determined variability in counts of meristic features (pyloric caecae, vertebrae, pelvic fin rays, gillrakers, basibranchial teeth, scales above the lateral line, and scales in the lateral series) of Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki boucieri) by 3 independent readers, by the same reader on 3 different occasions, and among fish from 12 sampling sites within a 650-km(2) watershed. Genetic purity of the cutthroat trout was determined by electrophoretic analysis. Significant differences in meristic counts were observed among 3 renders and among sampling sites, but not among 3 occasions by a single reader Scale counts were within the reported range for Yellowstone cutthroat trout, but counts of other structures (pyloric caecae, gillrakers, vertebrae) were as similar to rainbow trout as to Yellowstone cutthroat trout. Meristic counts identified the fish:ts cutthroat trout; however, variation among readers and. sampling sites, as well as within the species, limits their use when identifying genetically pure cutthroat trout or assessing possible integration with rainbow trout. RP Kruse, CG (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING, US GEOL SURVEY, WYOMING COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT, LARAMIE, WY 82071 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0017-3614 J9 GREAT BASIN NAT JI Gt. Basin Nat. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 56 IS 4 BP 300 EP 307 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VW476 UT WOS:A1996VW47600003 ER PT J AU Modde, T AF Modde, T TI Juvenile razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) in a managed wetland adjacent to the Green River SO GREAT BASIN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE razorback sucker; floodplain; wetland; juvenile ID UTAH RP Modde, T (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,COLORADO RIVER FISH PROJECT,266 W 100 N,SUITE 2,VERNAL,UT 84078, USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 SN 0017-3614 J9 GREAT BASIN NAT JI Gt. Basin Nat. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 56 IS 4 BP 375 EP 376 PG 2 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VW476 UT WOS:A1996VW47600012 ER PT J AU Symonds, RB Mizutani, Y Briggs, PH AF Symonds, RB Mizutani, Y Briggs, PH TI Long-term geochemical surveillance of fumaroles at Showa-Shinzan dome, Usu volcano, Japan SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE fumarole; geochemical surveillance; Usu volcano; volcanic gases; condensates ID MOUNT-ST-HELENS; MULTICOMPONENT CHEMICAL-EQUILIBRIA; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; AUGUSTINE VOLCANO; KILAUEA VOLCANO; OXYGEN FUGACITY; GASES; TEMPERATURE; TRANSPORT; EMISSIONS AB This study investigates 31 years of fumarole gas and condensate (trace elements) data from Showa-Shinzan, a dacitic dome-cryptodome complex that formed during the 1943-1945 eruption of Usu volcano. Forty-two gas samples were collected from the highest-temperature fumarole, named A-1, from 1954 (800 degrees C) to 1985 (336 degrees C), and from lower-temperature vents. Condensates were collected contemporaneously with the gas samples, and we reanalyzed ten of these samples, mostly from the A-1 vent, for 32 cations and three anions. Modeling using the thermochemical equilibrium program, SOLVGAS, shows that the gas samples are mild disequilibrium mixtures because they: (a) contain unequilibrated sedimentary CH4 and NH3; (b) have unequilibrated meteoric water; or (c) lost CO, either by air oxidation or by absorption by the sodium hydroxide sampling solution. SOLVGAS also enabled us to restore the samples by removing these disequilibrium effects, and to estimate their equilibrium oxygen fugacities and amounts of S-2 and CH4. The restored compositions contain > 98% H2O with minor to trace amounts of CO2, H-2, HCl, SO2, HF, H2S, CO, S-2 and CH4. We used the restored gas and condensate data to test the hypotheses that these time-series compositional data from the dome's fumaroles provide: (1) sufficient major-gas data to analyze long-term degassing trends of the dome's magma-hydrothermal system without the influence of sampling or contamination effects; (2) independent oxygen fugacity-versus-temperature estimates of the Showa-Shinzan dacite; (3) the order of release of trace elements, especially metals, from magma; and (4) useful information for assessing volcanic hazards. The 1954-1985 restored A-1 gas compositions confirm the first hypothesis because they are sufficient to reveal three long-term degassing trends: (1) they became increasingly H2O-rich with time due to the progressive influx of meteoric water into the dome; (2) their C/S and S/Cl ratios decreased dramatically while their Cl/F ratios stayed roughly constant, indicating the progressive outgassing of less soluble components (F approximate to Cl > S > C) from the magma reservoir; and (3) their H2O/H-2, CO2/CO and H2S/SO2 ratios increased significantly in concert with equilibrium changes expected for the similar to 500 degrees C temperature drop. When plotted against reciprocal temperature, the restored-gas log oxygen fugacities follow a tight linear trend from < NNO + 0.5 at > 800 degrees C to NNO + 2.5 at similar to 400 degrees C. This trend largely disproves the second hypothesis because the oxygen fugacities for the < 800 degrees C restored gases can only be explained by mixing of hot magmatic gases with similar to 350 degrees C steam from superheated meteoric water. But above 800 degrees C this trend intersects the opposing linear trend for other Usu eruptive products, implying a log oxygen fugacity of -11.45 at 902 degrees C for the Showa-Skinzan magma. The time-series trace-element data also disprove the third hypothesis because rock- and incrustation-particle contaminants in the condensates account for most of the trace-element variation. Nonetheless, highly volatile elements like B and As are relatively unaffected by this particle contamination, and they show similar time-series trends as Cl and F. Finally, except for infrequent sampling around the 1977 Usu eruption, the results generally confirm the fourth hypothesis, since the time-series trends for the major gases and selected trace elements indicate that, with time, the system cooled, degassed and was infiltrated by meteoric water, all of which are positive signs that volcanic activity declined over the 31-year history. This study also suggests that second boiling of shallow magma within and possibly beneath the cryptodome sustained magmatic degassing for at least 20 years after emplacement. C1 TOYAMA UNIV,DEPT ENVIRONM BIOL & CHEM,GOFU KU,TOYAMA 930,JAPAN. US GEOL SURVEY,FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Symonds, RB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,5400 MACARTHUR BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. NR 63 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 73 IS 3-4 BP 177 EP 211 DI 10.1016/0377-0273(96)00029-7 PG 35 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VT064 UT WOS:A1996VT06400002 ER PT J AU Gazis, C Taylor, HP Hon, K Tsvetkov, A AF Gazis, C Taylor, HP Hon, K Tsvetkov, A TI Oxygen isotopic and geochemical evidence for a short-lived, high-temperature hydrothermal event in the Chegem caldera, Caucasus mountains, Russia SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE oxygen isotope; ash-flow tuff; water-rock interaction; hydrothermal event; fumarole; Chegem caldera; Caucasus ID PLATEAU VOLCANIC FIELD; MINERAL-FLUID SYSTEMS; TEN-THOUSAND-SMOKES; SAN-JUAN MOUNTAINS; ASH-FLOW CALDERA; RHYOLITIC MAGMA; 10,000 SMOKES; VALLEY; EXCHANGE; ALASKA AB Within the 2.8 Ma Chegem ash-flow caldera(11 x 15 km), a single cooling unit of rhyolitic to dacitic welded tuff more than 2 km thick is exposed in deep valleys incised during recent rapid uplift of the Caucasus Mountains. The intracaldera tuff is mineralogically fresh and unaltered, and is overlain by andesite lavas and cut by a resurgent granodiorite intrusion. Major- and trace-element compositions for a 1405-m stratigraphic section of intracaldera tuff display trends of upwardly increasing Na2O, CaO, Al2O3, total Fe, MgO, TiO2, Sr and Zr and decreasing SiO2, K2O and Rb. This mafic-upward zoning (from 76.1 to 69.9 % SiO2) reflects an inverted view of the upper part of the source magma chamber. Oxygen isotope studies of 35 samples from this 1405-m section define a striking profile with ''normal'' igneous delta(18)O values (+ 7.0 to + 8.5) in the lower 600 m of tuff, much lower delta(18)O values (- 4.0 to + 4.3) in a 700-m zone above that and a shift to high delta(18)O values (+ 4.4 to + 10.9) in the upper 100 m of caldera-fill exposure. Data from two other partial stratigraphic sections indicate that these oxygen isotope systematics are probably a caldera-wide phenomenon. Quartz and feldspar phenocrysts everywhere have ''normal'' igneous delta(18)O values of about + 8.5 and + 7.5, respectively, whereas groundmass and glass delta(18)O values range from - 7.7 to + 12.3. Consequently, the delta(18)O values of coexisting feldspar, groundmass and glass form a steep array in a plot of delta(feldspar) vs. delta(groundmass/glass). Such pronounced disequilibrium between coexisting feldspar and groundmass or glass has never before been observed on this scale. It requires a hydrothermal event involving large amounts of low-O-18 H2O at sufficiently high temperatures and short enough time (tens of years or less) that glass exchanges thoroughly but feldspar does not. The most likely process responsible for the O-18 depletions at Chegem is a very high temperature (500-600 degrees C), short-lived, vigorous meteoric-hydrothermal event that was focused within the upper 750 m of intracaldera tuff. Mass balance calculations indicate fluid fluxes of approximate to 6 x 10(-6) mol cm(-6) s(-1). We believe that the closest historical analogue to this Chegem hydrothermal event is the situation observed in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (Alaska, USA), where hundreds of steam fumaroles with measured temperatures as high as 645 degrees C persisted for 10 to 15 years in the much smaller welded ash-flow tuff sheet (approximate to 200 m thick) produced by the 1912 Katmai eruption. C1 CALTECH, DIV GEOL & PLANETARY SCI, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. RUSSIAN ACAD SCI, INST ORE DEPOSIT GEOL PETROG MINERAL & GEOCHE, MOSCOW 109017, RUSSIA. NR 74 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 EI 1872-6097 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 73 IS 3-4 BP 213 EP 244 DI 10.1016/0377-0273(96)00023-6 PG 32 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VT064 UT WOS:A1996VT06400003 ER PT J AU Davidson, WR Doster, GL Freeman, RC AF Davidson, WR Doster, GL Freeman, RC TI Parelaphostrongylus tenuis on Wassaw Island, Georgia: A result of translocating white-tailed deer SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Parelaphostrongylus tenuis; meningeal worm; white-tailed deer; Odocoileus virginianus; host translocation; parasite introduction ID MENINGEAL WORM AB Meningeal worms (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) were found in each of five white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) examined from Wassaw Island, Chatham County, Georgia, in September 1993. This represents the first reported occurrence of the parasite on a southeastern barrier island and extends its geographic distribution approximately 140 km beyond the nearest known infected mainland deer population. According to an anecdotal account, six white-tailed deer were imported from Pennsylvania and released on Wassaw Island in 1905 or shortly thereafter. Based on its absence elsewhere along the southeastern coast from North Carolina to Louisiana and its high prevalence in Pennsylvania, the enzootic focus of P. tenuis on Wassaw Island was attributed to translocation of infected deer. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DB WARNELL SCH FOREST RESOURCES,ATHENS,GA 30602. AUBURN UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,AUBURN,AL 36849. RP Davidson, WR (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,COLL VET MED,SE COOPERAT WILDLIFE DIS STUDY,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 32 IS 4 BP 701 EP 703 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VN979 UT WOS:A1996VN97900023 PM 9359075 ER PT J AU Stephenson, TR Vaughan, MR Andersen, DE AF Stephenson, TR Vaughan, MR Andersen, DE TI Mule deer movements in response to military activity in southeast Colorado SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Colorado; disturbance; home range analysis; military activity; movements; mule deer; Odocoileus hemionus ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSES; DISTURBANCE; IMPACTS AB During January 1986-September 1988 we studied the behavioral responses of 71 radiocollared mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) to military activity on the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site in southeastern Colorado. Military training was initiated on the site during August 1985 and recurred about 3 times yearly for periods of one month. During a maneuver, 3/7 of the site was used for training in accordance with a rotational land use schedule. During the nonsummer seasons, female seasonal convex polygon and harmonic mean home ranges were larger in maneuver and previous-maneuver areas than nonmaneuver areas (P < 0.002). During summer, female convex polygon home ranges were larger in maneuver than nonmaneuver areas (P = 0.066). Fawn summer home ranges were larger in maneuver than previous-maneuver areas (P < 0.01). Male home range sizes differed only for 50% harmonic mean transformation annual home ranges (P = 0.056); bucks in maneuver areas had larger home ranges than in nonmaneuver areas. Female deer in maneuver areas exhibited significant home area shifts (P = 0.049) between premaneuver and maneuver periods more frequently (40.0%) than did deer in nonmaneuver (control) areas (12.5%). Mule deer in military training areas may have responded to human harassment, alteration of security cover, or destruction of the forage base. We suggest that deer may respond more intensely to unpredictable than predictable human activity. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE SCI,BLACKSBURG,VA 24060. NATL BIOL SERV,VIRGINIA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,COLORADO FISH & WILDLIFE ASSISTANCE OFF,GOLDEN,CO 80401. NR 36 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 4 BP 777 EP 787 DI 10.2307/3802377 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA VV821 UT WOS:A1996VV82100010 ER PT J AU Beyer, DE Costa, R Hooper, RG Hess, CA AF Beyer, DE Costa, R Hooper, RG Hess, CA TI Habitat quality and reproduction of red-cockaded woodpecker groups in Florida SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Florida; foraging habitat; fragmentation; group size; Picoides borealis; red-cockaded woodpecker; reproduction ID CAVITY TREES AB Current foraging habitat guidelines for management of the red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borcalis [RCW]) are based on the hypotheses that reproductive success, number of adults per family group, and occupancy of a cluster of cavity trees by a group are related to the amount of foraging habitat available to each group. We tested these hypotheses in a population in the Apalachicola National Forest (ANF) in Florida. Guidelines mandate providing greater than or equal to 6350 pine trees greater than or equal to 25-cm diameter at breast height (dbh) within 800 m of each cluster of cavity trees; occupied clusters we studied had 1,200-13,176 available pines. We detected no association between number of young fledged and the availability of pine trees or degree of habitat fragmentation. We found a weak association between number of young fledged and demographic isolation surrounding cavity tree clusters. No differences were detected in the amount of available foraging habitat or degree of habitat fragmentation surrounding cavity tree clusters occupied by groups of different sizes. However, unoccupied clusters had fewer occupied clusters within 2 km than did occupied clusters. We could not reject the null hypothese that reproductive attainment and group size were the same for groups with different amounts of available foraging habitat. Our results are consistent with the majority of earlier studies. We suggest that foraging guidelines should not categorically prohibit actions designed to benefit RCW long-term when these actions reduce available foraging habitat below guideline levels in the short-term. C1 NO MICHIGAN UNIV,DEPT GEOG,MARQUETTE,MI 49855. NATL FORESTS FLORIDA,US FOREST SERV,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32303. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,COLL FOREST RECREAT RESOURCES,CLEMSON,SC 29634. US FOREST SERV,SE FOREST EXPT STN,CHARLESTON,SC 29414. US FOREST SERV,APALACHICOLA NATL FOREST,BRISTOL,FL 32321. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 4 BP 826 EP 835 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA VV821 UT WOS:A1996VV82100016 ER PT J AU Krementz, DG Hines, JE Caithamer, DF AF Krementz, DG Hines, JE Caithamer, DF TI Survival and recovery rates of American eiders in eastern North America SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE American elder; harvest; recovery rate; Somateria mollissima dresseri; survival ID BAND REPORTING RATES; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; LIFE-HISTORY; BLACK DUCKS; WATERFOWL; SINKS AB We analyzed banding and recovery data of adult female American elders (Somateria mollissima dresseri) captured during the breeding season in eastern North America. We estimated survival rates for birds originating in the Atlantic Coast subpopulation to be 0.8730 +/- 0.0156 (SE) while recovery rates were 0.0101 +/- 0.0080 (SE). Support for several banding reference areas of American elders was found. No trends were detected in band recovery, harvest rates or harvest over time. C1 US DEPT INTERIOR,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OFF MIGRATORY BIRD MANAGEMENT,LAUREL,MD 20708. RP Krementz, DG (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,WARNELL SCH FOREST RESOURCES,US DEPT INTERIOR,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 38 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 4 BP 855 EP 862 DI 10.2307/3802386 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA VV821 UT WOS:A1996VV82100019 ER PT J AU Castelli, PM Trost, RE AF Castelli, PM Trost, RE TI Neck bands reduce survival of Canada geese in New Jersey SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Branta canadensis; Canada geese; marking; mortality; neck-banding; New Jersey; survival; waterfowl ID ATLANTIC FLYWAY; RATES; RECOVERY AB We examined the effect of neck Lands on the survival and recovery rates of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) breeding in New Jersey. A total of 8,082 geese were legbanded and 3,428 geese were neck- and legbanded from 1984 through 1989 during June-July throughout New Jersey. Our analysis suggested that survival rates did not differ between adults and immatures within either group (P > 0.05). However, there was evidence that survival did differ between the 2 methods of marking (P < 0.01). The average annual survival rate was estimated as 82.77% (SE = 3.17%) for geese with leg bands only and 69.21% (SE = 3.66%) for geese banded with both leg and neck bands. The use of neck-band observations to estimate annual or period survival rates requires an assumption that neck bands do not influence survival rates. In our study, this assumption appeared to be violated. Managers should use caution in interpreting the results of existing neck-banding studies. Neck bands should be used judiciously and, when possible, with a leg-banded only control group. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OFF MIGRATORY BIRD MANAGEMENT,PORTLAND,OR 97232. RP Castelli, PM (reprint author), NEW JERSEY DIV FISH GAME & WILDLIFE,NACOTE CREEK RES STN,POB 418,PORT REPUBL,NJ 08241, USA. NR 41 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 4 BP 891 EP 898 DI 10.2307/3802390 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA VV821 UT WOS:A1996VV82100023 ER PT J AU Birch, WD Pring, A Self, PG Keck, E Jensen, MC Foord, EE AF Birch, WD Pring, A Self, PG Keck, E Jensen, MC Foord, EE TI Meurigite, a new fibrous iron phosphate resembling kidwellite SO MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE LA English DT Article DE meurigite; new mineral; hydrated potassium iron phosphate; Santa Rita mine; New Mexico AB Meurigite is a new hydrated potassium iron phosphate related to kidwellite and with structural similarities to other late-stage fibrous ferric phosphate species. It has been found at four localities so far - the Santa Rita mine, New Mexico, U.S.A.; the Hagendorf-Sud pegmatite in Bavaria, Germany; granite pegmatite veins at Wycheproof, Victoria, Australia; and at the Gold Quarry Mine, Nevada, U.S.A. The Santa Rita mine is the designated type locality. Meurigite occurs as tabular, elongated crystals forming spherical and hemispherical clusters and drusy coatings. The colour ranges from creamy white to pale yellow and yellowish brown. At the type locality, the hemispheres may reach 2 mm across, but the maximum diameter reached in the other occurrences is usually less than 0.5 mm. A wide variety of secondary phosphate minerals accompanies meurigite at each locality, with dufrenite, cyrilovite, beraunite, rockbridgeite and leucophosphite amongst the most common. Vanadates and uranates occur with meurigite at the Gold Quarry mine. Electron microprobe analysis and separate determination of H2O and CO2 on meurigite from the type locality gave a composition for which several empirical formulae could be calculated. The preferred formula, obtained on the basis of 35 oxygen atoms, is (K0.85Na0.03)(Sigma 0.88)(Fe7.013+Al0.16Cu0.02)(Sigma 7.19) (PO4)(5.11)(CO3)(0.20)(OH)(6.7). 7.25H(2)O, which simplifies to KFe73+(PO4)(5)(OH)(7) . 8H(2)O. Qualitative analyses only were obtained for meurigite from the other localities, due to the softness and openness of the aggregates. Because of the fibrous nature of meurigite, it was not possible to determine the crystal structure, hence the exact stoichiometry remains uncertain. The lustre of meurigite varies from vitreous to waxy for the Santa Rita mine mineral, to silky for the more open sprays and internal surfaces elsewhere. The streak is very pale yellow to cream and the estimated Mohs hardness is about 3. Cleavage is perfect on {001} and fragments from the type material have a mean specific gravity of 2.96. The strongest lines in the X-ray powder pattern for the type material are (d(obs),I-obs,hkl) 3.216(100)404; 4.84(90)111; 3.116(80)205; 4.32(70)112; 9.41(60)201; 3.470(60)800. The X-ray data were indexed on the basis of a monoclinic unit cell determined from electron diffraction patterns. The cell parameters, refined by least squares methods, are a = 29.52(4), b = 5.249(6), c = 18.26(1) Angstrom, beta = 109.27(7)degrees, V = 2672(3) Angstrom(3), and Z = 4. The calculated density is 2.89 gcm(-3). The space group is either C2, Cm or C2/m. X-ray powder data for meurigite are closely similar to those for kidwellite and phosphofibrite, but meurigite appears to be characterised by a strong 14 Angstrom reflection. The relationship between these three minerals remains uncertain in the absence of structural data. On the available evidence, meurigite and kidwellite are not the respective K and Na-endmembers of a solid solution series. The meurigite cell parameters suggest it belongs to a structural family of fibrous ferric phosphates, such as rockbridgeite, dufrenite and beraunite, which have a discrete 5 Angstrom fibre axis. Meurigite occurs in widely varying environments, its formation probably favoured by late-stage solutions rich in K rather than Na. C1 S AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM,DEPT MINERAL,ADELAIDE,SA 5000,AUSTRALIA. CSIRO,DIV SOILS,GLEN OSMOND,SA 5064,AUSTRALIA. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Birch, WD (reprint author), MUSEUM VICTORIA,DEPT MINERAL & PETROL,328 SWANSTON ST,MELBOURNE,VIC 3000,AUSTRALIA. NR 6 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 41 QUEENS GATE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW7 5HR SN 0026-461X J9 MINERAL MAG JI Mineral. Mag. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 402 BP 787 EP 793 DI 10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.08 PG 7 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA VP065 UT WOS:A1996VP06500008 ER PT J AU Ruth, JL AF Ruth, JL TI Oligozymes - Oligonucleotide-enzyme conjugates SO MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE oligozymes; oligonucleotide-enzyme conjugates; hybridization; nonisotopic detection; nucleic acids ID THIOL SPECIFIC PROBES; HYBRIDIZATION PROBES; DNA HYBRIDIZATION; CHEMI-LUMINESCENT; ATTACHMENT; ASSAY AB The simple use of nonisotopic hybridization probes to detect complementary sequences provides valuable information in a large number of research and commercial applications. In hybridization assays, the four 'S' s (speed, simplicity, sensitivity, and specificity) are important criteria for determining the choice of probe and label. The direct chemical combination of synthetic oligonucleotide probes and enzyme labels offer advantages unmatched by other approaches, with the oligonucleotide providing rapid hybridization and high specificity, and the direct enzyme label providing simple and sensitive detection. Such oligonucleotide-enzyme conjugates (''oligozymes'') can be used in a variety of hybridization and detection formats, including dot blots, Southern/northern blots, in situ, and solution hybridization/capture schemes. The practical synthesis and use of such oligozymes are summarized. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, FORENS LAB, ASHLAND, OR 97520 USA. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 1073-6085 J9 MOL BIOTECHNOL JI Mol. Biotechnol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 6 IS 2 BP 163 EP 178 DI 10.1007/BF02740771 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA VW943 UT WOS:A1996VW94300006 PM 8970170 ER PT J AU Drew, LJ Berger, BR Kurbanov, NK AF Drew, LJ Berger, BR Kurbanov, NK TI Geology and structural evolution of the Muruntau gold deposit, Kyzylkum desert, Uzbekistan SO ORE GEOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID VEIN; SYSTEMS; FLUID; ROCKS AB The Muruntau gold deposit in the Kyzylkum desert of Uzbekistan is the largest single deposit (much greater than 1100 tonnes of gold) of the class of low-sulfide syndeformation/synigenous gold deposits formed in the brittle/ductile transition zone of the crust within transpressional shear zones. Hosted by the Cambrian to Ordovician Besopan Suite, the ores were deposited in pre-existing thrust-fault- and metamorphism-related permeabilities and in synmineralization dilational zones created in a large fault-related fold. The Besopan Suite is a 5,000-m-thick sequence of turbiditic siltstones, shales and sandstones. The ore is primarily localized at the base of the Besopan-3 unit, which is a 2,000-m-thick series of carbonaceous shales, siltstones, sandstones and cherts. Initial gold deposition took place within the Sangruntau-Tamdytau shear zone, which was developed along the stratigraphic contact between the Besopan-3 and Besopan-4 units. During the mineralization process, folding of the Besopan Suite and a left-step adjustment in the Sangruntau-Tamdytau shear zone were caused by two concurrent events: (1) the activation of the left-lateral Muruntau-Daugyztau shear zone that developed at nearly a 90 degrees angle to the preceding shear zone and (2) the intrusion of granitoid plutons. These structural events also resulted in the refocusing of hydrothermal fluid flow into new zones of permeability. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. TSNIGRI,MOSCOW 113545,RUSSIA. RP Drew, LJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS920,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 44 TC 41 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-1368 J9 ORE GEOL REV JI Ore Geol. Rev. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 11 IS 4 BP 175 EP 196 DI 10.1016/0169-1368(95)00033-X PG 22 WC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA VR434 UT WOS:A1996VR43400001 ER PT J AU vanGeen, A Fairbanks, RG Dartnell, P McGann, M Gardner, JV Kashgarian, M AF vanGeen, A Fairbanks, RG Dartnell, P McGann, M Gardner, JV Kashgarian, M TI Ventilation changes in the northeast Pacific during the last deglaciation SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM; DEEP-OCEAN CIRCULATION; CARBON-ISOTOPE; INTERMEDIATE WATERS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; EARLY HOLOCENE; YOUNGER DRYAS; C-14 AGES; CADMIUM; RECORD AB Under present climate conditions, convection at high latitudes of the North Pacific is restricted to shallower depths than in the North Atlantic. To what extent this asymmetry between the two ocean basins was maintained over the past 20 kyr is poorly known because there are few unambiguous proxy records of ventilation from the North Pacific. We present new data for two sediment cores from the California margin at 800 and 1600 m depth to argue that the depth of ventilation shifted repeatedly in the northeast Pacific over the course of deglaciation. The evidence includes benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca, O-18/O-16, and C-13/C-12 data as well as radiocarbon age differences between benthic and planktonic foraminifera. A number of features in the shallower of the two cores, including an interval of laminated sediments, are consistent with changes in ventilation over the past 20 kyr suggested by alternations between laminated and bioturbated sediments in the Santa Barbara Basin and the Gulf of California [Keigwin and Jones, 1990; Kennett and Ingram, 1995; Behl and Kennett, 1996]. Data from the deeper of the two California margin cores suggest that during times of reduced ventilation at 800 m, ventilation was enhanced at 1600 m depth, and vice versa. This pronounced depth dependence of ventilation needs to be taken into account when exploring potential teleconnections between the North Pacific and the North Atlantic. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,CTR ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY,LIVERMORE,CA 92717. RP vanGeen, A (reprint author), COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964, USA. RI Kashgarian, Michaele/E-1665-2011 OI Kashgarian, Michaele/0000-0001-7824-8418 NR 47 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD OCT PY 1996 VL 11 IS 5 BP 519 EP 528 DI 10.1029/96PA01860 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA VU301 UT WOS:A1996VU30100002 ER PT J AU Wershaw, RL Leenheer, JA Kennedy, KR Noyes, TI AF Wershaw, RL Leenheer, JA Kennedy, KR Noyes, TI TI Use of C-13 NMR and FTIR for elucidation of degradation pathways during natural litter decomposition and composting .1. Early stage leaf degradation SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CARBOXYL-GROUP STRUCTURES; ORGANIC-MATTER; SUWANNEE RIVER; FULVIC-ACID; LIGNIN; GEORGIA AB Oxidative degradation of plant tissue leads to the formation of natural dissolved organic carbon (DOG) and humus, Infrared (IR) and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry have been used to elucidate the chemical reactions of the early stages of degradation that give rise to DOC derived from litter and compost, The results of this study indicate that oxidation of the lignin components of plant tissue follows the sequence of O-demethylation, and hydroxylation followed by ring-fission, chain-shortening, and oxidative removal of substituents, Oxidative ring-fission leads to the formation of carboxylic acid groups on the cleaved ends of the rings and, in the process, transforms phenolic groups into aliphatic alcoholic groups,The carbohydrate components are broken down into aliphatic hydroxy acids and aliphatic alcohols. RP Wershaw, RL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, BOX 25046, MS 408, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 28 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 21 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 161 IS 10 BP 667 EP 679 DI 10.1097/00010694-199610000-00004 PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VN815 UT WOS:A1996VN81500004 ER PT J AU Norton, SA Handley, MJ Kahl, JS Peters, NE AF Norton, SA Handley, MJ Kahl, JS Peters, NE TI Re-evaluation of colorimetric Cl- data from natural waters with DOC SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE dry deposition; charge density; chloride; colorimetry; ion balance; ion chromatography; recycling; watershed budgets ID FOREST; CHEMISTRY; THROUGHFALL; STEMFLOW; FLUXES; PRECIPITATION; VARIABILITY; DEPOSITION; CANOPY; MAINE AB Colorimetric Cl- data from natural solutions that contain dissolved organic carbon (DOG) may be biased high. We evaluated aquatic Cl- concentrations in ecosystem compartments at the Bear Brook Watershed, Maine, and from lakes in Maine, using ion chromatography and colorimetry. DOC imparts a positive interference on colorimetric Cl- results proportional to DOC concentrations at approximately 0.8 mu eq Cl-/L per mg DOC/L. The interference is not a function of Cl- concentration. The resulting bias in concentrations of Cl- may be 50% or more of typical environmental values for Cl- in areas remote from atmospheric deposition of marine aerosols. Such biased data in the literature appear to have led to spurious conclusions about recycling of Cl- by forests, the usefulness of Cl- as a conservative tracer in watershed studies, and calculations of elemental budgets, ion balance, charge density of DOG, and dry deposition factors. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ATLANTA,GA 30360. RP Norton, SA (reprint author), UNIV MAINE,DEPT GEOL SCI,ORONO,ME 04469, USA. NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 91 IS 3-4 BP 283 EP 298 DI 10.1007/BF00666264 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA VF745 UT WOS:A1996VF74500010 ER PT J AU Domagalski, J AF Domagalski, J TI Pesticides and pesticide degradation products in stormwater runoff: Sacramento River Basin, California SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE agricultural hydrology; aquatic toxicology; nonpoint source pollution; drainage; water quality; stormwater management ID FRANCISCO AB Pesticides in stormwater runoff, within the Sacramento River Basin, California, were assessed during a storm that occurred in January 1994. Two organophosphate insecticides (diazinon and methidathion), two carbamate pesticides (molinate and carbofuran), and one triazine herbicide (simazine) were detected. Organophosphate pesticide concentrations increased with the rising stage of the hydrographs; peak concentrations were measured near peak discharge. Diazinon oxon, a toxic degradation product of diazinon, made up approximately 1 to 3 percent of the diazinon load. The Feather River was the principal source of organophosphate pesticides to the Sacramento River during this storm. The concentrations of molinate and carbofuran, pesticides applied to rice fields during May and June, were relatively constant during and after the storm. Their presence in surface water was attributed to the flooding and subsequent drainage, as a management practice to degrade rice-stubble prior to the next planting. A photodegradation product of molinate, 4-keto molinate, was in all samples where molinate was detected and made up approximately 50 percent of the total molinate load. Simazine, a herbicide used in orchards and to control weeds along the roadways, was detected in the storm runoff, but it was not possible to differentiate the two sources of that pesticide to the Sacramento River. RP Domagalski, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2800 COTTAGE WAY,SACRAMENTO,CA 95825, USA. NR 20 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 22070-5528 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 32 IS 5 BP 953 EP 964 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA VL740 UT WOS:A1996VL74000007 ER PT J AU Hainly, RA Kahn, JM AF Hainly, RA Kahn, JM TI Factors affecting herbicide yields in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, June 1994 SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE nonpoint source pollution; water quality; agricultural; chemicals; herbicides; triazine; modeling/statistics; pollution load; land use ID MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; DEGRADATION AB Median concentrations and instantaneous yields of alachlor, metolachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine were generally highest at sites in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin and in agricultural subbasins. Instantaneous herbicide yields are related to land use, hydrogeologic setting, streamflow yield, and agricultural row cropping practices. The significance of these relations may be affected by the interdependence of the factors. The percentage of basin area planted in corn is the most influential factor in the prediction of herbicide yield. Instantaneous yields of all five herbicides measured in June 1994 related poorly to averaged 1990-94 herbicide use. Annually averaged herbicide-use data are too general to use as a predictor for short-term herbicide yields. An evaluation of factors affecting herbicide yields could be refined with more-current land use and land cover information and a more accurate estimate of the percentage of basin area planted in corn. Factors related to herbicide yields can be used to predict herbicide yields in other basins within the Chesapeake Bay watershed and to develop an estimate of herbicide loads to Chesapeake Bay. RP Hainly, RA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 840 MARKET ST, LEMOYNE, PA 17043 USA. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 32 IS 5 BP 965 EP 984 PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA VL740 UT WOS:A1996VL74000008 ER PT J AU Clawges, RM Vowinkel, EF AF Clawges, RM Vowinkel, EF TI Variables indicating nitrate contamination in bedrock aquifers, Newark Basin, New Jersey SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE nitrate contamination; water quality; Newark Basin; nonpoint source pollution; aquifer susceptibility; land use planning AB Variables that describe well construction, hydrogeology, and land use were evaluated for use as possible indicators of the susceptibility of ground water in bedrock aquifers in the Newark Basin, New Jersey, to contamination by nitrate from the land surface. Statistical analyses were performed on data for 132 wells located throughout the Newark Basin. Concentrations of nitrate (as nitrogen) did not exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in any of the water samples (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). Variables that describe hydrogeology and well construction were found not to be statistically significant in relation to concentrations of nitrate. This finding can be attributed to the complex nature of flow in bedrock aquifers and mixing of water from shallow and deep water-bearing zones that occurs within these wells, which are constructed with long open intervals. Distributions of nitrate concentrations were significantly different among land-use groups on the basis of land use within both a 400- and an 800-m radius zone of the well. The median concentrations of nitrate (as N) in water from wells in predominantly urban-residential (2.5 mg/L) and agricultural areas (1.8 mg/L) were greater than the median concentration of nitrate in water from wells in predominantly undeveloped areas (0.5 mg/L). RP Clawges, RM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WRD,810 BEAR TAVERN RD,SUITE 206,W TRENTON,NJ 08628, USA. NR 23 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 22070-5528 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 32 IS 5 BP 1055 EP 1066 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA VL740 UT WOS:A1996VL74000015 ER PT J AU Yen, ST Liu, SP Kolpin, DW AF Yen, ST Liu, SP Kolpin, DW TI Analysis of nitrate in near-surface aquifers in the midcontinental United States: An application of the inverse hyperbolic sine Tobit model SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATOR; GROUNDWATER; DENITRIFICATION AB A nonnormal and heteroscedastic Tobit model is used to determine the primary factors that affect nitrate concentrations in near-surface aquifers, using data from the U.S. Geological Survey collected in 1991. Both normality and homoscedasticity of errors are rejected, justifying the use of a nonnormal and heteroscedastic model. The following factors are found to have significant impacts on nitrate concentrations in groundwater: well screen interval, depth to top of aquifers, percentages of urban residential, forest land, and pasture within 3.2 km, dissolved oxygen concentration level, and presence of a chemical facility and feedlot. The effects of explanatory variables on nitrate concentration are explored further by calculating elasticities. Dissolved oxygen concentration level has more notable effects on nitrate concentrations in groundwater than other variables. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,IOWA CITY,IA 52244. PROVIDIAN BANCORP INC,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94108. RP Yen, ST (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT ECON,DAVID KINLEY HALL,BOX 64,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 41 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 32 IS 10 BP 3003 EP 3011 DI 10.1029/96WR02102 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA VL614 UT WOS:A1996VL61400004 ER PT J AU Stern, LA Kirby, SH Durham, WB AF Stern, LA Kirby, SH Durham, WB TI Peculiarities of methane clathrate hydrate formation and solid-state deformation, including possible superheating of water ice SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HIGH-PRESSURES AB Slow, constant-volume heating of water ice plus methane gas mixtures forms methane clathrate hydrate by a progressive reaction that occurs at the nascent ice/liquid water interface. As this reaction proceeds, the rate of melting of metastable water ice may be suppressed to allow short-lived superheating of ice to at least 276 kelvin. Plastic flow properties measured on clathrate test specimens are significantly different from those of water ice; under nonhydrostatic stress, methane clathrate undergoes extensive strain hardening and a process of solid-state disproportionation or exsolution at conditions well within its conventional hydrostatic stability field. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. RP Stern, LA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 32 TC 179 Z9 191 U1 6 U2 33 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 27 PY 1996 VL 273 IS 5283 BP 1843 EP 1848 DI 10.1126/science.273.5283.1843 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VJ713 UT WOS:A1996VJ71300040 ER PT J AU Self, S Thordarson, T Keszthelyi, L Walker, GPL Hon, K Murphy, MT Long, P Finnemore, S AF Self, S Thordarson, T Keszthelyi, L Walker, GPL Hon, K Murphy, MT Long, P Finnemore, S TI A new model for the emplacement of Columbia River Basalts as large, inflated pahoehoe lava flow fields SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID KILAUEA VOLCANO; HAWAII; ERUPTION; ORIGIN AB Extensive flows of the Columbia River Basalt (CRB) Group in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho are dominantly inflated compound pahoehoe sheet lavas. Early studies recognized that CRB lavas are compound pahoehoe flows, with textures suggesting low flow velocities, but it was thought that the great thickness and extent of the major flows required very rapid emplacement as turbulent floods of lava over a period of days or weeks. However, small volume (<1 km(3)) compound pahoehoe flows on Kilauea, Hawai'i, demonstrate that such flows can thicken by at least an order of magnitude through gradual inflation and the same mechanism has been proposed for larger (10-20 km(3)) pahoehoe flows in Iceland. The vertical distribution of vesicles and other morphologic features within CRB lava flows indicate that they grew similarly by inflation. Small pahoehoe lobes at the base and top of many CRB pahoehoe lava flows indicate emplacement in a gradual, piecemeal manner rather than as a single flood. We propose that each thick CRB sheet flow was active for months to years and that each group of flows produced by a single eruption (a flow field) was emplaced slowly over many years. C1 UNIV HAWAII, SOEST, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA. INST GEOL & NUCL SCI, WAIRAKEI RES CTR, TAUPO, NEW ZEALAND. US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. PACIFIC NW LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. RP Self, S (reprint author), UNIV HAWAII, SOEST, HAWAII CTR VOLCANOL, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA. RI Thordarson, Thorvaldur/A-8990-2013; Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011; Thordarson, Thorvaldur/M-2422-2015 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611; Thordarson, Thorvaldur/0000-0003-4011-7185 NR 31 TC 146 Z9 148 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 1996 VL 23 IS 19 BP 2689 EP 2692 DI 10.1029/96GL02450 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VH169 UT WOS:A1996VH16900029 ER PT J AU Savage, JC AF Savage, JC TI The stress state implied by dislocation models of subduction deformation - Comment SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Editorial Material RP Savage, JC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MAIL STOP 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 7 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 1996 VL 23 IS 19 BP 2709 EP 2710 DI 10.1029/96GL02374 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VH169 UT WOS:A1996VH16900034 ER PT J AU Hartzell, S Liu, PC Mendoza, C AF Hartzell, S Liu, PC Mendoza, C TI The 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: Investigation of rupture velocity, risetime, and high-frequency radiation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL SEARCH ALGORITHM; STRONG GROUND MOTION; INVERSION; MODELS AB A hybrid global search algorithm is used to solve the nonlinear problem of calculating slip amplitude, rake, risetime, and rupture time on a finite fault. Thirty-five strong motion velocity records are inverted by this method over the frequency band from 0.1 to 1.0 Hz for the Northridge earthquake. Four regions of larger-amplitude slip are identified: one near the hypocenter at a depth of 17 km, a second west of the hypocenter at about the same depth, a third updip from the hypocenter at a depth of 10 km, and a fourth updip from the hypocenter and to the northwest. The results further show an initial fast rupture with a velocity of 2.8 to 3.0 km/s followed by a slow termination of the rupture with velocities of 2.0 to 2.5 km/s. The initial energetic rupture phase lasts for 3 s, extending out 10 km from the hypocenter. Slip near the hypocenter has a short risetime of 0.5 s, which increases to 1.5 s for the major slip areas removed from the hypocentral region. The energetic rupture phase is also shown to be the primary source of high-frequency radiation (1-15 Hz) by an inversion of acceleration envelopes. The same global search algorithm is used in the envelope inversion to calculate high-frequency radiation intensity on the fault and rupture time. The rupture timing from the low- and high-frequency inversions is similar, indicating that the high frequencies are produced primarily at the mainshock rupture front. Two major sources of high-frequency radiation are identified within the energetic rupture phase, one at the hypocenter and another deep source to the west of the hypocenter. The source at the hypocenter is associated with the initiation of rupture and the breaking of a high-stress-drop asperity and the second is associated with stopping of the rupture in a westerly direction. C1 CHINESE ACAD SCI, INST GEOPHYS, BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA. RP Hartzell, S (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, BOX 25046, MS 966, DENVER, CO 80255 USA. NR 38 TC 74 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B9 BP 20091 EP 20108 DI 10.1029/96JB01883 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VG396 UT WOS:A1996VG39600005 ER PT J AU Lee, MW Hutchinson, DR Collett, TS Dillon, WP AF Lee, MW Hutchinson, DR Collett, TS Dillon, WP TI Seismic velocities for hydrate-bearing sediments using weighted equation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; WAVE VELOCITIES; CLAY CONTENT; GAS; ROCKS; POROSITY; HORIZONS; EXTENT; BASE; ZONE AB A weighted equation based on the three-phase time-average and Wood equations is applied to derive a relationship between the compressional wave (P wave) velocity and the amount of hydrates filling the pore space. The proposed theory predicts accurate P wave velocities of marine sediments in the porosity range of 40-80% and provides a practical means of estimating the amount of in situ hydrate using seismic velocity. The shear (S) wave velocity is derived under the assumption that the P to S wave velocity ratio of the hydrated sediments is proportional to the weighted average of the P to S wave velocity ratios of the constituent components of the sediment. In the case that all constituent components are known, a weighted equation using multiphase time-average and Wood equations is possible. However, this study showed that a three-phase equation with modified matrix velocity, compensated for the clay content, is sufficient to accurately predict the compressional wave velocities for the marine sediments. This theory was applied to the laboratory measurements of the P and S wave velocities in permafrost samples to infer the amount of ice in the unconsolidated sediment. The results are comparable to the results obtained by repeatedly applying the two-phase wave scattering theory. The theory predicts that the Poisson's ratio of the hydrated sediments decreases as the hydrate concentration increases and the porosity decreases. In consequence, the amplitude versus offset (AVO) data for the bottom-simulating reflections may reveal positive, negative, or no AVO anomalies depending on the concentration of hydrates in the sediments. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA. RP Lee, MW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, HYDROCARBON SECT, POB 25046, MS 960, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 40 TC 123 Z9 142 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B9 BP 20347 EP 20358 DI 10.1029/96JB01886 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VG396 UT WOS:A1996VG39600021 ER PT J AU Linde, AT Gladwin, MT Johnston, MJS Gwyther, RL Bilham, RG AF Linde, AT Gladwin, MT Johnston, MJS Gwyther, RL Bilham, RG TI A slow earthquake sequence on the San Andreas fault SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID STRESS REDISTRIBUTION; FREE OSCILLATIONS; ASEISMIC SLIP; DEFORMATION; EVENTS; JAPAN AB EARTHQUAKES typically release stored strain energy on timescales of the order of seconds, limited by the velocity of sound in rock Over the past 20 years, observations(1-13) and laboratory experiments(14) have indicated that rupture can also occur more slowly, with durations up to hours. Such events may be important in earthquake nucleation(15) and in accounting for the excess of plate convergence over seismic slip in subduction zones. The detection of events with larger timescales requires near-field deformation measurements. In December 1992, two borehole strainmeters close to the San Andreas fault in California recorded a slow strain event of about a week in duration, and rye show here that the strain changes were produced by a slow earthquake sequence (equivalent magnitude 4.8) with complexity similar to that of regular earthquakes. The largest earthquakes associated with these slow events were small (local magnitude 3.7) and contributed negligible strain release. The importance of slow earthquakes in the seismogenic process remains an open question, but these observations extend the observed timescale for slow events by two orders of magnitude. C1 CSIRO,QUEENSLAND CTR ADV TECHNOL,PINJARRA,QLD 4069,AUSTRALIA. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. RP Linde, AT (reprint author), CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,DEPT TERR MAGNETISM,5241 BROAD BRANCH RD NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20015, USA. OI Bilham, Roger/0000-0002-5547-4102 NR 28 TC 170 Z9 189 U1 0 U2 22 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD SEP 5 PY 1996 VL 383 IS 6595 BP 65 EP 68 DI 10.1038/383065a0 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VF295 UT WOS:A1996VF29500046 ER PT J AU Elias, SA Short, SK Waythomas, CF AF Elias, SA Short, SK Waythomas, CF TI Late Quaternary environments, Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE Late Quaternary environments; Denali National Park; Alaska; pollen; insect fossils ID SOUTHWESTERN ALASKA; NORTHERN AB Late Quaternary pollen, plant macrofossils, and insect fossils were studied from sites along three rivers in the foothills north of the Alaska Range in Denali National Park and Preserve. The aim was to carry out a reconaissance of late Quaternary organic sediments in the region, emphasizing the mid-Wisconsin, or Boutellier interstadial interval. Samples of probable early- to mid-Boutellier age (ca. 60 000 to 40 000 B.P.) from Unit 2 at the Toklat High Bluffs site indicate open boreal woodland with dense alder shrub vegetation. Organic Unit 1 at the Foraker River Slump site indicates open taiga with shrubs of probable Boutellier age. Fossil evidence from the youngest horizon in this unit indicates graminoid tundra environments, marking the transition from interstadial to late Wisconsin glacial environments. Early Holocene samples from the Foraker exposures suggest birch shrub tundra; coniferous forest apparently became established only after 6500 B.P. Local variations in forest composition at the Foraker and Sushana sites were probably the result of disturbances, such as fire. C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT ANTHROPOL,BOULDER,CO 80309. US GEOL SURVEY,ANCHORAGE,AK 99508. RP Elias, SA (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO,INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA. NR 51 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY AB T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD SEP PY 1996 VL 49 IS 3 BP 292 EP 305 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA VL125 UT WOS:A1996VL12500007 ER PT J AU Reheis, MC Slate, JL Throckmorton, CK McGeehin, JP SarnaWojcicki, AM Dengler, L AF Reheis, MC Slate, JL Throckmorton, CK McGeehin, JP SarnaWojcicki, AM Dengler, L TI Late quaternary sedimentation on the Leidy Creek fan, Nevada-California: Geomorphic responses to climate change SO BASIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WHITE MOUNTAINS; SIERRA-NEVADA; DEATH-VALLEY; DEVILS-HOLE; RECORD; BASIN; LAKE; CHRONOLOGY; CALCITE; DESERT AB Well-dated surface and subsurface deposits in semiarid Fish Lake Valley, Nevada and California, demonstrate that alluvial-fan deposition is strongly associated with the warm dry climate of the last two interglacial intervals, and that fans were stable and (or) incised during the last glaciation. Fan deposition was probably triggered by a change from relatively moist to arid conditions causing a decrease in vegetation cover and increases in flash floods and sediment yield. We think that this scenario applies to most of the other valleys in the southern Basin and Range. Radiocarbon, tephra, and a few thermoluminescence and cosmogenic ages from outcrops throughout Fish Lake Valley and from cores on the Leidy Creek fan yield ages of > 100-50 ka and 11-0 ka for the last two periods of alluvial-fan deposition. Mapping, coring and shallow seismic profiling indicate that these periods were synchronous throughout the valley and on the proximal and distal parts of the fans. From 50 to 11 ka, fan deposition ceased, a soil formed on the older alluvium and the axial drainage became active as runoff and stream competence increased. Slow deposition due to sheet flow or aeolian processes locally continued during this interval, producing cumulic soil profiles. The soil was buried by debris-flow sediment beginning at about 11 ka, coincident with the onset of relatively dry and warm conditions in the region. However, ground-water discharge maintained a large freshwater marsh on the valley floor throughout the Holocene. Pulses of deposition during the Holocene are recorded in the marsh and fan deposits; some pulses coincided with periods of or transitions to warm, dry climate indicated by proxy climate records, whereas others may reflect local disturbances associated with volcanism and fires. Within the marsh deposits, much of the elastic material is probably desert loess. In addition, the deposition of coppice dunes within the fan deposits coincides with two dry periods during the late Holocene. RP Reheis, MC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046 MS 980,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 59 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0950-091X J9 BASIN RES JI Basin Res. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 8 IS 3 BP 279 EP 299 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2117.1996.00205.x PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VF679 UT WOS:A1996VF67900005 ER PT J AU Aiken, G McKnight, D Harnish, R Wershaw, R AF Aiken, G McKnight, D Harnish, R Wershaw, R TI Geochemistry of aquatic humic substances in the Lake Fryxell Basin, Antarctica SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Antarctic lakes; dissolved organic carbon; sources; fulvic acid; biogeochemical transformation; diffusion ID SEDIMENTARY ORGANIC-MATTER; FULVIC-ACIDS; ORGANOSULFUR COMPOUNDS; SULFUR ENRICHMENT; TAYLOR VALLEY; ICE; EXTRACTION; DIAGENESIS AB Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in Lake Fryxell, 10 streams flowing into the lake, and the moat surrounding the lake was studied to determine the influence of sources and biogeochemical processes on its distribution and chemical nature. Lake Fryxell is an amictic, permanently ice-covered lake in the McMurdo Dry Valleys which contains benthic and planktonic microbial populations, but receives essentially no input of organic material from the ahumic soils of the watershed. Biological activity in the water column does not appear to influence the DOC depth profile, which is similar to the profiles for conservative inorganic constituents. DOC values for the streams varied with biomass in the stream channel, and ranged from 0.2 to 9.7 mg C/L. Fulvic acids in the streams were a lower percentage of the total DOC than in the lake. These samples contain recent carbon and appear to be simpler mixtures of compounds than the lake samples, indicating that they have undergone less humification. The fulvic acids from just above the sediments of the lake have a high sulfur content and are highly aliphatic. The main transformations occurring as these fractions diffuse upward in the water column are 1) loss of sulfur groups through the oxycline and 2) decrease in aliphatic carbon and increase in the heterogeneity of aliphatic moieties. The fraction of modem C-14 content of the lake fulvic acids range from a minimum of 0.68 (approximately 3000 years old) at 15m depth to 0.997 (recent material) just under the ice. The major processes controlling the DOC in the lake appear to be: 1) The transport of organic matter by the inflow streams resulting in the addition of recent organic material to the moat and upper waters of the lake; 2) The diffusion of organic matter composed of relict organic material and organic carbon resulting from the degradation of algae and bacteria from the bottom waters or sediments of the lake into overlying glacial melt water, 3) The addition of recent organic matter to the bottom waters of the lake from the moat. RP Aiken, G (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, 3215 MARINE ST, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. OI MCKNIGHT, DIANE/0000-0002-4171-1533 NR 53 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD SEP PY 1996 VL 34 IS 3 BP 157 EP 188 PG 32 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA VP543 UT WOS:A1996VP54300003 ER PT J AU Schmincke, HU Swanson, DA AF Schmincke, HU Swanson, DA TI Ten years of the Bulletin of Volcanology: Taking stock and looking ahead SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material RP Schmincke, HU (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 351310,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. RI Asavin, Alex/F-5800-2012 OI Asavin, Alex/0000-0002-0202-2970 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 58 IS 1 BP 1 EP 2 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VK951 UT WOS:A1996VK95100001 ER PT J AU Keszthelyi, L Denlinger, R AF Keszthelyi, L Denlinger, R TI The initial cooling of pahoehoe flow lobes SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lava; cooling; pahoehoe; Hawai'i ID INTERNAL BOUNDARY-LAYER; LAVA FLOWS; THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; KILAUEA VOLCANO; CRYSTAL-GROWTH; SHEET FLOWS; HAWAII; BASALT; CRYSTALLIZATION; NUCLEATION AB In this paper we describe a new thermal model for the initial cooling of pahoehoe lava flows. The accurate modeling of this initial cooling is important for understanding the formation of the distinctive surface textures on pahoehoe lava flows as well as being the first step in modeling such key pahoehoe emplacement processes as lava flow inflation and lava tube formation. This model is constructed from the physical phenomena observed to control the initial cooling of pahoehoe flows and is not an empirical fit to field data. We find that the only significant processes are (a) heat loss by thermal radiation, (b) heat loss by atmospheric convection, (c) heat transport within the flow by conduction with temperature and porosity-dependent thermal properties, and (d) the release of latent heat during crystallization. The numerical model is better able to reproduce field measurements made in Hawai'i between 1989 and 1993 than other published thermal models. By adjusting one parameter at a time, the ef feet of each of the input parameters on the cooling rate was determined. We show that: (a) the surfaces of porous flows cool more quickly than the surfaces of dense flows, (b) the surface cooling is very sensitive to the efficiency of atmospheric convective cooling, and (c) changes in the glass forming tendency of the lava may have observable petrographic and thermal signatures, These model results provide a quantitative explanation for the recently observed relationship between the surface cooling rate of pahoehoe lobes and the porosity of those lobes (Jones 1992, 1993). The predicted sensitivity of cooling to atmospheric convection suggests a simple field experiment for verification, and the model provides a tool to begin studies of the dynamic crystallization of real lavas, Future versions of the model can also be made applicable to extraterrestrial, submarine, silicic, and pyroclastic flows. C1 SOEST,HAWAII INST GEOPHYS & PLANETOL,HONOLULU,HI 96822. RP Keszthelyi, L (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERV,POB 51,HAWAII NATL PK,HI 96718, USA. RI Asavin, Alex/F-5800-2012 OI Asavin, Alex/0000-0002-0202-2970 NR 73 TC 115 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 58 IS 1 BP 5 EP 18 DI 10.1007/s004450050121 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VK951 UT WOS:A1996VK95100003 ER PT J AU Miller, MR Wylie, GD AF Miller, MR Wylie, GD TI Preliminary estimate of rice present in strip-harvested fields in the Sacramento Valley, California SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article RP Miller, MR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,CALIF SCI CTR,6924 TREMONT RD,DIXON,CA 95620, USA. NR 5 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD FAL PY 1996 VL 82 IS 4 BP 187 EP 191 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA XG911 UT WOS:A1996XG91100005 ER PT J AU Smart, KJ Pavlis, TL Sisson, VB Roeske, SM Snee, LW AF Smart, KJ Pavlis, TL Sisson, VB Roeske, SM Snee, LW TI The Border Ranges fault system in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska: Evidence for major early Cenozoic dextral strike-slip motion SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID IN-HORNBLENDE BAROMETER; NEAR-TRENCH PLUTONISM; SOUTHERN ALASKA; FORE-ARC; EXPERIMENTAL CALIBRATION; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; PLATE CONVERGENCE; CHUGACH MOUNTAINS; EMPLACEMENT; DEFORMATION AB The Border Ranges fault system of southern Alaska, the fundamental break between the arc basement and the forearc accretionary complex, is the boundary between the Peninsular-Alexander-Wrangellia terrane and the Chugach terrane. The fault system separates crystalline rocks of the Alexander terrane from metamorphic rocks of the Chugach terrane in Glacier Bay National Park. Mylonitic rocks in the zone record abundant evidence for dextral strike-slip motion along north-northwest-striking subvertical surfaces. Geochronologic data together with regional correlations of Chugach terrane cocks involved in the deformation constrain this movement between latest Cretaceous add Early Eocene (similar to 50 Ma). These findings are in agreement with studies to the northwest and southeast along the Border Ranges fault system which show dextral strike-slip motion occurring between 58 and 50 Ma. Correlations between Glacier Bay plutons and rocks of similar ages elsewhere along the Border Ranges fault system suggest that as much as 700 km of dextral motion may have been accommodated by this structure. These observations are consistent with oblique convergence of the Kula plate during early Cenozoic and forearc slivering above an ancient subduction zone following late Mesozoic accretion of the Peninsular-Alexander-Wrangellia terrane to North America. C1 UNIV NEW ORLEANS, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70148 USA. DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, HOUSTON, TX 77005 USA. UNIV CALIF DAVIS, DEPT GEOL, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. OI Smart, Kevin/0000-0001-7461-5057 NR 75 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 33 IS 9 BP 1268 EP 1282 DI 10.1139/e96-096 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VQ083 UT WOS:A1996VQ08300004 ER PT J AU Pankow, JF Rathbun, RE Zogorski, JS AF Pankow, JF Rathbun, RE Zogorski, JS TI Calculated volatilization rates of fuel oxygenate compounds and other gasoline-related compounds from rivers and streams SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID COEFFICIENTS AB Large amounts of the ''fuel-oxygenate'' compound methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) are currently being used in gasoline to reduce carbon monoxide and ozone in urban air and to boost fuel octane. Because MTBE can be transported to surface waters in various ways, established theory was used to calculate half-lives for MTBE volatilizing from flowing surface waters. Similar calculations were made for benzene as a representative of the ''BTEX'' group of compounds (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and the xylenes), and for tert-butyl alcohol (TBA). The calculations were made as a function of the mean flow velocity u (m/day), the mean flow depth h (m), the ambient temperature, and the wind speed. In deep, slow-moving flows, MTBE volatilizes at rates which are similar to those for the BTEX compounds. In shallow, fast-moving flows, MTBE volatilizes more slowly than benzene, though in such flows both MTBE and benzene volatilize quickly enough that these differences may often not have much practical significance. TEA was found to be essentially nonvolatile from water. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,RAPID CITY,SD 57702. RP Pankow, JF (reprint author), OREGON GRAD INST,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN,POB 91000,PORTLAND,OR 97291, USA. NR 16 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD SEP PY 1996 VL 33 IS 5 BP 921 EP 937 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(96)00227-5 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VB704 UT WOS:A1996VB70400013 ER PT J AU Grachev, MA Likhoshvai, EV Kolman, SM Kuzmina, AE AF Grachev, MA Likhoshvai, EV Kolman, SM Kuzmina, AE TI Studies of the flux of sedimentation of diatom algae in lake Baikal by means of automatic traps SO DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK LA Russian DT Article ID RECORDS C1 US GEOL SURVEY, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA. RP Grachev, MA (reprint author), RUSSIAN ACAD SCI, INST LIMNOL, SIBERIAN DIV, IRKUTSK 664003, RUSSIA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 0869-5652 J9 DOKL AKAD NAUK+ JI Dokl. Akad. Nauk PD SEP PY 1996 VL 350 IS 1 BP 87 EP 91 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA WL230 UT WOS:A1996WL23000025 ER PT J AU Liu, J Bohlen, SR Ernst, WG AF Liu, J Bohlen, SR Ernst, WG TI Stability of hydrous phases in subducting oceanic crust SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE subduction; oceanic crust; phase transitions; water; basalts ID EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRAINTS; EARTHS MANTLE; T PATHS; QUARTZ; WATER; BASALT; ZONES; ANDESITE AB Experiments in the basait-H2O system at 600-950 degrees C and 0.8-3.0 GPa, demonstrate that breakdown of amphibole represents the final dehydration of subducting oceanic tholeiite at T greater than or equal to 650 degrees C; the dehydration H2O occurs as a free fluid or in silicate melt co-existing with an anhydrous eclogite assemblage. In contrast, about 0.5 wt% of H2O is stored in lawsonite at 600 degrees C, 3.0 GPa. Our results suggest that slab melting occurs at depths shallower than 60 km for subducting young oceanic crust; along a subduction zone with an average thermal gradient higher than 7 degrees C/km, H2O stored in hydrated low-potassium, metabasaltic layers cannot be subducted to depths greater than 10D km, then released to generate are magma. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP Liu, J (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOL & ENVIRONM SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA. NR 27 TC 133 Z9 144 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 143 IS 1-4 BP 161 EP 171 DI 10.1016/0012-821X(96)00130-6 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VN030 UT WOS:A1996VN03000013 ER PT J AU Turner, DP Dodson, R Marks, D AF Turner, DP Dodson, R Marks, D TI Comparison of alternative spatial resolutions in the application of a spatially distributed biogeochemical model over complex terrain SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE biogeochemistry; climate; production, primary; scale; spatial patterns; water dynamics ID FOREST ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; LEAF-AREA INDEX; MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN; REGIONAL APPLICATIONS; CONIFEROUS FORESTS; CLIMATIC GRADIENT; PONDEROSA PINE; SATELLITE DATA; GENERAL-MODEL; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB Spatially distributed biogeochemical models may be applied over grids at a range of spatial resolutions, however, evaluation of potential errors and loss of information at relatively coarse resolutions is rare, In this study, a georeferenced database at the l-km spatial resolution was developed to initialize and drive a process-based model (Forest-BGC) of water and carbon balance over a gridded 54976 km(2) area covering two river basins in mountainous western Oregon. Corresponding data sets were also prepared at 10-km and 50-km spatial resolutions using commonly employed aggregation schemes. Estimates were made at each grid cell for climate variables including daily solar radiation, air temperature, humidity, and precipitation, The topographic structure, water holding capacity, vegetation type and leaf area index were likewise estimated for initial conditions. The daily time series for the climatic drivers was developed from interpolations of meteorological station data for the water year 1990 (1 October 1989-30 September 1990), Model outputs at the l-km resolution showed good agreement with observed patterns in runoff and productivity. The ranges for model inputs at the 10-km and 50-km resolutions tended to contract because of the smoothed topography. Estimates for mean evapotranspiration and runoff were relatively insensitive to changing the spatial resolution of the grid whereas estimates of mean annual net primary production varied by 11%, The designation of a vegetation type and leaf area at the 50-km resolution often subsumed significant heterogeneity in vegetation, and this factor accounted for much of the difference in the mean values for the carbon flux variables. Although area-wide means for model outputs were generally similar across resolutions, difference maps often revealed large areas of disagreement. Relatively high spatial resolution analyses of biogeochemical cycling are desirable from several perspectives and may be particularly important in the study of the potential impacts of climate change. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,US GEOL SURVEY,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Turner, DP (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP,US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 49 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 90 IS 1 BP 53 EP 67 DI 10.1016/0304-3800(95)00143-3 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VA857 UT WOS:A1996VA85700004 ER PT J AU Harlan, SS AF Harlan, SS TI Timing of emplacement of the sapphire-bearing Yogo dike, Little Belt mountains, Montana SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID ROCKS RP Harlan, SS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,POB 25046,MAIL STOP 963,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 4 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 91 IS 6 BP 1159 EP 1162 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WB415 UT WOS:A1996WB41500011 ER PT J AU Jibson, RW AF Jibson, RW TI Use of landslides for paleoseismic analysis SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Review ID YOUNG LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTS; NEW-ZEALAND; DEFORMATIONAL STRUCTURES; OLYMPIC-MOUNTAINS; LARGE EARTHQUAKES; ROCK AVALANCHES; GROUND MOTION; FAULT SCARPS; WASHINGTON; CALIFORNIA AB In many environments, landslides preserved in the geologic record can be analyzed to determine the likelihood of seismic triggering. If evidence indicates that a seismic origin is likely for a landslide or group of landslides, and if the landslides can be dated, then a paleo-earthquake can be inferred, and some of its characteristics can be estimated. Such paleoseismic landslide studies thus can help reconstruct the seismic history of a site or region. In regions that contain multiple seismic sources and in regions where surface faulting is absent, paleoseismic ground-failure studies are valuable tools in hazard and risk studies that are more concerned with shaking hazards than with interpretation of the movement histories of individual faults. Paleoseismic landslide analysis involves three steps: (1) identifying a feature as a landslide, (2) dating the landslide, and (3) showing that the landslide was triggered by earthquake shaking. This paper addresses each of these steps and discusses methods for interpreting the results of such studies by reviewing the current state of knowledge of paleoseismic landslide analysis. RP Jibson, RW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BRANCH EARTHQUAKE & LANDSLIDE HAZARDS,BOX 25046,MS 966,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 125 TC 53 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 43 IS 4 BP 291 EP 323 DI 10.1016/S0013-7952(96)00039-7 PG 33 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA VW086 UT WOS:A1996VW08600007 ER PT J AU Frenzel, SA Swanson, RB AF Frenzel, SA Swanson, RB TI Relations of fish community composition to environmental variables in streams of central Nebraska, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE canonical correspondence analysis; fish communities; environmental variables; index of biotic integrity; National Water-Quality Assessment Program; Nebraska ID BIOTIC INTEGRITY; DISTURBANCE; VARIABILITY; PATTERNS; CLASSIFICATION; ASSEMBLAGES; MANAGEMENT; ABUNDANCE; ARKANSAS; QUALITY AB Nine sites on streams in the Platte River Basin in central Nebraska were sampled as part of the US Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program during 1993-1994. A combination of canonical correspondence analysis and an index of biotic integrity determined from fish community data produced complementary evaluations of water-quality conditions. Results of the canonical correspondence analysis were useful in showing which environmental variables were significant in differentiating fish communities at the nine sites. Five environmental variables were statistically significant in the analysis. Median specific conductance of water samples collected at a site accounted for the largest amount of variability in the species data. Although the percentage of the basin as cropland was not the first variable chosen ina forward selection process, it was the most strongly correlated with the first ordination axis. A rangeland-dominated site was distinguished from all others along that axis. Median orthophosphate concentration of samples collected in the year up to the time of fish sampling was most strongly correlated with the second ordination axis. The index of biotic integrity produced results that could be interpreted in terms of the relative water quality between sites. Sites draining nearly 100% cropland had the lowest scores for two individual metrics of the index of biotic integrity that were related to species tolerance. Effective monitoring of water quality could be achieved by coupling methods that address both the ecological components of fish communities and their statistical relationships to environmental factors. RP Frenzel, SA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,4821 QUAIL CREST PL,LAWRENCE,KS 66049, USA. NR 42 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 20 IS 5 BP 689 EP 705 DI 10.1007/BF01204140 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VD303 UT WOS:A1996VD30300008 ER PT J AU Weber, EJ Spidle, DL Thorn, KA AF Weber, EJ Spidle, DL Thorn, KA TI Covalent binding of aniline to humic substances .1. Kinetic studies SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER; SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS; SOIL; ATTACHMENT; CARBONYLS; BENZIDINE; REDUCTION; QUINONES; SITES; HUMUS AB The reaction kinetics for the covalent binding of aniline with reconstituted IHSS humic and fulvic acids, unfractionated DOM isolated from Suwannee River water, and whole samples of Suwannee River water have been investigated. The reaction kinetics in each of these systems can be adequately described by a simple second-order rate expression. The effect of varying the initial concentration of aniline on reaction kinetics suggested that approximately 10% of the covalent binding sites associated with Suwannee River fulvic acid are highly reactive sites that are quickly saturated. Based on the kinetic parameters determined for the binding of aniline with the Suwannee River fulvic and humic acid isolates, it was estimated that 50% of the aniline concentration decrease in a Suwannee River water sample could be attributed to reaction with the fulvic and humic acid components of the whole water sample. Studies with Suwannee River fulvic acid demonstrated that the rate of binding decreased with decreasing pH, which parallels the decrease in the effective concentration of the neutral form, or reactive nucleophilic species of aniline. The covalent binding of aniline with Suwannee River fulvic acid was inhibited by prior treatment of the fulvic acid with hydrogen sulfide, sodium borohydride, Dr hydroxylamine. These observations are consistent with a reaction pathway involving nucleophilic addition of aniline to carbonyl moieties present in the fulvic acid. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,ATHENS,GA 30605. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Weber, EJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ECOSYST RES DIV,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 38 TC 94 Z9 96 U1 4 U2 30 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 30 IS 9 BP 2755 EP 2763 DI 10.1021/es9509341 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VE883 UT WOS:A1996VE88300026 ER PT J AU Thorn, KA Pettigrew, PJ Goldenberg, WS AF Thorn, KA Pettigrew, PJ Goldenberg, WS TI Covalent binding of aniline to humic substances .2. N-15 NMR studies of nucleophilic addition reactions SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMUS COMPLEXES; C-13 NMR; 3,4-DICHLOROANILINE; SOIL; ACID; 4-CHLOROANILINE; OLIGOMERIZATION; BIODEGRADATION; ATTACHMENT; QUINONES AB Aromatic amines are known to undergo covalent binding with humic substances in the environment. Although previous studies have examined reaction conditions and proposed mechanisms, there has been no direct spectroscopic evidence for the covalent binding of the amines to the functional groups in humic substances, In order to further elucidate the reaction mechanisms, the Suwannee River and IHSS soil fulvic and humic acids were reacted with N-15-labeled aniline at pH 6 and analyzed using N-15 NMR spectrometry. Aniline underwent nucleophilic addition reactions with the quinone and other carbonyl groups in the samples and became incorporated in the form of anilinohydroquinone, anilinoquinone, anilide, imine, and heterocyclic nitrogen, the latter comprising 50% or more of the bound amine. The anilide and anilinohydroquinone nitrogens were determined to be susceptible to chemical exchange by ammonia. In the case of Suwannee River fulvic acid, reaction under anoxic conditions and pretreatment with sodium borohydride or hydroxylamine prior to reaction under oxic conditions resulted in a decrease in the proportion of anilinohydroquinone nitrogen incorporated. The relative decrease in the incorporation of anilinohydroquinone nitrogen with respect to anilinoquinone nitrogen under anoxic conditions suggested that inter- or intramolecular redox reactions accompanied the nucleophilic addition reactions. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ECOSYST RES DIV,ATHENS,GA 30613. RP Thorn, KA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DENVER FED CTR,MAIL STOP 408,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 45 TC 132 Z9 135 U1 4 U2 34 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 30 IS 9 BP 2764 EP 2775 DI 10.1021/es9509339 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VE883 UT WOS:A1996VE88300027 ER PT J AU Coates, JD Anderson, RT Woodward, JC Phillips, EJP Lovley, DR AF Coates, JD Anderson, RT Woodward, JC Phillips, EJP Lovley, DR TI Anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation in petroleum-contaminated harbor sediments under sulfate-reducing and artificially imposed iron-reducing conditions SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-CARBON OXIDATION; FERRIC IRON; DISSIMILATORY REDUCTION; TOLUENE; FE(III); MICROORGANISM; MANGANESE; HYDROGEN; BIODEGRADATION; BACTERIUM AB The potential use of iron(III) oxide to stimulate insitu hydrocarbon degradation in anaerobic petroleum-contaminated harbor sediments was investigated. Previous studies have indicated that Fe(III)-reducing bacteria (FeRB) can oxidize some electron donors more effectively than sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In contrast to previous results in freshwater sediments, the addition of Fe(III) to marine sediments from San Diego Bay, CA did not switch the terminal electron-accepting process (TEAP) from sulfate reduction to fe(III) reduction. Addition of Fe(III) also did not stimulate anaerobic hydrocarbon oxidation. Exposure of the sediment to air [to reoxidize Fe(II) to fe(III)] followed by anaerobic incubation of the sediments, resulted in Fe(III) reduction as the TEAP, but contaminant degradation was not stimulated and in some instances was inhibited. The difference in the ability of FeRB to compete with the SRB in the different sediment treatments was related to relative population sizes. Although the addition of Fe(III) did not stimulate hydrocarbon degradation, the results presented here as well as other recent studies demonstrate that there may be significant anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation under sulfate-reducing conditions in harbor sediments. C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT MICROBIOL,AMHERST,MA 01003. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,NATL CTR 430,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 36 TC 87 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 25 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 30 IS 9 BP 2784 EP 2789 DI 10.1021/es9600441 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VE883 UT WOS:A1996VE88300029 ER PT J AU Link, WA Hill, EF Hines, JE Henry, PFP AF Link, WA Hill, EF Hines, JE Henry, PFP TI A resource conservative procedure for comparison of dose-response relationships SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cyanide; dose-response; ED50; probit; toxicity AB The evaluation of effects of toxicants on a wildlife community can be complicated by varying responses among the community's constituent populations. Even within populations, considerable variability in dose-response relations may result from different avenues of exposure to the toxicant. Full-scale investigations of the dose-response relations among a variety of species and avenues of exposure can therefore be prohibitively expensive, whether this expense is measured by the number of experimental animals needed, by the human resources committed to the study, or by laboratory expenses. We propose an abbreviated protocol for investigations of multiple dose-response relations that is designed to limit these expenses. The protocol begins with the judicious choice of a baseline dose-response relation to be estimated by a full-scale study involving a minimum of five doses levels, with 10 subjects per dose level. This relation is then used as the basis for rapid screening of subsequent dose-response relations, which are compared to the baseline relation by testing for differences in the median effective dosages. These secondary studies can consist of as few as 14 animals exposed to the estimated median lethal concentration from the baseline study. We describe MS-DOS-compatible software available from the authors that can be used to analyze these data. RP Link, WA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR, NATL BIOL SERV, LAUREL, MD 20708 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 15 IS 9 BP 1612 EP 1617 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1612:ARCPFC>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VF252 UT WOS:A1996VF25200028 ER PT J AU Meador, MR AF Meador, MR TI Water transfer projects and the role of fisheries biologists SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID STRIPED BASS; INTEGRITY AB Water transfer projects are commonly considered important mechanisms for meeting increasing water demands. However, the movement of water from one area to another may have broad ecosystem effects, including on fisheries. The Southern Division of the American Fisheries Society held a symposium in 1995 at Virginia Beach,Virginia, to discuss the ecological consequences of water transfer and identify the role of fisheries biologists in such projects. Presenters outlined several case studies, including the California State Water Project, Garrison Diversion Project (North Dakota), Lake Texoma Water Transfer Project (Oklahoma-Texas), Santee-Cooper Diversion and Re-diversion projects (South Carolina), and Tri-State Comprehensive Study (Alabama-Florida-Georgia). Results from these studies suggest that fisheries biologists have provided critical information regarding potential ecological consequences of water transfer. If these professionals continue to be called for information regarding the ecological consequences of water transfer projects, developing a broader understanding of the ecological processes that affect the fish species they manage may be necessary. Although the traditional role of fisheries biologists has focused on the fishing customer base, fisheries management issues are only one component of the broad spectrum of ecosystem issues resulting from water transfer. RP Meador, MR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,3916 SUNSET RIDGE RD,RALEIGH,NC 27607, USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD SEP PY 1996 VL 21 IS 9 BP 18 EP 23 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(1996)021<0018:WTPATR>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA VF361 UT WOS:A1996VF36100005 ER PT J AU OLeary, DW Laine, E AF OLeary, DW Laine, E TI Proposed criteria for recognizing intrastratal deformation features in marine high resolution seismic reflection profiles SO GEO-MARINE LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Intrastratal deformation of marine strata is ordinarily recorded in high-resolution seismic reflection profiles as acoustically transparent or ''chaotic'' intervals marked by hyperbolic echoes. Intrastratal deformation is easily confused with buried slump or slide deposits formed initially at the sea floor. Correct identification of intrastratal deformation depends on the presence of a warped continuously reflective layer overlying a chaotic/transparent layer. Decollement is the key criterion for identification in seismic reflection profiles. Other criteria include intrusive structures or faults rooted in a chaotic/transparent layer and thickening and thinning of a chaotic/transparent layer with transitions to reflective intervals. C1 BOWDOIN COLL,BRUNSWICK,ME 04011. RP OLeary, DW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 425,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0276-0460 J9 GEO-MAR LETT JI Geo-Mar. Lett. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 16 IS 4 BP 305 EP 312 DI 10.1007/BF01245561 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA VK169 UT WOS:A1996VK16900004 ER PT J AU Kamo, SL Czamanske, GK Krogh, TE AF Kamo, SL Czamanske, GK Krogh, TE TI A minimum U-Pb age for Siberian flood-basalt volcanism SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID PERMIAN-TRIASSIC BOUNDARY; MASS EXTINCTION; ZIRCON AGES; TRAPS; EVENTS; ORIGIN; MANTLE; ERUPTION; AR-40; USSR AB Establishing an accurate and precise age for Siberian flood-basalt volcanism is of great importance in evaluating causes for the unequaled mass extinction of flora and fauna at the Permian-Triassic boundary. We report a new, minimum U-Pb age obtained from zircon and baddeleyite from the mineralized Noril'sk I intrusion that cuts the lower third of this rapidly deposited, 3500-m-thick volcanic sequence near Noril'sk. This 251.2 +/- 0.3 (2 sigma) Ma age is within analytical error of the SHRIMP U-Pb age for zircon from the Permian-Triassic boundary at Meishan, South China [251.1 +/- 3.6 Ma (2 sigma)], and confirms Siberian basaltic volcanism as a possible contributor to the mass extinction. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Kamo, SL (reprint author), ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM,JACK SATTERLY GEOCHRONOL LAB,100 QUEENS PK,TORONTO,ON M5S 2C6,CANADA. NR 54 TC 95 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD SEP PY 1996 VL 60 IS 18 BP 3505 EP 3511 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(96)00173-1 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VH190 UT WOS:A1996VH19000012 ER PT J AU Koschinsky, A Halbach, P Hein, JR Mangini, A AF Koschinsky, A Halbach, P Hein, JR Mangini, A TI Ferromanganese crusts as indicators for paleoceanographic events in the NE Atlantic SO GEOLOGISCHE RUNDSCHAU LA English DT Article DE ferromanganese crusts; phosphatization; paleoceanographic events; NE Atlantic; Mediterranean outflow water; messinian salinity crisis ID MESSINIAN SALINITY CRISIS; CENTRAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; MANGANESE CRUST; GROWTH-RATES; DEPOSITS; ENCRUSTATIONS; ARCHIPELAGO; MINERALOGY; COBALT; ROCKS AB Hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts reflect the chemical conditions of the seawater from which they formed. Fine-scale geochemical analysis of crust layers in combination with age determinations can therefore be used to investigate paleoceanographic changes which are recorded in geochemical gradients in the crusts. At Tropic seamount (off northwest Africa), uniform crust growth influenced by terrigenous input from the African continent occurred during approximately the past 12 Ma. Phosphatization of these crusts is minor. In contrast. crusts from Lion seamount, located between Madeira and the Portuguese coast, display a much more variable growth history. A pronounced increase in Ni, Cu, and Zn is observed in some intervals of the crusts, which probably reflects increased surface productivity. A thick older phosphatized generation occurs in many samples. Hydrographic profiles indicate that Mediterranean outflow water (MOW) may play an important role in the composition of these crusts. Be-10 dating of one sample confirms that the interruption of the MOW during the Messinian salinity crisis (6.2-5 Ma ago) resulted in changes in element composition. Sr-isotope dating of the apatite phase of the old crust generation has been carried out to obtain a minimum age for the older generation of Atlantic crusts and to determine whether crust phosphatization in the Atlantic can be related to phosphatization episodes recorded in Pacific crusts. The preliminary data show that the old phosphatized crust generation might be as old as approximately 30-40 Ma. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. HEIDELBERGER AKAD WISSENSCH,D-69120 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY. RP Koschinsky, A (reprint author), FREE UNIV BERLIN,FACHRICHTUNG ROHSTOFF & UMWELTGEOL,MALTESERSTR 74-100,D-12249 BERLIN,GERMANY. RI Koschinsky, Andrea /R-2927-2016 OI Koschinsky, Andrea /0000-0002-9224-0663 NR 32 TC 18 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0016-7835 J9 GEOL RUNDSCH JI Geol. Rundsch. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 85 IS 3 BP 567 EP 576 DI 10.1007/BF02369011 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VL051 UT WOS:A1996VL05100015 ER PT J AU Locker, SD Hine, AC Tedesco, LP Shinn, EA AF Locker, SD Hine, AC Tedesco, LP Shinn, EA TI Magnitude and timing of episodic sea-level rise during the last deglaciation SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATLANTICS HEINRICH EVENTS; GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; NORTH-ATLANTIC; ICE-SHEET; OCEAN CIRCULATION; RECORD; CLIMATE; TRANSGRESSION; OSCILLATIONS; DISCHARGES AB A succession of elevated ridge deposits on the south Florida margin was mapped using high-resolution seismic and side-scan sonar imaging in water depths ranging from 50 to 124 m, The ridges are interpreted to be subtidal shoal complexes and paleoshorelines (eolian dune or beach) formed during the last sea-level transgression, Oolitic and skeletal grainstones and mixed skeletal-peloidal-ooid packstones were recovered using a research submersible, All of the grains are of shallow-water or intertidal origin, and both marine and nonmarine cements were identified. Formation and preservation of these features are attributed to episodic and rapid changes in the rate of the deglacial sea-level rise at the onset of the termination 1A delta(18)O excursion, This high-resolution record of sea-level change appears to be related to deglacial processes operating on submillennial time scales and supports increasing evidence of rapid episodic fluctuations in ice volume, climate, and ocean-circulation patterns during glacial-interglacial transitions. C1 INDIANA UNIV PURDUE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202. US GEOL SURVEY,CTR COASTAL GEOL & REG MARINE STUDIES,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701. RP Locker, SD (reprint author), FLORIDA STATE UNIV,DEPT MARINE SCI,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701, USA. NR 34 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 9 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD SEP PY 1996 VL 24 IS 9 BP 827 EP 830 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0827:MATOES>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA VG002 UT WOS:A1996VG00200015 ER PT J AU Maat, PB Johnson, WC AF Maat, PB Johnson, WC TI Thermoluminescence and new C-14 age estimates for late Quaternary loesses in southwestern Nebraska SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY; CENTRAL GREAT-PLAINS; STRATIGRAPHIC EVIDENCE; RADIOCARBON AGES; LATE PLEISTOCENE; UNITED-STATES; ROXANA SILT; COLORADO; DUNES; USA AB Loess of late Quaternary age mantles most of Nebraska south of the Platte River Valley. At least five late Quaternary loesses are recognized: from oldest to youngest, one or more undifferentiated pre-Illinoian loesses, the Loveland Loess, the Gilman Canyon Loess, which exhibits a well developed soil and rests unconformably on the Sangamon soil, the Peoria Loess capped by the Brady soil, and the Bignell Loess, which is distributed discontinuously. Previous research shows that the Loveland Loess is Illinoian, the Gilman Canyon Loess and Peoria Loess are Wisconsin, and the Bignell Loess is Holocene. We present here the first thermoluminescence (TL) age estimates and new C-14 ages for these late Quaternary loesses at two key sections in southwestern Nebraska, the Eustis ash pit and the Bignell Hill road cut. TL age estimates from all samples collected from Eustis ash pit and Bignell Hill were internally consistent. TL and C-14 age estimates from these two sections generally agree and support previous age determinations. The TL age estimate on Loveland Loess indicates deposition at 163 ka. TL and radiocarbon age estimates indicate that Gilman Canyon Loess, believed to be deposited during the Farmdale interstade, first began to accumulate at about 40 ka: the lower part of the Gilman Canyon Loess is 36 ka at Eustis and the middle of the unit is 30 ka at Bignell Hill. The lower and upper parts of the Peoria Loess give age estimates of 24 ka and 17 ka, respectively. TL age estimates for deposition of the Bignell Loess are 9 ka near the base, in agreement with radiocarbon age estimates, and 6 ka immediately below the modern soil, substantiating its Holocene age. Comparisons of TL age estimates with delta(18)O and insolation curves which show loess deposition during interglacial and interstadial as well as glacial periods, indicate that loess deposition on the Great Plains can occur under a variety of climatic conditions. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. UNIV KANSAS,DEPT GEOG,LAWRENCE,KS 66045. NR 56 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD SEP PY 1996 VL 17 IS 1-3 BP 115 EP 128 DI 10.1016/0169-555X(95)00099-Q PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA VE330 UT WOS:A1996VE33000010 ER PT J AU Muhs, DR Stafford, TW Cowherd, SD Mahan, SA Kihl, R Maat, PB Bush, CA Nehring, J AF Muhs, DR Stafford, TW Cowherd, SD Mahan, SA Kihl, R Maat, PB Bush, CA Nehring, J TI Origin of the late Quaternary dune fields of northeastern Colorado SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GREAT-PLAINS; STRATIGRAPHIC EVIDENCE; PEDOGENIC CARBONATE; SAND SHEETS; AGE; CLIMATE; ALASKA; USA; EUROPE; SOILS AB Stabilized eolian deposits, mostly parabolic dunes and sand sheets, cover much of the landscape of northeastern Colorado and adjacent parts of southwestern Nebraska in four geographically distinct dune fields. Stratigraphic and soil-geomorphic relations and accelerator radiocarbon dating indicate that at least three episodes of eolian sand movement occurred between 27 ka and 11 ka, possibly between 11 ka and 3 ka, and within the past 1.5 ka. Thus, eolian sand deposition took place under both glacial and interglacial climatic conditions. In the youngest episodes of eolian sand movement, Holocene parabolic dunes partially buried Pleistocene sand sheet deposits. Late Holocene sands in the Fort Morgan and Wray dune fields, to the south of the South Platte River, have trace element ratios that are indistinguishable from modern South Platte River sands, but different from Ogallala Formation bedrock, which has previously been cited as the main source of dune sand on the Great Plains. Sands in the Greeley dune field, to the north of the South Platte River, have trace element concentrations that indicate a probable Laramie Formation source. Measurements of parabolic dunes indicate paleowinds from the northwest in all dune fields, in good agreement with resultant drift directions calculated for nearby weather stations. Thus, paleowinds were probably not significantly different from present-day winds, and are consistent with a South Platte River source for the Fort Morgan and Wray dune fields, and a Laramie Formation source for the Greeley dune field. Sand accumulated downwind of the South Platte River to form the Fort Morgan dune field. In addition, sand was also transported farther downwind over the upland formed by the calcrete caprock of the Ogallala Formation, and deposited in the lee of the upland on the southeast side. Because of high wind energy, the upland itself served as a zone of sand transport, but little or no sand accumulation took place on this surface. These studies, which demonstrate the importance of fluvial-source sediments for dune fields in Colorado, may be applicable to other dune fields in North America. Because modern drift potentials in northeastern Colorado are among the highest in the world, the present stability of dunes in the region may be in part a function of the dunes being supply-limited rather than solely transport-limited. Extensive (similar to 7700 km(2)) late Holocene dunes document that eolian sand in northeastern Colorado is very sensitive to small changes in climate or fluvial source conditions. C1 UNIV COLORADO,INST ARCT & ALPINE RES,BOULDER,CO 80225. RP Muhs, DR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,FED CTR,MS 963,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. OI Mahan, Shannon/0000-0001-5214-7774 NR 66 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD SEP PY 1996 VL 17 IS 1-3 BP 129 EP 149 DI 10.1016/0169-555X(95)00100-J PG 21 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA VE330 UT WOS:A1996VE33000011 ER PT J AU MacKinnon, DJ Chavez, PS Fraser, RS Niemeyer, TC Gillette, DA AF MacKinnon, DJ Chavez, PS Fraser, RS Niemeyer, TC Gillette, DA TI Calibration of GOES-VISSR, visible-band satellite data and its application to the analysis of a dust storm at Owens lake, California SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC DUST; SCATTERING; AEROSOLS; IMAGES; INDEX AB As part of a joint Russian/American dust-storm experiment, GOES-VISSR (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, Visible-Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer), data from a visible-band satellite image of a large dust storm emanating from Owens Lake, California were acquired on March 10 and 11, 1993. The satellite data were calibrated to targets of known ground reflectance factors and processed with radiative transfer techniques to yield aerosol (dust) optical depth at those stages of the dust storm when concurrent ground-based measurements of optical depth were made. Calibration of the satellite data is crucial for comparing surficial changes in remotely sensed data acquired over a period of time from the same area and for determining accurate concentrations of atmospheric aerosols using radiative transfer techniques. The calibration procedure forces the distribution of visible-band, DN (digital number) values, acquired on July 1, 1992, at 1731 GMT from the GOES-VISSR sensor over a large test area, to match the distribution of visible-band, DN values concurrently acquired from a Landsat MSS (Multispectral Scanner) sensor over the same test area; the Landsat MSS DN values were directly associated with reflectance factors measured from ground targets. The calibrated GOES-VISSR data for July 1, 1992, were then used to calibrate other GOES-VISSR data acquired on March 10 and 11, 1993, during the dust storm, Uncertainties in location of ground targets, bi-directional reflectance and atmospheric attenuation contribute an error of approximately +/-0.02 in the satellite-inferred ground reflectance factors. On March 11 at 1031 PST the satellite-received radiances during the peak of the storm were 3 times larger than predicted by our radiative transfer model for a pure clay dust plume of infinite optical depth. This result supported ground-based measurements that the plume at that time was composed primarily of large salt grains, probably sodium sulfate, which could not be properly characterized in our radiative transfer model. Further, the satellite data showed that the salt fell out of the plume within 35 km from the source. Finer-grained, clay dust was observed to extend beyond the salt-laden plume and was the major component of the dust plume after 1131 PST, when erosion of the salt crust on Owens Lake ceased. By 1331 and 1401 PST satellite-inferred, optical depths compared favorably with measurements concurrently acquired at the ground. Uncertainties in bi-directional reflectance, atmospheric attenuation, and locating ground points in the satellite data manifest errors between the inferred and measured optical depths in the range of 20 to 50%; these errors would be much greater without the calibration of the GOES-VISSR data. Changes in satellite-inferred reflectance factors over the lake bed during the course of the storm showed that 76 km(2) of the surface was disrupted during the March 11 storm, suggesting as much as 76 x 10(3) m(3) of crustal material were displaced for each millimeter of several estimated to have been moved during the storm; an unknown fraction of the displaced material was suspended. The satellite data also showed dust fallout on mountain snowfields. Whereas fallout may have removed most of the salt, satellite data acquired at 1631 PST, when the plume had a large brightness contrast with the ground, showed that it covered over 2500 km(2) and contained at least 1.6 x 10(9) g of sediment. For such a small source area, the dust represents a substantial contribution to the regional and global load of aerosols. C1 NASA, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR, GREENBELT, MD 20771 USA. ENVIRONM CONSULTING, SWANSEA, CA USA. NOAA, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC USA. RP US GEOL SURVEY, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86001 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X EI 1872-695X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD SEP PY 1996 VL 17 IS 1-3 BP 229 EP 248 DI 10.1016/0169-555X(95)00105-E PG 20 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA VE330 UT WOS:A1996VE33000017 ER PT J AU Watson, K AF Watson, K TI A scan-angle correction for thermal infrared multispectral data using side lapping images SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA; NEVADA AB Thermal infrared multispectral scanner (TIMS) images, acquired with side lapping flight lines, provide dual angle observations of the same area on the ground and can thus be used to estimate variations in the atmospheric transmission with scan angle. The method was tested using TIMS aircraft data for six flight lines with about 30% sidelap for an area within Joshua Tree National Park, California. Generally the results correspond to predictions for the transmission scan-angle coefficient based on a standard atmospheric model although some differences were observed at the longer wavelength channels. A change was detected for the last pair of lines that may indicate either spatial or temporal atmospheric variation. The results demonstrate that the method provides information for correcting regional survey data (requiring multiple adjacent flight lines) that can be important in detecting subtle changes in lithology. RP Watson, K (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,POB 25046,MS 964,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 1 PY 1996 VL 23 IS 18 BP 2421 EP 2424 DI 10.1029/96GL02226 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VG005 UT WOS:A1996VG00500003 ER PT J AU Mori, J Kanamori, H AF Mori, J Kanamori, H TI Initial rupture of earthquakes in the 1995 Ridgecrest, California sequence SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NUCLEATION; PHASE AB Close examination of the P waves from earthquakes ranging in size across several orders of magnitude shows that the shape of the initiation of the velocity waveforms is independent of the magnitude of the earthquake. A model in which earthquakes of all sizes have similar rupture initiation can explain the data. This suggests that it is difficult to estimate the eventual size of an earthquake from the initial portion of the waveform. Previously reported curvature seen in the beginning of some velocity waveforms can be largely explained as the effect of anelastic attenuation; thus there is little evidence for a departure from models of simple rupture initiation that grow dynamically from a small region. The results of this study indicate that any ''precursory'' radiation at seismic frequencies must emanate from a source region no larger: than the equivalent of a M0.5 event (i.e. a characteristic length of similar to 10 m). The size of the nucleation region for magnitude 0 to 5 earthquakes thus is not resolvable with the standard seismic instrumentation deployed in California. C1 CALTECH,SEISMOL LAB,PASADENA,CA 91125. RP Mori, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,525 S WILSON AV,PASADENA,CA 91106, USA. NR 15 TC 54 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 1 PY 1996 VL 23 IS 18 BP 2437 EP 2440 DI 10.1029/96GL02491 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VG005 UT WOS:A1996VG00500007 ER PT J AU Lee, TC Biehler, S Park, SK Stephenson, WJ AF Lee, TC Biehler, S Park, SK Stephenson, WJ TI A seismic refraction and reflection study across the central San Jacinto Basin, southern California SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FAULT ZONE AB The San Jacinto Basin is a northwest-trending, pull-apart basin in the San Jacinto fault zone of the San Andreas fault system in southern California. About 24 Bm long and 2 to 4 km wide, the basin sits on a graben bounded by two strands of the San Jacinto fault zone: the Claremont Fault on the northeast and the Case Loma Fault on the southwest. We present a case study of shallow structure (less than 1 km) in the central basin, A 2.75-km refraction line running from the northeast to southwest across the regional structural tread reveals a groundwater barrier (Offset I), Another line, bent southward and continued for 1.65-km, shows a crystalline basement offset (Offset III) near an inferred trace of the Casa Loma Fault, Although a basement refractor was not observed along the 2.75-km Line, a mismatch between the estimate of its minimum depth and the basement depth determined for the 1.65-km line suggests that an offset in the basement (greater than 260 m) exists around the junction of the two refraction lines (Offset II). By revealing more faults and subtle sedimentary structures, the reflection stack sections confirm the two refraction offsets as faults. Offsets I and III each separate sediments of contrasting structures and, in addition, Offset III disrupts an unconformity. However, the sense and amount of the offset across Offset III contradict what may be expected across the Cast? Loma Fault, which has its basinward basement down-thrown to about 2.5 km in the better defined southeastern part of the graben. The Case Loma Fault trace has been mislinked in the existing geological maps and the trace should be remapped to Offset II where the reflector disruptions spread over a 400-m wide zone. Our Offset III is an unnamed, concealed fault. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BRANCH EARTHQUAKES & LANDSLIDE HAZARDS,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Lee, TC (reprint author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT EARTH SCI,INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521, USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 61 IS 5 BP 1258 EP 1268 DI 10.1190/1.1444050 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VJ956 UT WOS:A1996VJ95600002 ER PT J AU Eaton, GP AF Eaton, GP TI In defense of mineralogy .2. SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Letter RP Eaton, GP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,959 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD SEP PY 1996 VL 41 IS 9 BP 4 EP 4 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VE655 UT WOS:A1996VE65500001 ER PT J AU Paillet, FL Crowder, RE AF Paillet, FL Crowder, RE TI A generalized approach for the interpretation of geophysical well logs in ground-water studies - Theory and application SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Quantitative analysis of geophysical logs in ground-water studies often involves at least as broad a range of applications and variation in lithology as is typically encountered in petroleum exploration, making such logs difficult to calibrate and complicating inversion problem formulation, At the same time, data inversion and analysis depend on inversion model formulation and refinement, so that log interpretation cannot be deferred to a geophysical log specialist unless active involvement with interpretation can be maintained by such an expert over the lifetime of the project. We propose a generalized log-interpretation procedure designed to guide hydrogeologists in the interpretation of geophysical logs, and in the integration of log data into ground-water models that may be systematically refined and improved in an iterative way. The procedure is designed to maximize the effective use of three primary contributions from geophysical logs:(1) The continuous depth scale of the measurements along the well bore; (2) The in situ measurement of lithologic properties and the correlation with hydraulic properties of the formations over a finite sample volume; and (3) Multiple independent measurements that can potentially be inverted for multiple physical or hydraulic properties of interest, The approach is formulated in the context of geophysical inversion theory, and is designed to be interfaced with surface geophysical soundings and conventional hydraulic testing, The step-by-step procedures given in our generalized interpretation and inversion technique are based on both qualitative analysis designed to assist formulation of the interpretation model, and quantitative analysis used to assign numerical values to model parameters, The approach bases a decision as to whether quantitative inversion is statistically warranted by formulating an over-determined inversion, If no such inversion is consistent with the inversion model, quantitative inversion is judged not possible with the given data set, Additional statistical criteria such as the statistical significance of regressions are used to guide the subsequent calibration of geophysical data in terms of hydraulic variables in those situations where quantitative data inversion is considered appropriate. C1 COLOG INC,GOLDEN,CO 80401. RP Paillet, FL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS403,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 34 IS 5 BP 883 EP 898 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02083.x PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA VF569 UT WOS:A1996VF56900018 ER PT J AU Landmeyer, JE AF Landmeyer, JE TI Aquifer response to record low barometric pressures in the Southeastern United States SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB A late-winter cyclone classified as one of the most intense of the 20th century moved across the Southeastern states of Georgia and South Carolina and onto the Northeast during March 12-14, 1993, Record low barometric pressures were recorded in Augusta, Georgia (28.93 inches of mercury) and Columbia, South Carolina (28.63 inches of mercury) on March 13, 1993, and pressures returned to normal values (near 30 inches of mercury) within one day following these record lows, This relatively unusual event provided an opportunity to examine the attendant water-level response in continuously monitored ground-water wells in regional Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Blue Ridge aquifers in the Southeast, Water levels in all wells examined responded inversely to the short duration, extreme drop in barometric pressure, Barometric efficiencies (Delta ground-water level/Delta barometric-pressure level) calculated were dependent on depth to screened- or open-interval midpoint (highest correlation coefficient, r(2) = 0.89) and, to a lesser extent, total thickness of confining material above the aquifer tapped (highest r(2) = 0.65), Wells in crystalline-rock aquifers had a correlation with depth to open-interval midpoint (r(2) = 0.89) similar to the sedimentary aquifers examined, The magnitude of barometric efficiency was also strongly related to a well's increased distance from aquifer outcrop areas in the Cretaceous aquifers in South Carolina (r(2) = 0.95) and the upper Brunswick aquifer in Georgia (r(2) = 0.90), because these aquifers are more deeply buried toward the coast, This relation between barometric efficiency, well depth, and extent of confinement suggests that barometric efficiency determinations can provide useful information to hydrologists concerned with examining an aquifer's degree of confinement and corresponding isolation from land surface, particularly when the aquifer is used as a source for public supply. RP Landmeyer, JE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,720 GRACERN RD,SUITE 129,COLUMBIA,SC 29210, USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 4 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 34 IS 5 BP 917 EP 924 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02086.x PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA VF569 UT WOS:A1996VF56900021 ER PT J AU Bradbury, JP AF Bradbury, JP TI Charcoal deposition and redeposition in Elk Lake, Minnesota, USA SO HOLOCENE LA English DT Article DE sedimentary charcoal; diatoms; phytoliths; sediment traps; surface sediments; charcoal deposition; fire history; redeposition; Minnesota; Elk Lake; North America AB Sedimentary charcoal, diatom and phytolith records of the past 1500 years at Elk Lake, Minnesota, in combination with sediment trap studies and a transect of surface sediment samples, document the mechanisms by which previously deposited charcoal is redeposited and finally buried in this lake. The frequent correspondence of high diatom concentrations and peaks of phytolith and charcoal fragments suggests that currents and turbulence related to lake circulation are responsible for winnowing charcoal and phytoliths from shallow water depositional sites to deeper areas of the lake. High diatom concentrations in the record relate to increased nutrient fluxes also supplied by circulation. Despite the fact that the watershed and area around Elk Lake has not been burned since Ao 1922, charcoal continues to reach the profundal zone from littoral source areas in Elk Lake. The variable redeposition of within-lake charcoal requires evaluation before fire-history records can be related to global, regional or even local fire events. RP Bradbury, JP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,FED CTR,MS 919,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 13 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 10 PU EDWARD ARNOLD PUBL LTD PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 3BH SN 0959-6836 J9 HOLOCENE JI Holocene PD SEP PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 339 EP 344 DI 10.1177/095968369600600308 PG 6 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA VH189 UT WOS:A1996VH18900008 ER PT J AU Mishler, C Mason, R AF Mishler, C Mason, R TI Alutiiq Vikings: Kinship and fishing in Old Harbor, Alaska SO HUMAN ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE kinship; fishing; Alutiiq; Scandinavian; US; Alaska AB The community of Old Harbor on Kodiak Island is populated mainly by Alutiiq Natives and by descendants of male Scandinavian immigrants who married Alutiiq women. Scandinavian and Alutiiq intermarriage during the last one hundred years has produced a new creolized social class, but this new class is maintained by an aboriginal Alutiiq social structure built upon hierarchy and rank. Looking at Alutiiq kinship terminology allows us to map the complex network of relationships between fishing captains and between fishing captains and crews. It is within the framework of Alutiiq kinship and the Scandinavian work ethic that Old Harbor residents of Scandinavian descent have attained a high level of material prosperity that is invisible in neighboring Alutiiq communities where such intermarriage has not occurred. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503. RP Mishler, C (reprint author), ALASKA DEPT FISH & GAME,DIV SUBSISTENCE,333 RASPBERRY RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99518, USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 4 PU SOC APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY PI OKLAHOMA CITY PA BUSINESS OFFICE BOX 24083, OKLAHOMA CITY, OK 73124 SN 0018-7259 J9 HUM ORGAN JI Hum. Organ. PD FAL PY 1996 VL 55 IS 3 BP 263 EP 269 PG 7 WC Anthropology; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Anthropology; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA VD812 UT WOS:A1996VD81200002 ER PT J AU vanWagtendonk, JW Benedict, JM Sydoriak, WM AF vanWagtendonk, JW Benedict, JM Sydoriak, WM TI Physical properties of woody fuel particles of Sierra Nevada conifers SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article DE physical fuel properties; conifers; Sierra Nevada AB A study of the physical properties of Sierra Nevada conifer fuel particles showed that average diameter, squared quadratic mean diameter, surface-area-to-volume ratio, and specific gravity varied significantly by species for all four timelag fuel diameter size classes. The nonhorizontal angle was not significantly affected by size class, and the developmental stage of the overstory did not affect any of the properties. These values are used to calculate fuel weight and predict fire behavior. Regional variation in physical properties can result in fuel weight estimates for the Sierra Nevada that differ from under 40.8 percent to over 8.3 percent from those calculated from Rocky Mountain values. These differences made small changes in predicted fire behavior. RP vanWagtendonk, JW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,YOSEMITE FIELD STN,EL PORTAL,CA 95318, USA. NR 21 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC WILDLAND FIRE PI FAIRFIELD PA PO BOX 328, FAIRFIELD, WA 99012-0328 SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PD SEP PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 117 EP 123 DI 10.1071/WF9960117 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VT754 UT WOS:A1996VT75400003 ER PT J AU Komada, N Moecher, DP Westrum, EF Hemingway, BS Zolotov, MY Semenov, YV Khodakovsky, IL AF Komada, N Moecher, DP Westrum, EF Hemingway, BS Zolotov, MY Semenov, YV Khodakovsky, IL TI Thermodynamic properties of scapolites at temperatures ranging from 10 K to 1000 K SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID PHASE-EQUILIBRIA; STABILITY RELATIONS; DISORDER; T-XCO2 AB The heat capacities of five mineral samples From the scapolite solid-solution series, Na4Al3Si9O24Cl (marialite) to Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3 (meionite), were measured by the adiabatic method from T = 8K to T = 350K and by the differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.) method from T = 300K to T = 1000K. The meionite (Me) content in per cent {Me = 100 Ca*/(Ca*+Na*)} (where the asterisk indicates that possible substituents are included) and molar heat capacity (C-p,C-m/R) at T = 298.15 K for each sample is: Me(28), 82.07; Me(44), 82.09; Me(55), 83.95; Me(69), 85.80; Me(88), 84.54. The standard molar entropies, {S-m(o)(298.15 K) - S-m(o)(0 K)} R(-1) (R = 8.31451 J . K-1. mol(-1)), at T = 298.15 K for the respective compositions are: 85.05 +/- 0.26, 83.78 +/- 0.50, 85.22 +/- 0.24, 85.76 +/- 0.21, and 84.17 +/- 0.59. The calculated standard molar entropies (as above) at T = 298.15 K for the end-members marialite and meionite, and for an intermediate composition (mizzonite = Me(75)) are 84.85, 83.94 and 86.15, respectively. Values of the coefficients in the equation C-p,C-m/R = a + bT + cT(2) + dT(-1/2) + eT(-2) (valid from T = 300 K to T = 1000 K) are: (Me(x), a, b/K, c/K-2, d/K--1/2, e/K-2 Me(88)), 315.580, -0.0795676, 1.52825 . 10(-5), -3954.83, 1808460; Me(69), 261.285, -0.0415017, 8.73053 . 10(-7), -3028.28, 1083666; Me(55), 232.236, -0.0352222, 6.49875 . 10(-6), 2505.99, 601750; Me(44), 276.696, -0.0756614, 2.39722 . 10(-5), -3210.40, 1044363; Me(28), 149.917, 0.0229399, -1.23180 . 10(-5), 1208.87, -318470. Smoothed thermodynamic functions for the five samples are also presented. The enthalpies of solution for five natural scapolites were measured in 2PbO . B2O3 melts at T = 973 K by Calvet-type calorimetry. The values of Delta(sol)H(m)(o)/R . K are: Me(11), 32.1(4) +/- 0.7; Me(28), 32.3(4) +/- 0.4; Me(44), 33.6(6) +/- 0.8; Me(69), 35.2(9) +/- 0.8; Me(88), 32.8(7) +/- 0.3. The calculated enthalpies of formation for stoichiometric scapolites Delta(f)H(m)(o)/10(3) . R . K at T = 298.15 K are: Me(0), -1467.(4) +/- 1.(3); Me(11), -1491.(2) +/- 1.(2); Me(28), - 1527.(6) +/- 0.(9); Me(44), -1564.(1) +/- 1.(1); Me(55), -1587.(4) +/- 1.(1); Me(69), -1619.(7) +/- 1.(1); Me(75), -1633.(1) +/- 1.(1); Me(88), -1649.1 +/- 1.(0); Me(100), -1664 +/- 1.(6). The heat capacity, the entropy, and the enthalpy of solution have maximal values near Me(75) which may account in part for the relatively common occurrence of that composition in natural assemblages. Earlier measurements on leucite have been extended by the Komada/Westrum phonon dispersion model and corrected to end-member composition. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. VI VERNADSKII INST GEOCHEM & ANALYT CHEM,MOSCOW V334,RUSSIA. UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT GEOL SCI,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. RP Komada, N (reprint author), UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT CHEM,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109, USA. NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 28 IS 9 BP 941 EP 973 DI 10.1006/jcht.1996.0083 PG 33 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA VG651 UT WOS:A1996VG65100002 ER PT J AU Shinn, EA Reich, CD Locker, SD Hine, AC AF Shinn, EA Reich, CD Locker, SD Hine, AC TI A giant sediment trap in the Florida Keys SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HEINRICH EVENTS; RECORD; SEA AB Aerial photography, high-resolution seismic profiling, coring and jet probing have revealed a large sediment-filled sinkhole in the Key Large National Marine Sanctuary off Key Large, Florida. The 600-m-diameter feature straddles coral reef and carbonate-sand facies and contains >55 m of marine lime sand and aragonite mud. Bulb C-14 age determinations of mud from a 30-m sediment core indicate infilling rates exceeding 20 m/ka between 3 and 5.6 ka. The total thickness and nature of the sediment near the base of the sinkhole are not known. C1 UNIV S FLORIDA,DEPT MARINE SCI,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701. RP Shinn, EA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CTR COASTAL GEOL,600 4TH ST S,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701, USA. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD FAL PY 1996 VL 12 IS 4 BP 953 EP 959 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA VX661 UT WOS:A1996VX66100019 ER PT J AU Runkel, RL AF Runkel, RL TI Solution of the advection-dispersion equation: Continuous load of finite duration SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Field studies of solute fate and transport in streams and rivers often involve an experimental release of solutes at an upstream boundary for a finite period of time. A review of several standard references on surface-water-quality modeling indicates that the analytical solution to the constant-parameter advection-dispersion equation for this type of boundary condition has been generally overlooked. Here an exact analytical solution that considers a continuous load of finite duration is compared to an approximate analytical solution presented elsewhere. Results indicate that the exact analytical solution should be used for verification of numerical solutions and other solute-transport problems wherein a high level of accuracy is required. RP Runkel, RL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MAIL STOP 415,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD SEP PY 1996 VL 122 IS 9 BP 830 EP 832 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1996)122:9(830) PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VD781 UT WOS:A1996VD78100010 ER PT J AU Dodds, WK Blair, JM Henebry, GM Koelliker, JK Ramundo, R Tate, CM AF Dodds, WK Blair, JM Henebry, GM Koelliker, JK Ramundo, R Tate, CM TI Nitrogen transport from tallgrass prairie watersheds SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID DYNAMICS; STREAMS; PRODUCTIVITY; CHEMISTRY; LANDSCAPE; FOREST; FLOW; ZONE AB Discharge and N content of surface water flowing from four Karst watersheds on Konza Prairie Research Natural Area, Kansas, managed with different burn frequencies, were monitored from 1986 to 1992. The goal was to establish the influence of natural processes (climate, fire, and bison grazing) on N transport and concentration in streams. Streams were characterized by variable flow, under conditions that included an extreme flood and a drought during which all channels were dry for over a year. The estimated groundwater/stream water discharge ratio varied between 0.15 to 6.41. Annual N transport by streams, averaged across all watersheds and years, was 0.16 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1). Annual N transport per unit area also increased as the watershed area increased and as precipitation increased. Total annual transport of N from the prairie via streams ranged from 0.01 to 6.0% of the N input from precipitation. Nitrate and total N concentrations in surface water decreased (P < 0.001, r values ranged from 0.14-0.26) as length of time since last fire increased. Increased watershed area was correlated negatively (P < 0.0001) to stream water concentrations of NO3--N and total N (r values = -0.43 and -0.20, respectively). Low N concentration is typical of these streams, with NH4+-N concentrations below 1.0 mu g L(-1), NO3--N ranging from below 1.4 to 392 mu g L(-1), and total N from 3.0 to 714 mu g L(-1). These data provide an important baseline for evaluating N transport and stream water quality from unfertilized grasslands. C1 RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,NEWARK,NJ 07102. KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Dodds, WK (reprint author), KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506, USA. RI Blair, John/I-4082-2014; OI Blair, John/0000-0003-0072-0721; Henebry, Geoffrey/0000-0002-8999-2709 NR 51 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 25 IS 5 BP 973 EP 981 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VH793 UT WOS:A1996VH79300006 ER PT J AU Liu, SP Yen, ST Kolpin, DW AF Liu, SP Yen, ST Kolpin, DW TI Atrazine concentrations in near-surface aquifers: A censored regression approach SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID TOBIT AB In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a study to investigate the occurrence of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) and other agricultural chemicals in nearsurface aquifers in the midcontinental USA. Because about 83% of the atrazine concentrations from the USGS study were censored, standard statistical estimation procedures could not be used. To determine factors that affect atrazine concentrations in groundwater while accommodating the high degree of data censoring, Tobit models were used (normal homoscedastic, normal heteroscedastic, lognormal homoscedastic, and lognormal heteroscedastic). Empirical results suggest that the lognormal heteroscedastic Tobit model is the model of choice for this type of study. This model determined the following factors to have the strongest effect on atrazine concentrations in groundwater: percent of pasture within 3.2 km, percent of forest within 3.2 km (2 mi), mean open interval of the well, primary water use of a well, aquifer class (unconsolidated or bedrock), aquifer type (unconfined or confined), existence of a stream within 30 m (100 ft), existence of a stream within 30 m to 0.4 km (0.25 mi), and existence of a stream within 0.4 to 3.2 km. Examining the elasticities of the continuous explanatory factors provides further insight into their effects on atrazine concentrations in groundwater. This study documents a viable statistical method that can be used to accommodate the complicating presence of censored data, a feature that commonly occurs in environmental data. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,IOWA CITY,IA 52244. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT ECON,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 25 IS 5 BP 992 EP 999 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VH793 UT WOS:A1996VH79300008 ER PT J AU Kennedy, WJ Cobban, WA AF Kennedy, WJ Cobban, WA TI Maastrichtian ammonites from the Hornerstown Formation in New Jersey SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HETEROMORPH AMMONITES; COASTAL-PLAIN AB The base of the Paleocene Homerstown Formation at the Inversand pit and certain other localities in New Jersey yields a diverse phosphatised fauna of Maastrichtian age, including the ammonites Pachydsicus (Neodesmaceras) mokotibensis Collignon, 1952, Sphenodiscus lobatus (Tuomey, 1854), Baculites spp., and Eubaculites carinatus(Morton, 1834). S. lobatus is known from the older Red Bank Sand and Tinton Sand in New Jersey; the other species are known only from the basal Hornerstown. Occurrences at the Inversand pit are regarded as either reworked or remainie, although details of Cretaceous/Paleocene boundary events have been destroyed by pervasive burrowing that pipes the Hornerstown down into the underlying Navesink Formation. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Kennedy, WJ (reprint author), UNIV OXFORD,GEOL COLLECT,UNIV MUSEUM,PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3PW,ENGLAND. NR 53 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI ITHACA PA 1259 TRUMANSBURG ROAD, ITHACA, NY 14850 SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 70 IS 5 BP 798 EP 804 PG 7 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA VN412 UT WOS:A1996VN41200008 ER PT J AU Wood, PB Viverette, C Goodrich, L Pokras, M Tibbott, C AF Wood, PB Viverette, C Goodrich, L Pokras, M Tibbott, C TI Environmental contaminant levels in sharp-shinned hawks from the eastern United States SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Accipiter striatus; contaminants; sharp-shinned hawks ID TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT; ACCIPITER-STRIATUS; PEREGRINE FALCONS; RESIDUES; RAPTORS; MIGRATION; TISSUES; TRENDS; BIRDS AB We examined contaminant levels in tissue samples of sharp-shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus) collected in the eastern U.S. from 1991-93. We report concentrations of aldrin, cis-nonachlor, p,p'-DDE, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, mirex, oxychlordane, PCB, aluminum, lead, and mercury detected in 23 blood, 10 brain, and 31 liver samples. DDE, PCB's, and mercury were detected most often and in highest concentrations. No contaminants were present at concentrations that might cause mortality with the possible excep tion of one individual with high oxychlordane residues in the liver. It is not known, however, at what levels these contaminants might impair reproduction in sharg-shinned hawks. Migration count data (declining sharp-shinned hawk numbers in the East, stable in the Midwest) coupled with contaminant data (higher DDE levels in blood in eastern sharp-shins than in midwestern) do not rule out the possibility that contaminants may be impairing reproduction in the eastern population, although our data suggest that this is unlikely. Further study of contaminant levels in sharp-shinned hawks with concurrent research on their productivity and on prey availability is necessary. This species also may be an important indicator species for monitoring contaminant levels because of their high position in the food chain. C1 W VIRGINIA UNIV,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506. HAWK MT SANCTUARY,KEMPTON,PA 19529. TUFTS UNIV,MEDFORD,MA 02155. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,STATE COLL,PA 16801. RP Wood, PB (reprint author), NATL BIOL SERV,W VIRGINIA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,POB 6125,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506, USA. NR 41 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 12805 ST CROIX TRAIL, HASTINGS, MN 55033 SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 30 IS 3 BP 136 EP 144 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA VL821 UT WOS:A1996VL82100005 ER PT J AU Schwab, WC Lee, HJ Twichell, DC Locat, J Nelson, CH McArthur, WG Kenyon, NH AF Schwab, WC Lee, HJ Twichell, DC Locat, J Nelson, CH McArthur, WG Kenyon, NH TI Sediment mass-flow processes on a depositional lobe, outer Mississippi Fan SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TURBIDITY CURRENTS; DEBRIS-FLOW; CONTINENTAL RISE; PLEISTOCENE; MEXICO; GULF; STRATIGRAPHY; CANYON AB SeaMARC 1A sidescan-sonar imagery and cores from the distal reaches of a depositional lobe on the Mississippi Fan show that channelized mass flow was the dominant mechanism for transport of silt and sand during the formation of this part of the fan. Sediments in these Bows were rapidly deposited once outside of their confining channels. The depositional lobe is formed of a series of long, narrow sublobes composed of thin-bedded turbidites (normally graded siliciclastic sand and silt, 20 cm thick on average), debris-flow deposits (soft clay clasts up to 5 cm in diameter in a siliciclastic silt matrix, 48 cm thick on average), and background-sedimentation hemipelagic muds. The mass flows most likely originated from slope failure at the head of the Mississippi Canyon or on the outer continental shelf and flowed approximately 500 km to the distal reaches of the fan, with debris flow being the dominant Bow type, An analysis that uses the geometry of the confining channels and-strength properties of the debris flow material shows that these thin debris Bows could have traveled hundreds of kilometers on extremely small sea-floor slopes at low velocities if the flowing medium behaved as Bingham fluids and were steady-state phenomena. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV LAVAL,DEPT GEOL & GEOL ENGN,ENGN GEOL RES GRP,ST FOY,PQ G1K 7P4,CANADA. INST OCEANOG SCI,DEACON LAB,GODALMING GU8 5UB,SURREY,ENGLAND. RP Schwab, WC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,QUISSETT CAMPUS,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. NR 66 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 8 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 SN 1073-130X J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 66 IS 5 BP 916 EP 927 PN A PG 12 WC Geology SC Geology GA VM107 UT WOS:A1996VM10700007 ER PT J AU Reich, CD AF Reich, CD TI Diver-operated manometer: A simple device for measuring hydraulic head in underwater wells SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article RP Reich, CD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CTR MARINE & COASTAL GEOL,600 4TH ST S,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701, USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 SN 1073-130X J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 66 IS 5 BP 1032 EP 1034 PN A PG 3 WC Geology SC Geology GA VM107 UT WOS:A1996VM10700023 ER PT J AU Morrison, AC Santiago, M Reiter, P RigauPerez, JG Clark, GG AF Morrison, AC Santiago, M Reiter, P RigauPerez, JG Clark, GG TI Clustering patterns of dengue cases during an outbreak in Puerto Rico (1991-1992) and their relationship to Aedes aegypti dispersal and blood-feeding behavior SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WATER RESOURCES DIV,SAN JUAN,PR. RP Morrison, AC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DENGUE BRANCH,SAN JUAN,PR, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 12 IS 3 BP 466 EP 466 PN 1 PG 1 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VJ447 UT WOS:A1996VJ44700025 ER PT J AU Mangan, MT Cashman, KV AF Mangan, MT Cashman, KV TI The structure of basaltic scoria and reticulite and inferences for vesiculation, foam formation, and fragmentation in lava fountains SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE basalt; vesiculation; scoria; reticulite; lava fountain ID BUBBLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; EXPLOSIVE VOLCANIC-ERUPTIONS; INTERBUBBLE GAS-DIFFUSION; 2-DIMENSIONAL SOAP FROTH; KILAUEA VOLCANO; DISTRIBUTION CSD; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; DYNAMICS; MAGMA; GROWTH AB In this investigation pyroclast structures are used to constrain degassing in basaltic lava fountains. Vesicle size, shape, number density, interconnectedness and packing character are quantified and related to (1) the kinetics of bubble nucleation and growth, (2) the structural evolution of magmatic foams and (3) the influence of vesiculation rate on magma fragmentation. Measurements made on a diverse suite of pyroclasts from Kilauea volcano indicate that basaltic foams evolve through an initially disordered, closed-celled, spherical state to a well-ordered, open-celled, polyhedral state as the vesicularity rises from similar to 75 to 98%. The structural changes occur rapidly (<10 s) in the conduit and fountain in response to an intense vesiculation burst. Vesicle size distribution systematics indicate bubble nucleation rates (similar to 2x10(4) events cm(-3) s(-1)) that are approximately three orders of magnitude greater than those found for effusive eruptive activity, Bubble growth rates (similar to 9x10(-4) cm/s) exceed effusive estimates by a factor of 3. The observed ''runaway'' rate of bubble production indicates strong supersaturations at the onset of nucleation. We speculate that the rise speed of the magma, as it reaches the level where significant volatile exsolution begins, determines the intensity of the vesiculation burst, and hence the vigor of the eruption. Rapid expansion and acceleration of the magma under these conditions may provide the impetus for fragmentation. C1 UNIV OREGON,DEPT GEOL SCI,EUGENE,OR 97403. RP Mangan, MT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERV,HAWAII NATL PK,HI 96718, USA. NR 99 TC 143 Z9 145 U1 2 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 73 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 18 DI 10.1016/0377-0273(96)00018-2 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VQ861 UT WOS:A1996VQ86100001 ER PT J AU Wang, WX Fisher, NS Luoma, SN AF Wang, WX Fisher, NS Luoma, SN TI Kinetic determinations of trace element bioaccumulation in the mussel Mytilus edulis SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE bioaccumulation; kinetic modeling; metals; mussels; americium; cadmium; cobalt; selenium; silver; zinc ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; CELLULAR-DISTRIBUTION; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; ESTUARINE WATERS; BIVALVE MOLLUSKS; AMERICAN OYSTER; CARCINUS-MAENAS; MARINE BIVALVES; CADMIUM UPTAKE AB Laboratory experiments employing radiotracer methodology were conducted to determine the assimilation efficiencies from ingested natural seston, the influx rates from the dissolved phase and the efflux rates of 6 trace elements (Ag, Am, Cd, Co, Se and Zn) in the mussel Mytilus edulis. A kinetic model was then employed to predict trace element concentration in mussel tissues in 2 locations for which mussel and environmental data are well described: South San Francisco Bay (California, USA) and Long Island Sound (New York, USA). Assimilation efficiencies from natural seston ranged from 5 to 18% for Ag, 0.6 to 1% for Am, 8 to 20% for Cd, 12 to 16% for Co, 28 to 34% for Se, and 32 to 41% for Zn. Differences in chlorophyll a concentration in ingested natural seston did not have significant impact on the assimilation of Am, Co, Se and Zn. The influx rate of elements from the dissolved phase increased with the dissolved concentration, conforming to Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The calculated dissolved uptake rate constant was greatest for Ag, followed by Zn > Am approximate to Cd > Co > Se. The estimated absorption efficiency from the dissolved phase was 1.53% for Ag, 0.34% for Am, 0.31% for Cd, 0.11% for Co, 0.03% for Se and 0.89% for Zn. Salinity had an inverse effect on the influx rate from the dissolved phase and dissolved organic carbon concentration had no significant effect on trace element uptake. The calculated efflux rate constants for all elements ranged from 1.0 to 3.0% d(-1). The route of trace element uptake (food vs dissolved) and the duration of exposure to dissolved trace elements (12 h vs 6 d) did not significantly influence trace element efflux rates. A model which used the experimentally determined influx and efflux rates for each of the trace elements, following exposure from ingested food and from water, predicted concentrations of Ag, Cd, Se and Zn in mussels that were directly comparable to actual tissue concentrations independently measured in the 2 reference sites in national monitoring programs. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the total suspended solids load, which can affect mussel feeding activity, assimilation, and trace element concentration in the dissolved and particulate phases, can significantly influence metal bioaccumulation for particle-reactive elements such as Ag and Am. For all metals, concentrations in mussels are proportionately related to total metal load in the water column and their assimilation efficiency from ingested particles. Further, the model predicted that over 96% of Se in mussels is obtained from ingested food, under conditions typical of coastal waters. For Ag, Am, Cd, Co and Zn, the relative contribution from the dissolved phase decreases significantly with increasing trace element partition coefficients for suspended particles and the assimilation efficiency in mussels of ingested trace elements; values range between 33 and 67% for Ag, 5 and 17% for Am, 47 and 82% for Cd, 4 and 30% for Co, and 17 and 51% for Zn. C1 SUNY STONY BROOK, MARINE SCI RES CTR, STONY BROOK, NY 11794 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RI Wang, Wen-Xiong/E-7254-2011; OI Wang, Wenxiong/0000-0001-9033-0158 NR 95 TC 286 Z9 297 U1 6 U2 51 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 140 IS 1-3 BP 91 EP 113 DI 10.3354/meps140091 PG 23 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA VJ377 UT WOS:A1996VJ37700009 ER PT J AU Mahood, AD Barron, JA AF Mahood, AD Barron, JA TI Late Pliocene diatoms in a diatomite from Prydz Bay, East Antarctica SO MICROPALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SP-NOV; BACILLARIOPHYCEAE; SEDIMENTATION; ATLANTIC; HISTORY; SEA AB Very well-preserved Pliocene diatoms from a diatomite unit interbedded within glacial sediments at Ocean Drilling Program Site 742 in Prydz Bay, Antarctica are documented and illustrated. The presence of Thalassiosira kolbei, T. torokina, Actinocyclus actinochilus, A. karstenii and the absence of Nitzschia interfrigidaria. T. insigna and T. vulnifica in Sample 119-742A-15R-4, 44-46cm constrain its age to ca. 2.2-1.8 Ma (late Pliocene). Diatoms associated with sea ice constitute 35% of the Pliocene diatom assemblage, compared with 71% of the modem sediment assemblage at the site, suggesting that sea ice was present during the late Pliocene period of deposition of the sample, although it probably was not the significant feature it is today. Thalassiosira ellitipora (Donahue) Fenner is described and illustrated in detail and is validly published. An expanded description and numerous illustrations are also presented for T. torokina Brady. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP Mahood, AD (reprint author), CALIF ACAD SCI, GOLDEN GATE PK, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94118 USA. NR 54 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU MICROPALEONTOLOGY PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 256 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10001 USA SN 0026-2803 J9 MICROPALEONTOLOGY JI Micropaleontology PD FAL PY 1996 VL 42 IS 3 BP 285 EP 302 DI 10.2307/1485876 PG 18 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA VY077 UT WOS:A1996VY07700003 ER PT J AU Stamatakis, MG Hall, A Hein, JR AF Stamatakis, MG Hall, A Hein, JR TI The zeolite deposits of Greece SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Article ID PYROCLASTIC ROCKS; SAMOS-ISLAND; LAKE AB Zeolites are present in altered pyroclastic rocks at many localities in Greece, and large deposits of potential economic interest are present in three areas: (1) the Evros region of the province of Thrace in the northeastern part of the Greek mainland; (2) the islands of Kimolos and Poliegos in the western Aegean; and (3) the island of Samos in the eastern Aegean Sea. The deposits in Thrace are of Eocene-Oligocene age and are rich in heulandite and/or clinoptilolite. Those of Kimolos and Poliegos are mainly Quaternary and are rich in mordenite. Those of Samos are Miocene, and are rich in clinoptilolite and/or analcime. The deposits in Thrace are believed to have formed in an open hydrological system by the action of meteoric water, and those of the western Aegean islands in a similar way but under conditions of high heat flow, whereas the deposits in Samos were formed in a saline-alkaline lake. C1 UNIV LONDON,ROYAL HOLLOWAY & BEDFORD NEW COLL,DEPT GEOL,EGHAM TW20 0EX,SURREY,ENGLAND. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NATL UNIV ATHENS,DEPT GEOL,GR-15785 ATHENS,GREECE. NR 36 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 31 IS 6 BP 473 EP 481 DI 10.1007/BF00196128 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA VH676 UT WOS:A1996VH67600003 ER PT J AU Chavez, PS AF Chavez, PS TI Image-based atmospheric corrections revisited and improved SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Review ID SURFACE REFLECTANCE FACTORS; THEMATIC MAPPER DATA; CALIBRATION; RETRIEVAL; GLACIERS AB A major benefit of multitemporal, remotely sensed images is their applicability to change detection over time. Because of concerns about global and environmental change, these data are becoming increasingly more important. However, to maximize the usefulness of the data from a multitemporal point of view, an easy-to-use, cost-effective, and accurate radiometric calibration and correction procedure is needed. The atmosphere effects the radiance received at the satellite by scattering, absorbing, and refracting light; corrections for these effects, as well as for sensor gains and offsets, solar irradiance, and solar zenith angles, must be included in radiometric correction procedures that are used to convert satellite-recorded digital counts to ground reflectances. To generate acceptable radiometric correction results, a model is required that typically uses in-situ atmospheric measurements and radiative transfer code (RTC) to correct for atmospheric effects. The main disadvantage of this type of correction procedure is that it requires in-situ field measurements during each satellite overflight. This is unacceptable for many applications and is often impossible, as when using historical data or when working in very remote locations. The optimum radiometric correction procedure is one based solely on the digital image and requiring no in-situ field measurements during the satellite overflight. The dark-object subtraction (Dos) method, a strictly image-based technique, is an attempt to achieve this ideal procedure. However, the accuracy is nor acceptable for many applications, mostly because it corrects only for the additive scattering effect and not for the multiplicative transmittance effect. This paper presents an entirely image-based procedure that expands on the Dos model by including a simple multiplicative correction for the effect of atmospheric transmittance. Two straightforward methods to derive the multiplicative transmittance-correction coefficient are presented. The COS(TZ) or COST method uses the cosine of the solar zenith angle, which, to a first order, is a good approximation of the atmospheric transmittance for the dates and sites used in this study The default TAUs method uses the average of the transmittance values computed by using in-situ atmospheric field measurements made during seven different satellite overflights. Published and unpublished data made available for this study by Moran et al. (1992) are used, and my model results are compared with their results. The corrections generated by the entirely image-based COST model are as accurate as those generated by the models that used in-situ atmospheric field measurements and RTC software. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 2255 N GEMINI DR, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86001 USA. RI Zhang, YIng/F-5751-2011 NR 35 TC 959 Z9 1011 U1 11 U2 73 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 EI 2374-8079 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 62 IS 9 BP 1025 EP 1036 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA VJ217 UT WOS:A1996VJ21700003 ER PT J AU Young, JB Presgrave, BW Aichele, H Wiens, DA Flinn, EA AF Young, JB Presgrave, BW Aichele, H Wiens, DA Flinn, EA TI The Flinn-Engdahl regionalisation scheme: The 1995 revision SO PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS LA English DT Article ID REGIONALIZATION SCHEME AB The Flinn-Engdahl Regionalisation Scheme, also known as the F-E Code, has been used by seismologists for many years to identify and specify regions of the Earth. The Working Group on Regionalisation of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI) Commission on Practice has the task of defining a new standard for the regionalisation of the Earth. In the meantime, it was agreed that a revision of the F-E Code would be appropriate. This paper presents the 1995 revision and supersedes the F-E Code standard published in 1974. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL EARTHQUAKE INFORMAT CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. SEISMOL ZENT OBSERV,D-91054 ERLANGEN,GERMANY. WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,ST LOUIS,MO 63130. NASA,WASHINGTON,DC 20546. RP Young, JB (reprint author), AWE BLACKNEST,READING RG7 4RS,BERKS,ENGLAND. NR 12 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-9201 J9 PHYS EARTH PLANET IN JI Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 96 IS 4 BP 223 EP 297 DI 10.1016/0031-9201(96)03141-X PG 75 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VG530 UT WOS:A1996VG53000002 ER PT J AU Clark, DR Lollar, A Cowman, DF AF Clark, DR Lollar, A Cowman, DF TI Dead and dying Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) from Texas: Rabies and pesticide exposure SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID BRAIN CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY; BIRDS AB Twenty-three dead and dying Brazilian free-tailed bats from roosts in downtown Mineral Wells, Pale Pinto County Texas, were tested for rabies and for anticholinesterase (antiChE) effects of organophosphorus (OF) and carbamate pesticides. Seventeen of the 23 bats tested positive for rabies. The cause of death or dying in five of the nonrabid bats is unknown; however, one of the six nonrabid bats had a ChE activity level equivalent to only 27% of the control mean and may have been exposed to a pesticide. Three bats (including the bat with depressed ChE) contained sufficient ingesta to analyze for antiChE compounds, but no antiChE compounds could he identified in the samples. Exposure may be dermal and pulmonary as well as dietary. It is feasible that other bat deaths not explained by rabies were attributable to a pesticide but missed due to postmortem reactivation of the ChE enzyme. The largest group of rabid bats was young males (13 of 17, 76.5%), and the largest group of nonrabid bats was older females (3 of 6, 50%). All older females were nonrabid, perhaps survivors of the disease in previous years. Rabid bats had a lower mean fat index and weighed less than nonrabid hats. Four bats (not including the low ChE bat) showed external bleeding, and none was rabid; thus the incidence of bleeding was greater among nonrabid bats than among rabid bats. The four affected bats came from roosts in three different buildings, making a roost-treatment with an anticoagulant chemical seem unlikely. RP Clark, DR (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV, DEPT WILDLIFE & FISHERIES SCI, US GEOL SURVEY, BRAZOS FIELD STN, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 7 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 41 IS 3 BP 275 EP 278 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WT893 UT WOS:A1996WT89300009 ER PT J AU Bowers, JE AF Bowers, JE TI Growth rate and life span of a prickly pear cactus, Opuntia engelmannii, in the northern Sonoran Desert SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION CHANGE; PLANTS RP Bowers, JE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,1675 W ANKLAM RD,TUCSON,AZ 85745, USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 8 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 41 IS 3 BP 315 EP 318 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WT893 UT WOS:A1996WT89300015 ER PT J AU Gates, PM Furlong, ET Dorsey, TF Burkhardt, MR AF Gates, PM Furlong, ET Dorsey, TF Burkhardt, MR TI Determination of nitroaromatic explosives and their degradation products in unsaturated-zone water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array, mass spectrometric, and tandem mass spectrometric detection SO TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SOILS AB Mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, coupled by a thermospray interface to a high-performance liquid chromatography system and equipped with a photodiode array detector, were used to determine the presence of nitroaromatic explosives and their degradation products in USA unsaturated-zone water samples. Using this approach, the lower limits of quantitation for explosives determined by mass spectrometry in this study typically ranged from 10 to 100 ng/l. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, NATL WATER QUAL LAB, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603 NR 30 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0165-9936 J9 TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM JI Trac-Trends Anal. Chem. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 15 IS 8 BP 319 EP 325 DI 10.1016/0165-9936(96)00050-7 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA VN710 UT WOS:A1996VN71000003 ER PT J AU Underwood, TJ Millard, MJ Thorpe, LA AF Underwood, TJ Millard, MJ Thorpe, LA TI Relative abundance, length frequency, age, and maturity of Dolly Varden in nearshore waters of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PRUDHOE BAY-REGION; BROAD WHITEFISH; BEAUFORT SEA; GROWTH; CISCO AB Uncertainty about the environmental effects of oil development prompted a study of Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma in the nearshore waters of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. Abundance of fish less than 400 mm fork length (FL), as indexed by fyke net catch per unit effort (CPUE), was significantly different among years, with the highest daily catch rates occurring in 1991, a year of heavy pack ice and relatively cold water temperatures. The CPUE for fish 400 mm or greater did not differ significantly among years. Within each sampling year, both large and small fish appeared to be more abundant in nearshore waters earlier in the summer. Lengths ranged from 53 to 734 mm. Growth was greater early in the season and in the years 1989 and 1990, and site-specific temporal changes in distribution were reflected in analysis of length data. Individual fish were aged at 1-13 years. A gonadosomatic index indicated that sexually mature fish were greater than 400 mm FL. Wide summer dispersal makes Dolly Varden less vulnerable to local coastal perturbations during the summer; however, vulnerability may be greater for stocks that must migrate seasonally through particular areas (e.g., a river mouth during fall migrations). The significant differences in local abundance patterns makes effective monitoring of the overall population size difficult. Monitoring spawners or overwintering fish in freshwater may be a more accurate means of assessing overall abundance trends. RP Underwood, TJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,FAIRBANKS FISHERY RESOURCE OFF,101 12TH AVE,BOX 17,FAIRBANKS,AK 99701, USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 125 IS 5 BP 719 EP 728 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0719:RALFAA>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA VJ089 UT WOS:A1996VJ08900007 ER PT J AU Gonthier, GJ AF Gonthier, GJ TI Ground-water-flow conditions within a bottomland hardwood wetland, Eastern Arkansas SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE ground water; wetlands; bottomland hardwood; recharge; discharge; riverbed AB Water levels were measured monthly at 9 staff gages and 35 wells along two transects within the Black Swamp bottomland hardwood wetland and perpendicular to the Cache River in eastern Arkansas from December 1989 to September 1992 in order to (1) describe the ground-water-flow conditions at locations within a bottomland hardwood wetland and (2) determine the relation between the frequency of different ground-water-flow conditions and physical characteristics within the wetland. Three ground-water-flow conditions predominated at various times in the Black Swamp: (1) discharge of water from the alluvial aquifer to the wetland, (2) recharge of water from the wetland into the alluvial aquifer, and (3) flow of water from the wetland into the alluvial aquifer and then to the nearby Cache River (local flow). Analyses of hydraulic head differences between surface and ground water indicate that discharge occurred 31% of the measurement times at both transects, Recharge occurred 39% of the measurement times and tended to occur more often at locations that are far from the Cache River and that overlie low ground-water levels in the lower part of the alluvial aquifer. Local ground-water flow occurred 28% of the measurement times and tended to occur more often at locations close to the Cache River. Ground-water pumpage results in water-level declines in the lower part of the alluvial aquifer near the Black Swamp wetland. When compared with an area not affected by pumping, these lower ground-water levels increased the frequency of recharge of Black Swamp water into the alluvial aquifer by nearly a factor of 7, decreased the frequency of local ground-water flow to the Cache River to less than half, and decreased the frequency of discharge by about 22%. RP Gonthier, GJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,401 HARDIN RD,LITTLE ROCK,AR 72211, USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 1996 VL 16 IS 3 BP 334 EP 346 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VK499 UT WOS:A1996VK49900009 ER PT J AU Bangs, EE Fritts, SH AF Bangs, EE Fritts, SH TI Reintroducing the gray wolf to central Idaho and Yellowstone National Park SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION; RECOVERY; WOLVES RP Bangs, EE (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,100 N PK,SUITE 320,HELENA,MT 59601, USA. NR 29 TC 109 Z9 112 U1 16 U2 80 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1996 VL 24 IS 3 BP 402 EP 413 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA VK740 UT WOS:A1996VK74000004 ER PT J AU Mosher, JA Fuller, MR AF Mosher, JA Fuller, MR TI Surveying woodland hawks with broadcasts of great horned owl vocalizations SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE abundance; road counts; survey; woodland hawks AB Pre-recorded vocalizations of great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) broadcast into predominantly wooded habitat along roadside survey routes resulted in as many detections of resident red-shouldered hawks (Buteo lineatus) and Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii) as broadcasts of each conspecific calls. Survey results for 3 species, expressed as average number of contacts/route, were directly related to the number of resident pairs located during systematic searches conducted on foot across the study area, Regression models based on road-transect counts were significant for predicting abundance of red-shouldered hawks, broad-winged hawks (Buteo platypterus), and Cooper's hawks from our study areas. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. RP Mosher, JA (reprint author), SAVAGE RIVER CONSULTING,WILLIAMSPORT,PA, USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1996 VL 24 IS 3 BP 531 EP 536 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA VK740 UT WOS:A1996VK74000023 ER PT J AU Custer, CM Custer, TW Sparks, DW AF Custer, CM Custer, TW Sparks, DW TI Radio telemetry documents 24-hour feeding activity of wintering Lesser Scaup SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ACTIVITY BUDGETS; DIVING DUCKS; CANVASBACKS; BEHAVIOR AB We used radio telemetry to record 198 h of feeding behavior of five Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) on the Indiana Harbor Canal in northwestern Indiana during January and February 1994. Lesser Scaup fed for short periods of time intermittently during each 24-h period. Lesser Scaup fed a total of 96 min during the day and 226 min during the night. They fed more between sunset and midnight (31.9% of the period, P = 0.003) than between sunrise and noon (11.6%) or noon and sunset (19.5%); time spent feeding between midnight and sunrise (26.3%) did not differ from other times of day. Mean dive duration (22.9 +/- 0.64 sec) did not vary by time of day (P = 0.186-0.744). These results are the first 24-h feeding activity reported for individually marked Lesser Scaup. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47403. RP Custer, CM (reprint author), UPPER MISSISSIPPI SCI CTR,NATL BIOL SERV,POB 818,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. RI Custer, Christine/H-4871-2014; OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 NR 32 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 108 IS 3 BP 556 EP 566 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA VM537 UT WOS:A1996VM53700014 ER PT J AU Peltzer, G Rosen, P Rogez, F Hudnut, K AF Peltzer, G Rosen, P Rogez, F Hudnut, K TI Postseismic rebound in fault step-overs caused by pore fluid flow SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LANDERS EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE; 28 JUNE 1992; DIFFERENTIAL RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; DEFORMATION; VALLEY AB Near-field strain induced by large crustal earthquakes results in changes in pore fluid pressure that dissipate with time and produce surface deformation, Synthetic aperture radar(SAR) interferometry revealed several centimeters of postseismic uplift in pull-apart structures and subsidence in a compressive jog along the Landers, California, 1992 earthquake surface rupture, with a relaxation time of 270 +/- 45 days. Such a postseismic rebound may be explained by the transition of the Poisson's ratio of the deformed volumes of rock fl-om undrained to drained conditions as pore fluid flow allows pore pressure to return to hydrostatic equilibrium. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,PASADENA,CA 91125. RP Peltzer, G (reprint author), CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,4800 OAK GROVE DR,PASADENA,CA 91109, USA. RI Hudnut, Kenneth/B-1945-2009; Hudnut, Kenneth/G-5713-2010 OI Hudnut, Kenneth/0000-0002-3168-4797; NR 28 TC 137 Z9 142 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD AUG 30 PY 1996 VL 273 IS 5279 BP 1202 EP 1204 DI 10.1126/science.273.5279.1202 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VE476 UT WOS:A1996VE47600031 ER PT J AU Hough, SE AF Hough, SE TI Observational constraints on earthquake source scaling: Understanding the limits in resolution SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SOURCE PARAMETERS; CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKES; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; TECTONIC STRESS; SUBDUCTION ZONE; ENERGY-RELEASE; NEW-YORK; RUPTURE; SEQUENCE; FAULT AB I examine the resolution of the type of stress drop estimates that have been used to place observational constraints on the scaling of earthquake source processes. I first show that apparent stress and Brune stress drop are equivalent to within a constant given any source spectral decay between omega(1.5) and omega(3) (i.e., any plausible value) and so consistent scaling is expected for the two estimates. I then discuss the resolution and scaling of Brune stress drop estimates, in the context of empirical Green's function results from recent earthquake sequences, including the 1992 Joshua Tree, California, mainshock and its aftershocks. I show that no definitive scaling of stress drop with moment is revealed over the moment range 10(19)-10(25); within this sequence, however, there is a tendency for moderate-sized (M 4-5) events to be characterized by high stress drops. However, well-resolved results for recent M > 6 events are inconsistent with any extrapolated stress increase with moment for the aftershocks. Focusing on corner frequency estimates for smaller (M < 3.5) events, I show that resolution is extremely limited even after empirical Green's function deconvolutions. A fundamental limitation to resolution is the paucity of good signal-to-noise at frequencies above 60 Hz, a limitation that will affect nearly all surficial recordings of ground motion in California and many other regions. Thus, while the best available observational results support a constant stress drop for moderate- to large-sized events, very little robust observational evidence exists to constrain the quantities that bear most critically on our understanding of source processes: stress drop values and stress drop scaling for small events. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 525 S WILSON AVE, PASADENA, CA 91106 USA. NR 47 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 EI 1879-3266 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD AUG 30 PY 1996 VL 261 IS 1-3 BP 83 EP 95 DI 10.1016/0040-1951(96)00058-3 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VP834 UT WOS:A1996VP83400008 ER PT J AU Beroza, GC Ellsworth, WL AF Beroza, GC Ellsworth, WL TI Properties of the seismic nucleation phase SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Seismic Source Parameters - From Microearthquakes to Large Events, at the General Assembly of the European-Seismological-Commission CY SEP, 1994 CL ATHENS, GREECE SP European Seismol Commiss ID SLOW INITIAL PHASE; 28 JUNE 1992; RUPTURE PROCESS; EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE; SUPERSTITION HILLS; CHILEAN EARTHQUAKE; SOURCE PARAMETERS; STRONG-MOTION; MARCH 3; CALIFORNIA AB Near-source observations show that earthquakes begin abruptly at the P-wave arrival, but that this beginning is weak, with a low moment rate relative to the rest of the main shock. We term this initial phase of low moment rate the seismic nucleation phase. We have observed the seismic nucleation phase for a set of 48 earthquakes ranging in magnitude from 1.1-8.1. The size and duration of the seismic nucleation phase scale with the total seismic moment of the earthquake, suggesting that the process responsible for the seismic nucleation phase carries information about the eventual size of the earthquake. The seismic nucleation phase is characteristically followed by quadratic growth in the moment rate, consistent with self-similar rupture at constant stress drop. In this paper we quantify the properties of the seismic nucleation phase and offer several possible explanations for it. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Beroza, GC (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA. NR 70 TC 68 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD AUG 30 PY 1996 VL 261 IS 1-3 BP 209 EP 227 DI 10.1016/0040-1951(96)00067-4 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VP834 UT WOS:A1996VP83400017 ER PT J AU Rostad, CE Rees, TF Daniel, SR Noyes, TI AF Rostad, CE Rees, TF Daniel, SR Noyes, TI TI Evaluation of large-scale tangential flow ultrafiltration for isolation of colloids from samples of river water SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ARVARLA,CO 80002. US GEOL SURVEY,SAN DIEGO,CA 92123. COLORADO SCH MINES,DEPT CHEM & GEOCHEM,GOLDEN,CO 80401. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 28 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501655 ER PT J AU Takada, H Satoh, F Bothner, M Tripp, BT Farrington, J AF Takada, H Satoh, F Bothner, M Tripp, BT Farrington, J TI Anthropogenic markers: Molecular tools to identify the source(s) and transport-pathway of pollutants. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TOKYO UNIV AGR & TECHNOL,FAC AGR,FUCHU,TOKYO 183,JAPAN. US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 31 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501658 ER PT J AU Eganhouse, RP AF Eganhouse, RP TI Use of molecular markers in probing the short-term fate of ocean-discharged wastewater. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 36 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501663 ER PT J AU Kvenvolden, KA Hostettler, FD Rosenbauer, RJ Hostetter, DE Castle, WT AF Kvenvolden, KA Hostettler, FD Rosenbauer, RJ Hostetter, DE Castle, WT TI Terpane biomarkers and carbon isotopes in environmental geochemistry - Application of a case study from Prince William Sound, Alaska. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. CALIF DEPT FISH & GAME,WILDLIFE INVEST LAB,RANCHO CORDOVA,CA 95670. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 56 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501683 ER PT J AU Eganhouse, RP Sherblom, PM AF Eganhouse, RP Sherblom, PM TI Contamination of Boston Harbor sediments by sewage: Assessment using molecular markers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. UNIV S FLORIDA,DEPT ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH,TAMPA,FL 33612. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 58 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501685 ER PT J AU Orem, WH Lerch, HE AF Orem, WH Lerch, HE TI Diagenesis and cycling of C, N, P and S in Everglades peats. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 59 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501999 ER PT J AU Bates, AL Spiker, EC AF Bates, AL Spiker, EC TI Sulfur geochemistry and nutrient enrichment in the Florida Everglades SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 60 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91502000 ER PT J AU Zielinski, RA Simmons, KR AF Zielinski, RA Simmons, KR TI Uranium and uranium isotopes as tracers of nutrient addition: A case study in South Florida SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 61 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91502001 ER PT J AU Harvey, J AF Harvey, J TI Hydrologic exchange between groundwater and surface water in the northern Everglades. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. SFWMD,W PALM BEACH,FL 33406. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 63 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91502003 ER PT J AU Goolsby, DA SneckFahrer, DA Battaglin, WA Zimmerman, LJ AF Goolsby, DA SneckFahrer, DA Battaglin, WA Zimmerman, LJ TI Longitudinal profiles of herbicides in the Mississippi River: An application of immunoassay analysis. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DFC,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 64 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500199 ER PT J AU Lee, JK Sonenshein, RS Guardo, M AF Lee, JK Sonenshein, RS Guardo, M TI Hydrodynamic model of the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. US GEOL SURVEY,MIAMI,FL 33178. S FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DIST,W PALM BEACH,FL 33416. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 65 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91502005 ER PT J AU Furlong, ET AF Furlong, ET TI Transport and degradation of semivolatile hydrocarbons in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer, Bemidji, Minnesota. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL WATER QUAL LAB,ARVADA,CO 80002. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 75 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501702 ER PT J AU Kotra, RK Gough, LP AF Kotra, RK Gough, LP TI Geochemistry of mercury, metals and trace elements in selected organic-rich sediments and vegetation from the Everglades, south Florida. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 75 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91502015 ER PT J AU Hurley, JP Krabbenhoft, DP Cleckner, LB Gilmour, CC Olson, ML AF Hurley, JP Krabbenhoft, DP Cleckner, LB Gilmour, CC Olson, ML TI Spatial and temporal patterns of mercury speciation in the northern Everglades. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 WISCONSIN DEPT NAT RESOURCES,BUR RES,MONOMA,WI 53176. UNIV WISCONSIN,WATER CHEM PROGRAM,MADISON,WI 53706. US GEOL SURVEY,MADISON,WI 53719. BENEDICT ESTUARINE LAB,ST LEONARD,MD 20685. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 76 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91502016 ER PT J AU Krabbenhoft, DP Hurley, JP Olson, ML Cleckner, LB AF Krabbenhoft, DP Hurley, JP Olson, ML Cleckner, LB TI Sunlight-induced, temporal variations in mercury phase and species distributions in the marshes of the Florida Everglades. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MADISON,WI 53719. WISCONSIN DEPT NAT RESOURCES,BUR RES,MONOMA,WI 53716. UNIV WISCONSIN,WATER CHEM PROGRAM,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 77 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91502017 ER PT J AU Cleckner, LB Garrison, PJ Hurley, JP Krabbenhoft, DP Olson, ML Heelan, TW Gilmour, CC AF Cleckner, LB Garrison, PJ Hurley, JP Krabbenhoft, DP Olson, ML Heelan, TW Gilmour, CC TI Relationships between water chemistry and trophic transfer of mercury in the northern Everglades. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,WATER CHEM PROGRAM,MADISON,WI 53706. WISCONSIN DEPT NAT RESOURCES,BUR RES,MONOMA,WI 53716. US GEOL SURVEY,MADISON,WI 53719. BENEDICT ESTUARINE LAB,ST LEONARD,MD 20685. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 78 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91502018 ER PT J AU Simon, NS AF Simon, NS TI Methyl mercury geochemistry and the periphyton of the south Florida ecosystem. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 79 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91502019 ER PT J AU Aiken, G Reddy, M AF Aiken, G Reddy, M TI Dissolved organic carbon in the Everglades, Florida SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80303. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 80 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91502020 ER PT J AU Reddy, MM Aiken, G Harvey, JW Orem, WH AF Reddy, MM Aiken, G Harvey, JW Orem, WH TI Dissolved organic carbon (DOC)/fulvic acid ionic mercury interactions in the Everglades water conservation areas. Surface and sediment pore water DOC concentrations and fulvic acid mercury binding potentials. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,BOULDER,CO 80303. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,DIV WATER RESOURCES,RESTON,VA 22092. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,GEOL DIV,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 81 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91502021 ER PT J AU Orem, WH Lerch, HE AF Orem, WH Lerch, HE TI Preservation of lignin in domed Indonesian peats and Indonesian lignites. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 92 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91502032 ER PT J AU Patton, CJ AF Patton, CJ TI The use of high-performance, air-segmented continuous flow analyzers in water-quality studies at the US geological survey. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL WATER QUAL LAB,ARVADA,CO 80002. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 126 EP ANYL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500367 ER PT J AU Fitzgerald, SA Steuer, JJ AF Fitzgerald, SA Steuer, JJ TI Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as tracers of biogeochemical processes in rivers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MADISON,WI 53719. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 142 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501769 ER PT J AU Massonnet, D Thatcher, W Vadon, H AF Massonnet, D Thatcher, W Vadon, H TI Detection of postseismic fault-zone collapse following the Landers earthquake SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; EUREKA VALLEY; 1992 LANDERS; DEFORMATION; CALIFORNIA; MODEL; FIELD; SLIP AB STRESS changes caused by fault movement in an earthquake induce transient aseismic crustal movements in the earthquake source region that continue for months to decades following large events(1-4). These motions reflect aseismic adjustments of the fault zone and/or bulk deformation of the surroundings in response to applied stresses(2,5-7), and supply information regarding the inelastic behaviour of the Earth's crust, These processes are imperfectly understood because it is difficult to infer what occurs at depth using only surface measurements(2), which are in general poorly sampled, Here we push satellite radar interferometry to near its typical artefact level, to obtain a map of the postseismic deformation field in the three years following the 28 June 1992 Landers, California earthquake, From the map, we deduce two distinct types of deformation: afterslip at depth on the fault that ruptured in the earthquake, and shortening normal to the fault zone, The latter movement may reflect the closure of dilatant cracks and fluid expulsion from a transiently over-pressured fault Zone(6-8). C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Massonnet, D (reprint author), CTR NATL ETUD SPATIALES,18 AVE EDOUARD BELIN,F-31055 TOULOUSE,FRANCE. NR 29 TC 77 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 3 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD AUG 15 PY 1996 VL 382 IS 6592 BP 612 EP 616 DI 10.1038/382612a0 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VC303 UT WOS:A1996VC30300048 ER PT J AU Ingebritsen, SE Sherrod, DR Mariner, RH AF Ingebritsen, SE Sherrod, DR Mariner, RH TI Rates and patterns of groundwater flow in the Cascade Range volcanic arc and the effect on subsurface temperatures - Reply SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID HEAT-FLOW; OREGON; GRAVITY C1 US GEOL SURVEY, VANCOUVER, WA 98661 USA. RP Ingebritsen, SE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 439, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B8 BP 17569 EP 17576 DI 10.1029/96JB01506 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VB711 UT WOS:A1996VB71100012 ER PT J AU Murray, MH Marshall, GA Lisowski, M Stein, RS AF Murray, MH Marshall, GA Lisowski, M Stein, RS TI The 1992 M=7 Cape Mendocino, California, earthquake: Coseismic deformation at the south end of the Cascadia megathrust SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID CURRENT PLATE MOTIONS; SUBDUCTION ZONE; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; TRIPLE JUNCTION; GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; STRAIN ACCUMULATION; DISLOCATION MODEL; FAULT; TECTONICS AB We invert geodetic measurements of coseismic surface displacements to determine a dislocation model for the April 25, 1992, M = 7 Cape Mendocino, California, earthquake. The orientation of the model slip vector, which nearly parallels North America-Juan de Fuca relative plate convergence, and the location and orientation of the model fault relative to the offshore Cascadia megathrust, suggest that the 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquake is the first well-recorded event to relieve strain associated with the Cascadia subduction zone. We use data from three geodetic techniques: (1) the horizontal and vertical displacements of 13 monuments surveyed with the Global Positioning System, corrected for observed horizontal interseismic strain accumulation, (2) 88 section-elevation differences between leveling monuments, and (3) the uplift of 12 coastal sites observed from the die-off of intertidal marine organisms. Maximum observed displacements are 0.4 m of horizontal movement and 1.5 m of uplift along the coast. We use Monte Carlo techniques to estimate an optimal uniform slip rectangular fault geometry and its uncertainties. The optimal model using all the data resolves 4.9 m of slip on a 14 by 15 km fault that dips 28 degrees SE. The fault extends from 1.5 to 8.7 km in depth and the main-shock hypocenter is close to the downdip projection of the fault. The shallowly dipping fault plane is consistent with the observed aftershock locations, and the estimated geodetic moment is 3.1 x 10(19) N m, 70% of the seismic moment. Other models that exclude leveling data collected in 1935 and 1942 are more consistent with seismological estimates of the fault geometry. If the earthquake is characteristic for this segment, the estimated horizontal slip vector compared with plate convergence rates suggests a recurrence interval of 140 years, with a 95% confidence range of 100-670 years. The coseismic uplift occurred in a region that also has high Quaternary uplift rates determined from marine terrace studies. If repeated ruptures of this southernmost segment of the Cascadia megathrust are responsible for the Quaternary uplift, a comparison of the coseismic uplift with coastal uplift rates suggests a recurrence interval of 200-400 years. Thus comparing horizontal and vertical coseismic to long-term deformation suggests a recurrence interval of about 100-300 years for M = 7 events at the south end of the Cascadia megathrust. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, SEISMOG STN, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. NR 54 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B8 BP 17707 EP 17725 DI 10.1029/95JB02623 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VB711 UT WOS:A1996VB71100020 ER PT J AU Dyman, TS Palacas, JG Tysdal, RG Perry, WJ Pawlewicz, MJ AF Dyman, TS Palacas, JG Tysdal, RG Perry, WJ Pawlewicz, MJ TI Source rock potential of middle Cretaceous rocks in southwestern Montana SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID FORELAND AB The middle Cretaceous in southwestern Montana is composed of a marine and nonmarine succession of predominantly elastic rocks that were deposited along the western margin of the Western Interior Seaway. In places, middle Cretaceous rocks contain appreciable total organic carbon (TOC), such as 5.59% for the Mowry Shale and 8.11% for the Frontier Formation in the Madison Range. Most samples, however, exhibit less than 1.0% TOC. The genetic or hydrocarbon potential (S-1+S-2) of all the samples analyzed, except one, yield less than 1 mg HC/g rock, strongly indicating poor potential for generating commercial amounts of hydrocarbons. Out of 51 samples analyzed, only one (a Thermopolis Shale sample from the Snowcrest Range) showed a moderate petroleum potential of 3.1 mg HC/g rock. Most of the middle Cretaceous samples are thermally immature to marginally mature, with vitrinite reflectance ranging from about 0.4 to 0.6% R(o). Maturity is high in the Pioneer Mountains, where vitrinite reflectance averages 3.4% R(o), and at Big Sky, Montana, where vitrinite reflectance averages 2.5% R(o). At both localities, high R(o) values are due to local heat sources, such as the Pioneer batholith in the Pioneer Mountains. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MINERAL RESOURCES PROGRAM,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Dyman, TS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,ENERGY PROGRAM,BOX 25046,MS 940,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ASSN PETROL GEOLOGISTS PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 80 IS 8 BP 1177 EP 1184 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VC330 UT WOS:A1996VC33000002 ER PT J AU Ash, S Litwin, RJ AF Ash, S Litwin, RJ TI Two new species of the pinnate microsporophyll Pramelreuthia from the Upper Triassic of the southwestern United States SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Chinle Formation; Pityosporites; Pramelreuthia; Protodiploxypinus; southwestern United States; Upper Triassic AB Two new species of the enigmatic gymnosperm microsporophyll Pramelreuthia, found in the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation at five localities in the southwestern United States, provide significant new evidence on key morphological characters of the genus and extend its known geographical range. These new fossils also demonstrate that the genus was polytypic and reveal the plant megafossil sources for several common and geographically widespread dispersed Upper Triassic microfossil taxa. The genus Pramelreuthia, which until this study was known only from a single specimen from the Upper Triassic of Austria, is a planar pinnate structure consisting of a slender naked axis bearing stalked synangia in opposite to subopposite pairs. Synangia of all three species of Pramelreuthia are oval to subrectangular in lateral view and are composed of two adpressed flattened valves each of which contains up to 20 or more elongate, subcylindrical, tapered sporangia that bear nonstriate bisaccate pollen. Pramelreuthia yazzi sp. nov. is slightly smaller than the type species P. haberfelneri, and its synangia contain pollen generally similar in morphology and size to several species of the dispersed pollen taxon Pityosporites, including P. chinleana, P. oldhamensis, and P. devolvens. Pramelreuthia dubielii sp, nov. is much larger than the other two species; its synangia contain pollen similar to the dispersed pollen species Protodiploxypinus americus. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. RP Ash, S (reprint author), WEBER STATE COLL,DEPT GEOSCI,OGDEN,UT 84408, USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 83 IS 8 BP 1091 EP 1099 DI 10.2307/2445999 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VD025 UT WOS:A1996VD02500016 ER PT J AU Carter, V Rybicki, NB Turtora, M AF Carter, V Rybicki, NB Turtora, M TI Effect of increasing photon irradiance on the growth of Vallisneria americana in the tidal Potomac River SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE submersed macrophytes; light; revegetation ID CHESAPEAKE BAY; SUBMERSED MACROPHYTES; AQUATIC VEGETATION; EUTROPHIC LAKE; WATER-QUALITY; LOCH LEVEN; DECLINE; COMMUNITIES; LIMITATIONS; PLANTS AB Following declines in submersed macrophyte populations in tidal ecosystems, revegetation of areas devoid of macrophytes may be sudden and rapid or may not occur for years, Declines of submersed macrophyte populations in the Chesapeake Bay and the tidal Potomac River have been attributed to insufficient light in the water column; however, the role of light in promoting revegetation has never been unequivocally documented, Photon irradiance was artificially increased for Vallisneria americana transplants in two unvegetated embayments in the otherwise vegetated freshwater tidal Potomac River: Pohick Bay and Belmont Bay. Pohick Bay had high nutrient concentrations and frequent algal blooms, Belmont Bay was broader and shallower than Pohick Bay with turbidity resulting from wind-driven resuspension of sediment, The total number of plants of V. americana in the lighted cages was 7.5 times higher than that in the unlighted cages at Pohick Bay and 11 times higher than that in the unlighted control cages in Belmont Bay, The biomass in the lighted cages was 11-fold higher in Belmont Bay and 38-fold higher in Pohick Bay than that in the control cages, Plants were less numerous and more robust in lighted cages in Pohick Bay than in Belmont Bay. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32301. RP Carter, V (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,430 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 54 IS 4 BP 337 EP 345 DI 10.1016/0304-3770(96)01051-0 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA VL394 UT WOS:A1996VL39400007 ER PT J AU Domagalski, J AF Domagalski, J TI Occurrence of dicofol in the San Joaquin River, California SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHEMICALS RP Domagalski, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,2800 COTTAGE WAY,ROOM W-2233,SACRAMENTO,CA 95825, USA. NR 8 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 57 IS 2 BP 284 EP 291 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VD322 UT WOS:A1996VD32200018 PM 8661911 ER PT J AU Thomas, GC Crosson, RS Carver, DL Yelin, TS AF Thomas, GC Crosson, RS Carver, DL Yelin, TS TI The 25 March 1993 Scotts Mills, Oregon, earthquake and aftershock sequence: Spatial distribution, focal mechanisms, and the Mount Angel Fault SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID REGIONAL DATA; WASHINGTON AB The 25 March 1993 M(L) = 5.7 crustal earthquake near Scotts Mills, Oregon, was the largest earthquake to occur in the Pacific Northwest in over a decade. The mainshock was located at 45.033 degrees N, 122.586 degrees W and at a depth of about 15.1 km, based on arrival time data from the short-period Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network. Beginning about 12 h after the mainshock, investigators from the U.S. Geological Survey deployed 22 digital seismographs to record aftershocks. Using data from the temporary and permanent stations, we analyzed a subset of 50 aftershocks with quality locations. Hypocenters of these aftershocks lie on a northwest-trending steeply dipping plane (strike 290 +/- 10 degrees, dipping 60 +/- 5 degrees to the north-northeast), in agreement with the preferred slip plane of the mainshock focal mechanism solution (strike 294 degrees, dipping 58 degrees to the north-northeast). The planar structure defined by the aftershock locations may be a southeast continuation of the Mount Angel Fault, a reverse fault identified from both surface and subsurface evidence. The mapped southeast extent of the Mount Angel Fault is located less than 10 km west of the Scotts Mills epicentral region. In addition, the mainshock focal mechanism solution, with a combination of reverse motion and right-lateral strike slip, has a geometry and sense of motion consistent with the Mount Angel Fault. While aftershock focal mechanisms are varied, P axes are consistently oriented in a subhorizontal north-south direction. This earthquake sequence, together with the geological and geophysical evidence for the Mount Angel Fault, suggests a significant crustal earthquake hazard for this region of northwest Oregon. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Thomas, GC (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 351650,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 86 IS 4 BP 925 EP 935 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VD746 UT WOS:A1996VD74600002 ER PT J AU Julian, BR Foulger, GR AF Julian, BR Foulger, GR TI Earthquake mechanisms from linear-programming inversion of seismic-wave amplitude ratios SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HENGILL TRIPLE JUNCTION; FOCAL MECHANISMS; TOMOGRAPHIC INVERSION; RELATIVE AMPLITUDES; PLATE BOUNDARY; MOMENT TENSOR; ICELAND; COMPLEX AB The amplitudes of radiated seismic waves contain far more information about earthquake source mechanisms than do first-motion polarities, but amplitudes are severely distorted by the effects of heterogeneity in the Earth. This distortion can be reduced greatly by using the ratios of amplitudes of appropriately chosen seismic phases, rather than simple amplitudes, but existing methods for inverting amplitude ratios are severely nonlinear and require computationally intensive searching methods to ensure that solutions are globally optimal. Searching methods are particularly costly if general (moment tensor) mechanisms are allowed. Efficient linear-programming methods, which do not suffer from these problems, have previously been applied to inverting polarities and wave amplitudes. We extend these methods to amplitude ratios, in which formulation on inequality constraint for an amplitude ratio takes the same mathematical form as a polarity observation. Three-component digital data for an earthquake at the Hengill-Grensdalur geothermal area in southwestern Iceland illustrate the power of the method. Polarities of P, SH, and SV waves, unusually well distributed on the focal sphere, cannot distinguish between diverse mechanisms, including a double couple. Amplitude ratios, on the other hand, clearly rule out the double-couple solution and require a large explosive isotropic component. C1 UNIV DURHAM,DEPT GEOL SCI,DURHAM DH1 3LE,ENGLAND. RP Julian, BR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 23 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 86 IS 4 BP 972 EP 980 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VD746 UT WOS:A1996VD74600006 ER PT J AU Jiang, SY Palmer, MR McDonald, AM Slack, JF Leitch, CHB AF Jiang, SY Palmer, MR McDonald, AM Slack, JF Leitch, CHB TI Feruvite from the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Columbia SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE feruvite; tourmaline; tourmalinite; Pb-Zn-Ag deposit; Sullivan mine; British Columbia ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; TOURMALINE GROUP; ROCKS; MG AB Feruvite, an uncommon Ca-and Fe2+-rich tourmaline species, has been discovered in the footwall of the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit (British Columbia) near gabbro sills and dikes. Its chemical composition varies according to occurrence: feruvite from the shallow footwall has lower Ca, higher Al, and higher X-site vacancies than that from the deep footwall. The major chemical substitution involved in the feruvite is the exchange vector CaMgO square(-1)Al(-1)(OH)(-1). The most important factor controlling feruvite formation; at Suilivan is likely the reaction of Fe-rich hydrothermal fluids with Ca-rich minerals in gabbro and host rocks. This reaction led to the breakdown of Ca-rich minerals (plagioclase and hornblende), with release of Ca to solution and its incorporation into feruvite. This process probably postdated the main stages of formation of fine-grained, intermediate schorl-dravite in the tourmalinite pipe in the footwall, and is attributed to postore intrusion of gabbro and associated albite-chlorite-pyrite alteration. C1 LAURENTIAN UNIV,DEPT GEOL,SUDBURY,ON P3E 2C6,CANADA. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. GEOL SURVEY CANADA,VANCOUVER,BC V6B 1R8,CANADA. RP Jiang, SY (reprint author), UNIV BRISTOL,DEPT GEOL,WILLS MEM BLDG,BRISTOL BS8 1RJ,AVON,ENGLAND. RI Palmer, Martin/I-6765-2012 OI Palmer, Martin/0000-0003-1660-3714 NR 22 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI NEPEAN PA CITYVIEW 78087, NEPEAN ON K2G 5W2, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 34 BP 733 EP 740 PN 4 PG 8 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA VH620 UT WOS:A1996VH62000003 ER PT J AU Hughes, JM Foord, EE JaiNhuknan, J Bell, JM AF Hughes, JM Foord, EE JaiNhuknan, J Bell, JM TI The atomic arrangement of iimoriite-(Y), Y-2(SiO4)(CO3) SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE iimoriite-(Y); crystal structure AB Iimoriite-(Y) from Bokan Mountain, Prince of Wales island, Alaska has been studied using single-crystal X-ray- diffraction techniques. The mineral, ideally Y-2(SiO4)(CO3), crystallizes in space group , with a 6.5495(13), b 6.6291(14), c 6.4395(11) Angstrom, alpha 116.364(15), beta 92.556(15) and gamma 95.506(17)degrees. The atomic arrangement has been solved and refined to an R value of 0.019. The arrangement of atoms consists of alternating (01(1) over bar) slabs of orthosilicate groups and carbonate groups, with no sharing of oxygen atoms between anionic complexes in adjacent slabs. Y1 atoms separate adjacent tetrahedra along [100] within the orthosilicate slab, and Y2 atoms separate adjacent carbonate groups along [100] within the carbonate slab: Adjacent orthosilicate and carbonate slabs are linked in (100) by bonding Y atoms from each slab to oxygen atoms of adjacent slabs, in the Form of YOB polyhedra. The Y1 atoms exist in Y1(2)O(14) dimers in the orthosilicate slab, and the Y2 atoms exist in continuous [011] ribbons of edge-sharing Y2O(8) polyhedra in the carbonate slab. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. MIAMI UNIV,DEPT CHEM,OXFORD,OH 45056. RP Hughes, JM (reprint author), MIAMI UNIV,DEPT GEOL,OXFORD,OH 45056, USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI NEPEAN PA CITYVIEW 78087, NEPEAN ON K2G 5W2, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 34 BP 817 EP 820 PN 4 PG 4 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA VH620 UT WOS:A1996VH62000010 ER PT J AU Gratz, AJ Fisler, DK Bohor, BF AF Gratz, AJ Fisler, DK Bohor, BF TI Distinguishing shocked from tectonically deformed quartz by the use of the SEM and chemical etching SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE scanning electron microscopy; etching; quartz; deformation; shock metamorphism ID CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY BOUNDARY; VOLCANIC EJECTA; TOBA CALDERA; DYNAMIC DEFORMATION; POSSIBLE RELEVANCE; METAMORPHISM; SITE AB Multiple sets of crystallographically-oriented planar deformation features (PDFs) are generated by high-strain-rate shock waves at pressures of > 12 GPa in naturally shocked quartz samples. On surfaces, PDFs appear as narrow (50-500 nm) lamellae filled with amorphosed quartz (diaplectic glass) which can be etched with hydrofluoric acid or with hydrothermal alkaline solutions. In contrast, slow-strain-rate tectonic deformation pressure produces wider, semi-linear and widely spaced arrays of dislocation loops that are not glass filled. Etching samples with HF before examination in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) allows for unambiguous visual distinction between glass-filled PDFs and glass-free tectonic deformation arrays in quartz. This etching also reveals the internal 'pillaring' often characteristic of shock-induced PDFs. This technique is useful for easily distinguishing between shock and tectonic deformation in quartz, but does not replace optical techniques for characterizing the shock features. C1 SANDIA NATL LABS,DEPT GEOCHEM,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87123. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 33 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 142 IS 3-4 BP 513 EP 521 DI 10.1016/0012-821X(96)00099-4 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VG528 UT WOS:A1996VG52800017 ER PT J AU Walder, JS Costa, JE AF Walder, JS Costa, JE TI Outburst floods from glacier-dammed lakes: The effect of mode of lake drainage on flood magnitude SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE breach hydraulics; outburst floods; subglacial lakes; temperate glaciers ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA; SONDRE STROMFJORD; WEST GREENLAND; ICE; JOKULHLAUPS; SIMULATION; DISCHARGE; MISSOULA AB Published accounts of outburst floods from glacier-damned lakes show that a significant number of such floods are associated not with drainage through a tunnel incised into the basal ice -the process generally assumed-but rather with ice-marginal drainage, mechanical failure of part of the ice dam, or both. Non-tunnel floods are strongly correlated with formation of an ice dam by a glacier advancing from a tributary drainage into either a main river valley or a pre-existing body of water (lake or fiord). For a given lake volume, non-tunnel floods tend to have significantly higher peak discharges than tunnel-drainage floods. Statistical analysis of data for floods associated with subglacial tunnels yields the following empirical relation between lake volume V and peak discharge Q(p):Q(p) = 46V(0.66) (r(2) = 0.70), when Q(p) is expressed in metres per second and Y in millions of cubic metres. This updates the so-called Clague-Mathews relation. For non-tunnel floods, the analogous relation is Q(p) = 1100V(0.44) (r(2) = 0.58). The latter relation is close to one found by Costa (1988) for failure of constructed earthen dams. This closeness is probably not coincidental but rather reflects similarities in modes of dam failure and lake drainage. We develop a simple physical model of the breach-widening process for non-tunnel floods, assuming that (1) the rate of breach widening is controlled by melting of the ice, (2) outflow from the lake is regulated by the hydraulic condition of critical flow where water enters the breach, and (3) the effect of lake temperature may be dealt with as done by Clarke (1982). Calculations based on the model simulate quite well outbursts from Lake George, Alaska. Dimensional analysis leads to two approximations of the form ep Q(p) alpha V(q)f(h(i), theta(0)), where q = 0.5 to 0.6, h(i) is initial lake depth, theta(0) is lake temperature, and the form of f(h(i), theta(0)) depends on the relative importance of viscous dissipation and the lake's thermal energy in determining the rate of breach opening. These expressions, along with the regression relations, should prove useful for assessing the probable magnitude of breach-type outburst floods. RP Walder, JS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,5400 MACARTHUR BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. NR 89 TC 98 Z9 102 U1 2 U2 24 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROCESSES JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 21 IS 8 BP 701 EP 723 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199608)21:8<701::AID-ESP615>3.0.CO;2-2 PG 23 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA VD077 UT WOS:A1996VD07700002 ER PT J AU Beattie, M AF Beattie, M TI An ecosystem approach to fish and wildlife conservation SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article RP Beattie, M (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,US DEPT INTERIOR,1849 C ST NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20240, USA. NR 0 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 696 EP 699 DI 10.2307/2269463 PG 4 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UZ412 UT WOS:A1996UZ41200004 ER PT J AU Cooperrider, AY AF Cooperrider, AY TI Science as a model for ecosystem management - Panacea or problem SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article RP Cooperrider, AY (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,2550 N STATE ST,UKIAH,CA 95482, USA. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 736 EP 737 DI 10.2307/2269476 PG 2 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UZ412 UT WOS:A1996UZ41200017 ER PT J AU Braddock, JF Mccarthy, KA AF Braddock, JF Mccarthy, KA TI Hydrologic and microbiological factors affecting persistence and migration of petroleum hydrocarbons spilled in a continuous-permafrost region SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-ACCEPTING PROCESSES; VALDEZ OIL-SPILL; DEGRADING MICROORGANISMS; INTRINSIC BIOREMEDIATION; AQUIFER MICROORGANISMS; CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; BIODEGRADATION; MINERALIZATION; GROUNDWATER; SEDIMENTS AB Fuel spills, totaling about 1300 m(3), occurred between 1976 and 1978 adjacent to Imikpuk Lake, a drinking water source near Barrow, AK. Substantial contamination of soils and groundwater near the lake persists. We examined the magnitude and direction of groundwater flux and the microbial activity at this site to understand the persistence of contamination and its effect on the lake. We found that groundwater flux is small due to shallow permafrost, which restricts the cross-sectional area available for flow, and to the short annual thaw season (ca. 90 days). The small flux and limited depth also constrain contaminant transport and dispersion, resulting in persistent, shallow contamination. The numbers of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms and their laboratory mineralization potentials for benzene (at 10 degrees C) were higher in samples from contaminated areas than in reference samples. Benzene mineralization potentials in groundwater samples were comparable to more temperate systems (0.1-0.5 mg of benzene mineralized L(-1) day(-1)) and were stimulated by nutrient additions. Field measurements of dissolved oxygen, nitrate, ferrous iron, and sulfide in groundwater provided evidence that biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons is occurring in situ. Despite evidence of an active microbial population, microbial processes, like contaminant transport, are likely limited at this site by the short annual thaw season. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,PORTLAND,OR 97216. RP Braddock, JF (reprint author), UNIV ALASKA,INST ARCTIC BIOL,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775, USA. NR 39 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 30 IS 8 BP 2626 EP 2633 DI 10.1021/es960070z PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VA637 UT WOS:A1996VA63700055 ER PT J AU Castleberry, DT Cech, JJ Erman, DC Hankin, D Healey, M Kondolf, GM Mangel, M Mohr, M Moyle, PB Nielsen, J Speed, TP Williams, JG AF Castleberry, DT Cech, JJ Erman, DC Hankin, D Healey, M Kondolf, GM Mangel, M Mohr, M Moyle, PB Nielsen, J Speed, TP Williams, JG TI Uncertainty and instream flow standards SO FISHERIES LA English DT Editorial Material RP Castleberry, DT (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,STOCKTON,CA 95211, USA. RI Speed, Terence /B-8085-2009 OI Speed, Terence /0000-0002-5403-7998 NR 7 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD AUG PY 1996 VL 21 IS 8 BP 20 EP 21 PG 2 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA VA621 UT WOS:A1996VA62100004 ER PT J AU Reynolds, KM Holsten, EH AF Reynolds, KM Holsten, EH TI Classification of spruce beetle hazard in Lutz and Sitka spruce stands on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE spruce beetle; Dendroctonus rufipennis; Alaska; hazard ID RISK AB Stand data from Lutz and Sitka spruce forest types occurring on the Kenai Peninsula were analyzed by tree-based classification and abductive inference to develop decision models for classifying spruce beetle hazard. Model development and validation data sets contained 286 and 88 stand observations, respectively. The final decision-tree structure yielded 13 possible hazard outcomes based on total stand basal area, percentage of total basal area composed of spruce, percentage of spruce basal area composed of trees with diameter > 25 cm, stand elevation, and stand aspect, Four paths in the decision tree led to low-hazard outcomes (spruce basal area loss less than or equal to 10%); two paths each led to low-medium, medium, and medium-high hazard outcomes (spruce basal area loss of less than or equal to 40%, 11-40%, and > 10%, respectively); and three led to high-hazard outcomes (spruce basal area loss > 40%). Results of model verification were considered very acceptable; in the worst case, predictions of high hazard were correct for 67% of the observations. Model validation results also were considered acceptable, but predictions of medium and high hazard showed a marked drop from verification results. For comparison, the same analysis was performed using abductive inference to test a modeling method better suited to automatic processing of numerous stands for landscape-level analysis, There was a high degree of correspondence between predictions of the two analytical methods. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,USDA,FOREST HLTH MANAGEMENT REG 10,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503. RP Reynolds, KM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS FORESTRY SCI LAB,USDA,3200 SW JEFFERSON WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. OI Reynolds, Keith/0000-0002-5286-4754 NR 17 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 84 IS 1-3 BP 251 EP 262 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VH048 UT WOS:A1996VH04800022 ER PT J AU Ravizza, GE Bothner, MH AF Ravizza, GE Bothner, MH TI Osmium isotopes and silver as tracers of anthropogenic metals in sediments from Massachusetts and Cape Cod bays SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SYSTEMATICS; PLATINUM; SEWAGE; WATERS; ORE; EMISSIONS; DEPOSITS; ELEMENTS; RHENIUM AB High concentrations of osmium (Os) and silver (Ag) and low Os-187/Os-186 ratios in Boston sewage make these elements sensitive tracers of the influence of sewage on marine sediments in Massachusetts and Cape Cod bays. Pristine marine sediments have Ag concentrations more than 200 times lower than sewage sludge, Os concentrations 10-40 times lower, and Os-187/Os-186 ratios six times higher. Surface sediments from both Massachusetts and Cape Cod bays exhibit both high Ag concentrations and low Os-187/Os-186 ratios indicating the influence of sewage particles on marine sediments in this region extends some 70 km from the point of sewage release. In detail, the distribution of Os and Ag do not support a model of simple physical mixing of sewage particles with normal marine sediments. Deviations from the mixing model may be the result of fractionation of Os and Ag in the marine environment, and [or] independent temporal variations in the Os and Ag content of the waste stream. The results of this investigation suggest that osmium isotopes may be widely applicable as tracers of the influence of sewage on sediments in estuarine environments and that subtle variations in the isotopic composition of Os in the waste stream may help constrain the sources of Os and other metals delivered to the environment. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. RP Ravizza, GE (reprint author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. RI Ravizza, Greg/J-5104-2013 NR 42 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 1996 VL 60 IS 15 BP 2753 EP 2763 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(96)00108-1 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VC088 UT WOS:A1996VC08800003 ER PT J AU Lipman, PW Dungan, MA Brown, LL Deino, A AF Lipman, PW Dungan, MA Brown, LL Deino, A TI Recurrent eruption and subsidence at the Platoro caldera complex, southeastern San Juan volcanic field, Colorado: New tales from old tuffs SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA; ASH-FLOW CALDERAS; NEW-MEXICO; MOUNTAINS; EVOLUTION; CALIBRATION; ISOTOPE; CRUSTAL; MIDDLE; KENYA AB Reinterpretation of a voluminous regional ash-flow sheet (Masonic Park Tuff) as two separate tuff sheets of similar phenocryst-rich dacite erupted from separate source calderas has important implications for evolution of the multicyclic Platoro caldera complex and for caldera-forming processes generally, Masonic Park Tuff in central parts of the San Juan held, including the type area, was erupted from a concealed source at 28.6 Ma, but widespread tuff previously mapped as Masonic Park Tuff in the southeastern San Juan Mountains is the product of the youngest large-volume eruption of the Platoro caldera complex at 28.4 Ma. This large unit, newly named the ''Chiquito Peak Tuff,'' is the last-erupted tuff of the Treasure Mountain Group, which consists of at least 20 separate ash-flow sheets of dacite to low-silica rhyolite erupted from the Platoro complex during a 1 m.y, interval (29.5-28.4 Ma). Two Treasure Mountain tuff sheets have volumes in excess of 1000 km(3) each, and five more have volumes of 50-150 km(3). The total volume of ash-flow tuff exceeds 2500 km(3), and caldera-related lavas of dominantly andesitic composition make up 250-500 km(3) more, A much greater volume of intermediate-composition magma must have solidified in subcaldera magma chambers, Most preserved features of the Platoro complex-including postcollapse asymmetrical trap-door resurgent uplift of the ponded intracaldera tuff and concurrent infilling by andesitic lava flows-postdate eruption of the Chiquito Peak Tuff, The numerous large-volume pre-Chiquito Peak ash-flow tuffs document multiple eruptions accompanied by recurrent subsidence; early-formed caldera walls nearly coincide with margins of the later Chiquito Peak collapse, Repeated syneruptive collapse at the Platoro complex requires cumulative subsidence of at least 10 km. The rapid regeneration of silicic magmas requires the sustained presence of an andesitic subcaldera magma reservoir, or its rapid replenishment, during the 1 m.y. life span of the Platoro complex, Either case implies large-scale stoping and assimilative recycling of the Tertiary section, including intracaldera tuffs. C1 UNIV GENEVA, DEPT MINERAL, CH-1211 GENEVA 4, SWITZERLAND. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS, DEPT GEOSCI, AMHERST, MA 01003 USA. BERKELEY GEOCHRONOL CTR, BERKELEY, CA 94709 USA. RP Lipman, PW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MS 910, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 61 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 12 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 108 IS 8 BP 1039 EP 1055 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1039:REASAT>2.3.CO;2 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VC461 UT WOS:A1996VC46100010 ER PT J AU Cronin, TM Raymo, ME Kyle, KP AF Cronin, TM Raymo, ME Kyle, KP TI Pliocene (3.2-2.4 Ma) ostracode faunal cycles and deep ocean circulation, North Atlantic Ocean SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID QUATERNARY PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; MIDDLE PLIOCENE; ARCTIC-OCEAN; CLIMATE; SEA AB Ostracode assemblages from Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 607 (western Mid-Atlantic Ridge) and 610 (southeast Rockall Plateau) show rapid, systematic shifts during late Pliocene glacial-interglacial cycles that reflect deep-sea environmental change. Progressive decreases in North Atlantic deep-water taxa and increases in Southern Ocean taxa occur from 3.4 to 2.4 Ma, and high-amplitude faunal cycles begin near 2.8 Ma. Four ostracode assemblages, each with a characteristic phase relative to 41 k.y. obliquity glacial-interglacial delta(18)O cycles, characterize the benthic faunal record at Site 607. Cross-spectral analysis shows that the Site 607 glacial assemblage has a 41 k.y. periodicity significant at the 95% level; other assemblages show a less significant, but still obvious, concentration of variance at 41 k.y. Faunal patterns suggest climatically controlled reorganization of deep-sea benthic communities during glacial-intergiacial cycles due to oscillating deep-sea environments. C1 MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT BIOL,CHICAGO,IL 60637. RP Cronin, TM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 955,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 28 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD AUG PY 1996 VL 24 IS 8 BP 695 EP 698 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0695:PMOFCA>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA VC464 UT WOS:A1996VC46400006 ER PT J AU Williams, CF AF Williams, CF TI Temperature and the seismic/aseismic transition: Observations from the 1992 Landers earthquake SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HEAT-FLOW; MOJAVE DESERT; FAULT ZONE; SEQUENCE; CALIFORNIA AB An important constraint on the size and destructive potential of earthquakes is the depth extent of rupture. Laboratory studies of the transition from unstable to stable sliding, along with observed relationships between surface heat flow and the thickness of the seismogenic crust, provide strong evidence for the significance of temperature in determining the maximum nucleation depth of large earthquakes. The June 28, 1992, M(w) 7.3 Landers earthquake ruptured fault segments within 20 km of 11 pre-existing heat flow measurements, and shallowing of the base of aftershock seismicity along strike correlates with an increase in heat flow. Crustal geotherms estimated from these measurements place the base of seismicity along the 250 degrees C isotherm. This temperature is consistent with predictions from laboratory studies of the frictional stability of Westerly granite, but estimated temperatures for the seismic-aseismic transition along other faults within the San Andreas fault system are in the range of 350 to 400 degrees C. Variations in country rock and fault gouge composition, together with higher slip rates, may account for this difference, although part of the Landers seismogenic crust might remain unruptured. RP Williams, CF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 20 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 1 PY 1996 VL 23 IS 16 BP 2029 EP 2032 DI 10.1029/96GL02066 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VA620 UT WOS:A1996VA62000008 ER PT J AU Kargel, JS Schreiber, JF Sonett, CP AF Kargel, JS Schreiber, JF Sonett, CP TI Mud cracks and dedolomitization in the Wittenoom Dolomite, Hamersley Group, Western Australia SO GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE LA English DT Article ID BANDED IRON-FORMATIONS; SUBAQUEOUS SHRINKAGE CRACKS; PRECAMBRIAN CARBONATES; FORTESCUE GROUP; GEOCHEMISTRY; DEPOSITION; DOLOMITIZATION; SEDIMENTOLOGY; CONSTRAINTS; SCOTLAND AB Several impure dolomitic limestone beds in an outcrop of the latest Archean Wittenoom Dolomite (Hamersley Group, Western Australia) are polygonally cracked, The cracks appear to be sub-aerial desiccation features, suggesting that the known area of shallow water and locally emergent conditions extended from the far eastern part of the basin (the Carawine Dolomite) over 270 km farther west. This finding places shallow-water or emergent conditions either(1) near the middle of what Trendall (1983) defined as the probable original limits of the Hamersley Basin (Trendall's ''Pilbara Egg'') or (2) near the southern edge of what Morris (1993) thought to be a broad carbonate platform which fed a deeper water sequence to the south, In any case, the Hamersley Basin in the area of Bee Gorge and eastward to the Carawine Dolomite may have been a carbonate mudflat in part with restricted circulation of sea water. The Carawine Dolomite and the Wittenoom Dolomite near Bee Gorge may have been affected by carbonate buildups along a shelf edge, Regardless of whether shallow water was widespread or local in the Hamersley basin, shallow water verging on emergence is supported by evidence of diagenetic dedolomitization under conditions of low atmospheric and hydrospheric P-O2 and precipitation of strontianite in the mud-cracked sample, Evidence of shallow water at Bee Gorge is consistent with Trendall's broad evaporite-basin model and with Morris' barred-platform model for the origin of Hamersley carbonates and banded iron-formations. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT GEOSCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. UNIV ARIZONA,LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85721. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT PLANETARY SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. RP Kargel, JS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2255 N GEMINI DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 77 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8181 J9 GLOBAL PLANET CHANGE JI Glob. Planet. Change PD AUG PY 1996 VL 14 IS 1-2 BP 73 EP 96 DI 10.1016/0921-8181(95)00055-0 PG 24 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA VC762 UT WOS:A1996VC76200004 ER PT J AU Dunne, KA Willmott, CJ AF Dunne, KA Willmott, CJ TI Global distribution of plant-extractable water capacity of soil SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE plant-extractable water capacity of soil; soil moisture; available water capacity; global soil moisture; global water budget ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; MOISTURE; CLIMATE; LAND; RETENTION; CARBON; CYCLE AB Plant-extractable water capacity of soil is the amount of water that can be extracted from the soil to fulfill evapotranspiration demands. It is often assumed to be spatially invariant in large-scale computations of the soil-water balance. Empirical evidence, however, suggests that this assumption is incorrect. In this paper, we estimate the global distribution of the plant-extractable water capacity of soil. A representative soil profile, characterized by horizon (layer) particle size data and thickness, was created for each soil unit mapped by FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)/Unesco. Soil organic matter was estimated empirically from climate data. plant rooting depths and ground coverages were obtained from a vegetation characteristic data set. At each 0.5 degrees x 0.5 degrees grid cell where vegetation is present, unit available water capacity (cm water per cm soil) was estimated from the sand, clay, and organic content of each profile horizon, and integrated over horizon thickness. Summation of the integrated values over the lesser of profile depth and root depth produced an estimate of the plant-extractable water capacity of soil. The global average of the estimated plant-extractable water capacities of soil is 8 . 6 cm (Greenland, Antarctica and bare soil areas excluded). Estimates are less than 5, 10 and 15 cm-over approximately 30, 60, and 89 per cent of the area, respectively. Estimates reflect the combined effects of soil texture, soil organic content, and plant root depth or profile depth. The most influential and uncertain parameter is the depth over which the plant-extractable water capacity of soil is computed, which is usually limited by root depth. Soil texture exerts a lesser, but still substantial, influence. Organic content, except where concentrations are very high, has relatively little effect. C1 UNIV DELAWARE,DEPT GEOG,CTR CLIMAT RES,NEWARK,DE 19716. RP Dunne, KA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,GEOPHYS FLUID DYNAM LAB,POB 308,RT 1 FORRESTAL CAMPUS,PRINCETON,NJ 08542, USA. NR 55 TC 75 Z9 78 U1 3 U2 22 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0899-8418 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 16 IS 8 BP 841 EP 859 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199608)16:8<841::AID-JOC60>3.0.CO;2-8 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VF591 UT WOS:A1996VF59100001 ER PT J AU Chyi, LL Medlin, JH Coleman, SL AF Chyi, LL Medlin, JH Coleman, SL TI Coalification and coal petrology - Preface SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,OFF INT GEOL,RESTON,VA 22092. RP Chyi, LL (reprint author), UNIV AKRON,BUCHTEL COLL ARTS & SCI,DEPT GEOL,AKRON,OH 44325, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 30 IS 4 BP 275 EP 275 PG 1 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA VE978 UT WOS:A1996VE97800001 ER PT J AU Chyi, LL Medlin, JH AF Chyi, LL Medlin, JH TI Characterizing coal beds in western Kentucky with the Al-La-Sc coherent triad SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Cyclic sedimentation and lateral facies changes make coal bed correlations inconclusive and difficult. This uncertainty can be further complicated if a coal basin has been structurally deformed. Coal macerals can be studied to indicate the nature and degree of coalification. Their use in coal bed correlation, however, is limited. Most of the trace elements and their ratios that have been studied show significant within-bed lateral and stratigraphic variations, and thus are not effective in correlating coal beds regionally. Geochemically coherent groups of elements, such as rare earth elements (REE) and platinum group elements (PGE), appear to be highly differentiated in coal-forming environments. Geochemical coherent elemental triads appear to be useful for coal bed identification or fingerprinting. The best triad which was demonstrated to be effective in coal bed characterization in western Kentucky, is that of Al, La and Sc. These three elements are highly correlated with one another and they can be determined accurately and simultaneously with instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The elemental triad Al-La-Sc is used to identify and fingerprint three key coal beds in western Kentucky: the Springfield (western Kentucky No. 9), the Davis (western Kentucky No. 6), and the Mining City and Dawson Springs are both considered to be the No. 4 coal bed in western Kentucky). Four distinct groupings can be recognized by use of the Al-La-Sc triad. The Dawson Springs coals have the highest Al/(La + Sc) ratios, followed by the Springfield, the Davis and the Mining City. The Mining City coal bed generally has the highest La/Sc ratio. However, the Dawson Springs is not correlated with the Mining City using the triad analysis, even though they have reportedly similar stratigraphic positions in the western Kentucky coal basin. The Al-La-Sc triad appears to be effective in discriminating between the Springfield and the Davis coal beds throughout the entire Illinois Basin. Furthermore. the range of concentration variation of the AL-La-Se triad suggests individual groupings oi the No. 4 coal in western Kentucky. Zn addition to characterizing these coal beds. the Al-La-Se triad may be used to confirm stratigraphic correlations. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP Chyi, LL (reprint author), UNIV AKRON,DEPT GEOL,AKRON,OH 44325, USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 30 IS 4 BP 349 EP 359 DI 10.1016/0166-5162(95)00054-2 PG 11 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA VE978 UT WOS:A1996VE97800009 ER PT J AU Heymsfield, GM Bidwell, SW Caylor, IJ Ameen, S Nicholson, S Boncyk, W Miller, L Vandemark, D Racette, PE Dod, LR AF Heymsfield, GM Bidwell, SW Caylor, IJ Ameen, S Nicholson, S Boncyk, W Miller, L Vandemark, D Racette, PE Dod, LR TI The EDOP radar system on the high-altitude NASA ER-2 aircraft SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE OBSERVATIONS; AIRBORNE; PRECIPITATION; RAIN; LINE AB The NASA ER-2 high-altitude (20 km) aircraft that emulates a satellite view of precipitation systems carries a variety of passive and active (lidar) remote sensing instruments. A new Doppler weather radar system at X band (9.6 GHz) called the ER-2 Doppler radar (EDOP) has been developed and flown on the ER-2 aircraft. EDOP is a fully coherent Doppler weather radar with fixed nadir and forward pointing (33 degrees off nadir) beams that map out Doppler winds and reflectivities in the vertical plane along the aircraft motion vector. Doppler winds from the two beams can be used to derive vertical and along-track air motions. In addition, the forward beam provides linear depolarization measurements that are useful in discriminating microphysical characteristics of the precipitation. This paper deals with a general description of the EDOP instrument including the measurement concept, the system configuration and hardware, and recently obtained data examples from the instrument. The combined remote sensing package on the ER-2, along with EDOP, provides a unique platform for simulating spaceborne remote sensing of precipitation. C1 SCI SYST & APPLICAT INC,LANHAM,MD. TRW CO INC,REDONDO BEACH,CA 90278. USGS,EROS DATA CTR,SIOUX FALLS,SD. CLEMSON UNIV,CLEMSON,SC. WALLOPS FLIGHT FACIL,WALLOPS ISL,VA. SWALES INC,BELTSVILLE,MD. RP Heymsfield, GM (reprint author), NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,CODE 912,GREENBELT,MD 20771, USA. NR 38 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 13 IS 4 BP 795 EP 809 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013<0795:TERSOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UY962 UT WOS:A1996UY96200002 ER PT J AU Huizinga, RJ AF Huizinga, RJ TI Verification of vertically rotating flume using non-Newtonian fluids SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID DEBRIS-FLOW RHEOLOGY AB Three tests on non-Newtonian fluids were used to verify the use of a vertically rotating flume (VRF) for the study of the rheological properties of debris flow. The VRF is described and a procedure for the analysis of results of tests made with the VRF is presented, The major advantages of the VRF are a flow field consistent with that found in nature, a large particle-diameter threshold, inexpensive operation, and verification using several different materials; the major limitations are a lack of temperature control and a certain error incurred from the use of the Bingham plastic model to describe a more complex phenomenon. Because the VRF has been verified with non-Newtonian fluids as well as Newtonian fluids, it can be used to measure the rheological properties of coarse-grained debris-flow materials. RP Huizinga, RJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,1400 INDEPENDENCE RD,MAIL STOP 200,ROLLA,MO 65401, USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD AUG PY 1996 VL 122 IS 8 BP 456 EP 459 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:8(456) PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA UY472 UT WOS:A1996UY47200006 ER PT J AU Teal, MJ Ettema, R Walker, JF AF Teal, MJ Ettema, R Walker, JF TI Estimation of mean flow velocity in ice-covered channels - Closure SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 IOWA INST HYDRAUL RES,IOWA CITY,IA 52242. US GEOL SURVEY,MADISON,WI 53719. RP Teal, MJ (reprint author), WEST CONSULTANTS,2111 PALOMAR AIRPORT RD,STE 180,CARLSBAD,CA 92009, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD AUG PY 1996 VL 122 IS 8 BP 476 EP 477 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:8(476) PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA UY472 UT WOS:A1996UY47200018 ER PT J AU Coates, JD Coughlan, MF Colleran, E AF Coates, JD Coughlan, MF Colleran, E TI Simple method for the measurement of the hydrogenotrophic methanogenic activity of anaerobic sludges SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE anaerobic; hydrogenotrophic; methanogenic; recalcitrant; toxicity ID METHANE FORMATION; GRANULAR SLUDGE; MASS-TRANSFER; COENZYME-F420; BACTERIA; H-2 AB The specific hydrogenotrophic activity of anaerobic sludges is usually assayed by gas chromatographic analysis for methane in the headspace of sealed test vials. Gas is sampled with a pressure lock syringe which allows quantification independent of the pressure prevailing in the vials. An alternative method was developed using pressure transducer monitoring of the decrease in headspace gas pressure as the H2/CO2 substrate is converted to CH4. Application of a simple formula related the decrease at each sample point to millilitres of CH4 produced and gave values for the specific hydrogenotrophic activity of granular anaerobic sludge which were in good agreement with the values obtained by the more labor-intensive gas chromatographic method. The simplicity of the method facilitates multiple replicate analyses and allows more accurate determination of initial rates than is achievable by the gas chromatographic method which is prone to analytical error at the very low concentrations of CH4 present in the headspace during the early stages of the assay. Mass transfer of H-2 from headspace to liquid was found to be rate-limiting and to result in significant under-estimation of the specific hydrogenotrophic activity of the granular sludge. A test protocol, which used a vial volatile suspended solids concentration between 1.7 and 8 g 1(-1); a 1:5 ratio between liquid and headspace; incubation of the vials horizontally with vigorous shaking (180 rev./min) and an initial H-2/CO2 (80/20) gas pressure of 100-150 kPa was found to give reproducible and maximal values for the specific hydrogenotrophic activity of the test sludge. C1 NATL UNIV IRELAND UNIV COLL GALWAY,DEPT MICROBIOL,GALWAY,IRELAND. RP Coates, JD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,NATL CTR 430,12201 SUNRISE VALLEY DR,MAILSTOP 430,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 26 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD AUG PY 1996 VL 26 IS 3 BP 237 EP 246 DI 10.1016/0167-7012(96)00915-3 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA VR507 UT WOS:A1996VR50700007 ER PT J AU Lee, MW Agena, WF Hutchinson, DR AF Lee, MW Agena, WF Hutchinson, DR TI Amplitude blanking in seismic profiles from Lake Baikal SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE amplitude blanking; multichannel seismic; continental rift; Lake Baikal ID RIFT; BASINS AB Imaging of the deepest sedimentary section in Lake Baikal using multichannel seismic profiling was hampered by amplitude blanking that is regionally extensive, is associated with water depths greater than about 900 m and occurs at sub-bottom depths of 1-2 km in association with the first water-bottom multiple. Application of a powerful multiple suppression technique improved the quality of occasional discontinuous, dipping primary reflections, but failed to substantially alter the non-reflective character of the blanking zone. Detailed analysis of amplitudes from original data and synthetic models show that the threshold for detecting primary energy in deep water of Lake Baikal occurs when the primary is about 14-20 dB less than the multiple energy. The blanking occurs because of anomalously low reflectivities of the deep sediments coupled with this 20 dB limitation in real data processing. The blanking cuts across seismic stratal boundaries, and is therefore probably unrelated to depositional lithologies. The deepest, early rift deposits, inferred to come from a mixed fluvial and lacustrine setting, do not easily explain the widespread and uniform character of the blanked deposits. More likely, blanking occurs because of processes or phenomena that physically alter the deposits, causing them to be non-reflective and/or highly attenuating. No single process explains all the observations, but a combination of diagenesis, overpressure, and the presence of dispersed free gas at sub-bottom depths of 1-2 km, offer plausible and possible conditions that contribute to blanking. (C) 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. RP Lee, MW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 13 IS 5 BP 549 EP 563 DI 10.1016/0264-8172(95)00077-1 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA UT710 UT WOS:A1996UT71000006 ER PT J AU McDougall, K AF McDougall, K TI Benthic foraminiferal response to the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama and coincident paleoceanographic changes SO MARINE MICROPALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Review ID DRILLING PROJECT LEG-84; NORTH-ATLANTIC; ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; OXYGEN ISOTOPE; INDIAN-OCEAN; DEEP; MIOCENE; MIDDLE; GEOCHRONOLOGY AB Late Cenozoic benthic foraminiferal faunas from the Caribbean Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 502 (3052 m) and East Pacific DSDP Site 503 (3572 m) were analyzed to interpret bottom-water masses and paleoceanographic changes occurring as the Isthmus of Panama emerged. Major changes during the past 7 Myr occur at 6.7-6.2, 3.4, 2.0, and 1.1 Ma in the Caribbean and 6.7-6.4, 4.0-3.2, 2.1, 1.4, and 0.7 Ma in the Pacific. Prior to 6.7 Ma, benthic foraminiferal faunas at both sites indicate the presence of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). After 6.7 Ma benthic foraminiferal faunas indicate a shift to warmer water masses: North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) in the Caribbean and Pacific Deep Water (PDW) in the Pacific. Flow of NADW may have continued across the rising sill between the Caribbean and Pacific until 5.6 Ma when the Pacific benthic foraminiferal faunas suggest a decrease in bottom-water temperatures. After 5.6 Ma deep-water to intermediate-water flow across the sill appears to have stopped as the bottom-water masses on either side of the sill diverge. The second change recorded by benthic foraminiferal faunas occurs at 3.4 Ma in the Caribbean and 4.0-3.2 Ma in the Pacific. At this time the Caribbean is flooded with cold AABW, which is either gradually warmed or is replaced by Glacial Bottom Water (GBW) at 2.0 Ma and by NADW at 1.1 Ma. These changes are related to global climatic events and to the depth of the sill between the Caribbean and Atlantic rather than the rising Isthmus of Panama. Benthic foraminiferal faunas at East Pacific Site 503 indicate a gradual change from cold PDW to warmer PDW between 4.0 and 3.2 Ma. The PDW is replaced by the warmer, poorly oxygenated PIW at 2.1 Ma. Although the PDW affects the faunas during colder intervals between 1.4 and 0.7 Ma, the PIW remains the principal bottom-water mass in the Guatemala Basin of the East Pacific. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BRANCH PALEONTOL & STRATIG MS915,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 120 TC 23 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8398 J9 MAR MICROPALEONTOL JI Mar. Micropaleontol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 28 IS 2 BP 133 EP 169 DI 10.1016/0377-8398(95)00081-X PG 37 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA VF238 UT WOS:A1996VF23800002 ER PT J AU Marston, R Kleinman, J Miller, M AF Marston, R Kleinman, J Miller, M TI Geomorphic and forest cover controls on monsoon flooding, central Nepal Himalaya SO MOUNTAIN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID DEFORESTATION; DISCHARGE; STREAMS; RIVERS AB Devastating monsoon season floods in the central Nepal Himalaya have been difficult to predict with any precision, reliability, or accuracy. Deforestation is often blamed as the principal cause of flooding. This paper uses field data at 22 stream crossings, together with drainage basin morphometric data and forest cover data, to determine the dominant controls on bank-full discharge from monsoon storms. Results demonstrate that 82 percent of the variation in bank-full discharge can be explained as a function of drainage area alone; forest cover did not add explanatory power. Findings from this study can be used to guide planning for future projects that will be affected by flood hazards in the central Nepal Himalaya, including irrigation, hydropower, and footbridge construction. C1 UNIV ALASKA SE,JUNEAU,AK 99801. UNIV WYOMING,DEPT GEOG & RECREAT,LARAMIE,WY 82071. US GEOL SURVEY,CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,VANCOUVER,WA 98681. UNIV IDAHO,GLACIOL & ARCTIC SCI INST,MOSCOW,ID 83843. FDN GLACIER & ENVIRONM RES,MOSCOW,ID 83843. RP Marston, R (reprint author), FDN GLACIER & ENVIRONM RES,JUNEAU,AK 99801, USA. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU UNIV CALIF PRESS PI BERKELEY PA JOURNALS DEPT 2120 BERKELEY WAY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 SN 0276-4741 J9 MT RES DEV JI Mt. Res. Dev. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 16 IS 3 BP 257 EP 264 DI 10.2307/3673948 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA VK461 UT WOS:A1996VK46100010 ER PT J AU Lovley, DR Coates, JD BluntHarris, EL Phillips, EJP Woodward, JC AF Lovley, DR Coates, JD BluntHarris, EL Phillips, EJP Woodward, JC TI Humic substances as electron acceptors for microbial respiration SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER; REDUCTION; ACID; IRON; MANGANESE; SEDIMENTS; METALS AB HUMIC substances are heterogeneous high molecular-weight organic materials which are ubiquitous in terrestrial and aquatic environments. They are resistant to microbial degradation(1) and thus are not generally considered to be dynamically involved in microbial metabolism, especially in anoxic habitats. However, we show here that some microorganisms found in soils and sediments are able to use humic substances as an electron acceptor for the anaerobic oxidation of organic compounds and hydrogen. This electron transport yields energy to support growth. Microbial humic reduction also enhances the capacity for microorganisms to reduce other, less accessible electron accepters, such as insoluble Fe(III) oxides, because humic substances can shuttle electrons between the humic-reducing microorganisms and the Fe(III) oxide. The finding that microorganisms can donate electrons to humic acids has important implications for the mechanisms by which microorganisms oxidize both natural and contaminant organics in anaerobic soils and sediments, and suggests a biological source of electrons for humics-mediated reduction of contaminant metals and organics. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. RP UNIV MASSACHUSETTS, DEPT MICROBIOL, AMHERST, MA 01003 USA. NR 22 TC 838 Z9 917 U1 46 U2 381 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD AUG 1 PY 1996 VL 382 IS 6590 BP 445 EP 448 DI 10.1038/382445a0 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VA251 UT WOS:A1996VA25100055 ER PT J AU Coplen, TB AF Coplen, TB TI More uncertainty than necessary SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material RP Coplen, TB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 431,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 5 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD AUG PY 1996 VL 11 IS 4 BP 369 EP 370 DI 10.1029/96PA01420 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA VM330 UT WOS:A1996VM33000001 ER PT J AU McCrory, PA AF McCrory, PA TI Evolution of a trench-slope basin within the Cascadia subduction margin: The Neogene Humboldt Basin, California - Reply SO SEDIMENTOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID MENDOCINO TRIPLE JUNCTION; EEL RIVER BASIN; TECTONICS; REGION; ZONE RP McCrory, PA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 43 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0037-0746 J9 SEDIMENTOLOGY JI Sedimentology PD AUG PY 1996 VL 43 IS 4 BP 764 EP 769 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1996.tb02025.x PG 6 WC Geology SC Geology GA VC775 UT WOS:A1996VC77500011 ER PT J AU Wei, BZ Pezeshk, S Chang, TS Hall, KH Liu, HP AF Wei, BZ Pezeshk, S Chang, TS Hall, KH Liu, HP TI An empirical method to estimate shear wave velocity of soils in the New Madrid seismic zone SO SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE S-wave; velocity; soil; SPT value; New Madrid AB In this study, a set of charts are developed to estimate shear wave velocity of soils in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ), using the standard penetration test (SPT) N values and soil depths. Laboratory dynamic test results of soil samples collected from the NMSZ showed that the shear wave velocity of soils is related to the void ratio and the effective confining pressure applied to the soils. The void ratio of soils can be estimated from the SPT N values and the effective confining pressure depends on the depth of soils. Therefore, the shear wave velocity of soils can be estimated from the SPT N value and the soil depth. To make the methodology practical, two corrections should be made. One is that held SPT N values of soils must be adjusted to an unified SPT N' value to account the effects of overburden pressure and equipment. The second is that the effect of water table to effective overburden pressure of soils must be considered. To verify the methodology, shear wave velocities of five sites in the NMSZ are estimated and compared with those obtained from held measurements. The comparison shows that our approach and the field tests are consistent with an error of less than of 15%. Thus, the method developed in this study is useful for dynamic study and practical designs in the NMSZ region. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Limited C1 MEMPHIS STATE UNIV,CTR EARTHQUAKE RES & ENGN,MEMPHIS,TN 38152. HALL BLAKE & ASSOCIATES,MEMPHIS,TN 38127. US GEOL SURVEY,OFF EARTHQUAKES VOLCANOES & ENGN,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Wei, BZ (reprint author), MEMPHIS STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,MEMPHIS,TN 38152, USA. RI Pezeshk, Shahram/G-2815-2010 NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0267-7261 J9 SOIL DYN EARTHQ ENG JI Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 15 IS 6 BP 399 EP 408 DI 10.1016/0267-7261(96)00014-0 PG 10 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA VG514 UT WOS:A1996VG51400006 ER PT J AU Tosdal, RM AF Tosdal, RM TI The Amazon-Laurentian connection as viewed from the middle proterozoic rocks in the central Andes, western Bolivia and northern Chile SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article ID LEAD-ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE; SOUTHERN PERU; GONDWANA LINK; PB; EVOLUTION; ORIGIN; BASEMENT; MODEL; APPALACHIANS; CONSTRAINTS AB Middle Proterozoic rocks underlying the Andes in western Bolivia, western Argentina, and northern Chile and Early Proterozoic rocks of the Arequipa massif in southern Peru form the Arequipa-Antofalla craton. These rocks are discontinuously exposed beneath Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks, but abundant crystalline clasts in Tertiary sedimentary rocks in the western altiplano allow indirect samples of the craton. Near Berenguela, western Bolivia, the Oligocene and Miocene Mauri Formation contains boulders of granodiorite augen gneiss (1171 +/- 20 Ma and 1158 +/- 12 Ma; U-Pb zircon), quartzose gneiss and granofels that are inferred to have arkosic protoliths (1100 Ma source region; U-Pb zircon), quartzofeldspathic and mafic orthogneisses that have amphibolite- and granulite-facies metamorphic mineral assemblages (similar to 1080 Ma metamorphism; U-Pb zircon), and undeformed granitic rocks of Phanerozoic(?) age, The Middle Proterozoic crystalline rocks from Berenguela and elsewhere in western Bolivia and from the Middle Proterozoic Belen Schist in northern Chile generally have present-day low Pb-206/Pb-204 (<18.0), elevated Pb-207/Pb-204 (>15.57), and elevated Pb-208/Pb-204 (37.2 to 50.7) indicative of high time-averaged Th/U values. The Middle Proterozoic rocks in general have higher present-day Pb-206/Pb-204 values than those of the Early Proterozoic rocks of the Arequipa massif (Pb-206/Pb-204 between 16.1 and 17.1) but lower than rocks of the southern Arequipa-Antofalla craton (Pb-206/Pb-204 >18.5), a difference inferred to reflect Grenvillian granulite metamorphism. The Pb isotopic compositions for the various Proterozoic rocks lie on common Pb isotopic growth curves, implying that Pb incorporated in rocks composing the Arequipa-Antofalla craton was extracted from a similar evolving Pb isotopic reservoir. Evidently, the craton has been a coherent terrane since the Middle Proterozoic. Moreover, the Pb isotopic compositions for the Arequipa-Antofalla craton overlap those of the Amazon craton, thereby supporting a link between these cratons and seemingly precluding part of the Arequipa-Antofalla craton from being a detached fragment of another craton such as eastern Laurentia, which has been characterized by a different U/Pb history. Pb isotopic compositions for the Arequipa-Antofalla craton are, furthermore, distinct from those of the Proterozoic basement in the Precordillera terrane, western Argentina, indicating a Pb isotopic and presumably a tectonic boundary between them. The Pb isotopic compositions for the Precordillera basement are similar to those of eastern Laurentia, and support other data indicating that these rocks are a detached fragment of North America. Finally, the distinct Pb isotopic evolution history of the Arequipa-Antofalla craton and eastern Laurentia require minor modification to tectonic models linking eastern North America-Scotland to the oroclinal bend in western South America. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 71 TC 89 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0278-7407 EI 1944-9194 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD AUG PY 1996 VL 15 IS 4 BP 827 EP 842 DI 10.1029/95TC03248 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VB725 UT WOS:A1996VB72500009 ER PT J AU Huntington, TG AF Huntington, TG TI Predicting watershed acidification under alternate rainfall conditions SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article ID ACID DEPOSITION; MODEL AB The effect of alternate rainfall scenarios on acidification of a forested watershed subjected to chronic acidic deposition was assessed using the model of acidification of groundwater in catchments (MAGIC). The model was calibrated at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, near Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. using measured soil properties, wet and dry deposition, and modeled hydrologic routing. Model forecast simulations were evaluated to compare alternate temporal averaging of rainfall inputs and variations in rainfall amount and seasonal distribution. Soil water alkalinity was predicted to decrease to substantially lower concentrations under lower rainfall compared with current or higher rainfall conditions. Soil water alkalinity was also predicted to decrease to lower levels when the majority of rainfall occurred during the growing season compared with other rainfall distributions. Changes in rainfall distribution that result in decreases in net soil water flux will temporarily delay acidification. Ultimately, however, decreased soil water flux will result in larger increases in soil-adsorbed sulfur and soil-water sulfate concentrations and decreases in alkalinity when compared to higher water flux conditions. Potential climate change resulting in significant changes in rainfall amounts, seasonal distribution of rainfall, or evapotranspiration will change net soil water flux and, consequently, will affect the dynamics of the acidification response to continued sulfate loading. RP Huntington, TG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,PEACHTREE BUS CTR SUITE 130,3039 AMWILER RD,ATLANTA,GA 30360, USA. OI Huntington, Thomas/0000-0002-9427-3530 NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 90 IS 3-4 BP 429 EP 450 DI 10.1007/BF00282660 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA VB135 UT WOS:A1996VB13500005 ER PT J AU Gebert, WA Krug, WR AF Gebert, WA Krug, WR TI Streamflow trends in Wisconsin's driftless area SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE surface water hydrology; agricultural hydrology; land-use change; streamflow; low flows; floods AB Trends in streamflow characteristics were analyzed for streams in southwestern Wisconsin's Driftless Area by using data at selected gaging stations. The analyses indicate that annual low flows have increased significantly, whereas annual flood peaks have decreased. The same trends were not observed for forested areas of northern Wisconsin. Streamflow trends for other streams in southeastern Wisconsin draining predominantly agricultural land were similar to trends for Driftless Area streams for annual low flows. The causes for the trends are not well understood nor are the effects. Trends in annual precipitation do not explain the observed trends in streamflow. Other studies have found that erosion rates decreased significantly in the Driftless Area, and have attributed this reduction to a change of agricultural practices, which increase infiltration, decrease flood peaks, and increase low flows. RP Gebert, WA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WRD,6417 NORMANDY LANE,MADISON,WI 53719, USA. NR 16 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 22070-5528 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 32 IS 4 BP 733 EP 744 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA VE209 UT WOS:A1996VE20900007 ER PT J AU Krug, WR AF Krug, WR TI Simulation of temporal changes in rainfall-runoff characteristics, Coon Creek basin, Wisconsin SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE watershed models; rainfall-runoff relationships; flood peak; land management AB Streamflow for 67 years was simulated for Coon Creek at Coon Valley, Wisconsin, for three conditions in the drainage basin: (1) conditions in the 1930s; (2) conditions in the 1970s, excluding flood-detention reservoirs; and (3) conditions in the 1970s, including flood-detention reservoirs. These simulations showed that the changes in agricultural practices over 40 years (1940-80) reduced the 100-year flood by 53 percent (from 38,900 to 18,300 cubic feet per second). The flood-detention reservoirs reduced the 100-year flood by an additional 17 percent (to 15,100 cubic feet per second). The simulation was accomplished by calibrating a precipitation-runoff model to observed rainfall and runoff during two separate periods (1934-40 and 1978-81). Comparisons of model simulations showed that differences between the model calibrations for the two periods were statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level. RP Krug, WR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WRD,6417 NORMANDY LANE,MADISON,WI 53719, USA. NR 4 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 22070-5528 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 32 IS 4 BP 745 EP 752 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA VE209 UT WOS:A1996VE20900008 ER PT J AU Phillips, PJ Bachman, LJ AF Phillips, PJ Bachman, LJ TI Hydrologic landscapes on the Delmarva Peninsula .1. Drainage basin type and base-flow chemistry SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE water quality; watershed analysis; landscape analysis; surface water hydrology ID SURFACE-WATER; STREAMS AB The relation between landscape characteristics and water chemistry on the Delmarva Peninsula can be determined through a principal-component analysis of basin characteristics. Two basin types were defined by factor scores: (1) well-drained basins, characterized by combinations of a low percentage of forest cover, a low percentage of poorly drained soil, and elevated channel slope; and (2) poorly drained basins, characterized by a combinations of an elevated percentage of forest cover, an elevated percentage of poorly drained soil, and low channel slopes. Results from base-flow sampling of 29 basins during spring 1991 indicate that water chemistry of the two basin types differ significantly. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, potassium, alkalinity, chloride, and nitrate are elevated in well-drained basins, and specific conductance is elevated. Concentrations of aluminum, dissolved organic carbon, sodium, and silica are elevated in poorly drained basins whereas specific conductance is low. The chemical patterns found in well-drained basins can be attributed to the application of agricultural chemicals, and those in poorly drained basins can be attributed to ground-water flowpaths. These results indicate that basin types determined by a quantitative analysis of basin characteristics can be related statistically to differences in base-flow chemistry, and that the observed statistical differences can be related to major processes that affect water chemistry. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,TOWSON,MD 21286. RP Phillips, PJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,425 JORDAN RD,TROY,NY 12180, USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 22070-5528 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 32 IS 4 BP 767 EP 778 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA VE209 UT WOS:A1996VE20900011 ER PT J AU Bachman, LJ Phillips, PJ AF Bachman, LJ Phillips, PJ TI Hydrologic landscapes on the Delmarva Peninsula .2. Estimates of base-flow nitrogen load to Chesapeake Bay SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE water quality; watershed analysis; landscape analysis; surface water hydrology ID COASTAL-PLAIN; CHEMISTRY; DELAWARE AB Base-flow samples were collected from 47 sampling sites for four seasons from 1990-91 on the Delmarva Peninsula in Delaware and Maryland to relate stream chemistry to a ''hydrologic landscape'' and season. Two hydrologic landscapes were determined: (1) a well-drained landscape, characterized by a combination of a low percentage of forest cover, a low percentage of poorly drained soil, and elevated channel slope; and (2) poorly drained landscape, characterized by a combination of an elevated percentage of forest cover, an elevated percentage of poorly drained soil, and low channel slope. Concentrations of nitrogen were significantly related to the hydrologic landscape. Nitrogen concentrations tended to be higher in well-drained landscapes than in poorly drained ones. The highest instantaneous nitrogen yields occurred in well-drained landscapes during the winter. These yields were extrapolated over the part of the study area draining to Chesapeake Bay in order to provide a rough estimate of nitrogen load from base flow to the Bay and its estuarine tributaries. This estimate was compared to an estimate made by extrapolating from an existing long-term monitoring station. The load estimate from the stream survey data was 5 X 10(6) kg of N per year, which was about four times the estimate made from the existing long-term monitoring station. The stream-survey estimate of base flow represents about 40 percent of the total nitrogen load that enters the Bay and estuarine tributaries from all sources in the study area. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,TROY,NY 12180. RP Bachman, LJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,208 CARROLL BLDG,8600 LASALLE RD,TOWSON,MD 21286, USA. NR 37 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 22070-5528 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 32 IS 4 BP 779 EP 791 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA VE209 UT WOS:A1996VE20900012 ER PT J AU Liu, SP Yen, ST Kolpin, DW AF Liu, SP Yen, ST Kolpin, DW TI Pesticides in ground water: Do atrazine metabolites matter? SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE atrazine; ground water quality; land use factors; metabolites; Tobit model ID HERBICIDES; DEETHYLATRAZINE; DEGRADATION; AQUIFERS AB Atrazine and atrazine-residue (atrazine + two metabolites - deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine) concentrations were examined to determine if consideration of these atrazine metabolites substantially adds to our understanding of the distribution of this pesticide in groundwater of the midcontinental United States. The mean of atrazine-residue concentrations was 53 percent greater than that of atrazine alone for those observations above the detection limit (> 0.05 mu g/l). Furthermore, a censored regression analysis using atrazine-residue concentrations revealed significant factors not identified when only atrazine concentrations were used. Thus, knowledge of concentrations of these atrazine metabolites is required to obtain a true estimation of risk of using these aquifers as sources for drinking water, and such knowledge also provides information that ultimately may be important for future management policies designed to reduce atrazine concentrations in ground water. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT ECON,URBANA,IL 61801. US GEOL SURVEY,IOWA CITY,IA 52244. RP Liu, SP (reprint author), PROVIDIAN BANCORP,201 MISSION ST,13TH FLOOR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94105, USA. NR 37 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 22070-5528 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 32 IS 4 BP 845 EP 853 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA VE209 UT WOS:A1996VE20900018 ER PT J AU Hoos, AB AF Hoos, AB TI Improving regional-model estimates of urban-runoff quality using local data SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE modeling/statistics; urban-runoff quality; nonpoint source pollution; regional regression model; pollution modeling; stormwater management AB Urban water-quality managers need load estimates of storm-runoff pollutants to design effective remedial programs. Estimates are commonly made using published models calibrated to large regions of the country. This paper presents statistical methods, termed model-adjustment procedures (MAPs), which use a combination of local data and published regional models to improve estimates of urban-runoff quality. Each MAP is a form of regression analysis that uses a local data base as a calibration data set to adjust the regional model, in effect increasing the size of the local data base without additional, expensive data collection. The adjusted regional model can then be used to estimate storm-runoff quality at unmonitored sites and storms in the locality. The four MAPs presented in this study are (1) single-factor regression against the regional model prediction, P-u; (2) least-squares regression against P-u; (3) least-squares regression against P-u and additional local variables; and (4) weighted combination of P-u and a local-regression prediction. Identification of the statistically most valid method among these four depends upon characteristics of the local data base. A MAP-selection scheme based on statistical analysis of the calibration data set is presented and tested. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NASHVILLE,TN 37203. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 22070-5528 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 32 IS 4 BP 855 EP 863 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA VE209 UT WOS:A1996VE20900019 ER PT J AU Harvey, JW Wagner, BJ Bencala, KE AF Harvey, JW Wagner, BJ Bencala, KE TI Evaluating the reliability of the stream tracer approach to characterize stream-subsurface water exchange SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TRANSIENT STORAGE MODEL; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; MOUNTAIN STREAM; GROUNDWATER; FLOW; RIVER; SEDIMENT; AQUIFER; CALIFORNIA AB Stream water was locally recharged into shallow groundwater flow paths that returned to the stream (hyporheic exchange) in St. Kevin Gulch, a Rocky Mountain stream in Colorado contaminated by acid mine drainage. Two approaches were used to characterize hyporheic exchange: sub-reach-scale measurement of hydraulic heads and hydraulic conductivity to compute streambed fluxes (hydrometric approach) and reach-scale modeling of in-stream solute tracer injections to determine characteristic length and timescales of exchange with storage zones (stream tracer approach). Subsurface data were the standard of comparison used to evaluate the reliability of the stream tracer approach to characterize hyporheic exchange. The reach-averaged hyporheic exchange flux (1.5 mL s(-1) m(-1)), determined by hydrometric methods, was largest when stream base flow was low (10 L s(-1)); hyporheic exchange persisted when base flow was 10-fold higher, decreasing by approximately 30%. Reliability of the stream tracer approach to detect hyporheic exchange was assessed using first-order uncertainty analysis that considered model parameter sensitivity. The stream tracer approach did not reliably characterize hyporheic exchange at high base flow: the model was apparently more sensitive to exchange with surface water storage zones than with the hyporheic zone. At low base flow the stream tracer approach reliably characterized exchange between the stream and gravel streambed (timescale of hours) but was relatively insensitive to slower exchange with deeper alluvium (timescale of tens of hours) that was detected by subsurface measurements. The stream tracer approach was therefore not equally sensitive to all timescales of hyporheic exchange. We conclude that while the stream tracer approach is an efficient means to characterize surface-subsurface exchange, future studies will need to more routinely consider decreasing sensitivities of tracer methods at higher base flow and a potential bias toward characterizing only a fast component of hyporheic exchange. Stream tracer models with multiple rate constants to consider both fast exchange with streambed gravel and slower exchange with deeper alluvium appear to be warranted. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Harvey, JW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,430 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA, USA. RI Bencala, Kenneth/A-6650-2010; Harvey, Judson/L-2047-2013 OI Harvey, Judson/0000-0002-2654-9873 NR 47 TC 232 Z9 241 U1 2 U2 44 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 32 IS 8 BP 2441 EP 2451 DI 10.1029/96WR01268 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA VA834 UT WOS:A1996VA83400010 ER PT J AU Mehta, AP Makogon, TY Burruss, RC Wendlandt, RF Sloan, ED AF Mehta, AP Makogon, TY Burruss, RC Wendlandt, RF Sloan, ED TI A composite phase diagram of structure H hydrates using Schreinemakers' geometric approach SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Article DE hydrates; Structure H; Schreinemakers' rules; phase equilibria ID METHANE; EQUILIBRIA AB A composite phase diagram is presented for Structure H (sH) clathrate hydrates. In this work, we derived the reactions occurring among the various phases along each four-phase (Ice/Liquid water, liquid hydrocarbon, vapor, and hydrate) equilibrium line. A powerful method (though seldom used in chemical engineering) for multicomponent equilibria developed by Schreinemakers is applied to determine the relative location of all quadruple (four-phase) lines emanating from three quintuple (five-phase) points. Experimental evidence validating the approximate phase diagram is also provided. The use of Schreinemakers' rules for the development of the phase diagram is novel for hydrates, but these rules may be extended to resolve the phase space of other more complex systems commonly encountered in chemical engineering. C1 COLORADO SCH MINES,CHEM ENGN & PETR REFINING DEPT,CTR HYDRATE RES,GOLDEN,CO 80401. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. COLORADO SCH MINES,DEPT GEOL,GOLDEN,CO 80401. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD JUL 15 PY 1996 VL 121 IS 1-2 BP 141 EP 165 DI 10.1016/0378-3812(96)03007-5 PG 25 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA VD093 UT WOS:A1996VD09300010 ER PT J AU Zhu, ZL Yang, L AF Zhu, ZL Yang, L TI Characteristics of the 1 km AVHRR data set for North America SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION AB The North America portion of a new global 1 km AVHRR time-series dataset was produced recently by the U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Data Center. Characteristics of the dataset were evaluated for scan-angle distribution, image area distortion as the result of map projection, distribution of high solar zenith angle, and cloud presence in image composites produced using maximum values of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The evaluation showed that the compositing procedure exhibits a bias favouring off-nadir pixels, particularly at post-nadir (forward scanning) positions in the winter months. Results for scan angle distribution and image area distortion provide a basis for calculating the data's effective minimum mapping area for various geographical locations. The amount of missing data due to large solar zenith angle effect varies from 42 per cent in January to 1 per cent in July. Cloud contaminated pixels estimated for the thirty-six 10-day composites range from 7.5 per cent in May to 1.6 per cent in November. Recompositing the North America data set from 10-day cycles to monthly cycles can effectively reduce the amount of cloudy pixels in the data. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,CTR ADV LAND MANAGEMENT INFORMAT TECHNOL,CONSERVAT & SURVEY DIV,LINCOLN,NE 68588. RP Zhu, ZL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,HUGHES STX CORP,EROS DATA CTR,SIOUX FALLS,SD 57198, USA. NR 12 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNDPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JUL 10 PY 1996 VL 17 IS 10 BP 1915 EP 1924 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA UR078 UT WOS:A1996UR07800008 ER PT J AU Chapman, MG Kirk, RL AF Chapman, MG Kirk, RL TI A migratory mantle plume on Venus: Implications for Earth? SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID THERMAL EVOLUTION; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; CONVECTION PLUMES; MAGELLAN DATA; VOLCANISM; CORONAE; MORPHOLOGY; TECTONICS; HOTSPOTS; CLASSIFICATION AB A spatially fixed or at least internally rigid hotspot reference frame has been assumed for determining relative plate motions on Earth. Recent 1:5,000,000 scale mapping of Venus, a planet without terrestrial-style plate tectonics and ocean cover, reveals a systematic age and dimensional progression of corona-like arachnoids occurring in an uncinate chain. The nonrandom associations between arachnoids indicate they likely formed from a deep-seated mantle plume in a manner similar to terrestrial hotspot features. However, absence of expected convergent ''plate'' margin deformation suggests that the arachnoids are the surface expression of a migratory mantle plume beneath a stationary surface. If mantle plumes are not stationary on Venus, what if any are the implications for Earth? RP Chapman, MG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 2255 N GEMINI DR, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86001 USA. NR 42 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B7 BP 15953 EP 15967 DI 10.1029/96JB00883 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA UW810 UT WOS:A1996UW81000012 ER PT J AU Alsina, D Woodward, RL Snieder, RK AF Alsina, D Woodward, RL Snieder, RK TI Shear wave velocity structure in North America from large-scale waveform inversions of surface waves SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID UPPER-MANTLE; LINEARIZED SCATTERING; LATERAL HETEROGENEITY; EARTH STRUCTURE; TRAVEL-TIMES; BENEATH; CALIFORNIA; EVOLUTION; PLATE; FORMALISM AB A two-step nonlinear and linear inversion is carried out to map the lateral heterogeneity beneath North America using surface wave data, The lateral resolution for most areas of the model is of the order of several hundred kilometers. The most obvious feature in the tomographic images is the rapid transition between low velocities in the tectonically active region west of the Rocky Mountains and high velocities in the stable central and eastern shield of North America. The model also reveals smaller-scale heterogeneous velocity structures, A high-velocity anomaly is imaged beneath the state of Washington that could be explained as the subducting Juan de Fuca plate beneath the Cascades. A large low-velocity structure extends along the coast from the Mendocino to the Rivera triple junction and to the continental interior across the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, Its shape changes notably with depth. This anomaly largely coincides with the part of the margin where no lithosphere is consumed since the subduction has been replaced by a transform fault, Evidence for a discontinuous subduction of the Cocos plate along the Middle American Trench is found, In central Mexico a transition is visible from low velocities across the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) to high velocities beneath the Yucatan Peninsula. Two elongated low-velocity anomalies beneath the Yellowstone Plateau and the eastern Snake River Plain volcanic system and beneath central Mexico and the TMVB seem to be associated with magmatism and partial melting, Another low-velocity feature is seen at depths of approximately 200 km beneath Florida and the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The inversion technique used is based on a linear surface wave scattering theory, which gives tomographic images of the relative phase velocity perturbations in four period bands ranging from 40 to 150 s. In order to find a smooth reference model a nonlinear inversion based on ray theory is first performed, After correcting for the crustal thickness the phase velocity perturbations obtained from the subsequent linear waveform inversion for the different period bands are converted to a three-layer model of S velocity perturbations (layer 1, 25-100 km; layer 2, 100-200 km; layer 3, 200-300 km). We have applied this method on 275 high-quality Rayleigh waves recorded by a variety of instruments in North America (IRIS/USGS, IRIS/IDA, TERRAscope, RSTN). Sensitivity tests indicate that the lateral resolution is especially good in the densely sampled western continental United States, Mexico, and the Gulf of Mexico. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, ALBUQUERQUE SEISMOL LAB, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87115 USA. RP Alsina, D (reprint author), UNIV UTRECHT, DEPT THERORET GEOPHYS, POB 80021, 3508 TA UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS. NR 47 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B7 BP 15969 EP 15986 DI 10.1029/96JB00809 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA UW810 UT WOS:A1996UW81000013 ER PT J AU Slack, PD Davis, PM Baldridge, WS Olsen, KH Glahn, A Achauer, U Spence, W AF Slack, PD Davis, PM Baldridge, WS Olsen, KH Glahn, A Achauer, U Spence, W TI The upper mantle structure of the central Rio Grande rift region from teleseismic P and S wave travel time delays and attenuation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; EAST-AFRICAN RIFT; NEW-MEXICO; HEAT-FLOW; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; BENEATH; VELOCITY; STRESS; BASIN; ASTHENOSPHERE AB The lithosphere beneath a continental rift should be significantly modified due to extension. To image the lithosphere beneath the Rio Grande rift (RGR), we analyzed teleseismic travel time delays of both P and S wave arrivals and solved for the attenuation of P and S waves for four seismic experiments spanning the Rio Grande rift. Two tomographic inversions of the P wave travel time data are given: an Aki-Christofferson-Husebye (AGH) block model inversion and a downward projection inversion. The tomographic inversions reveal a NE-SW to NNE-SSW trending feature at depths of 35 to 145 km with a velocity reduction of 7 to 8% relative to mantle velocities beneath the Great Plains. This region correlates with the transition zone between the Colorado Plateau and the Rio Grande rift and is bounded on the NW by the Jemez lineament, a N52 degrees E trending zone of late Miocene to Holocene volcanism. S wave delays plotted against P wave delays are fit with a straight line giving a slope of 3.0+/-0.4 This correlation and the absolute velocity reduction imply that temperatures in the lithosphere are close to the solidus, consistent with, but not requiring, the presence of partial melt in the mantle beneath the Rio Grande rift. The attenuation data could imply the presence of partial melt. We compare our results with other geophysical and geologic data, We propose that any north-south trending thermal (velocity) anomaly that may have existed in the upper mantle during earlier (Oligocene to late Miocene) phases of rifting and that may have correlated with the axis of the rift has diminished with time and has been overprinted with more recent structure. The anomalously low-velocity body presently underlying the transition zone between the core of the Colorado Plateau and the rift may reflect processes resulting from the modem (Pliocene to present) regional stress field (oriented WNW-ESE), possibly heralding future extension across the Jemez lineament and transition zone. C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI, LOS ANGELES, CA 90024 USA. LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB, DIV EARTH & SPACE SCI, LOS ALAMOS, NM 87545 USA. UNIV KARLSRUHE, INST GEOPHYS, D-7500 KARLSRUHE, GERMANY. INST PHYS GLOBE STRASBOURG, F-67984 STRASBOURG, FRANCE. US GEOL SURVEY, NATL EARTHQUAKE INFORMAT CTR, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. RI Davis, Paul/E-7151-2012 NR 43 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B7 BP 16003 EP 16023 DI 10.1029/96JB00109 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA UW810 UT WOS:A1996UW81000015 ER PT J AU Gillard, D Wyss, M Okubo, P AF Gillard, D Wyss, M Okubo, P TI Type of faulting and orientation of stress and strain as a function of space and time in Kilauea's south flank, Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FOCAL MECHANISM DATA; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; ACCRETIONARY WEDGES; PLANE SOLUTIONS; THRUST BELTS; LOMA-PRIETA; EARTHQUAKE; MODEL; CALIFORNIA; BENEATH AB Earthquake focal mechanisms of events occurring between 1972 and 1992 in the south flank of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, are used to infer the state of stress and strain as a function of time and space. We have determined 870 fault plane solutions from P wave first motion polarities for events with magnitudes M(L) greater than or equal to 2.5 and depth ranging between 6 and 12 km. Faulting is characterized by a mixture of decollement, reverse, and normal faults. Most large earthquakes with magnitude M < 7 slip on reverse faults striking NE at 40 degrees and dipping SE between 60 degrees and 70 degrees. In Hawaii, the earthquakes with M > 7 rupture the decollement plane, since it is the only surface large enough to generate magnitude 7 or larger earthquakes. The percentage of reverse faulting events is high compared to the decollement and normal faulting mechanisms for the period 1972-1983. The percentage of decollement type focal mechanisms becomes dominant after 1983. This pattern of faulting activity suggests that pressure was building up within Kilauea's rift zone prior to the 1983 Puu'Oo eruption. Overall, a single stress orientation with the maximum compressive stress oriented SE perpendicular to the rift and dipping at 45 degrees is compatible with the coeval existence of decollement, reverse, and normal faults. However, in a crustal volume east of longitude 155 degrees 10'W, we find a change of the orientation of ol from nearly horizontal to plunging 45 degrees SE occurring in 1979. This stress rotation suggests magma movements within the aseismic part of Kilauea's east rift zone. The strain and stress orientations are coaxial in the south flank except within the volume where the stress rotation is observed. We observe a change in the relationship between stress and strain directions caused either by the shifting of seismic activity from reverse faults to decollements, while stress stays constant, or by a rotation of stress, while strain remains constant. Assuming that the model of a noncohesive Coulomb wedge is appropriate for Kilauea's south flank, we find that high pore pressures are prevalent along the decollement and within the wedge for a coefficient of friction equal to 0.85. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERV, HAWAII NATL PK, HI 96718 USA. UNIV ALASKA, INST GEOPHYS, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775 USA. PRINCETON UNIV, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS SCI, PRINCETON, NJ 08544 USA. NR 56 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B7 BP 16025 EP 16042 DI 10.1029/96JB00651 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA UW810 UT WOS:A1996UW81000016 ER PT J AU tenBrink, US Katzman, R Lin, JA AF tenBrink, US Katzman, R Lin, JA TI Three-dimensional models of deformation near strike-slip faults SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; PULL-APART BASINS; CONTINENTAL TRANSFORM; GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES; REPEATED EARTHQUAKES; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; ASYMMETRIC BASINS; STRESS; TECTONICS; EXTENSION AB We use three-dimensional elastic models to help guide the kinematic interpretation of crustal deformation associated with strike-slip faults. Deformation of the brittle upper crust in the vicinity of strike-slip fault systems is modeled with the assumption that upper crustal deformation is driven by the relative plate motion in the upper mantle. The driving motion is represented by displacement that is specified on the bottom of a 15-km-thick elastic upper crust everywhere except in a zone of finite width in the vicinity of the faults, which we term the ''shear zone.'' Stress-free basal boundary conditions are specified within the shear zone. The basal driving displacement is either pure strike slip or strike slip with a small oblique component, and the geometry of the fault system includes a single fault, several parallel faults, and overlapping en echelon faults. We examine the variations in deformation due to changes in the width of the shear zone and due to changes in the shear strength of the faults. In models with weak faults the width of the shear zone has a considerable effect on the surficial extent and amplitude of the vertical and horizontal deformation and on the amount of rotation around horizontal and vertical axes. Strong fault models have more localized deformation at the tip of the faults, and the deformation is partly distributed outside the fault zone. The dimensions of large basins along strike-slip faults, such as the Rukwa and Dead Sea basins, and the absence of uplift around pull-apart basins fit models with weak faults better than models with strong faults. Our models also suggest that the length-to-width ratio of pull-apart basins depends on the width of the shear zone and the shear strength of the faults and is not constant as previously suggested. We show that pure strike-slip motion can produce tectonic features, such as elongate half grabens along a single fault, rotated blocks at the ends of parallel faults, or extension perpendicular to overlapping en echelon faults, which can be misinterpreted to indicate a regional component of extension. Zones of subsidence or uplift can become wider than expected for transform plate boundaries when a minor component of oblique motion is added to a system of parallel strike-slip faults. C1 MIT, DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA. WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA. MIT, WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, JOINT PROGRAM OCEANOG, WOODS HOLE, MA USA. RP tenBrink, US (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, QUISSETT CAMPUS, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA. RI ten Brink, Uri/A-1258-2008 OI ten Brink, Uri/0000-0001-6858-3001 NR 48 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS B7 BP 16205 EP 16220 DI 10.1029/96JB00877 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA UW810 UT WOS:A1996UW81000028 ER PT J AU Elias, SA Short, SK Nelson, CH Birks, HH AF Elias, SA Short, SK Nelson, CH Birks, HH TI Life and times of the Bering land bridge SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID SOUTHWESTERN ALASKA; YOUNGER DRYAS; SEA; RECORD; USA AB UNDERSTANDING the environment of the Bering land bridge and determining the timing of late Wisconsin inundation are important for several areas of study. These include: (1) the timing of the re-establishment of circulation between Pacific and Atlantic Oceans; (2) the timing of development of a northern biotic refugium and the closing of the bridge to species immigration; (3) Palaeoindian migration routes; and (4) palaeotopographic data for atmospheric general circulation models(1). Late Wisconsin palaeobotanical and fossil insect data from the central and northern sectors of the Bering land bridge indicate widespread mesic shrub tundra environments even during the last glacial maximum, Contrary to previous hypotheses, we found no evidence of steppe tundra on the land bridge, New accelerator mass spectrometer C-14 dates show much of the land bridge was above sea level and thus available for human and animal migration until 11,000 yr BP. Insect evidence suggests that summer temperatures at that time were substantially warmer than now. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV BERGEN,INST BOT,N-5007 BERGEN,NORWAY. RP Elias, SA (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO,INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES,CAMPUS BOX 450,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA. RI Birks, Hilary/C-1859-2008 NR 29 TC 183 Z9 189 U1 4 U2 46 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUL 4 PY 1996 VL 382 IS 6586 BP 60 EP 63 DI 10.1038/382060a0 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UV473 UT WOS:A1996UV47300052 ER PT J AU Rumble, MA Anderson, SH AF Rumble, MA Anderson, SH TI Feeding ecology of Merriam's turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo merriami) in the Black Hills, South Dakota SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID HABITAT SELECTION AB We studied the feeding ecology of Merriam's turkey (Meleagris gallopavo merriami) in the Black Hills, South Dakota, between 1986 and 1989. Adult birds consumed 78 kinds of food, of which four food categories constituted >79% of winter diets and six food categories constituted >75% of summer diets. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seeds were the preferred winter food and birds selected habitats where pine seed abundance was highest. During drought, ponderosa pine produced fewer seeds and winter turkey diets were predominantly kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) fruits and herbaceous foliage and seeds. Merriam's turkeys consumed more green foliage from late winter through spring. Summer diets were mostly grass seeds and foliage. Arthropods comprised >60% of the poult diets. Poults less than or equal to 3 wk old consumed more arthropods than poults >7 wk old. Grasshoppers (Orthoptera) and beetles (Coleoptera) were the primary arthropods eaten by poults. Brood hens selected macrohabitats where arthropod abundance was highest. Poults selected arthropods with large mass/individual and disregarded some arthropods that were abundant but with low mass/individual. C1 UNIV WYOMING,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,DEPT ZOOL,US DEPT INTERIOR,COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNT,LARAMIE,WY 82071. RP Rumble, MA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,501 E ST JOSEPH,RAPID CITY,SD 57701, USA. NR 45 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 136 IS 1 BP 157 EP 171 DI 10.2307/2426641 PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UZ113 UT WOS:A1996UZ11300015 ER PT J AU King, CY King, BS Evans, WC Zhang, W AF King, CY King, BS Evans, WC Zhang, W TI Spatial radon anomalies on active faults in California SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SOIL-GAS; EARTHQUAKES; VARIABILITY AB Radon emanation has been observed to be anomalously high along active faults in many parts of the world. We tested this relationship by conducting and repeating soil-air radon surveys with a portable radon meter across several faults in California. The results confirm the existence of fault-associated radon anomalies, which show characteristic features that may be related to fault structures but vary in time due to other environmental changes, such as rainfall. Across two creeping faults in San Juan Bautista and Hollister, the radon anomalies showed prominent double peaks straddling the fault-gouge zone during dry summers, but the peak-to-background ratios diminished after significant rain fall during winter. Across a locked segment of the San Andreas fault near Olema, the anomaly has a single peak located several meters southwest of the slip zone associated with the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Across two fault segments that ruptured during the magnitude 7.5 Landers earthquake in 1992, anomalously high radon concentration was found in the fractures three weeks after the earthquake. We attribute the fault-related anomalies to a slow vertical gas how in or near the fault zones. Radon generated locally in subsurface soil has a concentration profile that increases three orders of magnitude from the surface to a depth of several meters; thus an upward flow that brings up deeper and radon-richer soil air to the detection level can cause a significantly higher concentration reading. This explanation is consistent with concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen, measured in soil-air samples collected during one of the surveys. Copyright (C) 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd C1 STATE SEISMOL BUR,BEIJING,PEOPLES R CHINA. RP King, CY (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Evans, William/J-4283-2012 NR 25 TC 95 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 11 IS 4 BP 497 EP 510 DI 10.1016/0883-2927(96)00003-0 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VJ678 UT WOS:A1996VJ67800001 ER PT J AU Work, TM Smith, MR AF Work, TM Smith, MR TI Lead exposure in Laysan albatross adults and chicks in Hawaii: Prevalence, risk factors, and biochemical effects SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMINOLEVULINIC-ACID DEHYDRATASE; METAL CONCENTRATIONS; PELAGIC SEABIRDS; MIDWAY ATOLL; INGESTION; OCEAN; BIRDS AB Prevalence of lead exposure and elevated tissue lead was determined in Laysan albatross (Diomedea immutabilis) in Hawaii. The relationship between lead exposure and proximity to buildings, between elevated blood lead and droopwing status, and elevated liver lend and presence of lead-containing paint chips in the proventriculus in albatross chicks was also examined. Finally, the effects of lead on the enzyme delta-amino-levulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) was determined. There was a significant association between lead exposure or elevated tissue lead and proximity to buildings in albatross chicks and presence of lead paint chips in the proventriculus and elevated liver lead in carcasses. Although there was a significant association between elevated blood lead and droopwing chicks, there were notable exceptions. Prevalence of elevated tissue lead in albatross chicks was highest on Sand Island Midway and much less so on Kauai and virtually nonexistent in other areas. Prevalence of lead exposure decreased as numbers of buildings to which chicks were exposed on a given island decreased. Laysan albatross adults had minimal to no lead exposure. There was a significant negative correlation between blood lead concentration and ALAD activity in chicks. Based on ALAD activity, 0.03-0.05 mu g/ml was the no effect range for blood lead in albatross chicks. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL WILDLIFE HLTH RES CTR,NATL BIOL SERV,MADISON,WI 53711. RP Work, TM (reprint author), NATL WILDLIFE HLTH RES CTR,NATL BIOL SERV,HONOLULU FIELD STN,POB 50167,HONOLULU,HI 96850, USA. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 25 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 31 IS 1 BP 115 EP 119 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA UZ295 UT WOS:A1996UZ29500015 PM 8687998 ER PT J AU Robbins, CS Meanley, MB AF Robbins, CS Meanley, MB TI Robert Earl Stewart, 1913-1993 - In memoriam SO AUK LA English DT Item About an Individual RP Robbins, CS (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 1996 VL 113 IS 3 BP 680 EP 682 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA UX242 UT WOS:A1996UX24200020 ER PT J AU Rotunno, R Pietrafesa, LJ Allen, JS Colman, BR Dorman, CM Kreitzberg, CW Lord, SJ McPhee, MG Mellor, GL Mooers, CNK Niiler, PP Pielke, RA Powell, MD Rogers, DP Smith, JD Xie, LA AF Rotunno, R Pietrafesa, LJ Allen, JS Colman, BR Dorman, CM Kreitzberg, CW Lord, SJ McPhee, MG Mellor, GL Mooers, CNK Niiler, PP Pielke, RA Powell, MD Rogers, DP Smith, JD Xie, LA TI Coastal meteorology and oceanography: Report of the third prospectus development team of the US weather research program to NOAA and NSF SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material AB U.S. Weather Research Program (USWRP) prospectus development teams (PDTs) are small groups of scientists that are convened by the USWRP lead scientist on a one-time basis to discuss critical issues and to provide advice related to future directions of the program. PDTs are a principal source of information for the Science Advisory Committee, which is a standing committee charged with the duty of making recommendations to the Program Office based upon overall program objectives. PDT-1 focused on theoretical issues, and PDT-2, on observational issues; PDT-3 is the first of several to focus on more specialized topics. PDT-3 was convened to identify forecasting problems related to U.S. coastal weather and oceanic conditions, and to suggest likely solution strategies. There were several overriding themes that emerged from the discussion. First, the lock of data in and over critical regions of the ocean, particularly in the atmospheric boundary layer, acid the upper-ocean mixed layer were identified as major impediments to coastal weather prediction. Strategies for data collection acid dissemination, as well as new instrument implementation, were discussed. Second, fundamental knowledge of air-sea fluxes and boundary layer structure in situations where there is significant mesoscale variability in the atmosphere and ocean is needed. Companion field studies and numerical prediction experiments were discussed. Third, research prognostic models suggest that future operational forecast models pertaining to coastal weather will be high resolution and site specific, and will properly treat effects of local coastal geography, orography, and ocean state. The view was expressed that the exploration of coupled air-sea models of the coastal zone would be a particularly fruitful area of research. PDT-3 felt that forecasts of land-impacting tropical cyclones, Great Lakes-affected weather, and coastal cyclogenesis, in particular, would benefit from such coordinated modeling and field efforts. Fourth, forecasting for Arctic coastal zones is limited by our understanding of how sea ice forms. The importance of understanding air-sea fluxes and boundary layers in the presence of ice formation was discussed. Finally, coastal flash flood forecasting via hydrologic models is limited by the present accuracy of measured and predicted precipitation and storm surge events. Strategies for better ways to improve the latter were discussed. C1 NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES,BOULDER,CO 80307. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,RALEIGH,NC 27695. OREGON STATE UNIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. NATL WEATHER SERV,SEATTLE,WA. NOAA,SEATTLE,WA. SAN DIEGO STATE UNIV,SAN DIEGO,CA 92182. DREXEL UNIV,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. NATL CTR ENVIRONM PREDICT,WASHINGTON,DC. MCPHEE RES CO,NACHES,WA. PRINCETON UNIV,PRINCETON,NJ 08544. UNIV MIAMI,ROSENSTIEL SCH MARINE & ATMOSPHER SCI,MIAMI,FL 33149. UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093. COLORADO STATE UNIV,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. NOAA,HURRICANE RES DIV,MIAMI,FL. US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO. RI Pielke, Roger/A-5015-2009; Powell, Mark/I-4963-2013 OI Powell, Mark/0000-0002-4890-8945 NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 77 IS 7 BP 1578 EP 1585 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UZ042 UT WOS:A1996UZ04200010 ER PT J AU Pridnya, MV Cherpakov, VV Paillet, FL AF Pridnya, MV Cherpakov, VV Paillet, FL TI Ecology and pathology of European chestnut (Castanea sativa) in the deciduous forests of the Caucasus Mountains in southern Russia SO BULLETIN OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB LA English DT Article DE chestnut blight; Castanea; Caucasus; deciduous forests ID NEW-ENGLAND AB Chestnut-dominated forests of the Caucasus Mountain area of Russia are very similar to former chestnut-dominated forests in eastern North America. The distribution, pathology, and reproductive status of European chestnut (Castanea sativa) in the Caucasus are described and compared to that of American chestnut (C. dentata). Chestnut forests are distributed continuously along the southern slope of the Caucasus mountains near the Black Sea, and are found in isolated populations on the north side of the Caucasus, at elevations ranging from 200 to 1300 meters. Chestnut blight was apparently introduced into the region after 1880 and continues to destroy chestnut forests today. Chestnut in the Caucasus is also infected by several other fungal and bacterial parasites and the joint infection of blight and bacteria may be especially dangerous for chestnut trees. Chestnut-dominated forests comprise only a few percent of total forest cover in the Caucasus Biosphere Preserve, and usually occur in mountain valleys or coves with deep brown soil. The age structure and reproductive status of chestnut in the Caucasus was investigated on six study plots in the Caucasus Biosphere Forest Preserve near the upper altitudinal limit of chestnut. Although chestnut is at least 70 percent of the overstory on these sites, there are very few trees less than 50 years old, and very few recent seedlings on any of the plots. Most large chestnut trees appear to have originated as basal spouts from previously established stems. Although chestnut seed production appears adequate, we suspect that competition with shrubs and other tree seedlings, and predation by herbivores and rodents, now prevent the establishment and survival of chestnut seedlings in the Biosphere Preserve. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Pridnya, MV (reprint author), CAUCASUS STATE BIOSPHERE FOREST PRESERVE,SOCI,RUSSIA. NR 27 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB PI BRONX PA NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0040-9618 J9 B TORREY BOT CLUB JI Bull. Torrey Bot. Club PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 123 IS 3 BP 213 EP 222 DI 10.2307/2996797 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VM348 UT WOS:A1996VM34800007 ER PT J AU Wright, TL Helz, RT AF Wright, TL Helz, RT TI Differentiation and magma mixing on Kilauea's east rift zone: A further look at the eruptions of 1955 and 1960 .2. The 1960 lavas SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Kilauea; magma mixing; magmatic temperatures; glass composition; basalt composition; magmatic plumbing/storage/transport ID PUU-OO ERUPTION; SUBMARINE LAVAS; VOLCANO; HAWAII; ORIGIN; PHENOCRYSTS; CONSTRAINTS; PETROLOGY; RIDGE AB New and detailed petrographic observations, mineral compositional data, and whole-rock vs glass compositional trends document magma mixing in lavas erupted from Kilauea's lower east rift zone in 1960. Evidence includes the occurrence of heterogeneous phenocryst assemblages, including resorbed and reversely zoned minerals in the lavas inferred to be hybrids. Calculations suggest that this mixing, which is shown to have taken place within magma reservoirs recharged at the end of the 1955 eruption, involved introduction of four different magmas. These magmas originated beneath Kilauea's summit and moved into the rift reservoirs beginning 10 days after the eruption began. We used microprobe analyses of glass to calculate temperatures of liquids erupted in 1955 and 1960. We then used the calculated proportions of stored and recharge components to estimate the temperature of the recharge components, and found those temperatures to be consistent with the temperature of the same magmas as they appeared at Kilauea's summit. Our studies reinforce conclusions reached in previous studies of Kilauea's magmatic plumbing. We infer that magma enters shallow storage beneath Kilauea's summit and also moves laterally into the fluid core of the East rift zone. During this process, if magmas of distinctive chemistry are present, they retain their chemical identity and the amount of cooling is comparable for magma transported either upward or laterally to eruption sites. Intrusions within a few kilometers of the surface cool and crystallize to produce fractionated magma. Magma mixing occurs both within bodies of previously fractionated magma and when new magma intersects a preexisting reservoir. Magma is otherwise prevented from mixing, either by wall-rock septa or by differing thermal and density characteristics of the successive magma batches. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP Wright, TL (reprint author), NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,SMITHSONIAN INST,NHB-119,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. RI Asavin, Alex/F-5800-2012 OI Asavin, Alex/0000-0002-0202-2970 NR 40 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 57 IS 8 BP 602 EP 630 DI 10.1007/s004450050115 PG 29 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VA404 UT WOS:A1996VA40400002 ER PT J AU Kauahikaua, J Mangan, M Heliker, C Mattox, T AF Kauahikaua, J Mangan, M Heliker, C Mattox, T TI A quantitative look at the demise of a basaltic vent: The death of Kupaianaha, Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Kilauea; Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha; basaltic eruption; VLF electromagnetic induction; eruption prediction ID FLOW AB The Kupaianaha vent, the source of the 48th episode of the 1983-to-present Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption, erupted nearly continuously from July 1986 until February 1992. This investigation documents the geophysical and geologic monitoring of the final 10 months of activity at the Kupaianaha vent. Detailed very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic profiles across the single lava tube transporting lava from the vent were used to determine the cross-sectional area of the molten lava within the tube. Combined with measurements of lava velocity, these data provide an estimate of the lava output of Kupaianaha. In addition, lava temperatures (calculated from analysis of quenched glass) and bulk-rock chemistry were obtained for samples taken from the tube at the same site. The combined data set shows the lava flux from Kupaianaha vent declining linearly from 250 000 m(3)/day in April 1991 to 54 000 m(3)/day by November 1991. During that time surface breakouts of lava from weak points along the tube occurred progressively closer to the vent, consistent with declining efficiency in lava transport. There were no significant changes in lava temperature or in bulk MgO content during this period. Another eruptive episode (the 49th) began uprift of Kupaianaha on 8 November 1991 and erupted lava concurrently with Kupaianaha for 18 days. Lava flux from Kupaianaha decreased in response to this new episode, but the response was delayed by approximately 1 day. After 14 November 1991, lava velocities were no longer measurable in the tube because the lava stream beneath the skylight had crusted over; however, the VLF-derived electrical conductances documented the decreasing flux of molten lava through the tube. Kupaianaha remained active, but output continued to decrease until early February 1992 when the last active surface flows were seen. In November 1991 we used the linearly decreasing effusion rate to accurately predict the date for the death of the Kupaianaha vent. The linear nature of the decline in lava tube conductance and the delayed and slow response of the Waha'ula tube conductances to the 49th eruptive episode led us to speculate that (a) the Kupaianaha vent shut down because of a decrease in driving pressure and not because of a freeze-up of the vent, and (b) that Pu'u 'O'o, episode 49, and Kupaianaha were fed nearly vertically from a source deep within the rift zone. RP Kauahikaua, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERV,HAWAII NATL PK,HI 96718, USA. RI Asavin, Alex/F-5800-2012 OI Asavin, Alex/0000-0002-0202-2970 NR 34 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 57 IS 8 BP 641 EP 648 DI 10.1007/s004450050117 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA VA404 UT WOS:A1996VA40400004 ER PT J AU Powers, PS Chiarle, M Savage, WZ AF Powers, PS Chiarle, M Savage, WZ TI A digital photogrammetric method for measuring horizontal surficial movements on the Slumgullion earthflow, Hinsdale county, Colorado SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE photogrammetry; geographic information systems; ortho-images; aerial photographs; landslide; displacements AB The traditional approach to making aerial photographic measurements uses analog or analytic photogrammetric equipment. We have developed a digital method for making measurements from aerial photographs which uses geographic information system (GIS) software, and primarily DOS-based personal computers. This method, which is based on the concept that a direct visual comparison can be made between images derived from two sets of aerial photographs taken at different times, was applied to the surface of the active portion of the Slumgullion earthflow in Colorado to determine horizontal displacement vectors from the movements of visually identifiable objects, such as trees and large rocks. Using this method, more of the slide surface can be mapped in a shorter period of time than using the standard photogrammetric approach. More than 800 horizontal displacement vectors were determined on the active earthflow surface using images produced by our digital photogrammetric technique and 1985 (1:12,000-scale) and 1990 (1:6,000-scale) aerial photographs. The resulting displacement field shows, with a 2-m measurement error (similar to 10%), that the fastest moving portion of the landslide underwent 15-29 m of horizontal displacement between 1985 and 1990. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd C1 CNR,ITALIAN NATL RES COUNCIL,IRPI,I-10132 TURIN,ITALY. RP Powers, PS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MAIL STOP 966,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. RI Chiarle, Marta/K-8442-2012 NR 14 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI JI Comput. Geosci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 22 IS 6 BP 651 EP 663 DI 10.1016/0098-3004(96)00008-8 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA UV570 UT WOS:A1996UV57000006 ER PT J AU Edgington, DN Robbins, JA Colman, SM Orlandini, KA Gustin, MP AF Edgington, DN Robbins, JA Colman, SM Orlandini, KA Gustin, MP TI Uranium-series disequilibrium, sedimentation, diatom frustules, and paleoclimate change in Lake Baikal SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Lake Baikal; paleoclimatology; diatoms; frustules; U-234/Th-230; fluviolacustrine sedimentation ID BIOGENIC SILICA; CORES AB The large volume of water, approximately one-fifth of the total surface fresh water on the planet, contained in Lake Baikal in southeastern Siberia is distinguished by having a relatively high concentration of uranium (ca. 2 nM), and, together with the surface sediments, an unusually high U-234/U-238 alpha activity ratio of 1.95. About 80% of the input of 234 uranium to the lake, with a U-234/U-238 ratio of 2.0, comes from the Selenga River, Profiles of uranium, as well as the extent of isotopic disequilibrium in a 9 m sediment core collected on Academic Ridge, generally show high values during interglacial periods corresponding to high diatom frustule numbers (DiFr) and biogenic silica (BSi) data that have been reported elsewhere. During glacial periods (low DiFr and BSi), uranium progeny (U-234 and Th-230) were in secular equilibrium with low concentrations of their parent U-238. Radionuclide distributions were interpreted in terms of a quantitative model allowing for adsorption of riverine inputs of uranium onto two classes of sedimenting particles with differing U-238/Th-232 ratios and uranium progeny in secular equilibrium. If the U-234/U-238 activity ratio of adsorbed uranium has remained constant, mean sedimentation rates can be independently estimated as 3.6 +/- 0.6 and 3.7 +/- 0.9 cm . kyr(-1) for the decay of U-234 and in-growth of Th-230, respectively. These rates are consistent with a mean rate of 3.76 cm . kyr(-1), calculated by optimization of the correspondence between adsorbed U-238 and delta(18)O in dated oceanic sediments, The adsorbed uranium apparently tracks variable river flow during interglacials and is drastically reduced during periods of glaciation. Evidently, uranium has not been significantly redistributed within Baikal sediments over at least the past 250 kyr and is a unique, biologically non-essential, tracer for climate-sensitive processes, which provide their own internal geochronometers, potentially useful for ages up to 1 Myr BP. C1 NOAA,GREAT LAKES ENVIRONM RES LAB,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105. US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV ENVIRONM RES,ARGONNE,IL 60439. RP Edgington, DN (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR GREAT LAKES STUDIES,MILWAUKEE,WI 53204, USA. NR 29 TC 62 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 142 IS 1-2 BP 29 EP 42 DI 10.1016/0012-821X(96)00085-4 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA UZ230 UT WOS:A1996UZ23000004 ER PT J AU Rasmussen, JL AF Rasmussen, JL TI MICRA - The dream is alive SO FISHERIES LA English DT Editorial Material RP Rasmussen, JL (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,POB 774,BETTENDORF,IA 52722, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD JUL PY 1996 VL 21 IS 7 BP 42 EP 43 PG 2 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA UU192 UT WOS:A1996UU19200011 ER PT J AU White, AF Blum, AE Schulz, MS Bullen, TD Harden, JW Peterson, ML AF White, AF Blum, AE Schulz, MS Bullen, TD Harden, JW Peterson, ML TI Chemical weathering rates of a soil chronosequence on granitic alluvium .1. Quantification of mineralogical and surface area changes and calculation of primary silicate reaction rates SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID ALBITE DISSOLUTION KINETICS; MASS BALANCE; RATE CONSTANTS; NEW-ZEALAND; CALIFORNIA; 25-DEGREES-C; DEPENDENCE; EVOLUTION; PH; CHRONOFUNCTIONS AB Mineral weathering rates are determined for a series of soils ranging in age from 0.2-3000 Ky developed on alluvial terraces near Merced in the Central Valley of California. Mineralogical and elemental abundances exhibit time-dependent trends documenting the chemical evolution of granitic sand ;to residual kaolinite and quartz. Mineral losses with time occur in the order: hornblende > plagioclase > K-feldspar. Maximum volume decreases of >50% occur in the older soils. BET surface areas of the bulk soils increase with age, as do specific surface areas of aluminosilicate mineral fractions such as plagioclase, which increases from 0.4-1.5 m(2) g(-1) over 600 Ky. Quartz surface areas are lower and change less with time (0.11-0.23 m(2) g(-1)). BET surface areas correspond to increasing external surface roughness (lambda = 10-600) and relatively constant internal surface area (approximate to 1.3 m(2) g(-1)). SEM observations confirm both surface pitting and development of internal porosity. A numerical model describes aluminosilicate dissolution rates as a function of Changes in residual mineral abundance, grain size distributions, and mineral surface areas with time. A simple geometric treatment, assuming spherical,grains and no surface roughness, predicts average dissolution rates (plagioclase, 10(-17.4); K-feldspar, 10(-17.8); and homblende, 10(-175) mol cm(-1) s(-1)) that are constant with time and comparable to previous estimates of soil weathering. Average rates, based on BET surface area measurements and variable surface roughnesses, are much slower (plagioclase, 10(-19.9). K-feldspar, 10(-20.5). and hornblende 10(-20.1) mol cm(-2) s(-1)). Rates for individual soil horizons decrease by a factor of 10(1.5); over 3000 Ky indicating that the surface reactivities of minerals decrease as the physical surface areas increase. Rate constants based on BET estimates for the Merced soils are factors of 10(3)-10(4) slower than reported experimental dissolution rates determined from freshly prepared silicates with low surface roughness (lambda <10). This study demonstrates that the utility of experimental rate constants to predict weathering in soils is limited without consideration of variable surface areas and processes that control the evolution of surface reactivity with time. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 72 TC 178 Z9 186 U1 1 U2 41 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUL PY 1996 VL 60 IS 14 BP 2533 EP 2550 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(96)00106-8 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA UY098 UT WOS:A1996UY09800005 ER PT J AU Hildreth, W AF Hildreth, W TI Kulshan caldera: A Quaternary subglacial caldera in the north Cascades, Washington SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CRATER-LAKE CALDERA; STRATIGRAPHIC MARKER; PUGET LOWLAND; MOUNT-MAZAMA; PLEISTOCENE; EVOLUTION; HISTORY; TEPHRA; CALIFORNIA; ERUPTIONS AB Calderas that collapse during large pyroclastic eruptions are anomalously rare in the Cascade are. Recognition of the early Pleistocene 4.5 x 8 km Kulshan caldera, filled with rhyodacite ignimbrite at the northeast foot of Mount Baker, brings to only three the Quaternary calderas identified in the Cascades, A near-vertical ring fault cut in basement rocks of the North Cascades encloses 30 km(2) of intracaldera ignimbrite (and intermixed collapse breccia) >1 km thick but with no floor exposed, The Lake Tapps tephra in the Puget lowland is the correlative fallout; 200 km from the source, it is as thick as 30 cm. Features of the distal ash fall and the intracaldera tuff suggest large-scale phreatomagmatism during an eruption that may have started subglacially, Several advances of the Cordilleran ice sheet subsequently obliterated the topographic rim, removed every vestige of extracaldera ignimbrite and proximal fallout, and stripped any precaldera extrusive rocks-the former existence of which is suggested only by a few silicic intrusions that cut the circumcaldera basement, Although the caldera is not structurally resurgent, several early intracaldera rhyodacite lavas intrude and rest directly on ignimbrite or on ashy caldera-lake sediments reworked from the eruption products, Subsidence areas, pumice compositions, and volumes of magma erupted (>50 km(3)) are similar for the Kulshan, Rockland, and Crater Lake (Mazama events, the three Quaternary caldera-forming eruptions now recognized In the Cascades. RP Hildreth, W (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 41 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 108 IS 7 BP 786 EP 793 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0786:KCAQSC>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA UX039 UT WOS:A1996UX03900003 ER PT J AU Waythomas, CF Walder, JS McGimsey, RG Neal, CA AF Waythomas, CF Walder, JS McGimsey, RG Neal, CA TI A catastrophic flood caused by drainage of a caldera lake at Aniakchak volcano, Alaska, and implications for volcanic hazards assessment SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BOULDER CREEK; PALEOHYDROLOGY; MISSOULA; COLORADO; ERUPTION AB Aniakchak caldera, located on the Alaska Peninsula of southwest Alaska, formerly contained a large lake (estimated volume 3.7 x 10(9) m(3)) that rapidly drained as a result of failure of the caldera rim sometime after ca, 3400 yr B.P. The peak discharge of the resulting flood was estimated using three methods: (1) flow-competence equations, (2) step-backwater modeling, and (3) a dam-break model, The results of the dam-break model indicate that the peak discharge at the breach in the caldera rim was at least 7.7 x 10(4) m(3) s(-1), and the maximum possible discharge was approximate to 1.1 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1). Flow-competence estimates of discharge, based on the largest boulders transported by the flood, indicate that the peak discharge values, which were a few kilometers downstream of the breach, ranged from 6.4 x 10(5) to 4.8 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1), Similar but less variable results were obtained by step-backwater modeling. Finally, discharge estimates based on regression equations relating peak discharge to the volume and depth of the impounded water, although limited by constraining assumptions, provide results within the range of values determined by the other methods, The discovery and documentation of a flood, caused by the failure of the caldera rim at Aniakchak caldera, underscore the significance and associated hydrologic hazards of potential large floods at other lake-filled calderas. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,VANCOUVER,WA 98661. RP Waythomas, CF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,ALASKA VOLCANO OBSERV,4200 UNIV DR,ANCHORAGE,AK 99508, USA. NR 54 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 108 IS 7 BP 861 EP 871 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0861:ACFCBD>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA UX039 UT WOS:A1996UX03900008 ER PT J AU Bayarsayhan, C Bayasgalan, A Enhtuvshin, B Hudnut, KW Kurushin, RA Molnar, P Olziybat, M AF Bayarsayhan, C Bayasgalan, A Enhtuvshin, B Hudnut, KW Kurushin, RA Molnar, P Olziybat, M TI 1957 Gobi-Altay, Mongolia, earthquake as a prototype for southern California's most devastating earthquake SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; RECURRENCE AB The 1957 Gobi-Altay earthquake was associated with both strike-slip and thrust faulting, processes similar to those along the San Andreas fault and the faults bounding the San Gabriel Mountains just north of Los Angeles, California. Clearly, a major rupture either on the San Andreas fault north of Los Angeles or on the thrust faults bounding the Los Angeles basin poses a serious hazard to inhabitants of that area. By analogy with the Gobi-Altay earthquake, we suggest that simultaneous rupturing of both the San Andreas fault and the thrust faults nearer Los Angeles is a real possibility that amplifies the hazard posed by ruptures on either fault system separately. C1 MONGOLIAN ACAD SCI, CTR INFORMAT & REMOTE SENSING, ULAANBAATAR 210351, MONGOL PEO REP. US GEOL SURVEY, PASADENA, CA 91106 USA. RUSSIAN ACAD SCI, INST EARTH CRUST, IRKUTSK 664003, RUSSIA. MIT, DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA. RP MONGOLIAN ACAD SCI, CTR SEIMOL & GEOMAGNETISM, ULAANBAATAR 210351, MONGOL PEO REP. RI Hudnut, Kenneth/B-1945-2009; Hudnut, Kenneth/G-5713-2010 OI Hudnut, Kenneth/0000-0002-3168-4797; NR 18 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 EI 1943-2682 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 1996 VL 24 IS 7 BP 579 EP 582 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0579:GAMEAA>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA UX040 UT WOS:A1996UX04000001 ER PT J AU Otton, JK AF Otton, JK TI Western frontal fault of the canyon range: Is it the breakaway zone of the Sevier desert detachment? Reply SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article RP Otton, JK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 939,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 1996 VL 24 IS 7 BP 668 EP 669 PG 2 WC Geology SC Geology GA UX040 UT WOS:A1996UX04000024 ER PT J AU Williams, SJ Stewart, R AF Williams, SJ Stewart, R TI Understanding coastal wetland processes SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article RP Williams, SJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,915 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUL PY 1996 VL 41 IS 7 BP 18 EP 22 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA UV909 UT WOS:A1996UV90900007 ER PT J AU Modde, T Haines, GB AF Modde, T Haines, GB TI Brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans [Kirtland 1841]), a new addition to the upper Colorado River Basin fish fauna SO GREAT BASIN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE brook stickleback; range extension; nonnative RP Modde, T (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,COLORADO RIVER FISH PROJECT,266 W 100 N,SUITE 2,VERNAL,UT 84078, USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 SN 0017-3614 J9 GREAT BASIN NAT JI Gt. Basin Nat. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 56 IS 3 BP 281 EP 282 PG 2 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VC446 UT WOS:A1996VC44600014 ER PT J AU Moench, AF AF Moench, AF TI Flow to a well in a water-table aquifer: An improved laplace transform solution SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB An alternative Laplace transform solution for the problem, originally solved by Neuman, of constant discharge from a partially penetrating well in a water-table aquifer was obtained. The solution differs from existing solutions in that it is simpler in form and can be numerically inverted without the need for time-consuming numerical integration. The derivation involves the use of the Laplace transform and a finite Fourier cosine series and avoids the Hankel transform used in prior derivations. The solution allows for water in the overlying unsaturated zone eo be released either instantaneously in response to a declining water table as assumed by Neuman, or gradually as approximated by Boulton's convolution integral. Numerical evaluation yields results identical with results obtained by previously published methods with the advantage, under most well-aquifer configurations, Of much reduced computation time. RP Moench, AF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS496,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 5 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 34 IS 4 BP 593 EP 596 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02045.x PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA UV866 UT WOS:A1996UV86600007 ER PT J AU Chapelle, FH Bradley, PM Lovley, DR Vroblesky, DA AF Chapelle, FH Bradley, PM Lovley, DR Vroblesky, DA TI Measuring rates of biodegradation in a contaminated aquifer using field and laboratory methods SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID WATER AB Rates of biodegradation were measured in a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer using a combination of field and laboratory methods. These methods are based on tracking concentration changes of substrates (both electron donors and accepters) or final products of microbial metabolism over time. Ground water at the study site (Hanahan, South Carolina) is anoxic, and sulfate reduction is the predominant terminal electron accepting process. Laboratory studies conducted with sediment cored from the site showed that C-14-toluene was mineralized to (CO2)-C-14 with a first-order degradation rate constant (k(tol)) of -0.01 d(-1) under sulfate-reducing conditions, Under nitrate-amended, Fe(III)-amended, or nonamended (methanogenic) conditions, toluene was not significantly mineralized, C-14-Benzene was degraded at low but measurable rates (k(ben) = -0.003 d(-1)) under sulfate-reducing conditions whereas degradation under methanogenic conditions was negligible, These results illustrate the extreme sensitivity of laboratory-measured biodegradation rates to terminal electron-accepting conditions, and show the necessity of carefully matching experimental conditions to in situ conditions. Concentration decreases of toluene along aquifer flowpaths, when the uncertainty of ground-water Bow velocities was considered, indicated k(tol) values ranging from -0.0075 to -0.03 d(-1). Concentration decreases of sulfate and concentration increases of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), when normalized for assumed stoichiometric oxidation of toluene coupled to sulfate reduction, yielded a k(SO4) range of -0.005 to -0.02 d(-1), and a k(DIC) value range of +0.00075 to +0.003 d(-1). Because both laboratory and field methods have numerous sources of uncertainty, a combination of these methods is the most appropriate procedure for evaluating biodegradation rate constants in contaminated ground-water systems. C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT MICROBIOL,AMHERST,MA 01003. RP Chapelle, FH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WRD,STEPHENSON CTR,SUITE 129,720 GRACERN RD,COLUMBIA,SC 29210, USA. NR 20 TC 100 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 14 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 34 IS 4 BP 691 EP 698 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02057.x PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA UV866 UT WOS:A1996UV86600019 ER PT J AU Lindley, CE Stewart, JT Sandstrom, MW AF Lindley, CE Stewart, JT Sandstrom, MW TI Determination of low concentrations of acetochlor in water by automated solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography with mass-selective detection SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; SPECTROMETRY; HERBICIDES; PESTICIDES; ALACHLOR; METOLACHLOR; ATRAZINE AB A sensitive and reliable gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) method for determining acetochlor in environmental water samples was developed, The method involves automated extraction of the herbicide from a filtered 1 L water sample through a C-18 solid-phase extraction column, elution from the column with hexane-isopropyl alcohol (3 + 1), and concentration of the extract with nitrogen gas, The herbicide is quantitated by capillary/column GC/MS with selected-ion monitoring of 3 characteristic ions, The single-operator method detection limit for reagent wafer samples is 0.0015 mu g/L. Mean recoveries ranged from about 92 to 115% for 3 water matrixes fortified at 0.05 and 0.5 mu g/L. Average single-operator precision, over the course of 1 week, was better than 5%. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL WATER QUAL LAB,DENVER,CO 80225. OI Sandstrom, Mark/0000-0003-0006-5675 NR 18 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 79 IS 4 BP 962 EP 966 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UX853 UT WOS:A1996UX85300025 ER PT J AU Campbell, WH AF Campbell, WH TI Geomagnetic storms, Dst ring-current myth and lognormal distributions SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID EQUATORIAL ELECTROJET; SYSTEM; INDEX AB The definition of geomagnetic storms dates back to the turn of the century when researchers recognized the unique shape of the H-component field change upon averaging storms recorded at low latitude observatories. A generally accepted modeling of the storm field sources as a magnetospheric ring current was settled about 30 years ago at the start of space exploration and the discovery of the Van Allen belt of particles encircling the Earth. The Dst global 'ring-current' index of geomagnetic disturbances, formulated in that period, is still taken to be the definitive representation for geomagnetic storms. Dst indices,or data from many world observatories processed in a fashion paralleling the index, are used widely by researchers relying on the assumption of such a magnetospheric current-ring depiction. Recent in situ measurements by satellites passing through the ring-current region and computations with disturbed magnetosphere models show that the Dst storm is not solely a main-phase to decay-phase, growth to disintegration, of a massive current encircling the Earth. Although a ring current certainly exists during a storm, there are many other field contributions at the middle-and low-latitude observatories that are summed to show the 'storm' characteristic behavior in Dst at these observatories. One characteristic of the storm field form at middle and low latitudes is that Dst exhibits a lognormal distribution shape when plotted as the hourly value amplitude in each time range. Such distributions, common in nature, arise when there are many contributors to a measurement or when the measurement is a result of a connected series of statistical processes. The amplitude-time displays of Dst are thought to occur because the many time-series processes that are added to form Dst all have their own characteristic distribution in time. By transforming the Dst time display into the equivalent normal distribution, it is shown that a storm recovery can be predicted with remarkable accuracy from measurements made during the Dst growth phase. In the lognormal formulation, the mean, standard deviation and field count within standard deviation limits become definitive Dst storm parameters. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Campbell, WH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MAIL STOP 968,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 62 TC 95 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0021-9169 J9 J ATMOS TERR PHYS JI J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 58 IS 10 BP 1171 EP 1187 DI 10.1016/0021-9169(95)00103-4 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UK005 UT WOS:A1996UK00500007 ER PT J AU Naftz, DL AF Naftz, DL TI Pattern recognition analysis and classification modeling of selenium-producing areas SO JOURNAL OF CHEMOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE selenium; principal component analysis; classification modeling; irrigation drainage; Western United States ID USA AB Established chemometric and geochemical techniques were applied to water quality data from 23 National Irrigation Water Quality Program (NIWQP) study areas in the Western United States. These techniques were applied to the NIWQP data set to identify common geochemical processes responsible for mobilization of selenium and to develop a classification model that uses major-ion concentrations to identify areas that contain elevated selenium concentrations in water that could pose a hazard to water fowl. Pattern recognition modeling of the simple-salt data computed with the SNORM geochemical program indicate three principal components that explain 95% of the total variance. A three-dimensional plot of PC 1, 2 and 3 scores shows three distinct clusters that correspond to distinct hydrochemical facies denoted as facies 1, 2 and 3. Facies 1 samples are distinguished by water samples without the CaCO3 simple salt and elevated concentrations of NaCl, CaSO4, MgSO4 and Na2SO4 simple salts relative to water samples in facies 2 and 3. Water samples in facies 2 are distinguished from facies 1 by the absence of the MgSO4 simple salt and the presence of the CaCO3 simple salt. Water samples in facies 3 are similar to samples in facies 2, with the absence of both MgSO4 and CaSO4 simple salts. Water samples in facies 1 have the largest selenium concentration (10 mu gl(-1)), compared to a median concentration of 2.0 mu g l(-1) and less than 1.0 mu l(-1) for samples in facies 2 and 3. A classification model using the soft independent modeling by class analogy (SIMCA) algorithm was constructed with data from the NIWQP study areas. The classification model was successful in identifying water samples with a selenium concentration that is hazardous to some species of water-fowl from a test data set comprised of 2,060 water samples from throughout Utah and Wyoming. Application of chemometric and geochemical techniques during data synthesis analysis of multivariate environmental databases from other national-scale environmental programs such as the NIWQP could also provide useful insights for addressing 'real world' environmental problems. RP Naftz, DL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,1745 W 1700 S,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84104, USA. NR 58 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0886-9383 J9 J CHEMOMETR JI J. Chemometr. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 10 IS 4 BP 309 EP 324 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-128X(199607)10:4<309::AID-CEM426>3.3.CO;2-O PG 16 WC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry, Analytical; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry; Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mathematics GA UY175 UT WOS:A1996UY17500005 ER PT J AU Green, TR Constantz, JE Freyberg, DL AF Green, Timothy R. Constantz, James E. Freyberg, David L. TI UPSCALED SOIL-WATER RETENTION USING VAN GENUCHTEN'S FUNCTION SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB Soils are often layered at scales smaller than the block size used in numerical and conceptual models of variably saturated flow. Consequently, the small-scale variability in water content within each block must be homogenized (upscaled). Laboratory results have shown that a linear volume average (LVA) of water content at a uniform suction is a good approximation to measured water contents in heterogeneous cores. Here, we upscale water contents using van Genuchten's function for both the local and upscaled soil-water-retention characteristics. The van Oenuchten (vO) function compares favorably with LVA results, laboratory experiments under hydrostatic conditions in 3-cm cores, and numerical simulations of large-scale gravity drainage. Our method yields upscaled vO parameter values by fitting the vO curve to the LVA of water contents at various suction values. In practice, it is more efficient to compute direct averages of the local vO parameter values. Nonlinear power averages quantify a feasible range of values for each upscaled vO shape parameter; upscaled values of N are consistently less than the harmonic means, reflecting broad pore-size distributions of the upscaled soils. The vO function is useful for modeling soil-water retention at large scales, and these results provide guidance for its application. C1 [Green, Timothy R.] CSIRO, Div Water Resour, Wembly, WA 6014, Australia. [Constantz, James E.] US Geol Survey, Water Resour Div, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Freyberg, David L.] Stanford Univ, Dept Civ Engrg, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Green, TR (reprint author), CSIRO, Div Water Resour, Floreat Pk, Wembly, WA 6014, Australia. RI Green, Timothy/E-1178-2011 FU ASCE FX This work was supported in part by the ASCE Research Fellowship for doctoral students. We thank Richard Healy of the U.S. Geological Survey for helpful comments on the original manuscript. including those leading to the analyses in Appendix I. The comments from two anonymous ASCE reviewers are also appreciated. The first writer performed most of the work reported here while at Stanford University, Department of Civil Engineering, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division. Menlo Park, California. NR 32 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 10 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 1 IS 3 BP 123 EP 130 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1996)1:3(123) PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA V15AE UT WOS:000207774100004 ER PT J AU Harris, PT Pattiaratchi, CB Keene, JB Dalrymple, RW Gardner, JV Baker, EK Cole, AR Mitchell, D Gibbs, P Schroeder, WW AF Harris, PT Pattiaratchi, CB Keene, JB Dalrymple, RW Gardner, JV Baker, EK Cole, AR Mitchell, D Gibbs, P Schroeder, WW TI Late quaternary deltaic and carbonate sedimentation in the Gulf of Papua foreland basin: Response to sea-level change SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; NEW-GUINEA; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; TORRES STRAIT; AUSTRALIA; ENVIRONMENTS; CARPENTARIA; EVOLUTION; CLIMATES; SYSTEMS AB The rivers that drain the wet, mountainous island of New Guinea discharge about 1.5 billion tonnes/yr of sediments into the adjacent seas, including the foreland basin between New Guinea and Australia, Despite this huge sediment input, there appears to have been only limited deposition in the Gulf of Papua during the (Holocene) postglacial rise in sea level, Seismic and core data indicate that the transgressive systems tract in the Gulf of Papua is thin and patchy, It is confined to regions within and north of an incised, east west-trending shelf-valley system, Of the possible explanations for the absence of a significant transgressive systems tract, inland storage and along- and off shelf transport of the sediment are of greatest significance. Reef growth up to the latitude of the east west-trending incised-valley system in the southern Gulf of Papua is considered to have been facilitated by a northward flowing coastal boundary current, the Coral Sea Coastal Current. This current now sweeps turbid, brackish waters and terrigenous sediments discharged by the rivers northwards away from the reefs. An observed northward offset in transgressive sediments in relation to the axis of the shelf valleys suggests that such a northward-flowing shelf current operated during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, The northern limit of the Great Barrier Reef could thus be controlled by the balance between fluvial sediment supply and northward advection of suspended sediment by the Coral Sea Coastal Current, This current may also be important in maintaining a supply of clear water to the eastern Gulf of Papua, thus enabling photosynthesis and the flourishing of calcareous algae (Halimeda) bioherms or biostromes at depths of up to 100 m over much of the middle and outer shelf, directly offshore of the modern Fly Delta, These carbonate sediments represent the exposed maximum flooding surface and condensed section. Modern highstand delta deposits have begun to prograde over this layer on the inner shelf. C1 UNIV WESTERN AUSTRALIA,CTR WATER RES,NEDLANDS,WA 6009,AUSTRALIA. UNIV SYDNEY,INST OCEAN SCI,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA. QUEENS UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,KINGSTON,ON K7L 3N6,CANADA. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PARK,CA 94025. NEW S WALES STATE FISHERIES RES INST,CRONULLA,NSW 2230,AUSTRALIA. UNIV ALABAMA,MARINE SCI PROGRAM,DAUPHIN ISL,AL 36528. RP Harris, PT (reprint author), UNIV TASMANIA,AUSTRALIAN GEOL SURVEY ORG,ANTARCTIC CRC,GPO BOX 252C,HOBART,TAS 7001,AUSTRALIA. RI Harris, Peter/C-6997-2009; OI Pattiaratchi, Charitha/0000-0003-2229-6183 NR 70 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 14 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 SN 1073-130X J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 66 IS 4 BP 801 EP 819 PN B PG 19 WC Geology SC Geology GA VB997 UT WOS:A1996VB99700012 ER PT J AU Moulton, SR AF Moulton, SR TI Neotype designations and synonyms of same Texas caddisflies (Trichoptera) SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB The uncertain taxonomic status of five species of caddisflies previously recorded from Texas is resolved. Neotypes are designated for Cheumatopsyche comis Edwards and Arnold, Polyplectropus proditus (Edwards), and Protoptila arca Edwards and Arnold Polyplectropus proditus and C. flinti Gordon are reduced to junior synonym status with P. santiago Ross and C. comis, respectively. RP Moulton, SR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL WATER QUAL LAB,BIOL QUALIT ASSURANCE UNIC,5293 WARD RD,MS 426,ARVADA,CO 80002, USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-8567 J9 J KANSAS ENTOMOL SOC JI J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 69 IS 3 BP 272 EP 273 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VW879 UT WOS:A1996VW87900008 ER PT J AU Johnson, FA Moore, CT AF Johnson, FA Moore, CT TI Harvesting multiple stocks of ducks SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE banding; ducks; harvest; hunting; logistic analysis; power; migratory birds; recovery rate; regulations ID BAND REPORTING RATES; POINT SYSTEM; MALLARDS; MANAGEMENT AB This study was conducted to help assess whether recent harvest rates of ducks banded before the hunting season in the United States varied among stocks (i.e., species, age-sex cohort, location of banding) and whether regulatory actions have been successful at shifting harvest pressure among stocks in the desired manner. Direct recovery rates during 1976-91 were used to index harvest rates and were influenced to some degree by location of banding, age class, sex, species, and hunting regulations. However, differences in recovery probability among species were consistent (P = 0.787) over 3 periods with different hunting regulations (1976-84, 1985-87, 1988-91), despite regulatory changes designed to affect species differentially. Band-recovery models that excluded the interaction between hunting regulations and sex of ducks were inadequate (P less than or equal to 0.013), suggesting sex-specific changes in recovery probabilites with changes in regulations. There was little evidence (P less than or equal to 0.151) that regulatory changes affected recovery rates of ducks from 3 banding reference areas differentially. Harvesting duck stocks in an optimal manner requires an ability to harvest selectively, a good understanding of each stock's dynamics, and knowledge of any interdependence in stock sizes. RP Johnson, FA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OFF MIGRATORY BIRD MANAGEMENT,11500 AMER HOLLY DR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 60 IS 3 BP 551 EP 559 DI 10.2307/3802072 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA UZ985 UT WOS:A1996UZ98500009 ER PT J AU Anderson, WL Robertson, DM Magnuson, JJ AF Anderson, WL Robertson, DM Magnuson, JJ TI Evidence of recent warming and El Nino-related variations in ice breakup of Wisconsin lakes SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Regional Assessment of Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change in North America CY OCT 24-26, 1994 CL LEESBURG, VA SP Amer Soc Limnol & Oceanog, N Amer Benthol Soc, US EPA, US Geol Survey ID SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; RECORDS; ONTARIO AB Ice breakup dates from 1968 to 1988 were examined for 20 Wisconsin lakes to determine whether consistent interannual and long-term changes exist. Each ice record had a trend toward earlier breakup dates, as demonstrated by a negative slope with time, indicating a recent warming trend, The average change in breakup dates was 0.82 d earlier per year for the lakes in southern Wisconsin, which was more extreme than that for the northern Wisconsin lakes (0.45 d yr(-1)). Interannual variation in breakup dates was related to the warm phase of El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes. El Nino events occurred five times during this period (1965, 1972, 1976, 1982, and 1986). Average breakup dates were significantly earlier than average (5-14 d) during the mature phase of El Nino. This variability was affected by the location of the lake: El Nino-related variation was more evident for the southern lakes than the northern lakes. This difference was caused by the average date of breakup for the southern lakes being in late March directly following the period when air temperatures were strongly related to El Nino events, whereas the average dates of breakup of the northern lakes was in mid- to late April following a period when air temperatures were not significantly related to El Nino events. Overall, the interannual and long-term patterns across Wisconsin were relatively consistent, indicating that recent warming and El Nino-related variation are regional climatic responses. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WRD,MADISON,WI 53719. RP Anderson, WL (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR LIMNOL,680 N PK ST,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. OI Robertson, Dale/0000-0001-6799-0596 NR 23 TC 87 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPH PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 41 IS 5 BP 815 EP 821 PG 7 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA VN458 UT WOS:A1996VN45800002 ER PT J AU LaBaugh, JW Winter, TC Swanson, GA Rosenberry, DO Nelson, RD Euliss, NH AF LaBaugh, JW Winter, TC Swanson, GA Rosenberry, DO Nelson, RD Euliss, NH TI Changes in atmospheric circulation patterns affect midcontinent wetlands sensitive to climate SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Regional Assessment of Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change in North America CY OCT 24-26, 1994 CL LEESBURG, VA SP Amer Soc Limnol & Oceanog, N Amer Benthol Soc, US EPA, US Geol Survey ID EL-NINO; LAKES; SALINITY AB Twenty-seven years of data from midcontinent wetlands indicate that the response of these wetlands to extremes in precipitation - drought and deluge - persists beyond the extreme events. Chemical changes transcend such simple relations as increased salinity during dry periods because drought provides mechanisms for removal of salt by deflation and seepage to groundwater. Inundation of vegetation zones including rooted or floating mats of cattail (Typha glauca) can stimulate sulfate reduction and shift the anion balance from sulfate to bicarbonate dominance. Disruptions in the circulation of moisture-laden air masses over the midcontinent, as in the drought of 1988 and the deluge of 1993, have a major effect on these wetlands, which are representatives of the primary waterfowl breeding habitat of the continent. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. NATL BIOL SERV,NO PRAIRIE SCI CTR,JAMESTOWN,ND 58401. US BUR RECLAMAT,BISMARCK,ND 58502. RP LaBaugh, JW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 411,12201 SUNRISE VALLEY RD,RESTON,VA 22091, USA. RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 35 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPH PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 41 IS 5 BP 864 EP 870 PG 7 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA VN458 UT WOS:A1996VN45800008 ER PT J AU Poiani, KA Johnson, WC Swanson, GA Winter, TC AF Poiani, KA Johnson, WC Swanson, GA Winter, TC TI Climate change and northern prairie wetlands: Simulations of long-term dynamics SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Regional Assessment of Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change in North America CY OCT 24-26, 1994 CL LEESBURG, VA SP Amer Soc Limnol & Oceanog, N Amer Benthol Soc, US EPA, US Geol Survey ID SEED-BANK COMPOSITION; GREAT-PLAINS; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; SENSITIVITY; WATER; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; TEMPERATURE; VARIABILITY; HYDROLOGY; MODELS AB A mathematical model (WETSIM 2.0) was used to simulate wetland hydrology and vegetation dynamics over a 32-yr period (1961-1992) in a North Dakota prairie wetland. A hydrology component of the model calculated changes in water storage based on precipitation, evapotranspiration, snowpack, surface runoff, and subsurface inflow. A spatially explicit vegetation component in the model calculated changes in distribution of vegetative cover and open water, depending on water depth, seasonality, and existing type of vegetation. The model reproduced four known dry periods and one extremely wet period during the three decades. One simulated dry period in the early 1980s did not actually occur. Simulated water levels compared favorably with continuous observed water levels outside the calibration period (1990-1992). Changes in vegetative cover were realistic except for years when simulated water levels were significantly different than actual levels. These generally positive results support the use of the model for exploring the effects of possible climate changes on wetland resources. C1 S DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT FORESTRY LANDSCAPE & PK,BROOKINGS,SD 57007. NATL BIOL SERV,NO PRAIRIE SCI CTR,JAMESTOWN,ND 58401. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. RP Poiani, KA (reprint author), NATURE CONSERVANCY,1313 5TH ST SE,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55414, USA. NR 56 TC 53 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPH PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 41 IS 5 BP 871 EP 881 PG 11 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA VN458 UT WOS:A1996VN45800009 ER PT J AU Miller, LG Aiken, GR AF Miller, LG Aiken, GR TI Effects of glacial meltwater inflows and moat freezing on mixing in an ice-covered antarctic lake as interpreted from stable isotope and tritium distributions SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Regional Assessment of Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change in North America CY OCT 24-26, 1994 CL LEESBURG, VA SP Amer Soc Limnol & Oceanog, N Amer Benthol Soc, US EPA, US Geol Survey ID SALINE LAKES; VESTFOLD HILLS; TAYLOR VALLEY; WATER; EVOLUTION; FRYXELL; GEOCHEMISTRY; THICKNESS AB Perennially ice-covered lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys have risen several meters over the past two decades due to climatic warming and increased glacial meltwater inflow. To elucidate the hydrologic responses to changing climate and the effects on lake mixing processes we measured the stable isotope (delta(18)O and delta D) and tritium concentrations of water and ice samples collected in the Lake Fryxell watershed from 1987 through 1990. Stable isotope enrichment resulted from evaporation in stream and moat samples and from sublimation in surface lake-ice samples. Tritium enrichment resulted from exchange with the postnuclear atmosphere in stream and moat samples. Rapid injection of tritiated water into the upper water column of the lake and incorporation of this water into the ice cover resulted in uniformly elevated tritium contents (>3.0 TU) in these reservoirs. Tritium was also present in deep water, suggesting that a component of bottom water was recently at the surface. During summer, melted lake ice and stream water forms the moat. Water excluded from ice formation during fall moat freezing (enriched in solutes and tritium, and depleted in O-18 and H-2 relative to water below 15-m depth) may sink as density currents to the bottom of the lake. Seasonal lake circulation, in response to climate-driven surface inflow, is therefore responsible for the distribution of both water isotopes and dissolved solutes in Lake Fryxell. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,BOULDER,CO 80303. RP Miller, LG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 43 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPH PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 41 IS 5 BP 966 EP 976 PG 11 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA VN458 UT WOS:A1996VN45800019 ER PT J AU Webster, KE Kratz, TK Bowser, CJ Magnuson, JJ Rose, WJ AF Webster, KE Kratz, TK Bowser, CJ Magnuson, JJ Rose, WJ TI The influence of landscape position on lake chemical responses to drought in northern Wisconsin SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Regional Assessment of Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change in North America CY OCT 24-26, 1994 CL LEESBURG, VA SP Amer Soc Limnol & Oceanog, N Amer Benthol Soc, US EPA, US Geol Survey ID PRECIPITATION-DOMINATED LAKE; SEEPAGE LAKE; LONG-TERM; GROUNDWATER; ACIDIFICATION; WATER; CHEMISTRY; ACIDITY; USA AB Climatic shifts to drier conditions during drought alter the hydrologic pathways of water and solute flow to aquatic ecosystems. We examined differences in drought-induced trends in the semiconservative cations, Ca+Mg, in seven northern Wisconsin lakes. These spanned the range of hydrologic settings in the region, including hydraulically mounded, groundwater flowthrough, and groundwater-discharge lakes. Parallel increases in concentration across the seven lakes during drought were attributable to evapoconcentration. However, we observed divergent trends for mass, which better reflects altered solute flux by accounting for changes in lake volume. Ca+Mg mass increased in three groundwater-dominated lakes as precipitation inputs were low and groundwater discharging from longer flowpaths became proportionately more important. In contrast, decreases in Ca+Mg mass for two precipitation-dominated lakes reflected diminished inputs of solute-rich groundwater. Landscape position, defined by the spatial position of a lake within a hydrologic flow system, accounted for the divergence in chemical responses to drought. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR LIMNOL,MADISON,WI 53706. US GEOL SURVEY,MADISON,WI 53717. OI Webster, Katherine/0000-0002-6009-0146 NR 23 TC 106 Z9 109 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPH PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 41 IS 5 BP 977 EP 984 PG 8 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA VN458 UT WOS:A1996VN45800020 ER PT J AU Michmerhuizen, CM Striegl, RG McDonald, ME AF Michmerhuizen, CM Striegl, RG McDonald, ME TI Potential methane emission from north-temperate lakes following ice melt SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Regional Assessment of Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change in North America CY OCT 24-26, 1994 CL LEESBURG, VA SP Amer Soc Limnol & Oceanog, N Amer Benthol Soc, US EPA, US Geol Survey ID AMAZON RIVER FLOODPLAIN; WATER; FLUX; SEDIMENTS; OXIDATION AB Methane, a radiatively active ''greenhouse'' gas, is emitted from lakes to the atmosphere throughout the open-water season. However, annual lake CH4 emissions calculated solely from open-water measurements that exclude the time of spring ice melt may substantially underestimate the lake CH4 source strength. We estimated potential spring CH4 emission at the time of ice melt for 19 lakes in northern Minnesota and Wisconsin. Lakes ranged in area from 2.7 to 57,300 ha and varied in littoral zone sediment type. Regression analyses indicated that lake area explained 38% of the variance in potential CH4 emission for relatively undisturbed lakes; as lake area increases potential CH4 emission per unit area decreases. Inclusion of a second term accounting for the presence or absence of soft organic-rich littoral-zone sediments explained 83% of the variance in potential spring CH4 emission. Total estimated spring CH4 emission for 1993 for all Minnesota lakes north of 45 degrees with areas greater than or equal to 4 ha was 1.5 x 10(8) mol CH, assuming a 1 : 1 ratio of soft littoral sediment to hard littoral sediment lakes. Emission estimates ranged from 5.3 x 10(7) mol assuming no lakes have soft organic-rich littoral sediments to 4.5 x 10(8) mol assuming all lakes have soft organic-rich littoral sediments. This spring CH4 pulse may make up as much as 40% of the CH4 annually emitted to the atmosphere by small lakes. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT CHEM ENGN,DULUTH,MN 55812. RP Michmerhuizen, CM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 30 TC 95 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPH PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 41 IS 5 BP 985 EP 991 PG 7 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA VN458 UT WOS:A1996VN45800021 ER PT J AU McKnight, D Brakke, D Mulholland, P AF McKnight, D Brakke, D Mulholland, P TI Freshwater ecosystems and climate change in North America - Preface SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material RP McKnight, D (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPH PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 41 IS 5 BP U3 EP U4 PG 2 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA VN458 UT WOS:A1996VN45800001 ER PT J AU Knebel, HJ Rendigs, RR List, JH Signell, RP AF Knebel, HJ Rendigs, RR List, JH Signell, RP TI Seafloor environments in Cape Cod Bay, a large coastal embayment SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MODERN SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS; BOSTON HARBOR; INNER SHELF; MASSACHUSETTS; ESTUARY AB Cape Cod Bay is a glacial, semi-enclosed embayment that has a patchy distribution of modern seafloor sedimentary environments of erosion or nondeposition, deposition, and sediment reworking. Sidescan-sonar records and supplemental bathymetric, sedimentary, subbottom, and physical-oceanographic data indicate that the characteristics and distribution of these three categories of bottom environments are controlled by a combination of geologic and oceanographic processes that range from episodic to long-term and from regional to local. (1) Environments of erosion or nondeposition comprise exposures of bedrock, glacial drift, and coarse lag deposits that contain sediments (where present) ranging from boulder fields to gravelly coarse-to-medium sands. These environments are dominant on the shallow margins of the bay (water depths <30 m) where they reflect sediment resuspension, winnowing, and transport during modern northerly storms. (2) Environments of deposition are blanketed by fine-grained sediments ranging from muds to muddy fine sands. These environments are dominant across the floor of the central basin (water depths = 30-60 m) where fine-grained sediments (derived from regional and local sources and emplaced primarily during episodic wind- and density-driven flow) settle through the water column and accumulate under weak bottom currents during nonstorm conditions. (3) Environments of sediment reworking contain patches with diverse textures ranging from gravelly sands to muds. These environments occupy much of the transitional slopes between the margins and the basin floor and reflect a combination of erosion and deposition. The patchy distribution of sedimentary environments within the bay reflects not only regional changes in processes between the margins and the basin but local changes within each part of the bay as well. Small-scale patchiness is caused by local changes in the strengths of wave- and wind-driven currents and (on the margins) by local variations in the supply of fine-grained sediments. This study indicates areas within Cape Cod Bay where fine-grained sediments and associated contaminants are likely to be either moved or deposited. It also provides a guide to the locations and variability of benthic habitats. RP Knebel, HJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CTR MARINE & COASTAL GEOL,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. OI Signell, Richard/0000-0003-0682-9613 NR 44 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 133 IS 1-2 BP 11 EP 33 DI 10.1016/0025-3227(96)00014-X PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA UY014 UT WOS:A1996UY01400002 ER PT J AU Grantz, A Phillips, RL Mullen, MW Starratt, SW Jones, GA Naidu, AS Finney, BP AF Grantz, A Phillips, RL Mullen, MW Starratt, SW Jones, GA Naidu, AS Finney, BP TI Character, paleoenvironment, rate of accumulation, and evidence for seismic triggering of Holocene turbidites, Canada Abyssal Plain, Arctic Ocean SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE SEDIMENTS; ORGANIC-CARBON; ALPHA RIDGE; NORTH-POLE; FORAMINIFERA; SHELF; ICE; SEA; ALASKA AB Four box cores and one piston core show that Holocene sedimentation on the southern Canada Abyssal Plain for the last 8010 +/- 120 yr has consisted of a continuing rain of pelagic organic and ice-rafted elastic sediment with a net accumulation rate during the late Holocene of less than or equal to 10 mm/1000 yr, and episodically emplaced turbidites 1-5 m thick deposited at intervals of 830 to 3450 yr (average 2000 yr). The average net accumulation rate of the mixed sequence of turbidites and thin pelagite interbeds in the cores is about 1.2 m/1000 yr. Physiography suggests that the turbidites originated on the Mackenzie Delta or its clinoform, and delta(13)C values of -27 to -25 parts per thousand in the turbidites are compatible with a provenance on a delta. Extant displaced neritic and lower slope to basin plain calcareous benthic foraminifers coexist in the turbidite units. Their joint occurence indicates that the turbidites originated on the modern continental shelf and entrained sediment from the slope and rise enroute to their final resting place on the Canada Abyssal Plain. The presence of Middle Pleistocene diatoms in the turbidites suggests, in addition, that the turbidites may have originated in shallow submarine slides beneath the upper slope or outer shelf. Small but consistent differences in organic carbon content and delta(13)C values between the turbidite units suggest that they did not share an identical provenance, which is at least compatible with an origin in slope failures. The primary provenance of the ice-rafted component of the pelagic beds was the glaciated terrane of northwestern Canada; and the provenance of the turbidite units was Pleistocene and Holocene sedimentary deposits on the outer continental shelf and upper slope of the Mackenzie Delta. Largely local derivation of the sediment of the Canada Abyssal Plain indicates that sediment accumulation rates in the Arctic Ocean are valid only for regions with similar depositional sources and processes, and that these rates cannot be extrapolated regionally. The location of an elliptical zone of active seismicity over the inferred provenance of the turbidites suggests that they were triggered by large earthquakes. Distal turbidite sediment accumulation rates were more than two orders of magnitude greater than pelagic sediment accumulation rates on the Canada Abyssal Plain during the last 8000 years. This disparity reconciles the discrepancy between the high accumulation rates assumed by some for the Arctic Ocean because of the numerous major rivers and large ice sheets that discharge into this small mediterranean basin and the low pelagic sedimentation rates that have been reported from the Arctic Ocean. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. TEXAS A&M UNIV,GALVESTON,TX 77553. UNIV ALASKA,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. RP Grantz, A (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA. NR 46 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 133 IS 1-2 BP 51 EP 73 DI 10.1016/0025-3227(96)00015-1 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA UY014 UT WOS:A1996UY01400004 ER PT J AU Cunningham, CG Zartman, RE McKee, EH Rye, RO Naeser, CW Sanjines, O Ericksen, GE Tavera, F AF Cunningham, CG Zartman, RE McKee, EH Rye, RO Naeser, CW Sanjines, O Ericksen, GE Tavera, F TI The age and thermal history of Cerro Rico de Potosi, Bolivia SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Article ID ACID-SULFATE ALTERATION; RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; VOLCANIC DOME; IGNEOUS ROCKS; MINERAL-DEPOSITS; TIN BELT; GEOCHEMISTRY; ISOTOPES; MODELS AB Cerro Rico de Potosi, Bolivia, is the world's largest silver deposit and has been mined since the sixteenth century for silver, and for tin and zinc during the twentieth century, together with by-product copper and lead. The deposit consists primarily of veins that cut an altered igneous body that we interpret to be a dacitic volcanic dome and its underlying tuff ring and explosion breccia. The deposit is compositionally and thermally zoned, having a core of cassiterite, wolframite, bis-muthinite, and arsenopyrite surrounded by a peripheral, lower-temperature mineral assemblage consisting principally of sphalerite, galena, lead sulfosalt, and silver minerals. The low-temperature assemblage also was superimposed on the high-temperature assemblage in response to cooling of the main hydrothermal system. Both the dacite dome and the ore fluids were derived from a larger magmatic/hydrothermal source at depth. The dome was repeatedly fractured by recurrent movement on the fault system that guided its initial emplacement. The dome was extruded at 13.8 +/- 0.2 Ma (2 sigma), based on U-Th-Pb dating of zircon. Mineralization and alteration occurred within about 0.3 my of dome emplacement, as indicated by a Ar-40/Ar-39 date of 13.76 +/- 0.10 Ma (1 sigma) for sericite from the pervasive quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration associated with the main-stage, high-temperature, mineralization. The last thermal event able to reset zircon fission tracks occurred no later than 12.5 +/- 1.1 Ma (1 sigma), as indicated by fission-tract dating. Minor sericite, and magmatic-steam alunite veins, were episodically formed around 11 Ma and between 8.3 and 5.7 Ma; the younger episodes occurring at the time of extensional fracturing at Cerro Rico and widespread volcanism in the adjacent Los Frailes volcanic field. None of these younger events appear to be significant thermal/mineralizing events; the exceptionally flat thermal release pattern of Ar-39 from sericite and the results of the fission-tract dating of zircon show that none of the younger events was hot enough, and lasted long enough, to cause significant loss of Ar or annealing of zircon fission tracks. U-Th-Pb dating of zircon cores indicates a Precambrian progenitor for some zircons, and REE analyses of dated samples of hydrothermally altered dacite show the presence of a prominent positive Eu anomaly, which constrains interpretations of the origin and evolution of the magmatic/hydrothermal system. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. SERV GEOL BOLIVIA GEOBOL,LA PAZ,BOLIVIA. RP Cunningham, CG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,954 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 68 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 31 IS 5 BP 374 EP 385 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA VA429 UT WOS:A1996VA42900003 ER PT J AU Swart, PK Healy, GF Dodge, RE Kramer, P Hudson, JH Halley, RB Robblee, MB AF Swart, PK Healy, GF Dodge, RE Kramer, P Hudson, JH Halley, RB Robblee, MB TI The stable oxygen and carbon isotopic record from a coral growing in Florida Bay: A 160 year record of climatic and anthropogenic influence SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REEF CORAL; TEMPERATURE; ANNULARIS; C-13 AB A 160 year record of skeletal delta(13)C and delta(18)O was examined in a specimen of the coral Solenastrea bournoni growing in Florida Bay. Variations in the delta(18)O of the skeleton can be correlated to changes in salinity while changes in the delta(13)C reflect cycling of organic material within the Bay. Based on the correlation between salinity and skeletal delta(18)O, we have concluded that there has been no long term increase in salinity in this area of Florida Bay over the past 160 years. Using salinity correlations between the various basins obtained from instrumental data, we have been able to extend our interpretations to other parts of Florida Bay reaching similar conclusions. In contrast to current ideas which have focused on changes in Florida Bay water quality over the past 20-yr history of the Bay as causative in its decline, we have determined that changes in water quality in this basin were already set in motion between 1905 and 1912 by the construction of the Florida East Coast Railway from Miami to Key West. The construction of the railway resulted in the restriction of the exchange of water between the Florida reef tract and the Gulf of Mexico causing Florida Bay to become more eutrophic. Evidence of this process is observed in the sudden shift to relatively lower delta(13)C values coincident with railway construction. Natural events also appear to have influenced the water in the Bay. Between 1912 and 1948 frequent hurricanes had the effect of increasing exchange of water between the Bay and reef tract and removing large quantities of organic rich sediments. However, since 1948 the number of hurricanes affecting the area has decreased and the products of the oxidation of organic material have been increasingly retained within the basin promoting the initiation of eutrophic conditions. C1 NOVA SE UNIV, OCEANOG CTR, DANIA, FL 33004 USA. NOAA, FKNMS, KEY LARGO, FL 33149 USA. USGS, ST PETERSBURG, FL 33705 USA. FLORIDA INT UNIV, NATL BIOL SURVEY, MIAMI, FL 33199 USA. RP UNIV MIAMI, ROSENSTIEL SCH MARINE & ATMOSPHER SCI, MGG, 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA. RI Swart, Peter/K-7041-2016 NR 26 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 EI 1872-616X J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 123 IS 1-4 BP 219 EP 237 DI 10.1016/0031-0182(95)00078-X PG 19 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA UX647 UT WOS:A1996UX64700011 ER PT J AU Mohler, JW FynnAikins, K Barrows, R AF Mohler, JW FynnAikins, K Barrows, R TI Feeding trials with juvenile Atlantic sturgeons propagated from wild broodstock SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID ACIPENSER-OXYRHYNCHUS-DESOTOI; BAERI BRANDT LARVAE; HATCHERY; GROWTH; GULF AB Juvenile Atlantic sturgeons Acipenser oxyrinchus produced by hormone-induced spawning of wild broodstock from the Hudson River, New York, were used in a diet study. Fish fed live Artemia sp. as first feeding fry for 35 d were observed to convert readily to formulated diets. At 79 d posthatch, four formulated feeds were offered: sturgeon starter 9304, Biokyowa, Zeigler esocid diet, and Tunison sturgeon starter. At the end of 60 d, fish fed Biokyowa had the greatest growth and best feed conversion (P less than or equal to 0.05). Feed conversions were significantly different between all treatments, indicating wide variability in growth response to the diets tested. Proximate analyses of diets showed Biokyowa highest in protein (59.43%) and dry matter (97.28%). C1 NATL BIOL SERV,TUNISON LAB,CORTLAND,NY 13045. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,FISH TECHNOL CTR,BOZEMAN,MT 59715. RP Mohler, JW (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NE FISHERY CTR,POB 75,LAMAR,PA 16848, USA. NR 17 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 58 IS 3 BP 173 EP 177 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1996)058<0173:CFTWJA>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA UX365 UT WOS:A1996UX36500004 ER PT J AU Cipriano, RC Ford, LA Nelson, JT Jenson, BN AF Cipriano, RC Ford, LA Nelson, JT Jenson, BN TI Monitoring for early detection of Aeromonas salmonicida to enhance antibiotic therapy and control furunculosis in Atlantic salmon SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article AB Juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar at the White River National Fish Hatchery were monitored quarterly for Aeromonas salmonicida, the etiologic agent of furunculosis. Samples were obtained in August, November, January, and March, within an 8-month smelt production cycle during 1992-1993. Aeromonas salmonicida was isolated in August from external mucus and kidneys of fish within six production pools, each containing about 7,500 fish. Topical disinfection with a 60-min bath of Chloramine-T at 15 mg/L on three consecutive days did not control the prevalence of infection. Atlantic salmon were then fed 77.0 mg of oxytetracycline per kilogram of fish for 10 d. Mortality subsided in all tanks within 4 d after initiation of oral antibiotic therapy. Further examination failed to isolate the pathogen 21 d after cessation of treatment. In November, A. salmonicida was detected in the mucus of one fish from a single tank; treatment was not prescribed. Pathogens were not detected shortly after fish were marked with coded wire tags in January or prior to release in March. Monitoring programs allowed early detection of the pathogen; this led to treatment that permitted fish to be stocked in accordance with established fish health policy regulations for salmonids in New England. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,WHITE RIVER NATL FISH HATCHERY,BETHEL,VT 05032. RP Cipriano, RC (reprint author), US NATL BIOL SERV,NATL FISH HLTH RES LAB,1700 LEETOWN RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 58 IS 3 BP 203 EP 208 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1996)058<0203:MFEDOA>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA UX365 UT WOS:A1996UX36500008 ER PT J AU Curry, BB Pavich, MJ AF Curry, BB Pavich, MJ TI Absence of glaciation in Illinois during marine isotope stages 3 through 5 SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY; UNITED-STATES; RIVER VALLEY; ROXANA SILT; BE-10; CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY; DEPOSITION; LAURENTIDE; TERRACES; LOESS AB A Be-10 inventory and C-14 ages of material from a core from northernmost Illinois support previous interpretations that this area was ice free from ca, 155,000 to 25,000 yr ago. During much of this period, from about 155,000 to 55,000 yr ago, Be-10 accumulated in the argillic horizon of the Sangamon Geosol. Wisconsinan loess, containing inherited Be-10, was deposited above the Sangamon Geosol from ca. 55,000 to 25,000 yr ago and was subsequently buried by late Wisconsinan till deposited by the Lake Michigan Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The Sangamonian interglacial stage has been correlated narrowly to marine oxygen isotope substage 5e; our data indicate instead that the Sangamon Geosol developed during late stage 6, all of stages 5 and 4, and early stage 3. (C) 1996 University of Washington. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, NATL CTR, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. RP ILLINOIS STATE GEOL SURVEY, 615 E PEABODY DR, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 USA. NR 32 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 EI 1096-0287 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 46 IS 1 BP 19 EP 26 DI 10.1006/qres.1996.0040 PG 8 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA VB228 UT WOS:A1996VB22800002 ER PT J AU Schwalbach, JR Edwards, BD Gorsline, DS AF Schwalbach, JR Edwards, BD Gorsline, DS TI Contemporary channel-levee systems in active borderland basin plains, California Continental Borderland SO SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEEP-SEA FAN; SANTA-MONICA BASIN; SCAN SONAR GLORIA; MISSISSIPPI FAN; SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY; DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY; ECHO CHARACTER; PEDRO BASINS; SEDIMENTATION; FLOOR AB Long-range large-scale side-scan (GLORIA) information, other seismic reflection profiling studies, and data from cores in the California Continental Borderland, have defined active levee-channel systems extending basinward from the lower fan of Hueneme-Mugu Submarine Fan, Redondo Submarine Fan, and Santa Cruz Canyon Fan in Santa Monica, San Pedro and Santa Cruz Basins, respectively. The Holocene distributaries have been created by a series of turbidity current events. These distributaries range in length from 10-25 km, and are wide (2-5 km) and low-relief (1-10 m) in their distal parts. They are also active conduits for nepheloid flows. Distributions of sedimentological parameters typically mimic the pattern of levee-channel systems, Organic carbon and biogenic carbonate content roughly outline the systems. Channels are incised in the upper to middle fan areas, and become constructional leveed channels in the lower fan and basin plain as the channel gradient adjusts to maintain a graded profile. Thus sediment gravity flows are generally confined to channels in the upper fan zones, but deposit both channelized and over-bank deposits on the lower fan and basin floor. The deposits show that the canyon-fan activity has continued during a rising sea level phase. It is evident that canyon headward erosion rates have been equal to or greater than the transgression rate, and that the canyon-fan systems have remained linked with their sediment sources. Frequency of events was probably higher, and volumes of the events were often larger, during the glacially lowered sea level episodes. However, turbidity currents of sufficient volume to reach the basin floors continue to occur at century or multi-century intervals. As one progresses headward in each system, the number of flows per length of core increases. Small flows that do not pass beyond the distributaries are much more frequent, and may be decadal in frequency, or even more frequent in the Santa Monica Basin system. These California borderland basins are probably typical of narrow active margins where rate of lateral sea level transgression is less than or equal to the rate of canyon headward erosion. The canyons maintain connections with sediment sources during sea level rise, and the systems therefore are active during the entire sea level cycle, Thus sediment supply is not a simple function of eustacy. This contrasts with the simplified sequence model developed on passive margins where canyons turn off as sea level rises. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BRANCH OFF PACIFIC MARINE GEOL,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV SO CALIF,DEPT GEOL SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089. RP Schwalbach, JR (reprint author), EXXON CO USA,POB 5025,THOUSAND OAKS,CA 91359, USA. NR 65 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0037-0738 J9 SEDIMENT GEOL JI Sediment. Geol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 104 IS 1-4 BP 53 EP 72 DI 10.1016/0037-0738(95)00120-4 PG 20 WC Geology SC Geology GA UY694 UT WOS:A1996UY69400004 ER PT J AU Dzurisin, D AF Dzurisin, D TI Coexisting with volcanoes SO TECHNOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Letter RP Dzurisin, D (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,VANCOUVER,WA, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASS INST TECHNOL PI CAMBRIDGE PA CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 SN 0040-1692 J9 TECHNOL REV JI Technol. Rev. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 99 IS 5 BP 64 EP & PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UP847 UT WOS:A1996UP84700021 ER PT J AU Broshears, RE AF Broshears, RE TI Reactive solute transport in acidic streams SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Clean Water Conference on Clean Water - Factors That Influence Its Availability, Quality and Its Use CY NOV 28-30, 1995 CL LA JOLLA, CA SP Elect Power Res Inst, Calif State Water Resources Control Board, Edison Elect Inst, Empire State Elect Energy Res Corp, Int Energy Agcy, Coal Res, UK, Power Gen, UK, US DOE, PETC DE reactive solute transport modeling; acid mine drainage; geochemical modeling AB Spatial and temporal profiles of pH and concentrations of toxic metals in streams affected by acid mine drainage are the result of the interplay of physical and biogeochemical processes. This paper describes a reactive solute transport model that provides a physically and thermodynamically quantitative interpretation of these profiles. The model combines a transport module that includes advection-dispersion and transient storage with a geochemical speciation module based on MINTEQA2. Input to the model includes stream hydrologic properties derived from tracer-dilution experiments, headwater and lateral inflow concentrations analyzed in field samples, and a thermodynamic database. Simulations reproduced the general features of steady-state patterns of observed pH and concentrations of aluminium and sulfate in St. Kevin Gulch, and acid mine drainage stream near Leadville, Colorado. These patterns were altered temporarily by injection of sodium carbonate into the stream. A transient simulation reproduced the observed effects of the base injection. RP Broshears, RE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 415,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 90 IS 1-2 BP 195 EP 204 DI 10.1007/BF00619281 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA UX485 UT WOS:A1996UX48500021 ER PT J AU Nordstrom, DK AF Nordstrom, DK TI Trace metal speciation in natural waters: Computational vs analytical SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Clean Water Conference on Clean Water - Factors That Influence Its Availability, Quality and Its Use CY NOV 28-30, 1995 CL LA JOLLA, CA SP Elect Power Res Inst, Calif State Water Resources Control Board, Edison Elect Inst, Empire State Elect Energy Res Corp, Int Energy Agcy, Coal Res, UK, Power Gen, UK, US DOE, PETC DE trace metals; speciation; natural waters; chemical model ID SYSTEM; MODEL; 25-DEGREES-C; SOLUBILITIES; COMPLEXATION; PREDICTION; EQUILIBRIA; ALUMINUM AB Improvements in the field sampling, preservation, and determination of trace metals in natural waters have made many analyses more reliable and less affected by contamination. The speciation of trace metals, however, remains controversial. Chemical model speciation calculations do not necessarily agree with voltammetric, ion exchange, potentiometric, or other analytical speciation techniques. When metal-organic complexes are important model calculations are not usually helpful and on-site analytical separations are essential. Many analytical speciation techniques have serious interferences and only work well for a limited subset of water types and compositions. A combined approach to the evaluation of speciation could greatly reduce these uncertainties. The approach proposed would be to (1) compare and contrast different analytical techniques with each other and with computed speciation, (2) compare computed trace metal speciation with reliable measurements of solubility, potentiometry, and mean activity coefficients, and (3) compare different model calculations with each other for the same set of water analyses, especially where supplementary data on speciation already exist. A comparison and critique of analytical with chemical model speciation for a range of water samples would delineate the useful range and limitations of these different approaches to speciation. Both model calculations and analytical determinations have useful and different constraints on the range of possible speciation such that they can provide much better insight into speciation when used together. Major discrepancies in the thermodynamic databases of speciation models can be evaluated with the aid of analytical speciation, and when the thermodynamic models are highly consistent and reliable, the sources of error in the analytical speciation can be evaluated. Major thermodynamic discrepancies also can be evaluated by simulating solubility and activity coefficient data and testing various chemical models for their range of applicability. Until a comparative approach such as this is taken, trace metal speciation will remain highly uncertain and controversial. RP Nordstrom, DK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,3215 MARINE ST,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. NR 47 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 15 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 90 IS 1-2 BP 257 EP 267 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA UX485 UT WOS:A1996UX48500026 ER PT J AU Horowitz, AJ Lum, KR Garbarino, JR Hall, GEM Lemieux, C Demas, CR AF Horowitz, AJ Lum, KR Garbarino, JR Hall, GEM Lemieux, C Demas, CR TI The effect of membrane filtration on dissolved trace element concentrations SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Clean Water Conference on Clean Water - Factors That Influence Its Availability, Quality and Its Use CY NOV 28-30, 1995 CL LA JOLLA, CA SP Elect Power Res Inst, Calif State Water Resources Control Board, Edison Elect Inst, Empire State Elect Energy Res Corp, Int Energy Agcy, Coal Res, UK, Power Gen, UK, US DOE, PETC DE membrane filters; filtration; filtration artifacts; dissolved; major elements; trace elements ID MASS-BALANCE; RIVER WATER; TRENDS; METALS AB The almost universally accepted operational definition for dissolved constituents is based on processing whole-water samples through a 0.45-mu m membrane filter. Results from field and laboratory experiments indicate that a number of factors associated with filtration, other than just pore size (e.g., diameter, manufacturer, volume of sample processed, amount of suspended sediment in the sample), can produce substantial variations in the 'dissolved' concentrations of such elements as Fe, Al, Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, and Ni These variations result from the inclusion/exclusion of colloidally-associated trace elements. Thus,'dissolved' concentrations quantitated by analyzing filtrates generated by processing whole-water through similar pore-sized membrane tilters may not be equal/comparable. As such, simple filtration through a 0.45-mu m membrane filter may no longer represent an acceptable operational definition for dissolved chemical constituents. This conclusion may have Important implications for environmental studies and regulatory agencies. C1 ENVIRONM CANADA,CTR ST LAURENT,MONTREAL,PQ H3Y 2EY,CANADA. US GEOL SURVEY,BRANCH ANALYT SERV,ARVADA,CO 80002. GEOL SURVEY CANADA,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0E8,CANADA. US GEOL SURVEY,BATON ROUGE,LA 70816. RP Horowitz, AJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,PEACHTREE BUSINESS CTR,3039 AMWILER RD,ATLANTA,GA 30360, USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 90 IS 1-2 BP 281 EP 294 DI 10.1007/BF00619288 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA UX485 UT WOS:A1996UX48500028 ER PT J AU Leavesley, GH Markstrom, SL Brewer, MS Viger, RJ AF Leavesley, GH Markstrom, SL Brewer, MS Viger, RJ TI The modular modeling system (MMS) - The physical process modeling component of a database-centered decision support system for water and power management SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Clean Water Conference on Clean Water - Factors That Influence Its Availability, Quality and Its Use CY NOV 28-30, 1995 CL LA JOLLA, CA SP Elect Power Res Inst, Calif State Water Resources Control Board, Edison Elect Inst, Empire State Elect Energy Res Corp, Int Energy Agcy, Coal Res, UK, Power Gen, UK, US DOE, PETC DE hydrologic models; watershed models; decision support system; water management; reservoir management; electric power production; water resources planning; geographic information system AB The Modular Modeling System (MMS) is an integrated system of computer software that is being developed to provide the research and operational framework needed to support development, testing, and evaluation of physical-process algorithms, and to facilitate integration of user-selected sets of algorithms into operational physical-process models. MMS uses a module library that contains compatible modules for simulating a variety of water, energy, and biogeochemical processes. A model is created by selectively linking modules from the library using MMS model-building tools. A geographic information system (GIS) interface also is being developed for MMS to support a variety of GIS tools for use in characterizing and parameterizing topographic, hydrologic, and ecosystem features visualizing spatially and temporally distributed model parameters and variables, and analyzing and validating model results. MMS is being coupled with the Power Reservoir System Model (PRSYM) to provide a database-centered decision support system for making complex operational decisions on multipurpose reservoir systems and watersheds. The U.S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Reclamation are working collaboratively on a project titled the Watershed Modeling Systems Initiative to develop and apply the coupled MMS - PRSYM models to the San Juan River basin in Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. RP Leavesley, GH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WRD,DFC,BOX 25046,MS 412,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. OI Viger, Roland/0000-0003-2520-714X NR 7 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 15 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 90 IS 1-2 BP 303 EP 311 DI 10.1007/BF00619290 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA UX485 UT WOS:A1996UX48500030 ER PT J AU Copeland, JH AF Copeland, JH TI Validation and sensitivity of a convective precipitation model for mountainous areas SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Clean Water Conference on Clean Water - Factors That Influence Its Availability, Quality and Its Use CY NOV 28-30, 1995 CL LA JOLLA, CA SP Elect Power Res Inst, Calif State Water Resources Control Board, Edison Elect Inst, Empire State Elect Energy Res Corp, Int Energy Agcy, Coal Res, UK, Power Gen, UK, US DOE, PETC DE Colorado; convection; downscaling; modeling; orographic; precipitation; summer; sensitivity AB A convective precipitation model for use in regions of complex terrain has been developed and applied to the Gunnison River Basin in southwestern Colorado. Spring snowfall in the Rocky Mountain region often has a significant convective component which orographic precipitation models are unable to simulate. Additionally, summertime precipitation is predominately convective in this area and is responsible for a large portion of summer streamflow variability. Streamflow typically increases by 50 to 100 percent of baseflow for moderate rainfall events for periods of up to one week. Larger precipitation episodes can produce peak discharges that exceed the spring snowmelt peaks. Convective precipitation also is important for plant growth, minimum streamflows and fire hazard conditions. In addition, an accurate assessment of the response of hydrologic systems to climate variability and change requires an accurate estimate of convective precipitation in mountainous areas. The convective model accurately reproduced the trend and amount of observed precipitation for the test period August 14-20, 1989. The convective model has applicability for downscaling large-scale model precipitation to smaller scales for use in water quality and quantity assessments. RP Copeland, JH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DENVER FED CTR,MS412,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 90 IS 1-2 BP 313 EP 320 DI 10.1007/BF00619291 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA UX485 UT WOS:A1996UX48500031 ER PT J AU Nelson, JM AF Nelson, JM TI Predictive techniques for river channel evolution and maintenance SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Clean Water Conference on Clean Water - Factors That Influence Its Availability, Quality and Its Use CY NOV 28-30, 1995 CL LA JOLLA, CA SP Elect Power Res Inst, Calif State Water Resources Control Board, Edison Elect Inst, Empire State Elect Energy Res Corp, Int Energy Agcy, Coal Res, UK, Power Gen, UK, US DOE, PETC DE sediment transport; geomorphology; channel maintenance; instream flows; fluid mechanics ID STREAMS AB Predicting changes in alluvial channel morphology associated with anthropogenic and natural changes in flow and/or sediment supply is a critical part of the management of riverine systems. Over the past few years, advances in the understanding of the physics of sediment transport in conjunction with rapidly increasing capabilities in computational fluid dynamics have yielded new approaches to problems in river mechanics. Techniques appropriate for length scales ranging from reaches to bars and bedforms are described here. Examples of the use of these computational approaches are discussed for three cases: (1) the design of diversion scenarios that maintain channel morphology in steep cobble-bedded channels in Colorado, (2) determination of channel maintenance flows for the preservation of channel islands in the Snake River in Idaho, and (3) prediction of the temporal evolution of deposits in lateral separation zones for future assessment of the impacts of various dam release scenarios on lateral separation deposits in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. With continued development of their scientific and technical components, the methodologies described here can provide powerful tools for the management of river environments in the future. RP Nelson, JM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,NATL RES PROGRAM,BOX 25046,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 90 IS 1-2 BP 321 EP 333 DI 10.1007/BF00619292 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA UX485 UT WOS:A1996UX48500032 ER EF